= CD = o = D — m = □ CD D I,. By J. A. Allen 265-378 Title , 265 Letter of Transmittal 265 bis Table of Contents 266 Family Leporidae » 267 Bibliographical K6snme 277 Supplementary Note : Extinct American Hares , . . . 373 MONOGRAPH III.— HYSTRICIDJE. By J. A. Allen 379-398 Title 379 Letter of Transmittal 381 Table of Contents 383 Family Uystricidae 385 Extinct North American Porcupines 397 MONOGRAPH IV.— I^AGOMYIDJE. By J. A. Allen. 399-414 Title 399 Letter of Transmittal 401 Table of Contents 403 Family Lagoniyidae 405 MONOGRAPH V.-CASTOROI»IDiE. By J. A. Allen 415-426 Title 415 Table of Contents 417 Family Castoroididae 419 * xii MONOGRAPHS OF NORTE AMERICAN RODENTIA. Pages. W >N< ►< HRAPH VI.— CASTORIDK. By ./. A. Alien 427-454 Title 127 Table of Contents 429 Family Castoridffl 431 Bibliographical Appendix 451 .MONOGRAPH VIL— ZAPODIDvE. By Elliott Coues 455-480 Title 455 Letter of Transmittal 457 Table of Contents * 459 Family Zapodido? 461 MONOGRAPH VIII.— S ACCOM VI DJE. By Elliott Coues. 481-542 Title 481 Letter of Transmittal 483 Table of Contents 485 Family Saccomyidse 487 MONOGRAPH IX.— HAPLODOXTID^]. By Elliott Coues. 543-600 Title 543 Letter of Transmittal 545 Table of Contents 547 Family Haplodontidae 549 MONOGRAPH X.— GEOMlIDiE. By Elliott Coues 601-630 Title 601 Table of Contents 603 Letter of Transmittal 605 Family Geomyidae ■ 607 MONOGRAPH XL— SCI17RIDA:. By J. A. Allen 631-940 Title 631 Letter of Transmittal 633 Table of Contents 635 Family Sciuridas 637 Extinct American Scinridse 929 Appendix A. — Synoptical List of the Fossil Rodentia of North America. By J. A. Allen 943-950 Appendix B. — Material for a Bibliography of North American Mammals. By Theodore Gill and Elliott Coues. 951-1082 Index to the Whole Volume 1083-1091 MONOGRAPHS NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. No. L-MURIDiE. By ELLIOTT GOUES i-ii INTRODUCTION Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C, January 1, 1876. Sir: A memoir on the Muridce is herewith transmitted as one of the series of "Monographs of North American Rodentia" in course of prepara- tion by Mr. J. A. Allen and myself, for publication by the Survey under your charge. It is supposed that the series will consist of ten memoirs, each treating of a single family. Those to follow will probably occupy less space than the present one, the Muridce being much the largest family of American Rodents. The successive articles will be entirely independent of each other, and may be issued separately if desired. As the complete series will doubtless make a volume of convenient size, it is suggested that the set of monographs will be available for one of the quarto "Reports" of original investigations, now publishing by the Survey. Circumstances having been unfavorable to the joint authorship which both Mr. Allen and myself cordially desired, it has been decided to divide the work in another way, each taking up certain families agreed upon. Neither author, therefore, is to be held responsible for the work of the other. Several additional articles are in an advanced state of preparation, and will be presented in the order of their completion, without reference to the natural sequence of the several groups. The present memoir, prepared in 1872, is based upon the material con- tained in the National Museum at Washington, the whole of its unparalleled collection of American Murida having been placed by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in my hands for elaboration. The specimens collected by yourself, or by the Survey under your direction, will be found duly accounted for in the tabular lists. The suite consists of several thousand specimens, among them many of the types of American writers, and represents, I have no doubt, much more material than has hith- erto been made the basis of any monograph of a single group of mammals IV INTRODUCTION. Naturalists commonly complain of dearth of material: 1 have been embar- rassed by the enormous amount I have been obliged to examine in order to faithfully execute my self-imposed task. Every specimen has been made to contribute to the general result. The collection has been catalogued, and labeled according to my views; the duplicates have beeu made up into about thirty sets for distribution by the Institution. A tew of the leading sets are only less complete than the Smithsonian reserve series itself; the value of the others successively decreases with lack of the rarer duplicates. The results of the investigation being fully — perhaps not without pro- lixity and some repetition — given in the body of the memoir, need not to be here noticed ; I only allude to their entirely original character. I wish, however, to have one word upon the method of study I pursued in this case, as determining the shape which the article finally assumed. The paper is presented very nearly as it was originally prepared, my official engagements having prevented any leisurely revision of the manuscript; and it was written in such odd hours as I could find in the midst of active professional duties. I began the investigation with no more knowledge of* the subject than any naturalist might have incidentally acquired. I had no ''views" to advance, and was entirely free from prejudice. I studied, as I conceive a naturalist should in such cases, with a specimen in one hand and my pen in the other. In taking up the species successively, I never knew, and certainly never cared, what the result would be, being perfectly satisfied to let the specimens tell their own story in their own way. I studied these mice, at intervals, for about a year, and then put my notes together. So the work grew; and if the results be found to square with late progressive views respecting so-called "specific" distinctions, it will be remembered that I am but the mouthpiece of the animals themselves, and claim only the credit of making an accurate report. On some accounts, I wish that opportunity had offered to revise and condense an article which will doubtless be more respected for the labor it represents and for its possible value as a contribution to knowledge than as a model of literary handicraft. Yet an honest showing of processes may have its value, as well as a formal exhibition of results. The knowing how a piece of work is done may lie of use in testing its quality. The illustrations which accompany this paper are from photographs of the objects directly on sensitized wood, by Smillie's process; the engraving was INTRODUCTION. y done by Nichols. This method of representing small skulls promised more accuracy than seemed to be attainable, after several trials, by hand-drawing; but the figures should not be relied upon too implicitly. A short abstract of this paper appeared in the "Proceedings" of the Philadelphia Academy for 1874. I am, Sir, &c., ELLIOTT COUES. Dr. F. V. Hayden, TJ. 8. Geologist, Sfc, Washington, D. C. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pages. MURID^E 1-264 MURIN.E (SlGMODOKTES) 6-130 Neotoma 7-31 Neotorua floridana 14-19 fuscipes 19-22 ferruginea 22-24 cinerea 24-29 magister 29-31 Sigmodon 31-43 Sigmodon hispidus 36-43 Hesperomys 43-1 17 ( Vesper imus) 45-105 Hesperomys (Vesperimus) leucopus 50-75 gossy "piiius 76-78 sonoriensis 79-88 eremicus 88-91 anreolus 91-93 micbiganensis 94-97 californieus 98-100 aztecus 100-102 melanophrys 102-105 (Onychomys) . 105-111 Hesperomys (Onychomys) leucogaster 108-10f torridus 109-111 (Oryzomys) 111-117 Hesperomys (Oryzomys) palustris 113-117 IReithrodon] 118-119 [Reithrodon cuniculoides, R. typicus, R. (Euneomys) chincbilloides] 119-119 Ochetodon 120-130 Ochetodon humilis 123-126 longicauda 126-128 mexicanus 128-130 ? montamis 130-130 AKVICULINJ3 131-255 Erotomys 131-149 Evotomys rutilus 136-142 gapperi 142-149 Arvicola 149-227 (Myonomes) 153-156 Arvicola (Myonomes) riparius 156-185 * ?borealis 196-197 townsendi 165-189 xanthognathus 197-203 ?ricbardsoni 204-206 VII \ 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS. MURUXX— Continued Auvicounjs. Arricola. Page. (Chilotus) 207-209 Arricola (Chilotus) oregouus 207-209 (Pedomys) 209-218 Arvicola (Pedoniys) austerus 210-214 curtatus 215-218 (Pilymys) 218-227 Arvicola (Pitymys) piuetorutn 219-226 quasiater 226-227 Synaptomys 228-236 Syuaptotnys cooperi 235-236 Myodes 237-243 Myodes obensis 241-243 Cuniculus 243-251 Cuniculus torquatus 246-251 Fiber 251-255 Fiber zibethicus 254-255 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX.. 255-264 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. No. Fig. 1. Neotoma floridana, skull from above 2056 Fig. 2. " " skull in profile 2056 Fig. 3. " " left jaw, outside 2056 Fig. 4. " " skull from below 2056 Fig. 5. " ferruginea, skull from above 12114 Fig. 6. " " skull in profile 12114 Fig. 7. " " left jaw, outside 12114 Fig. 8. " " skull from below 12114 • PLATE II. 9. Neotoma cinerea, skull from above 4262 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. if.. L6. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Fig. 23. Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Fig. 38. Fig. 39. Fig. 40. Fig. 41. " " skull in profile 4262 left jaw, outside '. 4262 " " skull from below 4262 " magister, right jaw, outside - 12207 Sigmodon hispidus, skull from above 4763 " " skull in profile 4763 " " left jaw, outside 4763 " skull from below 4763 PLATE III. Hesperomys leucopus, skull from above " skull in profile " left jaw, outside " skull from below gossypimts, skull from above " skull in profile " left jaw, outside " skull from below michiganeitsis, skull from above.. skull iu profile . .. " left jaw, outside. . skull from below. '• skull from above.. skull in profile left jaw, outside .. " skull from below . . aureolas, skull from above " skull in profile " left jaw, outside " skull from below Evotomys gapperi, skull from above " " skull in profile " left jaw, outside " " skull from below 1944 1944 1944 1944 4765 4765 4765 4765 1673 1673 1673 1673 1796 1796 1796 1796 2023 2023 2023 2023 1757 1757 1757 1757 IX X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE IV. No. Fig. 42. Arricola tripartita, skull from above 1949 Fig. 43. " " skull iu profile 1949 Fig. 44. " " left jaw, ontside 1949 Fig. 45. " " skull from below 1949 Fig.46. " " skull from above .- 4858 Fig. 47. • " skull iu profile 4858 Fig.48. " " left jaw, outside 4858 Fig.49. " " skull /rom below 4858 Pig. 50. " townsendi, skull from above 6892 Pig. 51. " " skull iu profile 6892 Fig.52. " " left jaw, outside 6892 Fig.53. " " skull from below 6892 Fig. 54. " xanlkognathus, skull from above 12118 Fig. 55. " " skull in profile 12118 Fig.56. " " left jaw, outside 12118 Fig.57. " " skull from below 12118 PLATE V. Fig. 58. Arvicola auslej'un, skull from above 1862 Fig.59. " " skull in profile 1862 Fig. 60. " " jaw, both sides 1862 Fig.61. " " skull from below 1862 Fig.62. " " skull from above 948 Fig.63. " " skull in profile 948 Fig. 64. " " left jaw, outside 948 Fig. 65. '■ " skull from below 948 Fig. 66. '• curtatus, skull from above 12169 Fig. 67. " " skull in profile 12169 Fig.68. " " left jaw, outside 12169 Fig. 69. " " skull from below 12169 Fig. 70. " pinetorum, skull from above 1930 Fig.71. " " skull iu profile 1930 Fig.72. " " left jaw, outside 1930 Fig.73. " " skull from below 1930 Fig. 74. Synaplomys cooperi, skull from above 6915 Fig.75. ' " " skull in profile 6915 Fig.76. " " left jaw, outside 6915 Fig.77. " " skull from below 6915 Note. — The numbers of the right-hand column are those of the specimens figured. Family MURIDAE. The family Muridce will be taken in its current acceptation, as far as North American representatives are concerned, but with exclusion of the genus Zapus* (Meriones or Jaculus of American authors), which, as type of a separate family Zapodidce, will be treated in a subsequent memoir of this series. This genus differs sufficiently from any of the Muridce in certain cranial and dental characters, proportions of limbs, and other features. With the exclusion, then, of Zapus, the family Muridce is represented in North America by only two subfamilies, Murince and Arvicolmce, out of the number of groups into which it is usually divided. We are inclined to believe that the same considerations which induce us to eliminate Zapus as the type of a distinct family (as has already been done by Gill), would require certain Old World genera, in which the molars are more or less than §, to be likewise separated from Muridce proper, which would then be constituted solely by forms in which there are § molars. Such construction of a family Muridce would render it rather equivalent to the subfamily Murince of authors. But in our present ignorance of many exotic forms usually brought under Muridce, we do not venture upon general considerations touch- ing the definition of the family at large. As represented in North America, and by the two subfamilies Murince and Arvicolincv, the family Muridce may be recognized by the following characters : T 1-1 n 0-0 p 0-0 M 3-3 8 itt. ,, L 1=1 ; C- 0=0; R 0=0 ; M- 3=3 = 8 = 1G tCeth- Anteorbital foramen a large pyriform slit, bounded exteriorly by a broad plate of the maxillary. Coronoid, condylar, and descending processes of the mandible well developed and distinct. Tibia and fibula united below. * Zapus, «. g., Coues, Bullutiu U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 2d scr. No. 5, 1875, p. 253 1 2 MONOGRAPHS OF XORTEI AMERICAN BODENTIA. Tin1 character of the anteorbital foramen is peculiar, and probably diag- nostic of 1 lie group. "This," as Baird has said, "consists of a narrow vertical fissure anterior to the corner of the frontal bone, widening above, and bounded externally by the zygomatic branch of the upper maxillary, which, instead of standing out more or less horizontally, is bent up, so that its ante- rior edge, at least, is almost in a vertical plane, and parallel with its fellow on the opposite; side. In fact, the zygomatic process is divided into three parts: one articulating behind with the malar bone ; another completing the enclosure of the foramen just described; and a third articulating with the anteorbital process of the frontal. The interior narrow part of the anteorbital foramen serves for the passage of the infra-orbital nerve ; the wider upper portion, the outlet of which is directed upward, accommodates a portion of the masseter muscle. The suture of the malar bone, with the zygomatic process of the upper maxillary, is distinctly visible; the bone itself does not extend to Hie frontal bone . . ." The two subfamilies with which we have to do on the present occasion are well contrasted, at least as far as North American genera are concerned, and may readily be distinguished by the following among other characters which might be enumerated: MURINiE. — Molars rooted, tubercular, with crenate periphery. Incis- ors compressed, narrower than deep. Root of under incisor causing a protu- berance on outer side of the mandible, at or near notch between condylar and coronoid processes. Descending process of the mandible a broad flattened plate, wholly below the plane of the molars. Anterior root of the zygoma deeply nicked at the anteorbital foramen. Zygoma (usually) dipping down to the level of the palate. Palate nearly plane. Nasals projecting anteriorly. ARVICOLINyE. — Molars normally rootless (except in Evotomijs), pris- matic, with flat crown and serrate periphery. Incisors often broader than deep. Root of under incisor causing a protuberance, if any, on the inner side of the mandible, at or near notch between condylar and descending process Descending process of the mandible hamular; the apex of the hook attaining the level of the molars. Anterior root of zygoma not obviously nicked. Zygoma not dipping down to the level of the palate. Palate highly arched. Nasals not produced beyond premaxillaries. To the foregoing brief diagnostic characters, many points touching the general distinctions in outward appearance, habits, &c., of the groups might MURIDJE— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 3 be added. The elaboration of the genera which is to follow renders this, however, in a measure superfluous. We may here only allude, then, to the broad general distinctions — the Murince being animals which include, and, in all their members, recall, the familiar house-rat and house-mouse, of lithe and supple form, quick in movement, having large bright eyes, pointed mobile snout, prominent ears, and lengthened limbs and tail ; all of which points are contrasted with the squat and heavy shape, the slower action, very small eyes, blunt snout, inconspicuous ears, and shortened members of the Arvicolince. There is also a striking difference in the ensemble of the dentition of the two groups — the compressed and comparatively small incisors of Murince as against the large broad fore teeth of the Arvicolince. — the small, tubercular, and rooted molars of the former, in contrast with the great, flat-topped, prismatic, and continually-growing grinders of the latter, in which it would seem that the perfection of rodent dentition is attained. In their geographical distribution in America, moreover, the two groups, though associated to some extent, differ decidedly. The Arvicolince occupy the northern half of the hemisphere; they are not known to occur farther south than Mexico; they are most numerously represented by individuals in high latitudes, while some of them are among the most arctic of mammals. The northern limit of the Murince is, perhaps, not exactly known; but they do not reach the arctic seas, while they are most abundant in temperate and warm climates, and spread over Central and South as well as most parts of North America. In the following (able, prepared with much care, the cranial and dental characters of Muridce, as represented in North America, are exhibited. The points brought out, it will be observed, are of varying grade, from those that run through both subfamilies down to those that particularize the subgenera, and serve to indicate the several degrees of relationship which subsist between the respective groups. 4 MONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. Diagnostic tahle of some cranial and dental characters of North American MuiudjE. MUBIDiE. MvmsjE. AKVICOUKX. Mures. Sign, odontes. m a c9 B 8 o Hi c _Z O £ a o O o — O llespcro- 7/1 J/S. Arvicola. + + + + + 4 + + 4- + + \ r i o &« - is + + + + + 1 + + 4- + + + 9 Z >-. + + + + + + + + 4 + •r D 0 5 + + + + i -r t + + + ■r + + |4 CD E + + + + + -r + + + + + + | CO a so > = o N >-. o X a o I - z m 2 © a z 4 + + + + + + + ^ + ■i + m z: 5 i: O + + + + 1 + + + + + + + = z + + + + + + + + + + + + + CO !►. S S + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- Dental formula: i_i o-p po-o 3^3^4-i^^w J*l-1 U 0-0 r'0-0' m- 3-3 4-4 8 Antcorbital foramen: A large slit-like canal in the maxillary, with pyritbrni orifice, bounded exteriorly by a + + + + + + -r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + 4- + a. + + + + Top border of this foramen deeply nicking the root of the zygoma, viewed from above Descending process of mandible : A broad, flattened, squarish plate, wholly below A narrow, hooked, recurved process, attaining Coronoid process of mandible: Well developed, acute : Interparietal : Nearly as long as broad, one-third as largo as Lozenge-shaped or quadrangular, much smaller. Tarietals : Large, subquadrate, with postcro-c sternal ex- Temporals : Hypertrophied, projecting at right angle far Moderate, bounding orbits by an obtuse promi- Zygomata : Styloid, or little expanded. + + Nasals, anteriorly : Produced beyond prexuaxillaries and incisors Foramen magnum : + + MURID^E— DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS. Diagnostic tabic of some cranial and dental characters of North American Muiiid^e — Continued. MUKIDiE. MURINE. ARV1COLLN.B. Mures. Sigmodontcs. S 0 + c o o bC J. + Bcppero- n,ys. Arvicola. CO £ c o t- « + + + + + + + + £ ; A a + + + + + + + + tn e o + + + + + + + + + CO d o B d + + + + + + + 1 CO .a £ + 4- + + + + + 6 z © - O + co C i 'u a > + = c - + ■ B © 1 — B o 1 « 5 o a + + + + + + + + + a •- 5 + i + + ■ -r + + + r -- = O T3 p- < + + + + + + -t + m >. s + + + + + + + + 1 Palate (on tlie whole): Little ascending anteriorly— nearly plane + Incisive foramina: + + + + + + 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + i + + + + + + i Interorbital constriction : Rather broader than rostrum, or much broader. Margin of orbit posteriorly: With a sharp edge, or even raised bead Smooth and rounded off, or with intraorbital ridge Palate ending posteriory : As a broad, trarsverse, straight shelf across Similar shelf, but not quite so perfectly trans- verse, and with lateral fossae shoved under its Similar shelf, but still less excavated at sides. Similar shelf, hut about opposite last molar, the shelf narrow, occupying only the median part, As in the last, but farther back, and with a As in the last in shape, but in position far back + + + "With a median emargination, opposite the sec- ond and third molars, bounded on each side by a deep fossa ; this terminal portion of the pal- Upper incisors : + + + + + + + + Under incisors: Molars : Rooted : " " " " 2,3,or4roots " " " 3, 4, or more roots + 6 MONOGRAMS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Diagnostic table of some cranial and dental characters of North American tiXTBXDJB— Continued. r~ Ml RLDM, MURINJK. ARVICOI.IX.E. Mures. Sigmodontes. p -. = © o -. y. R ; o a 5 to a c c c O O ITcspero- mi/s. ArvicoZa. q 0 > - + + + + 05 (-> a r « a •-. CO + f + + 00 o + + tc O '3 a - + + + T fc. 3 + + + a 'E & - > B z N C o X a -. ^-. c - B C ; >. + + + + - a — + + + + e T3 i + + + >. S £ r + + + Molar crowns : Tuberculate, crenato-edged : + ■t- + + + ■i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Prismatic : When fully worn, consisting essentially of one dentine area, within an enamel wall, which, however deeply plicate, does not fuse from + + + Even after wear still consisting of several den- tine islands, owing to fusion of the enamel Molar series : Upper molars : Subfamily MURINE. The characters of this subfamily having already been given in sufficient detail for present purposes, we may at once proceed to consider its subdivision into the two tribes or series of genera ; namely, Mures and Sigmodontes. This separation of the Old World (Mures) and New World (Sigmodontes) repre- sentatives of the subfamily seems to us warranted, and not alone upon geo- graphical grounds; for a decided difference in dentition is found, serving for their immediate identification. Mures. — Molars of upper jaw, with the tubercles in three series. Palate extending back of the molars. (Palaeogsean.) Sigmodontes. — Molars of upper jaw, with the tubercles in two series. Palate ending opposite last molars. (Neogsean.) The Mures which occur in North America, — namely, four species MUEIDiE— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA. 7 of the typical genus Mus, — not being indigenous to this country, and being, moreover, among the best-known of mammals, will not be treated in the present paper. Tribe SIGMODONTES. Under this head come all the Murines indigenous to America. Those of the northern division of the hemisphere may be grouped under four genera, — Neotoma, Sigmodon, Oc/telodon, and Hesperomys ; the latter with three subgenera. Full descriptions of these and of their respective species follow. Genus NEOTOMA, Say & Orct. Mas, sp., Say & Oiid, 1818-23.— Desmakest, 1822. Arvicola, sp., Harlan, 1825. Lrmmitx, sp., FISCHER, 1821). Nvotoma, Say & Okd, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iv, pt. ii, 1825, 346 (typo, N. floridana). — Aud. A- Bach., Quad. N. A. i, 1849, 31.— Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, 486.— Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila 1875, 174. Myoxus, sp., Richardson, Zool. Jonrn. iii, 1828, 517 (N. cinerea). Teonoma, J. E. Gkay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Load. 18 — , p. — (AT. cinerea). Chars. — Embracing sigmodont rats of the largest size; highly murine in general aspect; peculiar to North and Middle America. Snout pointed, mobile ; whiskers very long (the longest ones reaching to or beyond the shoulders) ; eyes large and full (as in Vipodomys) ; ears very large, orbicular, nearly naked. Tail long, nearly equaling the body with or without the head, either scant-haired (nearly as naked and scaly as in Mus) or bushy (much as in Myoxus). Feet small, but broad for their length, with short toes ; the fore with four perfect clawed digits, which in length run 3d, 4th, 2d, 5th ; and a rudimentary thumb bearing an abortive nail; the hind with five perfect clawed digits, the middle three of which are subequal and longest ; the 5th is not much shorter, its claw reaching about to the base of the 4th claw, while the 1st reaches about to the median node of the 2d. Palms naked, 5-tuberculate ; one tubercle postero-external, another postero-internal near base of pollex ; two at bases of 2d and 5th digits, respectively, and one at base of 3d and 4th digits together. Soles naked at least for their anterior two-thirds — the pos- terior third hairy in northern species, mostly naked in tropical forms; fur- nished with seven tubercles, thus : one near postero-external angle of foot, only evident in naked-soled species;* a larger one a little farther in advance on internal border; another (smaller) in advance of this externally; three "Hardly a true tubercle, however; being' merely caused by protuberance of tbe subjacent bono, over vvbieh tbe skin is uot particularly thickened. 8 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. large ones al bases of 1st, 2d, and 5th toes, respectively; and one at con- joined bases of 3d and 4th toes; those at the bases of all the digits, except, the hallux, being more or less confluent.* Pelage soft, lustrous, white below. To the foregoing characters, rather descriptive than simply definitive, and indicating little else than an overgrown Hespcromys, we may add the fol- lowing more diagnostic features, derived from the skull and teeth : Skull elongate, twice (at least) as long as wide, in spite of the divergent zygomata; these do not sink to the level of the palate, and turn toward the scpiamosal almost at an angle (cf. Hcsperoun/s). Maxillar boundary of ante- orbital foramen developing no pointed process (cf. Sigmodon). Palate ending as a simple einarginate or concave shelf, opposite the interspace between last and penultimate molars ; the palato-maxillary suture opposite the interspace between first and middle molars (cf. any other sigmodont genus). Incisive foramina very short. Foramen magnum broader than high. Auditory bulla3 rather small; their axes very oblique to the axis of the skull. Nasal bones not reaching as far back as nasal branches of intermaxillaries, which gain the interorbital region. No definite bead on upper margin of orbits. Inter- parietal bone subquadrate, but with a large, well-defined spur on each side. Posterior aspect of skull truncate ; i. e., the occipital plane is about perpendic- ular, meeting the flattened superior surface of the skull nearly at right angles (in all other genera, the coronal rounds more or less gently into the occipital surface). Under jaw with long, acute, coronoid process, overtopping condyle ; root of the under incisor causing a moderate protuberance on the outside of the jaw, rather at the root of the condyle itself than at the notch between condyle and coronoid. Teeth of the ordinary sigmodont pattern ; nearest to Hesperomys proper, and, as in that genus, decreasing regularly in size from first to last — in the upper jaw at any rate ; in the lower, the last tooth conspicuously smaller than either of the other two. All the upper teeth with usually two external and one internal reentrant loops of enamel (but the first often with a supplementary internal loop, and the last often with only one external loop). First and second under molars each with two internal and two external reen- trant loops ; last under molar with one of each. In unworn teeth, all the reentrances open, the saliencies correspondingly sharp and divaricating, thus simulating the prismatic structure of Arvicollnce ; in old teeth, however, these "The tubercles at bases of all tbe exterior fiugers and toes show a tendency to develop little accessory tubercles upon their outer faces. MUE1D.E— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA. 0 appearances are obscure or lost. Upper molars mostly 3-rooted ; under with only two roots apiece. In amplification of the characters of this genus, we continue : Neotoma shows us the largest murine skull of North America, and many strong generic characters. The zygomatic width is relatively greater than in other forms, amounting to half the length of the skull, mainly in consequence of the outward obliquity of the zygomata, which diverge from each other as they pass backward, instead of lying nearly parallel. The same length of skull, with parallel zygomata, would much exceed twice the zygomatic width. They also do not dip so low down as in most other genera, not descend- ing to the level of the palate ; and the union of the jugals with the squamosal spurs is abrupt, almost angular. In general contour, there is an observable difference in the two sections of the genus — that with scant-haired tail and the busby-tailed species ; the latter having the rostral portion of the skull more lengthened and the interorbital constriction greater. In N. Jlorklana the interorbital width is about one-seventh of the total length, and rather exceeds the rostral diameter, though this is swollen. The nasals are much widened anteriorly, where they end with crescentic outline; behind, they stop opposite the anterior roots of the zygomata, and always (we believe) in advance of the nasal branches of the intermaxillaries, which reach into the interorbital constriction. In most other genera, there is no special difference between the length of the nasals and the intermaxillary behind, or else the difference is fluctuating. At the extreme antero-superior corner of the orbit, the maxillary, just where it unites with the frontal, throws up a tubercle for muscular attachment stronger than we have noticed in other genera. The thin plate of the superior maxillary that forms the outer wall of the anteor- bital foramen has a gently-rounded anterior border, with its convexity looking forward, instead of running into a sharp point as in Sigmodon, where the same edge is deeply concave by reason of this pointed process ; and likewise, when looked down upon from above, the foramen appears as merely an emar- gination instead of a nearly-closed oval. The edge of the orbit is sharp above, but not beaded. The interparietal is moderate and subquadratc, with a spur; the paroccipital processes are strong; the tympanic bulke medium; the pterygoids large, hamulate, and fenestrate. The foramen magnum is remarkable for its depressed elliptical shape, being usually much wider than high ; the condyles are far apart at the ends of the major axis. The palate ends behind as a simple shelf with concave border opposite the last molars 10 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. or space between these and the penultimate pair. The incisive foramina are of nearly usual size and shape: they do not quite reach to the molars. The under jaw is noticeable for the great size of the coronoid process, which over- toils the condyle. The descending process is large, subquadrate, and Saltish, with the under edge thickened and curled inward. Willi a general resemblance to that of Sigmodon, the molar dentition of Neotoma exhibits a mentionable tendency to recede from the ordinary sig- modonl style, and approach the arvicoline, in the somewhat prismatic nature of the extra-alveolar part of the teeth. The teeth, however, are firmly rooted, and the arvicoline bent is after all little more than a superficial resemblance. The upper teeth are 3-rooted, as usual in the tribe, each with two exterior and one interior fang; but the anterior two of these are often or usually (except in the first tooth) more or less fused together. The under ones have only two prongs, seriatim. The tuberculation of the molar crowns is an open question : we have never seen any teeth not worn flat, and cannot, therefore, speak of the character of the tubercles, if such exist after the teeth are extruded from the gums; and, at any rate, this fact indicates a tooth that grows much more rapidly than in Mils, Hesperomys, or Ochetodon. It is much the same with Sigmodon as with Neotoma. The teeth, as in Hesperomys, &c, decrease in size from first to last, in both jaws, though in this case there is less difference; for the posterior upper one is at least two-thirds as large as the anterior one, and is but little less plicated. In the upper series, the decrease is regular from first to last ; in the lower, the middle tooth is as large as the front one, but the back one suddenly diminishes in size nearly one-half Average adult examples show a state of the teeth as follows: All the upper ones are trilobate externally, bilobate internally ; that is to say, there are, upon the outer side, two deep, open indentations, where the enamel-sheet loops into the tooth, and, consequently, three rounded saliencies or lobes, as just men- tioned; while on the inside there is one such indentation, or loop, opposite the middle of the tooth, producing two such rounded saliencies. On the front upper molar, however, the antero-interior lobe is slightly indented, making three lobes in all, as on the outside. The interior reentrant loops of enamel are wide open and shallow, not reaching half-way across the lace of the tooth; the exterior loops, on the contrary, are very deep, reaching nearly or quite across the tooth. At the outset, these exterior loops are wide open, like the interior ones; but they soon shut, the two folds of enamel being mutually MURID.E— SIGMODGNTES— NEOTOMA. 1 1 appressed, and thus, as one double enamel fold, they penetrate the tooth. The apex of the antero-exterior loop in each upper tooth abuts against the apex of the single interior loop; the apex of the other exterior loop abuts against the surrounding wall of enamel of the opposite side; and thus the crown is divided into three distinct dentine islands. But, in other cases, these reentrant promontories of enamel do not reach either the internal loop or the inner wall ; then we have a straggling dentine area on the face of the tooth partially cut up into three. The faces of the crowns differ in sculpture to a considerable degree with age, as in other genera ; but, owing to the more pris- matic form of the teeth, this variability is not so great as in Hesperomys or Mus, and the pattern above described will be found essentially preserved in most cases, except in the extremes of youth and old age. In very worn teeth the reentrant folds are all ground out, leaving a single irregular dentine area surrounded by a crenulate enamel wall, as in Sigmodon, &c. ; at one period, there are enamel islands left in this area. The back molars wear down from the condition above described to a simple figure-of-8, or hour-glass shape. The under molars differ from the upper in being more complicated, but also vary among themselves to a greater degree still. In the upper, moreover, the lateral protuberances are essentially alternate (there being two outside and only one inside) ; while in the lower, there being the same num- ber of indentations on both sides, these are opposite. The front and middle lower molars are extremely similar to each other, both having two reentrant loops and three rounded saliencies (all mutually opposite), so that their crowns make a figure-of-8, with an extra loop. The chief difference' between them is that the anterior lobe of the front one is enlarged a little, and shows a shallow indentation. The apices of the lateral reentrant loops abut each against its fellow, by which means the crown is divided into three dentine spaces, one behind the other; often, however, the ends of the loops do not touch, so that passage-way is left from one dentine space into the others. The hinder tooth may be best described as a two-thirds of either of the others : i. e., it is a figure-of-8 without the extra loop above mentioned ; it has one reentrant fold of enamel on each side, opposite the middle. These folds may meet or not in the center of the tooth ; and, in very old teeth, the grind- ing-away of the folds leaves simply a somewhat irregular-subcircular crown. One specimen shows an instructive condition of this last under molar. The exterior reentrant loop is becoming detached from the side-wall of enamel, 12 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. and aboal (o appear as an island of enamel in the dentine area. This is exactly what occurs in Hesperomys, &c. Upon attentive consideration of the subject, we conclude that there is really no essential difference in the molar structure of our several genera; that Neotoma and Sigmodon merely wear off their teeth faster than Hes- peromys does ; that the pattern just described for Neotoma is indicative of early maturity ; that with age the reentrant folds of enamel are ground off from their connection with the general enveloping sheet, and appear as islands of enamel in the general dentine area; and that, finally, these islands are rubbed out, when we have, as a condition of senility, a continuous, depressed dentine surface bounded by a raised, indented wall of enamel. We tabulate together a part of our skulls of the several species, both real and nominal. The difference in the length of muzzle of the bushy- tailed species is evident from the figures. Table I. — Measurements of eighteen skulls of carious species of Neotoma No.' 344-2 3443 2056 2201 1682 2466 2463 2160 3597 3598 3599 3600 360] 3002 2040 1676 G383 4262 Locality. South Atlantic States. do Saint Simon's, Ga do Southern States. Georgia do '... Sonora Fort Tejon, Cal . do do do do do Santa Clara, Cal Charco Escondido, Mex. Washington Territory.. Deer Creek, "Neh" 2.10 2.05 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.98 1.68 1.80 1.95 1.87 1.84 1.92 1.90 2.10 2.10 2.05 SB 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.65 0.68 cS .3 S 5 SB p N 1.08 1.05 1.02 0.98 0.84 0.97 1.02 0.94 0.95 0.92 0.95 0. 95 1.12 1.07 1.05 "2 -2 a 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.22 0.25 0.21 0.25 so — 5 S 0.77 0.77 0. 75 0.70 0.68 0.76 0.61 0.65 0. 76 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.77 0.20 0.25 0.86 0.82 SB 3 1. 40 1.30 1.25 1.20 1. 25 1.10 1.22 1.23 1.18 1.22 1.12 1.20 1.20 1. 40 1.20 1.42 1.45 Remarks. floridana; perfectly adult. do. floridana ; mature. do. floridana ; youngish. floridana; nearly adult. floridana; quite young, "mexicana"; mature. do. do. do. do. do. do. fuecipes ; adult. " micropus"; adult, "occidontalis"; adult. cinerea; adult. *Of the specimen, in the register of the National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and on its label. The same with regard to the numbers in the first column of each table throughout the present; monograph. t Taken by laying the skull on a flat surface, and measuring perpendicularly from the surface to tho highest, point of the parietals. The same mode of measurement in subsequent tables. t From the tip of the incisors to the back of the condyle. The same, in following tables. N. 1!. — Measurements, throughout this article, are in decimals of the English inch. MURIDJ3- SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA. 1 3 We tabulate none of the very young skulls before us, as these would vitiate the results, especially as regards the lengthened muzzle of the bushy- tailed species ; the young of that animal not having the snout noticeably different from that of the rest. The difference in length of snout between cinerea and jloridana does not seem to be much from the figures; but a tenth of an inch on the end of a rat's nose is something; and, viewing the naked skulls, the rostral part in cinerea is seen to be slenderer, as well as longer, than it is in Jloridana ; the interorbital space is more constricted and more deeply indented. Aside from this, the skulls show nothing diagnostic among the several real or supposed species. Adult ones average about two inches long (1.84 to 2.10) by an inch broad (0.84 to 1.12) across the zygomata, and barely over two-thirds of an inch in height (taken as described — see under Tab. 1, p. 12). The extreme length of the under jaw is about an inch and a fourth on an average, but runs from 1.10 to 1.45; a part of this difference being due to the fluctuating length of the under incisor. This generally protrudes one-half of an inch, or a little more ; the upper incisors protrude about one-third of an inch. The molar series is from three- to nearly four- tenths of an inch long ; thereis nothing diagnostic in its length. In connection with the rostral elongation of the skull of JV. cinerea, we should note another slight peculiarity — not, however, diagnostic of species, much less of sections of the genus. In all the western skulls examined, includ- ing even those of N. jloridana, there is a tendency to a narrowing of the con- duit of the posterior nares by more or less filling in of bone from the alveolar border. Thus, in ordinary South Atlantic Jloridana, the whole palate is defi- cient behind the point indicated in the generic diagnosis — nothing bounds the space on either side but the alve'olus itself. In the other extreme, there is rpiite a little shelf on either hand, noticeably narrowing the aperture. But the feature is extremely variable, and cannot be relied upon for even specific diagnosis. We know three good North American species of this genus: first, there is the ordinary N. Jloridana, really inhabiting most of the United States, except New England, though decidedly southerly, and ranging thence into Mexico ; secondly, the N. Juscipes, which appears to be perfectly distinct, and is a highly interesting animal, opening the way, through several of its features, into the tropical aspect of the genus, such as is exhibited by the N. ferruginea of Tomes, from Guatemala, and furnishing an analogy to the 14 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. long black-tailed, partly dusky-footed, style of Hesperomys witnessed in such a species as Nyctemys sumickrasti ; thirdly, the still more peculiar N. cinerea of British America and various western Territories — an animal that, although a true Neotoma, shows ns the densely hairy, almost bushy tail of Mijoxus — a condition, in fact, thai would almost equal a squirrel's, were the tail perfectly distichous instead of rather terete. It has, indeed, been made the type of a different genus, Teonoma, but this, like many of Dr. J. E. Gray's genera, need not be adopted. We tabulate the three species, together with the Guate- malan one. Analysis of species of Neotoma. 1. Tail scant-haired (nearly as in Mus), bicolor, grayish and whitish, in length at most barely equaling the body without the head. Feet entirely white. Adults with the general body-colors of the Norway rat, but more fulvous on the sides ; white below ; young, gray or slate. Upward of 9 inches long; tail upward of 6; hind foot upward of 1.50. Skull averaging 2 inches floeidana. 2. Tail scant-haired, as before, unicolor, blackish, nearly as long cs head and body (up to 8J inches). Feet partly dusky. General body-colors as before, if anything darker. Aver- aging larger than the last! fuscipes. 3. Tail scant-haired, as before, unicolor, blackish, nearly as long as head and body. Feet partly dusky. General body- colors of adults rich warm rusty-red, hardly darker on the back ; under parts snowy, with distinct line of demarkation. S?nall ; upward of 7 inches; tail nearly as much; hind foot under 1.50 ; skull about 1.75 ferruginea. 4. Tail densely hairy (as in Myoxus), bicolor, brown or gray, and white. Size of jloridana, or even larger; body-colors of jloridana, but varying between dark plumbeous and pale 1 uteous cinerea. NEOTOMA ELORIDANA, Say & Ord. Wood Kat. Mus Jloridamts, Ord, Bull. Soc. l'liilom. Fhila. 1818, 181.— DeSMArest, Mamm. ii, 1822, 307.— Say, Long's Exped. R. Mts. i, 182::, 54. Arvkola floridanve, U.\t LAN, Fn. Amer. 1825, 141; Med. and Pbys. Res. 1835, 53, pi. x, f. 1, 2, 3, 4. MUEIDiE— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA FLORIDANA. 15 Neoloma fioridana, Say & Oi!D, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1825, 352, pi. x, f. 1, 2, 3, 4 ; Zool. Jonrn. ii, 1825, 294, pi. x, f. 1, 2, 3, 4 ; Isis, 1827, xx, 1035.— Griffith, Anini. Kingd. iii, 1827, 100, pi. — .— Aid. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 32, pi. iv.— Geoffkoy, Zool. Voy. Veuus, 1855, 154, pi. xiii. — Kenkicott, Agric. Eep. U. S. Patent Office for 185(5 (1857), (no text), pi. xiv. — Baikd, M. N. A. 1857, 487.— Maximilian, Arch. Naturg. xviii, 1862, p. — ; Verz. N.-Aui. Sang. 1862, 165.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool. ii, 1871, 182. — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 175. Lemmus floridanus, Fischer,. Synopsis, 1829, 299. Neotoma mexicana, Baihd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, vii, 333 ; M. N. A. 1857, 490 ; U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mamm. p. 44, pi. 24, f. 1, a to g (skull).— Coues, Am. Nat. i, 18H7, 399. Neotoma micropus, Baikd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 333; M. N. A. 1857, 492; U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mamm. p. 44. Habitat. — Southern United States and Northern Mexico. North, some- • times, to Maryland {Audubon), New York {Bell), and Massachusetts (Gibbs). Dakota. Illinois. Kansas. Arkansas. Very abundant in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, New Mexico, Arizona, and parts of California. Diagnosis. — N. (adultus) lutcohrunnea, dor so obscuriore, later ibus fulves- centibus, infra alba, pedibus niveis, caudd bicolore; (juv.) supra schistaceo-grisea, infra Candida. Long. tot. 6-d-j)oll., caudce A-Q-jmIL, cranii bipoll , pedis sesquipoll. The adult animal is colored above very nearly like the Norway rat, but is brighter, and still more so on the sides. The difference is parallel with that between Ochetodon humills and Mus musculus. Thus, Ochetodon is precisely the color of a house-mouse, except that the sides have a fulvous or pale dull pinkish-brown wash ; and in this Neotoma, while the back is finely lined with brownish-gray and blackish, as in the Mus decumanus, the sides are quite tawny or fawn-color, especially near the line of demarkation between this color and the white of the under parts. The color of the upper parts runs down on the legs, but stops abruptly at the wrists and ankles, leaving the back of the hands and feet snowy white ; this is invariable in all the speci- mens examined. The under parts are white ; on the throat, breast, and low- est belly, this color is pure, the fur being white to the very roots; but across the middle belly, and on the insides of the limbs, and along the sides of the body generally, the appearance is only whitish, because the ashy bases of the hairs show through. On the head, the color of the upper part is rather darker or grayer than elsewhere, and the extreme snout is of this shade; but the whole upper lip is broadly white, like the under. The whiskers, which reach to or beyond the shoulders, are part black, part white. The cars, which are dusky in the dried state, perhaps showing somewhat of flesh-color in life, are nearly naked on both sides, and especially inside ; but close inspection shows 1G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN ItODENTIA. a scanty pilosity, especially outside; they arc very large and nearly orbicular, with moderate antitragus. On the tail, the long body-hairs run out a little ways beyond what seems to be its true root, and occasion some discrepancy of measurement with different persons. This member is rarely, it' ever, quite so decidedly naked and scaly-annular as in Mus,. though often closely approaching this condition. The most naked and scaly and least bicolor tails are generally shown by the original jloridana from the South Atlantic States; while western specimens, even those from deserts, as the Camp Grant ones below tabulated, have more hairy tails, and the hairiness reaches a maximum in some Kansas examples. Here, not far from the habitat of the bushy-tailed species, we find tails, of which the hairs are a fourth or even a third of an inch long, completely concealing the annuli, forming a slight terminal pencil, and, in fact, not distinguishable at first glance from some of the scantiest- haired (early-spring) specimens of cinerea. In these examples of jloridana, the tail is sharply and perfectly bicolor — slaty-gray above, pure white below ; and, in general, the upper surface of the tail tends to a gray, darker than the back. The soles are closely pilous as far as the posterior tubercle, and a slight fringe continues all along their sides. The disposition of the tubercles has already been given; in this species, the posterior one, that shows in naked-heeled species like fetruginea, is not apparent. These tubercles, and generally most of the sole, are blackish ; the toes, and the whole palms, flesh-colored. The changes of pelage, with age, are precisely as in Hesperomys leucopus, and most other species of that genus. The young animal is slaty-gray above and slaty-white below, almost black along the middle of the back, a little more brownish on the sides. This color insensibly gives way to the normal hues of the adults; there are no definite intermediate stages. In the very youngest animals, the hands and feet are snowy-white, as on the old ; a fact particularly to be noted in connection with the study of N. fuscipes. In specimens from the same locality, there is not very much individual variation in color, it would seem, aside from the conditions of immaturity. As a rule, the southern-coast specimens are the darkest and most rat-colored, with most indistinctly bicolor tails, lacking the brighter fulvous hue that marks those from the dryer regions of Kansas and Arkansas. As noted elsewhere, all the prairie Murines and Arvicolines, if not, indeed, all the prairie mammals, show the same thing. The pallor reaches its maximum in the specimens from MUMD^E—SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA FLORID AN A. 17 the deserts of Arizona and New Mexico. Here the characters tally precisely with those of Hesperomys "sonoriensis" or "gamheli"; indeed, they only fall short of the extreme seen in Hesperomys var. eremicus. The general hue, instead of a rat-brown mixed with blackish, is a dull pinkish fulvous or fawn, especially on the sides, intermixed on the back with a few black hairs. The heels are somewhat less hairy, and the ears a trifle larger, more "foliaceous" and nude. At the same time, curiously enough, the tail, instead of being extremely naked, as was to have been anticipated, is even hairier than in Georgia examples, and approaches the Kansas maximum in this respect. The young animals from the same region are paler gray than usual, corresponding to some samples of Sigmodon "berlandieri "; and some show a slight silvery margin of the ears, as usual in desert Hesperomys "sonoriensis". It is hardly necessary to add that this extreme, witnessed only in animals from the Colorado and Gila deserts, is mixed and obscured in every degree in the animals living in neighboring wooded and watered regions, and is directly connected with the Georgian extreme by Texan, Coloradan, Arkansan, and Kansan examples. The supposed Neotoma "mexicana" rests upon these points of coloration; for, as we learn from the table given below, nothing in the way of measure- ments ascribed to it is distinctive. The species was originally based upon a few specimens, all in very poor condition, some of them indicating the extreme stage above described. Had Professor Baird possessed at that time the intermediate scries we now command, it is doubtful whether he would have differed from Geoffroy as to their specific identity with jloridana ; a matter of which, in our mind, there is no question. The case of Neotoma "micropus" presents some difficulty, owing to lack of material ; we have nothing additional to Professor Baird's two* types. One of these, No. 561, is so young, that the molars are not cut at all! the skull measuring only 1.08, or about half the normal adult average. We will, there- fore, confine our attention to the other specimen, No. 554. This has the appearance of being mature, or nearly so, except that it is, as stated, in a grayish-slate state of pelage. In the first place, we may dismiss the impres- sion that would be gained from the name " micropus "; the feet being exactly as long as in samples of ordinary Jloridana or "mexicana", and quite as large. Of the many cranial characters adduced, we fail, with the skull in our hands, » Nos. 554, 561, published in M. N. A.— Besides these, we find in alcohol, from Santa Rosalia (Couch), two others, Nos. 2699, 2700, labeled "micropus". They are, however, mere sucklings (about three inches Ion-;), and afford no characters at all. •2 H 18 MONOGRAPHS OF NOETE AMERICAN RODENTIA. to appreciate the exclusive pertinence of any of them, in comparison with our large series, except one — the palatal notch is narrower than in Georgian floridana. But, as already staled, this tendency to narrowness of the palatal notch is a feature, more or less strongly expressed, of all western Neotomas (even cinerea shows it), and, consequently, it loses diagnostic value in this case. The disproportion of tail to trunk seems unusually great (4.25 to 9.10); Imt the tail has been broken and mended, and the skin is greatly distorted — a full inch, it' not two inches, or wore, overstretched. The chief character of "micropns" rests upon the assumption that the gray pelage No. 554 shows is permanent. Although this presumption is colored by Dr. Bcrlan- dier's testimony, that, naturalist is as liable to be mistaken as another one; and we are satisfied that Neotonut "micropus" is not a valid species. Table II. — Measurements of sixty specimens of Neotoma FLORIDAna from the United States and Mexico. % a 3 Locality. Collector. Nose to— '3 H o <2 P s Remarks. IS H +5 "o O '3 373 e-2 282 1626 1027 1028 2690 2697 2077 2678 4876 449 2951 ■-!:>:,:( 2954 8137 8138 e:,.i4 9609 9133 3715 1730 1731 1732 1606 1328 1329 3651 3653 3654 8434 11 151 Rockland County, N.Y.. South Carolina J.G.Bell 8.00 6.85 6.37 7.25 6.75 O.UO 5.50 4. E0 4.00 6.30 4.30 3.33 5.25 5.75 0.40 1.55 1.45 1. 33 1.40 1.33 1.20 1.42 1.48 1.38 1.40 1.60 1.35 1.45 1.20 1.20 1.4" 1.37 1.40 1.20 0.80 0.80 0.75 0. 90 0.75 0.75 1.00 0.70 0.80 0.77 0.76 Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry; tail stretched. Dry; yonug. Dry; young. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Dry. Mounted. Dry. Dry; very young. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry; younfr. Alcoholic; young. Dry ; gray. Dry. Dry. Dry; much stxotchod. Dry. Dry; much stretched Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. 1 try. Dry. J.J.Audubon ...do ...do ...do S. W. Wilson ...do ...do ... do ...do ...do ...do ...do 0.85 1.66 2. CO B. L. C. Wailea .... Fort Randall Arkansas F. V. Havden A.W.Whipple ... 1.10 2.20 2.40 7.50 0.00 9.00 4.12 5.00 W. A. Hammond. . ...do 1.00 2.00 ...do ...do ...do ... do io A. Crocker ...do 0. 97 1.90 8.00 8.00 -'. 23 6.25 0.00 5.00 4. 75 4.00 ...do Colorado Territory ...do 0.95 0. 85 7.50 8.40 8.00 10.50 7.00 10.50 9.00 9.00 8.50 0.75 7. 50 4.50 4.90 5.00 6. 50 ti. 50 6.50 6.00 4.90 l.i 1.18 1.33 1.33 1.40 1.18 1.33 1.30 1.30 1.32 1.20 1.30 0.70 1.05 1.00 0. 95 0.80 ....do ....do do ...do ...do California ....do ...do A. Schott ...do ....do ....do do do ...do ichoff MURID.E— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA FUSOIPES. 19 Table II. — Measurements of sixty specimens of Neotoma floridana — Continued. O a 3 Locality. Collector. Nose to — '3 H o .O a E u cS Kemarks. 3 "3 u O "5 E-l 88G8 8863 8800 8SG1 8866 8863 8865 8867 8864 88C9 .8870 8871 8905 8906 9989 to 9996 1339 to 1343 1338 1329 1033 5C5 389 554 561 2699 2700 Arizona do E. Palmer do 1.00 1.60 1.90 7.25 6 25 7.50 7.00 7.50 6.75 7.35 7.40 8.00 0.35 4.75 4.75 5.50 4.75 5.75 5.00 4.90 5.00 5.75 4.00 1.25 1.25 1.35 1.15 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.25 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.95 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.95 Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry- Dry. Dry. Dry; young. Dry; young. Alcoholic. Alcoholic; not grown. Nos. 9989-94 are alco- holic; very young. Nos. 9995-6 are alco- holic; embryos. Alcoholic ; very young. Dry- Dry. Mounted. Dry. Dry. Dry. ; Types of "mi- Dry. > cropus", Bd. Alcoholic; very young. Alcoholic; very young. ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do ... do 1.00 0.95 1.80 1.70 1.85 ...do ...do ..do do ...do do .. ...do ... do ....do ...do do ...do ...do . do .. 1.05 2.00 7.50 5.00 0.00 3.75 1.25 1.15 1.10 r J ...do do .. \ ..&o ..do .. J > Colorado River, Ariz. .. ....do W. H. Emory I ....do 10.50 9.00 6.75 6.60 1.33 1.30 1.00 0.95 ....do do ...do ...do T. H. Webb 5.00 7.50 9.00 0.50 4.35 1.17 1.18 1.40 1.40 0.84 0.90 0.70 Chihuahua Mexico ...do J. Fotts D.N.Couch ....do ...do ... do ...do ...do 1 NEOTOMA FUSCIPES, Cooper Dusky-footed Wood Rat. Neotoma fnscipes, Cooper, MSS.— Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, 495. — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 175. Diagnosis. — N. caudd unicolore, nigricante, elongatd, truncum sine capite aquante sive exceedente, pedibus supra partim fuscis, auriculis plantisque fere, nudls; nigro-badia, infra albida. Long. tot. 9.50 poll., caudd 8.50, pedis 1.60. Habitat. — California. This remarkable rat is much unlike any other of the genus we know of. With a general agreement in form with other species of the scanty-haired tailed group, there are striking differences, the first of which that we shall 20 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. notice is the length of tail. In N.Jloridana, the tail only exceptionally equals the trunk without the li<';i MOXOliUAI'IlS OK NORTH AMERICAN KODENT1A. copus, yel (lie singularly different //. californicus (parasiticus of Cooper) also occurs (here; and that some of the samples of "gambeli" seem to tend a little toward californicus. Here appears to We the gateway, both in Hesperomys and in Neotomee, that leads out from an ordinary type into a localized differen- tiation. We must confess that we suspect that certain intermediate JYeotomee and Hesperomys will yet be found in this region to show us the steps of depar- ture from N.Jloridanas into fuscipes and from H. leucopus into californicus. The skull of N. fuscipes shows nothing diagnostic ; a slight narrowness of the post-palatal notch being shared by the other western and Mexican forms. One example, No. 2040, measures 2.15 in length by 1.15 across the zygomata. Table III. — Measurements of six specimens of Neotoma fuscipes. u o a is Locality. Collector. Nose to — H © u © « a ' 5 i Remarks. O 1158 1159 1182 2673 2680 3655 Santa Clara, Cal ....do ....do Petalunia, Cal .... do 2. a:. 2,40 1.95 9.00 9.50 -. 80 6.25 7.50 8.50 7. 10 7.90 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.76 0.70 1.55 1.60 1.02 1.58 1. 22 1.35 1.10 1. 00 1.05 1.20 1.00 1.00 Dry; adult , type. Dry; young. Dry ; young. Alcoholic; adult. Alcoholic; young. ....do E. SamuelH ... do 1.07 0. 80 3.00 1.50 Fort Tcjon, Cal NEOTOMA FERRUGINEA, Tomes. Neotoma ferruginea, Tomes, rroe. Zcol. Soc. 1801, 281. (From Guatemala, Described as bright rufous, mixed with black hairs on the back, below pure white, the line of deinarkation distinct. Length (>" f>"', head 1" 9'", fore foot 8'", hind foot 1" 2'", tail 0".) — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 17.r,. Diagnosis. — (No. 9507, Mus. Smiths., ex Tchuantepec.) — N. aureo-ferru- ginca, dorso obsairiore, infra nivea, auriculis subnudis, plantis fere nudis, caudd nigricante unicolore, truncum cum capite subcequante, metatarsi* supra ex alb/do fuscesccnlibus. Long. tot. 7.50 poll.; caudce 6.50; pedis 1.40; auricula 0.90. Upper parts of a rich rusty-red, almost golden-rust, color along the sides ; on the back obscured with considerable admixture of blackish hairs; the line of demarcation on the sides very sharp: the color of the upper parts (or a duskier hue) running down the outside of the legs to the wrists and ankles; the superior surfaces of the feet of most of the specimens white, clouded with dusky, sometimes the dusky strongly predominating, in other specimens, how- ever, hardly or not appreciable. Extremity of muzzle colored; but, on the sides of the lip, the white reaching up to the roots of the whiskers, while just behind this the ferrugineous dips abruptly downward, so that the outline of the white and ferrugineous is far from a straight line. Below snowy-white ; M UKIDJE— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA FERRUGINEA. 28 the hairs white to the roots in the middle, but along the sides with ashy roots, somewhat obscuring the purity of the white. Tail nearly as long as the head and body together, at least exceeding the body alone, and blackish throughout, or so nearly unicolor that the under side is merely a shade paler than the upper. Whiskers very long, all jet-black at base, paler at ends. Soles very scant-haired back of the posterior tubercle; ears likewise nearly naked (both much as in fuscipes). General form and proportion of parts as in the other scaly-tailed Neotomas. Size averaging somewhat less than in Neotoma Jfori- dana (see table of measurements). The fine series collected by Professor Sumichrast enables us to charac- terize this animal with precision. The five specimens vary but little, the difference being mainly in the purity and intensity of the colors; the meta- tarsus, however, in one specimen at least (9435), is white, whereas in all the others it is clouded with dusky. The animal is related to N. fuscipes in this respect, as also in the length and blackness of tail, but is smaller than that species, and otherwise distinguished at a glance by its rich rusty-red color, by which, furthermore, it is separated from any other of the rat-colored United States Neotomas. The skull of No. 9507 has no structural peculiarities, but is smaller than any adult United States skulls examined; it measures 1.80 in length by 0.95 across the zygomata. The post-palatal notch may be rather narrow, but is not conspicuously so. The dentition affords us nothing diagnostic, as, in fact, is the case with all the rest of the genus , and we suspect that any peculiarity Mr. Tomes may have noticed in his types of ferruginea will prove only an individual feature, to be matched in other species. We have not seen the young of this species, and do not know how gray it may be in youth ; but we should expect that the dark gray or slate color of Jioridana and other northern species would not be perfectly exhibited in this case. Table IV. — Measurements of five specimens of Neotoma ferruginea. 1 s Locality. Collector. Nose to — '3 1 © o ft o a 5 u Remarks. +3 3 .£■ '3 o O 9379 9380 9381 9435 9507 Tehuantepec, Mexico . ....do F. Sumicbraat ...do 0.75 0.80 1.65 1.60 1.85 1.75 7.00 7.00 7.25 8.00 7.75 6.50 7.00 6.75 6.75 0.70 0.05 0.72 0.68 0.75 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.30 1.45 0.85 0.92 0.87 0.90 Dry; adult. Dry; adult. Dry; adult. Dry; adult. Dry; adult. ....do ...do ....do ...do .... ....do ...do ■24 MONOGRAPHS (>F NOIJTU AMERICAN RODENTIA. NEOTOMA CINEREA, (Ord) Baird. Bushy-tailed Wood Kat. Ash-coloared ml, with hairy tail, <;/' Socky Mountains, Lewis & Clark, passim. Mns dun; us, ( >i:i>, (;m In ie'a Geog. 2d Am. ed. ii, 1815, 292. (Based on the foregoing.) Keotoma cinerea, Baird, M. \. A. 1-.".T. 499, pi. liii, f. I.— Coues, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci Pbila. 1874, 175. ityoxus drummondii, Richardson, Zool. Jonrn. iii, 1828, 517. — Wagnek, Scbreb. Sang, iv, pi. 227A. Neotoma drummondii, Richaudson, F. li.-A. i, 18i!9, 137, pi. viii.— MAXIMILIAN, Reiae, i. 1839, 365.— Wag- ner, Suppl. Scbreb. iii, 1843, .r>G0.— Aun. & Bach., Q. X. A. i, lM'.i, -J'Jii. pi. xxix.— Maximilian, Arch. Naturg. xviii, 1862, p. — ; Vera. N.-Am. Saug. lsti'2, 106. tteotoma ocoidentalis, Cooper, MSS.— Baird. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vii, 1855, 335 ; M. N. A. 1857, 196, pi. liii. f. 3.— Coopek & Suckley, Nat. Hist, Wash. Terr. 1860, 128. Table V. — Measurements of forty specimens of Neotoma cinerea. 4201 .-mi imu 5i;r,~ 5661 5664 5666 5063 5662 5670 Locality. 10616 10611 ■J 04 1321 4:«o 4:102 4307 4308 3897 3898 3751 9324 9325 3181 3758 :i7.'ifl 2397 .-..II 8180 462 463 572 3806 3752 89 968 3318 3270 4668 Furl Churchill, Hudson'sBay. Saskatchewan River Fort Halket, Hud. Kay Ter... Fort Liard. Hud. Bay Ter... . .. ..do do do do Collector. .do . '., Hudson's Bay Ter !, United States Yellowstone River, Mont do Milk River Fort Sarpy, Neb Bighorn River, Neb Deer Creek, Neb do do William's Springs, Utah do ... Pike's Peak, Colo Camp 19, Colo .... do Fori Kfaasachuaetts, N. Mex . do Fori Burgwyn, X. Mex Straits of Fnca Washington Territory .. ..do Sboalwater Bay, W. T do do Lake Depot, Utah Simiahmoo ( 'olumMa River Astoria, Oreg do Fori Umpquft, < >reg Fort Crook, Cal \V. Mactavisb. - J. MeCaul- \ J. Lockanll W.L.Hardisty ...do ...do do do .do R. Campbell Nose to- Tail to— J.A.Allen ...do G. Suckley F. V. Ilayden G.H.Trook ...do F. V. Ilayden .... ..do C. S. McCarthy... ...do D.C.Collier R, Ridgway ...do He Peti 1- .. . E. C. Bowman . ... W. W. Anderson. ii. Suckley ■ Ill Swan .. do J.G.I looper ...do .. do C. I'. R. Kennedy J.Wayne J. Iv. Townseml . .r \\'.t\ m ...do E. P. Vollum D. F. Parkinson . I.-:. 11.00 9.50 9.00 9. 50 10.75 9.00 6.00 '.1. 75 9.00 8.50 8. 25 6. 00 5.75 .•1. 25 6.00 4. 75 5.50 5.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 w 2.40 2. (Ill 7.75 7.00 7.50 10.00 9.00 10.00 8.00 6.50 7. ."II 7.50 10.50 8.00 s. 511 8.75 '.1. •;.'. 10. DO 10. 00 9. on 11.00 '.I. 25 P>, III! 8, 20 8.00 8.50 7.00 7.25 7.75 6.75 7.25 6.00 0.25 6. 75 5.50 6.50 7.00 w 1.65 1.55 1.60 I . i;5 1.60 1.65 1. 80 1. 55 5. on 4.00 5. 50 6.50 5.50 6. 00 5.(10 6. 25 7.50 6. 50 5 7.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 6.50 7. 75 6. 25 0. 25 7.00 6. Ill 7. 25 6.(0 8.40 7.00 a 50 7.00 8.50 6.511 7. 75 8. 511 6.70 5. :,0 8.00 5.75 1. 15 1.40 1.40 1.65 1.55 1. 55 1.12 1.50 1. 45 1.65 1.411 1 5(1 1.50 1.70 I. I'll 1. 75 1 65 1 -., 1.60 1.55 1.75 1. 75 1.60 1.65 1.10 1.00 0.90 1.15 1.08 Remarks Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. 1 >: y. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry Dry. Fresh. Dry. Dry. Fresh. Fresh. Fresh. Dry. Dry. Fresh. Fresh. Dry. Dry. Dry. MVIUDJE— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA OINEEEA. 25 Diagnosis. — JV. caudd hirsutissimd, (inyoxina s. subsciurind), bicolore, supra griseo-fusca, infra alba ; corpore supra cinereo (luteo- s. badio- s. fusco- cinerco), infra ex albido a/bo. Long. tot. cur. 9 poll., caudce circ. 6.00, pedis 1.40-1.75, auriculas 1. Habitat. — Western and Northwestern North America. Eastward to Hudson's Bay, Nebraska, and Colorado, &c. Southward to Now Mexico and California. Westward to the Pacific. Since both form and color come into play in consideration of the nominal species we shall presently discuss, we have at once inserted our table of measurements, after examining which we shall note the coloration of the animal, and then investigate the supposed N. occidentalis. In size, this animal is rather the largest of the genus, averaging near the maximum of Jloridana. The only specimen that touches 11 inches is some- what stretched; but as several others reach or exceed 10, 11 inches is prob- ably not beyond a natural maximum. Only one (No. 3898) that seems by its coloration to be adult falls below 7 inches, and this one appears to be some- what compressed in the make-up of the skin. We may safely deduce, therefore, striking off somewhat from both ends, an ordinary range of varia- tion in length from 7.50 to 10.50 inches, with an average dimension of about 9 inches. The tail, as usual, is still more variable ; and as, moreover, it is badly stuffed in most of our specimens, the true dimension is hard to reach. We find, as the figures stand, the vertebrae running from 4.00 to 7.50 inches, and the hairs from 4.50 to 8.50. Cutting off 0.50 each way for probable error, even then there is left a range from 4.50 to 7.00 inches for the vertebrae, and from 5.00 to 8.00 for the hairs. This variation amounts to nearly 33 per cent, of the average length of the head and body. Excluding some of the more striking extremes in relative length of tail to body, we may safely say that the shortest normal length of tail to body would be about as in No. 5662, or No. 1321, where the proportion is as 5 : 9, or 4 : 7; 56 : 100 nearly, or but little over half the length of the head and body ; while the longest rela- tive length of tail is about as represented by No. 3270, where the tail is as 70 : 85, as 82 : 100, or four-fifths the head and body. But, since this animal (No. 3270) is supposed "occidentalis", we might here be accused, of assuming in the premises what we wish to find in conclusion ; so we will take another specimen, No. 375S, from New Mexico, being typical "cinerea" 26 MONOGEAMS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA. Here the figures are 6.25 to 8.50, or nearly as 75 : 100; that is, the tail is about three-fourths the length of the head and hotly, at any rate. But, to be fair to ourselves, we will take one other, No. 3806, a typical " occidentals ;" here the figures are 5.50 : 9.25, or about 59 : 100; that is, considerably undei two-thirds the length of the head and body. In other words: throughout the whole series, the tail (vertebrae) ranges from about half as long to about four-fifths as long as head and body ; in the series of true cinerea alone, the tail ranges from about one-half to about three- fourths as long; in the series of "occidentalis", so called, the tail ranges from less than two-thirds to about four-fifths as long; and the respective ranges of the two series overlap each other by about as much as they differ from each other. Throughout, the variation is by insensible degrees; there is no break in the series. Obviously, therefore, the characters "caudal vertebras about as long as the trunk", as opposed to "caudal vertebrae considerably shorter than the trunk" (Baird, op. cit. 487), fail to be diagnostic of two species. The average tail is about two-thirds as long as the average body. Excluding No. 3898, which seems to be an abnormally small individual if really adult, as it appears, the hind feet range from 1.40 to 1.85 in length, a more customary range being 1.45 to 1.75; and the average settles very nearly at 1.66 inches. The fore feet (not given in the table) are about one-third of an inch long. The ears, measured from the notch in front, average a little over an inch in length, ranging from 0.90 to 115. The whiskers are immensely long — the longest ones averaging nearly 4 inches. An idea of their length will be gained when we say that in one specimen the distance between the tips of the outstretched whiskers is over eight Inches. The densely hairy tail of this animal, unique in the genus, early attracted attention. The average tail is haired almost, exactly as in Myoxus ; the hairs increase in length, usually, from base to tip, and likewise, as in Myoxus glis, arc more or less distichous in arrangement, so that the tail is flattened. In some of the more heavily-haired tails, the resemblance to Tamias is striking; and the hairiest of all even approach the condition of Sciurus itself, although (lie shape is subterete rather than perfectly distichous. Thus, in No. 8314, the hairs, pressed out Hat, measure fully thret inches across, and the terminal MUKID2E— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA GINEREA. 27 ones form a brush two inches beyond the end of the vertebrae. This maxi- mum, of hairiness, however, is rarely if ever seen, except in boreal specimens : the most heavily-haired United States tails are only about two inches across ; an average one is rather less than this ; the average pencil at the end is prob- ably not over one inch. There is a great difference, also, according to season. In the spring, when the animal has just lost its heavy winter-coat ; and in summer, before it has commenced to put on its protection from the cold, the tail may be only a little more hairy than in Kansas samples of N. Jloridana. Thus, in Nos. 3897, 3898, 9324, &c, the hairs are much less than an inch across, along most of the tail ; and this member looks precisely as figured by Audubon. Comparison of Audubon's with Richardson's plates will give an excellent idea of the extreme differences ; both these figures are faithful, and can be precisely matched in our series. It is hardly necessary to add that, nevertheless, the tail is never so scant-haired as to permit the annuli to be seen. The ears, and to some extent the feet, share the general increase of hair- iness over Jloridana that the tail shows. The ears are, in general, closely and softly pilous, much like a squirrel's ; never so nearly naked as in Jloridana, &c. In United States specimens, there is not much difference in this respect ; but, in the arctic ones, this soft pilous state becomes actually hirsute. In all the specimens, the heels are closely hairy to the posterior tubercle ; in arctic ones, the hairiness is more dense, and even encroaches on the sole from the sides. The hairs on the upper surfaces of the toes generally reach about to the ends of the nails ; in arctic examples, they are longer, completely hiding the claws. The palms are always completely naked from the posterior tubercles. The tubercles are five in number: two abreast, posterior; two abreast at base of 5th and 2d toes, respectively ; one intermediate between these last and a little anterior to them at conjoined bases of 3d and 4th digits. The very rudimentary 1st digit looks exactly like an additional tubercle at the antero- internal corner of the inner posterior one. The soles have six tubercles, with the ordinary disposition ; the posterior one of these is subcircular (not linear, as in Mus, &c). Aside from seasonal conditions, which, being well known, and the same as in other rodents, need not be here particularized, the pelage varies in the series as follows: The arctic skins are very full-haired and soft; the United States prairie-region skins are equally soft, if not more so, but not so full ; 28 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. while tlic Pacific-coast forest-specimens have a rather coarser and harsher fur. This character, too, lias entered into a specific diagnosis; yet, although the poinl cannol be reduced to figures and proven mathematically, we declare thai it is impossible to draw a dividing line between these conditions. 'The under parts of this animal are white — usually snowy-white in United States prairie skins, and dull soiled white, or even ashy-white, in Arctic and Pacific coast specimens. The remark just made applies here with undimin- ished force. The upper parts correspond with the under. In the prairie skins, the color is very bright; a rich fawn or luteous-brown, lined with black on the back. In all the Antic ones, and likewise in the Pacific-coast ones, the shades are much darker, more inclining to ordinary rat-color, but always with more or less of a clayey-brown or rusty-gray. Young animals from these regions, respectively, are dull pale gray and deep slate-gray. One specimen (No o318), apparently a sickly or otherwise abnormal example, is rusty-red underneath. But all these various shades of color are so inextricably mixed, that it is out of the question to base a specific character upon them. It is interesting to observe, in this connection, that the tail does not seem to share this variation in color. In the tawniest prairie skins, as in the rest, the tail is ashy-gray above, white below. Sometimes, indeed, the tail is paler, or even a little browner, than in other cases; but it is essentially gray in all cases — discolor with the back in the rusty skins, concolor with the back in the dark ones. We are pleased to notice in this animal the strongest possible confirma- tion of the views reached in our discussion of various supposed species oi Hesperomys, concerning geographical strains. We solve the whole Neotoma question in a nutshell, when we say that it is parallel with the case of Hes- peromys "austerus" as far as dark color and length of tail of N. "occidentalis" are concerned; anil with the "nebrascensis" style of "sonoriensis" as far as color is concerned. We may. in a rude way, throw the Neotomn skins before us into three heaps: first, the Arctic ones, thickly clad, short-tailed, dark-col- ored ; secondly, the United States prairie ones, thinly clad, short-tailed, bright- colored ; thirdly, the Pacific-coast ones, medium clad, long-tailed, dark-colored. If there be more than one "species", there certainly are three; and granting, for a moment, that there are two, the Arctic ones, of course the true N. drum- mondii, look much more like the Pacific-coast ones than they do like the MURIUM— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA MAGISTBR. 29 tawny Nebraska ones. Professor Baird, with no examples of Arctic Neotoma (the original drummondii) before him, saw the differences be) ween (lie short- tailed ones Richardson described and the long-tailed ones given by Audubon as "drummondii" ; and then receiving two short-tailed ones from Nebraska (Suckley's and Hayden's first skins), he concluded that these must be the real drummondii, and adopted Cooper's name occidentalis for the Washington and Oregon series. The bright colors and soft fur of the Nebraskan ones, really somewhat different from the darker and harsher pelage of the others, confirmed his erroneous impression. But those who may desire to push spe- cific differentiation further than we are willing to, must recognize three species as above indicated, or else indorse the view that there is but one. NEOTOMA MAGISTER, Baird. Fossil Xeotoma. Neotoma magister, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 498 (in text). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 175. Locality of remains. — Caves of Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg and Carlisle. This species is based upon a number of under jaws gathered in the above-mentioned places. These differ from the same bones of the existing species in averaging rather larger; but the difference is not decided. Thus, No. 12207 is precisely the size of No. 6883 (N cinerea). The teeth show no appreciable peculiarities: we have them in various stages of wear, all of which can be matched in our series of recent specimens ; and the same is true of the shape of the several parts of the jaw. As far as these fragment- ary witnesses go, we cannot determine N. magister to be anything more than a former condition of one of the existing species — probably Jloridana ; but as we have it separated by a considerable lapse of time, and have no assur- ance that it was not quite different in color, or in the proportions of the limbs, ears, tail, &c, the expediency of retaining the name is evident. With this case in hand, we offer an hypothesis that is none the less rea- sonable for being presumptive. Neotoma magister was the original species at the time the genus was differentiated from the then coexistent types of Murines, and became the progenitor of the four kinds ("species") of Neotoma living in America to-day. Those individuals that remained at and about the locality of the parent stock have varied the least, and present the assem- blage of characters we call N "jhridarta" . Other individuals, migrating westward, met, in the regions now known as Colorado, Kansas, &c, physical 30 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. influences resulting in the slight* differences in t he color and texture of the pelage. The northward emigration from this point assumed, probably through the influence of thermometric conditions, the longer fur and especially the dusky tail of the now N. ucinerea"; this attaining its maximum in the Arctic regions. Secondary, slighter differentiations of this branch, due to hygro- metric conditions, resulted in the light-colored variety from the dry plains ("cinerea" of Baird), and the dark variety from the wet, wooded region of Oregon and Washington Territories; in the Arctic regions the color being intermediate, though the pelage is at an extreme of length and density as a protection from cold. Other westward migrants from the Kansas and Colorado center, encountered in the vicinity of Fort Tejon influences that developed N. fuscipes. What these were, we have no idea ; but they are obvi- ously the same that there remodeled Hesperomys leucopus into H. californicus, and made Ochetocbn longicauda out of O. humilis. The southward emigra- tion from the same center, like the northward one, gives results in perfect accord with established and recognized laws. All are smaller, yet with increase in the relative size of peripheral parts ; the comparative dimensions of the tail, feet, and ears being greater. In the New Mexican and Arizonan deserts, warmth and dryness effected the much paler and slightly smaller variety known as N. mexicana ; while still farther south, the greater heat, with less dryness, culminated in the much smaller and very much richer-col- ored N. ferruginea. In this enumeration, we omit N. "micropus", which rests upon intangible characters, and these even not shown to be permanent. However sound this theory may be, or the reverse, it will, we think, be admitted that it explains every phase Neotoma has assumed since the days of N. magister, in strict accordance with laws of geograpbical variation, the general applicability of which no one can intelligently question. We have only to add a word here, since we can explain our usage of specific names very perfectly with this case in illustration. So far from believing that any of our Neotomas represent different "species" in the former acceptation of the term, we hold that they are all one, bearing to each other the simple relation of parent and offspring. But we write Neotoma jloridana, N. fuscipes, N. cinerea, and N. ferruginea, because these words severally express definite, tangible, and (comparatively speaking) constant characters which have been impressed upon the parent stem by the physical influences above mentioned * Cf. out remarks upon tho difficulty of distinguishing some, examples of N. cinerea and Jloridana from this region. MURIDiE— SIGMODONTBS— vSIGMODON. 31 or alluded to; these characters appearing the more strongly, because, in the course of time, the intermediate connecting stages of change have become effaced. On the other hand, we discard the names occidentalism mexicana, and micropus, because these terms express indefinite, more or less intangible, and fluctuating phases of development, which are of less importance, since the links that bind the forms to their respective branches of Neotoma are perfectly plain. Moreover, the first-named species all rest upon very broad — primary, so to speak — geographical, and therefore climatic, conditions; while the last-named indicate only the operation of restricted local influences. Genus SIGMODON, Say & Orel. Sigmodon, Say & Ord, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1825, 352— Aud. & Bacii., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 227.— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 501.— Couks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 175; and of authors generally. Arvicola, sp., Aud. & Bach. ; Harlan ; Godman. Besperomys (Deilemys), sp., De Saussure, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1800. (" S. toltecus".) Chars. — Skull and dentition much as in the sigmodont Mures at large. Length of skull less than twice the width of the widely divergent zygomata; these arches set very obliquely to the axis of the skull, and not dipping down to the level of the palate. Plate of maxillary forming the outer wall of the anteorbital foramen with a concave front border, because of a prominent pro- cess that nearly divides the lower slit-like aperture of the foramen from the upper oval part. A prominent raised bead at the supraorbital border, running thence backward obliquely outward on the temples to the occiput. Palate ending behind, opposite the posterior border of the last molars, with a slight emargination divided in two by an azygos median process of bone, and exca- vated on each side of this, with a minute foramen at the bottom of the exca- vation behind. Incisive foramina long. Tympanic bullae comparatively small. Jaw with the coronoid process overtopping the condyle ; the root of the under incisor forming a protuberance on its outside near the notch between condyle and coronoid. Descending process rather large and flat, with incurved under border. Pelage hispid, from abundance of large bristly hairs. General form stout, somewhat arvicoline. Profile of head strongly convex ; muzzle short, obtuse, hairy, except the nasal pad. Tail from two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the head and body ; generally less than the body alone. Ears large, orbic- ular, sub-naked outside, hirsute inside. Antitragus well developed, valvular. Fore feet small, not half as long as the hinder; palms naked, 5-tuberculate (two large tubercles abreast, posterior, one at base of 2d and 5th fingers respectively, one at base of 3d and 4th together) ; thumb rudimentary, with an obtuse, Hat- 32 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. tened nail. Hind feel very long, generally aboul equaling distance From nose to car; 1st and 5th toes subequal and very short, the latter reaching lint little beyond tin' basal join! of the 4th. Sides entirety naked, granular at bases of toes, perfectly smooth behind, 6-tuberculate, the tubercles all small, the hindermosl nol lengthened and linear as in Mus; the 2d tubercle just outside and a little in advance id' this one; a tubercle just inside the base of the 1st and fit h 1o. s respectively ; one between bases of 2d and 3d toes ; one bet ween liases of 3d anil 4th toes. Although this form of sigmodonl Murines is undoubtedly strongly marked, yel we eannot see that it stands apart from the rest so tar as it is tacitly sup- posed to. A good deal that has been written about its peculiarities of denti- tion might be advantageously toned down; in fact, we do not find much, it any, greater dental characteristics than those slightly superspecific ones mark- ing several other forms usually ranked as subgenera of Hesperomys. The loops of enamel on the posterior molars do form a sort of sigma, but it is usually a broken and always a distorted one, never more evident than in some other sigmodont forms. The pattern of the teeth is fully as changeable with age as it is in Hesperomys, JVeotoma, Mus, and other genera; and it is only to a particular stage of the crowns that the details of pattern, usually ascribed to the genus, hold good. Moreover, we have, in the section Onjzomys, a perfect link between Sigmodon and the ordinary small Hesperomys of America. The connection is so close and complete, that, in fact, we should almost think Ory- zomys ought to take place as a subgenus of Sigmodon rather than of Hespero- mys ; or, if retained where it is now, Sigmodon ought to be laid over against it as another subgenus of Hesperomys. In external characters, Oryzomys agrees better with Sigmodon than it does with ordinary Hesperomys; the two are so much alike, in fact, that the relative length of the toes and the com- parative size of the ears are the most readily-expressed differences. We are not sufficiently familiar with all the exotic American Murince to come to a final conclusion : but we suspect that it will in time be found advisable or necessary to combine must of the species of the sigmodont Mures into one genus (for which the name Sigmodon, antedating Hesperomys, would have to be adopted), with several subgenera or groups of species; for, with the exception of Neotoma, perhaps Holochilus, and possibly one or two others, the various superspecitie groups seem to differ from each other by characters of about equal or equivalent value. The impropriety is, that it is at present customary to hold some of these groups for genera, others only for subgenera; MLJKID.E— SIGMODONTES— SIGMODON. 33 whereas they do not appear to afford grounds for any such subordination. Thus, Onychomys seems to ns fully as different from Hesperomys proper as Sigmodon is ; and we should judge the same to be the case with such forms as Abrothrix and Oxymicterus. But as we are not now undertaking a critical revision of the whole sigmodont tribe, we prefer to accept the groups as we find them, provided they are established with any considerable show of reason, rather than present decided innovations; and for the present, in order to bring out the groups in the strongest relief, we accord generic rank to some that probably we should reduce to subgenera upon final survey of the whole. • The principal diagnostic points of the skull of Sigmodon are those men- tioned in a preceding paragraph. The shortness of the skull, in comparison with the great width, resulting from the widely divergent zygomata ; the short, swollen, rostral portion ; the arched frontal profile ; the curious little pointed process of the lamellar plate of the maxillary that bounds the foramen (wanting in other groups we have examined — even in Oryzomys) ; the posi- tion and peculiar sculpture of the palatal shelf; the small bulla? osseas; the bead on the orbital edges, — all are strong characters, in peculiar combination. We might easily describe several additional, more minute features, but this seems unnecessary. The following table shows the size, proportions, and variations of the skull of the single species of the genus we have examined. Table VI. — Measurements of fourteen skulls of species of Sigmodon. a 3 "A Locality. til a "3 w o a o to N u o u & a to 01 a o ,fl co cl a o .a ID co L. O °o _n u « p. CO f- o to '3 .a © 'o a o H O O 33 U o , 7, 6; Zool. Journ. ii, 1825, 296, pi. x, f. 5, 6, 7, 8 — Wagneb, Snppl. Schreb. iii, 1*13, 556.— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 229, pi. xxx.— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 502.— Allen, Bull. Mue. Comp. Zool. ii, 1871, 163.— Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. l'hila. 1874, 17(i. Arvicola hispidus, Godman, Aim. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 68, Arviwla hortams, Haulan, Fa. Amer. 1825, 138 ; Med. & Phys. Res. 1835, 49, pi. — , f. 5, G, 7, 8.— Griffith, Anim. Kingd. v. l~'J7, sp. 547. Armenia ferrugineus, Harlan, Am. Journ. Sci. x, 1826, 285 (rusty var.). Arriiola ttxiaim, Aid. A Hacii., Q. X. A. iii, 1853, 229, pi. cxlvii, f. 2 (not Arvicola tcxauti, Avn. & Bach., ibid. ]>. 319, which is Sesperomys leucopus). Sigmodon berlandieri, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Puila. vii, 1855, 333; M. N. A. 1857, 504; U. S. & Mex. Bound. Sun-, ii, 1859, Mammals, p. 44, pi. vi, f. 2, 2° (Texas; Mexico). — Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soo. 1861,281 (Guatemala). Hesperomys (Deilemys) tolteeus, De Saussure, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 18fi0, p. — , pi. ix, fig 3" (Cordilleras of Vera Cruz). Diagnosis. — S. caudd subnudd truncum sine capite sulmquante ; pedibus validis, digito 5t0 vix lmum superante, nee valde ultra arliculum proximum 4(i por- recto ; plantis nudis, tesselatis, 6-tuberculatis ; auriculis magnis orbicularis, intus hirsutis extus subnudis ; rostro obfuso, piloso (septo narium excepto); mystaceis sparsis brevissimis ; vellere hispido ; supra nigro badioque intime limbatus ; infra ex griseo albidus, pedibus dorso concoloribus, caudd sub-bicolore. Habitat. — Southern United States and Mexico, especially coastwise. North to the Carolinas. South to Vera Cruz and Guatemala. . A sigmodont rat, with a nearly naked tail about equaling the trunk with- out the head (from a little less than the trunk alone to about the length of the trunk and head together) ; large hind feet, of which the 1st and 5th toes arc but little unequal in length, the latter reaching but little beyond the base of the 4th (never to the penultimate joint of the 4th) ; entirely naked granulated soles, with six small tubercles; large rounded ears, hairy inside, nearly naked outside; blunt, muzzle, furry except at the septum, and very few whiskers hardly reaching to the cars; the pelage long and hispid, from admixture of much bristly hair, finely lined above with black and brownish-yellow, below grayish-white; feet not white above, and black below; tail very indistinctly bicolor. It will probably be admitted that the foregoing diagnosis is tolerably stringent and reasonably specific; yr\ we propose to prove it comprehensive enough to include several nominal species. It is unnecessary to go into any elaborate description of this familiar ani- mal, viewing the several excellent accounts already in print, and especially since the essential characters have been fully elucidated in our notice of the MUEIDJE— SIGMODONTES— SIGMODON HISPIDUS. 37 genus. In entering at once upon the discussion of the nominal species that have been coined at the expense of Sigmodon hispidus, we first present a table of measurements of thirty-four specimens collected in the same locality by the same persons. A part of the measurements being from alcoholic speci- mens and the rest from very nicely-prepared skins, the figures are reliable. They serve to indicate the normal individual variability of the animal in size, unaffected by geographical or climatic influences, and give us data in the problem that cannot be gain say ed. Table VII. — Measurements of thirty-four specimens of SlGMODON hispidus from Society Hill, South Carolina, collected in 1855-56 by Rev. M. A . Curtis and sons. Nose to — . a Tail. Palm. Sole. Ear. Remarks. Eye. Ear. Occiput. Tail. 2683 0.70 1.45 1.67 5.45 3. 75 0.62 1.25 0.70 Alcoholic; copied from Baird. 2684 0.G0 1. 25 1. 46 4.75 3.25 0.60 1.15 0.60 Alcoholic; copied from Baird. 2685 0. GO 1.25 1.42 4. 65 3.20 0.58 1. 15 0.60 Alcoholic ; copied from Baird. 2686 0. 65 1.30 1.47 4.90 3.40 0.61 1.20 0.70 Alcoholic; copied from Baird. 2687 0.65 1.30 1.48 4.80 3.45 o.eo 1.20 0.70 Alcoholic; copied from Baird. 2688 0. 66 1. 30 1.55 5.05 3.30 0.63 1.20 0. 65 Alcoholic; copied from Baird. 2689 0.60 1.25 1.46 4.90 3.26 0.55 1.17 0.60 Dry. 2690 0.65 1.30 1.50 4.80 3.35 0.56 1.20 0.70 Dry. 2601 0.70 1.45 1.60 5.90 3.75 0.60 1.25 0.75 Dry. 2692 0.65 1.35 1.50 5. 05 3.30 0.60 1.20 0.60 Dry. 2693 0.62 1.30 1.45 4.50 2.25 0.58 1.20 0.70 Dry. 1990 0.65 1.25 1.40 5.25 3.50 1.17 0.65 Dry. 1991 0. 65 1.25 1.'45 5.25 3.50 1.15 0.60 Dry. 1988 0.60 1.40 1.05 5.50 3.50 1.20 0.62 Dry. 1989 0.62 1.42 1.50 5. 25 3.00 1.10 0. 62 Dry. 1987 0. 65 1.30 1.40 4. 50 2.75 1.10 0.68 Dry. 1985 0.62 1.15 1.40 5.00 3.10 1. 15' 0.70 Dry. 1983 0.60 1.25 1.35 4.25 3. 00 1.10 0.66 Dry. 1992 0. 70 1.45 1. 60 5.00 3.20 . 1. 10 0.65 Dry. 1237 0.60 1.20 1.30 4.10 3.10 1. 10 0.60 Dry. 3238 0. 70 1.40 1.67 5.75 3.20 1.20 0.70 Dry. 1239 0.65 1.40 1.60 5. 25 3.60 1.22 0.07 Dry. 1241 0.57 1.10 1.25 4. 00 2.75 1. 05 0.57 Dry. 1242 0.-66 1.40 1.65 6.00 3.90 1.30 0. 65 Dry. 1240 0. 64 1.20 1.45 5. 00 3.50 1.12 0. 63 Dry. 1243 0.68 1.25 1. 55 4. 90 3.40 1.15 0. 64 Dry. 1245 0.60 1. 15 1.35 4.40 3. 00 1.10 0. 55 Dry. 1246 0. 61 1.20 1.30 4.80 3.10 1.12 0. 60 Dry. 1244 0.65 1.35 1.50 5. 75 3. 75 1.25 0.67 Dry. 1303 4.00 2. CO 1.00 Dry. 1304 4.00 2. 50 1.05 Dry. 1306 4.40 2.70 1.05 Dry. Dry. 1307 4.50 2.40 1.03 '""' 979 6.00 3.20 1.20 Dry. 38 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. The animal varies from 1 to 6 inches in length of head and body; but neither of these extremes is ordinarily reached. The average length settles at very nearly 5 inches. The variation is 50 per cent, of the minimum, and .">3 per cent, of the maximum. The length of tail ranges from 2.25 to 3.5)0 inches. These appear to be exceptional figures, however; and to be within safe limits, we will take 2.50 and 3.75 as ordinary extremes; the variation 1.25, exactly the same percent- age as that of the body. The average tail stands hard upon 3 inches. The ear (measured from the notch in front) runs from 0.55 to 0.75, set- tling at about 0.66, or two-thirds of an inch, in height. This dimension is sub- stantially the same as the distance from nose to eye. The limits of variation accord in their percentage with those already found for trunk and tail. The fore paws (measured from the wrist) are a little below this dimension (about 0.60); their variability is about the same. ' The hind feet run from 1.00 to 1.30 inches as extremes; more fre- quently from 1.10 to 1.25, settling near 1.15 as an average. This dimension averages a little less than the distance from nose to ear. The head is about 1.50 inches long, but runs from 1.25 to 1.66. The ratio of tail to head and body is this: No. 979, 3.20 to 6.00, or tail little over half the length of the head and body; No. 1237, 3.10 to 4.10, tail only an inch shorter than head and body, about three-fourths the head and body. The average tail (3.00 +) is to the average body (5.00 — ) about as 0.66 is to 1.00 ; that is, it is about two-thirds as long. The coloration of this series is remarkably constant ; in fact, we see nothing that calls for special comment. Some of the specimens are a little darker or a little paler, from presence of more or fewer black hairs above ; and some are quite pure white underneath; others grayer; others again of a pale muddy-brownish; but these variations are not at all striking. We next insert a table of specimens of Sigmodon from Carolina to Southern Mexico. They embrace the type of S. " berlandieri'' and all Baird's oilier specimens of that supposed species; typical examples of "Hesperomys (Deilemys) toltecus", De Saussure ; rusty individuals agreeing with " Arvicola ferruginous", Harlan; LeConte's, Audubon's, and Bachman's samples, &c. MUIUD.E— SIGMODONTUS— SIGMODON IIISPIDUS. 39 Table VIII. — Measurements of thirty-nine specimens of SlGMi >i>ox from the Southern United States and Mexico. 35 7047 20 34' 482J 4S23 281 4815 2701 2625 9088 909 9250 K7e 9021 9022 9023 8820 232 8 2082 4927 4927 2681 5601 264 262 263 574 9384 9385 9508 9509 9510 9534 6995 6996 7210; 9926 8392 6309 4804 Locality. South Carolina Georgia ...do ... do ...do ...do ...do ., ...do ....do ...do ...do Florida Fort Cobb Texas ...do ...do ... do ...do ...do ...do ...do California ...do Mutaiuoras, Mex Coahuila, Mex Nnevo Leon, Mex. . Santa Rosalia, Mex Tamaulipas, Mex . . ...do - Zehuaian, Mex ...do Tehnantepec, Mex. ...do ...do ...do Tuxpango, Mex. .. ...do Orizaba, Mex Mirador, Mex ...do ...do ...do Collector. J. Bachman Lam be College. . J. LeCouto ...do J.Postell ...do J. J. Audubon . . Br. Gesner S. W.Wilson.... ...do G. "Wurdenjami .. E. Palmer L. C. Eivendberg G. Lineecum ... do .. do n. B. Butcher . J.H.Clark .... ...do A. Schott J.C.Ives ...do Dr. Berlandier . D.N. Couch... ...do ...do ...do ...do F. Sumiekrast. . .. do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do C. Sartorius ...do ...do ...do Nose to- Ejc. II. 60 0.62 0. 75 C.80 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.80 0.69 0.65 ii. ;.;, 0.70 Ear. 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.25 1.50 1.30 1.20 1.50 1.18 1.50 1.25 Occi- put. 1.30 1.C6 1.80 1.40 1.75 1. 60 1.40 1.38 1.67 1.45 Tail. 4.50 5.75 4.75 5.50 6.25 5.75 5.6G 5.00 5.50 5.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 5.65 6.00 5. 50 4.50 5.67 5.00 4.75 5. 50 6.00 5.00 4.40 5.00 5.30 4.50 5.00 4.75 Tail. Palm. 2.75 4. 50 3.60 3. 25 3.75 3.25 3. 55 3.75 3.40 2.90 3.60 3. 50 3.75 3.50 3.30 4.30 4.00 2.93 4.00 3.80 2.40 4.60 3.00 5.00 4.70 4.40 5.25 3. 25 3.30 3.00 3.60 3.50 0. 54 0.60 0. 50 II. .Ml o. 55 0. 55 0. 55 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0. CO 0. 55 0.50 0.00 0.51 Sole. 1.07 1. 15 1.18 1. 22 1.25 1.15 1.20 1. 22 1.20 1.20 1.12 1.07 1.20 1.22 1.10 1. 20 1. 15 1.20 1.14 1. 17 1.18 1.40 1.25 1.15 1.20 1.10 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.37 1.30 1.25 1.19 1.30 1.10 1.05 0.97 0.98 1. 05 Ear. 0. 55 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.08 0.60 0.67 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.66 0.73 0.64 0.54 0.67 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.63 Remarks. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Alcoholic Alcoholic. Dry. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Dry. Alcoholic. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry ; stretched. Dry. Dry; much Btrotched. Dry. Dry ; much stretched. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Alcoholic. Alcoholic Alcoholic Alcoholic young. young. young. * There is some mistake in Professor Baird's measurerueut of No. 34 (6.00 long ; tail, 4.25) ; the specimen does not show theso dimensions. Hypo of #. " bcrtamlu'i i " , Laird. ; Representing Hcspcromys [Deilemys) " toltccua ", Do Saussure. If these specimens are all really of one species (as we hold, and aim to prove), the limits of variation are set somewhat further apart, as would be expected from the extent of country, representing different climatic conditions. Excluding Nos. 8 and 8820 as obviously overstuffed (they could not have exceeded 6.00 in the flesh), (he length of the body remains substantially 40 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTE AMERICAN RODENTIA. tin' same, and with nearly the same limits of variation that were found in the Carolina scries (4.40 to 6.00), though none drop to 4.00. The same may be said of the ears, fore t'eri, head, nose to ear, and nose to eye. The case is different respecting the tail and hind feet, in which we get some new figures requiring attention, as the dimensions of these parts have entered into the specific diagnoses. For all the United States specimens, except three (Nos. 8820, 566, and 8), both the absolute and relative length of the tail is almost exactly as in Carolina skins ; if anything, the tail is rather shorter than longer. In none of the United States specimens do the feet differ appreciably from the Carolina figures. In No. 8, the tail first touches 4 inches; the tail of 8820 is a little longer (4.30); that of 566 (type of " berlandieri") is still longer (4.60). But not one of these even equals, not to mention exceeding, the head and body, as alleged for "berlandieri". In several Mexican skins, similarly, the tail sur- passes 4.00 (Nos. 9385, 9508, 9509, 9510); and in two of these (9509, 9510) it actually equals the trunk. These are the only instances of this occurrence in the whole series; and that they fall in the category of individual variations is proven by the following considerations : — First, these specimens are associ- ated with others (Nos. 9534, 6995, G996, 7210) positively identical in every respect, and in which the tails bear the ordinary positive and relative length of Carolina skins ; secondly, the Texan and Mexican skins differ more inter se in length of tail than they do from the Carolina ones ; thirdly, we can form from our two tables the following graduated series of tails' lengths : 2.25, 2.40, 2.50, 2.70, 2.75, 3.00, 3.10, 3.20, 3.30, 3.40, 3.50, 3.60, 3.70, 3.75, 3.90, 4.00, 4.30, 4.40, 4.60, 4.70, 5.00, 5.25 ! Where shall we make a break in this chain to establish specific difference upon length of tail? It is hard to admit a variation of two inches in the tail of an animal the tail of which only averages three inches long; but we do not see how to get around the figures. We found the feet of Carolina specimens to range from 1.00 to 1.30. Among the Southwestern United States and Mexican examples, we have a slight widening of the limits— from 0.97 to 1.37 and 1.40. The foot of 4927 is indeed enormous, 0.10 longer than the maximum Carolina foot, and heavy in proportion ; while that of 9384 is hardly less. But No. 9385 (a specimen that might have been twin-brother to 9384, the two are so absolutely alike in other respects) immediately sinks the figure to 1.30, which is at the Carolina extreme; and No. 4927 bis (taken along with 4927) has the foot within ordinary MUKIDiE— SIGMODONTES— SIGMODON II1SPIDUS. 41 limits. And, on the other band, Nos. 0996 and 7210 have feet a trifle under an inch, yet are positively identical with No. 9508 for example. And in only /« fifteen Mexican skins the feet range thus: 0.97, 0.98, 1.05, 1.10, 1.10, 1.12, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.19, 1.20, 1.25, 1.30, 1.30, 1.37! Mr. Allen has already (I. c. 184) called attention to the fact that Professor Baird's own measurements of . & Bach., Q. N. A. (sononensis, LeC; lexana, Woodb.; and oryzivora, And. & Bach. = ilfug paluttris, Hail.}. Xllypiulams, sp., Maximilian, Reise, &c. ii, 1641, 9!) (ZT. leacogaster, Max. = Mus niissourknsls, Aud. &, Bach.). > Mnsculus, Katinesque, Aid. Monthly Mag. iii, 1818, 44(i (type, M. Jeucopus, Eaf. !). < Hesperomys, Waterhouse, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 1839, 75 (established to accommodate the New World mice collectively, aud therefore equivalent to the tribe Sigmodontes as uow understood). > Cahnujs, Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 303 (aurwlim). (Not of Waterh.) > Oiiychomys, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 458 (type, Hypudaus leueogaster, Max.). > Orysomys, Baird, op. et loc. cit. (type, Mus palustris, Had.). > Yesperimns, Codes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 178 (type, S. leucopus). In proposing the name Hesperomys, Waterhouse's idea, as is evident throughout his article in the Zoology of the Beagle, was simply to separate the New World Murince, collectively, from the typical Mures of the Old "World, upon the broad character of the tuberculatum of the molars, which is biseriatim in the former and triseriatim in the latter. Although treating exclusively- of the South American species, he says in one place, "Mus leu- copus, Neotoma, and Slg?nodon certainly belong to the same group." It is plain, therefore, that his "genus" Hesperomys is precisely equivalent to the "tribe," or supergenus, now called Sigmodonles. In a word, "Hesperomys" is a tribal name, comprehending in itself the genera and subgenera that here follow : A, in South America, Calomys ( = Eligmodontia, F. Cuv.), Habrotltrix, PhyZlotis, 8capteromys, Oxymicterus, Holochilus, Reithrodon ; and, B, in North America, Vesperimus, Onychomys, Oryzomys, Ochetodon, Sigmodon, Neotoma. Almost from the very first, naturalists perceived the heteregeneous char- acter of this assemblage under the comprehensive term Hesperomys, and sought to eliminate proper generic groups. Waterhouse himself made a number of subdivisions, which, with some modification, have been generally accepted. It is a matter of obvious necessity to restrict Hesperomys, and so define it that it shall designate a homogeneous group. To do this, we have first to throw out the forms worthy of generic separation, then to mark out the subgeneric divisions of Hesperomys, and finally to tie down the name in its strict sense to the species upon which it is based. From the circumstances under which Hesperomys was instituted, and the author's evident intention in founding it, it is difficult to-say what should be considered as his type-species; really, he had no type in view. But, in draw- 44 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ing his comparisons between Mus and the new group he was about to estab- lish, he happened to select Mus rutins and Mus bimaculatus for that purpose. We may therefore, with entire propriety, elect Mus bimaculatus as technically the type of Hesperomys. When, in 1837, Waterhouse established the sub- genus Calomys upon C. elegans, he included in it both bimaculatus and graci- lipes. Eligmodontia of F. Cuvier, of the same date, has the same strictly consubgeneric species as its type. It is a question, therefore, whether either Calomys or Eligmodontia ought not to take precedence over Hesperomys ; but as the latter name has become firmly established, and as the prior name Calomys is by the same author, and at least as early as Eligmodontia, there is really no necessity for a change. Resting, then, upon this application of Hesperomys, in its strictest subgen- eric sense, to such species as bimaculatus, elegans, and gracilipes, we will inquire how far the name may be extended in its generic application. In his able essay of 1857, Professor Baird points out, in elaborate detail, the characters of the South American species, and, excluding Reitlirodon and Hplocheilus as worthy of full generic rank, he makes Hesperoinys to include three subgenera, viz., — Calomys, Waterh. ; Hdbrothrix (—Habro/hrix plus Phyllotis, Waterh.) ; and Oxym icterus ( — Oxymicterus plus Scapteromys, Waterh.). Recurring to the North American forms, he establishes three subdivisions, — Hesperomys, Onychomys, and Oryzomys* We are able to confirm the validity of these groups in the most unequivocal manner; the only question being whether the leucopus group that Professor Baird left in the subgenus Hesperomys is not entitled to subgeneric distinction from the South American bimaculatus. Professor Baird himself suggests that this ought to be done ; and, so far as we can judge from the descriptions of authors, the suggestion is available. The Vesper mice of North America, collectively, seem to be differentiated from those of South America by characters only less important than that one which trenchantly divides them both from Old World Mures. Neotoma of North America has nothing whatever to correspond in South America. The large, leporine, grooved-incisor species of South America are generically differ- ent from the little murine species that have been called Ileithrodon in North America. Holochilus has no nearer representative than Sigmodon, which is * Really four subdivisions, as he distinguishes the naked-footed species (culifoniicits and eremious) from the leucopus typo ; 1ml he very properly refrains from naming this Bection. It does not appear tu us to have even subgenera- value, as the barcfootedncss is merely au accident of the animal's desert habitat. MDltlDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS. 45 an entirely different genus. And although other species of the large genus Hesperomys may not necessarily be separated generically, yet the subgenera seem entirely different. The form Oryzomys appears not to be represented at all ' in South America ; while, likewise, the form Oxymicterus of South America has no exact analogue. Onychomys and Habrothrix would seem to represent each other in their arvicoline form, yet they are abundantly worthy of subgeneric separation. Probably the closest approach to identity of form is found in the North American leucopus group (and especially the species aureolus or nuttallii, where alone we have yellowness underneath) with the Calomys group (i. e., Hesperomys sensu strictiss.) ; but even here there is room for the subgeneric separation that we make in the succeeding article. In our comparative ignorance of the South American forms, we shall not venture upon any diagnosis or description of the full genus Hesperomys. Ample details of the North American forms will be found under the respect- ive heads of Vesp>erimus, Onychomys, and Oryzomys. For similar reasons, we refrain from any but North American citations in the foregoing list of synonyms. We append a table, which may serve to exhibit the correspondences or other relations of the North American with South American forms. North American. | South American. a. With grooved upper incisors. Genus Ochetodon, Coues. Form murine. | Genus Reithiiopon, Waterh. Form leporine. b. With smooth upper incisors. Subgenus Vesperimus, Coues. Form murine. Subgenus Onychomys, Baird. Form arvicoline. Subgenus Oryzomys, Baird. Form rat-like. Genus Holochilus, Braudt. Form rat-like. Subgenus Calomys, Waterh. Form murine. Subgenus Habrothkix, Waterh. Form arvicoline. Subgenus Oxy'Micterus, Waterh. Geuus Sigmodon, Say. Form arvicoline. Genus Neotoma, Say. Form rat-like. Subgenus VESPERIMUS, Coues. =zMusenhis, Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag. iii, 1318, 440 (leucopus). < Hesperomys, of North American writers. = Hesperomys, Baird, M. N. A. 1657, 458 (leucopus). > Calomys, Aid. i. Bach., Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 303 (aureolus). Not of Waterhouse. = Vesperimus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 178 (type, Mus leucopus, auc1.). We restrict our term Vesperimus to leucopus and its immediate North American allies. As intimated in the foregoing article, it is exactly equivalent 46 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. (o Hesperomys of Baird, as limited b\ that author, as above cited. Calomys, as used by Audubon and Bach man for their Mus aureolas, is not a synonym, subgenerically, of Calomys, Waterbouse; aureolus being strictly of the same group as leucopus, while Calomys of Waterhouse refers to the South American elegans, bimaculatus, &c. The only other name, except Hesperomys, that we can find has been applied to the present. subgenus, is Musculus of Rafinesque. This name, in strict technical conformity with the rules of nomenclature, ought to be adopted ; and it is nothing to the point that its proposer did not properly define it, for we know that he used it in connection with leucopus. But the name is so inseparably connected with Mus musculus, that to use it in a different connection, and one where the tribal distinctions from Mus especially require to be signalized, would result in an evil of far more consequence than the breach of a rule of nomenclature. While we regret that we happen to be personally interested in this, one of the rare cases where the law of priority must be set aside, nevertheless we cannot disregard its obvious requirements. The following paragraph is diagnostic of the subgenus Vesperimus : — Chars. — Of medium and small size, lithe form, and quick movement. Eyes large, prominent. Snout pointed. Ears large, rounded, thin, finely scant-pilous; antitragus evident but not valvular. Fore feet hardly or not half as long as the soles ; palms naked ; fore claws not larger than hind claws, that of the obsolete thumb rather a nail; other fore digits slender, 3d and 4th subequal and longest, 2d and 5th successively much shorter. Hind feet long, slender; soles 6-tuberculate, naked, or scant-furred .on the posterior third ; '2d, 3d, and -4th toes much longest and subequal, 5th shorter, 1st much shorter. Tail terete, slender, closely hairy, subequal to the trunk in length (ranging from as long as body alone to a little longer than head and body together). Pelage soft, close, glossy, with but few longer bristly hairs ; feet and under parts white or whitish ; body and tail more or less distinctly bicolor. No lanuginous tufts of hair about the ears. Back upper margin of orbit not beaded. The skull and teeth of all the North American Hesperomys are so much alike, while the external form is so different in the three sections of Vesperi- mus, Onychomys, and Oryzomys (as will be evident upon comparing the diagnoses given beyond of these genera), that we have preferred to define Vesperimus chiefly by external characters. The skull of Onychomys merely differs from that of Vesperimus in being a little larger and heavier, not quite MURIDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS. 47 so constricted across the orbits, and having a rather shorter and more swollen rostral portion ; the molars are a little larger, with more open indentations of enamel along the sides. The skull of Oryzomys enlarges a little upon that of Onychomys, and has the sharp edge of the orbits raised into a slight thin crest ; there is also some difference in the palate, as described beyond. But these differences are all so slight, that, were they unaccompanied by striking external characters, they could hardly be considered as of more than specific value. In the following description of the skull of Vesperimus, the cranial characters of all North American Hesperomys will be essentially reflected. The skull is thin and papery, showing nothing of the solidity and massive- ness and strong ridges of Arvicolince. The cranial part is broad and depressed ; the lengthwise profile of the top is one very gentle curve, both behind and before, from the highest point opposite the orbits. The zygomatic width is almost precisely half the total length ; the height of the cranium is three- eighths of the total length; the length of the lower jaw is two-thirds of the total length. The zygomata, very slender and strictly styloid, dip deeply down to the level of the palate. At first, they stand out at right angles with the skull, then sweep abruptly backward lill they become parallel, and then turn abruptly up to the squamosal. Nearly all the arch is made by the large processes of the maxillary and squamosal; the jugal itself being extremely minute. The cranial part of the skidl does not noticeably encroach upon the orbits, which are rather shallow subcircular cups, with the principal foramina crowded into a depressed corner low down and far back, just above the alve- olar level — in fact, a little behind (if anything) the last molar. The interor- bital constriction is moderate, but always wider than the rather slender and tapering rostrum. The nasal bones stick far out in front, with the intermax- illaries, surpassing a perpendicular let full upon the faces of the incisors ; behind, these bones are likewise subequal, and they nearly or quite reach to opposite the orbits (they vary a good deal in different species, as well as in different specimens of the same species, in this regard). The foramen magnum is large, subcircular, or trefoil from emargination superiorly. The parietals are small and subquadrate ; the interparietal is small and short for its width ; the bulke ossese are small, very thin, and very obliquely placed, owing to the wedge-shape of the basi-occipital. The incisive foramina arc rather open, but short, ending in advance of the molars. The palate ends behind almost exactly as in Mus, as far as configuration is concerned; but it does not reach 48 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. so Far back, terminating nearly or exactly opposite the last molars (see Ory- zomys). The lower jaw is straighter on the whole: than in many Murines, from the great backward set of its condylar ramus; but in spite of this obliquity, the coronoid is so short (a mere little sharp point of bone) that it does not attain the level of the condyle. The outside of the ramus is strongly ridged by the passage of the incisor-root. The descending process of the lower jaw is rather slight, subtriangular, with a sharp termination, lies below the level of the molars, and has its under edge inflected. Before noticing the dentition, we may pause to observe what indication of the habits and food of the animal the bare skull affords us, without refer- ence to the teeth. The comparative weakness of the whole masseteric arrangement is evident. It is a wide remove from the climax of rodent masticatory apparatus seen in the Arvicolince, where the short solid skull and massive jaws and deep muscular impressions and prominent bony points d'appui, are all so conspicuous. There is even less of this sort of thing than is seen in Mus or Neotoma or Sigmodon. The thinness and smoothness of the skull, and the comparatively slight bony points it develops, prepare us for the very modest dental armature that we find, and clearly indicates a diet of much softer substances. The teeth of Neotoma or Sigmodon or Mus are hardly more inferior in power to the ever-growing heavily-mailed grinders of Arvicolince than are the teeth of Hesperomys to those of the genera just named. Among American forms, no one except Ochetodon has such small and weak molars as Vesperimus shows. The incisors offer nothing specially noteworthy. The upper are short, much curved, narrow across, a good deal deeper than broad, smooth in front, and shortly obliquely beveled behind ; the under are much longer and slen- derer, and with longer beveling. The molar series is both short and narrow, lict ween one-sixth and one-seventh the length of the skull, and thus hardly longer than the distance between them, or the width of the palate. The molars rapidly decrease in size from before backward, particularly in the upper jaw, where the last one is subcircular, and not more than half as large as the middle one, which itself is less than the front one ; in the lower jaw, the same progressive diminution occurs, but the difference in size is not quite so evident. The molars of the upper jaw have three roots apiece, two exter- nal and one internal ; those of the under jaw have but two, placed one after the other on the median line. MUR1DAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS. 49 In Hesperomys, as in Mus and Ochetodon, and not as in Sigmodon and Neotoma, the tubercles of the molar crowns are long persistent. A great majority of the specimens of Hesperomys in the collection before us present the tubercles intact, while it is rare to see skulls of Neotoma and Sigmodon in which the crowns are not already ground flat, so as to show the dentine area surrounded by the plicated enamel-sheet. This would seem to argue a much slower growth of the grinders. In the rapidly and continuously growing molars of Arvicola, the crowns are worn flat, and show their characteristic dentine triangles as soon as they fairly surmount the alveoli ; here the oppo- site extreme is witnessed. The unworn molars of Hesperomys show a double lengthwise series of conical tubercles connected by lower crosswise ridges, and the whole face of the tooth is encased in a sheet of enamel continuous with that of the sides of the tooth. Although, as we have said, the main tubercles are biseriatim, yet the first pair of the front molar of either jaw may appear like one, from being so close together ; this azygos anterior one being followed by two perfectly distinct pairs; the second tooth has only two pairs, but perfectly distinct ones ; on the small hinder tooth, the pairing of the tuber- cles is obscure. The tubercles are not exactly opposite each other in crosswise pairs, but are half-alternating. Down between the bases of these conical eminences are seen furrows, the more readily noticeable because generally blackened, apparently by the sticking of foreign matter in them. They rep- resent the deep close-curved plications of enamel that penetrate the tooth from either side ; the ends of the loops nearly or quite meeting in the substance of the tooth. If the foregoing account is perfectly intelligible, it will be seen that, after abrasion has commenced, the molar crowns will present a different pattern with each stage of the process. The main conical tubercles are first razeed, and then the connecting crests and little accessory tubercles follow by the same filing-down operation ; consequently, the pattern of the molar crowns must be used as a zoological character with great caution, if at all ; the minor details are of no sort of consequence; and even in using this broad pattern it is necessary to compare age for age (or rather condition for condition, since different individuals get their teeth filed down with variable rapidity) in draw- ing up the characters of species or subgenera. At the last stage specified, namely, when main tubercles and connecting crests and accessory tubercles have disappeared, we see a single dentine area occupying the whole face of 4 M 50 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTlA. the tooth, surrounded by a zigzag enamel-wall, which sends into the dentine space, from each side, two indentations; these indentations on the outer side being much deeper than those from the inner side, and semicircular in out- line, with convexity forward ; these insulations being loops of enamel, i. e., consisting of the enamel-sheet folded against itself; at the point of the begin- ning to fold, there is, of course, an external nick or reentrance, and so there are two of these on each side of the tooth, the inner being the more open. In the next stage, a little further abrasion grinds out the continuity of Ihese inlying enamel-folds with the general enamel-envelope, because the folds are nol so deep down in the substance of the tooth at its edges as they arc in the interior ; and then we have the condition of crescentic islands of enamel lying in the general dentine area that is surrounded by the general indented enamel- wall. This occurs at full maturity. The final condition of senile decline is still something different; for, lastly, these enamel islands are entirely rubbed out, and the face of the tooth is one continuous area of dentine, a little exca- vated or sunken below the level of the continuous exterior sheet of enamel that irregularly surrounds it. These special details, though readily observed, are difficult to describe clearly, and the description must be followed with specimens in hand. The student may imagine the top of a pigeon-pie, full of humps and hollows, gradually razeed down by a succession of thin, parallel, horizontal slices. Let the crust be the enamel, and the substance of the pie the dentine ; the first slice will shave oil' the tops of one or more humps, exposing the interior (dentine) in isolated places, these islands lying in a net-work of crust (enamel) ; other slices will make a continuous hole through the crust (enamel), exposing a continuous area (dentine) bounded by an irregular wall of crust; and so on. All this is very different from the straight upright bundles of prisms that compose the teeth of Arvicola ; alter the bumpy tops of which are once filed down smooth, furl her abrasion, continued never so long, does not essentially modify the pattern of the crowns. HESPEROMWS (VESPERIMUS) LEUCOPUS. White-footed or Deer Mouse. American Field Mouse, or /.'«/, Pennant, Synopsis, 1771, No. :so:S; Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 302; Arct. Zool. i, 1784, 131. American Wandering Mouse, Bakton, Med. & Surg. Journ. Pbila. i, 180"), :!1 (notices a great migration by Lake Brie). MUKIDAE-SIGMODONTES— HESrEROMTS LEUCOPUS. 51 Mus sylvaticus, var., Erxleben, Syst. An. i, 17".r>, 390 (based on the New York var. of Pennant). Mus sylvaticus var. noreboracensis, Fischer, Synopsis, 1829, 318 (New York variety). Mus noveboracensis, Sei.ys-Longchamps, Etudes de Microm. 1839, G7. Mus agrarius var. americanus, "Kerr's Linnaeus, 1792, 231" (based on Pennant). Hesperomys ( Vesperimus) americanus, Coues & Yarrow, Rep. Zool. Expl. \V. 100th Merid. 1875, — (in press). Mus agrarius, Godman, Am. Nat. Hist, i, 3d ed. 1800, 310 (also in tbe earlier editions). — Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci. xlii, 1842, 351. Museuhis leucopus, Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. iii, 1818, 440. Mus leucopus, Desmarest, Mainm. ii, 1822, 307.— Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 151.— Griffith, Anim. Kiugd. v, 1827, 233.— Fischer, Synopsis, 1829, 320.— ? Richardson, Zool. Journ. iii, 1818 ; Fn. Bor.- Am. i, 1829, 142 (perhaps rather referable to var. sonoriensis). — DeKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 82, pi. 23, tig. 1.— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 300, pi. 40.— Thompson', Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 13.— KennicOTT, Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent Office for 1850 (1857), 90, pi. 10. Hesperomys leucopus, LeCo.nte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, 413.— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 459.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Com p. Zool. i, 1809, 227 (Massachusetts), and ii, 1870, 178 (Florida).— Dall, Alaska and its Resources, 1870, 577.— Maximilian, Arch. Naturg. xviii, 1802, pi. 4, f. 4 (penis-bone); Verz. N.-Am. Sang. 1802, 156. — Aud of most late writers. Hesperomys ( Vesperimus) leucopus, Coues, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 178. Cricetus myoides, Gaiter, Zool. Journ. v, 1830, 204, pi. 10 (Cauada). Hesperomys myoides, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 472 (Vermont; based on Gapper). ArricoU emmonsii, DeKay, Rep. Quad. Mass. 1840, 61. Hesperomys maniculatus, Wagner, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1843, ii, 141, and 1845, ii, 148; Abhand. Akad. WissenBch. v, pt. ii, 1848, 310 (Labrador). Hesperomys polionotus, Wagner, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1843, ii, 52 (Georgia). Hesperomys campeslris, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 413 (New Jersey ; type, No. 4720, Mus. Smiths.).— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 295 (after LeConte).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857 485 (after LeConte). Hesperomys texanus, Woodiiouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 242; Sitgreave's Rep. Expl. Zuui River, 1853, 48, pi. 2 ( El Paso, Tex. : type, No. 2559, Mus. Smiths.).— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A, iii, 1854, 319 (after Woodhouse).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 404, pi. 8, fig. 1, pi. 52, fig. 5, a-b (Texas and New Mexico); U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, 43. — Kennerly, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, 14, pi. 8. fig. 1. Hesperomys eognatus, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 442 (Southern States ; types, Nos. 4708, 4709, Mus. Smiths.).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 469 (Southern States). Hesperomys gracilis, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 442 (Ohio or Michigan, and Wiscon- sin ; types, Nos. , 4710, Mils. Smiths.). Hesperomys austerus, Baird, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 330 (Washington Territory; types in Mus. Smiths.) ; M. N. A. 1857, 400.— Cooper & Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. 1800, 102, 127. Hesperomys boylii, Baird, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, .".35 (El Dorado County, California; type, No. 350, Mus. Smiths.) ; M. N. A. 1857, 471, pi. 8, f. 3, pi. 52, fig. 3, a-e (California, Oregon, aud Washington Territory). Hesperomys gambeli, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 404 (Pacific coast, United States). — Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. vi, 1857, Zool. 00.— Baird, P. R. R. Rep. Cal. Route 1859, No. 3, 82.— Cooper & Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. 1860, 102, 127. f Hesperomys intlianus, Maximilian, Archiv l'iir Naturg. xviii, pt. i, 1802, 111 ; Verz. N.-Am. Saug. 1802, 159 (Indiana). Note (1).— References to the recoguized varieties of leucopus are excluded from the above, and will be found under their respective heads. Note (2). — It is not certain that some other specific name will not he required to be adopted instead of the established leucopus which we continue to use. Since the animal falls iu a different genus from Mus, sylvaticus or agrarius might perhaps he employed, though both of these terms were originally proposed for another species. Another candidate for recognition is tbe varietal term americanus, said to appear in Kerr's Linnaeus, 1792. The latter will be found used by Dr. Yarrow and ourselves in the forthcoming volume above cited ; as we fully expected, at the time of allowing it to pass into metal, to be able to verify the quotation. Reference to Kerr's work, however, having proved impracticable, the term leucopus is allowed to stand, pending final settlement of the question. The characters of Hesperomys leucopus will have been so fully elucidated by the time we have concluded the investigation that we purpose entering 52 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. upon to prove the position we assume regarding certain nominal species, that no detailed description is required in this connection. Some general observa- tions, however, will not lie out of place here. The under parts of the adult animal are snowy white, and this includes the upper surfaces of both fore and hind feet to the wrist and ankle, and usually the greater part of the outside of the fore leg also, so that the sharp line of demarkation between the white and the color of the upper parts gen- erally passes in a pretty straight line by the shoulder along the side of the neck and side of the head, a little below the eye, to the snout. But the extension of color down the fore leg is utterly indefinite, for two reasons: — first, in the young, while still gray, the color normally reaches the paws, and its subsequent restriction is a matter of gradual change with age ; yet a great many individuals do not seem to perfect this change, but remain for some seasons at least in the same condition ; and, secondly, many young ones have the outside of the legs as largely white as they ever become in the old. As a specific character, therefore, this feature is not of the slightest consequence. In general, the color of normal adult examples, as No. 1434 from Massa- chusetts, is a rich fawn, with a pretty well defined dorsal darkening length- wise from occurrence of black-tipped hairs along the back. But this "typical" coloration is expressed in noticeably few of the specimens that make up an average miscellaneous lot — probably not one in six ; while the departures from it defy description. This is, moreover, independent of the normal regular change of pelage with age. The young are at first plumbeous-gray above and ashy-white below, without a trace of brown or fulvous shade ; this has to change gradu- ally into the hue given in the last paragraph. In a considerable proportion of specimens, the change is observed to begin along the sides as an indistinct stripe of fulvous; and this progresses until the whole pelage is changed. This lateral stripe is sometimes pretty sharp, but oftcner merges insensibly into the gray color; so that we are unable to lay down any appreciable stages in the transition. It is also highly probable that a considerable percentage of individuals pass their whole lives in a pelage nearer gray than fawn color; and it is unquestionable that the animal can and docs breed in such condition. In the vast majority of instances, the tail is pretty sharply bicolor — white underneath, and on top corresponding in color to the back. The dark area MDBIDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. 53 occupies from one-third to nearly or quite one-half of the circumference — generally about two-fifths. But, in many cases, the line of separation is obscure, and then the tail is simply paler below than above. Even some other- wise typical Massachusetts specimens show this last condition. The variation in absolute and relative length of the tail is greater than in any other dimension. It ranges from obviously longer than the head and body to about equal to the body alone. This, it should be observed, is inde- pendent of locality, and exclusive of what we have admitted further on as a variety sonoriensis. Mr. J. A. Allen, who has paid particular attention to the variability of feral animals, finds that in Massachusetts specimens alone the proportion of tail to trunk may be as 1.18 : 1.00, or as 0.69 : 1.00 — a difference of over fifty per cent, of the mean ; and that the number of caudal vertebrae themselves ranges from twenty-four to thirty or more. But this ceases to be remarkable when we recollect that it is purely a matter of what has been aptly called "vegetative repetition". It seems to be a well-nigh universal law that those parts or organs that are the least specialized, — i. c, those of which several have the same or corresponding character and function, — arc liable to be pro- duced with a high degree of irregularity as regards their number; and the more such there are the wider are the limits of variation apt to be. In this species, one of our longest-tailed rodents, the law is perfectly illustrated. Since none of the nominal species that have been erected upon the vari- ations of leucopus depend in any way upon cranial characters ; and since the valid species of Vesperimus likewise offer no noticeable cranial features beyond slight differences in dimensions (greater in californicus and less in michigan- ensis for example), the skulls of all our North American Hesperomys, except those of the subgenera Onychomys and Oryzomys, may be most conveniently examined collectively. 54 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. Tablk IX. — Measurements of seventy-five skulls of Hksperomys leucopus 0.15 0.10 0. 15 0. IS 0. 19 0.18 0. 17 0.19 0.18 0.17 ii. is 0. 18 0. 17 o. 19 n. 15 o a 0.64 0. 62 0.00 0. 01 0.63 o.oo 0.C6 0.63 0.68 0. 63 0.68 0. 69 o.oi 0.67 0. 01 0.00 0. 07 0.07 0. 66 0.64 0. G2 0.69 0.63 0.04 0.65 0.56 0.58 0. 57 0.63 0.00 0.68 0.62 0. 00 o.oo 0.62 0.68 0.07 0.68 0.67 Specimen and remarks. Typical of leucopus. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Typical of "nvyoides". do. Supposed gossijpinus. do. Representing "cognutus". do. do. Typical of "boylii ". Type of "boylii". Supposed to be " gainheli ". in ih. fractional numbers, the numerator is that <>f skull itself, the denominator beiug that of the corresponding skin. t The " height " is taken by laying the si; nil on a glass plate (when it rests upon On' incisors am! bailie ossessj, ami moasur nig from the glass to tin liighest point, which is at the parietals, iu a perpendicular t but passes slightly iu front of the bulhe- ; From ti|» of incisors t * back of condyle. MURIDAE— SIGMODCXNTES— HESPEKOMYS LEUUOPUS. 55 Table IX. — Measurements of seventy-five skulls o/Hesperomys leucopus, cf-c— Continued. :t..l g :iC: 1 ,.;■•■; I 1 ■-■ 7 I 4.. ... , - J44. 1 RfiS IJS 4 ■•:.'. I 3 yy I 7 9 !i 645 17.01 04b i .. - ii ••4 1 Locality. Monterey, Cat do Fort Tejon, Cal do do do Simiahmoo, Wash Steilacoom, Wash do Charco Escondido .. .. Pecos River, N. ilex . . . El Paso, Tex Turkey Creek, Tex El Paso, Tex Fort Whipple, Ariz ... do do Santa Cruz, Sou Fort Pierre, Dak do Little Missouri River . Klamath Lake, Oreg . New Jersey Santa Clara, Cal Saint Louis, Mo do do Racine, Wis Saint Louis, Mo Kuoxville, Tenu Kemper County, Miss Society Hill, S. C Schuylkill Kiver, Pa . Carlisle, Pa Unknown ii.:;: 0.37 0. 4". 0. 4'2 0.37 li. 37 0. 35 0.38 0. 38 0. 38 o. ::;> 0. 40 0. 4(1 ii. 43 0. 40 0. 42 0.38 0.38 0. 3G 038. 0.*36 0. 37 0.41 0. 38 o. :;7 0.35 0. 36 0. 40 0. 40 0.40 0. 40 0. 40 0.39 0.38 0.53 0.52 0. 54 0. 51 0. 50 0.50 0.45 0.54 0.50 11.55 0. 54 0. 48 0.50 (1.53 0. 50 0.50 0.5G 0. 49 0.48 0. 55 0.52 0. 57 0. 51 0. 51 0.50 0.17 0. 1 7 0. Id ii. 18 ii. 18 o. ii ; 0. 17 0. 15 (I. u; 0.17 0.19 0.18 0. 18 0.20 0.20 0. 16 0. 17 0. 18 0. 18 0. 17 0. 17 0.17 0.20 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.17 0. 19 0. 18 0. 20 0.16 0.18 0.18 tc 0.65 11.65 0. 65 0. 64 0. 61 0. 01 0. 60 0.61 0. 62 0. 06 0.68 11.68 0.69 11.59 0.58 0. 63 O.60 0. 68 0. GO 0.70 0. 60 0. 60 0. 57 0. 60 II. 64 0. 68 0.64 0. 65 0. 08 0.64 Specimen and remarks Typical of "gambeli ". do. Representing " gambeli ". do. do. do. Supposed "austeriis"or"lioy]ii. ' Typical of "austerus". do. Representing " texanus". do. do. do. Purporting to bo var. sonoriensit Representing soiwrii nsis. do. do. Var. sonoriensis. do. do. do. Representing " gambeli ". Type of " campestris ". Typical of II. californicus. Typical of II. michiganensis. do. do. do. Typical of II. aureolus. do. do. do. //. aureolus .' H. aureolus "' * Iu the fractional numbers, the numerator is that of skull itself, the denominator being that of the corresponding skin, t The " height" is taken by laying the skull on a glass plate (when it rests upon the incisors anil bulla- oss717 2720 TrZ\ 2722 1855. Aug. or Sept . . . ...do 0.55 0. 50 0. 50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.51 0.95 0.92 0.90 0. 90 0.91 0. 90 0.94 ii.9:i 1. 1G 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1. 19 1.15 ::. 55 3.41 :s. in 3.30 3. 35 ::.:;( i ::. 45 3.30 '->. 8.S 3. 25 3.00 3.15 3.10 ;:. lo 3. lfi e.36 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.35 0.34 0. 40 0.36 0.80 0.83 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.83 0.80 Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. .... ....ry. Drv. November 10 .. 3.90 mi 1112 3 3.40 3. 00 2.90 3. II.", 3. 00 0.32 0.74 0.80 Dry. Dry. 1113 1114 S November 12 .. 3.90 0.78 0. 70 0. 58 Dry. Dry. 2.55 2. 05 1115 1116 3 November 10 .. 4.00 3. 25 2.65 8.80 0.35 0.83 0. 79 0. 55 Dry. Dry. 1117 111H 11 19 mo 9 3 3 3 3.50 3. 10 2. 10 2. 65 3.15 2. 15 2.70 0.72 0.73 0.79 Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. November 20 .. 3.40 1122 ....do 0.50 1.00 3. GO 2. 60 0.81 0. :,2 Dry. 1856. 1433 1 134 2791 1 March 28 1.17 1.17 3. 33 3. 50 Fresh. Fresh. 51 arch 29... to '2799 I Alcoholic. i L0828 i to 10893 , Alcoholic. J (Average) 0. 51 0.91 1. 11 3.26 3. 00 ,20 0.31 0.80 0. 55 MUBIDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEKOMYS LEUCOPUS. 5(J The average length of the trunk (head and body) of this scries is a little over three and a quarter inches. The average length of the tail-vertebrae is almost exactly three inches. As the usual length of the terminal pencil of hairs is about- two-tenths of an inch, the tail may be considered as averaging a little less than the length of the trunk. The distance from nose to eye averages barely over half an inch; that from nose to ear, barely over nine-tenths of an inch ; the length of the head, about one inch and an eighth. The palms, with the nails, arc barely over one-third of an inch. The soles, with the nails, are almost exactly four-fifths of an inch. The ears average half an inch and half a tenth of an inch in height, measured from the notch in front. With these standard dimensions, we have the following range of vari- ation : — Of the ears, 0.50 to 0.65 — a difference of 0.15. But these wide extremes arc not often exhibited ; the ordinary variation is within 0.10, or about twenty per cent, of the mean. The soles run from 0.70 to 0.83 — a difference of 0.13, and ordinarily range from 0.75 to 0.80. They do not appear to vary quite as much as some other parts; but this may be partly due to the fact that their admeasurement is made with great accuracy, and that they do not change much in drying. The palms range from 0.30 to 0.40 — a difference of 0.10, or nearly thirty- three per cent, of the mean. But this is a difficult measurement to make with nicety, and probably the real variation is not quite so great. The distance from nose to eye ranges (among the alcoholics, alone reli- able in this instance) from 0.49 to 0.59 — a difference of 0.10, or twenty per cent, of the mean, as before. '1 he distances from nose to ear, 0.80 to 1.02, and from nose to occiput, 1.02 to 1.25, appear slightly more variable. But the most important point is the determination of the total length of trunk and of tail, and of their relations to each other; for several supposed species are implicated in this matter. As the figures stand, the shortest speci- men has the trunk 2.33 inches, and two others 2.50 ; but these are not full grown, and it will be well to fix the minimum adult length at not less than 2.75. The maximum length as given is 4.00, but the two or three specimens which alone touch this figure are certainly overstuffed,* and it will be safe to fix " Wo have reeii specimens stuffed tip to 4.50 without ohvious distortion. GO MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. lit" maximum at 3.75. Even with ! his liberal cutting-off of extremes, we God Hcsperomys leucopus to range from 2.75 to 3.75 in the same locality, and establish a variability of a full inch — that is, over twenty-five per cent, of the mean length. In length of tail- vertebrae, one specimen stands 2.10; but this may be excluded, and 2.40, of which there arc several instances, be accepted as a normal adult minimum. The figure 3.40 is probably the normal adult maxi- mum. When we take in the pencil of hairs at the tip, we should widen the limits a trifle, since this last is a very variable feature. The whole tail, there- fore, varies in length at least one inch, and probably a little more, just as we should have anticipated from the nature of the case. We have already seen that the tail averages 0.25 of an inch shorter than the head and body — that is, it just reaches to half-way between the eyes and the snout, the latter dis- tance being 0.50. Now, for its variation of relative length, we have : — In several specimens, the tail is a full inch (even after striking off a margin for possible error) shorter than the head and body; in others, the tail is equal to or longer than the head and body — sometimes over a fourth of an inch longer. So that, as the head of this species averages a little over an inch in length, it follows that the tail of leucopus may barely exceed the body alone, or it may considerably exceed the head and body together. It gives us pleasure to find that our results agree very closely with those Mr. Allen reached in his valuable paper* on the Mammals of Massachusetts. The slight difference comes from the fact that to keep largely within bounds, and- so to be unquestionably on the safe side, we lopped off a certain margin from our extremes, while Mr. Allen presented his. His paragraph is well worth quoting in this connection : — "The most variable character consists in the relative length and number of the caudal vertebra?. About one-fifth of the Massachusetts specimens have the tail-vertebrae equal to or longer than the head and body together; occa- sionally, a specimen is found in which the tail-vertebra? alone exceed this length by one-fourth to one-half an inch. At least four-fifths, however, have the tail shorter than the head and body, and occasionally one occurs with the tail only equal to the body alone. In these latter, the proportional length of the tail-vertebra? to the length of the head and body is as 68 to 100; in the other extreme, or in those with long tails, as 118 to 100. The variation " Bull. Mum. Comp. Zool. i, 2->7. MURIDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEDOOPUS. 61 between these extremes is hence about fifty per cent, of the mean — a striking example of the unreliability of this character as a specific distinction The number of the vertebrae varies from twenty-four or twenty-five to above thirty. In regard to absolute size, the length of the head and body together in Massachusetts specimens rarely exceeds four inches; the average is between three and a quarter and three and a half; perhaps nearer the latter." In continuation of this matter, we next bring in our entire series of Hesperomys leucopus from Eastern North America, embracing specimens from Labrador to the Carolinas, and westward to Kansas, inclusive (our Arctic and western examples are elsewhere tabulated and discussed). We admit to this series only what we claim as unquestionable leucopus proper, excluding even the recognizable geographical races. And even after this exclusion, there are six nominal species from the region just indicated requiring our attention. Table XI. — Measurements of about one hundred (and list of many more) specimens of Hesperomys leucopus from Eastern North America. [N. B. — All measured dry unless otherwise stated.] ■a a a X Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to end of — © o o & a W Remarks. 6 w a ■a K "3 H 3.00 3 > » Qn a 3.00 2.55 2.75 2.90 2.75 1.00 1 40 .1.30 1.45 1.10 4.16 3.35 1.15 2.70 3924 3923 1472 1473 2058 2059 2060 2061 1357 1358 3910 983 .... H. De Saussure.. ....do J.B.Gilpin 0.56 0.46 1.01 0.95 0.34 0.33 0.76 0.74 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.73 0.82 0.85 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.58 0.55 0.60 0.67 0.55 0.65 "artiens", Sauss. " bairdii", Sauss. Supposed "myoides", but typ- ical leucopus. Typical leucopus. Supposed myoides, but typical leucopus. Typical leucopus, do. Type of " myoides ". do ...do Halifax, N. S ...do 2. 90,2. 4C 3. 00 2. 50 3. 20 2 70 ... do ...do ...do 2.60 2.85 3 25 3. 10 3.25 2.00 3.76 1 "0 ...do ... do ...do .. do . . do . . ...do ...do ... do 0.60 .... 1.23 3.00 4.20 3,00 3.60 ...do Montreal, Canada - Belfast, Me BurliDgton, Vt ...do J. K.Willis 833 832 834 1312 1313 104-24 1 to • 10429 J 2741 2742 2743 2744 9 . . do 1 3. 00 3. no ...do do 1.17 1.17 ...do ...do ...do ...do .... 3.50 3.90 4.25 ..do ...do Alcoholic ; young. Measured in alcohol ; typical of "myoides ". ...do. do .. ...do . . do ...do do ..do ... do 0.50 J. 87 1.11 2.115 3.03 1.28 0.35 0.78 0.64 do. do. a .. do 02 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KOOFNTIA. Tabus XI.—AIcaurcmcnta of about one hundred (and list of many more) specimens of Hesperomys LEUCOrcs /rum Eastern North America — Continued. 1 5 ■7. Locality. Collector. X: Si' tO Tail to coil ot— 1= u 0.3C c 5 u Remai ks 0. 51 rs a a = 1. 1C '5 ■ 0 43 U > 1. 1: a; ca 3.31 274.7 rf Burlington, Yt . . Z. Thompson. .. j. 7; ii. in Uoasnrcd In alcob >1 ; typical of ■' myoides". 274C . 53 ...do .. do Youn£. 02 .. do .. do .- .. .. do. 5120 i .. do .. do .. :l. 2.7 2. OH 3.00 0.8 0. G3 5155 Pennsylvania s. W. Woodbouse (i. 46 .. 3. 40 2. 01) 2.70 0.60 0.57 1370 New Jersey ? do 2. 90 2. 4*0 0.75 1309 .(.20 ... 0.82 472G New iTel sey Ymm^; type of "campestris" 121!) Clarke County, Va C. B. E. Kennerlj ... 2. 75 2. 00 0.81 ll. 4.7 1220 1221 <$ ... do ...do ...do ...do -■ I. 27 :i. in J. 50 3. 20 0.74 0.81 0.55 0. .72 1222 e ...do , ...do 2. CO 2. 311 ... '1. 7.7 I'. .71' 122.7 9 .. do 1227 ...do ...do 3.202.00 0.78 0.50 1231 d ...do ....do 1297 9 ...do .. do 3. 50 : n 1.72 0.55 1298 9 ...do - ...do 0 73 1299 ...do do 0.79 105121 "' i 10.772 J ...do ...do Alcoholic. 2773 d1 ...do . . .do 3.5^ 1.04 i. it 1. on 2.50 1. 75 3.31 9.71 .... .In. 2774 rf ...do ...do 3.55 a. 9? 1.21 t. 32 :, -i 1.0C 3.36 D.82 .... do. 277.7 .. do do > :,,- 3.89 1. IS 2.82 2.C5 ... 3. 35 3.80 .... do. 74il7 Southern States > 3.74 Alcoholic . Bupposed1 cognatna." 2810 J ,n boro', X. C .1. L. Bridgcr .... i. I1' 1 .17 ,"i| 1. 05 :. pi ). 32 ).7i ) 48 .1... 10188 ...do ...do a.i. 073 HilLsboro', X. C.... M. A. Curtis ! CI i. 3.7 ... l. 3.7 3.75 3.45 Dry j supposed " cojgnatua ". 905 do ...do 1. 20' I 50 .77 1. 8-. 3.50 do. I81G Columbus, Ga." ... \v. i resner !. 90 2. 35 .. ). 85 Alcoholic. 10087 . do .. do -• 40] !. 00 ... ).87| do. * These Georgia specimens tend toward, perhaps they arc, var. gossypimu . from ordinary loueopus. but I caunot distinguish tbem satisfactorily MURIDAE— HIGMODONTKS— I1ESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. CO bo T.ablh XI. — Measurements of about one hundred (and Hat of man ij more) specimens of Hespehomys leucopus from Eastern North America — Continued. (11 Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to end of— o © O © .C n a B n n Remarks. >> « 'a H a > a a 10088 Columbus, Ga. . . . W. Gcsner 3.00 2.50 0. 7r Alcoholic. 10080 ...do ...do 3 50 1 00 0 8'? do. 10090 WIG ...do ...do 3.40 3.00 2.55 2.75 2.83 0.39 0.82 0.78 0. 50 do. Alcoholic ; supposed "cogna- New Orleans, La . . J. Vardeu 0.50 0.90 1. 10 tna ". 7497 l'raiiieMer Rouge, La. » 75 2.25 ... 0.75 Alcoholic. 1G084 d Grand Coteau, La St. Charles Col- lege. ii li 0.98 1.18 3.25 2. 75 0.4:. 0.77 0.5* do. 10085 9 ...do ...do 0.52 1.00 1.20 3.10 2.70 0.37 0.82 0.55 do. 562 Oxford, Miss B. C. L. Wailes . . ... II. '..3 2.25 1.42 ... 0.7( Alcoholic ; supposed tus". " cogna- ?9357 Six young in alcobol ■ "cognatus". supposed 583 Washington, Miss ....do 1.17 3.50 2.50 2.60 0.85 Alcoholic ; supposed tus". " cognn- 580 ... do ...do ... 1.17 1.4'. 2.75 2.83 0.87 do. 801 Cleveland, Ohio ... J.P.Kirtland ... 3.25 2.50 0.75 2740 — Salem, Ohio E. Newton 0. 55 0. 92 1.18 J. 91 3.05 0.35 0.7c 0.G5 Alcoholic. 2750 2751 ... ....do .. do ....do ....do 0.52 0.52 0. 95 0.95 1.15 1.15 !. 15 3.20 3.20 3.10 0.40 0.38 0.85 0.8: do. do. 104411 ] lo | 10455 J ...do ...do > 65 2.78 47442 590 G70 New Lebanon, lud. West Northfield . . ... do S.B.Davis Alcoholic. Young. ...do 9 no ■' 40 0. 82 704 rf ...do ....do Yonug. 732 ...do ....do 2.90 13. 0.80 0.54 tsj ...do ...do Young. 734 ....do ...do 0.80 0.80 0.5*2 0. GO 735 ...do ...do 730 ...do ...do Young. Alcoholic. 2731 ...do ...' ....do 0.53 0.96 1.22 3.32 3.07 0.37 0.80 2747 2748 ...do ...do ...do ...do 0.52 0.57 0.92 1.00 1.15 1.15 3.35 3.32 2.70 0.37 0.34 0.82 0.80 .. do. 0.60 do. 12754 2755 2752 ...do ...do 0.75 0.76 0.77 do ...do ...do do Racine, "Wis A. C. Barry 0.51 1.01 1.10 3.06 2.40 0.36 0.48 do. 2753 ...do ....do 0.45 0.88 1.00 3.03 2.46 .... 0.37 o.7e 0.50 do. 10456 901 4710 .. do ...do ...do R. IS. Hoy Young. Young; "gracilis". Type. of " gracilis". Wisconsin 10292 Wisconsin I Mich- ....do 3.60 3.70 0.85 igan? Ohio? 9853 2560 Indian River, Fla.. Pembina, Minn . . . Alcoholic. do. C. Cavileer 0.50 0.90 1.10 2.90 2.20 0.38 0.71 547 Fort Ripley, Minn J. F. Head 3.40 2.70 0.80 510 ?123 9 Saint Louis, Mo . .. Independence, Mo J. G. Cooper 3.50 3.00 0.80 3128 3677 9 .. do ...do 3.40 3.70 0.80 II. 8. Fort Riley, Kaus . . K.Brandt .. 2.00 3678 4603 ...do ....do 1 in 3 4f 2.90 ! 41 ii. ,-t 0 78 ...do ...do G4 MONOGRAPHS OP NOIITH AMERICAN EODESTTIA. Table XI. — Measurements of about one hundred (and list of man;/ more) specimens of HESPEKOMYS LETJCOPUS from Eastern North Amerieu — Continned. E p 'A Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to end of— 1 I £ 1 I. as Remarks. cs H co- ol a 1 50 > ' 50 00 i- '3 W 4611 4C14 Fori Riley, Kaus . ...do ...do 3.00 ;.co .. ).70 51b2 . 82 0.62 Alcoholic. 10116 ...do do 0.45 0.90 1.05 3.00 2.65 J. 7- 0.38 0.78 0.55 do. 10958 Texas J. H. Clarke i. 55 0. 95 1.15 3.75 !. 00 3.10 0.30 0.80 0.56 do. 10959 ...do ... do n.56 0.98 1.18 i. 25 2.75 2.90 1.38 3.80 0. ,r* do. 1761 Michipicotou G. Barnston 2.90 2.90 1.71 .... do. 4909 Canada West .... D. W. Beadlo ... .... do. 7486 Hinghani, Mass . .. Dr. Brewer do. 10422 .. do ....do do. 10423 ...do do. 10428 ) to X ic hols, N. Y E.Howell Alcoholic; young. mi ;: I 10438 1 to ; Williamat'n, Mass do. 10442 ) 4896 Waterville, N. T . II. Davis .. Alcoholic ; adult. 10443 ...do do. 10444 .. do do. 10445 10446 ...do Alleghany Co., Pa ... do do. E. L. Walker .... do. 10447 ...do ...do do. 10448 7459 ...do ...do do. do. Spottsylvania Co., Ya. 10157 | to 10460 J ...d do ... do. 7443 Pembina, Minn ... do. 10461 10402 ...do ...do ...do do. do. ..do 7757 7412 ...do do. do. New Lebanon, Ind S. B. Davis 10466 10467 ...do ...do ...do do. do. .. do 1884 Brookville, Ind... R. Haymond 0.54 n. :n 1 '.'i 3.40 2.90 3.00 0.40 ii. .-. 0.5t do. 10473 1 to ...do ...do do. 10481 J 7455 7477 9902 W. Nortkli.ld, 111. ...do do. do do. do. ..do ...do 104821 to ' 10491 1 ...do ...do do. 7I4U Halifax, N.S Dr. Gilpiu do. MUEIDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. 65 It seems unnecessary for us to examine the figures of this table in detail after what we have said of the Massachusetts lot. Bringing together so many specimens, we find, does not appreciably affect the Jenks' average ; but it has the inevitable result of spreading the extremes a little farther apart, and proving the range of variation to be rather more than we allowed in the former case — in fact, it demonstrates the variability of the species to be fully as great as claimed by Allen. Contrary to our expectation, we do not find in this series any evidence that latitude exerts an appreciable influence upon the absolute size or relative proportion of the parts of this mouse. Nor do we observe any difference with latitude in the character of the jjelage, the hairiness of the soles or tail, &c. — at any rate to an appreciable extent — and certainly no such difference as may be observed between summer and winter specimens from the same locality (when we come, however, to bring in Arctic skins, as below, we shall be able to see a difference). In the matter of color, there is positively nothing in this whole series that we cannot exactly match among Massachu- setts skins. And yet it is curious to observe that almost every considerable geographical area within the limits represented in the table produces a slight strain or breed of its white-footed mice — some difference in color indescriba- ble in words, but which strikes the eye that is very familiar with the subject. The Nova Scotian animal and the Virginian, the Illinois and the Kansas, are always distinguishable. We venture to assert that we can distinguish in North America about twenty kinds of Hesperomys leucopus upon characters at least as constant, reliable, and tangible as those hitherto held to define the greater part of the " species" that have been in vogue of late years. The first nominal species that we shall investigate is the H. "myoides" of Baird, who described his animal chiefly from Vermont specimens, identify- ing it with the "Cricetus myoides" of Gapper. The only characters ascribed to it are: first, possession of cheek-pouches; secondly, "tail- vertebrae gen- erally 0.25 of an inch longer than head and body." But we have just shown that the possession of a tail a fourth (or more) of an inch longer than the body has no significance whatever as a specific character ; and among the specimens enumerated by Baird (and also tabulated by us) are some with the tail no longer than the body, and others with the tail shorter than the body ; 5 M w MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. so this character falls to the ground. And to finally settle the question of the actual existence of a species combining cheek-pouches with a long tail, we will introduce the following table.* TABLE XII. — Fn«h measurements of Ihirty-one specimens of Hespero.mys "mt/oides" from Arctic America. [All those measurements are from specimens in the flesh, except the seventh column, the feet being measured dry.] Nose to— rail to— 0 a 0 u o .a S 0 03 © Locality. Collector. 0 3 e. 'S 0 O O O Z « O a EC t. '« -a CM O ■3 G W DO s ■Jl ID — O O — © P u 4> c s M '5 M Remarks. 9 9 I860. May 22 Mar. 22 ...do B E.E0SS.. 1 1 in n mi 4520 ...do 0.60 1.00 1.12 3.60 3.00 3.15 0.75 0.62 C. 55 4523 0" Mar. 16 ...do ...do 0.57 0 95 1.00 3.10 2. 75 2.90 0.78 0.70 0.55 4512 9 9 Apr. 5 May 6 do ...do 0 «n 1 05 1 90 ( Rfl 1 ii- 3 25 0 82 4517 ...do ...do I 25 1.10 3.30 0.78 4587 452G 0" 9 Mar. 22 Mar. 22 ...do ...do ... do 0.65 0. CO 1.15 I. 00 1.20 1.15 J. 90 3.35 ■ieo 3. 50 3.(0 0. 80 0. 85 0. 80 0. 75 0.63 0.60 ...do 9 cf 9 Apr. 22 May 5 Mar. 22 do do n v> 0 10 1 00 ■? 10 -' ■'', 0 77 4521 do do 1 on •> 7(1 0 90 0 75 4542 ...do ...do 0.55 0.95 1. 05 i. :w 2.80 2.90 0.79 0.60 0.55 4522 9 Mar. 22 ....do ....do 0.60 1. Ill 1.20 3.50 3.90 3.10 0.80 0.68 0.55 4555 d- Mar. 31 ...do ...do 0.62 1. 01 1.20 3.90 0.85 0.80 0.65 May 2 Apr. 27 do .. do 1 60 1 10 3 -'5 0 70 4523 ...do ...do 2. 35 2.50 0.72 1557 J May 22 ...do ....do 1.00 2.20 2. 30 0.70 4511 9 Apr. 10 ...do do 0.55 0.9: 1.10 3. 70 2. 8i 3.00 0.83 4513 cf Apr. 7 ...do ...do 0.60 1.05 1. 15 3. OU 2.85 3.05 0.77 4535 cf Sept. 0 ....do K. Kenuicott 0.60 0.90 1.10 3. to 3.30 3. 55 0. 85 0.85 n.60 Cheek-pouch 0.40 to angle of mouth cf 9 do do 0 90 ! I'll •? 58 ., ... 0 71 4554 Sept. 1 ....do ...do 0.60 0.90 1.15 3. sn 2.70 2. 90 0.75 0.60 4531 All the foregoing thirty-one specimens, from substantially the same local- ity, were labeled "myoides" at the Smithsonian, and the cheek-pouches appear to have been carefully examined by the naturalists who collected the series. The pouches measure from a little less than two-thirds to a little over three-fourths of an inch in depth from the nose, and about half as much in depth from the angle of the mouth. Now these specimens, with an average length of 3.64, have an average tail of 2.70 ; and in not one does the tail even equal the head and body. The credit of first showing that H. leucopus has cheek-pouches is due to Mr. Allen, whose suggestion that probably all the species of the genus would be found to possess them we have verified in the cases of all the intimate allies of H. leucopus examined. Professor Baird, however, had already sus- pected their existence in this and other species. (Baird, op. cit. 472 ; Allen, op. cit. 229.) Mr. Allen is therefore perfectly right in saying that H. "myoides" is "positively identical with H. leucopus.'1 It is hardly necessary to add that this determination invalidates the analysis of the genus given by Baird, op. cit. 458. The Hesperomys "gracilis" of LeConte is another nominal species. It was referred by Baird to his "myoides" with a query. We have LeConte's type before us ; it is tabulated in the foregoing table along with another speci- men (No. 4710), also labeled "gracilis"; both are from Ohio, Wisconsin, or Michigan, and are in the gray pelage. The larger one has the tail 3.60 long, just about equal to the body, which latter, however, is stretched, and now is rat-eaten. There is absolutely nothing to distinguish either of these speci- mens from ordinary leucopus. H. "gracilis, LeConte" is a taxidetmal acci- dent, the specimens having been stuffed so as to look slenderer than usual. We have before us the type and only known specimen of Hesperomys "campestris," LeC, from New Jersey (No. 4726 of the preceding table). LeConte's description shows nothing whatever different from ordinary leuco- pus, and the specimen bears out the description. The animal is ungrown, and from long immersion in alcohol (out of which it has been lately skinned, in a wretched state of preservation) has lost every trace of its original coloration. Of two specimens before us from Labrador, one (No. 3924) is labeled "arcticus, Sauss.", and the other (No. 3925) "bairdii, Sauss." We trust that 68 MONOGIJALMIS OF NOKTU AMERICAN EODENTIA. M. De Saussure has been more fortunate in handling Mexican TIesperomys than he was in this case, for one of these specimens is an adult and the other a young example of leucopus; neither of them shows the slightest departure from the ordinary type. We have not met with either of these names in print, and if, indeed, they were never published, we shall regret their appear- ance on our page ; for a synonym once rooted is haul to eradicate. Now, passing over for a moment a certain Eastern United States variety of leucopus that we shall be prepared to establish farther on, and likewise post- poning consideration of the names "cognatus" and "umniculatus", as these are best treated in connection with var. gossypinus, we will examine several western names that we claim have no foundation. The first western "species" (so-called) that we shall notice, is Hesperomys "texanus" of Woodhouse (type, No. 2559, Mus. Smiths., in alcohol, from Western Texas). The author's description shows nothing whatever different from ordinary leucopus, except small size (length, 2.10 ; tail the same) ; but this, of course, is matched by any other ungrown leucopus. The character, "legs white on their inner surface only" (i. e., color of back extending over outside of legs), is not of the slightest consecjuence, since plenty of typical leucopus show it, especially immature ones. In admitting the species, which he places next to leucopus, Professor Baird found it "very difficult to charac- terize it as distinct from leucopus, although it is very probable that the two are distinct." He assigns "size and proportions about as in leucopus;" and his table of measurements does not show any discrepancy. The ears are not smaller, as given by both these authors. We fail to appreciate any distinction in color, except a slight average paleness ; and for this we shall be abundantly prepared after we have looked up var. sonoriensis. Finally, we tabulate the several specimens that have been referred to texanus; it is the more surpris- ing that Dr. Woodhouse should have described his specimen as distinct, since he was well acquainted with leucopus, which, as he says, is "common in the Indian Territory and Texas." MUHIDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. 69 Table XIII. — List of specimens of Hesperomys "teianus" not differing in any respect from ordinary leucopus. u to 3 1 Locality. Collector. Nose to — g .a © +3 u V H Q © o •a q 5 es Remarks. o p. "5 o O '5 o o o K 2559 1736 145 7490 448 1037 1038 3277 2654 10124] to 10130J 1734 579 9916 7466 10314 10315 10316 Western Texas do El Paso, Tex Brownsville, Tex Pecos River, Tex Turkey Creek, Tex... .. do S. W. Woodhouso 0.50 2.40 0.35 0.78 Typo; alcoholic. Very young. Alcoholic ; young. Alcoholic. ....do. J. n. Clark . 3.75 2.92 0.80 j C. B. R Kenncrly do do 0.43 0.85 2.05 0.35 0.72 Fort Bliss, N. Mex Fort Conrad, N Mex. . Waco Tanks, N. Mex . Cbareo Escondido. . . . Fort Conrad, N. Mex.. Mataruoras, Mexico . . . do S. W. Crawford . . . C. B. B. Kennedy 0.50 0.91 1.18 3.40 2.84 0.38 0.82 D.N. Couch 2.79 3.40 2.40 2.65 3.50 2.50 0.35 0.80 0.71 0.54 C. B. E. Keunerly D.N. Conch 0.41 0.90 1.10 ....do ....do. ...do ....do do. .. do do ...do. We now desire to invite attention to the supposed species named Hes- peromys "gambeli", in proposing which Professor Baird remarks pertinently: — "This species, in size and general appearance, represents very closely the Hesperomys leucopus of the Eastern States, to such degree, in fact, that I have not found any easily-expressed characters to separate them." We oiu'selves fail to appreciate any differences whatever that are applicable to even a fair proportion of the specimens examined, though some are paler than ordinary leucopus ; we cannot even make Professor Baird's qualified expressions hold good. This, however, being merely our opinion, good for what it may be worth, we are called upon to prove the point. With all the original speci- mens and many additional ones before us, we first present a table, and will then discuss the same. 70 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Tun i XIV. ■Measurements of about fifty (and list of other) specimens purporting in he HE8PEROMr6"GAMBELi" from Washington ami Ontjmi Territories and California. 1013d 7453 663 810 998 1262 3178 3179 3315 284 14706 ?4707 368 369 470 477 478 •2561 2502 2563 2564 2565 2566 2507 2568 2569 2570 10131 to 10135 3071 3672 3073 3674 3675 3070 7183 '7184 7185 7ie6 10317 10318 10319 I '- ! 10324 J 10902 7485 I.ncallM . I'urt Townsend do Cascade Mt's, Wash. Astoria, Oreg. Ter — Fort Dallas, Or*;;. Ter Klamath Lake Simiahnjno.Wash. Ter. do do San Francisco California do Monteroy,Cal do Posa Creok, Cal do do Petaluma, Cal do do do do do... .'. Tomales Bay . do do .do Fort Tcjon, Cal .... do do do do do California Santa Barbara, Cal . . San Diego, Cal Colorado River, Cal Fort Mojave do Collector. G. Suckley ...do ...do Lieut. Trowbridge. G.SucUley J. S. Newberry — C. B. R. Kennedy ...do ...do E.D. Cutts J. LeConte* ...do Lieut. Trowbridge ...do A. L. Heermann . . . ...do ...do E. Samuels ...do .do . .do . .do . .do . do. .do . do .do. .do . .do . "Washington Territory J. Xantus ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do J. C Cooper ...do ...do ...do 11 B. M"lhausen ...do ...do . ...do C. B. R. Kennerlyl Nose to- 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.52 0.52 0.47 0.50 0.45 0.46 U. 45 0.50 ll. .Ml 0.52 ii. :,4 0.55 0.86 0.85 0.80 0.92 0.92 0.83 0.90 0.80 0.89 0.78 1.08 1.03 1. o:, 1.02 1.12 1.12 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.90 1.(0 1.10 1.07 1.14 0.95 3.30 3.50 4.00 3.83 3.25 3.80 3.40 3.60 3.50 3.25 3.10 3.60 3.50 2.75 2.75 2.50 2.50 3.10 3.25 2.75 2.25 1.25 1.20 1.16 1.15 1. 25 3.50 4.00 3.30 2.85 3.65 3.00 2.90 3.40 a 70 3.00 2.90 2.68 3.20 2.25 2.50 2.64 2.30 3.20 2.60 2.00 3.10 3.10 0.33 0.37 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.34 0.40 0.38 0.82 0.77 0.84 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.78 0.80 0.80 0.92 0.80 0.73 0.80 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.30 3.30 3.00 2.90 3.50 3.60 3.75 3.40 3.25 3.75 2.75 2.50 2.70 3.10 3.40 3.30 3.60 3.25 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.36 0.75 0.80 0.75 I'- -n o. eo 0.78 0.80 0.78 0.75 0.05 0.65 0.63 0.02 0.55 0.65 0.64 0.54 0.55 0.70 0.65 0.55 0.56 Remarks. Alcoholic ; \ !. < .1 ii >l i. Dry. uo ... do ...do. ...do. ....do. ... do. .. .do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. ....do. . . . . do. young. 0.76 0.81 0.74 0.85 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.82 0.73 n -1 0.55 0.56 II ;,o 0.50 0.00 0.65 0. 68 Alcoholic. ...do. . . .do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do Alcoholic ; young Dry. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do. Fresh. .. do. Alcolioijc. ...do. do. . do. .. do * LcConte's specimens show dusky .it base <>f metntarsns; so does 7184 t These .specimens of Dr. Kennedy's are particularly interesting. We bring them in here because we have prepared no separate table for" boylii"; but st of them in fact belong to that Btyle, all those ath ast with the taii over 3.50. Ob- serve bow that in these fourteen specimens the tail ranges from half an inch shorter toovei half an bach longer than the body, and how it is graduated by tenths of inches. Observe, also, the discrepancies in the size of the feet and ears. Those measure- ments, being all alcoholio, are perfectly reliable. Jt is as impossible to draw n line anywhere be! ween these specimens as it is to separate the Vermont long-tailed' mice from thoseofthe restofNew England. This is only a part of on r series from this locality. We bave also numbers 10145 lo 10103. which we have deemed it unnecessary to measure or present in a tabular form, as they simply show the same thiug. MUEIDAE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. 71 Table XIV. — Measurements of about fifty (and list of other) specimens purporting to be Hesperomys "gambeli" from Washington and Oregon 1'erritories and California — Continued. e 3 Locality. Collector. Nose to — S > EH 4a 0 u 0 0 1 ■ W Remarks. 0 •6 W 0 4S O O M 7444 5042 5040 9913 5033 5034 10138 10139 10140 10141 10142 10143 10144 7473 10164 1 to [ 10175J 10201 | to • 10227 J 7765 7460 4921 10296 10297 1 to l 10301 J C. B. E. Kennedy ... do 3.25 3.00 3.40 3.00 2.90 3.00 3.10 2.80 3.15 3.30 3.60 3.75 3.60 3.80 4.00 2.60 0.33 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.85 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.90 0.75 0.83 0.92 0. eo 0.62 0.63 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.60 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.68 0.65 0. 75 0.78 0.60 Alcoholic. ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. ..do. ....do. ... do. ...do. ...do. do ....do 3.00 3.00 3.25 2.70 3.10 3.25 3.20 3.20 3.30 3.10 3.40 2.90 do . . . do . . . do ... do ...do .... do ... do . . do ...do do ...do do ....do do ....do do ....do do do Fort Tejon, Cal do 0.46 0.79 1.07 ....do do ...do do do do . 0.55 0.50 0.03 0.90 1.20 1.18 3.60 3.50 3.40 3.50 2.70 3.20 4.40 3.50 0.35 0.32 0.93 0.81 0.92 0.81 0.66 0.68 0.67 0.67 ....do. ■ ...do. ....do. ....do. do. do ...do Fort Umpqua, Oieg . . . do E. P. Vollnni* ...do do ....do * These specimens of Dr. Volluni's bear out the remarks made under Dr. Kennedy's. One of them is referable to " boylii "; the rest are apparently " gambelii ". The foregoing table is to be compared with the following items in the original diagnosis of " gambeli " : — " Very similar to H. leucopus in size and pro- portions." This is true, even without the qualification. "Feet perhaps shorter." This is not so; the feet are wholly within the range of variation of eastern leuco- pus, and the average of the foregoing table is within an inappreciable fraction (0.01 or 0.02) of the eastern average. "Ears larger." The largest ear in the series is not over the length of a large percentage of the eastern series ; all the ears are within the eastern limits of variation, and the average ear is within an inappreciable fraction (0.02 or 0.03) of the eastern average. " Tail generally less than the head and body, sometimes a very little longer." This expression is precisely diagnostic of typical leucopus. " Above yellowish-brown, much mixed with dusky, but without a distinct broad wash of darker on the back." Most of the specimens really are paler and more uniform on the back than in average 72 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTfl AMERICAN RODBNTIA. leucopus, and this is particularly evident in those from the open, dryer parts of Southern California, and especially such examples as No. 7185 from the Colorado Desert region, where the coloration is a brisk fulvous, without dorsal stripe. But nearly all the specimens can be matched by eastern examples; and, moreover, all the northern ones are actually duiker than average leucopus, while most of them show a distinct dorsal stripe. "The entire on/side of the. fore leg below the .shoulder white!" In a part of the specimens this is so, and in another part of the specimens it is not so; and the same is the case with ordi- nary leucopus. It is evident, therefore, that the characters ascribed to the supposed "gambeli" fall to the ground. Passing now to another Pacific-coast species, so-called, we will premise that in establishing his H. "austerus", Professor Baird intimated his suspicion that it might not prove valid. "It is barely possible," he says, "that my H. austerus may be a northern variety of the common Califomian species" (/>. e., "gambeli"), "of smaller size and darker color, somewhat like the gray and smaller H. leucopus of Nova Scotia and probably Labrador, * * and further materials will be necessary to decide the question." With the necessary addi- tional material before us, we cannot only confirm the suggestion here made, but we can also show a perfect intergradation between "gambeli" and "aus- terus"; a melting of this last into "boylii"; and, finally, the positive identity of "boylii" with "myoides", which last we have proved to be the same as leucopus. The Simiahmoo specimens, which are, as we have just shown, referable to "gambeli", are so much darker than "gambeli" from the dry, open parts of California, that they stand rather nearer "austerus" in color than to the former examples of the species they are supposed to belong to ! Color thus giving us nothing tangible, we will interrogate dimensions, and see if these show anything of specific value. We accordingly present a short table ; most of our samples of supposed "austerus" being immature, and therefore excluded as tending to vitiate the result. MUPJDAE—SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. 73 Table XV. — Measurements of twelve specimens purporting to he Hesperomys "austerus". u OJ a a to Locality. Collector. Noso to — Tail to end of— o u c o ■s •a □ 5 « Remarks. Eye. Ear. Occi- put. Tail. Vert- obne Hairs. 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 •0880 8327 229 916 1964 364 365 Steilacooni, Wash. Ter do G. Sucklcy.... ...do 0.52 0.46 0.54 0.40 0.35 0.45 1.00 0.87 1.00 0.70 0.68 0.80 1.18 1.02 1.20 0.80 0.83 1.00 2.67 3.10 1.80 1.85 2.40 3.10 3.00 2.75 3.00 3.00 3.10 3.20 2.70 3.20 1.38 1.50 2.40 3.70 2.80 3.08 3.40 2.85 2.40 0.48 0.33 0 34 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.80 0.72 0.70 0.60 0.56 0.70 0.76 0.77 0.82 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.62 0.59 0.49 0.64 0.52 0.45 Alcoholic Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Ale. ; young. Ale. ; young. Alcoholic. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. Dry. do ...do ...do ...do Vancouver's Island Washington Territory Spokan, Wash. Ter Puget Sound, Wash. Ter .... do A. W. Hewson J. G. Swan G. Suckloy ...do do ...do • do ....do * This specimen is remarkably blackish, with very puro white feet, and seon by itself would readily suggest a distinction of species from ordinary leucopus. It is the extremo of tho "austerus " style. This little table is curious and suggestive. The twelve specimens happen to differ among themselves in size and proportions nearly as much as the whole eastern series of leucopus does, and show more variation than would be required to establish several distinct species upon the slight basis that has been often employed. And after allowing a wide margin for chances of error in measurement (always a safe thing to do in dealing with stuffed skins of small mammals), discrepancies remain that cannot be explained away. The tail varies an inch, and the ears and feet are quite as variable. To sum up (with special reference to "boylii", that we are about to discuss): The tail, com- pared with the trunk, ranges from less than the average of eastern leucopus up to nearly the average of "myoides" or "boylii". The ears range from the smallest of leucopus to the largest of "boylii". The feet have the ordinary range of either leucopus or "boylii". Nothing further is needed to prove our point. In analyzing our species of Hesperomys, Professor Baird put "myoides" and "boylii" together, because they agreed in a length of tail exceeding the average of true leucopus. Of "boylii" he says : — "No cheek-pouches 1 Tail three-quarters of an inch longer than the [head and] body"; and of "myo- ides":— "With cheek-pouches. Tail a quarter of an inch longer than the head and body." The supposed distinctions of color do not hold ; for No. 1313 ("myoides", Burlington, Vt.) and No. 578 (" boylii", Shoalwater Bay) are almost precisely alike in color — much more so than two specimens of "boylii" (No. 578 and No. 356, for example) are. No. 356, the type of "boylii", is the very 74 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. tawniest specimen we have ever seen from Washington Territory, and in this respect exactly like some Massachusetts examples of leucopus. Color, then, affording no data, and the matter of the cheek-pouches being already settled, we are driven hack upon measurements alone to substantiate "boylii"; and we conclude our argument with the following table, comment upon which is unnecessary : — Table XVI.— Measurements of five specimens of fire "species" (so-called) of HusrEiiOMYS. Number. 2778 356 1313 1904 10292 Supposed species. Typical of leucopus Type of "boylii" Typical of " myoides". Typical of "austerus". Type of "gracilis" Trunk. Tail. Sole. Ear. 3.45 3.50 0.83 0.01 3.25" 3.80 0.85 0.60 3.50 3.90 o.as 0.61 3.00 3.40 0.82 0.64 ?t 3. GO (1. .-7 "Printed in M. N. A. "5.25" by typographical error. — A second specimen of "boylii" (No. 578) shows longer tail, feet, and ears: — truuk, 3.08 ; tail, 4.08 ; sole, 0.95 ; ear. 0.75; while a third (,No. 810) has the tail considerably shorter than the trunk (trunk, 4.00 ; tail, 3.65). Professor Baird remarks of this No. 810, that possibly it is "gambeli", and prints it also nnder "gambeli", with the remark, "possibly EL boylii". It is, iu fact, just as much like one as like the other. t Probably about 3.50, but impossible to determine now, owing to the stretched and rat-eaten state of the specimen. A series of alcoholic specimens from Cape Saint Lucas, the first exam- ined, we believe, from this locality, oilers some interesting features. Although it is not easy to judge of color in their present condition, they appear to be light-colored, with the dorsal stripe of the tail very narrow, and in this and other respects most of the series are undoubtedly referable to "gambeli". A part of the series, however, shows an extraordinary length of the tail — in this respect surpassing the most marked examples of "boylii" or "myoides". In one specimen, the tail is nearly an inch and a half longer than the head, and in this one, as well as the rest of those with the tail decidedly longer than the body, this member is almost as naked as in a Mus, and unicolor, of a dull-grayish hue. In all these, the dark color of the leg extends on the base of the metatarsus — a feature shown distinctly even in a suckling specimen. Although in their present state these specimens do not show any appreciable difference in the body-colors from the "gambeli" com- posing most of the series, we have little hesitation in referring them to the //. aztecus. The length of tail of this species, it will be seen beyond, has not been known; for all three of De Saussure's types had lost the tip of the tail. Our type of aztecus, received from De Saussure, agrees precisely with MURID^— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. 75 the specimens from Cape Saint Lucas in the nakedness of the tail and extension of the dusky on (he metatarsus — the latter being one of the essential features of the species as compared with leucopus. In length of tail alone, these speci- mens grade into the "gambeli" with which they are associated; yet, the other features being perfectly tangible and distinctive, we shall refer the specimens in question to aztecus, with no reasonable doubt of the correctness of so doing. As Mr. Xantus collected extensively on the west coast of Mexico, as well as in Lower California, it is possible that these examples of aztecus have been accidentally mixed with his Saint Lucas collections. The following table gives the measurements of a part of the specimens referable to leucopus ("gambeli") with measurements of some of them. Those representing aztecus will be found under the head of the latter. Table XVII. — List of specimens of H. leucopus (" gambeli") from Cape Saint Lucas, collected by J. Xantus, with measurements. 6 □ o Locality. From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— Length of — . u <*- o s: M K Nature of specimen. Eye. Ear. Occi- put. Tail. Vert- ebra. Hairs. Fore foot. Hind foot. 4980 4981 4982 10331 ^ to > 10346 S Cape Saint Lucas.. do do do 0.50 0. 52 0.54 0.90 0.92 0.94^ 1.20 1.15 1.15 3.10 3.40 3.60 3.10 3.35 3.15 3.20 3.45 3.25 0.38 0.37 0.40 0.83 0.81 0.87 0.67 0.67 0.70 Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Having exhausted the data at our disposal respecting the nominal species of Hesperomys (except "cognatus", noticed below) that are referable to leucopus, we are prepared to bring out three geographical races or varieties that are distinct enough, we think, in their strongest development at least, to merit varietal names, although (we wish it distinctly understood) they pass insensibly into ordinary leucopus. These three are gossypinus, sonoriensis, and eremicus. The first of these is nearest leucopus, and is hard to define satisfactorily. The second is better marked, and, in its extreme, readily discriminated from leucopus, though comparison of some hundreds of specimens show a perfect transition into the latter. The third is strongly marked as a local race, and might be held, with much show of reason, as a good species, as, in tact, we considered it until we saw intermediate specimens. 76 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS GOSSYPINUS (LeC). Hcspcromys gossypinus, LeConte, l'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 411 (Georgia). — B.ukd, M. N. A. ls">7, 409 (Georgia and South Carolina).— ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comri. Zool. ii, 1870, 180 (Florida). //. iperomys ( Pi tperimus) leucopus gossypinus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1*74. 179. Hypudcrux gossypinus, LeConte, McMnrtrie'e Cnvier, i, 4IS4, app. — AUD. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 305 (in text ; consider it, as a var. of leucopus). Diagnosis. — H. staturd H. leucopum cxccdens (\-poll.), caudd breviore fere unicolore, pedibus major ibus (subpoll.), color ibus obscurioribus. Habitat. — South Atlantic States. Kansas ? Mouse larger than H. leucopus (some four inches long), with a shorter tail, but little paler below than above; hind feet nine-tenths of an inch; fur of the upper parts dark rusty-brown, and of the under parts not pure white. The few specimens below enumerated show some tangible differences from ordinary leucopus, as expressed in the foregoing paragraphs. Besides averaging in stature a dimension that leucopus very rarely attains, the tail is absolutely shorter than in the average of that species, and therefore propor- tionally still less. It is, moreover, nearly unicolor in some specimens; in others, however, it is evidently, but not sharply, bicolor. The hind feet are about 0.90 long, a dimension that leucopus only reaches in exceptional cases. The general colors are much darker, and, perhaps, never of the bright fulvous of typical leucopus; it is much as if the darker dorsal wash of leuco- pus was spread over all the upper parts. Correspondingly, the under parts are dull soiled whitish, or white with an ashy-gray hue. Our specimens are obviously too few for a final conclusion, and we have been much perplexed to determine how to treat this form. All the seven below given are distinguishable at a glance from leutopus ; but our suspicion is very strong, indeed, that if we had, say fifty instead of seven examples, some of them would be indistinguishable from leucopus, and others would show indissoluble connection. This was the mature opinion of Audubon and Bachman, who say : — "We were for several years disposed to regard it as distinct, and have, not without much hesitation, and after an examination of many hundred speci- mens, been induced to set it down as a variety only." Mr. Allen (/. c.) allows the name to head his paragraph, but expressly states his belief that it is not a valid species, both in this place and in a previous paper (Bull. Mus. Clomp. Zool. i, 1869, 229). Under the circumstances, we judge that nature will be the more faithfully reflected to consider H. gossi/pinus as a variety of leucopus, MUEID.E— SIGMODONTES— H. LEUCOPUS GOSSYPINUS. 77 ranking nearly with sonoriensis as to the degree of geographical differentiation that it has sustained. The propriety of. this step will appear in still stronger light after exam- ination of the so-called "Hesperomys cognatus" of LeConte and Baird, which we are now prepared to discuss. Apart from the published accounts of the two authors just named, our material is, first, three dried specimens, labeled "cognatus" in what we presume to be Major LeConte's own handwriting, as it is the same as that upon his other types now in our possession ; secondly, five dried and several alcoholic specimens referred to this species by Baird, /. c. The latter will be first noticed. . Two of these, Nos. 673 and 905, from North and South Carolina, respect- ively, are precisely like leucopus in every respect, except that the tails of both are much less distinctly bicolor than usual in leucopus. Out of our series, however, of unquestioned and unquestionable leucopus, we can precisely match this feature. The other three specimens are from Mississippi (Nos. 562, 583, 586). They are all in wretched condition, having been skinned out of alco- hol. One of them, 562, is not half grown (body, 2.25; tail, 1.42, &c); it is dark lead-color, and from the shortness of the tail represents sonoriensis, if anything different from leucopus. The second is nearly grown, but still in the mouse-gray pelage ; the tail is 2.50 to a body of 3.00, and therefore not shorter in proportion than in leucopus; and the tail is very sharply bicolor. The third appears grown, but the colors are indeterminable, from immersion in alcohol and from loss of most of the fur ; the tail is plainly bicolor ; the proportions are just as in an average of leucopus. We must confess that, even if there were a species "cognatus" distinct from leucopus, we do not see how these five specimens could be taken to represent it. Much as we regret our decision, we must say that they are all unquestionably leucopus. The remaining specimens (alcoholic) we cannot distinguish even as a tangible variety of leucopus. Major LeConte's types do not seem to have been in Professor Baird's hands when the article on the Mammals of North America was being pre- pared ; and the latter had to guess at the former's meaning — a difficult matter indeed, since Major LeConte's description amounts to exactly nothing. Of his three specimens, one of them (from Illinois), we find to our great surprise, is an example of H. micliiganensis, pure and simple ! (Head and body, 2.90 ; tail, 1.90, sharply bicolor; hind foot, 0.66 ; &c.) The other two, Nos. 4708, 78 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. 4709, are not marked for locality, but probably came from Ohio, Wisconsin, or Michigan, and are really his types. They are exactly the size of ordinary leucopus; the tail a little shorter, relatively, than the average of leucopus, but not shorter than is often found in leucopus; and they are colored exactly as in gossypinus, the upper parts being very dark, the under impure white, and the tail indistinctly bicolor. Here, then, is an exactly intermediate form between leucopus and gossy- pinus, proving that the latter cannot properly be regarded as specifically different from the former. It is obviously a matter of indifference where we make our break in the chain between the two ; i. e., whether we assign the links "cognatus" to one or the other. Practically, however, it will be found most convenient to assign "cognatus LeC." to leucopus, so that we only recognize the extreme of differ- entiation in gossypinus. This course is the more commendable, since "cog- natus Baird", based as above explained, is assuredly leucopus. Table XVIII. — List of specimens of Hespeuomys leucopus var. gossypinus. c .a 3 = * Locality. Received from. o © CO o en o 1 £ o 2 ~ - o 'a 43 o =2 ■a a Nature of specimen. 4705 4711 548 4817 10086 1361 8537 4.00 4.25 4.50 3.50 3.90 4.00 4.50 2.90 2.50 2.05 3.00 2.90 2.35 3.00 0.86 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.89 0.90 Dry. Dry. Dry. Alcoholic. Alcoholic. Dry. Dry. do do do do do do do South Carolina " We hesitate in the determination of this specimen, since part of its size is due to overstuffing ; the under parts are white, and the tail sharply bicolor; the locality, too, is against the supposition that it is gossypinus ; and it is accompanied by other Kansas specimens that we cannot determine, and some that are certainly pure leucopus. In the length of the feet, however, and in general coloration, it seems to agree better with gossypinus than with true leucopus. Dr. Gesner's specimens, likewise, we refer here on account of locality and their large size, though the mouth, feet, and tail underneath, are very pure white, and the under parts nearly so. (These specimens are both males, and exhibit the maximum development of tho testes we have ever seen in the species. The glands form an immense bulging mass on the nates, about f long by J wide, of flattened, oblong shape, quite sharp-pointed behind, and mostly divided by a deep median raphe\) MURIMS— SIGMODONTES— H. LEUCOPUS SONOUIENSIS. 79 HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS SONORIENSIS (Led.). Mus leucopus, Richardson, Zool. Journ. iii, 1818; Fu. Bor.-Am. i, 1829, 142. Hesperomys sonoriensis, LuCoxte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 413 (Sonora ; type, No. 146, Mus. Smiths.).— Aun. & Bach., Q. N. A. ii.i, 1854, 29G (after LeCoute).— Baird, M.N. A. 1857, 474; U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, 43. Hesperomys (Vesperimw) leucopus sonoriensis, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 179. Hesperomys sonoriensis var. nebrascensis, Baiud, M. N. A. 1857, 4G2, iu text (based on the below-enu- merated Nebraskau examples). Diagnosis. — Hesp. leucopo vix differt nisi caudd breviore, truncum sine capite subcequante, necnon coloribus dilutioribus in speciminibus meridionalibus, in arcticis obscurioribus minime fulvescentihus. A variety of Hesperomys leucopus, differing in having the tail shorter (only about equal to the body without the head), and the colors either paler as in prairie specimens, or darker as in Arctic examples, but neither of these exhibiting the particular coloration of typical leucopus. Habitat. — Interior of North America, west of the Mississippi, from the Arctic regions to Mexico; usually occupying this range to the exclusion of true leucopus, but in some places mixed therewith. It only remains to discuss the intricate question touching the White-footed Mice from the interior of North America. We approach this subject with a full knowledge of the normal variability of leucopus, after settling the eastern and Pacific varieties, and in possession of hundreds of specimens from all locali- ties, among them the type of sonoriensis. Only a part of our material appears in the following tables, the rest being ineligible on account of immaturity, bad taxidermy, and other causes. The type of sonoriensis (No. 146, Mus. Smiths.) is a young animal about three -fourths grown, in a gray pelage identical with that of the same age of leucopus. While nothing, therefore, can be predicated upon its absolute size or its color, it may be known at a glance from ordinary leucopus by the short- ness of the tail ; this member falling short of two inches, which is never the case with even three-fourths grown leucopus, so far as we know. The trunk measures 3.25, the tail 1.93 ; and, after allowing for stretching, we may safely say that the tail is more than an inch shorter than the trunk. The following table shows that this same short-tailedness marks a large proportion of the mice from the regions indicated. While the average length of the series from the United States is about 3.25, the tail averages only about 2.25, and several tails, as of Nos. 1782, 1932, 3149, 3352, &c, fall 80 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. under 2.00 ; most tails range between 2.00 and 2.50, and not a tail touches 3.00, which last is an ordinary length of tail for true leucopus. The feet give no data (ranging from 0.65 to 0.77, with an average of about 0.77), neither do 1 be ears. The shorter tail, on an average, is the sole datum as far as form is concerned. Close scrutiny of the table, however, shows that a considerable part of the series has the tail equally or even exceeding the average of leucopus. Secondly, this feature does not obtain in all the specimens from any given locality; thus, No. 1932, with the shortest tail in the lot, is associated in Kansas with veritable leucopus ; Nebraskan examples range from 1.75 to 2.75 in length of tail ; Utah ones from 1.80 to 2.30 ; Fort Crook ones about the same; New Mexican and Sonoran ones from 1.93 to 2.65* In short, we find in almost every locality a greater difference in the several tails than that dis- tinguishing them collectively from leucopus; and we can only say that they average half an inch less than the average of leucopus, about equaling the trunk alone instead of about equaling the trunk plus three-quarters of the head. As this finishes what we have to say of the form of these western United States mice, we here insert our table, and then take up some other points. Table XIX. — Measurements of eighty-one (and list of other) specimens of supposed Hesperomys leucopus sonouiensis Jrom the Middle Region, United Xtatts. [N. TJ. — "Many of these specimens are not fairly dial inguishable from ordinary leucopus.] .a S p 'A Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to end of— © <2 CD o a 5 Eemarks. o c a 3 *« O o > CO w 9838 4309 4310 4311 1398 1399 1969 651 702 703 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 Fort Ellis, Mont F. V. Hayden 1 7"i 3.511 ■i40 2.40 .... 0. 75 - . . . 0.78].... Dry. Dry; stretched. Dry. Dry. ...do. Alcoholic. Dry.* ..do* do 1.00 3.70 do ... do do do do do n l;. o.es 1.00 1.08 1.00 3.40 3.40 ■i 7r, 3.25 3.08 2. 7.'. 2.80 2. 25 2.33 2.30 2.50 2.75 2.25 2.10 .... 0.33 0.77 0.77 0.73 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.76 do do do ...do do 1.17 1.00 do do do* do Dry. I>ry ; young. do. do do do do do ...do 3.40 1.75 0.80 Dry. ...do. do do * These seem to he leucopus. ' Really from 1.93 to 3.05! For No. 145, collected by Mr. Clark on the Mexican Boundary, showed a tail of S.05, and so had to be turned over to " texanns". MURIM3— SIGMODONTES— II. LEUCOPUS SONORIENS1S. 81 Table XIX. — Measurements of eighty-one (and list of other) specimens of supposed Hesperomys leucopos songriensis from the Middle Region, United States — Continued. Locality. Collector. Nosoto— Tail to end of — 1 o o E* o O a 3 Remarks. a ft o IS 5 a. O 7 to Drv. 104011 lo l do . . . .do. 10418 J 747-2 10228 | to ■ 10245 J C. Drexler !. 00 2.50 0.81 Alcoholic. do do ...do. 3352 do do 1 Ofl 2.00 0.7f Dry. 3353 do do 1 95 1 80 i 7: ...do. 3354 3357 3358 3359 ...do do - 1 00 4.00 3.75 1.30 2.00 2.3 2. 20 2.30 1 7-"1 1.70 J. 75 3.8: do. ....do. .. do. . do do do do do do CO. 3858 Fort Crook, Cal 1 95 2 95 3859 do do 1 9: 2.00 1 8(1 Dry ; stretched. do . do i on ■?, 9(1 1 76 Dry. ...do. do do 1 00 2,90 0 70 380-2 do do i.flO n 7:1 Dry; young. ...do. ..do. Dry. 3863 4173 7704 10420 .. do do 0.50 0.97 1. 15 2.75 .1.2. .1.50 1.80 1.90 2.50 2.50 0.73 0.73 0.78 (1. 75 do do do do D. F. Parkinson. . .. 3321 Camp Burgwyn, N. Mex W. AY. Anders n .. 3.90 2.30 0.77 Dry; stretched. 3329 do do 3.40 1.90 0.72 ...do. 3748 3749 542 543 544 545 144 do do 4.00 3.75 3. 75 3.70 3.80 3.25 3.75 i. no 1.90 2. 2f ■2 'Ji 2. 2." 2.10 •2.65 0.72 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.80 0.80 ....do. ...do. do do Fort Thorn, N. Hex ...do T.C.Henry ...do. do . . . .do. ...do. ...do. Dry ; leucopus ? do do do do Sonora J. H. Clarke 140 do do 3.25 1. 93 0.75 Dry ; type of simori- ensis. 147 ...do .. do Dry; young. Dry. 9733 H.D. Schmidt 3 00 2 2: 9734 do do ... ....do. 9735 9730 2542 do do 0.57 1.00 1. 15 3.2c 2. 70 0.35 0.79 do. ...do. Alcoholic. do .... do Milk IUver.Dak : do 2543 do do ) 5' 1 1( 1 17 3 40 '? on 0 35 0 80 ..do. 2544 do do 0. 50 0.93 1.13 3.05 2.11 0.35 0.05 ...do. 2545 do II 58 0 91 1 17 3 0( ' ,,i 0 0 0 85 ...do. 2546 do do 0.52 0.90 1.13 3.00 2. 12 0.80 ...do. 2547 2548 2550 2551 2552 2553 do do do 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.J: 0.50 ii M 0.80 0.85 0.95 1.00 o. m: 0 91 0.92 1.04 1.15 1.17 1.15 1 05 2.30 2.0( 3.18 3.13 3.10 ■? 75 2.03 1.8J ■J. 9. 2. 4C 2.4C •' °5 0.33 0.38 0. 4u 0.40 0 30 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.84 0.74 0 7f ...do. ...do. do. do Yellowstone River do do do do do ...do. ...do. do do ....do. 2554 do do 0 50 o no 1 07 .' 05 •■ III 0 40 11 7" ....do. 2355 do do 0 55 1 00 1 If 3 on -.' 51 , 0 45 II K ....do. 2556 2557 1 do do 0.53 0.51 I. 00 0.90 1.13 1.15 3.O0 2.66 2.4C 2.56 0. 40 0.3" 0.71 0.8C ...do. Fort Union, Dak do ....do. 6m 82 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. T.uh.k XIX- -Measuretnents of eighty-one (and list of other) specimens of supposed Hebperomys leocopcs soNoiui.xsis/cym the Middle Region, United States — Continued. 03 Si a Locality. Collector. Nose of — Tail to end of— o ■s o o "o ,c p 5 « Remarks. C >> n H 0. 73 1. --. .i. -,; 4a P. *o u O 1.00 1.09 0.U5 "3 H 2.80 3. CO 2. 4U 2.80 2. 19 .t. 25 3.00 2. 10 a 65 00 E '« w 2.30 4811 tin -.-j 10123 2558 1927 1923 1939 1033 3093 3149 3134 3138 10419 3053 3052 3920 6985 0331 0737 973 1 9733 0733 7491 10116 7449 7462 7161 10117 7481 10119 10120 10121 7704 7475 4836 10246 1 ,0 10261 J 9896 103021 to 10310J 7471 10311 10312 10313 9869 7489 ..do 0. 4:> 0.50 0. 45 Alcobolic ; young. Alcoholic. Alcoholic ; young. Alcoholic. ...do. ....do. Dry. .. do. Dry ; young. Dry. Dry ; leucopns. Dry; stretched. Dry; leueopus. Dry. Dry ; young. Dry ; lencopus. ...do. Dry. ...do. Alcoholic ; very yonng. do. Alcoholic. Alcoholic; leuc&pns? ... do. ... do. Alcoholic; ungrown. do. . . do . . . ...do ..do 0.35 0.35 0.73 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.71 0.83 0.72 0.88 0.90 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.80 0.80 0.58 0.59 F. V. Haydeu \V. S. Wood do do North Platte River Medicine Bow River i. SO 1.65 2.10 1.90 .'. 4li 2.50 2.50 2.30 2. 7; ■' Mil do do do do do . do . Republican River 3. 25 3 10 2. 75 2. 80 0.39 0.40 Fort Randall J. T. ilcCown do do 3.50 1. Id do ...do 3. 102.75 3. 10 2. 10 do do 0. 44 0.50 0.55 0.82 o. or. 0. 05 l.Ofi 1.20 do do J.H.Clark do 2.60 3.00 3.40 3.10 2. 20 2. 10 2.60 2.70 do do Quapaw Nation do do Tppcr Platte River — , do G. Stickler do do do. Fort Benton, Mont . .do .do 0.47 0.55 0 85 0.95 1.08 1.15 2.00 3.50 3.40 3. 10 2. 25 2.60 2.60 i50 2.75 3.40 0.34 0.71 0.80 0.5: Alcoholic. .. do. do. Platte River C. Drexlert do do . do do .\oo 2.70 0.31 0.80 0.C8 ....do. do. ...do. do. R.B. Hitzt . do ... ...do Fort Bridger do do do .... do do do 3.25 2.50 ...do. do. Santa Fe, X. Mex Unknown Lieutenant Mullin mice, both from the Platte region and from Fort Bridger, are all essentially of tbe sonorienttus style. Those from the Platte, like Haydcn's Nebraska and Upper Missouri lots, are very pale and short -tailed, while t Drexler's extensive gathering's of mice the Utah ones are rather more like leucopus ii color, and the brevity <>i the tail isnot qnite so strongly marked. In limb these series the specimens grade directly into leucoptu. We have, liowever, labeled them all "var. sonoriensis", because the attempt to discriminate has proved utterly Impossible in this as mother similar cases where we have been obliged to label iir..-lni/,fn.;,lh/ -■■' tu spr.lli. Thlfl grathltiolJ Mltll ntillh.iM ItUfOpUS IS 111 Strict ;n n >] ,l:iln'r W 1 1 1 1, :tli. I alliph .iii.lilltis, toil mature opinion respecting the "variety ' sonori&ma. I tolonel Simpson'* examples, from" Fort Bridgeware pure sonoriensis ,- so are Dr. Hitz's, from Fort Shaw. MURID^J— SIGMODONTES— H. LEUOOPOS SONORIENSIS. 83 We will next show that the short-tailedness ot var. sonoriensis likewise characterizes, almost unexceptionally, the mice of Arctic North America. Indeed, this fact has already been shown in the previous table, which we intro- duced to settle the myoides question ; these additional specimens, indeed, are merely the rest of our Arctic lot, positively the same as those of the "myoides" table. Most of these Arctic ones are noticeably larger than United Stares specimens, as was to have been expected ; they average about 3.66 in length, with tail about 2.75; while the relative lengths of tail and body of sonoriensis are nearly repeated, about half an inch has been added to the abso- lute lengths of both trunk and tail. The feet are rather smaller, both abso- lutely and relatively, than in true leucopus, averaging only 0.75, notwithstanding the increase of general size. This feature, as well as the shortness of the tail, might be explained upon the well-known law of smallness of peripheral parts in Arctic animals ; but it is curious that it should correspond exactly with the shortness of tail of the New Mexican animals, which, of course, are not amenable to this law. ' The tail and feet are both unusually hairy. Here is the table: — Table XX.— Measurements) of sixty-nine {and list of other) additional sjiecimeus of British American and Arctic HK8PEUOMYS leucopus, mostly of the "sonoriensis" style. [Not muck reliance can be placed on the dry measurements, as the skins are all badly prepared, being almost without exception overstuffed, the tails being skinned and distorted, and the feet having the toes curled up.] f a d Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to eud Of— o © o ft O a a 5 Remarks. p. o H > GO y w 5760 5770 5780 5764 5783 5777 5701 5767 5782 5769 5774 5759 5775 5771 5765 5779 5.76 J 5770 5766 5778 4. 35 4.00 -3. 75 4.00 3.75 4.25 3.90 4.50 4.10 3.50 3.50 4.10 3 75 3.60 3.60 4.00 4.00 3. CO 4.00 3.75 a 50 2.30 0.8J 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.82 Dry. do ...do ...do ....do ...do do ...do ....do . do 2.25 2.40 2.40 2.25 2.00 2.60 2.30 2.40 2.30 2.00 do. ..do ...do ...do do ...do .. do ... ....do ...do do ...do . . do do ...do ...do ...do n 76 do. ...do n 77 do ....do ...do 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.80 do ...do ...do do ..do ...do ...do do. ...do 2.60 2.30 2.60 do ...do ...do do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do 0.78 0.76 0.77 . do. ...do ...do ...do 2.00 4.40 ...do. ...do .. At, 84 MONOCKAIMIS OF NOIITII AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XX. — Measurenu nU ofsixty-nim I uml list of other) additional specimens of British American and Arfitic Hi spi komi s i i i copi 8, mostly of the " sonoriensis" »ty(e— ContiDued. £3 3 3 to Locality. Collector. Nose to— Tail In end of— o a u O ft T a H re Remarks. a S o 're H > 5773 .-,7.-1 0448 9417 9450 9446 9449 5785 5786 7092 5787 5784 5708 4550 4540 8693 3028 3029 •6300 7437 1853 -9878 •10091 •11)092 4543 4233 7487 7480 •10093 •10094 •10095 ; 152 7479 9802 10090 10097 10098 10099 10100 10101 10102 10103 10104 10105 9851 7494 7495 7500 7759 Fort Rae. ....do 3. 50 4. 51) 4.00 4.00 3.50 3. ;;o 3. 70 3.70 3.80 4.00 3.50 2.10 2.30 2. 80 3.00 2.75 2.90 2.10 3.30 2.70 3. 00 3.50 0.70 0. 75 Dry. - do Poi i Simpson ....do ... W.W.Kirkby do .. do 0.80 0.60 0.70 0.70 do ....do do ....do ...do do ....do ...do Big bland, < In :it Slave Lake. ....do J. Reid ....do ...do ... do 0.78 do ...do ... do Fort Simpson ... do B. R. Ross ...do 0. 79 .0. 80 .. do. ...do Sitka, Alaska Nelson River ... do ....do F. Bisehoff 3.01 3.25 ■2.90 3.25 3.00 2.90 :t. --in 2.00 2.60 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.20 3.00 2.50 • 2. 65 0.09 (l. 70 0.73 0.70 0.73 0.70 0.82 0.80 0.79 do ....do do do Red RiverSettIi.-iiit.-iit ...do ....do Alcoholio. do ....do W. Brass ....do ....do .. do. .. do. .. do ....do ...do Dry. Mooso Factory ....do C. DrexU-r 3. 50 2.75 0.79 ....do Alcoholic; very young. ....do do ....do ...do 3. 40 3.110 2.00 3.00 2. 90 2.90 3.60 3.40 3.50 :i. ;,n 4.1)0 3. 75 4.00 3.30 3. 10 3. in 3. in 3 40 3.00 2.85 2.85 2.70 2.20 2.20 2.80 2.80 2.70 2. 75 2.80 2.80 :i mi 2.50 2. 45 3.00 3.25 2. SO 2.80 0.88 0.78 0.76 0.78 0.74 0.74 0.85 0. 80 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.81 0.80 0.83 0.77 0.82 Alcoholic. .. do. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do B. R. Ross ....do , ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do .. do 0.55 0. 52 0. 50 0.50 0. 48 0.52 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.52 0.55 0. 95 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.90 0. 95 1. 15 1.08 1. 10 1. Ill 1. 14 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.00 1. 15 1.20 3.10 3.10 2.80 3.00 :; un 3.05 3.25 2.02 2. GO 3.15 3.00 0.33 0. 35 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.38 0.35 0.31 0.40 0.65 0.55 0.00 0.68 0.66 0.05 0.62 0.60 0.52 0.58 0.09 ...do. .. do. .. do. V ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do ...do ...do ...do .. . do ...do .. do ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do R. Kennicott . . ....do ...do ..do do ...do ....do ...do 3.50 3.10 3.30 * In length of tail, these specimens depart from the rale for Arctic Wesperomys, and are true leucopus ; but tin- tails ami soles arc very hairy, aa usual, and the examples are probably beat enumerated in this list. MUEIDyE— SIGMODONTES— H. LEUCOPUS SONOUIENSIS. 85 Table XX. — Measurements of sixty-nine (and list of other) additional specimens of British American and Arctic Hesperomys leucopus, mostly of the "sonoriensis" style — Continued. u 9 -a a Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to end ot— .5 o o o o s re W Remarks. ■■~. W u re B Pi '5 u O "3 > 03 'ct a TOO unit 101 12 10113 HUM 10113 75011 to 7563 J Fort Siiupsou ...do 3.25 2.80 3.00 Alcoholic, do ...do 0.70 0.77 0.80 ....do ....do do ...do ....do Skins iu alcohol do ....do ....do ....do ....do do ...do ...do do Note — "Wo have brought together our entire Arctic series of H. leucopus under the head of " sonoriensis ", and nearly all our specioion8 will be found labeled " II. leucopus var." It is hardly necessary to add that, however, in this series every grade nf approach to ordinary United States leucopus is found, and that a certain percentage <. 2. 1805 Fort Whipple, Ariz do 3.60 3.75 3.90 3.40 3.00 3.50 3. 10 3.30 2.75 3.10 2.80' 2.75 3. 10 2.50 0.70 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.78 0.75 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.63 0.71 0.69 Dry; adult. ....do. ...do. ....do. ...do. ...do. do. ...do. ...do do ■do ...do V hllv T2 1R64 do 8443 8449 8440 8445 8440 8448 8454 8444 8451 8447 8452 8453 9 ? rf cf May 11, 1805 Jan. 28,1805 May 11,1805 Feb. 13,1805 Jan. 31, 1865 Jan. 31, 1805 Jan. 23, 1865 Apr. 10, 1805 Jan. 1, 1865 May 24, 1865 Mar. 2 J, 1865 Mai. 29, 1865 Mar. 29, 1865 do ...do do ...do do ...do .. do do ...do Dry ; youngish. ....do do ...do do ...do Dry; young. ....do. do ...do do ...do ...do. ...do. Dry; verj young. Dry; suckling of 8450. .. do. do ...do do ...do do .. ... do do . do This series* was taken in the store-houses at Fort Whipple, where. the mice had taken up their quarters, and seemed as thoroughly domesticated as ordinary house-mice. It unquestionably represents but a single species, read- ily referable to the variety sonoriensis, which we here have in all stages, from the suckling young to the adult. With the single exception below mentioned, there is nothing whatever of the eremicus stamp in the series. The soles are very furry indeed, owing, probably, to the fact that the animals were mostly taken in cold weather; the tails are well haired and bicolor, and noticeably short. In general coloration, these animals are darker than Palmer's desert examples, and, in fact, not distinguishable in this respect from ordinary leucopus of New England. But the ears seem to run a little larger than in Eastern United States examples ; and they reach, in No. 8443, a size equal to that of eremicus. This same No. 8443 also differs from all the rest in having the tail barely shorter than the head and body, instead of upward of "an inch shorter, and indistinctly bicolor. Its coloration leans toward that of eremicus in the pinkish-fulvous "It represents what we erroneously called "Hesperomys eremicus" in our article in the American Naturalist, i, 3!>S ; but the name is probably correct as far as 8443 is concerned. 88 MONOGRAMS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODKNTIA. of the sides, &c. ; and, on the whole, it is rather referable to this variety, although the soles are distinctly hairy. So that in this series, impossible to consider as representing more than one species, we find the form and colora- tion of true leucopus, of sonoriensis, and of eremicus. Stronger proof of the position we have taken up could not be desired. We should remark that in some of these specimens, and various others from Arizona, there is a tendency, sometimes decided, to extension of the dusky on the base of the metatarsus, as in Mexican species. Table XXIII. — Measurements of ten additional specimens of supposed Hespeijomys sonoriensis /re?n South- ern Arizona. © a X at Date. Locality. Collector. 5 § '5 a C to Remarks. 8684 8873 8e83 8885 rW I-.-7.- e 9 9 9 Feb. 10,1867 Apr. 18,1867 Feb. £0,1867 Feb. 10,1867 Feb. 20, ie67 Apr. 14, lfe67 Camp Grant, Ariz do 3.40 3. 10 2.25 2.30 2.25 2. 10 2.30 2.50 2.50 2.40 2. 10 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.86 0. 70 0.75 0.78 0.75 0.78 0.72 0.76 0.75 0.70 Dry ; adult. ... do. Dry ; youngish. ... do. Dry; young. Dry; yoUDgisb. ... do. ...do. ...do. Dry; adult. .. do do 3. CO 3.00 2.70 2.90 a '.0 :i. 40 8,90 do do do do do dn do do K-l-7 K-7H 8874 9 d Apr. 18, 1867 Mar. 10,1867 Apr. 14,1867 do do do do do do The foregoing specimens were taken at Camp Grant, near Tucson, Ariz., at the same time as Dr. Palmer's examples of eremicus were collected, the two forms living side by side. As we say in another place, most of Dr. Palmer's specimens are true eremicus; but the above seem referable to the short- tailed, pale variety sonoriensis ; the soles are all furred as in ordinary leucopus; the ears are short; and the distinctly bieolor, rather hairy, tail ranges much less than the head and body, while the nearly uniform pallor of the tints is much like that of prairie specimens. Only one, No. 8884, is more like true leucopus in its length of tail, exceptional in this series; while the shade of its coloration is almost exactly as in typical eremicus. No. 8874 is a precise duplicate of H. gossypinus in coloration. HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS EREMICUS (Baird). Desert Mouse. Resperomys eremicus, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 479. — Couks, Quad, of Arizona, Am. Nat. i, 308 (in part). Sesperomys ( Vesperimus) leucopus eremicus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1874, 180. Diagnosis. — Hesp. leucopi staturd, caudd elongatd, truncum cum capite subcequan/c, sparse pilosd, auriculis majusculis, subnudis, plan/is palmisque MULUD.E— S1GM0D0NTES— II. LEUCOPUS EKEMIOUS. 89 nudis granulatis ; supra jlavido-grisea viz nigro limbata, lateribus jlavicantio- ribus ; sublus alba, caudd obscure bicolore. Mouse about as large as H. leucopus, with rather longer and less hairy tail and cars, naked palms and soles, of a pale yellowish-gray above, thinly mixed with blackish hairs, more fulvous on the sides, the under parts white, the tail obscurely tricolor. Habitat. — Valley of the Gila and Colorado. Table XXIV. — Measurements of six sped mens of Hesperomys LEUCOPUS EREMICUS. a a ft Locality. Collector. Nose to— ffl u o V '3 H 43 O & u o "o s G 3 i Nature of speci- men. •5 O o '3 1581 2574 2S75 1334 1335 1336 Fort Yuma, Cal do G. H. Thomas 1.03 1.07 1.00 3.17 2.77 2.53 8. 00 3.30 3.50 4.08 3.70 3.14 3.60 3.30 3.20 0. 30 0.30 0.7G 0. 30 o.eo 0.80 0.72 0.78 0. CO 0.65 Dry. Alcoholic. .. do. Dry. ...do. ...do. ...do ... do A. Schott 0.43 0.42 0.05 0.85 do do ...do ...do This highly interesting form of Hesperomys was based upon a few speci- mens from the Colorado Desert, and none but the original ones appear to have fallen under the notice of naturalists. In discussing its relationships to leucopus, its peculiar habitat in the midst of the Great American Desert, in the hottest region of the continent, must be kept prominently in view. Not- withstanding the remarkable characters in some respects that it offers at first sight, it will be found on closer examination to differ from leucopus solely in characters readily superinduced by the isolated physical conditions under which it lives. The ornithologist, in. particular, is fully prepared to meet with the whole aspect of this case, from his knowledge of the modifications in color that the birds of the Colorado Desert afford, notably in such cases as those of Harporhynchus, Pipilo, &c. Nevertheless, the characters accurately given by Baird mark all the specimens as at least a highly specialized geographical race of leucopus. The palest specimens of Hesperomys that we have hitherto inspected were from the comparatively dry and treeless regions of the Central Plateau ; but these desert mice offer still more bleached coloration. The upper parts are of a pale fulvous-gray, obscured along the middle of Ihe back by rather few blackish hairs. The sides fade insensibly into a pah; brownish-yellow, or dull tawny cinnamon (almost with a pinkish wash), which reaches down t lie 00 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTH AMERICAN ltODENTIA. fore legs to the hands The under parts are pure white, as usual, with pretty distinct line of demarkation along the sides. The tail, along its dorsal aspect, is much paler than usual, agreeably with the general hue of the upper parts, but, on the contrary, it is so much darker than usual underneath that it appears nearly unicolor, and, at any rate, there is no definite line of separation of the two shades of color. The soles of the feet present the extreme condition of nakedness as yet observed in any North American species of the genus. There is a light hairy fringe all along the sides ; but at least a central median space, perfectly denuded, may be traced to the very heel. But this character, at first sight apparently so distinctive, is, 'as just intimated, merely the extreme of an insensible grada- tion from the dense hairiness of specimens from northern cold regions, and is strictly agreeable to a well-known law. The ear will average a little longer than in leucoptis, and correspouds with the feet in its scantier hairiness. The tail, likewise, is scant-haired, revealing the annuli very plainly. In length, this member will average con- siderably over the average of leucopus; but still it tails short of the extreme of the latter, as witnessed in Vermont "myoides'' and Washington Territory "boylii"; and in the six specimens before us it varies in length about an inch ; thus, it is, in No. 1581, nine-tenths of an inch longer than the head and body, and, in 133G, it is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the head and body. Since the foregoing remarks upon H. eremicus were penned, we have handled an interesting and highly instructive series of skins from Camp Grant, sixty miles east of Tucson, Ariz., collected by Dr. Palmer. This series con- firms our views by furnishing the stepping-stones before lacking, and proves that eremicus slides insensibly into the ordinary western form, of which it is, therefore, a geographical differentiation. Of the twenty-two specimens in the series now lying before us, twelve are referable to eremicus; these are measured in the foregoing table. Of these twelve, eight or nine are pure typical eremicus, agreeing in having per- fectly naked soles, very large, leafy, nearly naked ears, the scant-haired indis- tinctly bicolor tail about equal to the head and body (or, if anything, rather longer than shorter), and the coloration of the peculiar pinkish or ochrey- fulvous mixed on the back with quite black hairs; thus being identical with the original t.\ pes of < remicus. The individual variations in these eight or nine specimens are quite as usual in any species or variety of the genus. In two MUKIDiE— SIGMODONTES— H. LEUCOPUS EREMICUS. 91 or three of the twelve, a slight hairiness of the soles, in varying degree, is evident, and the tail is noticeably shorter than the head and body ; the ears, likewise, are not so large. The rest of Dr. Palmer's specimens, ten in number, all taken in the same place and at the same time as the others — the two forms living side by side — are all distinctly referable to sonoriensis. They are elsewhere tabulated and commented' upon. Table XXIV. — Measurements of twelve additional specimens of Hesperomys leucopus eremicus. e s to M 03 8373 cf 8B75 8876 rf 8877 rf 8880 cf 8881 cf 8882 9 8886 cf 8887 8889 cf 8890 9 88.11 9 Feb. 10, May 10, Apr. 18, Feb. 10, Feb. 10, Apr. 18, Apr. 10, Apr. 16, Mar. 10, May 3, Feb. 10, 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1S67 1867 1867 1807 1867 1867 Locality. Camp Grant, Ariz . do do .. do .. do .. do .. do .. do .. do .. do .. do .. do .. Collector. E. Palmer. do ... .do .do .do .do .do .do .do do .do .do o o . E- .— © '3 to 3.10 a o » 2 '3 .a '3 o H o .c e p o s u Remarks. 3.20 0.33 0.76 0.07 Dry. •175 2 7.-J 0.31 0.71 0.56 ...do. 3.30 3.30 0.32 0 78 0.69 ...do. 3.30 3.00 0.31 0.78 0.61 ....do. 3.00 3.40 0.3(1 0.78 0.71 ...do. 2.90 3.50 0.31 0.79 0.60 ... do. 3.73 3.75 0. 35 0.81 0.70 ...do. 3.40 3.25 0.33 0.81 0.66 ...do. 3. SO 3.60 0.31 0.80 0.73 ...do. 3.23 3.50 0.32 0.80 0.67 ...do. 3.60 3.50 0.33 0.77 0.65 ....do. 3.25 3.10 0.33 O.fO 0.71 ...do. HESPEROMYS (VESPEPJMUS) AUREOLUS, (Aud. & Bach.) Wag. Red Mouse ; Golden Mouse. Mus (Calomys) aitreoJus, Aud. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1842, 302; Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 303, pi. 95. Hesperomys aureolas, Wagner, Wieg. Archiv, 1843, ii, 51. — Allen, Bull. Mus. Corup. Zool. ii, 1870, 180. Hesperomys ( Vesperimus) aureolus, Codes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 180. f Arrieola nuttalli, Harlan, Monthly Amer. Journ. 1S32, 446; Med. & Phys. Res. 1835, 55, pi. — . Hesperomys nuttalli, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 467. Diagnosis. — H. statura formdque Hesp. leucopi ; cor pore supra aureo-cin- namomeo, auriculis concoloribus, dorso medio obscuriore ; infra luteo-albido. Mouse like leucopus in size and shape, but very different in color, being golden-cinnamon above, and yellowish-white or pale buff below ; ears agree- ing with the general tint of the upper parts; middle back darker from admixture with blackish hairs; fore legs colored to the wrist ; the dividing line between the color of the upper and under parts of the body and tail usually indistinct. Feet densely pilous above, and below to the tubercles, which are large and crowded ; toes rather short. "Mammas, four; situated far back" (Aud. & Bach.). Habitat. — Central and Southern States. 92 MONOGRAPHS OF SOUTH AMERICAN UODKNTIA. The absolute size and relative proportions of this species will be illus- trated by the following table of measurements, and require no further remark. T m.i i: XXV. — Mi ttsuremi nis of twelve specimen* of IIksit.i.'omys .m'i;i;di.i <, = 0 •A 05 Locality. Collector. Noac tc — 0) H o o o o c in a W Eemarks .niid na- ture of speci- men. C3 .3 ft U u C H m 1251 m 4818 4820 •1703 ■ 11772 Schuylkill Kivor. Pa .. Society Hill. S. C do 2.93 a 73 0.74 0.73 0.55 0.57 Dry ; doubtful. Dry. 3. 3(1 .... Charleston, S. C Dr. Gesner .. . A. Gerhardt 0.50 0.411 1.00 0.00 1.20 1.05 3. ."(I 2.85 a 50 2.50 a S3 3. Oil a 90 2.90 2. 50 a so 2.50 a 90 2.70 11.71 0.70 0.70 0. G8 0.70 0.71 0.72 0. 75 0.05 0.70 0. 5 1 0. 52 0.57 0.55 ....do. ....do. Alcoholic. ...do. Dry. ...do. 0.38 0. 33 a Whitfield County, Ga Kemper County, Miss. Knoxville, Term do D.C.Lloyd J.B.Mitchell . do . . , 0. 52 0.8a 1.17 1.20 a 90 o. in 2.30 2.75 ... do. 0.03 Alcoholic. Dry. ....do. Cairo, 111 Saint Louis, Mo do 1; K, nnicott. .. G. Eogelmann . ...do ■. i 7 mi 1 7451 10014 ? do. do ...do Ale; vrryyonnj* and doubtful. . do. do ...do We are unable to appreciate any differences whatever in the series of skulls of this species as compared with a large number of those of leucopus. This elegant species may usually be distinguished at a glance from leu- copus by the peculiar and beautiful tint of the fur — a rich golden-cinnamon, a little darker from admixture of blackish hairs along the back; the ears like the general color, this extending on the fore legs to the paws, and a faint wash of the same tinting the under parts, between which and the upper parts the line of demarkation is usually obscure, and often, as in No. 1580, from Knox- ville, Tenn., inappreciable. The brighest-colored samples of leucopus we have seen invariably lean to chestnut-fulvous, instead of the peculiar orange-fulvous of aureolus. The difference in the shade is bard to express in words, but it catches tin1 eye at once. These brighter leucopus, moreover, have the cars dusky and the under parts snow-white, while in aureolus the orange tinges both these in a perceptible degree. The tail is but little paler below than above, with rarely, if ever, a line of demarkation. While there is no question of the positive difference of this species from leucopus, even the small series before us shows considerable variation. In No. MURID2E— SIGMODONTES— HESPEEOMYS AUIiEOLUS. 93 4703, from the Southern States, probably Georgia, the under parts are not white at all, nor even whitish, but cinnamon, only a little paler than the sides. No. 981 has cpiite a black stripe along the back. No. 2964, from Illinois, is interesting in several respects. In the first place, the feet are remarkably small, less than in any Hesperomys we have seen, except michiganensis ; and in some other respects, especially "buccis Jlavis", it corresponds better with Audubon and Bachman's description of michiganends than the specimens we have inferred to thai species do. The under parts, moreover, are white. The general color of the upper parts, while showing unmistakable traces of the peculiar orange shade of aureolus, are much watered with a darker hue. This is another case of darker hue in Illinois rodents than elsewhere; for the Arvicola riparius, Pitymys pinetorum, and Hesperomys leucopus, all show this peculiarity. A Saint Louis, Mo, skin might be referable to this species with a shade of doubt, were it not accompanied by a little suckling one, possibly its offspring, which settles the case, and at the same time confirms the valid- ity of the species in a very satisfactory way. This little creature is of the same bright orange-cinnamon as the adults, while, as is well known, the young of leucopus are, for some months, of a dark ashy-gray. I only venture to include in this series a specimen (No. 548) from the Schuylkill River, Pa., with grave doubt. The animal appears to have been skinned out of alcohul, and the yellowish tinge of the under parts may be due to discoloration. In other respects, it is more like leucopus than aureolns, having dusky ears, sharp line of demarkation along the sides, &c. Doubtless, after all, there are some who would prefer to consider H. auroleus as a "permanent variety"»of leucopus, but they need to be reminded that such course would remain simply a petitio principii until they explain the difference between a "permanent variety" and a "species". The figure and description of Arvicola nuttalli, Harlan, agree very well with the present species ; but, as they represent a bright-colored leucopus quite as well, and contain nothing positively distinctive, I agree with Mr. Allen that it is not necessary to supersede the well-known and very expressive name aureolus. 94 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. HESPEROMYS (VESPERIMUS) MICHIGANENSIS (A. & B.) Wagn. Michigan Mouse. Mux micMganenais, Aud. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. viii, ii, 1842, 304; Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 326. nenperomys miohiganensia, Wagnek, Wieg. Archiv, 1843, ii, 51. — Baiud, M. N. A. 1857, 476. Ilrspermnij* ( l'< sp< rimus) michiganensis, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1874, 180. U«« bairdii, Hoy & Kennicott, U. S. Patent-Office Rep. Agric. for 1850 (1857), 92, pi. xi. Diagnosis. — H. minimus, (2^—3-poll.) auriculis parvis, pedibus brevibus vli~4 P"H)< caudd truncum sine capite subcequante (If— 2-poll.) ; supra cum pedi- bus subjulvt's. ■end brunneus, plaga dorsali obscuriore ; infra caudidus. Very small mouse, yellowish-brown above, with a broad dorsal stripe of sooty-brown, below pure white; feet not entirely white, as usual in leucopus ; tail bicolor. Rarely 3 inches or more long; hind foot never exceeding 0.75, often much shorter; ears \, or less, high; tail about equal to the trunk without the head. Habitat. — Upper Mississippi Valley ; especially Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Kansas. Without speculating upon the probable derivation by actual descent of this species from H. leucopus, we will rest upon the fact that here we have an animal positively distinct from leucopus. The differentiation from a com- mon stock has proceeded so far that the connecting links, if any once existed, are broken or at least concealed. Out of a considerable number of speci- mens (see table below), there is not a single one that is not distinguishable on sight from leucopus This, if not more remarkable, is, at any rate, the moie interesting and instructive, since the true leucopus abundantly inhabits the regions where, michiganensis occurs. As far as is known at present, michlga- nensis is one of the most restricted of our species in geographical distribution, being nearly confined to the valley of the Upper Mississippi. This, probably, is the reason why it adheres so faithfully to one particular style ; and should it ever become dispersed over an area large enough to bring different individuals under decidedly different climatic and other influences, a divergence and varia- tion would undoubtedly ensue. The only sign of such possible or probable differentiation at present is represented by what has been called Mus ''bairdii" by Hoy and Kennicott. These excellent naturalists were unquestionably wrong in supposing a distinction of species here. Dr. Hoy expressed the whole thing in a nutshell when he wrote to Professor Baird : — "One thing is certain — we find one species in the oak openings, while the other is confined MURID^E— SIGMODONTES— HESPEEOMYS I\1 IC11IGANENSIS. 95 to the prairie"; that is to say, the differences detailed by these authors are simply and exactly dependent upon whether the animal lives in woodland or in prairie. As will he seen by the table below, H. michiganensis is much smaller than leucopus, averaging under three inches long (2.95), and only exception- ally, in extreme cases, reaching the average dimensions (3^) of leucopus. Some adult examples, indeed, are hardly over 2J in length. The next most conspicuous feature is the uniformly shorter tail, both relatively and absolutely. With an average of just two inches, it ranges from 1§, or a little less, to 2^, but is hardly ever over 2^, and not very often below 2. In general, it about equals the head without the trunk, having, therefore, much the same relative strength as in H. var. sonoriensis. The smallness of the feet is equally marked and characteristic. The very largest hind feet do not exceed 0.75, which is below the average of leucopus ; they range between 0.65 and 0.75, settling at 0.69 for the. mean size. As it is rare for the smallest foot of leu- copus to drop to 0.75, this feature alone gives indications by which probably nineteen specimens of every twenty could be identified. The ears are notice- ably short and small every way ; usually under 0.50 high, they run from 0.40 to 0.50, only very rarely surpassing the latter figure. The coloration is almost equally distinctive in its uniform darkness. Most of the specimens come nearest to "austerus" in this respect. The dark color almost always* extends on both feet to the digits, whereas in leucopus the feet are (usually) white. The shade is difficult to name, but may be called a mix- ture of gray and yellowish-brown on the sides, passing along the middle line of the body above, from nose to tail, as a broad stripe, into blackish-brown. The under parts are snow-white. The tail is always distinctly bicolor, and usually sharply so, but sometimes the under surface is brownish-white. The ears are blackish, usually without the slightest pale edging. The whiskers are light and dark, and the longer ones exceed the head This animal is stated to have six mammae — four abdominal and two pec- toral. The label upon one of Mr. Kennicott's infant specimens says, "five found together." On the label of another of his, he states that "two old ones, with three young, were found in a rail-fence on the prairie." Aside from the cjuestion of "bairdii", which must be summarily disposed * A Kansas specimen, which I refer to this species, forwarded for examination by Prof. F. H. Snow, presents the exceptional feature of nearly white feet ; the dusky color of the legs only reaching a little way past the ankle, and not at all beyond the wrist. 96 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA. • if, there are no synonymical points to be determined in this case. There are, however, several discrepancies between the description of Audubon and Bachman and the characters of the animal which Hoy, Kennicott, Baird, and ourselves describe. Thus, they say, "mammae, six pectoral and four abdom- inal." We fail to realize "cheeks yellow," though, perhaps, they are a little brighter than surrounding parts. The dimensions given, 4 inches for length of bead and body, are so much greater (by a full inch) that possibly the fig- ure "4" may be a typographical error; but then the tail, 2£, is nearly as much in excess of what we find. It is barely possible, after all, that, as Professor Baird hints, none of our specimens are what Audubon and Bachman called michiganensis. In that event, and if positively distinct from Audubon's and Bachmaii's animal, they would, of course, bear the name of "bairdii", and "michiganensis" And & Bach, be relegated among the unnumbered synonyms of leucopus. But, in the seeming impossibility of determining this point, it is better to let michiganensis stand for what we now describe. Table XXVI. — Measurements of forty-sewn (and lUt of other) specimens of HEsrEROMYS michiganensis. 03 s s v. Date. Locality- Collector. iNose to— H c '3 H o £ o 43 O ■S a W Nature of specimen. 1156 1157 3670 7473 9 d e Nov. — , 1855 Nov. — , 1855 J. G. Cooper 5 ....do £ 1.33 1.25 4. CO 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.00 3.60 4.80 0.52 1.05 1.08 1.00 0.75 0.70 Dry. Fresh. 4.00 4.50 4.90! 0. 75 Fresh. 0.90 ' Dry. 0.85 Alcoholic. 0.45 0.98 1.00 do ...do 1.30 The different H. californicus aside, all the California Hesperomys we have seen are referable to "gambeli", excepting the Fort Crook series, which 100 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. rather fall under t lie sonoriensis category by reason of (he shortness of the tail. There is little to note regarding these specimens. No. 718G, from Fort Mojave, is about the palest fulvous all over the upper parts we have seen, but still is not at all like eremicus. No. 7183 is almost a typical leucopus. The two adults of the Tejon series have almost exactly the body-colors of gossi/- pinus : and we should not omit to note that they have a suspicious sort of resemblance to II californicus. Nor should we be surprised if some mice from this vicinity should be found to bridge over the chasm that now appears between the leucopus styles and the seemingly very different "californicus"; one, at least, of the Tejon specimens (No. 3670) being veritable californicus. Wc have already noted that Northern Californian mice, and more particu- larly ( Oregon and Washington ones, are darker than those of Southern Califor- nia (in this respect precisely matching Massachusetts leucopus), and that they shade directly into austerus in this respect, as well as in the length of the tail. HESPEROMYS (VESPERIMUS) AZTECUS, De Saussure. Aztec Mouse. Hesperomys aztecus, Dk Saussure, K. M. Z. 18G0, 105, pi. ix, f. 4 (teeth). Hesperomys ( Vesperimus) aztecus, Coues, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1ST4, 160. Diagnosis. — II. leucopo staturd par, et forma simillimus, sed caudd sub- niuld ct coloribus differt. Brunneus, do/so nigricante, lateribus ferrugineis, partibus inferioribus albis ; antebrachio extus lateribus concolore, crure et parte tertia basali metatarsi fuscescentibus ; caudd fere unicolore. Habitat. — "Mexico" (De Saussure). This species belongs strictly to the Hesperomys leucopus group,* and does not differ noticeably in size or proportions from that species. The coloration, however, appears specifically distinctive; it differs from that of the ordinary United States species precisely as Neotoma ferruginea differs i'vomjloridana. The upper parts are rich rusty-red, almost orange rust-color, on the back deepening into a broad area of brownish-black, and only showing in its intensity on the sides where the line of demarkation with the white of the under parts is distinct and sharp. The head shares somewhat of the general blackening of the middle area above, but is not so uniformly dark as the back ; the extreme muzzle is dark, leaving about the mouth only the sides of the * In all external features, at any rate. ; but wo have not ascertained the existence of chcek- poncbes. MURIM3— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS AZTECUS. 101 lips io share the white of under parts; the latter is not quite pure, owing to the showing through of the gray bases of the hairs. On the fore leg, the color of the sides, or a darker shade, extends to the very wrist, there stopping abruptly, leaving the surface of the paw white (or light). On the outside of the cms, the color of the sides, or a deeper shade, extends to the tarsus, and thence on the basal third of the metatarsus; forming a sharply-defined blackish area, as in H. sumichrasti, &c. This is a strong feature that never occurs in true leucopus ; the rich rusty-red of the sides is likewise an entirely peculiar shade so far as United States mice are concerned, though common to several Mexican species. The ears are dusky in the present state uf our specimen; the tail, of which less than two inches remains on the specimen, is very obscurely paler below and nearly as naked as in Mus ; but this last feature may not be permanent. The foregoing is the adult coloration. We have no information whether the young are like the adult, or plain gray like young leucopus. Length, about 3.75 inches (0mm.095, Do S.); tail, averaging over 4.00 ; hind foot, 0.90 ; fore foot, 0.38 ; car, about 0.G2 high from notch in front. Described from one of the three original specimens, No. 3926, Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, received from M. De Saussure, and labeled in what is apparently his handwriting. M. De Saussure's label bears the suggestive query, UH. texanus'i '?" There is no reasonable doubt that the animal is a subtropical offset of H. leucopus, modified just as Neotoma ferrug'mea has been; but, at the same time, the differ- entiation has proceeded so far that we are bound to place the animal on spe- cific footing, at any rate until intermediate specimens are forthcoming. Since writing the foregoing, we find, as stated in another place, a number of alcoholic specimens, undoubtedly referable to this species, among a lot of leucopus {gambeli) from Cape Saint Lucas. The fact that these examples are instantly distinguishable strengthens the probabilities of the permanent dis- tinctness of aztecus from any of the United States varieties of leucopus. They all show a nearly naked and almost unicolor tail, and the peculiar exten- sion of the dark color on the base of the metatarsus. A suckling young appears to be gray, like young leucopus, as was to have been anticipated. We cannot make out, in the alcohol, whether or not the peculiar richness of the ferrugineous, with very black dorsal area, exists or not, the wet speci- mens being indistinguishable in body-colors from the "gambeli" that came 102 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. with them. The following tabic gives detailed measurements, and we arc now enabled for the first time to state the length of the tail, which exceeds that of the head and body very decidedly, sometimes nearly one and a half inches. Table XXVIII. — Mcamirementa of six specimens of Hespehomys aztecus. Q a Locality. Prom tip of nose to — Tail to end of— Length of— Cm O "SJ w Nature of specimen find remarks. a a. °G a O H S > CO *« w o o o a a 6 3926 10325 10320 10327 10328 10329 10330 3.75 3.10 3.20 3.00 2.80 2.30 0.38 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.79 0.62 0.68 0.70 0.64 0.62 0.62 Dry; type. Alcoholic. ....do. ...do. ....do. Alcoholic; ungrown. Alcoholic; suckling. 0.48 0.50 0.45 0.46 0.93 0.90 0.83 0.90 1.15 1.15 1.10 1.10 4.40 4.15 4.10 3.70 2.90 4.50 4.25 4.15 3.75 ......do do do do do HESPEROMYS (VESPERIMUS) MELANOPHRYS, Coues. Biack-eyed Mouse. t Hesperomys mexicanm, De Saussure, R. M. Z. 1860, 103, pi. ix, f. 1, la.* Hesperomys (Vcsperimus) mclanophrys, Couks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 181. (No. 10183.) With the general aspect of a large species of the Hesperomys leucopus group. Tail a little longer than the head and body together, slender, * " Velutinus, griseus, murinus ; in lateribus paulum fulvescens, frequenter subferrugineus ; subtus albidus, pectoreet mentofulvescentibus; pedes antici albidi ; auricula) perrnagnre ; cauda corpore loDgior ; mystaces elongati. ''Intermediate in size between M. musculus and M. rattus. Pelage soft and velvety. Head conic, lengtbened ; lip cleft to tbe nose ; muzzle hairy except the septum. Ears very large and broad, but higher than wide, rounded, but with the upper margin a little angular. Tail long, nearly equal to the head and bodu together, but sometimes only exceeding the body alone. Feet ('pattes' — more likely meaning limbs here) very long, especially the hinder, the animal standing high. Color, dark brownish mouse-gray ('gris de souris brun-uoiratre '), with a slight silvery shade on the back, the very tips of the hairs being yellowish- gray ; head not quite so dark ; cheeks rusty-gray ; the yellowish always stronger on the flanks. Feet, externally yellowish-gray (gris-fauve). Lips and chin pale yellowish-gray, and entire under parts gray- ish-white, apparently plumbeous, because the slaty roots of the hairs show through; the white distinctly separated from the color of the flanks. Breast and front of the shoulder washed with yellow. Fore feet white, or grayish ; the hinder brown, with the ends of the toes white. Ears apparently naked, but covered with short close hairs. Tail scaly, slightly hairy, black above, white below. Whiskers blackish, very long, reaching to or beyond the shoulders. "Some individuals are yellower than as above; the sides becoming ferrugineous, strongly marked on the flanks at the liue of separation between itself, the white of the belly here becoming almost pale orange. Sides and under surface of the head, as well as the shoulder and breast, strongly washed wilh rusty-yellow. In other specimens, on the contrary, the rusty color is not very evident. " Length of one specimen, about 42V, with tail 4J; of another, about 4, with tail 3$; hind foot slightly over one inch." The foregoing is M. Do Saussure's diagnosis, with an abridged translation of his further descrip- tion ; tbe chief points of discrepancy, as compared with our specimens of melanojihrys, being italicized. It is inserted for convenience of comparison. MUltlDiE— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS MELANOPHEYS. 103 rather scant-haired. Absolute and relative proportions of both fore and hind feet and their digits as in leucopus ; soles moderately hairy on the posterior third. Ears large and leafy, appearing naked, but, with a hand-lens, may be seen covered with short, sparse, close-pressed hairs. Whiskers reaching to or beyond the shoulder. Skull strictly as in Hesperomys leucopus (the palate ending opposite the last molars, not far behind them, as in Mus, Oryzomys, &c), but less thin and papery, and developing a slight bead on the superior margin of the orbit, as in the larger mice generally ; this may be traced nearly to the occiput. Color above giving the general impression of a uniform gray mouse, rather than a red mouse with darker median dorsal area, like leucopus or aztecus. It is a gray, enlivened with fulvous suffusion, slightly darker along the back, more decidedly fulvous on the sides, and everywhere with a peculiar slight glaucous or hoary suffusion. On the head, the gray shows noticeably purer, and the eyes seem encircled with a black ring, in marked contrast, the edges of the eyelids and a small anteocular space being jet-black. This is strong enough to suggest and warrant the specific name above imposed ; I have seen nothing like it in any other species. Color below pure white, but the plumbeous roots of the hair show through, giving a grayish cast. Line of demarkation everywhere abrupt between the white and the color of the upper parts. The outside of the tore leg is colored to the very wrist, but the top of the hand is white. On the hind leg, likewise, the color runs to the tarsus and a little beyond, forming a definite dark spot at the base of the metatarsus; the remaining five-sixths of the surface of the foot is pure white. Tail above like the back, below gray — not pure white, nor the line of demarkation very sharp, though evident. Ears an undefinable color in the dried state, showing simply flesh-colored, probably, in life. No yellowish nor fulvous tinge on the chin, breast, or any other under pails. Length four inches, or a little more. Tail four and a half to jive inches. Hind foot one inch, a slight fraction more or less. Ear, measured from the notch in front, about four-fifths of an inch. Nose to eye, 0.62; to ear, 1.12. Habitat — Southern Mexico (Tehuacan ; Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Sumlchrast). The great difficulty of recognizing from descriptions the smaller mice that show no striking peculiarities of form is well known, and must be our 104 MOKOGKAl'US OP NOBTB AMERICAN KODEXTIA. apology in tliis instance if melanophrys turns out to be simply mexicanus. At first, we referred our specimens to the latter with little hesitation; but, on reviewing the subject, they show so many differences from M. De Saussure's description that we cannot effect an identification. In general dimensions, the two species, if such they are, seem nearly the same; but in mexicanus, the tail is only longer than the body alone, never even equaling the head and body together; while in all our specimens the tail is considerably longer than the head and body. This, however, taken alone, we should not consider a specific difference, after our experience with Hesperomys "myoides" and ''boylii''; but there are other differences. De Saussure speaks of grayish- white under parts, with yellowish on the chin and breast; but in these speci- mens the whole under parts are as uniformly pure white as in leucopus. lie says the hind feet are brown ; in our animal, they are pure white, with a defi- nite dusky area at the base of the metatarsus The tail in his animal is described as white below ; in ours, the bicoloration is not so evident as this would imply. Finally, he makes no mention of the singularly conspicuous black ring around the eye. All things considered, it is most probable that De Saussure had in view an entirely different animal. The skull, as already stated, is extremely similar to that of Hesperomys leucopus, the species thus falling legitimately in the restricted group, of which leucopus is typical. The chief difference is the presence of a distinct bead on the margin of the orbits, traceable nearly to the occiput. This, however, we cannot consider as even subgeneric ; for, as elsewhere stated, it is only the smallest and most delicate Hesperomys that are entirely devoid of this crest, which makes its appearance with a very slight increase in the general size and vigor of any species. The dentition shows nothing peculiar. The pal- ate, as in H leucopus, ends as a simple transverse shelf opposite the last molar — a feature by which, as well as by its general slenderness, elongation of rostrum, &c, it is distinguished from that of Oryzomys; the latter agree- ing in the development of a slight orbital bead. Skull No. fffr measures 1.20 in length by 0.64 in breadth, thus obviously exceeding that of leucopus. The coronoid process appears extremely short and slight, merely a little spicu- lum; the bulla? ossese are noticeably small. Two female specimens show two pairs of inguinal mammae and one axil- lary pair. A note of Professor Sumichrast's, accompanying one of these, gives the following particulars: — "Nov. 30, 18G2. Found among the leaves MUlilDJS— SIGMODONTES— ONYOHOMYS. 105 of a maguey, in a nest built of fibres of 'zaiate', containing two little ones." This animal, compared with the somewhat smaller and the brighter- colored aztecus, bears much the same relations that the large gray californicus bears to the leucopus ("gambeli"), with which it is associated in California. Table XXIX.— Measurements of three (dry) individuals of H. MELANoriiRYS (=? mexicanus, DeS.) from Southern Mexico. Number. Locality. Collector. Nose to— '5 o u o o a a w Eye. Ear. Occi- put. Tail. 10183 10296 9511 F. Sumichrast do 0.62 1.12 1.40 1.30 4.15 4.00 3.90 5.00 4. CO 4.90 0.42 0.40 0. 40 1.04 1.06 0.99 0.78 0.81 0.77 do Note. — Since writing the preceding, we bave examined tbree otber specimens from Tebuantepec, which, if the same as the types of melanophri/s, lessen the chances that the latter is different from incxi- eanus. But they differ in many respects from the specimens jnst enumerated, being so very much smaller that we cannot satisfy ourselves of their identity. The tail only exceeds the body in one specimen, and here only by little ; in the others, it is about as long, relatively, as De Saussure gives for mexicanus. That these specimens are not immature is shown by the fact that one of them is a nursing female. In color, they are almost precisely like the foregeiug, but do not show the black ring round the eye, nor the dusky spot at base of the metatarsus. Oue of them is pure white below ; another is graj ish (it looks as if soiled) ; while the third has the faintest possible fulvous tinge all along the under parts. Much more material than that now in our possession will be required to determine the limits of variation of this large, gray, leucopus-Yike mouse of Mexico, and fix the species upon secure basis. Table XXX. — Measurements of three dried specimens, probably of melanopiirys, Coucs (=? mexicanus, DeS.), but much smaller. Number. Locality. Collector. Length. Tail. Foot, 9382 9389 9383 3.50 3.20 2.90 3. 20 3. 00 3.10 0.67 11.70 0. 69 do do do do Subgenus ONYCHOMYS, Baird. Hypndaus sp. Maximilian, Reise, etc. ii, 1841, 93 (ncc auct.). Mus sp. Aud. & Bacu., Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 327. Onychomys, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 458 (type, Hypudams leucogastcr, Max.). — Coues, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 1S-2. Chars. — Skull strictly as in He.tpe?w?ni/s, but molars larger, with sharper salient and reentrant angles. External form departing from Hesperomys, aud 10(5 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. approaching Arvicola in stoutness, and especially in shortness of tail and ears. Tail not one-half the length of the body alone, little if any longer than the head, very stout, tapering to an obtuse point. Ears small — about as in Evotomys — rounded, pilous both sides. Fore feet very large, two-thirds to one-half as long as the hind, with large, little curved, fossorial claws, longer than those of the hind feet ; the latter at most two-thirds as long as the tail. Soles quadrituberculate only, densely furry to the tubercles. Fur short, close, white beneath, as in Hesperomys. The remarkable mouse upon which the section was based is worthy of subgeneric separation, at least, from the Hesperomys group of which leucopus is typical. In its peculiar combination of characters, it stands quite alone among North American species. Although unmistakably a true Murine, as shown by the cranial and other fundamental characters, it nevertheless devi- ates much from Mus and Hesperomys, and approaches the Arvicolines. Its affinities with Evotomys are really close ; and it is through this genus that the way for it into Arvicola proper is opened. In external form, indeed — the stoutness of body, shortness of ears, and especially the shortness of tail — it resembles Evotomys rutilus, for example, more than it does Hesperomys leu- copus; while, at the same time, of its real affinity with the latter there can be no question An interesting parallel can be drawn between Onychomys as compared with Hesperomys, and Synaptomys as compared with Myoides. Onycliomys has the skull and dentition of Hesperomys in a body externally resembling Evotomys, while Synaptomys has the skull and dentition of Myoides in a body externally resembling Evotomys* Onychomys offers another inter- esting parallel. In the subgenus Pi/ymys as compared with Arvicola proper, three external characters are shortness of tail, shortness of ears, and length of fore feet and claws ; and therefore Onychomys stands in much the same relation to Hesperomys that Pity my s docs to Arvicola. These analogies are to us extremely interesting ; and the habits of Onychomys leucogastcr, when fully known, will doubtless be found to offer some peculiarities corresponding to the structural features. We are unable to point to any perfectly diagnostic characters of the skull of this section as compared with that of Hesperomys. In size it about equals the larger examples of 3. leucopus; it appears, however, somewhat narrower behind, with less interorbital constriction, and broader and more * See further under head of Evotomys considered as a synthetic form. MURIDJ3— SIGMODONTES— ONYGHOMYS. 107 obtuse rostrum. The margins of the orbits are not beaded as in Oryzomys. The descending process of the lower jaw is, perhaps, not quite so flat and quadrate, being a trifle more bent and angular, slightly foreshadowing the hamular process of Arvicolince ; and, likewise, the coronoid is longer, rising high above the condyle. To our view, the molars present unmistakably a slight deviation from Hesperomys toward Arvicolince. in being somewhat pris- matic; that is, with sharp salient and reentrant angles; the borders of the molar series being serrate, rather than crenate as in Hesperomys. Never- theless, no generic dental characters of Hesperomys are here violated. On casually picking up a specimen of Onychomys leucogaster, one might be forgiven for supposing the tail to be broken off — this member is so short and "stumpy". The base is very thick, and the tapering to an obtuse point is rapid. The tail is well clothed with hairs, as usual ; but these only furnish an apology for a terminal pencil. Both the absolute and relative length of the tail is shown in the table below. The large fore feet, armed with remarkably long and little curved claws, point to fossorial powers, and possibly to subterranean habits, not shared by any other Hesperomys. Next in importance, after the relative sizes of the fore and hind members (which latter are unusually short), must be ranked the peculiar condition of the soles, in which the two posterior of the six tubercles usually seen both in Hespero- mys and in Arvicola have disappeared, or at least cannot be detected beneath the fur that densely covers the metatarsus, leaving only four tubercles at the bases of the toes. The middle, finger is the longest of all; the fourth next; the first is rudimentary ; the fifth is between the second and first ; the second between the fifth and fourth. The inner toe is very short; the outer inter- mediate between this and the other three, which are all of about the same length. The ears, as we have said, are, in the type of the subgenus, much smaller than in Hesperomys proper, and very much as in Evotomys ; they are closely pilous both sides. The fur is very compact and lustrous, with few long hairs ; the whiskers are numerous and very long; the eyes are larger than in Arvicolines, but have not the size and prominence of those of the true Murines. The upper lip is cleft to the nasal papillae, and the entire muffle, except these protuberances, is hairy. The bicolor pattern of coloration is exactly as in Vesperimus. This section is based upon the Hypuditus leucogaster of Maximilian, after- ward the Mus missouriensis of Audubon and Bachman. To the original type- 108 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. species we have had the pleasure of adding a new and interesting variety, if not species, from a hitherto unsuspected locality. The following are the compar- ative diagnoses of the two forms: — Beneath, snow-white ; above, mouse-brown, with darker dorsal area Tail twice the hind foot or less ; much less than half the head and body. Fore foot more than half the hind foot. Ear about 0.50 high leucogastee. Beneath, tawny-white;* above, brownish-fulvous, with no darker dorsal area. Tail about two and a half times the hind foot; almost half as long as the head and body. Fore foot half the hind foot. Ear about 0.75 high. . . . (var.?) tokkidus HESPEROMYS (ONYCHOMYS) LEUCOGASTER (Maxim.). Missouri Mole-Mouse. HypudcBUS leueogaster, Maximilian, Reiso in das Inuere N.-Amer. ii, 1841, 99 (Fort Clark). Hesperomys (Onyehomys) leueogaster, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 480 (Nebraska). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1874, 182. Hesperomys leueogaster, Maximilian, Arch. Naturg. xviii, 1802, pi. 4, f. 8; Vcrz. N.-A. Sang. 1802, 101, fig. Mus missourieims, Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 327, pi. 100 (Fort Union). Habitat. — Upper Missouri region. Red River of the North (Coues). Our notice of the subgenus Onyehomys has necessarily involved the details of its type-species so largely that but little remains to be added. The absolute dimensions and relative proportions of several specimens, most of them additional to any heretofore published, are fully elucidated in the following table. In color, the animal closely resembles Hesperomys leucopus — so closely that it is difficult to describe any differences. When young, it is of the same plumbeous-gray above and ashy-white beneath ; and, with advancing age, these colors change to snowy-white below and fulvous-brown above, with a dusky dorsal area. The feet are white ; the tail is bicolor ; the whiskers are black, with a few white ones intermixed. The chief distinguishing feature in coloration, as compared with Hesperomys leucopus, is the mostly white muzzle. In leucopus, the white usually slopes down to the lips, leaving the nose of the color of the forehead ; while, in leueogaster, the while keeps on, and embraces the snout. This curious difference holds good in all the speci- " As intimated boyoud, wo are uot perfectly sure that the yellowish tiut is not duo to discolora- tion in alcohol. MUllID^E— SIGMODONTES— HESPEROMYS TOEEIDUS. 109 mens before us, and we do not doubt its constancy. It is well shown in Audu- bon's left-hand figure. One young specimen (No. 3092) from the Medicine Bow Mountains, in the gray pelage, is remarkably pale-colored above, the tail nearly white, &c This corresponds exactly with the pale Hesperomys var. sonoriensis and the pale Arvicola of the Pedomys section, from the same region. The only skull before us (No. VhV") offers the following measurements: — Length, 1.07; interorbital width, 0.20 (the zygomata are destroyed); width across cranium, 0.48 ; lower jaw, from tips of incisors to condyle, 0.72 ; length of upper molar series, 0.19. Table XXX. — Measurements of nine specimens of Hesperomys (Onychomys) leucogaster. Date. Locality. Collector. Nose to- Remarks. H . i> ftm l2549 7492 4007 3092 3091 3378 3703 3704 ,1855 Near Missouri River . do July 23, 1857 Sept. 10, 1857 Ruimiugwater Fort Riley, Kans Medicine Bow Mountains . . Republican River, Kans. Ter Neosho Falls, Kans. Ter do do F. V. Hayden . ...do ...do 0.60 0.60 1.07 1.00 1.25 1.28 H. Brandt . . W. S.Wood. ...do B. F. Goss... ...do ..do 0.61 0.50 0.58 1. 00 1. 15 1. 00 1. 15 4.00 4.00 4.35 3.50 3.50 4.50 4.50 4.25 4.40 1.40 1. 80 0. 52 1. 05 0. 50 1. 00 0. 40 1.30 0.40 0.88 O.K. 0.S8 0.70 J. 76 t. GO 0.44 0.87 1. 30 0. 42 0 83 1.50 0.50 0.82 1.40 0.53 0.85 Dry. II. II Alcoholic. 0.50 ... do. 0.40 Not grown 0.52 ...do. 0.52 Stretched. 0.48 Dry. 0.53 ....do. 0.52 ....do. * Other measurements of 2549, given by B;md, are:— Fore arm, 0.82; longest finger and claw, 0 34; its claw alone, 0.20; femur, 0.85; tibia, 1.05; longest toe and claw, 0.30; its claw alone, 0.14. HESPEROMYS (ONYCHOMYS) TORRIDUS, Coues. Arizona Mole-Mouse. Hesperomys (Onychomys) torridus, Cooes, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1374, 183. Diagnosis. — O. imaginem O. leucogastris referens, sed caudd longiore, au- riculis praclpue major/bus, plant/'* minus pilosis, unguibus vianiis debilioribus, et coloribus magis Jlavescentibus, primo visu differt ; murino-fulvus ; rostro toto, pedibus, par tibusque omnibus inferioribus jluvo-albis ; caudd lined fused angus- tatd nee ad apkem porrectd supra notatd. Long. 3f, caudal 2, manus f, pedis I, auricula) fere f. Habitat. — Arizona. (No. D886, 9.) — On comparing this animal with typical leucogaster from Kansas and Nebraska, the differences in general form are obvious. Truly Onychomys, with Jhe unmistakable aspect of that section, yet the members are 110 MONOGRAMS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODKNTIA. larger. This is particularly noticeable in the ears. The small arvicola-Iike ears of O. leucogaster arc among its striking external features; in torridus, the ears are fully as long as in ordinary Hesperomys, measuring nearly three- fourths of an inch long by about half an inch wide. The ears are delicately pilous, with fluffy tuft at base; basally, the membrane is flesh-colored, other- wise it is dusky, with a delicate silvery margin. The fore feet-have the claws noticeably smaller than in average leucogaster, but this is a very variable fea- ture iu the latter species. It is probably owing to this shortness of the claws that in torridus the hands are only half as long as the soles; in leucogaster, they are almost invariably more than this; sometimes upward of two-thirds as long. The hind feet are pilous underneath to the toes, showing only four tubercles, as in leucogaster, but the hairiness is not so dense. The tail, like the ears, is much longer than in leucogaster. In the latter, it ordinarily ranges from 1J to 1§ of an inch in length, sometimes scarcely exceeding the length of the head, and being usually less than twice the hind foot. In torridus, the tail is at least half the head and body together, and noticeably more than twice as long as the hind foot. These various discrepancies in form are, in fact, so prominent that we have been obliged to remodel in some respects the diagnosis of the subgenus, as we originally drew it up from consideration of leucogaster alone. The colors* are highly characteristic. The snowy-white of the whole under parts and feet of leucogaster is replaced by a yellowish-white, or an extremely pale buff or fawn. The dark stripe along the top of the tail is very narrow, and falls considerably short of the tip, which is wholly whitish. The whole muzzle is whitish, as in leucogaster ; the fluffy hairs about the ears give rise to a pale patch in front of each, which, with the dusky body of the ear and its silvery edging, produce a parti-coloration not seen in leucogaster. The entire upper parts are of a warm though rather light brownish-fulvous, entirely different from the gray mouse-brown which leucogaster usually exhibits, and, moreover, without appreciable darker dorsal area. The line of demarkation along the sides is abrupt, as in leucogaster. The animal is apparently somewhat smaller than an average leucogaster, but not much so, and not less than some specimens of the latter. No. 9886 measures, nose to eye, 0.50 ; to ear, 0.95; to occiput, 1.25; to root of tail "Our type has been skinned out of alcohol; still, we are not snro that tho fluid has appreciably affected tho coloration, for specimens of leucogaster which have lain iu spirits a much longer time are not. changed perceptibly. ^ M UR1DM— SIGMODONTES— ORYZOM YS. 1 1 1 (perhaps a little stretched), 3.75; tail to end of vertebrae, 1.90; to end of hairs, 2.00; fore foot, 0.40; hind foot, 0.80; ear 0.70 high, 0.40 wide. Camp Grant, Arizona. The specimen is a female, apparently having recently bred, showing four well-developed inguinal teats ; pectoral mammae, if existing, have eluded our search, and were certainly not functionally developed in this case. As already intimated, this single specimen is differentiated from leuco- gaster according to extensively applicable laws of geographical variation ; for which reason we suspect that intermediate examples will eventually be found, showing it to be merely an offset from leucogaster. But if any links exist, they remain unknown. Subgenus ORYZOMYS, Baird. < Mus sp. Haplan, Am. Journ. Sci. 1837 < Hesperomijs sp. Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. 1843. X An-icola sp. Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853. = Orywmys, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 458 ; type, Mus palustris, Hael. Coues, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 183. Chars. — Superior margin of orbit with a prominent sharp edge or bead. Anteorbital foramen nearly circular above (somewhat as in Zapodidce), con- tinued below as a slit much narrower than in Hesperomys proper. Maxillary plate forming outer wall of the foramen not produced anteriorly into a pointed process (cf. Sigmodon). Posterior border of palate produced behind last molars, a deep pit intervening on either side ; post-palatal notch narrow, with parallel sides, and nearly straight, transverse, anterior border. Hind legs short, but feet very long and large (much as in Fiber), with obliquely-set long toes ; densely pilous above, but soles perfectly naked, granular, with one long, nar- row, poslero-internal tubercle (as in Mus) and five small ones. Lateral toes very unequal in length, the fifth reaching to the penultimate joint of the fourth (cf. Sigmodon^ ; all the toes have a slight but evident basal webbing. Fore feet small, not half as long as the hinder, pilous above ; palms perfectly naked. Ears small, little overtopping the fur, hirsute both sides, with a fluffy tuft on the concavity. Nasal pads more noticeable than in other sections. Tail long, about equaling head and body, scant-haired, especially above where the dermal scales as well as the vertebral annuli are visible. Fur glossy, but coarse from the number of bristly hairs. AVhiskers sparse and short, exceed- 112 MONOGRAPHS OF NOltTn AMERICAN RODENTIA. insr, however, those of Sigmodon, though falling short of those of Hesperomt/s proper. Exceeding in size any other known North American species of Hes- peromyS) and with the general appearance of Sigmodon or even Mus. Further details of this interesting section, t he most conspicuous among North American Hesperomys, and almost worthy of generic rank, will be found under the head of its typical and only known species, the common "Rice-field Mouse" of the Southern States. While it does not require for its identifica- tion any comparison with its allies, we may here note the position it holds among them, after a description of the skull. Skull (Nos. mi, Utt, from South Carolina).— The size of the skull alone distinguishes it from that of any other North American Hesperomys, except, perhaps, H californicus, measuring nearly an inch and a quarter in length by nearly two-thirds of an inch in zygomatic breadth. It has, how- ever, other interesting peculiarities. Prominent among them is the sharp ridge or bead into which the superior edge of the orbit is produced. However sharp the border of the orbit may be in the smaller Hesperomys, it does not form this bead, which seems to characterize chiefly larger forms, as we find it in Mus decumanus, Sigmodon hispidus, &c. The anteorbital foramen tends to assume a rather unusual shape for a Sigmodont, being subcircular above, and running into a narrow slit below ; the feature, however, is not very strongly marked, and may vary, moreover, with different individuals. We have seen skulls of Mus decumanus in much the same condition. As in Mus, Sigmodon, and Hesperomys proper, the incisive palatine foramina are long, reaching to or even beyond a point opposite the anterior molars; the opposite is shown in Ncotoma, where the foramina fall far short of the molar series. The great backward production of the bony palate that Oryzomys shows does not occur in apy other North American Hesperomys (where the posterior edge of the pal- ate is about opposite the last molar), and perhaps represents one extreme in this respect, of which Neotoma, where the palate is scooped out to opposite the middle molar, may be the other extreme. The little deep pit, or fossa, on either side of the palate opposite the last molar, is as in Sigmodon; but in the latter these pits are separated by a median lengthwise process, which is not the case in Oryzomys, where the hind border of the bony palate is almost perfectly straight crosswise. This backward extension of the palate in Ory- zomys is almost exactly the same as in Mus {decumanus); and, altogether, the cranial characters, saving the Sigmodont dentition, are certainly the nearest to those of typical Mus of any Hesperomys of North America, if indeed they MURIDiE— SIGMODONTES-DESPEROMYS PALUSTErS. 113 are not actually more like Mas than they are like Hesperomys. Tliis cranial resemblance to Old World Murines is strikingly borne out by the external characters of the animal, which, in general appearance, looks really more like a small house-rat than like one of our New World Hesperomys. The resem- blance is at a climax in the very long, scant-haired tail, on which not only are the annuli distinct, but the granular plates perfectly evident, at least along the upper side of the tail. The aquatic nature of the animal is indicated by the feet and ears. The former are much like those of Fiber in being naked and granular beneath, velvety-pilous above, and especially in having such long toes, slightly webbed at base and set oblicpiely on the metatarsus, to facilitate their "feathering" during their forward motion in swimming. The low, orbicular, thickly hirsute ears are specially provided with a fluffy tuft inside to guard against entrance of water, and the antitragus is well developed for the same purpose. While the general construction of the feet is much as in Fiber, the tuberculation of the soles is like that of Mus. On the whole, we may consider this animal as (next after Onychomys leucogaster, which leans so strongly toward Arvicola through Evotomys) the most aberrant of the North American group of small Hesperomys, sharing many features of the larger Sigmodon, showing a slight approach, by analogy at least, to Fiber, and having much real affinity with the Old World Mus proper. It is certainly the nearest to typical Mus of anything we have in North America ; it inclines toward Mus proper, and especially to Sigmodon* much as Onychomys, our only other subtypical section of Hesperomys, does toward Arvicola. HESPEROMYS (ORYZOMYS) PALUSTRIS, (Harl.) Wagner. Rice-fleld Mouse. Mus palustris, Harlan, Am. Journ. Sci. xxxi, 1837, 386 (New Jersey). Hesperomys palustris, Wagner, Suppl. Scbrob. iii, 1843, 543. — LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 410.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Cotup. Zool. ii, 1870, 182 (Florida). Hesperomys {Oryzomys) palustris, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 482 (Georgia aud South Carolina). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 184. Arvicola oryzivora, Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 214, pi. 144, fig. 3. Habitat. — South Atlantic and Gulf States, especially in maritime por- tions and in rice-fields. Kansas ! (Goss). Mexico (Sumichrast). Jamaica?? The specific characters of this animal are necessarily involved with * We Lave already noted how close is the relation between Oryzomys aud Sigmodon, showing that the former is as much to be considered a section of Sigmodon as of Hesperomys, and that Sigmodon itself is hardly or not more different from ordinary Hesperomys than Oryzomys is. 8 M 114 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTTT AMERICAN RODENTIA. those of the subgenus of which it is the type and only representative, and probably most of them have already been mentioned in our account of Ory- zomys. The animal varies a great deal in size, from the dimensions of a third-grown house-rat up to the size of a small individual of that species; and these larger ones really look so much like Mus decumanus that one might almost be excused for making the mistake. The tail, as usual, varies still more than the body in length. The body and tail average, perhaps, about equal to each other in length ; the former ranges usually from about four to five and a half inches in length. In the largest specimen before me, No. 3327, from Neosho Falls, Kans., the total length of trunk and tail together is lOi inches; figures far above any reached by any other North American Ilesperomys (the largest H. californicus falls short of 9£ in the same measure- ment). The general range of variation is much the same as in other Hespr.ro- mys. This, with the absolute size and relative proportion of parts, is so fully illustrated in the table below that further notice here is unnecessary. The pelage of this animal is rather coarse, if not harsh, but it is glossy from the great proportion of long, glossy, soft bristles that it has. Perhaps the most interesting point in this connection is the unequal hairiness of the upper and under surfaces of the tail. On top, this member is so scantily hir- sute that the pavement of granular reticulations is distinctly visible; below, the plates are generally hidden by longer and more numerous hairs. The difference is most evident in those tails that are distinctly bicolor. There is a great range of variation in this latter regard ; some tails being almost as sharply bicolor as in H. leucopus, while others are merely a little paler below than above. In this case, as in others throughout the genus, we have often thougbt that the difference is not so much an individual matter as one depend- ent upon season, age, and state of health; and that the same individual may change in this respect. Like H. aureolus (nuttalli), this animal does not show the sharp dividing line along the sides between the colors of back and belly ; the two generally blend insensibly. The darker color always reaches down the limbs to the ankle and wrist, and involves the extremity of the snout, although the lips and cheeks are like the belly. The color is a mixture of yellowish-brown, grayish-brown, and black, producing the grizzly rat-color impossible to name. The mixture is very intimate; only the lighter shades prevail over the sides and rump, and the darker along the dorsal area, some- times producing a pretty distinct stripe, but oftener shading insensibly into the general hue. The under parts are whitish, of varying purity, but rarely MURIDiE— SIGMODONTES— FIESPEROMYS PALUSTRIS. 115 quite pure; generally, it is obscured by the ashy of the roots of the hairs showing through, and it often has a faint brownish wash, like a very weak dilution of the color of the sides. The ears have no distinctive coloration. The eye is usually surrounded by a slight blackish area, which sometimes, as in No. 1305, extends as a frenum to the muzzle, there meeting its fellow. The moderately abundant whiskers, of medium length, are some of them black, others colorless. The palms and soles are both perfectly naked ; on top, these members are clothed to the nails with short close-pressed hairs of satiny texture and luster, sometimes pure glossy-white, at others soiled; this furring is generally dense, but sometimes so scanty that the flesh-color of the skin shows through Sometimes the palms and soles are flesh-colored, sometimes they are black ish. The soles are 6-tuberculate : (i) a long linear tubercle along the inner side, midway between toe and heel; (2) a very minute one just outside the anterior end of the last ; (3, 4) one at base of both inner and outer toe ; and (5, 6) two at bases of the three central toes. Where non-tuberculate, most of the sole is granular-reticulate; all the toes are annular-scaled transversely underneath, with a terminal node. The 2d, 3d, and 4th toes are very long, and almost of equal length ; the 5th reaches nearly to the middle of the 4th ; the 1st scarcely beyond the base of the 2d. The claws are all short, thick, little curved, and not very sharp ; the calcaneal tuberosity is prominent ; traces of the several metatarsals are evident. The largeness of the foot itself is in striking contrast with the shortness of the hind leg. There arc five tuber- cles on the palms, almost entirely occupying the surface : two very large ones posteriorly, subequal in size and side by side, in fact almost coalescing; the inner of these bears the little nodule, capped by a bit of horn that represents the pollex. There is another smaller tubercle at the base of the 2d and 5th fingers respectively ; and a fifth at the conjoined base of the 3d and 4th fin- gers. The 3d finger is longest, the 4th but little shorter ; the 2d and 5th successively diminish rapidly. Unlike the feet, the ears arc not densely and softly pilous as in other Hesperomys, but are hirsute — almost strigous — with rather long and stiffish straight hairs, that form a slight fringe. A part of these, nearest the antitra- gus, on the concavity of the auricle, are longer than the rest, and form the tuft already mentioned. The back of the ear is pretty evenly furred, though rather more scantily toward its base than around the edge. The ears project a little beyond the general fur. 116 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. This remarkable rat has hitherto only been reported from the Southern Atlantic seaboard, where it is said to be abundant, particularly in the rice dis- tricts. It is eminently aquatic; in this respect equaling the Arvicola amphi- bius of Europe, and, in our country, only surpassed by the musk rat. Its whole structure, but particularly its feet and ears, point to its amphibious nature. Several specimens in the present collection, from unsuspected localities, enable us to greatly extend its known range. Several were taken in Kansas by Mr. B. F. Goss, who also forwarded from the same locality in that State (Neosho Falls) examples of Onychomys leucogaster, Pedomys austerus, Synaptomys cooper/., and other interesting animals. These Kansas specimens of Oryzo- mys are larger than Carolina or Georgia ones, and otherwise a little differ- ent in having heavier tails, lighter colors, &c. ; but do not raise a suspicion of specific distinction* The original Mus palustris of Harlan purports to be from New Jersey ; and, as there is no reasonable doubt of this, it is the northernmost recorded locality. There is little to be said of the bibliography of the species ; in fact, the "General Remarks" in Audubon and Bachman, which are here repro- duced to settle the question of Mus palustris, Harlan, comprise everything essential. "We obtained,'' they say (op. cit. 216), "specimens of Arvicola oryzivora in the winter of 1816, but did not describe it until May 1836. . . . Having occasion to send descriptions of several, then undescribed, species to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, we sent a specimen of this animal to Dr. Pickering, requesting him and Dr. Harlan to compare it with the Arvicola riparius of Ord. . . . In searching in the Academy, a speci- men of this species was found, and Dr. Harlan, in opposition to the views of Pickering, felt himself authorized to publish it in Silliman's American * A specimen, No. 9436, from Tuchitau, Tehuantepec (Professor Sumichrast), I cannot distinguish from the ordinary palustris of Carolina. It is about 4.25 long ; tail, 4.50; foot, 1.20. In color, it is a little clearer than most Carolina skins, yet not of the paler yellowish-brown noticed in Kansas ones, but rather a brighter fulvons-brown ; the under parts are unusually pure white. I have not met with any Mexican quotations of Ory:om\js ; but if any species has been described from Mexico, and of which No. 94150 is an example, it cannot well prove different from palustris. The case seems to me to be parallel with that of the Sigmodous elsewhere discussed. Two Jamaican skins of Oryzomys (Nos. 7775 and 8117), received since the preceding was written, agree completely with palustris in size and shape, but are noticeably different in color. They are of a rich ferrugineous-brown, only a little darker along the back, and the under parts are strongly washed with a dilution of the same. The difference, indeed, from the ordinary dark Carolina palustris, is nearly as evident as in some of the dullest Hesperomys aureolus compared with lnuopus. Probably these speci- mens represent a race if not a good species; but, in my ignorance of the physico-geographical influences that work upon the West Indian rats, I cannot pursue the subject, and especially refrain from giving any name to the animal, as I presume it has been described, though I have not met \\ith any reference to it. MURID.E— SIGMODONTES— DESPEROMYS PALUSTRIS. 117 Journal (vol. xxxi), bestowing on it the name of Mus palustris, making use of the head of our specimen for an examination of the teeth." Thus it appears that Harlan's species was based, in part at least, upon the very same specimen that afterward became the type of Arvicola oryzi- vora, Aud. & Bach. The latter authors, naturally disliking Harlan's pre- emption of their species, re-appropriated it to themselves in this wise : — They took it for an Arvicola, and reasoned that "as the name 'Arvicola palustris' is preoccupied (Harlan,* Fauna, p. 136) we are favored with an opportunity * * of restoring it to its true genus under the name [oryzivora] given by its legitimate describer." How such excellent naturalists as Audubon and Bach man could have been betrayed into such a blunder as to consider Oryzo- mys an Arvicola, we cannot imagine ; but they were just as wide of the mark when they placed Hesperomys sonoriensis, Led, and "campestris", LeC, and "texana", Woodh., all under Arvicola; and when they described the Texan Sigmodon as Arvicola texiana. To be sure, it was vexatious that Harlan should have anticipated them in such a summary way; but for this often- recurring accident there is no help that we can see ; and, at any rate, the genus Arvicola proved an inconveniently small loop-hole in this case. Table XXXI. — Measurements of keenly specimens of Hesperomys palustris. a 'A Locality. Collector. Nose to — o > o .2 h o o £ a a u W Nature. cj 3 a, °S o O "n H 2 1U7 ZITl 1247 1248 2603 2604 2605 2609 2610 2611 2612 2702 *7488 2710 2711 2606 2607 .1701 3702 3327 9436 d Society Hill, S. C 4.00 3.75 4.00 4.50 4. 10 4.25 3.70 3.80 4.00 4.00 3.60 4.50 3.60 3.80 4.80 4.05 4.05 3.75 3.80 4.50 4.20 3.90 3.85 0.50 0.48 0.52 0.53 0.45 0.50 0.43 0.42 0.50 0.48 0.44 0.45 0.59 0.50 0.52 II. 50 0.46 0. 50 0. 57 1. IS 1. 17 1.17 1.15 1.10 1.15 1.08 1.11 i. 18 1.12 1.05 1.01 1.15 1.10 1.16 1.14 1.00 1.10 1. £0 1.20 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.53 0.52 0.58 0.45 0.52 0.50 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.40 Dry. ...do. ...do. ...do. Alcoholic. .. do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Dry. ...do. ...do. ...do. do ...do 1.33 do ...do ....do do do ...do ... do 0.54 O.fO 0.52 0. 53 0.60 1.12 1.10 1.00 0.96 1.10 0.90 1.00 0.90 1.12 1. 12 1. 19 1.30 1.35 1.25 1.25 1.35 1. 35 I. 25 1.20 1. 30 1. 40 1.60 9 cf do Saint Simon's Island, Ga.. do ...do S.W.Wilson ...do do ...do do do ...do ...do 0.52 0.5) 0.00 0.61 0.05 do ....do ? Tehuantepcc, Mexico J.P.Postell ...do ..do B.F.Goss ...do 3 75 3.80 4. 55 4.65 4.25 4 75 5. 50 4.25 4.25 4.10 3.70 3.90 4.50 4.00 5.00 4.50 Neosho Falls, Kans. Ter. . . do ...do ...do Tobuantepec, Mexico F. Sumicbrast. ... [ This number is complemented by suckling young from Nos. 9998 to 10012, inclusive. •Harlan's Arvicola palustris \& = A» riparius, Ord. 118 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Niui:.— As preliminary to consideration of the genus Ochelo&on, a notice of the South American Seilhrodoii is introduced, to facilitate comparison between the two. Genus RBITHRODON, Waterhousa Rdthrodon, Waii urioi sk, Proc. /.mil. Sue. 1837,29; Zool. Voy. Beagle, pt. ii, 1839 (nee LeConte, Baird). Diagnosis. — Upper incisors snicate. Rostral portion of the skull large iu proportion to the cra- nial, producing a high convex forehead; zygomatic width of skull about two-thirds its length ; inter- orbital portion narrow ; posterior Dares contracted from close approximation of the pterygoids; palate with lateral paired fossa;, and ending nearly opposite or beyond the last molar; incisive foramina very long, extending to or beyond the first molar ; coronoid process small and exllected ; condyloid narrow and very oblique; descending process large, Bubquadrate, the emargination between this and the condyle deep. Size large ; form stout and compact ; head broad and arched; eyes large and prominent. Ears moderate, pilous. Soles hairy behind ; lateral toessubequal aud extremely short. Tail short, about one- half the head aud body, moderately hairy. Not withstanding this genus has certain peculiarities of external form that combine to produce an aspect unusual among Murines, it is certainly a true member of the subfamily, as AVaterhouse originally pointed out, aud agrees with Murines iu every essential feature. It may be recognized at once by the longitudinal grooving of the upper incisors, a feature not shared by any other South American mice as far as is known, and only again met with among American Murinw in the North Americau genus Ocheto- don. But we are satisfied, from our study of Waterhouse's perspicacious accounts, that in this case the grooving of the incisors is a character merely incidental to two genera otherwise widely separated ; for in several points of cranial structure, and many external features, Oclielodon is very uulike Reithrodon. The former includes little animals whose general appearance may be summed up as that of Mits mnscutiis, while the latter comprises large species with a strikingly rabbit-like appearance (see also under Uchctodon). Indeed, wo are not satisfied that the three species originally referred to Beithrodon do not themselves share sulcation of the superior incisors as a character only incidental to two different types of at least subgencric value. They certainly differ notably in several cranial peculiarities as well as external fea- tures. There is a remarkable difference in the shape of the plate inclosing the anteorbital foramen, in the details of the palatal structure, aud in the form of the under jaw ; while there are external charac- ters in the proportions of the tail, feet, aud ears. Iu the respects of palatal structure aud the form of the anterior zygomatic root, there is a curious analogy to the same points as distinguishing Sigmodon and Oryzumya from each other. We may tabulate the distinctive characters of Reithrodon, and of Ennmmya, as we have termed the new subgenus, as follows: — Reithrodon, Watekhouse. — Anterior root of zygoma deeply emarginated in front. Palate ending much behind the molar series, and showing a median ridge intervening between lateral paired deep excavatious. Pterygoid fossa? deeply excavated, and the bones very closely approximated. Incis- ive foramina reaching beyond first molars. Condyloid process of lower jaw concave internally; descending process rounded off inferiorly ; coronoid process very oblique. — TYPE, R. cuviculoides. Euneomye, Nob., Proc. Acad. Thila. 1374, lrto. — Anterior root of zygoma about straight iu front. Palate ending nearly opposite the last molais, slightly ridged or excavated. Pterygoid fossai shal- low and these bones less approximated. Incisive foramina reaching only to first molars. Condyle. d processof lower jaw flat internally; descending process angular; coronoid process nearly vertical. — Type, /.'. ehinckilloides. There are other differences in the relative proportions of the skull ; and doubtless additioual diag- nostic features could be adduced, but these will suffice. Aside from the grooving of the upper incisors, the dentition of this genus is of the ordinary sigmo- don t pattern, calling for little further comment. The incisors, as usual in the subfamily, are deeper antero- posterior!}' than they are wide across. The molars decrease regularly iu sizo and complexity from before backward; the front upper one has two external and two internal folds of enamel, the resulting three saliencies ou each side beiug about opposite each other, while the two reen trances from each side, which mr.t on the face of the tooth, are alternate. The other two upper teeth have but one internal aud two external folds ; the posterior one of the latter, in each tooth, being much deeper and more tortuous than any of the others. The front under molar shows on the outer side three perfect reentrant loops, and ou the inner side two such, but may have one additional slight loop on each side, from indentations of the anterior end of the tooth. The mid-lower molar has two folds on the outside and oue on the inner side, sometimes, however, wnu trace of another. The back lower molar has but oue fold ou either side; these MURIDiE— SIGMODONTES— EEITORODON. 1 19 alternate, ami in some stages of wear show a perfect letter S, at one time supposed to l>o character- istic of tho genus Sigmodon, but now known to be a pattern of common, if, indeed, it bo not of universal, occurrence among American Marina:. The genus appears to bo confined to the southern part of South America, from which three species have been described. Two of these, It. cuniculoides and R. chiuchilloides, are sharply distinguished by the characters already pointed out, and others; but the differences between R. cuuicu hides and R. lypicus are not so clear. It seems to us probable that the latter will prove to bo, if not identical with, at most only a geographical race of cuniculoides — the ascribed characters appear, according to our experience with this family, to be within an ordinary range of variation in the same species. But without specimens we can- not, of course, presume to say that such is the case; and we redescribe the three species, as wo have tho genus itself, from Waterhouse's original notices. EEITHKODON CUNICULOIDES, Waterhouse. Reithrodon cuniculoidee, Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 30; Zool. Voy. Beagle, pt. ii, 09, pi. xxvi (animal), pi. xxxiii, figs. 26, 2c, 2d, 2c (teeth), pi. xxxiv, figs. 2a, 26, 2c (skull). Diagnosis. — Yellowish-gray mixed with black; throat and belly pale yellow; rump and feet white; ears of medium size; yellowish, with a yellowish-white patch behind them; tail about half as long as the head and body, bicolor, dusky above, white below. Length, 04 ; tail, 3£ ; hind feet, 1J ; ear, J. Habitat. — Patagonia (Port Desire, Saint Julian, Santa Cruz; Darwin). The fur is described as long and soft ; the general color of the upper parts is "grayish-brown with a considerable admixture of yellow "; the sides are yellowish-gray, paler below, fading into yellowish- white underneath, and there is a patch of the same behind the ears, which are also yellowish; mous- taches very long and numerous, black and gray ; soles partly hairy ; hairs of the tail sufficient to hide the an mil i, dusky above, white below; iucisors yellow. The dimensions of a skull are given as follows: — Length, 1^ ; width, ft. The teeth are very satisfactorily figured, enlarged in the plate above cited, while a glance at plate 20 is sufficient to show the curious general appearance of the species which suggested its specific namo. REITHRODON TYPICUS, Waterhouse. Reithrodon typhus, Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 30 ; Zool. Voy. Beagle, pt. ii, 1839, 71, pi. xxxiii, fig. Aa (teeth). As described, this supposed species differs from tho last in being smaller, with shorter feet, aud longer ears, and of darker color. The dimensions assigned are, length, 0 inches; hind foot, 1 inch 2^ lines; ear, 8£ lines. From La Plata (Maldonado, Darwin). As already intimated, we admit the species on probation, suspecting it will not prove distinct from cuniculoides. It does not appear why it was named " typieus", since the genus appears to have been drawn up from the better-known cuniculoides, which must stand as the type of Reithrodon. It. chinchil- loidts was not described until two years afterward. REITHRODON (EUNEOMYS) CHINCHILLOIDES, Waterhouse. Reithrodon chiuchilloides, Waterhouse, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 1839, pt. ii, 72, pi. xxvii (animal); pi. xxxiv, figs. 20a, 206, 20c, 2Qd, 20c, 20/ (skull and teeth). Reithrodon (Euneomys) chincMlloides, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1844, 185. Diagnosis. — Cinereous, washed with yellowish-dusky, under parts yellowish-white; tail dusky above, white below, half as long as the head and body ; ears and tarsi rather short. Length, 5 inches; tail, 2J ; tarsus, 1 ; ear, hardly -J. Skull, \'s long, 8^ lines wide. Habitat.— Straits of Magellan. We have already detailed the notable structural characters by which this species differs from cuniculoides or typieus; and the plate above cited shows an animal of different external appearance. It is smaller, with apparently disproportionately smaller members, the color different, and tho fur particu- larly long and soft — a circumstance suggesting its specific name, although it has, like cuniculoides, the curious rabbit-like aspect characteristic of the genus. 120 MONOGRAmS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Genus OCHETODON, Coues. x Mas sp., Aui>. & Bach. X Uvtperomyt sp., Wagner. = BeUhrodon, LeCo.nte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S53, 413— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 447. Not of Watcrh. = Ochctodon, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 184. Chars. — With the general appearance of Mus proper, but the essential characters of Hesperomys, except that the superior incisors are deeply grooved lengthwise. Tail about as long as the head and body. The occurrence in North America of sigmodont mice with sulcate inci- sors was first made known in 1841 by Audubon and Bachman, who described l\[us humilis. Their animal was almost immediately referred to Hesperomys by Wagner. These authors overlooked, or, at any rate, did not take into special consideration, the remarkable condition of the upper incisors, and it was not until twelve years subsequently, in 1853, that Major LeConte took up this point and referred a species to the South American genus Reithrodon of Waterhouse. Iu this course, he was followed, in 1857, by Professor Baird, who united two of Audubon and Bach man's species {humilis and lecontei) in one, gave Mus carolinensis, And. & Bach., as a doubtful species of the genus, and described three new ones, R. montanus, R. megahtis, and R. longicauda. Although adopting Reithrodon after Waterhouse, Professor Baird com- ments at length upon the obvious differences between the North American mice with grooved incisors, and the several species of Reithrodon from South America, expressing his surprise at the re-appearance of the genus in the United States. Without an opportunity of direct comparison, however, he refrained from separating the North American Ochetodon from Reithrodon, although he indicated some of the prominent distinctions. We regret that, like Professor Baird, we are unable to make the direct comparisons of Reithrodon and Ochetodon that are needed, having neither skins nor skulls of the former for examination. Judging from the figures and descriptions that have been published of Reithrodon, we are satisfied that the genus wre have founded will prove valid ; and, indeed, we should not be sur- prised if the grooved incisors proved to be the chief character that Ochetodon and Reithrodon share in common. As is well known, the South American Sig- modonts are almost without exception widely different from the North Ameri- can ; Culomys being the only one of them that closely approaches ours. The following differential diagnosis may doubtless be largely supple- mented with additional characters: — MURID^— SIGMODONTES— OUHETODON. 121 Sigmodont Murines with grooved upper incisors : Reithrodon. — Form stout, leporine. Size very large. Tail half as long as the trunk. Ochetodon. — Form slender, murine. Size very small. Tail averaging as long as the trunk. With typical examples before us of all but one of the described species of Ochetodon, we are able to notice the genus with entire precision. Ochetodon comprises the smallest Murines of North America ; the small- est mammals of this continent, excepting some of the Soricida. In general appearance, they are hardly distinguishable on sight from ungrown house- mice, they conform to the latter so closely in size, proportions, and color. The teeth, however, at once distinguish them from Mus ; the molars being sigmodont, as in all Murines indigenous to the New World, and almost exactly as in North American Hesperomys, while the silicate incisors are sui generis. The remarkable sulcation of the upper incisors is unique among North American Murines, though recurring in the arvicoline genus Synaptomys. (It is much as in Zapus, which latter, however, is the type of a family apart from MuridcB.) The grooves are deep and conspicuous, and nearly as broad as the prominent face of the tooth on either side ; they are median in situa- tion, run the whole length of the tooth, and terminate in a notch, so that the conjoined ends of the pair of incisors present four points instead of a straight bifid edge. The anterior face of each incisor is a prominent rounded ridge on either side of the groove; but the face, as a whole, is so much beveled off externally that, when the tooth is viewed in lateral profile, one of these ridges is entirely in front of the other, and the tooth appears double by the amount of separation that the gi-oove affords. As usual in Murince, each incisor is deeper antero-posteriorly than it is wide transversely ; but the incisors differ noticeably from those of Hesperomys, &c, in their great curvature, which is sufficient to cause their apices to fall behind a perpendicular let down from the tip of the nasal bones. The under incisors are simple, and, with the entire molar series, much as in Hesperomys. But there seems to be a difference in the rooting of the mo- lars. In all the Hesperomys examined, the anterior upper molar, at least, invariably showed us three roots, making as many distinct perforations of the alveolus : two exteriorly, in a line with each other ; and one interior, midway 122 MONOGRAMS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. between the two outer ones. In Ochetodon, the same molar has four roots: three large ones, just as in Ilespcromys ; and an additional very small exterior one, midway between the other two exterior ones. The second molar (in No. 2282 for example) has only three evident ones, but a similar, only very minute, fourth one also appears. The last upper molar makes but two perforations. Some difference in the molar crowns of Hesperomys and Ochetodon, correspond- ing to the different rooting in the two genera, may yet be established. This additional root of Ochetodon is an approach toward Mas proper; for, in an example of M. decumanus before us, we find that the alveolus of the upper anterior molar is perforated with six distinct holes. There are several remarkable peculiarities in the skull besides the grooved upper incisors. Prominent among these is the singular shape of the descend- ing process of the under jaw. This is really a subquadrate plate, retaining the essential characters that here mark off Murince from Arvicolinee, but, nev- ertheless, when viewed in lateral profile, more nearly resembles the charac- teristic hamular process of the Arvicolince. This appearance is due to the abrupt inward inflection nearly at right angles of the lower border of the process ; nothing like this is seen in Hesperomys, &c. The coronoid is very small and acute, and curves very obliquely backward. The inside of the ramus of the jaw shows, as usual, a ridge denoting the passage of the under incisor up toward the condyle. The skull as a whole is broader and shorter than in Hesperomys; the lengthwise convexity on top is greater, and the cra- nium is quite as wide across the parietal portion as between the zygomata. The latter dip deeply down to the level of the palate, but do not stand out much, their middle portions being nearly parallel. There appears to be a peculiarity in the anteorbital foramen, which is settled far into the zygomatic part of the maxillary, and, of a consequence, appears almost circular above, suddenly contracting into a narrow slit below (somewhat as in Oryzomys; in Hesperomys proper, the broad upper part of the foramen is rather pyriform, and narrows gradually below J. The incisive foramina are large and very long, reaching from a point opposite the anterior molars almost to the incisors. The palate ends behind abruptly as a transverse shelf, opposite the back border of the last molars; but this shelf-edge is very narrow from side to side, owing to the close approximation of the nearly parallel pterygoid ridges; and, on either hand, the palatal level almost directly continues into the shallow depressions, of unusual width, that lie between it and the bullae auditorise. MURID2E— SIGMODONTES— OCOETODON. 123 (In all this, however, there is nothing essentially different from Hesperomys?) The latter are very large and thin, and widely separated by a broad wedge- shaped basioccipital, their axes rapidly approximating from behind forward. In external form, there is little or no difference from Heqwomys to note. The hairiness of the tail and ears is much as in that genus, and more than in Mus. The tail averages about as long as the head and body — a little less in O. humilis, and a little more in O. longicauda and O. mexicanus. The fore feet are about half as long as the hind ones; both are rather scant-haired above, though the hairs reach to the end of the claws. The palms show the ordinary five tubercles. The soles are scantily hairy for about one-third their length, being for the rest granular-reticulate, with- six very distinct tubercles: the first internal, midway between heel and base of inner toe ; the second just in advance of this, but external; the third in advance of the second, but internal and at base of the inner toe; a fourth and fifth lie at bases of, respectively, the fifth and second toes ; the sixth rests upon the conjoined bases of the third and fourth toes. We append the measurements of several skulls of Ochetodon, without distinction of species, since no specific characters rest upon peculiarities of the cranium. Table XXXII. — Measurements of fire si ■nils of Ochetodon. c3 Tip of under inci- B O tc N -W .a -a +3 u m sors to — Number. Locality. u p 9 ►J 0.12 -a .2° 'a © to u c3 "3 a J5 a o O <6 "5 a o o O 1 ° A ~" Species. i 511 sea 0.76 0.40 0.29 0.14 0.47 0.37 0.46 humilis. Baal YTKi<5 Sonora 0.82 0.43 0.13 0.30 0.15 0.50 0.40 0.49 " megalotis." w Rocky Mountains 0.78 0.40 0.11 0.28 0.13 0.48 0.38 0. 45 "montanns." *!?R2 0.69 0.38 0.11 0.26 0.12 0.42 0.31 0.40 longicauda. do. Tim do 0.70 0.40 0.12 0.27 0.13 0.47 0.35 0.46 * No. 2282 is, perhaps, not quite lull-grown. OCHETODON HUMILIS, (And. & Bach.) Coues. Little Harvest Mouse. Hits humilis, Aud. & Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1841, 97 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1842, viii, pt. ii, 300 ; Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 103, pi. Ixv (South Atlantic States). Uespcromys humilis. Wagner, Wieg. Arch. 1843, pt. ii, 51 (after Aud. & Bach.). Reithrodon humilis, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 448 (South Carolina, Georgia, and ? Missouri). Ochelodop humilis, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 185. M i/s lecontii, Ann. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1842, 307 ; Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 324 (<«&. nulla), (South Carolina). 124 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTLL AMERICAN RODENTIA. Ucaperomya lecontii, Wagner, Wieg. Arch. 1843, pt. ii, 51 (after Aud. & Bach.). Iteithrodon leoontii, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 185:?, 413. f Mus carolinetiHi, Aud. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. viii, pt. ii, 1842, 306 ; Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 332. (South Carolina, in inundated lands, rare. "Tail longer than tho body, ears long and hairy, color light plumbeous; * * under surface scarcely a shade lighter. Length of head an'' body 2.33, of tail 2.75, ear 0.33, tarsus 0.54.") f llrxperomys carolinensis, Wagner, Wieg. Arch. 1843, pt. ii, 51 (a'ter Aud. & Bach.). T Rcithrodon carolinensis, Baikd, M. N. A. 1857, 452 (after Aud. & Bach.). " Iteithrodon megalotis, Baiisd, M. N. A. 1857, 451 ; Eep. U. S. aud Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mam- mals, 43, pi. vii, fig. 4a-c, and pi. xxiv, fig. 4a~g. (Sonora. Largest of North American species. Head aud body, 2^-3 ; tail, 2J ; sole, £-$ ; ear, 0.43 high. Colors as in E. humilc.) Diagnosis. — O. mure musculo minor seu staturd subaquans, Cauda trun- cian subcequante kirsutd, sub-bicolore, auriculis prominulis, liirsutis, plantis semi-nudis, vellere molli, supra murino, infra griseo-albido, lateribus fulves- ccnlibus. Habitat. — South Atlantic States. Gulf States into Sonora. Up the Mississippi Valley to Saint Louis. Iowa. Kansas. Nebraska. Numerous excellent examples, from the South Atlantic States, of this diminutive Rodent, which, with the general appearance of a small house- mouse, is instantly distinguished by its generic characters, present very little variation either in size, shape, or color. None show the peculiar proportions attributed by Audubon and Bachman to their Mus carolinensis. The tail is always a little shorter than the trunk. The hind feet range from 0.50 to 0.60 in length ; the ears project beyond the fur, and have a somewhat character- istic shape, difficult to describe, represented with indifferent success in Audu- bon's plate above cited. They are rather obovate in shape, and narrow for their length ; the antitragus is valvular ; the interior below is nearly naked and flesh-colored ; this part is overlaid by the long hairs of the cheeks ; the rest of the ear is rather coarsely hirsute than closely pilous. The fur is soft and silky; above, the color is exactly as in the house-mouse and nearly uniform, being merely a little darker along the middle of the back ; but all along the sides the brown is enlivened with a decided wash of fulvous or pinkish-gra}', never seen in M. musculus. Generally, this tinge is diffuse, but it sometimes forms quite a striking lateral stripe. The tail is distinctly bicolor, but not very sharply so. The under parts are whitish, obscured by the plumbeous of the roots of the hairs showing through, and generally also noticeably washed over with a dilution of the fulvous that tinges the sides. The lips, however, are pure white; and the whole oral and mental region, with the upper sur- face of the feet, are likewise white. The absolute size, and to some extent the range of variation, of this species appear from the table given below. MURID.E— SIGMODONTES— OCITETODON I1UMILIS. 125 The Kansas specimens there enumerated are identical in every respect with typical Carolina and Georgia ones, but with this exception : we find that directly we turn from South Atlantic to other skins we are met by a devia- tion from the type that threatens difficulty in determination of other western forms that have been described as distinct. Thus, the two Saint Louis skins, 569-570, have the tail at least equaling the head and body. They are, how- ever, in too imperfect condition to admit of positive determination, and we assign them to humilis with a query, just as Baird did. The Nebraska skin, No. 3095, shows the same thing; but the tail has been skinned and stretched on a straw, so that probably in life it was really shorter than the head and body. It further differs in its paler colors; but this is like what is seen in the Hesperomys, Neotoma, and Arvicola, from the same region, and need not worry us at all. The Iowa skin, No. 9339, is one of the largest we have ever seen, and unusually bright fulvous on the sides — not pale like the Nebraskan, nor dark like the Carolinian. It falls, however, within ordinary limits of variation, and does not excite a suspicion of distintness. The Mus leconlii of Audubon and Bachman is certainly the same as their M. humilis ; but the determination of their M. carolinensis offers some" difficulty, as the description above quoted ascribes characters that we do not recognize in our specimens from Carolina. We have never seen an Ochetodon from the South Atlantic States with a tail even equaling the head and body, much less as 2.33 to 2.75, nor a specimen from any locality in which the under parts were not decidedly lighter than the upper. But as it is improbable that a second good species, differing as these authors say, occurs in South Carolina alongside O. humilis, we are forced to believe either that there is some mis- take in the measurements given* and colors ascribed, or else that O. humilis varies to the degree indicated in the description of Mus carolinensis. This latter supposition is very likely ; we have already cited instances of color-varia- tion quite as great as those ascribed to carolinensis, and have seen, in Saint Louis and other specimens, tails at least equaling, if they do not exceed, the head and body. After all, the variation in this latter respect is quite within the limits we elsewhere establish for species of Hesperomys, Sigmodon, and other genera. The case is noteworthy in connection with the long-tailed species O. longicauda, that we next describe. There can be but little doubt, and there is none at all in our mind, that * More glaring inaccuracies than this occur iu the work in question. 126 MONOGfiAPriS OF NOPTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. the Reilhrodon megalptis is the same as O. humilis. The colore are confess- edly the same. The height of the ear (0.43) that is dwelt upon is no greater than occurs in typical humilis (see table). The size (3.00) of one of the two type-specimens is greater than we have ever determined for humilis by four- tenths of an inch, hut the other type (2.42 long) is well within the ordinary range of humilis. It is interesting to observe that these two animals (Nos. 1039, 1040, from Sonora, Dr. Kennerli/) do not approximate toward either O. longicauda nor to the still larger and longer-tailed O. mexicaitus. Table XXXIII. — Measurements of twenty-six specimens of Ochetodon humilis. 3 A S = Locality. Collector. Nose to — a a X. > *S H o © O & 6 a 3 o u> 'S w Nature of spec- imen. 6 '3 O '5 H 2335 2536 253V 2538 1004 1252 1993 1995 2248 4(5911 4700 4701 4948 852G 8527 8528 8529 8530 8133 9339 3095 ?509 ?570 7302 4957 9997 Society Hill, S. C do do do do do do do do Southern United States . . do do do Burlington, Kans Buchanan County, Iowa. . M. A. Curtis ...do ...do ..do ... do 0.38 0.40 0.33 0.35 0.77 0.80 0.66 0.70 0.88 0.90 0.85 o. e6 *2. 42 2.10 2.10 2.15 2.10 2.25 2.01 1.00 1.97 1.85 1.85 2. 00 1.75 2.15 2.00 1.90 1. 90 2.30 2.20 2.25 1.70 2.00 1.90 2.10 2.50 2 00 1.75 2.20 l.?0 1.80 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.30 0. 25 0.24 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.57 0.62 0.58 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.60 0.61 0.58 0.58 0.62 0. 03 0.64 0.63 0.60 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.61 0.66 0.60 0.61 Alcoholic, do .. do. .. do. 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.39 10.43 0.40 Dry. ... do. ...do. ... do. ...do. ....do. ....do. do ...do ...do ...do 2.40 I.eO 2.20 ...do ...do 2.30 2. CO 2.15 2.55 2.33 2.37 2.30 2.00 2.00 2.60 2.50 2.00 1.75 2. 20 2.00 2.00 ....do — 1 B.F.Goss 0.35 0.73 0.89 0.47 Alcoholic. Fresh, except feet, do ...do .. .do do ...do do 0.35 0.33 0.72 0.70 0.82 0.80 0.40 0.88 Alcoholic. ....do. Dry. do. <;. & C.Blackburn. W. S. Wood . do. 0 75 Alcoholic. ...do. do Calcasieu Pass, La Camp Floyd, Utah ...do G. "Wiirdenjann . . . C. S. McCarthy... ...do 0.38 0.33 0.34 0.70 0.62 0.63 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.37 0.40 0.39 ....do. ....do. ....do. * Thla is the identical length of body ascribed to the smaller of the two specimens of "niegalotis". t This is the identical length of ear ascribed to the larger of the two specimens of " megalotia ". OCHETODON LONGICAUDA, (Baird) Cones. Iieithrodon longicauda, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 451 (California).— ? Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18G1, 284 (Guatemala). Ochetodon longicauda, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 18G. Diagnosis. — O. humili similis, sed caudd longiore, truncum superante, et pcdibus paululum validioribus ; coloribus ?nagis jlavicanlibus. Long. tot. 2—2^, caudcB 2-J-3, pedis §. MURIDiE— SIGMODONTES— OCnRTODON LONGICAUDA. 127 Habitat. — California {Samuels, Slimpson, Xantus). ? Guatemala (Tomes). "Size small. Tail considerably longer than the head and body (which measure from 2.10 to 2.30 inches), usually from 3 to 8 tenths of an inch longer. Hind foot .05 to .70 of an inch. Above, dark brown : beneath, white, tinged with reddish yellow. A broad wash of bright fulvous on the sides and cheeks." — (Baird, I. c.) This animal, accurately indicated by Baifd as above, is certainly dis- tinguishable from O. humilis, though the full question of its specific difference from humilis is perplexing. "While we have never seen an Atlantic Ochetodon with the tail even as long as the body, and while even in the Middle Region the tail never exceeds the trunk, there is no example of longicauda in which this member is not notably longer. The trunk ranges, as shown by the fol- lowing table (mostly copied from Baird's published 0113), from 1.83 to 2.40, settling near 2.25 as an average, while the tail ranges from 2.25 to 3.15, only once, however, touching this last figure, and usually falling under 3.00. The feet, likewise, are somewhat larger, ranging from 0.G0 to 0.70, with an aver- age of 0.G6, only once reaching 0.70, and perfectly connected with those of humilis by intermediate measurements ; though in humilis the feet rarely reach 0.G6, and will not average over 0.60. The colors of longicauda are likewise noticeably different; only a restricted dorsal area is as dark as in ordinary humilis, while the whole sides of the head and body are broadly and brightly fulvous, and the under parts are washed with the same. This lively shade is not even approximately attained in any specimen we have seen except 9339 from Iowa. We have, therefore, little besitation in indorsing the name, though certain facts arouse our suspicion and prevent us from making out a perfectly satis- factory case. Thus, Audubon and Bachman have described a Carolina animal nearly identical with longicauda in proportions. Then, again, in our speci- mens from intermediate localities, as Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska, the tail lengthens to an equality with the body, and the feet average over 0.G0. The question is resumed and more fully stated under head of the next species, mexicanus. We cite the above Guatemalan reference with a query, suspect- ing that this particular form does not occur in that locality ; but, of course, we have no assurance that such is not the case. 128 MONOGKArnS OF NORTIT AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XXXIV — Measurements of twenty specimens of OCHET >N" LONGICACDA. From tip of uosoto C > C « '2 H Length of— a Locality. Collector. u 3 W o. "5 o O '3 o 8 e | '■a a a Nature, of specimen. 7750 0.40 0.37 0.72 0. 65 0.88 0.85 2.30 2.70 2.4U 0.20 0.25 0.63 0.62 Alcoholic. ....do. 0.39 0.76 0.90 2.20 3.00 0.29 0.68 . do. 10319 0.34 0.75 0.83 2.15 2.60 0.28 0.67 ....do. 10350 0.35 0.70 0.83 2.20 2.90 0.25 0.64 . . . .do. 1418 1583 E. Samuels ...do 0.75 0.83 2.08 1.83 2.25 2.2.". 0.25 0.25 0.62 0.62 Fresh. ...do. do 1419 0.83 2.25 2. 42 0.28 0.68 ....do. 258] do ...do 0.35 0.70 0.90 2.15 2.50 0.25 0.65 Alcoholic. 2589 do ...do 0.35 0.09 0.80 2.15 2.45 0.30 0.65 ...do. 2583 do ...do 0.40 0. 80 0.95 2. 10 2.80 0.32 0.68 ...do. SJ584 ...do 0.35 0.73 0.90 2.10 •140 0. 2G 0.60 ....do. 2585 0.35 0.70 0.90 2.13 a 15 0.30 0.70 ...do. 2586 0.30 0.C5 0.84 2.00 2.35 0.25 0.63 ....do. 2587 do 0.40 0.73 0.90 2.30 2.65 0.30 0.66 ....do. 2583 0.40 0.70 0.90 2.00 2.60 0.30 0.63 ....do. 2589 ...do 0.40 0.80 0.90 2.40 2.88 0.31 0.65 ....do. 2590 do ...do 0.38 0.79 0.90 2.10 2.70 0.30 0.66 ...do. 2531 do ..do 0.68 0.70 0.87 2.20 2.63 0.30 0.60 ...do. 10013 ...do .. ...do 1.85 2.00 0.25 0.64 ...do. OCHETODON MEXICANUS, (De S.) Coues. Beithodon mcxicanus, De Satjssure, Rev. & Mag. Zool. I860, p. — (p. 27 of the separate reprint). — Tomes, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1861, 284 (Guatemala). Ochetodon mexicanus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 18(1. Diagnosis. — O. mazimics, caudd trunco longiore, pedibus validissimis , murino-brunneus, subtus ex brunneo albidus, lateribus snbflavicantibus. Long tot. 2i-3, cauda 3-3J, pedis 0.70-0.80. Habitat. — Mexico (De Saussure, Sumichrast). Guatemala (Tomes). Louisiana (Saint Charles College). Larger than either of the foregoing ; upward of 3 inches long, with the tail averaging 3|, thus much exceeding the head and body, as in O. longl- cauda, but feet much larger than in that species, 0.70 to 0.80 (whereas the feet of longicauda are barely larger than those of humilis, very seldom touch- ing 0.70). Upper parts a rather warm mouse-brown (rufous or dull ferrugine- ous, not mouse-gray), which on the sides usually grows brighter, and is sometimes almost orange-brown ; this, again, fading on the under parts into a muddy-whitish (not white at all). Tail extremely scant-haired, nearly as naked as in Mus rrmsculus, in dried specimens appearing nearly unicolor; in alcoholic ones, dull pale brown above and whitish underneath. Hands and fei't whitish above (like the tail underneath). MURWM— SIGMODONTES— OCHETODON MEXICANUS. 129 We have no doubt that Professor Sumichrast's specimens represent typi- cally the Reithrodon mexicanus of Do Saussure. Though they present some discrepancies in dimensions, De Saussure's measurements, lie says, are prob- ably a little under the mark, while Sumichrast's specimens seem a little stretched ; this is enough to bring about perfect concordance. Our Louisiana specimens are highly interesting, as showing for the first time the occurrence of the true Mexican form in the United States. They are unquestionably identical with Sumichrast's examples from Tehuacan, and agree even better than these with De Saussure's figures. The discovery of this style of Ochetodon in the United States is especially important in its bear- ing upon the identification of Mus carolinensis, Aud. & Bach. Nos. 7748-7749 agree with the account of carolinensis in length of tail, and in the dullness of color of the under parts ; and it may be, after all, that this long-tailed mexi- canus ranges coastwise up to the Carolinas. Still, there are discrepancies that cannot be overlooked between Audubon's description and the present animal, especially as to the size of the feet ; and we are not at present war- ranted in calling the form Ochetodon carolinensis. The latter name must be assigned, with a query, as a synonym of humilis, at least until we find the long-tailed large-footed form in Carolina. That there is a regular gradation in length of tail and size of foot between humilis on the one hand and mexicana on the other is undeniable ; and if we could have proven in the genus Ochetodon the same amount of varia- tion with locality that has always been admitted in the case of Zapus hud- sonius, and that obtains with Hesperomys leucopus and Arvicola riparius, we should be forced to merge the three supposed species into one, with two geographical variations. Failing in this, however, at present, we can, at any rate, conveniently mark off three kinds of Ochetodon. The following analysis (in which coloration, which though an aid in identification, may not be always reliable, is omitted) will, it is believed, enable us to readily distinguish ninety per cent, or more of our specimens : — A. Tail shorter than head and body (at most barely equaling head and body). a. Hind feet under 0.70 long (usually 0.55-0.65) humilis. B. Tail longer than head and body. b. Hind feet under 0.70 (exceptionally just reaching 0.70) . longicauda. c. Hind feet over 0.70 (rarely, if ever, falling to 0.70). . - mexicanus. 9 M 130 MONOGRAPHS OK NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XXXV. — Measurements of eleven specimens of Ochetodon mkxicanus. 7748 7749 7007' 7007k 7007' 8390 8459 S460 7290 •486-2 8393 Locality. GraDd Coteau, La . do Tehuacan, Mexico. do do Orizaba, Mexico . . . Cordova, Mexico . . do Mirador, Mexico . do do Collector. Saint Charles College do F. Sumichrast do do do do do C. Sartorins. do do Nose to— o & Remarks. «4 a 6 "3 S O 1 1 H u •3 a 5 i 0.35 0.68 0.89 2.40 3.20 0.32 0.77 0.50 Alcoholic. 0.42 0.78 0.96 2.75 3.75 0.38 0.82 0.45 ...do. 0.45 0.80 1.00 3.00 :!. 7.', 0.35 0.80 0.50 Dry. 0.42 0.76 0.95 2.75 3.60 0.33 0.81 0.45 ...do. 0.43 0.80 0.95 2.75 3. 10 0.30 0.72 0.47 ...do. 0.42 0.65 0.95 2.60 3.60 0.32 U. 75 0.57 Alcoholic. 0.40 0.78 0.94 2.30 3.35 0.33 0.74 0.46 ...do. 0.42 0.76 0.90 2.30 3.25 0.32 0.77 0.47 ...do. 0.40 0.73 0.98 2.75 3.60 0.33 0.78 0.50 ...do. 0.44 0.80 1.00 2.50 3.40 0.33 0.77 0.52 ...do. 0.43 0.72 0.92 2.50 3.35 0.32 0.75 0.53 ....do. ' No. 4862 is a perfect albino, pore -white everywhere, and doabtless had pink eyes. 1 0CHETODON MONTANUS. (sp. proband.) lieithrodon montanus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 335; M. N. A. 1857, 449, pi. liv, fig. No. 1306 (teeth), (Eocky Mountains, latitude 39°). Chars. — Very small: head, I of an inch; head and body, 2$; tail, 2; hind foot, i; ear, h. "Above brown and pale yellowish gray, much lighter than mouse color. Outside of ears and flanks, pale yellowish brown, without any rufous. Beneath, dull whitish." — (Baird, I. c.) The type and only known specimen of this species (No. tVoV, Mus. Smiths.), now before us, is one of the very smallest North American Rodents we ever saw, although, as Professor Baird says, it appears to be perfectly adult, from the worn teeth and other signs. It is somewhat less than ordinary adult humilis ; it has, however, the same relative proportions of parts as in that species. In color, it is noticeably different from any other Ochetodon, being of the very palest kind of mouse-color above, the sides and under parts yel- lowish-gray, with barely a trace of the fulvous always noticeable in the other species. This coloration is exactly what we should expect after immersion in alcohol for some time, which we suspect to be the case, though we have no authority for stating that the specimen has been skinned out of spirits. The single specimen is too imperfect to permit of final characterization, or to enable us to come to any positive conclusion ; but if the size and coloration it presents are really permanent, we should judge it entitled to recognition as a valid species. At present, however, we regard it with suspicion, and are unwilling to indorse its validity. MUEID^— ARVICOLIN.E— EVOTOMYS. 131 Subfamily ARVICOLim The characters of the group having been given on page 2 in a manner which suffices for present purposes, and some analysis of the genera being represented in the table on pages 4-6, we may immediately proceed to con- sider the various genera and species successively in detail. Genus EVOTOMYS, Coues. < Arrkola sp., Auctorum. < Myodes, Selys-Longchamps, Etudes de Miorom. 1839, 87. = Hypudmis, Keyserling & Hlasius, Wirbeltb. 1842 (type, Arricola glarcola), (not of Illiger, which in- cludes Mus lemmus, amphibius, and arvalis). — Hypudmis, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 5Ki, 515, 518 (type, Arvicola gapperi). = Evotomys, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 186 (type, Mus rutilus, Pall.). The name "Hypudoeus" appears to have been loosely, if not indiscrim- inately, used by authors; and,- before proceeding to its definition, we wish to explain the above synonymy, in vindicating the necessity for a new generic name. According to Agassiz, the name Arvicola, proposed by Lacepede in 1803, applied to Mus amphibius and Mus arvalis, and therefore, of course, is out of the question for the present genus. According to Baird, the name "Myodes", as used by Selys-Longchamps (1839), is the same as Hypud&us, Illiger, and therefore conflicts with Myodes, Pallas, of same date, applied to the Lemmings. "Hypudseus", Illiger, 1811, included Mus lemmus, a?nphibius, and arvalis, and is therefore inapplicable to the present genus. But Keyserling and Blasius, in 1842, in separating the old genus Arvicola into two sections, retained the name Arvicola for the largest and most compre- hensive of these, and applied Illiger's term Hypudaius to the restricted group, of which Mus rutilus, rubidus, glareola, gapperi, &c, are typical. Baird, in 1857, used Hypudaius precisely in the same sense that Keyserling and Blasius had attached to it. It is simply the old question : Shall a synonym of one genus become the tenable name of another genus ? Here, Hypudaius, Illiger, a synonym of Arvicola, Lacepede, if not also a synonym of Myodes, Pallas, has been held by Keyserling and Blasius and by Baird as the distinctive name of a different genus. It is immaterial that these latter authors gave the term an entirely 132 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. different significance from that which Llliger attached to it. We hold that a name once shown to be a synonym of a previous name is, to all intents and purposes, dead, and cannot be revived for use in another connection. This decision, which, we think, will be granted to be sound and just by most nat- uralists, has obliged ns to propose a new name for the genus of which rutilus is the type; for we cannot find that it has ever received a distinctive appel- lation, and it is well worthy of full generic rank. Diagnosis. — Generally like Arvicola proper in dentition, but molars each 2-rooted ; middle lower molar like the last one, with three transverse trian- gles seriatim, instead of alternating lateral ones ; lateral triangles of front lower molar rather opposite than alternate. Inward folds of enamel generally not perfectly fused along middle of tooth. Generally like Arvicola proper in external form, but ears distinctly overtopping the fur ; closely pilous. Bony palate ending posteriorly with a straight transverse edge opposite the middle molar, the whole space between the last molars thus left open. Coronoid process of under jaw short, its apex far below the level of the condyle. Type. — Mus rutilus, Pallas. This interesting genus is truly arvicoline, not only in general external form, but in the prismatic molars and the structure of their crowns; at the same time, it shows decided affinities with the Murines proper, and seems to form a connecting link between them and Arvicolince. In external form, the con- spicuous ears are the chief departure from typical Arvicola and an approach toward murine forms ; for exserted ears are rare in Arvicolince, if not entirely confined to this genus and Synaptomys ; while in Murines they are the rule without signal exception. The ears of Evotomys do not reach the develop- ment witnessed in Hesperomys proper, but are almost as large as in Onycho- mys, and quite as large as in Oryzomys. The resemblance, in external form, to Synaptomys, is so close that we cannot point out any reliable dis- tinctions; but Synaj)tomys is instantly distinguished by its peculiar cranial and dental features, as elsewhere detailed, these being, in fact, almost exactly as in the Lemmings (Myodes). The most remarkable indication of murine affinity is seen in the rooted molars. The molars of Murince are rooted, perhaps without a single excep- tion ; while the molars of Arvicolince are normally rootless, with probably the single exception of the present genus Evotomys. But there is this difference in the mode of rooting between Evotomys and true murine forms: In Evoio- MURID^—ARVICOLISOE— EVOTOMYS. 133 mys, the molars have only two parallel roots apiece, one directly behind the other, and both broad ; and the rooting is simply the closing-up of the ends of the roots from failure of the pulps that in other Arvicolince are supplied indefinitely, causing the roots to persist open. On the other hand, in Murince, the roots of the molars are distinct diverging prongs, closed from the first; there are at least three such prongs (two external and one internal) in Ameri- can Hesperomys or Sigmodont Murines, and even more in the Old World Mus, each perforating the alveolus separately. In Evotomys, there are but two such perforations of the alveolus, and these even are almost confluent. From Arvicola, the next most signal difference of Evotomys is seen in the construction of the bony palate. In Arvicola (e. g. amphibius or riparius), the palate behind has a little pit, or fossa, on each side opposite the last molars, and the whole space between them is depressed ; and this depression is fissured, or excavated, by the advance from behind of the inter-pterygoid cavity, which either ends at the palate with a single curve, or with a double curve from the development of a little azygos process on the middle line of the posterior margin of the palate. "Thus," to use Baird's words, "there is a step from the plane of the bony palate to the bottom of the fossa, and another thence to the base of the skull or body of the sphenoid"; and the sides of the palate behind run out continuously into the pterygoids. Now, in Evotomys, all this depressed or fossate part of the palate is done away with ; the palate ends by an abrupt transverse edge, as a straight shelf, opposite the middle molar (or rather opposite the space between the middle and last molar), leaving the excavation of the base of the skull apparent in the whole space between the last molars, and breaking all connection with the pterygoids. This construc- tion of palate, so unusual in Arvicolince, is, however, again found, with no appreciable difference, in the Lemmings; but, singularly enough, the genus Synaptomys, which repeats Evotomys in external form and Myodes in denti- tion, has the palate constructed as in Arvicola. The curious interrelation of Myodes, Synaptomys, and Evotomys is sufficiently interesting without consid- ering the murine affinities of the latter ; but, while we are on the subject of the palate, we may here allude to some of its conditions in murine forms. In Mus decumanus, the palate behind has no step downward or depressed fossate part, as Arvicola has, ending as a straight, sharp, transverse shelf, as in Evotomys; but then it reaches as a continuous plane far behind the last molar, and runs directly into the pterygoids on either hand, the median excavation 134 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. being narrow. This style of Mus is substantially repeated in Hesperomys, Reithrodon, and Sigmodon, though in these the palate does not run quite so far back, stopping at or just behind the posterior border of the last molars. In Neotoma, on the other hand, the reverse occurs; for here the palate of Evotomys is almost repeated, in fhat the excavation runs forward to oppo- site the interspace between the last and penultimate molars; but there is this difference, that in Neotoma the posterior outline of the palate is deeply concave, and its sides run back continuously with the pterygoids. The under jaw of Evotomys is unmistakably Arvicoline in its sharp, twisted, and upward-bent hamular process, reaching up to the level of the molar crowns. This form of the descending process is constant, so far as we are aware, and marks the subfamily Arvicolirue from the Murines; for, in these last, the same process is a flatfish, oblique, subquadrate plate, never attaining the level of the molars ; and we have never seen an intermediate form. But the jaw of Evotomys has one character not shared by any other Arvicoline fhat we know of: the coronoid process does not attain the level of the con- dyle. This is owing, we believe, to its absolute shortness, as the length and obliquity of the condylar process itself appears about the same as in other Arvicolines. This state of the coronoid is only elsewhere found, among the genera we have studied in the preparation of this memoir, in Ochetodon and Hesperomys proper; for in the Onychomys and Oryzomys groups of this last, in Neotoma, Sigmodon, Mus, and all Arvicollnce, the apex of the coronoid mounts as high as, or even surmounts, the condyle. The auditory bullae of Evotomys are remarkably large, exceeding in their size and inflation those of any other genus with which we are acquainted. Thus, they are absolutely almost as large as in Arvicola amphibius, an animal twice as big. The nasal bones run back about as far as the nasal branches of the premaxillaries, both stopping abruptly opposite the anterior roots of the zygoma, and thus considerably in advance of the orbits. It is much the same in Myodes and Synaptomys; in other Arvicolince, in Mus, Hespero- mys, &c, these bones may be of decidedly different lengths, and one or the other — generally the premaxillaries — extends to the orbital region of the skull. As in all Arvicolince, the upper incisors are broader than deep; and as in all these, except Mi/odes and Synaptomys, the under incisors run past the last molar up the condylar process of the jaw. The foregoing appear to be the chief characters of Evotomys, if they be UXJRIDM— ARVICOLINCE— EVOTOMYS. 135 not all there are ; and as a resume of this attempt to indicate fully the rela- tive position of the genus among its congeners, we may say Evotomys is a true Arvicoline, yet it stands near the boundary between Arvicolince and Murines, and especially approaches Onychomys of the latter subfamily ; and that, though thus a connecting link between the two subfamilies, nevertheless it stands in its own subfamily intermediate between Synapto?nys, Myodes, and Arvkola, having the external form of the first, the palate of the second, and the dentition (excluding its sui generis dental peculiarities) of the third. This is by no means an isolated case where a certain form is "synthetic", inso- much as it combines the peculiarities of several forms of its own group, and is thus central so far as its own group is concerned, and yet is "peripheral" so far as another group is concerned ; i. e., represents the inosculating point of its own with another group. It is through Evotomys, as a comprehensive type of Arvicolince, that Murines are related to all Arvicolince. We may sur- mise that Evotomys remains nearest an original type of Glires, from which both the Murines and Arvicolince, of the present day have descended ; and that, while Synaptomys, Myodes, and Arvkola have been successively differ- entiated from Evotomys, still this stands nearest the forking where the murine series branched off from the arvicoline. A minute description of the teeth of Evotomys will be found under head of A. "gapperV. The species of this genus are few in number; but, in the absence of authentic skulls of some European and Asiatic animals that have been referred to it, we cannot undertake to say how many there be. The North American animals may be recognized at a glance among other Arvicolince by their prom- inent ears and tawny-red color, due to the mixture of orange in the ferruginous or chestnut that is a common tint with the other species. We have had the pleasure of introducing a species not hitherto known to inhabit North Amer- ica; and in our further account we hope to prove our present belief, namely, that Arvicola or Hypudceus rutilus of authors {zzMus rutilus, Pallas) is a species of circumpolar distribution, which, south of a certain isothermal, has become differentiated into varieties known in North America as" gapperi", and in Europe as "rubidus" and "glareola". 136 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. EVOTOMYS RUTILUS, (Pall.) Coues. SftM nililim, Pallas, Nov. Sp. Qvatl. Gliriura, 1778, 24G, pi. xiv, 11. Erotomya rutilus, Coues, Proc. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 187. Arvieola gapperi, Dall, Alaska and its Resources, 1870, 577. Habitat. — Circumpolar regions of both hemispheres. Description. — This animal is less than the average size of Arvieola proper, about equaling Pitymys pinetorum in dimensions, and in color it is so conspicuously different from any other of North America that the somewhat, extended notice we shall give it is for the purpose mainly of settling its rela- tionships to its own varieties, not of distinguishing it from other species. With one exception, it has an external form indistinguishable from that of Arvieola generally. This exception is in the ears, which are always visible above the fur, even when, as in winter and in northernmost specimens, the pelage is longest and thickest. The ears are of ordinary shape, but differ from those of some species of neighboring sections in being very closely pilous, like a squirrel's, for instance, instead of rather loosely hirsute. The hairiness forms a slight even fringe around the margin, but below internally is almost wanting; the part that is covered by the general fur of the head being otherwise naked, so that the portion of the auricle that projects beyond the general pelage is the only part really furred. The antitragus is well developed ; and just at its base there is a slender tuft of long hairs equaling, if they do not exceed, the whole ear in length. Possibly the snout is a trifle less blunt than in some other Arvicolines ; but the difference, if any, is not very obvious. The end of the muzzle is completely hairy, except the two little pads in which the nostrils open; beneath these, the hairs of the cleft upper lip fall like a moustache over the teeth, completely hiding the edges of the lips. The eye is of ordinary size, and in the usual situation relative to snout and ears. The whiskers are medium in number and length, equaling — some of the longer ones a little exceeding — the head. The fore feet are from little less than half to about three-fifths the hinder. They are softly and densely hairy above and along the sides, only the palmar tubercles and under surfaces of the annulated ringers being completely exposed. The 3d and 4th digits are of about equal lengths and longest; the 2d is much shorter; the 5th a little less than the 2d; the 1st obsolete. The furriness of the feet is much the same as that of the hands ; the soles being hidden to the tubercles, and the sides of the toes fringed with MURID.E— ARVICOLIISLE— EVOTOMYS RUTILUS. 137 hair ; and, in some specimens, especially in winter, the entire sole is covered with fur, although no hairs really grow on the tubercles. The 2d, 3d, and 4th toes are about equal in length, and longest; the 5th is only about half their length; the 1st still shorter; all bear ordinarily developed nails. On the whole, the furring of the feet of this animal is much heavier than that of Arvkolce. living in less rigorous climates, and is only surpassed in length and density by that of the Lemmings. The tail is similarly indicative of a hyper- borean habitat, and merits special attention, since the difference in this mem- ber between true rutilus and its conspecies of lower latitudes is the most conspicuous feature. If we call to mind the stumpy, heavily-furred, almost rabbit-like tail of a Lemming, and then lengthen it to half-way between this and the tail of more southern Arvicolce generally, we shall have about hit the mark. Even including the unusually long pencil of hairs at the tip, the tail is barely or not twice as long as the sole, and it often falls much short of this proportion. It is remarkably thick, and hardly diminishes in caliber to the very tip, which is obtuse. It is densely hairy throughout, having no trace of scales or annuli ; and the long, thick, terminal pencil averages fully a third of the length of the vertebral portion. The size and relative proportions of this animal are sufficiently illustrated in the table below to render further notice here unnecessary. The peculiar color of this, the type of the genus — and the shade is shared to a greater or less extent by all the forms of the genus with which we are acquainted — is almost of itself diagnostic. The middle lengthwise area of the upper parts, from the forehead, or even the snout, to the tail, are of a bright rusty-redjiOr brick-color, just as if a trace of orange, or even a touch of vermilion, were mixed with the rufous-brown that marks so many other Arvicolines. This rusty-red always has a few black longer hairs in it: some- times these are so sparse that its uniformity is not perceptibly removed, but at others the very central dorsal line becomes a little blackish, especially over the haunches. The width of this dorsal area and its sharpness of distinction are very* variable; sometimes the red is spread over the whole back, and washes imperceptibly into the color of the sides, and at other times it is narrow and pretty distinct. The color of the sides is luteous, like unbaked yellow clay, but is often grayish-yellow rather than yellowish-gray. Just as the back fades into the sides, so these wash out into the color of the belly, without much sharpness of definition, though the line of change is usually 138 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. perceptible. The under parts are dull white, much soiled, with a weak shade of the yellowish clay-color of the sides, and the ashy of the bases of the hairs is always more or less apparent. The luteous shade of the under parts is sometimes almost as strong as on the sides, especially across the abdomen. Between the thighs and arms, and under the throat, a whiter and ashier shade prevails. The tail is distinctly bicolor, but not very sharply so; the under surface is like the belly or rather yellower, the upper like the back or rather darker. There are no definite markings about the head ; but a slight dusky area frequently observable about the eyes, and a sort of stripe of dusky along the nose, sometimes suggest a certain particolm-ation there. The upper sur- faces of the hands and feet are nearly white. We should not omit to add that the pelage is everywhere long, full, soft, and mollipilose, with but little admixture of lengthened bristly hairs, thus affording efficient protection from the rigors of the winter of high climates. There is a tangible difference in this regard in the more southern varieties. We have great pleasure in adding this interesting animal to our fauna, our only previously-recorded form being the var. gapperi, and the Mus rutilus of Pallas being supposed to be confined to the north of Europe and Asia. Of the correctness of our identification there can be absolutely no question whatever. We have carefully compared our North American series with specimens from Lapland and Kamschatka, and they prove identical. All the differences supposed to mark the North American "Hypudseus" disappear in the Arctic series below given, being only applicable to the series from the Northern United States and adjoining regions; and they are, we hold, only indicative of a climatic differentiation. We challenge the proof that Mus rutilus is not a circumpolar species, which, south of a certain isothermal, has become modified into what is known in North America as "Hypudseus gap- peri" and in Europe as "H. glareola" and "H. rubidus". Professor Baird says, of the skulls of "Hypudasus" he examined, that that of gapperi "bears a very close resemblance to that of Arvicola rutilus; so close, indeed, that * * I am unable to indicate reliable characters to separate specimens from Massachusetts and Lapland". We are able to include glareola in the same statement, and to prove, by the following table of measurements, that there are no cranial or dental differences whatever in the three supposed species. MURIDiB— ARVICOLIN^— EVOTOMYS RUTILUS. 139 Table XXXVI. — Measurements of nine skulls of A. rutilus, "gapperi", and "glarcola". No. Name and locality. a h-1 43 -a be "53 w '$ o '-£ a a o fcJO tS3 % 3 O c p u = -a a e eg m u o QQ o .a 5c a J a Mi's a a i-l Length of under incisors. g o O o a p S o ho a ■ .— a) a ^ £ a. e 1057 W UL2B. tt»4 JLI51 8a6 Toy"? rutilus — Lapland do do 0.95 0.30 0.30 0.52 0.49 0.17 o. la 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.19 0 22 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.52 0.50 0.51 0,49 0.48 0.49 0.68 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.70 0.65 0.60 0,62 0.65 0.68 0.68 0.01 0. 61 0.67 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 gapperi — Lake Superior. gapperi — Massachusetts . do 0.96 1.00 0.97 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.30 0.34 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.54 0.55 0. 53 0.50 0.51 0.55 do Thus it appears that the differences between the Lapland and Massachu- setts skulls are no greater than those discrepancies that occur in either, and that all are largely within the limits of individual variation. A detailed account of the skull, especially as regards dentition, will be found under head of var. gapperi. We here tabulate our specimens of true rutilus, with measurements.* Table XXXVII. — Measurements of sixty-seven (and list of other) specimens o/Evotomys rutilus from Asia, Europe, and North America. 1463 1976 404 405 3027 6921 8758 6930 5724 5725 5723 4563 6917 Locality. Kamtschatka . do Lapland do Nelson E., H. B. T. Big Island Fort Good Hope ... Fort Norman Fort Eae Arctic America- ... FortLiard do La Pierre House... Collector. Museum Berlin Museum St. Peters- burg. Kongl. Svensk Ak . ..do D. Gunn J.Eeid C. P. Gandet N. Taylor L. Clarke B.EEoss W. L. Hardisty.... A. McKenzie J.Flett 0. 48 0. 90 0. 51 0. 99 Nose to- Tail to- 3.40 3.50 0.95 .5.60 3.50 4.00 3.10 3.50 3.60 3.75 3.00 3.50 081 001. . 30 0. . 50 0. 50 0. 360. 400. 200. 25U 30 25 0.70 0.62 0.40 0.41 -in. 500. 0.65 0.65 0.70 32 0. 70 30 0. 08 . . 0. 74 310.69 . 0.66 32 0. 68 31 0. 68 36 0. 72 11 II 0.41 0.39 0.54 Krlu.it ks Dry. .. do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Dry ; stretched. Dry. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ... do. ...do. •About thirty other skins, collected by Esquimaux in the Anderson and Mackenzie River regions, are prepared so wretchedly as to afford no data of size of the body, while the feet and tail are as with the rest. They are therefore not introduced. Some of these skins measure upward of six inches in length, a striking iustauce of the elasticity of the skins of these small mammals. 140 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XXXVII. — Measurements of sixty-seven (anil list of other) specimens o/Evotomys i:rnu:s from .lain, Europe, and North America — Continued. u o ■o a D M a. Locality. Collector. Nose to— Tail to- 0 0 it 0 f* ).34( ). 33 ( ).33( .. 1 a Kemarlis. ol W - A u O — r- > 6919 6918 7095 709C 7097 7098 4562 4559 4561 7745 7747 6892 6893 6891 6894 6895 6907 6904 6911 6901 6U09 6908 6903 6903 6898 ' 0897 6904 0899 6900 6915 6914 C912 a;or> 6913 6896 90911 to Olooj 91171 to 9119) 912a | to 9136 J 8016 8017 3018 eoio 8020 8024 0196 9169 8160 9171 J.Flott ..do < .25 III! Ill 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 20 J. 25 1. ;,l 3.40 ! 21 15 .10 .201 1.00 .40 . 5(1 .50 :ki .70(1. 52 ). 76 0. 55 ). 70 0. 18 ). 72 0. 50 Dry; stretched. ...do. Dry. ...do. ...do. ...do. Fresh. .. do. ..do. Alcoholic. ....do. Dry. ...do. . . do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ..do. ....do. do ...do ...do -■ do . . ...do .... ). 70 0 47 do ...do 1.20 1.25 1.08 1.25 1.05 1.10 0.90 .50 55 .36 .65 1.35 . 4: . 25 ... 3. 35 J. 35 1 40 0.37 0.36 0.33 0.33 1 :n 0.37 0.37 (1.33 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.37 0.32 1.71 1.72 1.70 3.75 I. 711 0.68 0.74 0 73 0.75 0.66 0.75 0.70 1. 72 II. 1;- 0.70 0.61 0.72 0.70 0.70 0.75 0.68 0.69 0.75 0.73 0.68 0.74 0.72 0.75 0.73 ).47 1.40 1.35 5.38 D.55 ». 42 0.45 0.5O 1 r. 0.50 1. ot 1.31 1.2 1.5( 1.5 1.4 0.34 0.3: 0.3; 0.3 .0. 3( 0.7J 0.7C 11. 74 1.7: 0.6£ 6.5: 0.5o 11. 5 0.5-: ....do. do. ...do. do. ....do. do do do ...do ...do ...do 0.5( 6.9 ... do ....do ...do. do ....do . II Ml 1.3 0.7( ...do. do ...do. 9 do .. do 1.0: 1.3 J — 0.7- ...do. ... do. do ... do MURIDiE— ARVICOLIN^E— EVOTOMYS RUTILUS. 141 Table XXXVII. — Measurements of sixty-seven (and list of other) specimens of Evotomys rutilus from Asia, Europe, and North America — Continued. © .© Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to— o © © © a W Remarks. © 0 '3 o O '3 H © m W 91C3 8756 8396 8397 8400 468-2 468 1 7509 9983 9984 9935 9986 9987 d Dry. ....do. Alcoholic. ...do. ... do. Dry. do do do 3.40 3.10 3.40 1.00 0.95 0.35 1.50 1.35 1.20 0.39 0.38 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.70 0.78 0.70 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.70 0.75 0.35 0.42 0.55 0.49 do ...do do . ..do ? do do Anderson River do ...do . do 0.50 .... 3.50 3.50 3.10 3.70 3.50 3.11 1.20 3.40 1.2C 1.10 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.60 1 °5 1.40 1.70 1.60 1.50 1.55 1.55 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.75 do ...do V7.H Dall ...do ...do ....do ....do 0.50 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.46 0.50 0.85 1.00 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.90 1.10 1.20 1.18 1.10 1.00 1.10 0.42 0. 55 0.48 0.45 0.50 0.52 Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. J 7 do do Observations made just now regarding the identity of the measurements of Lapland and Massachusetts skulls may be here repeated respecting meas- urements of Asiatic, European, and American skins: there are discrepancies, but only those of individual variability. The distance from nose to eye averages half an inch; from nose to ear, about nine-tenths; the length of the head about an inch. The average length of the body we cannot make out precisely, as all our specimens are dried skins, and many of them stretched or otherwise distorted. Doubtless the average derivable from the table, as the figures stand, is a little too high. We doubt that any one of the specimens exceeded 3.75 in life, and think that few touch this dimension, which we are inclined to fix as about the normal maximum; the average is probably just about 3.33, while the normal minimum of adults may be a trifle under 3.00. The tail-vertebras run between 0.S0 and 1.25, with an average of hard upon 1.10; the pencil of hairs at the end is the fullest and longest of any North American representative of the subfamily, a Lemming hardly excepted. It is rarely under a third of an inch, averages upward of four-tenths, and sometimes reaches the half-inch. The tail to end of hairs averages close upon 1.50. The palms are within an inappreciable fraction of a third of an inch, while the soles correspondingly bear upon 0.70, with two-thirds and three-fourths as apparently minima and maxima. The ears run between barely over a third to little more than halt an inch, averaging nearer the latter dimension. 144 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. that in gapperi the feet and tail are Lengthened pari passu. There seems to lie a positive difference in the shape of the tail, which in gapperi, besides being longer, is slimmer, or of less caliber, than in ruHlus, and it tapers to a liner point. In gapperi, again, the hairiness of the tail is much less than in rutilus, the annul i being always visible, and the terminal pencil never equaling a fourth of the length of the member. There is a corresponding decrease in the hairiness of the feel ; the soles of the Massachusetts specimens, even winter ones, showing a naked space behind the posterior tubercle. We cannot agree with Professor Baird that gapperi "appears quite dis- tinct from the Hypudceus glareola of Keyserling and Blasius". It is true that our material is insufficient to bring us to any conclusions to which we should wish to finally commit ourselves; but, for all that we can see, rutilus has in Europe undergone precisely correspondent modifications with climate, result- ing in the so-called "glareola". Our samples purporting to be of this last are only two, Nos. 402 and 403, both from Sweden, and one of these is young and in poor condition, and therefore not eligible for comparison; but No. 402, taken in the depth of winter of 1847, seems to us in every respect identical with winter skins from Massachusetts and Lake Superior. Thus No. 402 and No. 910 (from Lake Superior) might have belonged to the same litter, for any difference that we can discover. We feel justified in using substantially the same language respecting the so-called Hypudceus rubidus of Europe; that is, provided No. 2994, from Switzerland, labeled "Myodes rubidus", be really an example of that form. This, our only example purporting to be "rubidus", is a little smaller, perhaps, than average gapperi or "glareola", with length of tail and feet at a maximum, as was to have been expected from its very southern habitat; but we find nothing to raise a suspicion of its specific distinction. However, in a memoir upon North American mammals, we need not go out of our way to discuss a question affecting those of other countries exclu- sively. We do not, therefore, pursue the subject; and in the same spirit we refrain from adducing any European names as synonyms of the American gapperi, or rather we retain the latter name as the designation of our animal, not making the change in nomenclature that might be necessary were gap- peri, glareola, and rubidus combined. A specimen of gapperi from Chilowk Lake, Washington Territory, collected in August by Dr. Kennerly, while attached to the Northwest Boun- dary Survey, enables us to extend the known range of the species materially. MUPJBvE— AliVIOOLlN.E— EVOTOMYS IJUTILUS GAPPEEI. 145 Table XXXVIII. — Measurements of thirty-eight (and list of other) specimens of Evotomys rutilus gappeki from the Northern Stales and adjoining British Provinces. 3 tSTT 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 7640 9064 949 950 1091 1093 1093 1094 1097 7723 9965 2530 AM 7724 9894 Date. July — , 1855 July — , 1855 July — , 1855 July — , 1655 July — , 1855 July — , 1855 July — , 1855 Oct. 22, 1855 Nov. 2, 1855 Nov. 9, 1855 Nov. 14, 1855 Nov. 7,1855 Dec. e, 1855 Dec. 10,1855 Juue 7,1860 Aug. — , Locality. Maes Halifax, N.S... Middleborough, do do.. do do do do do do do do do do do do do Minnesota do Lake Superior do do do Upper Missouri Chilowk Lake < 'ulli'l'tnr. J. Downes J. W.P. Jenks ... .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do ...do P. F. Odell ...do L. Agassiz ...do ...do B. A. Hughes (?) . J. G. Cooper C. B. R. Kennerly 0.4f) 0.40 '. 42 0.48 0.4B 0.45 0.4. Minimum . Maximum. Average . . Xmm' !(.- 0.50 0. 4P 0.45 0.41 0.43 0.40 0.50 0.44 3.75 1. 00 3. 4 1. 08 3. 25 I. 04 3. 2. 0. 98 2. 68 1.01 1.16 ,03 3.13 .15 3 75 . 12 3. 5C 3.50 3.30 4.00 1. 50 3.70 4.00 3.90 3.70 3.65 3.84 3.83 3.60 3.50 3.60 ... 1.20 LIS 1.10 1. 1 1.08 1.10 1.05 0. 80.0. 98 1. 00 1. 20 0.85,1.07 Cailto- 2. 6S 4.50 3.60 1.12 1.70 I.3.- w 1.00 1.45 1.4- 1.4: 1.2 1.40 L7J 1.;,.- 1 . 6." 1.0(1 1. 50 1.3(1 i . ;.- 1.60 .45 .65 1.30 1.91 1.70 1.60 1.75 I -ii 1.60 1.70 1.30 1.90 1.53 U.2- 0.40 0.37 i 0.70 ). 6 Mynomes, Rafixesque, Am. Monthly Mag. ii, 1817. 45. Type, M. pratensis = Wilson's Meadow-mouse, = Arvicola pennsylvanica Ord. >Psammomys, LeConte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1829, 132 (pinetorum). Not of Rueppel. >PUymys, McMurtrie, Am. ed. Cuv. R. A. i, 1831, 434. Type, A. pinetorum, LeC. > Hemiotomys, Selys-Longchamps, Etudes de Microm. 1839 85 (includes amphibius, lerreatris, &c). > Micro tun, Selys-Longchamps, op. cit. 1839, 86. > I'incmijs, Lesson, Nbuv. Tab. R. A. 1842, 12 (pinetorum). > Hemiotomys, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 515. Type, Arvicola riparius Ord. >Pedomys, Baird, op. cit. 517. Type, Arvicola austerus LeC. >Chilotu$. Baird, op. cit. 510. Type, Arvicola oregoni Bach. The foregoing synonymical list of itself indicates the limits we wish to set to Arvicola. All the earlier names, Mus, Lemmus, Myodes, Arvicola Lacep., and Hypudceus 111., marked <, were of wider applicability than Arvicola, as we define it, is; for they all (unless Arvicola Lacep. be an exception) included the Lemmings, and made no distinction of the rooted-molar species of what Keyserling and Blasius afterward called Hypudceus, and what we now call Evotomys. The many later names, marked >, are of less enlarged application than our Arvicola, being simply based upon particular species of the genus; most of them will stand as convenient subgeneric terms for the l.r)0 MONOGRAPHS OF NOIiTn AMERICAN RODEXTIA. various sections of the genus that it is quite worth while to recognize. The names Psammomys LcC. {nee Rtipp.), Pitymys McMurt, and Pinemys Less, are mere synonyms, all having been based on the same animal (pinetorum), and two of them being simply amends for LeConte's mistake in taking Vsammomys Riipp. for his Arvicola pinetorum. " Microtiis" Selys. appears to he about the same thing as Pitymys. Hemiotomys Selys. {nee Baird) goes to the European amphibius. Myonomes Raf. and Pedomys and C/iiloti/s Baird are tenahle suhgeneric names for particular American groups. Doubtless tlicre are some other generic or suhgeneric names that have not come to our notice. In proceeding now to define Arvicola, we may premise that our diag- nosis of the genus will simply he equivalent to such restriction of the char- acters of the subfamily Arvicolince as will exclude the Lemmings, the remarkable Synaptomys of Baird, and the rooted-molar group (Evotomys nob. — Hypudceus Keys. Bias. Bd. nee 111.). Some of the more boreal Arvicola do indeed closely approximate to the Lemmings in the shortness of their ears, tail, and feet, and in the mollipilose pelage; but the radical differences in dentition are never, so far as we know, obscured. It may be that there are some species of Arvicolince that require generic separation from Arvicola besides those just mentioned, but none such have come to our knowledge. Some of the characters we are about to give are rather those of the sub- family than of the genus; but the particular combination, as expressed in the whole paragraph, is generally diagnostic. Gen. Chars. — Crowns of the (§— f, rootless, perennial, prismatic) molars plane, divided into several closed islands of dentine by folds of the surround- ing sheet of enamel that meet from opposite sides and fuse along the median line (cf. Evotomys) ; the saliencies and reentrances of the alternating prisms strong and sharp, equally so on both inner and outer sides of the molar series, the profile of which is therefore equally serrate on both sides (cf. Myode*, Sy?iaptoi7iys). Anterior upper molar of 5 prisms, — 1 anterior, 2 interior, 2 exterior. Middle upper molar of 4 (or 5) prisms, — 1 anterior, 1 interior, 2 exterior (the last sometimes giving oft* a supplementary postero-interior one). Posterior upper molar of 4 to 7 prisms, of which the first is always anterior and transverse, the last a variable treflle (C, G, U, V, Y, &c, in shape, according to subgenus or species), and the intermediate ones latci-aT and alter- nating. All upper molars subequal in length and breadth (cf. Myodes, Synap- MURID.E— ARVICOLIN^— ARVIOOLA. 151 toimjs). Anterior lower molar of 5 to 8 prisms, of which the anterior forms an irregular treffle, the posterior a transverse loop, the intermediate forming lateral, alternating, closed triangles ; this molar nearly as long as the other two together. Middle lower molar of 4 to 5 prisms, of which the last forms a transverse loop, the rest forming alternating lateral triangles (cf. Evotomys). Posterior lower molar abruptly narrower than the rest, never of more than 3 prisms (cf. Synaptomys, Myodes) seriatim, each making a transverse loop (no lateral or alternating triangles). Upper incisors plane (cf. Synaptomys). Under incisor roots running past the last molar, and thence up tin1 back of the condylar process, forming a thickening of the ramus, or a strong ridge that subsides at the notch between condyle and descending process (cf. Synap- tomys, Myodes). Skull solid, massive, its zygomatic diameter slightly exceeding its length; interorbital constriction abrupt; temporals angularly encroaching on orbits Zygomata not dipping to level of palate, slightly expanded. Pos- terior termination of bony palate never a single, abrupt, transverse shelf (cf. Evotomys, Myodes, Synaptomys), but palate ending between ultimate molars by dipping to a conspicuous fossa on either side, between which is the narrow median fissure of the posterior nares ; said fossae leading directly out to the pterygoids. Incisive, foramina short and close, attaining neither incisors nor molars, but midway between both. Nasals anteriorly subtruncate opposite incisive alveoli ; posteriorly subequal or equal to nasal branches of maxillary, which reach nearly or quite to orbits. Coronoid process rising as high as the condyle (cf. Evotomys). Size medium for the subfamily ; form stout ; mem- bers short, but none of them rudimentary ; neck indistinguishable ; head broad, with convex forehead ; muzzle obtuse ; lip fairly cleft, hirsute; eyes small, midway between ears and snout; muzzle furry, except nasal papillae; whiskers 5-seriate. Ears well developed (cf. Myodes), but never noticeably overtopping the fur, orbicular, more or less hirsute both sides, with valvular antitragus. Fore feet £-§ the hind feet, with mostly naked tuberculate palms, 4-digitate; thumb obsolete, with abortive, obtuse, flattened, sessile nail; fin- gers unguiculate, inferiorly scutellate. Hind feet with soles neither entirely naked nor entirely furry, 5-G-tuberculate, the posterior tubercle long, 5-digitate; three middle toes longest and subequal, 5th and 1st successively much shorter. Tail terete, always hairy enough to obscure or conceal its annuli, and with terminal pencil, sometimes densely hirsute ; always longer than the sole, generally exceeding the head, but ranging in length from about, 152 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMERICAN ltODENTIA. ;is long as head to nearly half as Long as trunk. Pelage thick, soft, of ordinary fur, interspersed dorsally with longer hristly hairs; the Curat the roots uniformly plumbeous, colored only at the tips; general colors subdued, the shades diffuse, rarely with distinct parti-coloration, but under parts ordinarily lighter than upper, and tail bicolor from sharing the respective shades. The North American species fall naturally into lour groups, as originally pointed out by Professor Baird. These groups may be thus conveniently analyzed : — (a) Back upper molar with 2 external triangles and a posterior crescent Myonomes. 1 external triangle and a posterior trefoil (b). (b) Front lower molar with 3 internal and 2 or 3 external closed triangles Cliilotus. 2 internal and 1 external closed tri- angle (c). (c) Fore claws not larger than hind claws Pedumys. obviously larger than hind claws Pitymys. There are no tangible differences in the skull and teeth between Pedomys and Pitymys ; nevertheless, the external peculiarities of Pitymys are greater than those of either of the other forms. Chilotus, in general external char- acters, is so like both Myonomes and Pedomys that we cannot distinguish them, except by the peculiar construction of the ear. It shares the posterior trefoil of the back upper molar with Pedomys and Pitymys, but shares the greater number of lateral closed triangles of the front lower molar of Myonomes. Myonomes, again, is not separated from Pedomys by any external character, but by its posterior crescent and two external lateral triangles of the back upper' molar. So, combining dental and external characters, we may draw up the following antithetical diagnoses, making combinations perfectly tangible and satisfactory : — A. — Myonomes. Back upper molar with 2 external triangles and a posterior crescent. Middle upper molar with 2 internal triangles. Front lower molar with 3 internal and 2 or 3 external lateral triangles. Ear unrim- med in front. Sole 6-tuberculate. Fore claws not longer than hinder ones. Tail about :'{ the head and body, or more. Pelage ordinary. Of maximum and medium size. MUUID^E— AEVICOLESLE— ARVICOLA. 1 53 B. — Cuilotus. Back upper molar with 1 external triangle and a posterior trefoil. Middle upper molar with 1 internal triangle. Front lower molar with 3 internal and 2 or 3 external triangles. Ear with a rim in front of the meatus, owing to meeting there of the anterior and poste- rior roots of the auricle. Sole 5-tuberculate (?). Fore claws not larger than hinder ones. Tail about J the head and body. Pelage ordinary. Of minimum size. C. — Pedomys. Back upper molar with 1 external triangle and a posterior trefoil. Middle upper molar with 1 internal triangle. Front lower molar with 2 internal and 1 external triangle. Ear un rimmed. Sole 5-tuberculate. Fore claws not larger than hinder ones. Tail about J the head and body, or a little less. Pelage ordinary. Of medium size. D. — Pitymys. Back upper molar with 1 external triangle and a posterior trefoil. Middle upper molar with 1 internal triangle. Front lower molar with 2 internal and 1 external triangle. Ear unrimmed. Sole 5-tuberculate. Fore claws larger than hind ones. Tail about | the head and body, or less. Pelage dense, mole-like. Of small size. Subgenus MYOTOMES, Rafmesque. < Arvicola of American writers. =Armeola A, Hemiotomys, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 515 (type, Arvicola riparius Oiu>). Not of Selys-Long- ciiamps, whose type is the European Arvicola amphibius. = Mynomcs* Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag. ii, 1817, 45 (type, Mj/iiomes pratensis Rafinesque, which is hased on Wilson's Meadow-Mouse, Am. Orn. vi, pi. 50, f. 3, and is therefore = Arvicola 2)ennsylvanica Orel aud auct.). = Myonomcs, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 189. Chars. — Posterior superior molar with an anterior loop, an internal closed triangle, two external closed triangles, and a posterior crescent. Ante- rior inferior molar with a posterior loop, an anterior trefoil, three lateral inter- nal closed triangles, and two "(or threef) lateral external closed triangles. Middle superior molar with a supplementary postero-internal triangle. (Other dental and cranial characters as in Arvicola at large.) Ears about equaling the fur, rounded, hirsute, with well-developed valvular antitragus; no pecul- iar construction of the concha. Tail exceeding the head in length (about one-third as long as head and body), fairly hirsute and with terminal pencil, * The original orthography is Mynomes. I do not know what, if any, meaning attaches to this word, hut suppose it to he compounded with /ivc, so that it should he spelled Myonomcs, if not further altered into Hyonomus. t When there are three, the third results from change of the outer leaflet of tho anterior trefoil into a triangle. 154 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RQDENTIA. bicolor. Feet moderate; the fore about three-fifths as long as the hinder ; fore claws not larger than hind ones. This subgenus is fully illustrated in our article on its type, Myonomrs riparius, where will he found an extended account of the dentition. Above we only give the diagnostic characters and their more prominent collat- erals. The section is especially characteristic of North America, not being, perhaps, exactly matched in Europe or Asia ; it embraces the greatest number of American species of the genus, among them the most widely- distributed one of all, and includes, likewise, the largest of all; while none of tliein are so small as our species of Chi/otus, Pitymys, or Evotomys. It here becomes necessary to explain the synonymy above adduced, and show cause for adopting the name Myonomes for the subgenus. In the first and only subdivision of the American species of Arvicola which has, to my knowledge, been attempted, and which was so satisfactorily accomplished in 1857 by Professor Baird, the term Hemiotomys was adopted for this section. Professor Baird is, however, careful to add that this name was constructed by Selys-Longchamps to accommodate the European amphibius, terrestris, &c, the skull of which is more like Pedomys austerus ; and this is exactly so. Now, the very first and most essential character of Arvicola riparius, as compared with Chilotus oregoni, Pedomys austerus, and Pitymys pinctorum, is the remarkable posterior crescentic or C- or G-shaped loop on the back upper molar, which is unique among American species of Arvicola proper, though again found in another genus (Evotomys). This particular feature is not seen in Arvicola amphibius, where the posterior upper molar has but one external and one internal lateral closed triangle, and then a pos- terior trefoil almost exactly as in Pedomys austerus. The inapplicability, therefore, of the name Hemiotomys to this section is evident ; for to apply it here, is to ignore, by implication at any rate, the chief character of the section. If it is to be applied to any American section, it certainly ought to be given to that one of which A. austerus is typical, and thus be made to supplant Pedomys. After coming to this conclusion, our first care, of course, was to see what European or Asiatic species our A. riparius did agree with in this particular pattern of the last upper molar. Among the limited number of skulls at our command, in addition to A. amphibius, we find as follows: — A Lapland skull, labeled "rattkeps" (No. 105G), has on the back upper molar an anterior loop, MUEIM3— ARVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA. 155 £wo exterior closed triangles, two interior closed triangles, and a small sub- circular posterior trefoil, all of which makes a very different pattern from that presented by A. riparius. Another skull, from Siberia, labeled "obscurus" (No. 3226), shows an anterior loop, three external closed triangles, two internal closed triangles, and a posterior trefoil that is almost a short, very concavo- convex crescent by the depth of the notch of its inner leaflet. This is nearer to A. riparius, but not exactly it, as there is an additional interior closed tri- angle, and the crescent is not quite a crescent. A close approach, however, is made by No. 3228, labeled "decoriorum? or azconomusV from Siberia; and in another, No. 2026, labeled "agrestis", from Sweden, the peculiar pattern of riparius is exactly reproduced. Upon dental characters alone, there- fore, we would take as the name for our riparius any special genus that has been proposed upon either of these last-named species. The external char- acters, however, of riparius, do not agree with those short- tailed forms of boreal Europe and Asia, such as agrestis,* ojconomus, &c, but are very nearly as in "ratticeps". We, therefore, think it probable, as we said above, that the section for which we adopt the name Myonomes is not exactly represented in Europe, and consequently less confusion can ensue if we reject for the species not only Hemiotomys, but any other generic name that may have been based upon an Old World form. All the subgeneric or even "generic" divis- ions that we know of in the genus Arvicola are (with the single exception of the strongly-marked Hypudceus of Keyserling and Blasius and of Baird, equal to our Evotomys) so trivial as to be, in fact, but slightly superspecific designations, only worthy of being retained on the score of usefulness ; for it is practically a convenient thing, in so difficult a genus as Arvicola, to strike * If the Central and Southern European specimens of " aroalis " and tbe northern ones of "agrestis" be correctly labeled, there appears to be some mistake in what Professor Baird says (/. c. 513), in speaking of the species of his section Hypudaius. "Arvicola arvalis of Southern Europe," he says, "and Arvicola agrestis of Northern Europe, supposed to be identical with the A. arvalis of authors, fall legitimately in the other genus" [i. c, in Arvicola proper instead of in Hi/pudwus}. But all our skins marked "arvalis" have the prominent ears, &c, of " Hypudccus ", and their skulls have the peculiar palatal structure of "Hypu- dceus", aud their molar teeth are rooted, with crowns exactly as in other "Bypudan". They certainly are Sypudaus (Evotomys), and must be ranged close alongside E. rutilus, E. rubidus, E. glareola, and E. gapperi. On the other hand, those skins marked " agrestis" have the hidden ears and short tail and other exter- nal characters, and the ordinary bifossate palatal structur -, of Arvicola proper, to say nothing of their rootless molars, with crowns fashioned nearly as in riparius. So far, then, are our specimens from being specifically identical, that they are not even congeneric. We do not know how it may be with the "arvalis of authors", not having looked up the bibliography of the species; but, certainly, tho "arvalis" before us is not as Professor Baird supposed. On a subsequent page (516), however. Professor Baird correctly says that "A. agrestis from Sweden, in the character of its skull and teeth, belongs strictly to the group haviug A. riparius for the type ". So the mistake seems to be simply in confusing " arvalis " with agrestis. 156 MONOGEAPHS OF NOKT11 AMERICAN RODENTIA. as many dividing lines as can be drawn betweeD individual species and little groups of conspecies. On this consideration, we have no scruple in drawing up the characters of Myonornes so stringently thai all the European and Asiatic Forms shall be excluded if possible. Though we adopt the term "Myonorr.es" for what Professor Baird called Hemiotomys, we do not suppose that Rafinesque'had any idea what he was about when he invented it. But there stands the name "Myuomes praten- sis", based upon Wilson's Meadow Mouse, afterward Arvicola pennsylvanica of Ord, which is also Arvicola riparius of Ord. We do not sec how the name can be rejected, seeing that his type — a now well-known species — is mentioned; and, after all, it is perhaps just as well that he did not try to explain what he meant. ARVICOLA (MYONOMES) RIPARIUS, Ord. Common American Meadow Mouse. Campagnol or Meadow Mouse of Pennsylvania, Warden, "Descr. U. S. v, 025." \feadow Mouse, Wilson, Am. Orn. vi, pi. 50, f. 3. Mynomes pratensis, Raitnesque, Am. Monthly Mug. ii, 1817, 45. * Arvicola pennsylvanica," Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. cd. ii, lel5, 292 (based on Wilson, /. c). — Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 144 (in part. Quotes Ord, I. e., and describes pinetorum). — Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. viii, 588.— Schinz, Synopsis, ii, 1845, 24?.— Aid. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 341, pi. xlv. f. —.—LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 407. Arvicola palustris, Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 130; Med. & Phys. Researches, 1835, 47. Arvicola riparius, Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. iv, pt. ii, 1825, 305 (Philadelphia), (not of Richard- sou ?).— DeKav, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 84, pi. xxii, f. 2 (y< ung?).— Aud. & Cacti., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 302 (not figured. In text under " montaua") — LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 400.— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 522 (Eastern Uuited States).— Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist. 3d ed. 1800, i, 301.-»- Allen, Mainm. Mass., Hull. Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 8, 231.— Aud of late authors generally. Arvicola (Myonomes) riparius, Codes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1874, 189. — Coues & Yarrow. Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid. 187G, — . Arvicola riparius lougipilis, Kennicott, Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent Office for 1850-1850, 304 (specimens in heavy winter pelage from West Northfield, 111.). — Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 524 (iu text; same as Kennicott's). Eypudce.ua riparius, Maximilian, Arch. Natnrg. xviii, 1862; Yerz. N.-A. Siing. 1802, 174. Arvicola xanthognatha, Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 130. — GODMAN, Amer. Nat. Hist, ii, 1*20, 05: and 3d ed. 1860, i, 299 {not of Leach and Richardson). — Say, Long's Exped. R. Jits, i, 1823, 369.— DeKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 90.— Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci. sliii, 1842, 350— ?? Sabine, App. Frank- lin's Journ. 1825, GOll.t "This should stand, in strictness, as the specific name, with which Ord antedates Rafinesque. Since, however, the name is simply based, without sufficient description, upon a scarcely recognizable figure incidentally introduced in an ornithological work, I have preferred to adopt the same author's properly-characterized term riparius, though subsequent in point of date. Though I am aware that this course is, technically, indefensible, such slight latitude of choice stands to common sense, and infringes upon no author's rights, as Old's earlier term cuts Ratincsipio out of his. t Doubtful. 1 have not been able to look up this reference; but Richardson says(F. 11. -A. i, 122), "The description quoted by Sabine * * under title of J. xanthognatha does not belong to this animal, but to a much smaller species, which I have referred to the .1. pennsylvanica of Old." MURIDJE— ARVICOLIjNLE— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS. 157 Arvicola albomfeseens, Emmons, Eep. Quad. Mass. 1S40, 00 (Massachusetts; partial albino). — DeKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 89 (same as Emmons's). Arvicola hirsutus, Emmons, Rep. Quad. Mass. 1840, 60. — DeKay, N. V. Fn. i, 1842, 86 (same as Emmons's). Arvicola nasnla, Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plnla. viii, pt.ii, 1842, 396 ( Massachusetts). — Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 211, pi. clxiv, f. '2 (Massachusetts, New York, ami Michigan ). — LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 407 (quotes "Wiegmann's Archiv, 1843, 52, and Schiuz, 251"). Arvkola oneida, DeKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 88, pi. xxiv, f. 1 (young; New York).— LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1853, 400 (same as DeKay's). Arvicola rufescens, DeKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 85, pi. xxii, f. 1 (Northern New York). Arvicola occicleiitalis, Peai.e, Mamm. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, 45 (Puget.'s Sound). — LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 408 (same as Peale's).— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 294 (same as Peale's).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 534 (Peale's type described). Arvicola californica, Peale, Mamm. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, 40 (California).— LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 408 (same as Peale's).— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 293 (same as Peale's).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 532 (Peale's type). Arvicola montana, Peale, Mamm. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, 44 (Mount Shasta, Cal.). — Add. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 302 (same as Peale's).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 528 (California and ? Nebraska).— Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. vi, 1857, Zool. 61. Arvicola edax, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 405 (California).— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. 1854, iii, 270, pi. 154, f. 2 (taken from LeConte's type, and description compiled from LeConte). — Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 531 (description from LeConte's type). Arvicola uorealis, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 407, excl. synon. (not of Richardson, &c. The species is based upon specimens from Rhode Islaud now in Mus. Smiths.). Arvicola trotebridgei, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 529, in text (name suggested from some supposed dental pecul- iarities of No. yWVi Mus. Smiths., from Monterey, Cal.). Arvicola longivostris, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 530 (based on supposed cranial peculiarities of No. Jff§, Mus. Smiths., from California). — Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. vi, 1857, Zool. 01. Arvicola modcsta, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 535 (based on No. tV'/V, from Rocky Mountains; very young). Arvicola rvfidorsum, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 520 (Holmes' Hole, Mass. ; a very red specimen). Arvicola breiceri, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 525 (bleached breed from Muskeget Islaud, Mass.). Skull. — The cranium of Arvkola riparius has not a single specifically diagnostic feature ; all its characters are subgeneric, shared by xanthognatliu?, and by the various geographical strains more or less deviating in external char- acters from ordinary riparius of the United States. It averages, of course, smaller than that of xanthognathus or even of var. townsendi ; but the mini- mum of both of these is within the average of riparius. Our table of meas- urements indicates both size and shape so perfectly that these points need not detain us here. The skull is not satisfactorily distinguishable, dentition aside, from that of Pedomys; for the difference in the length of the nasal branches of the intermaxillarics, given by Baird, does not always hold. From Pitymys, it may generally be known (dentition aside) by being larger and not quite so wide for its length (as 0.59 to 1.00, instead of 0.62 to 1.00, as in Pitymys). It averages much larger than that of Cli'dotus oregoni. The dentition, likewise, offers nothing specifically diagnostic; all the species and varieties of the subgenus having the same pattern of the molar crowns. The present opportunity, however, is taken to fully describe the 158 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. teeth. The peculiarity of the back upper molar is nol shared by any other North American section of Arvicola, though re-occurring in Evotomys. The hack lower molar consists of three prisms, the crowns of which form three nearly transverse spherical triangles, with their greatest convexity posterior; the inclosed dentine islets reach across the tooth (i. e., there is no median line of enamel dividing off lateral triangles on either side, as is the case with all the other teeth ; though sometimes, when the middle islet is very sharp-angled and a little oblique, it gives rise to a partial enamel-line, abutting against the wall of the back islet). As elsewhere throughout the genus Arvicola, the tooth is abruptly narrower than the antecedent one. The middle lower molar has a posterior transverse crescentic ellipse, or spherical triangle, with its greatest convexity backward, its dentine islet reaching across the tooth. The rest of the tooth is of four alternating lateral closed triangles: the first internal, the second external, the third internal, the fourth or front one antero-external. Thus there are in all three saliencies on each side and two reentrances on each side (three internal reentrances, if a nick between the antero-external and next internal triangle be counted). The median zigzag of enamel effects perfect closure of all these triangles, starting from the front of the back loop forward and inward to form the base of the next lateral triangle, then shooting forward and outward, then forward and inward, then forward and outward. This tooth is much shorter and a little narrower than the next one. The front lower molar is the longest of all the teeth; its crown is exactly that of the middle lower molar jrfus one more internal lateral triangle and the large anterior trefoil. Thus there are in all three external saliencies (two of them being closed lateral triangles) and four internal saliencies (three of them being closed triangles), without counting the lobes of the anterior trefoil, which give another salicncy on each side; and likewise there are three external reentrances and four internal reentrances, without counting the nicks of the anterior trefoil, which give another reentrance on each side. The posterior loop and the several lateral triangles of this tooth are pretty con- stant, but the anterior trefoil varies interminably in precise size and shape. It would be useless to attempt to give its endless minor modifications. But we should note that either lobe of this trefoil may closely simulate an addi- tional lateral triangle; that this is particularly the case with the outer lobes, and, when it is accompanied by a forward extension of the median line of MUBIDJ3— AUVICOLIN.E— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS. 159 enamel, the lobe is cut off from the rest of the trefoil, and transformed into an actual closed external triangle, of which, therefore, the tooth may show indifferently two or three. A step further in modification is this: — the trefoil, after being partitioned off as just explained, may develop an external lobe on its midleaf, and so remain in effect a trefoil, giving in all five external salien- cies, viz: one from the posterior loop of tbe tooth; two from the two closed triangles proper; one from the additional closed triangle; and one from the supplementary lobe of the trefoil.* We have not noticed the same thing with the inner leaflet of the trefoil, but presume it may occur. The upper molars reverse the pattern of the lower; their transverse loop is in front instead of behind, and the lateral triangles alternate from before backward instead of from behind forward; and the last upper molar ends behind, just as the first lower molar begins in front, with a formation not seen on any other teeth. The first upper molar, like the last under molar, is very constant throughout the whole genus; the last upper and first under are our diagnostic teeth for the several subgenera, though the middle ones, both upper and under, furnish collateral characters. The front upper molar has in front a transverse loop, succeeded by two internal and two external alternating lateral closed triangles; the first of these being internal, the last postero-exrernal. The saliencies and reentrances on both sides are sharp; the saliencies, both external and internal, are three in number, counting a corner of the anterior loop in each enumeration. The middle upper molar likewise consists of an anterior loop succeeded by alternating lateral closed triangles, but here the first is an exterior instead of an interior one. The anterior ellipse usually sits a little oblique, its con- vexity looking inwai-d as well as forward. Regularly there are only two perfectly-closed lateral triangles on this tooth ; first an exterior, then an inte- rior, for the last one is as much posterior as interior, and not often regularly triangular. It may be called an exterior triangle, appendaged with a posterior lobe or spur representing an imperfect additional internal triangle. * This is our view of tbe formation of a variable number of lateral closed triangles iu tbis tootb ; it is simply a higher degree of complexity iu the folds of the anterior trefoil. Iu Pedomys and Pilymys, the reverse, of less complexity, is seen. Here the median zigzag of enamel does not run so far forward ; tbe anterior triangles are not fairly closed up, and their openness throws their dentiue islets into one diamond-shaped area that is usually also continuous with the interior of the trefoil itself. This is nearly as good a character for distinguishing Pedomys or Pitymys from any style of A. ripariua as that afforded by tbe back upper molar itself; though it is sometimes obscure, we have never seen the anterior lateral triangles fairly open in riparius, nor completely closed in the other two subgenera. Chilotus, however, is like riparius in this respect. 100 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN BODENTIA. When this exterior triangle is most perfect — most like the antecedenl one — then also it bears the most periled supplementary internal spur; but oftener the two together have an indeterminate contour and a common dentine islet* The last upper molar is the diagnostic tooth of this section of the genus. Certain European species show it exactly as in our forms; hid in North America, as far as is known, no Arvicolce but zanthognathus and the varieties of riparius show the peculiarity. This tooth consists essentially of an ante- rior transverse elliptical loop, one interior lateral closed triangle, two exterior lateral closed triangles, and a long oblique posterior crescent. The ellipse is succeeded first by the first exterior triangle, then by the single interior triangle, then by the other exterior triangle; the long anterior horn of the crescent bends inward to form a second interior saliency ; the long outward convexity of the crescent bears the second exterior triangle upon its back, as it were ; the posterior horn of the crescent curls- inwardly to form a loop that finishes the tooth behind. With endless minor modifications, as matters of individual variability, this crescent is always recognizable and rarely obscure. Generally, it is seen at first glance, as something different from the U-, V-, or Y-shaped trefoils that end this tooth in our other subgenera. Really, of course, it is not a continuous enamel-wall thus stretching crescentic across the tooth; simply, the second (counting from backward) internal reentrance is so deep that it pushes before it a fold of enamel till this touches and gen- erally fuses with the external wall of enamel just behind the second external triangle. It is, in fact, this fusion that produces the last-named triangle itself. (In the other subgenera, the corresponding prism of the tooth is simply the exterior leaflet of the posterior trefoil, opening directly into the midleaf, through lack of the fusion that takes place in riparius.') Now let this second internal reentrance be not quite deep enough to effect this closure, and we have the first modification of the crescent to be remembered, a slighi break in its convexity, just at the posterior angle of the second external triangle. When, as occasionally happens, this break is considerable, the integrity of the crescent is destroyed, and we have a trefoil-like loop simulating that of the other subgenera. But, even in these most obscure cases, we have always found something in the configuration, perhaps not susceptible of definition, * This little subsidiary triangle is never, to our knowledge, developed lit all in our other sections of the genus, and therefore, when evident, is a good character ; hut it is very liable to he overlooked — ill fact, it was only after repeated examinations that we verified the nice distinction Baird drew (p. 514) in the matter of this tooth. MURID2E— ARVICOLIN.E— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS. 1(51 but which, especially in connection with the characters of the other teeth, proved decisive. The second noticeable modification of the crescent affects the posterior part of its convexity, which may develop a little lobe or spur simulating a third external triangle; then, as a necessary result, the curve is sinuate instead of regularly convex, having a little concavity in one part. The third principal modification is in respect of the posterior horn of the crescent. This is generally a simple lobe finishing the tooth behind; but it may, as one of endless slight changes, produce a sort of curved spur or hook. When this fold is pretty long, narrow, and curved, it looks like a little addi- tional crescent lying in the belly of the main one. It is hardly necessary to add that none of these modifications have the slightest significance beyond indices of individual variability; and we should not have entered into the tedious minutiae except to bring this fact prominently forward, and to char- acterize the pattern of this important tooth in all its phases. We shall open the discussion of A. riparius with the examination of nineteen typical specimens from the locality of the original riparius Ord. These were all collected at the same time and place, at a season of the year when they are necessarily full-grown, and were all prepared by the same person, in the same style of skin. Whatever differences, therefore, may be found are to he attributed to purely individual variation, of which we thus obtain a perfectly reliable equation, free from any disturbing functions, such as age, season, climate, locality, &c. Whatever variation in size and propor- tion may be found becomes a still purer index, if possible, from the tact that not one of these specimens is distinguishable from any one of the other eighteen in color; for, as far as color is concerned, they all might have belonged to the same litter. In respect of the measurements, we should premise that, as great care was taken in preparing the skins, probably no one of them differs in total length 0 25 from the original dimension in life, and that, if anything, the lengths as given are a trifle under life-size, from shrink- age in drying; and, secondly, that the loss in drying of the feet and tail may be estimated at about 5 per cent. 11 M ir.L' MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XXXIX. — Measurements of nineteen specimens of A. RiPAnrcs/mm Philadelphia. 8 a ft Locality. Date. Collected by— Prepared by — o -= a -r a a S © Z H *6 i: 0 B o a to J, * - !% b • '- '7 s.1 a S i 434-3 4343 4)44 4343 4343 4347 Nov. — . ISOO ...do 4.73 4.00 4.30 1 25 4.40 4.30 4.00 4.00 4. ;.0 4. 30 4.40 1. 33 4.31) 4.00 4.40 4. 23 4. 12 4.40 4.30 1.50 1.55 1 15 1. 40 1. 53 1.C0 1.30 1.45 1.30 1. 55 I. CO 1 15 1.33 1.23 1. 50 1.23 1.30 1.30 1.25 o. ::o o.: i 0.35 0.36 0.36 0. 35 < 30 0. :>o 0.35 0.34 0. 30 0. 30 U. 35 0,31 0.30 0.^4 0.37 0.70 0.t2 0.80 0.70 0. E0 0.75 j i B0 o. .-o ii ■ i ii -a 0.73 n 78 ii. 71 da do ..do ilo .. do do ...do do .. do do do da ...do ... do .. do ...do do do ...do do ....do do ...do do do do ...do do - do do ..do .. do do do . do ...do . do do ...do ..do .. do do.. ...do do do do do ... .do do . do do - do ...do do .. do do . do do ...do 0 70 do ... do ...do 0. fO 0. 70 0.79 11. 75 0.£0 ...do do ...do do ...do do do ...do 4. 33 1.42 0.35 0.77 i It appears from (his table that the average length is 4.0.1, and, in 1 he best of our judgment, no allowance for shrinkage in the dimension is to be made. The extremes are from 4.00 to 4.75, a variation of three-fourths of an inch, or about 17 per cent, of the mean. The average of the tail, without its hairs, being 1.42, we may similarly set its true average length at an inch and a half; its variation amounts to 0.37, about the same percentage. The fore foot, averaging 0.35 in its present state, ranges from 0.30 to 0.38, that is, a variation of over 20 per cent.; but from the smallness of the measure- ment, the difficulty of placing the calipers upon exactly the same spot in the several specimens, and an actual difference in the position of the ball of the thumb when this is dried, the true percentage of variation would probably fall below (1.20, and thus be nearly (he same as in the cases of the head and body and tail. The average dimension of the fore foot in life may be set at three-twelfths of an inch, or three lines. The hind foot, from the tuberosity of the heel to the end of the longest claw, can be measured with great exact- ness: it averages <>.77, and so may be fixed at 0.80, or four-fifths of an inch, in life; it varies 0.12, or very nearly 17 per cent., as before. With these calculations for absolute dimensions and variation, we may further consider MURIDJ3— ARVI0OLIN.E— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS. 163 the same relatively: — The average head and body is to the average tail :: 4.35 : 1.50 :: 1 : 0.34; that is, the tail is almost exactly one-third as long as the head and body. The average fore foot is to the average hind foot : : 37 : 80 ; that is, it is a little less than one-half as long. It should be observed, likewise, that the variation in the proportional lengths of parts is considerable, i. e., the longest trunk has not always the longest tail and feet, nor is a long hind foot always accompanied by an equally lengthened fore foot. These calculations, moreover, it should be remembered, really exhibit a minimum of purely individual variation; for the nineteen specimens occurred under the most similar conditions possible. We shall next introduce a table of sixteen specimens, all from the same locality, but taken at different seasons, in different stages of growth, and prepared by different persons, for which reasons the series may be held to fairly express an average of -purely individual variability. In color, they are all so much alike, that no tangible difference can be noted, some being merely a shade browner or grayer than others. On an average, they are a trifle browner or brighter than the Philadelphia series. Table XL. — Measurements of sixlmi >y» cimer.s cf A. ripaiuus collected hy J. IV. J'. Jt »/,«, at Miidlcboro', Afass. Q .= B Date. Prepared by— "3 c a a 'C Tail to— p c .: C ~z > •r. Remarks. i j a i 3 2.17 '1? s I " t _5ii. ■i so T'.'jT II OR TU5 4" 0 •> 3 Toe* 1 V4i7 7.71 1101 948 -co 1432 1098 1099 d d ? ? d d d d Mar. 11. 1850 Sept. —.1855 Sept. — , 1855 Sept. -, 1855 Sept. — , 18E5 Sep'. — , 1855 Sept. — . 1855 Sept.—, 1855 Spring, 1850 Jane 8, 1855 Dee. 20, 1855 Oct. 22, 1855 July 9, 1855 Apr. 17,1856 Nov. 5,1855 Nov. 11, 1855 S. G. Brown ... .. do do .. do ...do ...do ...do ..do ... do J. W. I>. Jenks 1.41 1.S5 l.rto 1.34 1.33 1.35 1.25 1.34 1.25 4.85 4.42 4.27 4.43 4.40 4.44 4.15 4.42 4. 10 4.33 4.00 4.50 4. 25 5. 25 5.75 5. CO 1.80 1. S3 1.50 1.83 1.83 1.43 1. no 1.83 1.50 1.40 1.37 1.55 1.83 1.00 1.80 1.98 2.00 1.75 2. 00 2.00 1.56 2.05 2.00 1.83 1. 50 1.50 1.70 2.15 1.80 2.08 0.37 0.30 0.38 0.37 0. 3C 0.33 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.30 0.38 0.30 0.40 0.75 0. 70 0.80 0.70 0.75 0.74 0.77 0.75 0.80 0.70 0.74 0. 7.7 0.75 0 80 0.75 0.80 The first nine specimens enumerated were skinned from alcobol by Mr. Brown, and the first four columns of measurements of these niue are his, rs taken from the- flesh. Some of his figures for the tails as given on tin- labels air obviously incor- rect, and probably all are in excess, bis point being taken too far inside ..do ...do ..do . . do ments are from the dried skins. ....do ...do No. 1008 is overstuffed, and Nos. 1432 and 1090 seem to be somewhat so. From this table it appears that the head, from point of the nose to the occiput, averages just one and a third inches in length, which is slightly less than one-third of the head and body together, and a little less than the average length of tail; its variation is 0.15, or a little over ten per cent, of 1G4 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. the mean. The average length of the nine specimens, as measured fresh, is 4.30, and of the seven dried ones is 4.75; the result 4.52, as the true length of the animal, is slightly in excess of that deduced from the Philadelphia series, and precisely what we should expect from the increase in latitude. But before considering the limits of variability in total length of this series, we must allow for the probable changes produced in stuffing. Tims No. 1578, which was 4.10 long when fresh, measures in its present state only 3.75, without obvious "bunching up" of the skin; while No. 1098, with apparently moderate overstuffing, reaches 5.75, and it doubtless was at least 5.00 in life. Making due allowance for these contingencies, it will be quite safe to assume one inch in length of head and body as the fair average varia- bility of mature individuals living in the same locality. It is beyond doubt that this capacity for variation will be found exemplified in every considerable series of adult specimens from any locality. The tails of the above series average 1.G6 in length ; but this dimension, as we have remarked, is certainly in appreciable excess. We should not place the true average above 1.00 at most, and this would correspond pre- cisely with the slight increase in average size of the Massachusetts over the Philadelphia series ; the tail being, as before, one-third as long as the head and body. We have, however, a higher rate of variation in the length of the tail, viz, from 1.37 to 1.80 at least, which is almost half an inch. Although this may seem excessive, and be thought not quite reliable, owing to what we said of the measurements as taken, yet we are sun1 it is nothing unusual, and, in fact, we demonstrate further on, from consideration of more material, a greater variability of the tail than this. The pencil of hairs at the tip is a very inconstant feature, depending upon the general condition of the animal as to pelage, and perhaps upon season. It averages about a fourth of an inch, and ordinarily ranges between 0.10 and 0.30. The measurements it the feet, in the above table, are essentially the same as those of the Phila- delphia series, and need not detain us, though we may gather the fact that increase in total stature is not always accompanied by corresponding increase in these members, since No. 10'J8, the largest of the specimens, has feet of only average dimensions. As corroborative of the two foregoing tables, and as introducing new data in dimensions, we shall next present a table of sixteen specimens from slightly-separated localities (hut of strictly the same geographical range), and separated from the localities already noticed by a considerable interval. MQRlDiE— ARVICOLIN^E— ARVIOOLA RIPARIUS. 165 Table XLI. — Measurements of sixteen specimens of A. rifarics from Northwestern States. S Date. Locality. Collected by- C. o .a B « a Tail to end if— c o G & c c a ■n',,i 741 742 74.") 11(14 li'lS TWiii" ojr_ 1 [Mill , ! i a g 1 1 , s 1JJ.1 •i ii 5 y 08a 207 '. S'l n i -.' tVtt West JTorthfitlil, 111 do . . 1 80 1. 00 1.90 1. 41) 1.00 1.70 1.55 1 85 1.70 1. 45 1.80 1.40 1.85 1.75 3.50 :'. r.i 4 III) 3.75 4.25 4 35 3. 85 4. 50 4. SO 4. 40 3. 75 4. 25 4 45 4,00 I, 511 3.50 l.i.ii 1. w 1.70 1 ill 1.45 1. 5 i 1. 45 1.70 1.50 1.25 1.55 1.35 I.CII 1. 50 0. 31, (1. 37 ii :, 0.30 0. 38 0. 40 0.38 0.37 0.30 0. 30 0. 33 0.34 0.38 0.35 0.38 0.37 11.7 1 ii. *: ii. i :; 0.78 0.81 0. 85 0.84 0.80 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.70 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.80 do Spring, 185.7 Jan. — . 1855 Spring, 1855 do do do do do do... do ? 9 d \ — ^ Tail lo end . f- Q a c ■a Remarks. Date. Locality. ™ r; o 5 i. EOJG GJ44 i i -i ■it 10285 a r. t* w > u E 3 «5 Halifax, X. S do Dr. J. B. Gilpin. ....do l>r. J. Wymau . 4.00 3.75 3.75 1.30 1.30 1.50 1. 50 1. 45 1.70 0.30 0. 32 0.30 0. 75 0.76 0.75 Head 1 25. 1. -0 2.00 0 33 0.75 N. 11. 7760 — , 1864 E. Bethel, Vt C S. Paine Albino ( - " clb<> ufeS' C«W"). i 1 1 ■ ■ ? /. 1 uoropsi n . . 4.50 1.75 1.90 n -- rf 9 do ....do 4. C6 1.70 1.90 0.30 0.77 "Head I.-.5. do .. do ....do 4. CO 4.07 1. I (1 1.80 1.00 l.ao 0.37 0.35 0.80 0. 75 Head 1.33. ...do. do Ang.21, 1863 Wood's Hole, Mass S. F. Baird 4.90 1.10 2.10 0.43 0.86 cf Ang.32, 1863 do ....do 4. 50 I.C0 1.E0 0.78 ; .■:. i ,,14' i, i I , :,,■■,, ■ Sept 2, 1863 do ....do 4.25 1.50 1.70 0.39 0.82 July is. 1863 July 23, 1863 .... do ....do 3.50 1.40 1.00 0.79 9 do ....do 3.50 1.25 1.35 0.79 Sept. IS, 1803 NanshoD, Mass .... ....do 1.00 1.95 0.40 0.82 Sept. 12, ieC3 do ....do 4.80 1. SO 2. 10 0.41 0. 83 Sept 8, 1863 do ....do 4. 55 1. .v. l s:, 0.40 0.80 1 9 July — , 1856 UnsUegct I Mass Dr. T. M.Erewei 4.30 1.C5 1.94 0.85 Nose to eye 0,50, to ear 1.08 ; bead 1.35. i July — . 1856 do ....do 4.07 1.84 2.24 0.45 0.90 Nose to eye 0.59, to oar 1.18; head 1.40. rf July — , 1858 do ....do . Very young ; this and Nos. 2S30-1 types cf " breweri". ■ 1 ■ i •■ i 9 rf Hinghnm, Mass. . . . do .."do 1. 05 1.85 0. 33 0. 85 Head 1.60 (?) ....do 4.64 4.20 1.70 1. 55 1.90 i. es 0.35 0. 75 0.82 Head 1.33. Type Of' rufid ITSWn Holmes' Hole, Mass Dr. J. Wyman.. ■ 9 Sept. 15, 1863 do S. F. Baird 4.75 1.00 1.80 0.40 0.80 Like " rufidorsum". [>i7 Oct 22 1855 Midi lloborongli, Mass 4710 171!) ,J 4.20 1.40 1.55 0.31 0.85 Head 1 25. Nov. — , 1855 \. v. —,1855 Newport, Ii. I do S. Powell ....do 3.50 4. 35 1.35 1.00 1. 50 0.31 0.40 0. 75 0. si ^ T\ pe of " borealix" , > LcConte, 1853 ; nee i Richardsou- 1722 Nov. —.1855 do .. do 1.40 1.00 0.35 0.85 Type of "naxula". £56 Very young. 857 J33. Tyj4 tlci do 4.75 4.00 2.00 1.90 2.10 2.10 0.80 0. 75 do ....do 1 ex 1 !onnty, N. Y . .. do S E. Halo rf s, pi 1835 ....do 4.0,1 1.00 i sr, 0.70 Head 1.33. rf Nichols, N.Y i:. Howe] Y.iihil' UH 9 dn . .I.. 4. 10 1.00 1.90 0.70 Head 1.40. MURID.33— ARVICOLIN^E— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS. 167 Table XLII. — Liatof specimens (additional to those of Tables XXXTX, XL, and XLT) of Arvicola riparius examined from the United States east of the Mississijipi, with measurements of main/ — Continued. u a a 'A to Date. Locality. Collected by — a 1 o Tail to end of— — c s (S 0.35 £ o Remarks. 1215 Nichols, N. Y R, Howell 4.35 1.80 2.20 0.80 1666 tf Aug. — , 1850 Beesley's Point, N. J. S. F.Baird 5.00 1.80 2.00 0.42 0. 90 tWY J Sept. — , 1850 Carlisle, Pa do ...do do .. do ...do 4.50 3.40* 4.50 1.45 1.C0 0.75 0.79 Head 1.20; young. Feb. 20, 1852 do 1.7(1 1.80 0.80 ■$h Feb. 20, 1852 do . . do 5.25 1.75 S S 4 2357 ...do .. ..do 3.60 Suckling. rf Sept. 11, 1856 do .. do 1.40 1.60 0.78 28". 2250 2107 2168 2169 J 3, 94o Jl. do do ... do .1.75 3.40 5.50 5.50 5.75 4.75 3.75 1.40 1.60 1.60 1.85 1. C5 1.C0 1.55 1.80 1. 90 2. CO 1. SO 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.34 0.78 0. 8 1 0.82 0. 90 0.70 0.72 Ynnng. i Very large and griz- zly specimens. J Nov. _, ieso do Williamsport, Pa ... do I. McMiun ...do do ..do TJuknowu ..do Foxburgh, Pa do t 4743 Nov. — , 1853 Columbia, Pa Major LeConto.. 4.25 0.30 0.72 Labeled "natfuto". 4720 Nov. — , 1853 do ...do 5.00 1.80 2.05 0.40 0.85 do 592 irn> 472.1 4724 5152 Philadelphia, Pa . . . Pennsylvania do ...do ...do ... do 4. CO 5. 10 4. 25 1.40 1.50 1.30 1.00 1.70 1.50 0.37 0.30 0. 45 0.80 1) 82 0. !)2 0.82 Type of riparius. Labeled "xauthogna- tha". do 5154 do ...do 4.00 1.20 l. :is II. 79 ....do. 4725 Michigan 4.50 0.39 0.80 820 Dr. J. P.Kirtland 5.00 1.80 0.35 0.75 Labeled " nasuta". Suckling. .. do. dn 22 BS 0 iffio Dr. P. U. Hoy .. . . do Dr.G. Engelniann Neisley.. Nov. — , 1855 Clarke County, Va. . 4.00 1.30 1.45 0.35 0.80 Head 1 20. Hillsborough, N.C.. M. A. Curtis .. 4.10 1.50 1.70 0.35 0.78 3525 do .. do 4.75 3.50 1.60 1.30 1.80 1.40 0. 39 0.33 U. 79 0.77 La. 168 iX 1363 do .. do 4.00 1.10 1. 10 0.37 0.82 W. Cooper Dr. T. M. Brewei 5. 5.) 1.55 1.75 0.40 0.80 Labeled " ru/escens ". Very gray, like "brew- 4713 ,1846 do 5.00 ed " ; labeled " na- suta". 4717 do Young; labeled "onei- dJ, ". 1300 do . 3.80 4. 30 4. 35 5.00 1 10 1.50 1.75 1.00 1. 55 1.50 1.25 1.70 1.93 1.80 1.70 1.65 0.35 0.35 0.38 0.35 0. 38 0.33 0.78 0.76 0.83 0.78 0 85 0.84 4.25 4.43 1.59 0.80 3. CO 1.10 2.00 0.72 0.92 > Gross. 108 MONOGRAPHS OF NOlfTII AMERICAN PODENTIA. The large amount of material in this table gives the following results:- The average length of the trunk (head and body) is 4.4?, or .slightly less than lour and a half inches. The minimum, of apparently adult animals, is 3.50, the maximum is 5.7f>, and so two inches and a quarter is the gross amount of variation deduced from the figures as they stand. To make allowance, however, for probable error, both from inaccuracy of measure- ment and from imperfect preparation of the dried skins, from which most ol the measurements are taken, and thus to keep largely within reasonable bounds, we will add 0.25 to the minimum and subtract 0.25 from the maxi- mum. With this very liberal allowance, it will be seen that we have proven a net variation of one and three-quarters inches to occur in the sixty-three specimens measured. The tail averages 1.59 in this series, with 1.10 and 2.00 as extremes. Making a fair allowance for error, as before, its true variation may safely be held at three-quarters of an inch. Its average length relative to the trunk is as 4.43 to 1.59 :: 1 : 0.3G nearly, or a little over one-third the length of the trunk. The average hind foot is here 0.80, with 0.72 and 0.92 as extremes. Probably little or no allowance is here to be made for error, as the feet are never skinned, shrink but little in drying, and can be measured to a nicety. The hind foot, then, varies two-tenths of an inch in length. AVe tabulate a resume of the four preceding series, as far as the three principal measurements, of head and body, tail vertebra1, and hind foot, are concerned. Sorics. a c J. Em O Z - u g 4 3 Length of head and body. Tail (verre ine). H ind foe t. 60 ct Z > < B 3 a 3 '3 33 > < 1.42 1.00 1.49 1.59 3 3 5 "y. C3 5 a 3 it ca u > < | '7-. CI S 3 '3 Philadelphia scries 19 1C 10 03 1. 35 4.52 4.(14 4. 43 4. 75 5.75 I. 50 5. 75 1. 00 4.00 3.50 :s. 50 1.00 1.90 1.70 2.00 1 . 25 1.37 1.25 1.10 0.77 0.70 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.85 0.92 0.70 0.70 0.75 0. 72 Illinois, &c., series 114 4.33 5.75 3.50 1.59 2. 00 1.10 0.78 0. 92 0.711 Combining the results of the 1 14 specimens, we have an average length of trunk of exactly four ami one-third inches; a length of tail of 1.59, or almost MUIUD^E— AEVICOLLN^E— ARV1COLA KIPARIUS. 169 exactly one and three-fifths inches; and a foot of 0.78, or nearly four-fifths of an inch. The majority of the specimens run from 4.25 to 4.50 in length; a large proportion run between 4.00 and 5.00. Only eight specimens (about 7 per cent, of the whole) exceed 5 00, and only twelve (about 10 per cent.) of the adult ones fall below 4.00. The proportionally longest tail is as 0.41 to 1.00, or a trifle over two-fifths of the trunk; the shortest tail is as 0.27 to 1.00, or a little over one-fourth of the trunk; the average tail is to the average trunk as 0.37 to 1.00, or about three-eighths. Only a single foot of the 114 exceeds 0.90, and only three touch this figure; not one falls below 0.70. The limits of what may be called normal individual variability are easily set from the foregoing figures, and the bounds of possible variation as readily perceived for both absolute size and relative proportion of parts. It must be observed that we have not yet presumed to inquire whether more than one species be represented in the series; but what we claim to have shown is that no more than one species can be predicated upon these specimens from size and relative proportion of parts, since the absolute dimensions grade imperceptibly between the extremes, and the relative measurements are inextricably interlaced. As a supplement to the foregoing, we subjoin another table of more detailed measurements of numerous alcoholic specimens, all from the Eastern United States. This table extends and checks the above results to the last details of structure, and requires no further comment. Tablk XLIII. — Measurements of forty-five {and list of many other) alcoholic specimens of A. KIPAIUC8 from the Eastern United States. Current number. V rr. Locality. Collector. From tip of nose te- Tail to end of— Length of— « o "S w Nature of specimen. as D.45 a W 1.10 3c '£ o o 1.20 H 1.20 1.60 OS m 1.90 g ,c '3 a .5 © 0 o a a 4908 7630 7653 10576 1 to 10578 J 28901 to 2892 ) 10579 | to \ 10584 1 2851 7599 10585 1 to > 10593 j 4313 10591 7016 7027 10595 9888 10596 7577 2849 2-50 2851 2862 2363 7651 2354 7617 10597 10598 9868 10599 10600 10631 10602 7605 10003 1 to 10611 J 4893 106121 to [ 10621 J 7C14 10623 | to \ 10629 J Canada West Minnesota A'o iholic. do. do. do. ...do. do do , Saint Louis, Mo Wethersfield, Conn ... ... do C.Wright 0.45 0.52 0.50 1.00 1.20 1.00 1 -J/. 1.40 1.20 4. 25 i. ;.i 5.00 4. 9( 1.50 1.80 1. 60 1.75 i.ii 2.10 1.80 i 01 0.40 0. 45 0.44 0. 45 0.75 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.45 0.52 do. ....do. 3 very youug. Young. ..do. do. do. Teats: 4 pect, 4 abd. Alcoholic. . . . .do. d„ ....do 9 do W. Stimpaon Essex County, N. Y. . . Waterville, N. Y do II. Davis Hillsborough, N. C do M. A.. Curtis Washington, D. C Tioga, N. Y do do Philadelphia, Pa E. Howell ...do ...do 0.50 0.5'.: 0.48 0.48 1.10 1.02 0.97 0.97 1.30 1.30 1.21 1.21 5.2." 4.30 1.70 1.70 1. 53 1.50 1.40 1. 91 1.78 1.70 1.72 0.48 0.45 ii 1 0.40 0.85 0.80 0.8: 0.79 ...do. ...do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Clarke County, Va do Sp"ttsylvauia Co., Va do C. B. R. Kennedy ...do ...do. 0.50 0.98 1.2( 4.K 1.40 1 61 0.45 0. M 0.45 do. ...do. ....do. do ....do. Oneida Connty, N. Y. do ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. do ....do. ■■ R. Howell ....do. ....do. Waterville, N. Y Alcoholic ; 12 youug. Alcoholic. Alcoholic; 4 veiling. Alcoholic. Oneida County, N. Y. • do MUKID.43— ARVICOLIN.E— ARVIOOLA RIPAR1DS. 171 Taulk XLIIf. Measurements of forty-five (and list of many other) alcoholic specimens of A. KJP.UdUS from the Eastern United States — Continued. 1 From tip of nose Tail to Length s 3 R p 1 a V «: Locality. Collector. to— end of— of— r: o Tt o » Nature <. specimen o >> C3 3 u o O "3 H W 43 O O O O © .O a 5 7021 Germautown, Pa Alcoholic. 10030 . to ! do ...do .. do. 10633 J 7048 . Becsley Point, N. J . . . S.F.Iiaird 0.55 1.18 1.35 5.75 2. CO 3. 4; 0.49 0.86 .. do. 10034 do ...do 0.55 1.20 1.35 5.00 2.00 2.30 0.46 0.90 . do. •7590 Z. Thompson 0.50 1.15 1.30 1.0 2.10 i 35 0.45 0.85 ...do. 10630 do ..do 4.20 1.40 1 55 do. 10037, to I 100-1 5 J ....do do ...do. •020 Hiiigham, Mass T. IT. Brewer 5.75 1.60 i.es 0.43 0.82 .. do. 10040 > to ! do ...do ...do. 1005>oj 2828 d Muskeget Island ...do 0.57 1.12 1.37 4.00 1.77 •2.07 0.42 0.88 ) 2820 d do ...do 0.55 1.10 1.31 4.42 1.50 1.81 J. 41 0.90 | Types of ' Breweri." 2333 do 0.40 0.86 l.oe 3. It! 1.31 1.54 0.40 0.81 2003 d Carlisle, Pa S. F. Baird 0.45 0.92 1.25 3.50 1.35 1.55 1.30 0.80 Alcoholic. 2004 d do ...do 0.50 1.00 1.30 1. 40 1.00 1.80 0.44 0.8) ...do. 2005 d do ...do 0.50 1. CO 1.30 1.20 1.00 1.85 0.41 0. 83 .. do. 2000 d do ...do 0.45 0.93 1. 18 3.7 1.40 1.61 0.42 0.80 ..do. 2907 do ...do 0. 45 0. 90 l.oe 4.20 1.50 1. 75 0.40 0.83 ...:.... do 2908 2909 do do it i; n 'V. 1.25 1.20 3.40 3. 01 1.20 1.60 I. 15 1. 85 0.30 0.38 0.80 0.85 .. do. .. do. do ....do 0.47 0.93 2910 do ...do 0. 40 0.90 1.20 3.71 1.25 1. 45 0.37 0.82 ...do. 7008 do do. 10051 | to do 10004 J 2855 Mount Joy, Fa J. Stauffer 0.48 0.90 I.3C 3.75 1.23 1.40 0.40 0.84 Alcoholic. 2850 do ...do 0.5(1 0.98 1.30 3.80 1.40 I. CO i in 0.85 . . do. 2857 d do ...do 0. 50 1.00 1.30 4.15 1.05 1.95 J. 41 0.86 0.44 .. do. 2858 do ...do 0.50 1.00 1.2t 4.00 1.33 1.55 0.40 0.83 ...do. 2859 do ...do 0.50 1.00 1. 25 4.20 1.33 1.55 0.41 0.81 0. 48! ..do. 2800 do ...do 0.46 I 05 1.28 3.55 1.45 0.40 0.81 0.45 ...do. 2801 do ...do 0.4-2 0.78 1. 15 3.70 1.25 1.40 1.10 0.72 ...do. 2804 do ...do 0.47 i 05 1.28 4.15 1.30 1.50 0.42 0.80 0.43 ...do. 2805 do ...do 0.50 1.C0 1.30 4.00 1.60 1.85 0.41 0.83 J. 43 .. do. 2800 do ...do 0.45 1.00 1.27 4.00 1 50 1.80 i. Ill 0.80 0.40 . . tlo. 2807 do ...do 0.47 0.95 1.30 4. 12 1.60 1.76 0.40 0.74 ...do. 2868 . do ...do r. 0.48 0.95 1.30 4. CO 1.35 1.57 0.40 0. 7C 0.43 ...do. 2869 do .. do 0.42 0. 85 1.15 4.00 1.48 1. 08 0.43 0.80 ...do 2870 do ..do 0.45 0.90 1.25 3. GO 1.32 1.52 0.40 0.70 ...do. 2863 9 d Philadelphia, Pa do 0 40 ii 'in 3.80 1.60 1.80 0.41 0.81 do. 2863 0. 42 0. 84 3.20 1.10 0.32 0.73 ...do. 2852 Bradford County, Pa. . t 0 15 0 90 1.22 4.75 1.61 1.00 0.40 0.75 0. 55 ..do. 7584 . Alleghany County, Pa. B.O.Walker do. 10665i to 10073 J do do .. .do. * 759C nnd some others from Burlington have unusually long tail, as iu the Re$2>. feature does not mark them all , they vary half an inch. 'niyoJes" from that region. But this 172 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XLIII. — Measurements of forty-five (and list of many other) alcoholic spectrin n> «f A. rjpakius from Hie Eastern United iVairs— Continued. (4 u 3 s s a 3 •■J Si V. Locality. Collector. From lipof I1O80 to— Tail to Length eml of— of— 3 u -1 *S Nature of specimen. ft '5 o O H s > •i o .o « (-i o c .= a 3 7501 mo: 1 1 '" 10688 1 2885 3886 2887 10778 ' 10773 1 '107801 '" 10806 J 7615 10807 10808 1080a 10810 9882 10811 10812 10813 Salem, Ohio do ...do .. Alcoholic ; vt rv young. Alcoholic. do. Supposed S vtry young. Supposed t; vii \ young. Alcoholic. do. do. .. da ... West Northfield, 111 .. do ....do do . . . do ...do do . do do .. do ...do Pembina, Minn ...do ...do do .. do do . do ...do ... .. do. do. ...do. do. .. do. .. do. do ...do Wood's Hole, Mass ... do ...do do ...do do ...do * These 27 specimens not identified by teeth, with few exceptions. It is necessary to make a note of these for fear there may be some Pedomys awterus among them. Table XLIV. — Measurement* of thirty-nine dry specimens of the MPARIUS type from various localities in the United States ieest of the Mississippi. y. Date. Locality. Collected by- > g _ 3 w Item arks. 9335 9336 9337 4317 4318 3242 4332 ii-. i .■ i - 3096 8428 3057 WW 10289 8102 3351 Aug. —,1871 Aug. — , 1871 June 19, 1871 July 1, I860 An;. 10,1850 Aug. 26, 1856 Aug. 11, 1857 July 28, 18— July 24, 1857 Apr. 17, 1858 Yellowstone Lake do Fort Neuf Nebraska do do do do Cheyenne Pass, II. Mis Cheyenne River, Dak Medicine How Mountains East of Fort Union sawatch Pass do Denver, Colo Central Plains I'ort Bridger, Chili V. Hayden do do do do do H.Trook . S. Wood do do M. Rothharnmoi A. ] loininoud . Suckley Kroutzlol.lt .. do Palmer \\ eruigk DllAlT 3.75 3.75 4.30 4.50 4.50 3.50 3.00 4.25 3.25 3.00 3.50 3.25 2. 00 2.75 2.75 4.20 3. 75 3.50 1.20 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.40 1. 05 l.oo 0. 70 0.75 0.C0 0.90 1.30 1 25 I 2.'. 0. 07 0.71 0.72 0.70 0.78 0. 7fi 0.72 0.78 0.70 0. 05 0.77 0.60 0.60 0.00 o 65 0.79 0.74 0. (H Fresh: "5.00 in long; head 1.23 Young. .. do. Immature. Young. .. do. Young ; type of " modestus ". Young ; " mod08tii8 V\ Like " cdax " in onlor. .. do. Young. MURID^E— ARVICOLINiB— ARVTCOLA EI PARTUS. 173 Table XLIV. — Measurements of thirty-nine dry specimens of the RIPARIL'S type from various localities in the United States west of the Mississippi — Continued. o .= a 3 to M u CO Date. Locality Collected by — \ g '3 B o <** o s o CO 0.78 0.70 0.79 0.74 0.62 0.79 0.77 0.85 0.78 0.83 0.90 0.73 0.81 0.80 0.83 0.80 0.88 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.87 Remarks. 3350 3349 3348 9613 9014 4171 3804 3863 3866 3867 3669 1*114 mi mi as ax J 5 ■ s 4721 3733 10082 10083 ¥ May 28, 1858 Juue 9, 1858 June 4, 1858 Fort Bridger, Utah do do C. Dresler ..do ...do 4. 75 3.75 4.25 3 90 3.75 4.50 5.00 4.75 4. 25 4.55 4.00 4.50 4.50 4.33 3.40 4.40 4.00 3.80 4.00 3.50 2.10 1.00 1.30 1.50 1. 35 1.25 1.40 1.65 1.50 1.55 1.00 i. eo 1.40 1.85 1.55 1. 45 1.75 1.87 Dark-colored. ....do. ...do. .....do. ...do. Type of " iongirostris ". Labeled " moutanus". Labeled " muntaiius ?". Labeled " edaxt". Labeled "edax ", Labeled " edax?'\ Type of "edax". ["edax". Labeled " califundcus" ; like Type of " eaUfonueus ". Type of " occidentalis ". Fort Whipple, Ariz do Fort Crook, Cal do ...do ? Mar. 31, 1860 do do ..do do ...do do ...do Fort Tejon, Cal Upper Pit River, Cal . . . Lost River, Cal 9 J. S. "Newberry ...do E. Samuels A. S. Taylor J. F. Hammond . . do Monterey, Cal San Diego, Cal do California do do U.S. Ex. Esp ... ...do do Paget Sound 4.18 1.53 0.79 As will be seen, this series embraces the type-specimens of all the nominal species we are to discuss except "montana", and of this there is a typical example. The series was made up without the slightest reference to any desired or expected result, and simply includes, in fact, all \ he dry speci- mens that have come under our observation. The seven specimens marked "young" are not grown enough to furnish available measurements; and as they would vitiate the result if included, they are omitted in computing the It is hardly necessary to more than allude to the average of this series as compared with the eastern ones. The total length falls between that of the Philadelphia and the Illinois series, and is 0.15 below the general average. The length of tail is within a just appreciable fraction of the grand eastern average, taking place between that of the general series and the Illinois series. The average proportion of body and tail is (4.18 : 1.53) as 1.00 to 0.34, precisely as in the Philadelphia and Massachusetts series. The average foot is precisely as in the Illinois series, and within 0.01 of the grand eastern average; only two feet touch 0.90, and none (of the adults) fall below 0.70. 174 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. But since several nominal species lire represented in the list, which might collectively strike a general average without being severally on an average, it becomes necessary to discuss the series in detail. On running the eye over the column of lengths of trunk of the adults, it will be seen that they are imperceptibly graduated from 3;50 to 4.7f>, and thai this graduation is inde- pendent of geographical or other considerations. We have only, then, to discuss the relative length of tail and feet as compared with the body. Now, the specimens from Nebraska, Utah, and the upper and mountain- ous parts of California do not differ in any way from the eastern in size or shape (as will be seen by making a calculation from the figures). Those from the lower parts of California and the Pacific Coast itself (representing "edax", "californicus"; and "occidentalis") average a little less (3.92; that is, 0.16 less) than the average, of the whole; while the tails average a little more (1.3 ;; that is, 0.15 more), giving a relative length of body and tail as 3.92 : 1.68 :: 1.00 : 0.43; while that of the whoh' eastern series is only 1.00 : 0.37. The feet are correspondingly enlarged, averaging 0.84 instead of 0.79. We may say, therefore, that these specimens are a little smaller than usual, with tail and feet both absolutely and relatively a little longer. But we must remember that this is only one end of a very long series of 145 specimens, a great many of which shade up to this extreme, and some of which overlap it, and that the utmost of variation in these 39 specimens is fairly within the normal limits of variability we demonstrated for the eastern series. We now propose to matcli several individual specimens out of this series, as nearly as may prove possible, with eastern ones. No. 4318 (Nebraska) is 4.50X1-60X0.78, and No. 3o25 (North Carolina) is 4.75X1-60X0.79; differing less than two specimens from Nebraska. No. 3551, from Utah, is 475X2.10X0.78, and No. 857, from New York City, is 4.75 X --()0 X 0.80 ; difference much less than that between the several Utah specimens. No. 3867 (Fort Crook) is 4 25X1-40X's;'>: No. 4723, from Pennsylvania, is 4 00 X 1-40 X 0.82 ; the type of " longirostris " (No. 1268) is 4.50X1-50X0.73: a Philadelphia skin is 4.25 X 1-40X0-70 (precisely the same, proportions). A typical specimen of "montana" is 4.50 X 1.55X0.81; a Philadelphia skin is 4.60 X L.55X0.82. The type of "edax" is 4.00 X 1-55 X 0.90 ; No. 903, from Nantucket, is 4.20 X 1-40X0.85; and No. 901 (type of rufidorsum) is 4.20 X 1.55X0 82. The type of "californicus" is 4.00X1-75X0.80; No. 1578, MUKID2E— ARV1G0LINJ3-AEVIC0LA KIPARIUS. 175 from Massachusetts, is 4.00 X 1-56 X 0.80. " Occidentalis" alone has pro- portionally longer tail and feet than any other of the whole series, but it grades through " californicus " to the rest. The difference in the length of the foot between "occidentalis" and 'californicus" is only 0.07, which of course furnishes no character of the slightest import, as we have seen a vari- ation of more than twice as much in eastern specimens — enough to more than counterbalance the greater relative discrepancy, which is owing to "occidentalis" being a smaller individual. According to Baird's measure- ments, the tail of "occidentalis" is 2.00, and of californicus 1.50; but there appears to be some mistake here, and at any rate the specimens now in our hands show no such discrepancy, one being about If, the other 1§. They are both prepared in the same style, and apparently by the same person. The above will be sufficient, we presume, to establish what we claim: that in points of size and shape there is no difference whatever between the eastern series and nearly all the western series, and that there is no difference in these respects of specific import, or even enough to constitute a geograph- ical variety in any of the 145 specimens; and that, therefore, if more than one species is to be established, it must be upon something else than size or shape. To this we should add a word concerning Arvicola "modesta". We regret that we cannot agree with the proposer of this species, that although it is " not quite grown, the skull shows that it would not attain to much greater size". To our view, this skull is that of a very young animal, as shown by its size, smoothness, fragility, absence of muscular impressions, loose sutures, &c. It corresponds in these and all other respects with several specimens of very young eastern and western Arvicola measuring two or three inches long; while the external dimensions are the same as those of the several young ones with which it is associated in the last series given. We supplement the foregoing table with one of more detailed measure- ments from alcoholic specimens, dismissing it with the remark that it amply confirms what has been already deduced. 17(5 MONOOKAIMIK OF NORTH AMKIMOAN ItODFNTIA. Table XLV. -Measurements of thirteen alcoholic specimens of A. riparius from the United states west of the Mississippi. o Locality. Collector. N..se to — Tail to end of- £ 0 o o a a 5 3 Remarks. e 43 3 P. '3 u O '3 H t- > OS U '5 K 7611 to j 10007 ) 7717 10068 10069 10070 10071 1007a 7738 1925 1269 1 1270t 4835 7571 10073 7C.it 7739 2526 9893 9898 10074 1 to 10081 J Fort Bridger, Utah' ...do C. Drexler ...do 0.43 0.43 0.45 0.50 0.47 0.52 0.40 0.98 0.95 0.96 1.00 I. 00 1.00 0.80 1.18 1.17 1.20 1.30 1.20 1. 23 1.10 4.50 3.25 3.75 3.90 4.10 4.00 4.75 3.20 1.20 1.20 1. 25 1.30 1.65 2.00 1.80 1.19 1.30 1.35 1.45 1.45 1.90 2.15 0.38 0.33 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0. :.7 0.70 0.74 0.72 0.82 0.77 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.50 0.42 0.43 0. 55 0.52 0.52 0.42 Youug. ...do ...do Cl0 C. S. McCarthy ...do ...do do do ...do Carson Valley ...do do Medicine Bow Creek W. S. Wood J. S. Newberry.. Tpper Platte River Black Hills, Dak .. Fort Sbaw, Mont . . Fort Crook, Cal Fort Tejon, Cal .... Sau Diego, Cal Monterey. Cal .do C. Drexler F. V. Hayden . . K. B. Hitz J. Xantus J. F. Hammond ...do 0.50 0.45 0. 55 0.52 1.00 0.92 1.05 1. 10 1.25 1.15 1.40 1.30 4.00 4.00 4.50 4.30 1.85 1.30 1 30 2.00 1.80 2. 00 1.50 1.50 2.10 I. 00 0.40 0.33 0. 4J 0.45 0.80 0 80 0.70 (i 90 0.81 0.55 0.45 0.57 0.55 Young. Young. ...do ...do * Drexler's numerous Fort Bridget- specimens wo have not thought necessary to measure in detail, as they tliflVr but little, and are precisely like the dry ones already presented. McCarthy's, from the same locality, show a good deal of difference in length and stoutness of tail. It will be observed tliif these specimens, which we cannot distinguish even asa local strain, from ordinary riparius, were collected in company with a lot of A. auaterus var. decurtatus, which seems common in that locality, and is distinguishable at a glance. Even the collectors appear to have separated the two species, to judgo from tbo labels. t By some misprint in Baird's work, Nos. 1QGU, 1270 are given as mounted, whereas they now lie before us in alcohol. Having exhausted our data of size and external shape, we will next inter- rogate an extensive series of skulls of eastern and western Arvicolas of the riparius section, to see if there be any cranial characters upon which more than a single species may be predicable. MURIDiE— ARVICOLIN.E— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS. 177 Tablk XIiVL — Measurements of sixty-eight skulls of eastern and western specimens of Ahvicola ripaRius. Hil 1 I ±4 13 1 4 fitf W iff! 9 - -i luyy w 9 28 1954. 9U8 mi Hit Til .(4 r. I5.n T . . ; -, yul 19A1 w isza D'l 'I (J mi w ] 1 1 i.i a 3 19 5 * nre« 1 1 hi ..■ I nn^4 w Locality. Burlington, Vt .... do :.... do do Middleborough, Mass . do ..do . ..do ..do . ..do. ..do. do do do Muskeget, Mass do do Hingham, Mass "Wood's Hole, Mass . . do do ... do Holmes' Hole, Mass . . do Nichols, N. T Essex County, N. Y . Philadelphia, Pa . .. . Foxbntgh, Pa do Carlisle, Pa do do _ do .... do do do do Pennsylvania do Washington, D. C Clarke County, Va . . West Northfield, 111 . do do do do - do do Detroit, Mich Detroit River. Mich . 12 M 1.03 1.08 1.00 1.07 1.20 1.09 1.06 1.08 1.00 1.13 1.02 1. 10- 1.11 1.08 1. 14 1. 12 1.03 1.08 1.05 1.08 1.00 1.07 1.02 1.00 1 07 1.13 1.00 1.05 1.06 1.10 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.95 0. -II 0.42 0.40 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.39 0.44 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.39 0.42 0.4T 0.40 0.42 0.36 0.38 0.35 0.40 0.38 Width at- 0.59 0.63 0.62 0. 63 0.61 it m 0.60 0.55 0.69 0.C5 0.61 0.65 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.70 0.57 0.67 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.59 0.60 0.53 0.62 0.66 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.64 0.52 0.62 0. 18 0.16 0.17 0.17 0. 15 0.10 0. 18 0. 16 0.18 0.17 0. 15 0.14 0.15 0. 16 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.18 0. 14 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.18 0. 17 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16 0. 15 0.18 0.15 0. 14 0.17 0.15 0.18 0. 16 0.15 0.17 0. 15 0.15 0.14 0. 14 0.13 0. 16 0.16 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.25 0. 27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.28 0.28 0. 26 0.24 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.25 Under jaw from tip ot incisors to — 0.18 0.50 0.18 0. 17 0 20 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.15 0.52 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.18 0.21 0.18 0.21 0. 19 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.21 0.17 0.50 0.59 0.58 0.61 0.62 0.55 0.62 0.60 II 1:11 0.60 0. 63 0.65 0.63 0.60 0.56 0.61 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.54 0.65 0.58 0.63 0.59 0.62 0. f'5 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.52 0.59 0.56 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.70 o.eo 0.80 0.78 0.74 0.67 0.87 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.81 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.78 0.70 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.82 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.75 0.76 0.71 0.70 0.79 0.83 0.78 0.77 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.76 0.83 0.79 0.80 0.83 0.79 0.80 0.83 0.76 0.90 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.89 0.80 0.85 0.86 0.83 o. :g 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.86 0. e3 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.81 0.78 0.71 0.83 0.90 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.77 0.72 0.77 0.72 0.80 0.77 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.30 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.30 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.30 0. 32 0.35 0.28 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.23 0.36 0.25 0.35 0.32 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.30 0.34 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.32 Remarks. Not full grown. 178 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. TABLE XLVI. — Measurements of sixty-eight skulls of eastern and western specimens of Akvicola hipahius- Continned. w \m tm W mt Hit mi an ityrfw Hit Locality. Racine, Wis Saint Louis, Mo do do Prairie Mt-r Rouge, La. do Monterey, Cal do Petaluma, Cal San Diego, Cal Upper Pit River, Cal . . Lost River, Cal Fort Tejon, Cal California Dea Chutes, Oreg Puget Sound, Oreg 1.03 1. 04 1.04 1.02 1.10 1.00 1.18 1.13 1. 16 1.08 1.01 1.05 1. 14 1.07 1.18 0.40 0.42 0. 39 0.40 0. 45 0.40 0.41 0.44 0. 12 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.40 0.42 Width at- N 0.53 0.62 0.60 0.56 0.6? 0.60 0.62 0. 68 0.60 0.64 0.61 0. 68 0.63 0.65 0.63 0.62 0. 16 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0. 16 0. 15 0.15 0. 10 0.14 0. 17 0.15 0. 15 0.14 0.19 0.15 0.18 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.23 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.37 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.27 Under jaw from tip of incisors to— 0.21 0.18 0.24 0.20 0. 22 0.20 0.22 0. 17 0. 18 0.23 0.20 0.22 0. 22 0.22 0.22 0.20 0.21 0.60 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.66 0.67 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.68 0.60 « 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.74 0.80 0.76 0.80 0. to 0.81 0.80 0.82 0. 80 0.79 0.81 0.80 0.81 (i 82 0. R0 0.85 0.77 0.83 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.87 0.80 0.84 0.83 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.30 0 29 0.29 0.23 0.21 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.30 o. 33 0.33 0.35 0.30 0.38 0. 37 0.36 0.32 0.32 0.35 Remarks. utontumiH ' edax. mw.tanus 1 tdax. lojlc/ rohtris. californiitis. occidenta.ui. The blanks in (lie foregoing table are owing to the defective condition of certain specimens. The measurement of the length is made from the tip of the nasal bones to the upper border of the foramen magnum. The height is the perpendicular from the posterior corner of the last upper molar. The orbital width is at the point of greatest constriction of the orbit. The zygo- matic width is at the broadest point of the zygomatic arches. The molar series are measured from anterior corner of the first molar to posterior corner of the last one. The length of incisors is their protrusion from the alveoli. The condyloid dimension is measured to the back corner of the condyle. The average length of the whole series is 1.08; the minimum* is 1.00 and the maximum 1.20, the latter occurring in one of the "breweri" speci- mens. The variation is, therefore, 0.20, or about 20 per cent, of the mean. The average zygomatic width is 0.64; the maximum 0.69; the minimum 0.55. The proportion of length to width is, therefore, as 1.0* to 0.64, or as 1.00:0.59. The molar series in both jaws is about the same, and averages a little over 0.25 of an inch (from 0.24 to 0.30) ; the upper incisors protrude about 0.20 on an average (from 0.17 to 0.24) ; the under are rather table. "Of adult specimens : several young skulls, ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, are excluded from the MURID.E— ARVICOLIN^E— ARVICOLA RIPARWS. 179 more than half as long again as the upper, averaging about 0.33 (from 0.27 to 0.38). An interesting point is seen in the eighth and ninth columns: the distance from the tip of the lower incisors to the apex of the descending process of the jaw is invariably a little greater than that from the same point to the back of the condyle. This probably characterizes this section of the genus; for in Pitymys, at least, and perhaps some other sections, these two measurements are equal. The number of western skulls (eight) is too few to institute any very critical comparison; they average 1.10X0.64, while the eastern ones are 1.06X0-65; there is every probability that this dispropor- tion would disappear with larger series. It is only to be noted further that No. 4156 his (type of occidenUdis) is among the largest skulls of the series; tending to show that the present dimensions of the skin (3£ inches) are below the truth, and, therefore, that the disproportion we found in the length of its tail and feet is really not so great as appears from the dried skin. Its dimen- sions are in no wise appreciably different from those of "californicus", No. 415t>. No. rflf is the type of A. "longirostris", and must be examined in this connection ; for, as we have shown, there is nothing in. the dimensions, nor, as we shall show beyond, is there anything in the coloration that cannot be exactly matched in almost any half-dozen samples of riparius. The diagnosis is :— "Skull 1.08X0.61, or as 1.00 : 55. Muzzle of skull very long. Distance between upper molars and incisors more than one-third the whole length of the skull." But this length, 1.08, is precisely what we found as the average of the whole series. The width, 0.61, is within 0.03 of the average. Skull No. Hff, from New York, gives precisely these dimensions, 1.08X0-61; several others approach it within one or two hundredths. I can appreciate but one single discrepancy between this skull and an average one The incisors are a little tilted forward, so that their tips fall in advance of a per- pendicular from the tips of the nasals, instead of about under the ends of the nasals, as usual. This, with the corresponding change in the alveolus, makes the distance from the incisors to the molars just appreciably greater than usual ; thus it is 0.37 in "longirostris", and only 0.34 in the New York skull just cited. But the molars are not "thrown further back than in other species"; for, on taking their bearings from any other points of the skull than the incisors, they will be found in the usual position. Examination of a number of skulls with reference to the "set" of the incisors shows that this is very variable; their tips may fall behind, below, or in advance of the nasals, and ISO MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. "longirostris" is only a slight increase in the forward tilting they often show; in fact, several eastern skulls differ more among each other than one of them (No. t5Tt) does from longirostris. There is nothing peculiar in the dentition of the latter. A. breweri is stated to be narrower behind the zygomatic arches, and to have the interparietal acute instead of subtruncate. At a particular point across the back of the skull, it measures 0.40; several other skulls measured at the same point give dimensions equal to, greater than, and less than this. No two specimens in the whole series of skulls are exactly alike as to the lateral corner of the interparietal ; sometimes it is an edge instead of a corner, sometimes obtuse, sometimes acute; and when thus attenuated, as it fre- quently is, the sharp spur may be turned backward, forward, or neither way. Our general description of the skull and dentition of riparius is made elsewhere; here we will merely inquire whether or not any of the dental peculiarities ascribed to the several nominal species will hold good. A peculiarity of the last upper molar of A. californicus is stated to be a short lobe that the posterior crescent sends outward near its posterior portion ; but we cannot agree with the author that this is a "character rarely observed among American Arvicolce". It is, in fact, not an unusual condition of the several inextricably-graduated variations of this last upper molar; we have seen it frequently, and, in one specimen we have just picked up (No. fflf), the variation is carried to such extreme that the back part of what ought to have been the convexity of the crescent is made concave. The "supplementary internal lobe" of the same tooth of "occidentalis" is a very common feature in eastern and other skulls. Not to prolong this inquiry further, we may state that we have satisfied ourselves by personal examination that no one of the supposed western species possesses any dental features not matched by examples of eastern riparius. We will next turn to the matter of color. As already stated, there is no appreciable variation in color in the nineteen Philadelphia skins, unless it is that some of them have the tail a trifle more decidedly bicolor than others; but in none is the definition of the lighter and darker surfaces very distinct. They arc gray-brown, darker along the middle of the back, especially toward the tail. A hay tinge or reddish-brown is scarcely appreciable ; so that, without being at all "black- ish" in general hue, the shade is darker than that of rufescent specimens. MUEID^E— ARVIOOLIN^E— ARVICOLA RirARIUS. 181 The shade is slightly grizzled with dull yellowish-brown. Beneath, the plum- beous hairs are all tipped with white, resulting in a hoary-ash, which is clearest (whitest) on the breast and belly, darkest on the throat; there is no line of demarkation between upper and under parts. There is no cinnamon, tawny, nor muddy tinge underneath; but a faint brownish wash, like an extreme dilution of the color of the sides, is barely perceptible. This typical coloration prevails in the majority of eastern specimens in the present collection. Nearly all those from t he Middle States, others from Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, the Carolinas, Wisconsin, &c, are not appreciably different. Other specimens show a departure from this standard in three courses: toward "red", "black", and "gray". The extreme of the rufescent variation is reached in No. rkW, type of "rufidorsum". In this, the color is an intense tawny above, a little darker on the rump, paler on the sides, and washing the under parts. The feet share the general tawny hue. This extreme case is not nearly matched by anything else in the collection, and raises a strong suspicion of an albinotic element. We know by the "albo- rufescens" of Dr. Emmons that such a state does occur; although there is really a gap in the eastern series between "rufidorsum" and the rest, yet many specimens grade nearly up to it. In the Massachusetts series, where some (particularly winter and early spring skins) are quite as dark as any Philadel- phia ones, others are very much brighter. No. tWs, for example, is very rufescent, from predominence of bay in the hairs. A Labrador specimen (rWg) is rather brighter still ; No. JHii from Nichols, N. Y., and a Pennsyl- vania skin, No. 4724, labeled "riparius" by LeConte, are epiite as bright; so are a few of the Illinois and Missouri ones, and one from Louisiana (tWo). But the link between the extreme of rnfidormm is afforded by No. 10083. the type of "occidentalis", which might be described in identical terms; and, although the tawny is not quite so vivid, it similarly tinges the feet. The extreme of paleness or grayness is illustrated in what has been called "breweri". In this, the upper parts are of a light dull grizzly-gray, with a small proportion of yellowish-brown, and the under parts soiled white; the hairs being only plumbeous at the extreme base, and consequently scarcely shading the whitish. The cause and nature of this variation have been so perfectly explained by Mr. Allen* that I shall quote his words: — "On Mus- keget Island (a small, uninhabited, low sandy island between Nantucket and * Mammals of Massachusetts, in Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool. No. 8, p. 232. 182 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. Martha's Vineyard) 1 recently found the so-called A. breweri excessively abundant. This is the only locality from which this supposed species has been reported. They are generally much paler in color than the riparius of the interior, and though not differing from them appreciably in other respects, they form an interesting insular race. From the peculiar character of the locality, the scattered beach grass growing upon it affording but slight pro- tection from the sunlight, the intensity of which is greatly heightened by the almost bare, light-colored sands, the generally bleached appearance of the Muskeget Anricola might have been anticipated. Specimens occasionally occur of nearly the ordinary color, or which are undistingiiishable from the lighter-colored specimens from the interior: but most of them seem to be quite like the ones described by Professor Baird. The mice living in the exten- sive sand dunes at Ipswich under circumstances similar to those of the Mus- keget mice, often present the half white appearance of A. 'breweri'." We were at first inclined to regard "breweri" as an isolated case of riparius ; but the facts of the Ipswich mice, as given by Mr. Allen, and some intermediate specimens before us, show such a gradation that we cannot draw any line. Thus, No. 4713 (unlabeled as to locality) is much grayer than aver- age riparius, but not quite up to "breweri". It likewise resembles "breweri" in the texture of the pelage, the fur having the same coarse, harsh, lustreless character. Now, this style of fur is enumerated among the features of A. "edax", and characterizes all the specimens from the southern and lower parts of California, where the infrequency of rain diminishes or altogether precludes forest-growth, and places the animals under conditions similar to those of Muskeget. An unregistered specimen* of LeConte's from the Eastern United States, undistingiiishable from No. 4713, is absolutely identical, in color and text ure of fur, with several Californian skins (as Nos. 3669, 2525, 2524) marked "edax"; is not appreciably different from LeConte's type of "edax", nor from Nebraska (as No. 43 1 8) and Utah (as No. 3350) specimens. The type of "cali- fornicus" combines the loose, coarse pelage of "edax", with a rufescent hue approaching "occidentalis". Specimens of supposed "montana" and the type of "longirostris" are precisely matched in the color and texture of the fur with any of the rather grayer examples from the east. Of the two specimens referred (one with a query) to "A. modesta", one, tue type, No. fVW, is much "This specimen is labeled, in the handwriting of all of the lot received from Major LeConte, "nasutut Bach., riparius DeKay, noveboraccnuis Rich., palustris Harlan". MUEIDJ3— ARVICOLISLE— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS. 183 darker than the other, ifrs; but either can be matched in color by both adult and young examples from other localities. The third line of variation, into unusual darkness, is fully illustrated in the series. The darkest Atlantic example is a very large one from Beesley's Point, N. J. The muzzle, feet, and tail are almost black, and the latter is hardly appreciably paler underneath than on top. and has no line of demarka- tion whatever. The fur combines shortness, thickness, and great gloss with a coarse, bristly texture; the longer glossy hairs being so numerous as to recall the pelage of a muskrat. The other darkest specimens are the series from West Northfield, 111., and Racine, Wis., and that from Fort Crook, Cal. In these, there is no, or no appreciable, rufescent shade, and the blackish- brown is considerably grizzled with gray. The West Northfield and Fort Crook examples are among the most closely matched of the whole series; abso- lutely no difference is to be observed. They present the very long, dense, and almost fluffy character of pelage upon which the variety "longipilis'' was founded. The fur of Arvicolas, however, varies in these points so much, with age, health, season of the year, and climate, that "longipilis" cannot con- stitute even a permanent variety. Only a part of the Illinois series exhibits the feature, and it is represented solely by winter or early spring skins The Fort Crook specimens, as just stated, are identical, and others on the Atlantic side approach to or recede from the character in indefinite and endless degree. The coloration of the tail, whether bicolor or not, is often introduced iuto specific diagnoses. In general, the tail above corresponds with the color of the back, whatever that may be, and below with that of the belly ; and usually there is an obvious dividing line between the two colors. This line may be sharp, straight, and conspicuous, or completely wanting, when the color above shades insensibly into that below ; and in either case the differ- ence between the two colors may be conspicuous or barely or not perceptible. In one specimen (No. 988, Racine, Wis.), the tail is of almost precisely the same dark-brown tint above and below, but has a large pencil of snow-white hairs at the tip. The condition of this pencil of hairs is extremely variable, as shown in the table of measurements; it varies from almost nothing to three or four lines in length. Although it is hardly necessary to discuss any of the names that have not been admitted since 1857, yet the Arvicola "nasuta" of Audubon and 184 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Bach man claims some attention on account of the very singular characters upon which it. rested. It is stated to he " larger than Arvicola pennsylvanica ; tail .shorter than the head; legs small and slender; nose sharper than in Arvicolae generally ; lengths!; head if; tail 14; heel to point of nail A". It is based upon a specimen from Boston, Mass., and others are cited from New York and Michigan. As will be seen from the foregoing tables, we have several specimens ranging from five to nearly six inches — three from Massa- chusetts, six from Pennsylvania, and five others, and their tails range from 1.50 to 1.80. But there is nothing like the shortness of the feet, as slated. This is certainly an error. Even the diminutive A. oregonus has the feet considerably over half an inch; and this length, for an animal nearly six inches long, does not, we are confident, obtain in this genus. There are other indications of error in the account, and we are satisfied that no such char- acter as unusual sharpness of the nose occurs in any of the many specimens we have examined, although several of them are labeled "nasutus". The authors evidently had before them some very large, overgrown specimen of riparius, like those old individuals above enumerated from Williamsport, Pa., and committed some error, typographical or otherwise, in their measurements. The Arvicola "oneida" of DeKay is certainly based upon a young example of riparius. The only other animal it could possibly be is the A. pinetorum; but the measurements given preclude this reference. Audubon and Bachman refer "oneida" in one place (ii, 219) to pinetorum, and in another (iii, 287) to their own fulvus or dekayi, which latter, however, is Evotomys gapperi. The Arvicola rufescens of DeKay .is certainly riparius also. Some of the expressions point toward Evotomys gapperi; but the statement "upper molars with nine external angles" is only applicable to the section of the genus to which riparius belongs, while the dimensions given (" head and body 3 inches ; tail 2 ") apply to no species of Arvicola with which we are acquainted. The two specimens above enumerated (557, 559) from Prairie Mer Rouge, La., are the first ever quoted from the Gulf States, and are in fact the only Gulf specimens we have ever seen except pinetorum, and one example (No. tWt, Calcasieu, La.) referred, with a shade of doubt, by Professor Baird to Pedomijs austerus. They are both unusually rufescent, and one of them has the minimum length of tail (1.10 inches) we have seen in adults of this section of the genus; the skulls, however, show them MURIDM— ARVICOLIKZE— ARVICOLA TOWNSENDI. 185 to be not Pedomys, and there is consequently little danger in referring them to riparius. If this determination be correct, the southward known range of the .species is considerably extended. In concluding this discussion of Arvicola riparius, we have a word of personal explanation. We sincerely trust that the manner in which we have conducted the investigation will be sufficient to relieve us of any possible charge of arbitrary or even injudicious rejection of many species that stood upon high authority. We began the study with a mind as free from precon- ceived ideas as possible ; and, if we had any bias of judgment, it was a pre- judice in favor of the validity of the species that were recognized in 1857. At one stage of our study, we had already been forced to give up the idea that there were more than two species {riparius and totvnsendi) of this section in the United States, but still believed in the possibility of defining several geographical varieties that might be properly recognized by name. Final examination, however, of the subject, with facilities, in the immense and unparalleled amount of material, never before enjoyed by any naturalist, has satisfied us that it is impossible to diagnosticate even permanent varie- ties or geographical races. Even "breweri", which seemed a clear case of an insular variety, has proved to graduate into the average form ; and we do not conceive that any good would result from retaining this, or any other of the names that have been proposed, in the system. We have no alternative, then, but to throw all the names together as indistinguishable synonyms of riparius. In 1857, many names, all doubtless supposed, by their several proposers, to indicate valid species, were either formally or virtually sup- pressed ; and a further reduction of eight is simply an advance, pari passu, with the increase of our knowledge on the subject. We trust that we have proven the position we take, and that we have seen the last of nominal species based upon the endless variations of Arvicola riparius. ARVICOLA (MYONOMES) TOWNSENDI, Bach man. Townsend's Meadow Mouse. Arvkola townsendii, Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, 1839, 60; Townsend's Narr. 1839, 315. — Wagner, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1843, (ii), 53.— Aud. & Bach. Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 209, pi. cxliv, fig. 1.— Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, 527.— Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. vi, 1857, Zoo]., 61.— Cooper & Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. 1860, 129. Arvicola (Myonomes) townsendi, CorjES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 190. Diagnosis. — Arvicola statu? d inter majores, longitudine trunci 5-6 poll., capitis sesquipoll., caudre 2^-poll., pedis 1-poll., mantis fere ^-poll.; auriculis 186 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. magnis, paululum velle.re exstantibus; supra fulvo-badius, intime nigro permix- tus, infra e griseo-brunneo albescens. Haritat. — Oregon and Washington Territories (Columbia River, July 21, lS,'5.r), Toicnsend; the type. Puget Sound and Shoalwater Bay, Cooper and Suckley. Cascade Mountains, Newberry). One of the larger meadow mice, 5 or 6 inches long, head l£, tail 2£, hind fool 1, fore foot nearly h, ears nearly f high and as much or more wide, projecting a little from the fur; color above blended yellowish-browu and black ; below whitish, shaded with grayish-brown. Table XLX 11.— Measurements of eighteen specimens of A. townsendi, both dry and alcoholic. u o a s is Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to— o 03 O o O s 0* Remarks. 6 ca d .£* "5 3 O '5 u > 00 W 580 Shoalwater Bay . . do 5.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 5.87 4.75 4.25 5.25 5.00 5.25 4.25 2.15 2.20 2.30 2.30 2.56 1.70 1.75 2. 30 2.00 2.40 2.75 2.45 2. 45 2.50 2.50 2.68 2.10 2.00 2 45 2.25 2.80 3.05 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.56 0.44 0.45 0.50 0.52 0.44 0.48 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.12 0.88 0.92 0. no 1.00 0. 95 0.88 0.75 0.75 0.55 0.65 0.60 0.52 Dry. ...do. .. do. ..do. Fresh.* Dry. Alcoholic. ...do. ..do. ... do. ...do.t Alcoholic; young. .. do. .In do 3177 5022 5026 5029 5030 ?5032 9801 10015 10016 10017 10018 10019 10020 10021 11275 Straits of Fuca -- Simiabmoo Puget Sound ... do ..do ...do . do do CB.R.Kennerly ....do ...do .. do ...do ...do 0.52 0.50 0.57 0.53 0.50 1.03 1.10 1.25 1.10 1.10 1.28 1.30 1.40 1.43 1. 25 Columbia River. .. do do do . do 4.25 4.35 4.25 4.50 3.75 5.25 2 30 2. 10 2.20 2.40 1.90 2.00 1.75 2.50 2.25 2.35 2.60 2.10 2.20 2.00 0.80 0.82 0.75 0.80 0.74 0.78 1.00 Alcoholic. ..do. ...do. ...do. .. do. do do ...do do do do ... do Cascade Mountain? do ...do. Dry. * Measurements copied from Suckley, op. tit. ; specimen not seen. tThis specimen (since skinned out of alcohol) is about the longest-tailed American Arvicola we ever saw and has given us some anxiety. It is small for lowmendii, with feet at a minimum and lacking a peculiar robustness those of town- sendii generally show ; the ear likewise is remarkably small. But we can make no other disposition of the specimen. NOTE.— As will be seen from the figures, tuo Columbia River series, some of which, at least, appear full grown, are not larger than ordinary riparius, and it is mainly on account of the great comparative length of the tail that we assign them here. Tbey offer a gentle transition into ordinary riparius. No. 1275, as elsewhere noted, is still more doubtful ; it has the tail as short as is usual in riparius, but tho feet beyond the maximum of ordinary riparius— exactly the reverse conditions of the Columbia River series. Description (of No. tWs). — In form, this animal does not differ from other species of this section of the genus; nearly the usual relative propor- tions of head, body, tail, and feet being exhibited. The tail, however, will certainly average longer than in riparius; for in specimens no larger than the latter, the tail averages at or beyond a maximum of riparius. This length MUUID^E— ARV1COLIN.E— ARVICOLA TOWNSENDI. 187 of tail is one of the strongest features of the supposed species. The ears appear to us rather larger every way in proportion. They are three-quarters of an inch long and half an inch wide, and obviously project a little (about 0.10) beyond the fur. This rather exceeds anything we have seen in the largest-eared "edax'', and is positively beyond the limits of typical riparius, in which the ear rarely if ever overtops the fur. The character of the soles is the same as in riparius; there are six tubercles. The soles are very sparsely hairy, and this only about half-way to the base of the nearest toes, but are fringed with hairs their whole length, as usual. The fore feet, measured from the back of the palmar callosity,* are a little less than half as long as the soles; from the wrist, three-fifths of the hind foot. The relative lengths of tail and body are. as 1.00 : 0.45 ; that is, the tail is somewhat less than one-half the head and body. Its hairiness is on an average. The head is a little over one- fourth as long as the head and body together, and a little less than one-third the body alone. The whiskers are about as long as the head. In color, there is little to distinguish it from an average riparius. The upper parts, however, are somewhat, paler or clearer, owing to greater pre- dominance of (he yellowish-brown over the black. In the lighter-colored specimens of riparius, the shade is generally produced by a prevalence of bay rather than of this yellowish-brown of townsendii. The under parts are clearer than is usual in riparius, and have a brownish wash from the sides, while the middle line of the throat is nearly white; but these differences are barely appreciable. In this, as in all the allied species, there is a curious seeming difference in color, according to the position in which the specimen is viewed. If held with the muzzle toward the eye of the observer, the general shade is very dark, because the longer blackish hairs are chiefly seen ; if the skin be turned the other way, so that these hairs are collectively foreshortened as much as possible, the general effect is yellowish-brown. There are no streaks or markings anywhere, except that sometimes the throat is quite decidedly whitish ; in one specimen, in fact (No. 5026), there is a perfect white streak along the throat; the whiskers are black and whitish ; the feet brown. The tail is blackish-brown, and nearly unicolor; that is, the under side is merely a little paler than the upper, and there is no dividing line. The terminal pencil of hairs is, on the contrary, white, almost exactly as in * We take this measurement thus throughout this memoir. This explains an apparent discrep- ancy hetween Build's and our measurements of the fore foot ; he taking it from the wrist-joint. His length of fore foot averages 0.61, exactly as we should make out in the same way. 188 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. No. 988 of riparius, from Racine, Wis., above mentioned. The incisors are yellow, us usual; the claws brownish-white. There is not much difference in color in any of the specimens before us. No. 3177, however, has the under side of the tail decidedly whitish, with a pretty distinct dividing line; No. 2396. apparently a very old one, and the largest Arvicola we have seen from the United States, is noticeably darker than the rest, and more grizzly; the under parts are hoary-ash instead of ashy-white. Skull (No. yfii')- — There is nothing diagnostic in the skull of this species, except its size, as compared with that of riparius. It measures, in length, 1.27, 0.71 in width of zygomata, 0 48 in height; the molar series is 0.30 long; the upper incisors project 0.25, the under 0.45; the condyle of lower jaw is over 0.90 from their tip. These dimensions, although not those of the largest animal before us, exceed the maximum we have found for United States riparius. Another specimen, however, measures only 1.10 by 0.67, thus coming within the limits of riparius. We should judge, however, that it would have grown something larger in time, since the evident sutures, &c, are not those of an old animal. The dentition conforms strictly to the riparius type. The back upper molar shows the anterior spherical triangle and two exterior and one interior closed triangles; the latter much larger than either of the others. The posterior trefle or crescent differs appreciably on the right and left sides; but for either may be described as a long crescent, having the regularity of its convexity somewhat interrupted by bulging, simulating another external angle, and bearing upon the back part of its concavity a long curved spur that simulates a second little crescent lying on the belly of the first. The middle upper molar has an anterior triangle a little obliquely placed, then an external closed triangle, then an internal similar, and then a postero-external one. The front upper molar is exactly like the middle one, with an additional internal closed triangle. Thus there are altogether ten external angles in the series, counting the bulging upon the back of the crescent as one; and nine internal ones, counting the spur on the belly of the crescent. Both these counts exclude the back horn of the crescent, which is directly poste- rior. No. tHH only differs slightly in the details of the crescent, in lacking the bulging upon its back. The back upper molar of another specimen is exactly like many samples of riparius. There is nothing to detain us in the under series. MUKID^E— AltVICOLINvE— ARCTIC ARVICOLiE. 189 When we began to look up A. townsendi, we anticipated no difficulty in making it out specifically distinct from ordinary riparius; but even with very little material to work up, we are fairly drawn to the opposite conclusion. In fact, the only tangible difference we can make out is that townsendii is larger, with a longer tail on an average; and even this is not constant, for several, out of our few specimens, exceed average riparius but little, or not at all, and come well within the limits of riparius. Still these specimens might have grown a little larger, and the average of the series stand at the extreme limit of riparius, while their tails and ears exceed this limit. We therefore feel justified in retaining the name townsendi as expressive of a geographical differentiation, occurring in a particular locality, to the apparent exclusion of the usual United States exponent of the subgenus. It is not at all a reliable species, and one of its strongest features — length of tail — reminds us forcibly of the case of Hesperomys "boylii" from the same local- ities; while the Columbia River series affords direct jxissage into riparius. We have taken some pains to inform ourselves respecting the variation. in size of the common large European species of the genus Arvicola amphi- bius, the well-known water-rat; and we find that all the variability we claim for riparius, and even for the Arctic forms of that species (as we shall pres- ently see), sinks into insignificance beside the variations known to, and admitted by, all the better-informed writers in the case of A. amphibius. The propriety of sinking A. townsendii to a mere variety of riparius will appear in still stronger light when we have dealt with Arctic animals of this subgenus full seven inches long. We take up this question next. Discussion of the Arctic Arvicola of the riparius type. The United States variations of A. riparius are disposed of easily in comparison with the intricacies of the Arctic material, respecting which some general observations will be offered. Although we have handled a far larger number of these animals than has ever before been examined by all other investigators put together, yet, perhaps for the very reason that we have seen so many specimens, we are still unprepared to make identifications without reserve. Nor can we deter- mine with certainty all of Richardson's supposed species, after careful study of his accounts, as well as of Audubon's and Bachman's supplementary notices, and although we have been favored by Dr. Sclater with additional 190 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. information respecting Richardson's types, now in (he British museum. The case appears to stand thus: — Richardson says (F. B.-A. i. p. ) tliat "five species are common in the Hudson's Bay regions, exclusive of the lemmings". These, according to his views, are ( 1) " riparius Ord ''; (2) " xanthognathus Leach"; (3) " pennsylva- nicus Ord "; (4) " novcboracensis Raf."; and (5) " borealis Rich." Now there is no reasonable doubt that all five of these "common" species are repre- sented in our immense series; but the difficulty is twofold. In the first place, it, is to the last degree improbable that there are five species at all. Richardson's four lemmings have to be reduced to two, and there is no ques- tion that the grade of characters he sometimes employed to distinguish supposed species are utterly fallacious. Next, whatever the true number may be, we cannot make out, from Richardson's descriptions, which is which. This may seem strange, seeing the apparent minute detail of Richardson's descriptions; but, when we come to sift out his accounts, we find that three-fourths of all he says is generic (even ordinal) in character, and consequently pointless. Audubon's and Bachman's accounts are still more faulty in this respect; these gentlemen knew nothing about the animals they desci'ibed except what they got from the Fauna Boreali-Americana. We will first expose the futility of what seem to be two strong points in these authors' accounts : — Respecting his "riparius Ord"' (afterward " richardsonii A. & B.''), Richardson says that the "incisors are twice the size of those of A. xanthog- nathus. although the latter is the larger animal of the two". And regarding his " borealis ", Richardson says; — "It is distinguished by the form of the thumb-nail" * * &c. Now, after examining hundreds of Arctic Arvicolce, we have seen nothing of the sort in the matter of the incisors or of the nail, and must conclude that either we have not got hold of Richardson's animals, or else that there is some mistake about the alleged characters. The former supposition is untenable, for we have plenty of skins that show exactly all the other ascribed characters of " riparius" and "borealis''. We therefore ignore these points altogether. The "noveboracensis? Raf." of Richardson (afterward drummondii A. & B.) seems to be different from the rest, and perhaps does not belong to the riparius section at all Professor Baird surmised that it might be a Pedomys, and we once rather inclined to the same opinion. It is described as having the "ears slightly overtopping the fur"; the "ventral aspect yellowish-gray" MURID.E— ARVJCOLUSLE— ARCTIC ARVICOLvE. 191 ("tinged with red" — A. & B.); "a slightly hairy scaly tail more than half the length of the head . . . ItV (according to A. & B. only 1.00); "above dark brown"; "head and body 4tV, &c. Audubon's figure shows a bricky-red animal all over, with an extraordinarily short tail. But the tints of his plates are thoroughly unreliable, and measurements of the type sent us by Dr. Sclater are, — head and body 5.50, tail 1.50; while the same gentleman speaks of the color as "above, rather dark mouse-brown; beneath, much paler, grayish'1. Some of Richardson's expressions point to Evotomys rutilus, and, indeed, it seems almost impossible that he should not have included this abundant animal in checking off" his five common species; but other charac- ters assigned are totally incompatible. We should further remark that the ascribed length of the hind foot, 0.55, is less than we ever found for any species excepting the diminutive A. oregonus. We find it impossible to iden- tify Richardson's " noveboracensis? Raf." A. " pennsylvanicus Ord" is another of Richardson's species; it has usually been assigned to the ordinary pennsylvanicus of the United States (=. riparius), and in all probability belongs there. He says it is "very abundant from Canada to Great Bear Lake", in which region we are pre- pared to show that the true riparius occurs ; most of the puzzling specimens we shall presently treat of coming from extreme Arctic and Northwestern areas. It is true that Richardson puts the total length ("3£ inches") under average riparius; but this seems to be an error, for Dr. Sclater' s recent measurement of them shows 4.70, while there is certainly an error (probably typograph- ical) in the ascribed length of head ("2t32"\ for not even the biggest xanthognathus, 7 inches long, has such a head as this implies. On the whole, there is little risk of error in assigning Richardson's " pennsylvanicus Ord" as a complete synonym of true riparius. We will also bear in mind that Richardson states positively it is what Sabine described in Franklin's Jour- ney under the (erroneous) name, of xanthognathus. Of a sixth species, less fully noticed by Richardson, from Bering's Straits, under name of Arvicola rubricatus, we know nothing. But we do not believe that this (or any other Arvicola) ever had the sides (or any other part of the body) "scarlet", as alleged, or even "nearly scarlet", as said by Audubon and Bachman. We believe, however, that this animal will prove to be an Evotomys, very near if not the same as Mus rutilus Pallas, with which Richardson has not shown himself acquainted, though we cannot imagine how he overlooked it, as it appears he did. 192 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTB AMERICAN KODENTIA. Willi what light we have upon the subject at present, we make out the following ease of Richardson's species: — 1. A. "riparius Ord" apud Rich, (-nriehardsonii And. & Bach.) is a transitional form between true riparius and xanthognalkus, as fully treated of beyond. It lias no peculiarities of incisor dentition. 2. A. xanthognathus Leach et 'Rich, is positively identified, as explained beyond. 3. A. " pennsylvanicus Ord'' apud Rich, is a complete synonym of true riparius. 4. A. " noveboracensis ! Raf.'1 apud Rich. ( = drummondii Aud. & Bach.) remains indeterminable. It may be a Pedomys. 5. A. borealis Rich, is a variety of riparius, as treated of beyond. 6. A rubricatus Rich, is in all probability Mus rutilus Pall. (Evotomys rutilus nobis). We are now better prepared to interrogate the specimens before us themselves, to which final appeal must of course be made. At the outset, we lay down two propositions, to be proven in the sequel. I. All the specimens before us belong to the riparius section of Arvicola ( — Myonomes). II Any characters which may be taken to establish two or more species are found to melt insensibly into those of typical riparius. It is only at the close of an unusually protracted and laborious investi- gation that we venture upon this last extreme statement. We had through- out been perfectly satisfied of the specific validity of xanthognathus and borealis. Typical examples of each differ so much from ordinary United States riparius that we could not believe them to be the same, notwithstand- ing all these mice had taught us of the limits of variability in this family. We confidently labeled several hundred characteristic examples of xantho- gnathus, and a large number of specimens of borealis we disposed of with equal readiness. There still remained, however, over a hundred skins, the attempt to identify which upon the supposition of the specific validity of xanthognathus and borealis has involved us in utter confusion, from which we see no hope of escape except through abandoning our former position. It is, we sec now more than ever before, this having to tabulate and label every individual specimen that tells the story and applies the crucial test. It is in violation of our preconceived ideas to be obliged to identify such MOUID^E— ARYirOLlN^E— ARCTIC ARVICOLiE. 193 an animal as No. 4504 (beyond) with No. 9235 (beyond), and both of them with riparius, as not specifically distinct, ; yet we can find no other alternative, since our series supplies every link in the chain. If we take dimensions, we find every intermediate size, by tenths of an inch, from three to eight inches ; it is the same with proportions of feet, tail, and ears, both relative and abso- lute. Conditions of pelage are utterly confounding, even leaving season, if not also latitude, out of consideration. Those characteristic examples of xan- thognathus, in which the chestnut cheek is well marked, set aside, color gives us nothing we can rely upon. If, therefore, there be more than one species in the series, I must simply confess that I am not bright enough to discover or define it. In dealing with this lot of material, I shall, in the first place, eliminate the specimens not appreciably different in any respect from ordinary United States riparius. I will then separate those that have the chestnut cheek-patch (an easy matter) and label them xanthognathus, without reference to their being a variety only of riparius. I shall be able to label many of the rest var. borealis, and to indicate a considerable number as more or less nearly approaching either xanthognathus or borealis. But a large residuum (includ- ing most of the alcoholics, respecting which nicety of determination is obvi- ously impossible) can be only marked as uriparius var. — !". The distribution of xanthognathus and borealis will be perceived from the tables beyond. Southern and Central British American specimens, as a rule, are more or less completely similar to ordinary riparius. The extreme of borealis has only occurred, so far as we are aware, from the Arctic coast and contiguous northwestern regions. Well-characterized xanthognathus scatters over a larger area, but likewise focuses in the Northwest. It is a further source of difficulty and doubt that these extremes are not geographi- cally marked ; on the contrary, they occur side by side, and are, therefore, not explicable upon the rules of geographical variation that we have elsewhere laid down and somewhat successfully applied. This may be held as strong evidence that these forms are specifically distinct ; but we must beg any one who may so believe to show us any reliable specific character. The following table embraces a number of specimens more or less per- fectly similar to ordinary riparius, not distinguishable in any way from that form, and not noticeably inclining to the characters of either var. borealis or var. xanthognathus. What slight discrepancies there are in average dimen- sions are noted at the conclusion of the fable. 13 M 194 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMERICAN KODENTIA. Table XLVIII. — Measurements of twenty-nine specimens of northern Akvicol^e of tin iuparius type, and not distinguishable from thatspi o E to X a go Date. Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to ?nd of — CO a Remarks. pa a a. *C u O 'rt X. eg > CD '5 6846 1546 4519 1530 4570 4577 4578 10290 5752 4575 4507 4508 4571 4572 4573 4574 4500 4509 4570 -• 9 o" July —,1861 Apr. 30,1860 Mav. :io, I860 Apr. -JO. 1600 May 30, I860 Maj 30,1860 May 30, 1860 May ::o, 1-60 Fort Simpson do do do do Dry. Fre.-li. e» epl I'-'t Fresh. .. do. Suckling. do. do. ...do. ...do ...do .. do do 1.45 1.05 1.50 1.05 ). 59 0. 95 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.70 4.35 1. 45 I.M.- 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.35 1.25 a. 31 a. 35 0.35 1. o.- ». 05 0. 05 .. do do do ....do do do do Yonng.- Dry. Fresh, oxcopt tVH Fri sh ; <:n behind 0.42. Fresh. Fresh ; ear 0.40. Fresh ; ear 0.42. Fresh. Dry. Fresh, except feet. ....do. Dry. ...do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ....do. Fresh, except feet Dry. .. do. ... do. do. ...do. ■' V 9 V 9 9 e j Sept. 6,1859 Sept. 16. 1809 Sept 1,1859 S. pt. 5, 1859 Sept 16, 1859 Sept. 5,1859 Feb. 15,1860 Oct 3, 1859 Juue 5, 1600 do do do do do do do do do do . . do ...do ....do do 0. 55 1. 05 0. 50 0. 95 0. 50 0. 95 0. 50 0. 9n 0. 45 0. 95 0. 50 0. 90 1.20 1.06 1.20 1.10 1.00 1. 15 1.25 1.10 1.25 4.25 4.50 4.10 4.00 1 i li 3. CO 4.30 1.20 4.30 4.50 4.25 1 60 1.30 3 75 4.00 4.25 4.25 I. 15 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.5C 1.55 1. 01 l.CC 1.4C 1.25 1.3< 1.20 1.00 I. It 1.40 1.35 1.75 1.75 1.70 1.70 1. 75 1.90 1.75 1.00 1.55 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.10 1.2; 1.00 0.35 0.32 1. 35 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.34 0.35 0. 3.' 0 31 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.34 0.36 0.31 0.33 0.3. 0.75 i 79 0.73 0.75 l. 75 I. 05 0.79 0.74 0.75 0.73 0.09 0.70 0.73 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.79 0.73 0.72 i>. i: 0.70 0.72 do Winnethy River Red River Settlement. do ....do ...do I). Gunu 0. 52 0.55 0.96 1.00 ..do do do do . do 3024 3025 3020 3022 3019 4103 4360 3260 5754 0644 6845 6843 5745 5748 5750 5755 5756 5757 5778 .. do do ..do do .. do do ....do do do 3.90 4.00 1 J" 4.50 4.00 4.50 1. li 1.2; 1.40 1.21 1.25 1.20 1.35 1.65 1.40 1.00 Red River Settlement J.Reid . do do Fort. Resolution Fort Rao L.Clarke do . do ....do. do do do. do do ....do. do do .. d... do . do .. do. do do . It appears from the foregoing that the average of this series is nearly at the minimum of United States riparius, and that its maximum is at the average of ordinary riparius. The average tail (1.32) is below the smallest average of any of the United States series of riparius tabulated, while the average foot (0.71) is about at the minimum of the latter; only three feet, MURID.E— ARVICOLINJE— ARCTIC ARVICOL2E. 195 indeed, of this series touch the average (0.79) of United States riparius, the rest being between 0.65 and 0.75; whereas the United States riparius^ feet apparently never fall below 0.70, and may range from 0.80 to 0.90. The following is an enumeration (we did not think it necessary to tabu- late) of the specimens in the present series that depart more or less noticeably in some respects from ordinary riparius, yet do not show the peculiarities of either borealis or xanthognathus strongly enough to enable us to label them as belonging to either of those forms. We shall simply label them "riparius var. — ?". In general, their absolute size is neither above nor below that of riparius ; few being so small as those we tabulate beyond under head of borealis, and none being as large as the doubtful xanthognathus beyond given. They differ from ordinary riparius principally, as would be expected in these boreal cases, in their smaller members and heavier pelage. Nos. 6847, 6849, 6850, 6851, 6855, 6857, 6858, 6859, 6861, 6864, 6866, 6867, 6870, 6872, 6873, all collected by Mr. Kennicott on the Yukon, at the mouth of Porcupine River. They run directly into the specimens from the same locality, tabulated beyond as borealis. Nos. 6832, 6881, 6882, 6876, 6889, 6887, 6884, 6885, 6886, 6883, 6888, 6880, taken by the same explorer in spring, two hundred miles southwest of the last-named locality. Owing to the season, they average remarkably dark-colored. Nos. 9157, 9156, 9151, 9152, 9158, 9160, 9164, 9174, 9167, 9159, 9149, 9144, 9142, 9161, 9148, 9165, 9150, 9166, 8022, 8025, 8026, 8163, 8755. Fort Anderson, north of Great Bear Lake; R. McFarlane. Nos. 6836, 6937, 6841, 5749, 9194, 6842, 6834, 6839, 9193, 9114, from Anderson River; R. McFarlane. Some of these, as 6841, run very close to certain styles of xanthognathus. Nos. 9109, 9122, 8820, 9213, 9205, 9126, 9101, 9187, 9127, 9123, 9206, 9130, 9217. This lot was received by Mr. McFarlane from the Esquimaux of McKenzie's River, and is less homogeneous than either of the preceding. Nos. 8037, 8027, 8041, 8031, 8045, 8032, 8040, 8050, 8029, 8052, 8038, 8049, 8043, 8054, 8042, 8045, 8044, 8030, 8046, 8039, 8034, 8036, 8035, 8028, 8053. From the Arctic coast, brought by Esquimaux to Mr. McFarlane. 196 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. f ARVICOLA RIPARU'S vak. BUREAUS, Rich. Little Northern Meadow Mouse. Arvicola borealix, Richardson, Zool. Jonrn. 1828, 517; Fn. Bor.-Aui. i, 1820, 127. — Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A- iii, 1803, 134, pi. 129 (from Richardson).— BaIRD, M. N. A. 1857, 549 (from the same). " Hypmlaus bnrealis, YVagnku, Suppl. Schreber, iii, 1843, 593" (the same). Arvicola (ripariUB var.T) borialis, GOUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 190. Diagnosis. — A. ripafio simi/limus, ted minor, arlubus brevioribus, hir*uti- oribus, rel/ere lanuginosiqre. Averaging a little smaller than true riparius (three or lour inches long), with smaller and hairier ears, tail, and feet. Habitat. — Northwestern America. Table XLIX. — Measurements of ilnrty-otie small Arctic Anvicoi-jE of the RIPARIUS type, supposed to repre- sent a variety borealis, Rich. N. B. — They connect directly with specimens of the preceding enumeration. u a Locality. Collector. Nose to— Tail to end of— *3 o 43 O a 5 00 Remnrlts. o >> H a 9 ft '2 S3 o CO u w 9181 •9139 8033 8047 9138 9204 9137 9140 6874 9107 9179 8165 9235 9177 9190 11865 eeco 6868 6863 6862 C869 6854 0856 0852 6871 16848 6879 6877 i C854 8752 R. McFarlane . . 3.00 1. 10 0.75 o. eo 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.90 0. 80 0.90 0.90 1.00 0.90 1.50 1.00 1.05 1.30 1.30 1.00 1.15 1.05 1.15 1. 15 1.20 1.15 0.33 0. 32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.74 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.75 0.73 0.75 0.70 0.78 0.72 0.70 0.37 0.35 Dry. ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. ..do. do do do . . ilo . 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.75 3. 10 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 2.75 do do .. do ...do 0.43 0.92 1.05 do do .. do do ...do 0.34 0.34 ..do. .. do. . do. do do ...do 0.30 0. 32 0.33 0.37 0.40 .. do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ...do. .. do. Fresh. Dry. Fresh. Dry. .. do. do ...do do ...do ... ...do ..... do R. Kennicott ...do 0.50 0.85 1.08 3.00 0.80 1.10 0. 32 do do ...do 0. CO 1.05 1.22 4.40 1.50 1.92 do ...do do ...do 1.18 4.20 3.50 3.50 3.80 3.75 4.35 4. 05 3 25 1.40 1.58 0.35 do ... do do ...do do ...do 0.50 0.75 1.05 1.25 0.90 1.15 1.60 1.00 1.30 1.45 1.95 0.42 0.32 0.35 Fresh. Dry. Fresh. ....do. Young. Dry. • do ....do do ....do 0.50 0.54 0. 45 1.05 1.03 1.12 1.18 1.05 do J. Lockhardt R. Kennicott do 0.30 0.31 0.75 0.68 0.68 fl.35 (1.40 0.35 200 miles S.W. of Yukon ...do 1.00 1.25 ...do do ....do .... 3 40 0.75 0. CH do :i 50 1.10 1.30 * Taken iii -winter, and apparently adult. Its length cannot now be ascertained with accuracy ; but it is a tiny animal, apparently falling abort of 3 incbes. t Contained 7 foetus. Tbiaand tbeotbers measured fresh do not appear to be so much larger than tbe rest as the figures would indicate. MUEIDJE— ARVICOLIISL'E— AEVICOLA XANTHOGNATHUS. 197 The figures of this series are believed to be approximately correct, though not quite accurate. They indicate an animal at or below the mini- mum of ordinary riparius, with members, especially the tail, below the minimum; the feet, however, do not differ quite so much, being fully within the minimum of riparius, and, in fact, averaging over the dimensions of the average foot of the last table presented, and decidedly exceeding the dimen- sions assigned by Audubon (0.63). As to the form of the thumb-nail, we cannot make out anything at all peculiar. In furriness of pelage, some of these specimens quite come up to the mark of borealis as described. Thus, No. 9235 has the fur on the back fully ten-twelfths of an inch long; and the hair about the lips is so long as to droop over the whole length of the upper incisors, completely hiding them. Then, again, the soles, however, are not nearly so hairy as some other specimens we have seen ; the soles of this same 9235 being completely naked from the posterior tubercle. These longest- haired specimens, it should be observed, are all in winter pelage ; spring and summer examples have the fur scarcely, if at all, longer than ordinary Penn- sylvania or Massachusetts skins. Different as many of these little creatures look from typical riparius, or from the big ones with which they are associated, it is impossible for us to regard them as specifically distinct. ARVICOLA (MYONOMES) XANTHOGNATHUS, Leach. Chestnut-Cheeked Meadow Mouse. Arvicola xavthognatha, Leach, Zool. Miscel. i, 1814, 60, pi. 26. — Richardson, F. B.-A. i, 1829, 122. — Add. & Bach. Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 67, pi. 125.-Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, 552.— Dall, Alaska and its Resources, 1870, 577. ( Whether of Sabine 1 Not of any author treating of United States species.) Arvicola (J/ yo nomes) xanthognathus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1874, 190. Diagn. — Arvicola staturd inter maximos, buccis castaneis. One of the largest meadow mice, with chestnut cheeks; 5 to 8 inches long; tail 1 or 2 ; hind foot 0.85 to 1.05 ; ear h to f. Habitat. — North America, north of the United States. Description (No. 4504, Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake). — This is one of the largest American Arvicola we have ever handled; it measured 6£ inches long when fresh, and the skin indicates a stout, bulky animal. The tail is shorter in proportion than in average riparius; it is said to have been 2.25 when fresh, but is now just about 2.00; its hairiness is of medium amount. 198 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. The soles arc over an inch long, and thoroughly furry as far as the posterior tubercle; naked in Ihc rest of their length. There are six conspicuous tubercles, as usual in this section: a posterior one; at base of hallux ; two at base of outer toe; one at base of second toe; and one at bases of third and fourth toes. The fore feet are comparatively small, being obviously less than halt' the hind (measured from the posterior tubercle). There are five palmar tubercles: one representing the " ball" of the rudimentary thumb, which bears a minute abortive nail; another just beside and external to the first; one at ihe base of each lateral finger; and one at the bases of the two central fingers. The relative proportions of all the ten digits is as usual in this section. The ears are moderate for the size of the animal, measuring a little over half an inch high and wide; they overtop the fur a little, are well furred both sides, rounded in shape, and with a highly-developed antitragus fully occluding the meatus. The fur, much as in other Arctic Arvicolce, is longer, thicker, and softer than that of United States species; and, although the reverse of harsh, has very little lustre, apparently owing to the less admixture of the long, glossy, bristle-like hairs that occur so abundantly in southern samples, especially of maritime or very wet places. The longest whiskers about equal the head; others are much shorter. In color, this animal represents one of the few species, that may usually he known at a glance, and the only one of ours that has bright tints in sharply restricted areas. The cheeks are bright chestnut* in marked contrast with surrounding shades. The extreme muzzle is blackish, and thence to over the eyes a dusky shade prevails. In some specimens, there is a small rusty or yellowish-brown orbital space, and there is generally a perceptible shade of the same on the auricular region, though we have never appreciated so much of this as Audubon's smaller figure shows. The upper parts are of an intimate mixture or "grizzle1' of yellowish-brown, gray, and black, some- what darkest along the middle line of the back, and brightest on the haunches, but not noticeably far from uniform all over. The resulting shade is general/)/ lighter or more yellowish-brownish-gray than in southern species, owing to smaller proportion of long dark hairs. The tail is bicolor, but not very sharply so — more so in some specimens than in others; the feet are fuscous. "The nana' "xanthogiiatha", "yellow "-checked, and the descriptions of authors, as "yellow", "orange brown ", " fulvous", &c, do not correctly indicate the color as it appears to our eyes. We can see nothing t>ut a bright bay or chestnut, and tin- shade scarcely varies appreciably in any ot the speci- mens examined in which it is evident al all. MUIJIDiE— ARVICOLIN^E— ABVTCOLA XANTDOGNATHUS. 199 The under parts are uniformly strong hoary-ash, owing to whitish tips of the very deep plumbeous fur. The hoariness varies much, sometimes being scarcely evident, and at other times being soiled with a brownish or clay- colored wash. The very edges of the lips are apt to be whitish; the whiskers are whitish and dark; the incisors yellow, the upper generally deepest-tinted, the under frequently nearly white. We will finish consideration of color before taking up the matter of the measurements. Our remarks are based upon an examination of several hundred specimens. The range of individual variation appears to us comparatively slight. This is probably due to the rather homogeneous character of the localities whence our specimens came. Some are a little darker, or a little lighter, browner, grayer, more grizzly, &c, than others. But we see nothing that calls for special remark in this connection. One (No. 6594) is an incomplete albino, having a broad zone of pure white around the head and neck, thence extending alon/-niiie specimens of Akvicoi.a xanihognathus from North America north of the United States. A Vi Locality. Collector. Nose to— Tail to end of— o O O o w s Remarks. C p. '3 O '3 H si a o X< '« w 0300 3023 634 J 5126 8356 5727 5729 6541 4304 4502 4505 7703 5735 5751 5732 5734 5740 5742 5736 5739' 0842 7081 7084 7085 7' 88 7083 7000 89:9 8962 8993 8977 9414 Fort Good Hope Nelson River, Hud- son's Bay Territory. Bijr Island, Great Slave Lake. Great Slave Lake Fort Churchill Buffalo River, Great Slave Lake. . .do D. Giinn J.Reid 7.00 5.25 5.75 5.50 !>. 50 6.10 5.25 6. 50 6.00 5. 75 6.50 1.60 1.20 1.20 1.75 1.30 1.90 1.50 2.25 2.00 2. 10 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 0.75 0.75 1.25 2.00 l. no 1.60 1. 6.1 1.80 1.20 1.00 1.75 1.C0 1.75 1.80 1.00 1.85 1.35 1.40 2. 10 1.55 3.15 1.75 2.50 2.25 2.33 2.f5 1.10 1.20 1.45 0. 10 1.00 1.50 2.40 2.10 1.85 1.80 2.20 1.30 1.10 2.05 1.80 2. CO 2.05 1.80 0.40 0.54 0.45 0.40 0.42 0.60 0.45 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.95 0.90 0.92 0.90 1.00 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.05 0.95 1.02 1.05 0.92 0.87 0.92 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.98 1.04 0.92 0.97 0.98 0.92 0.94 0. B0 0.98 0.99 0.93 Alcoholic. Dry. ... do. N. Taylor .. do. W. Hactavish . . B. R. Ross ....do 0.62 1.30 1.60 0.70 Alcoholic. Dry. . . do. 9 9 9 Fort Rcsol ul ion, Great Slave Lake. do ....do ...do 0.75 0.70 0.75 0.70 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.35 1.50 1.48 1.37 1.70 0.55 0.52 0.55 0.75 ..do. Fresh. ...do. ...do. Alcoholic. Dry. ...do. ...do ....do .. do ....do . do ...do do do do W. L. Hardisty ... do ....do ....do ....do. ....do. .. do. do ....do . do ....do do. do ....do ...do. do. •• . do do ..... 6. ro 6.50 5. 75 7.00 5.50 6. 00 5.73 5.50 5 00 5.00 Lapierre, Rocky Mount- ains. Fori HcPherson . do J. Flett C P. Gaudet . . . 0.51 11.611 0.60 .. do. .. do. ..do. ...do. do ....do do do do. ... . do do. do . do . ...do. ...do. do. W. H. Dall do do . do do ::: do ...do ... do. do. do ...do 'Skin 8.00; much stretched. 202 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. T.uii.ic L. — Afcanurenuitts vf sUty-iihw nincimrim of Ahvicola xani ihhi.n.i i ins from North America north of the I niteil Stolen — Continued. o a o SB M s to Locality. Nose to— Tail to ,ii.l Of— CD a ,o a W 03 « Remarks. Collector. *s o B 8 u -r. U w 9412 80T0 gioo 8075 8073 30" i 8068 B069 6074 6395 6833 B071 4509 4510 7700 6754 0074 0084 0764 0771 0570 0.174 6783 COCO 0729 0047 C554 0724 654 1 0688 6751 6549 0037 c>- 0570 6556 6692 C792 0573 6558 ■- W. H. Dull do 5.00 1.75 1.30 1.05 1.20 1. 10 1.30 1.25 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.80 1.75 1. 50 2.00 1.50 1.35 1.45 1.30 1.50 1.45 1.80 1.65 1.40 1.40 1.50 2. 20 1.95 1.70 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.37 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.90 0.65 0.93 0.87 0.92 0.95 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.92 0.98 0.90 1.C0 0.96 0.97 0.93 0.96 0. 94 0.88 0. !'5 0.96 0.94 0.99 0.95 0.94 0.90 0.93 0. 98« 0.97 0.90 1.00 0.93 0.90 0.90 0.97 0.94 II. ff 0.90 Dry. do . do do .... do R. McFarlano . ...do ..do .. 5. 75 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.75 ....do. ...do. do. do ...do do. do ...do ... do do ... do do. do .. do 6.00 5.10 4.60 5.50 5.00 4.80 4.50 do. do ... do do. do ..do 0.50 1.15 1.30 0.50 0.55 0.55 0.65 0.72 0.68 0.59 0.60 0.67 0.69 0.00 0.65 0.68 0.68 0.75 0.56 Alcoholic. Dry. ...do. Fresh. ... do. Alcoholic Dry. .. da ...do. ... do. ... da .. da ...do. ... ,1,,. ...do, .. do. ...da ...do. ... do. ..do. do . Latitude 67° north — Li;ird River do ....do II. Konnicott. . . do 0.60 0.68 1.10 1.10 1.25 1.30 do ... do ... do 7.50 7. 25 0.25 7. no 0.00 0.50 C.25 0.5) 8.00 7. 75 8.00 7. 25 6.50 7.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 7.25 0.25 5 75 7.75 8.00 5.25 4. 75 i. to 1.80 1.00 1. 50 1. CO 1.50 1.20 1.40 1.80 1.90 1.60 2.00 1.00 1.50 1.40 1.35 1.70 1.90 1.00 1. 15 1.50 1.60 1.30 1.40 2.00 2. 15 1.90 1.85 1.E0 i.eo 1.45 1.00 2. 15 2.15 2.10 2.25 1.30 1.90 1.75 1.60 1.95 2. 15 1.95 1. 45 1..-H 1.85 1.50 1.75 0.43 0.43 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.44 do .. do ... do do do do do ....do do do 0.60 do do do . . do do do . do '...do do do do . do do . do .. . do ...do do ... do .'. 0.57 0.61 0.62 0.70 ...do. ... do. ....do. ...do. ...do. do ..do do .do ...do ..do do .. do do ...do . 0.53 0.65 0.62 0.59 ....do. ....do. ...do. ...do. .. do. . . do. do ...do do ....do do .. do .. do ... do ... do do Note. — Mr. Keen icon's specimens wore partly taken at Fort Yukon (mouth of Porcupine River) and partly 200 miles southwest of this locality. Besides those tabulated, we have examined several hundred others, all brought from the same region by .Mr. Kennicott. Fortunately, the synonymy of this species is plain. It was first described and not very well figured by Leach, as above; Dr. Richardson next noticed it in a more satisfactory detail; then Audubon and Bachman reproduced (lie sense of Ricliardson's article ; and, lastly, Baifd published it upon substantially MUKIDiE— AKVICOLlNiE— ARVICJOLA XANTHOGNATIIUS. 203 the same grounds, though he only admitted it among the hypothetical species of his great work. But there is no evidence that the species has occurred in the United States, and that it ever does so is highly improbable; and conse- quently all the citations of "xanthognathus" from this country — those of Godman, Harlan, Say, DeKay, Linsley, and others -are referable only to riparius. We have not seen Sabine's article, where the name appears; but Richardson says positively that Sabine's "xanthognatha" is not this animal at all, but is what he (Richardson) calls "pmnsylvanica Ord" (see under Arctic riparius in this memoir). We are equally in the dark respecting the "Cam- pagnol aux joues fauves" of Desmarest, which Godman, for instance, refers to his "xanthognatha" (=riparius), but which Audubon and Bachman cite as true xanthognathus. Audubon and Bachman have blundered in citing '•'■xan- thognathus Harlan and Godman"; but it seems to have been a mere slip of the pen, for they expressly state on a subsequent page that Harlan's and God man's animal cannot be the true xanthognathus. This Arvicola appears to inhabit most of British and Russian America. Audubon and Bachman say they took it in Labrador ; Leach got his from Hudson's Bay ; and we have other rather easterly quotations at hand. But the creature seems to be especially abundant and characteristic northwest- wardly, as in the region of the Mackenzie, Anderson, and Yukon Rivers. Note. — We have a great many skulls of this animal before us, but it seems not worth while to tabulate them, as they show nothing whatever dif- ferent from those of riparius, excepting a somewhat larger size ; all the pro- portions are the same. Even the increase in size is only evident on striking averages, since the smaller skulls reach well into the dimensions of the larger examples of riparius. The skulls run in total length, 1.15 to 1.30; in width of zygomatic arches, up to about 0.75; in height, upward of 0.50; at the iuterorbital constriction, 0.15 or 0.20; length of molar series, 0.25 or 0.30; length of lower jaw from tip of incisor to back of condyle, nearly an inch ; to tip of coronoid, about 0.75 ; the under incisors are 0.30 or 0.40 long from the alveoli ; the upper have the ordinary relative size. The dentition of this species is strictly that of the riparius group, and, in fact, so far as we can see, identical with that of A. riparius. There are the usual variations in the form of the back upper molar, which, however, always shows its crescent and two external lateral triangles; while the front under molar has, as in riparius, the maximum number of lateral triangles, owing to the far advance of the median zigzag line of enamel. 204 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMERICAN KODENTIA. fARVICOLA RICHARDSONI of And. & Had.. Large Northern Meadow Mouse. "Arvicola riparius Oud", apnd Richardson, Fn. Bor.-Am. 1829, i, 120. (Not of Ord.) Armcola liihardfmi, DeKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 91.— Add. & Bach., Q. N. A. in;,:!, iii, 163, pi. cxxxv, f. i i bawd on Richardson's auiinal).— Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, 551 (same as tbe foregoing). Selecting a number of the very largest skins in the collection, we can see that they noticeably surpass the average of United States riparius, and stand at, if not beyond, the maximum of the latter. But this is true of only a small proportion of our lot; the others shade insensibly down to the aver- age of riparius ; and all these largest ones are accompanied by others of much less stature, taken living side by side, and certainly not specifically different. The difference in the whole series, moreover, is not greater than we demon- strate in the case of unquestionable A. xanthognathus. All the remarks we have offered under head of A. xanthognathus have been based upon unquestionable examples of that form. But, after elimin- ating these, we find a considerable number of specimens that are precisely like ordinary xanthognathus, yet have no trace of the chestnut cheeks. They are clearly not referable to ordinary riparius, and are equally far removed from the small var. borealis. We puzzled long over these before we were led, we believe correctly, to refer them to xanthognathus. Among Mr. Kennicott's extraordinarily full series of xanthognathus we found here and there a skin showing no chestnut cheeks, yet which he had labeled with his autograph "xanthognathus". This excited our suspicion ; for we had noted with pleasure that, of the many hun- dred mice of all sorts contributed to the collection by this eminent naturalist, not one had been labeled by him of which there was the slightest doubt, and his labeling has proved in every case correct. There is little if any doubt that xanthognathus, under certain conditions, does not acquire the chestnut cheeks — in short, that a certain proportion of specimens shade into riparius. This goes far to show that the two forms are not specifically distinct. We tabulate below these doubtful skins. It will be seen by the measurements that they represent an animal at and beyond the maximum of ordinary riparius in size, with comparatively shorter members; and the skins show a certain undefinable coloration and condition of pelage which assures us they belong nearer xanthognathus than riparius; but their positive determination is to us at present impossible. MURIM3— ARVICOLINiE— ARVICOLA XANTHOGNATHUS? 205 Table LI. — Measurements of twenty-nine (and list of many more) specimens of targe Arctic Arvicol/E of the riparius type, supposed to represent xanthognathus without chestnut eheeks. 3 .0 s a a 4a s u 3 O Locality. Collector. From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— Length of— 0 0 '3 W Remarks. co P 5* '3 0 O '5 H g Q Fh CO i> '5 W 0 5 +3 O «S a a Dry. ...do. 8051 0000 do .do Fort Anderson ....do 0. 52 1.25 1.40 0.00 1.15 1.60 0.33 0.78 ...do. 9175 914G do do 5. .'10 1.00 1.30 0. 35 Dry. do ....do 0.52 1.00 0.71 0.45 9155 9154 9115 9108 do do ... 1.25 1. 15 0.00 5.00 6.00 5.50 1.10 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.45 1.G5 1.65 1.40 0.34 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.70 0.70 0.76 0.78 0.40 0.39 . . . .do. ...do. . . . .do. do do do ...do 0.50 do ...do 0.40 ....do. 9144 9147 9229 do ....do .'. 00 5.75 5.50 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.45 0.35 0.76 0.34 ....do. ...do. ...do do do ....do 0.34 0. 75 0.11 ...do. 6835 Anderson River . . . ...do 5.75 1.30 1.50 0.37 0. 80 0.43 ....do. 6936 do ...do 6837 do ...do 9195 do ... do 6841 do ....do 5.0 1 1.00 1.20 0.31 0.74 0.42 Dry. 9202 9220 do ...do do ...do 6878 200 miles south west of Yukon River. 5 50 1.25 1.50 0.33 0.73 0.47 Dry. 6596 do ....do 1.30 1.70 0.72 ..do. 6555 ....do 5.75 1.30 1.55 0.70 ....do. 6559 do ....do ....do. 7099 Fort McPherson C. P. Gaudet . . . ....do. 7100 do ...do. 7101 do ...do. 7102 do ....do. 9243 Kodiak, Alaska. . . . F. Bischnff .... . . . .do. 6307 ?7722 FortRae L. Clarke D.Gunn 0.43 1.00 1. 15 3.80 1.50 1.75 0.40 0.80 0.45 6 young. RedRiverSettlenient ? 10895 10896 do ....do 5 young. ....do . ...do 0.50 1. 10 1.25 4.50 1.70 2.00 0.39 0.75 10897 10898 ...do ...do . ....do ...do ?7655 Selkirk Settlement.. ...do 3 young. 10899 I to I ...do ...do 4.10 1.50 1.80 0. 80 10904 J 7638 10905 I to 10916 1 ...do R. Kenn'cott - - ...do ...do .... 7719 ...do 7720 7726] "' 7735 J ...do ...do James Bay, Hudson's Bay. C. Drexler 6304 Big Island, G. S. L •J. Reid 0.44 1.00 1.14 3. '.:0 1.35 1. 50 0.38 0.74 0.48 109171 to [ 10924 1 ...do ....do 1 -Jill', MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table hi.— Measurements of twenty-nine (and list of many more) specimens of large Arctic Auyicolje of the itiPAitiue type supposed to represent xanthognathus without chestnut cheeks— Continued. u ■- .= E - P u 0 Locality. Collector. From tip of nose to — Tail to end Of— LieDgtli of— u a a cm c '3 w Eemarks. h d a .£• *S a C "a g a. X. > -i. m "a a o £ o u o a 5 7C9I 7092 7741 7682 ) to : 7690 J 764', 7576 9904 10927 1 to J- 10930 J 7743 10931 10932 10933 10934 7703 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 9910 9464 10935 10936 10937 10938 10339 9907 10910 10941 10942 10943 10944 10945 10946 10947 10943 10949 10950 10951 10952 10953 10954 10955 10956 10354 Fort Ki'sohilion (In xautlioj; ? do do do do ...do .. do 0.47 0.95 1.08 4.00 1.45 1.70 0.40 0.75 0.50 do do do FortChurcliill , . do "W. Mactavisk . . 0.50 1.00 1.25 4.40 1.40 1.70 0.39 0.72 Fort Anderson do do ....do do .. ....do do 4.60 1.25 1.55 0.74 do do do do .. do ..do St. Michael's, E. A.. ....do do 1L M. Bannister. W. H. Dall 3.90 1.25 1.50 0.69 do do . do do do do do do Nulato, E. A . do ... 4. CO 3.75 4.20 4.20 4.50 4.00 3.75 1.35 1. i:> 1. 20 1.60 1.30 1.20 1. 15 1. 55 1.60 1.50 1.80 1.50 1.35 1.40 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.74 0.80 0.77 0.72 ....do .. .do .. ... do . do ....do . do .. ....do ...do .. ....do .. do ...do do . ...do .. do ....do . clo ...do do ...do .. do ...do do ...do dn . ...do . do do do do .. do .... ...do ...do .... ...do ...do ..do ....do MURID^— AEVICOLINJE— CHILOTUS. 207 Subgenus CHILOTUS, Baird. Arvicola sp., Auctorum. = Chilotus, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 516 (typo, A. orcgoni Bach.).— Codes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 190. Chars. — Very small. Pelage and proportions of parts as in Myonomes, but the ears "small, orbicular, the marginal portion or helix incurved all round, bounding a distinct fossa innominata; the upper and lower roots so close together as to be confluent externally, and thus enclosing the meatus entirely in the anterior rim, however low. Surfaces of the ear almost naked"; plantar tubercles only 5 (?). Dentition combining the anterior lower molar as in Myonomes, with the middle and back upper molars as in Pedomys "or Pltymys (other teeth as in Arvicola generally, and therefore not diagnostic). Further details of this section are given under head of its type and only known species. ARVICOLA (CHILOTUS) OREGONUS, Bachman. Oregon Meadow Mouse. Arvicola orcgoni, Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1839, CO ; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 315. — Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 232, pi. clxvii, f. 3. Arvicola {Chilotus) orcgoni, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 537. Arvicola (Ckilotus) oregonus, Codes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 190. Diagnosis. — Arvicola minimus (S-o^-jm/L), palmis dimidium plantarmn (s:§); caudd capitc longiore (I4); auriculis cxiguis, occult is, subnudis, mar- gins plicata. Color ibus fere ut in A. ripario. Least Meadow Mouse, with the colors much as in A. riparius, the ears small, hidden, nearly naked, with folded margin and the meatus rimmed about ; 3-3J inches long, tail 1\, or with the hairs 1J, thus longer than the head, and nearly twice as long as the soles, these twice as long as the palms. (No. tMI) At first sight, this little animal looks like a half-grown riparius ; the next glance, however, shows that it is perfectly adult, and further examination reveals the peculiarities given in the foregoing diagnosis and in the notice of the subgenus. The fur lias exactly the texture of that of riparius, and the coloration is much the same as in typical examples of the latter — a grizzle of yellowish-brown, rufous-gray, and black, darkest along the middle line of the back; beneath dark plumbeous, strongly hoary; tail indistinctly bicolor, to correspond. In fact, the external characters, both of color and proportions, are so much like those of riparius, with one exception, 208 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODEXTIA. that they might be described in identical terms. The oars are the notable feature; and they have been so carefully and minutely described by Baird, from the same specimens now lying before us, that, as in ease of our diagnosis of Chilotus, we may best repeat his words: — "The ears arc low, orbicular, the membrane thickened, the margins or concha] portions much inflected or incurved, like a half open apple-blossom, the concha being inflected all around. The antitragus is well developed, but rather low. The surfaces of the ear appear perfectly naked, with, however, a ciliation of long hairs towards the roots of the concha, on the dorsal surface. A close examination of the auricle in the dried specimen shows a few scat- tered very short white hairs. The structure of the ear, though in many respects similar to that of A. pinetorum, is yet essentially different. Thus the upper and lower roots of the margin of the ear meet anteriorly so as to form even a low rim to the meatus anteriorly completely enclosing the aper- ture ; the edge of the conch is inflected ; the region inside the auricle, around the meatus, naked, and the antitragus so much developed as to be capable of completely closing the meatus. In A. pinetorum the roots of the upper and lower margins of the ear are widely separated, by a space of a quarter of an inch, the space between these roots and anterior to the meatus being perfectly plane ; the edges of the concha or auricle not inflected at all ; the inner space around the meatus partly hairy; the antitragus very slightly developed, not valvular nor capable of closing the meatus at all." The skull of this species (fill) is rather broad for its length (0.92X0.51), but has nothing diagnostic about it except the dentition, which curiously unites that of Mymwm.es with that of Pedomys or Pitymys. Thus, the middle line of enamel on the front lower molar extends so far forward as to separate the anterior on angles each side, and cut these off" from the dentine island of the anterior trefoil, so that an additional closed triangle is produced on each side. The middle upper molar develops no snag on its postero- external triangle ; and the last upper molar has but one external angle and a long narrow posterior Y. A miserable specimen from Oregon (No. 3734, U. S. Expl. Exped.) is labeled "oregona", but is not this species at all, being a Myonomes. The measurements of the three specimens below given will show to some extent the variations in size and shape. At present, the species is only reported from the Pacific coast of tin; United States. MURID^E— ARVICOLIN^— PEDOMYS. 209 Taui.i LII. — Measurements of three specimens o/Arvicoi.a (Chilotus) oregonus. o .a B 3 'A V, o at c, ID O g g a s Date. Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to- S -. 0.33 0.35 0.30 u 'o CO 0.66 0.61 0.56 w 0.28 0.33 0.30 g. o H 3.50 3.25 3.75 ol t* 1.10 1.20 1.00 w 1.25 1.35 1.15 9529 2533 J8370 J8371 d Dry... Ale... ..do... do Ang. —,1855 ,1855 ,1855 Shoal water Bay G. Snckley E. Samuels 0.43 0.40 0. 75 0.80 1.00 1.05 Tomales Bay Pu"et Sound J do .. do i • Notb. — Nos. 8370-71, apparently of this species, are too young for positive identification. The teeth are scarcely cut; but, so far as wo can judge, the back upper molar will havo but one external closed triangle, and a posterior Y-shaped treffle. The meatus seems to be surrounded by a faint rim, but the upper margin of the ear is not inflected, the concha being per- fectly flat. Subgenus PEDOMYS, Baird. Arvieola sp., Atjctorum. = Pedomys, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 517 (type, Arvieola austerus LeC). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 190. Chars. — Posterd-superior molar with an anterior transverse loop, two interior triangles, one exterior triangle, and a posterior U-, V-, or Y-shaped loop (as in Pitymys and Chilotus). Medio-superior molar with an anterior, two exterior, and only one interior triangle (lacking the supplementary postero- interior spur or triangle of Myonomes). Anteroinferior molar with a posterior transverse loop, two interior closed triangles, one exterior closed triangle, another exterior and another interior open triangle, and an anterior irregular trefoil. Other molars as in Arvieola at large. Ears concealed, without inflected margin of conch or rim in front of meatus ; antitragus highly val- vular, as usual. Tail in the type of the subgenus about equal to the head (about one-third the head and body), in other species not more than one- fourth the trunk, and thus as short as in Pitymys. Perfect plantar tubercles only five. No special cranial characters, and external form as in Myonomes (except shorter tail), or much as in Arvieola at large. Pelage grizzly and rather "austere"; the under parts usually with a peculiar muddy tinge. Under head of Arvieola we have already diagnosticated this section, and after the further remarks just made there is little to say. There are no tan- gible cranial characters ; and, as to the external characters, they are with diffi- culty describable as any different from those of Myonomes ; but the tail is shorter, and the animals appear to be even more squat and bunchy than M. riparius. There are only five perfect plantar tubercles, though the rudiment 14 M 210 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. of a sixth is often seen. The seel ion may readily be differentiated from ils North American congeners by exclusion, thus : — It lacks the peculiar crescent of the last molar of Mtjonomes ; it wants the peculiar auricular characters of Chilotus; and it has nor the enlarged fore claws and glossy pelage of Pitymys. The section was based upon the Arvicola austerus of LeConte by Baird, who added to it two other species, A. haydeni and A. cinnamomeus, neither of which, however, is distinct. Haydeni leads into a remarkable form from the plains, very different, in its extreme development, from austerus, anil still more unlike any other North American species. The discussion of this form is presented in a subsequent article. We insert here the measurements of our skulls of Pedomys, and then proceed to consider P. austerus. Table LIU. — Measurements of nineteen skulls 0/ Pedomys austerus. u s .a Locality, to a © Hi M Width at— to ec 5 i „ - .£3 to p © ►J CO U o n '5 a © .d Vc a © Hi Prom tip of un- der incisors to — CO CO ci a „• O ~ © -1 EQ '3 R o .p tt p © Hi -P oc a £ a p -a p -r o ? i s o p. o H ft eE a o IS CO 2 o "3 P o © a £ T3 93 § S % a to p. R OUOO 1 1 0 11 .1 u ttttt WW fir* w Racine, Wis ..do 1.00 1.04 1.07 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.44 0.38 0.40 0.14 0.41 0.60 0.62 0. 02 0. 64 0.64 0.60 0.63 0.64 0.57 0.54 0.17 0.111 0. 18 0.17 0. 17 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.24 n : 0. 23 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.19 U. 17 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.60 0.58 0. 67 0.05 0 03 0.02 0.68 0.64 0.75 0.75 0.83 0.81 0.73 0.78 0.81 0.65 0.78 0.80 0.77 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.89 0.80 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.35 100 : 60 100 : 60 100 : 58 100 : 59 100 : 57 . do West Northfield, 111 do do do 1.05 1.00 1.03 0.97- 0.93* do do ..do . do ..do . 0.58' 0.60 . .do 1.00 1.05 0.40 0.61 0. 16 0.10 0. 23 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.73 o.eo 0. 70* 0.74 0.77 0.82 0.80 0.77 ...do 0.27 0.35 do Saint Louis, Mo 1.02 1.03 1. 1-2 1.14 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.45 0.60 0.65 0.18 0. 18 0.17 0.18 0. 23 0. 22 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.10 0.20 0.19 0. 02 0. 62 0.65 0 66 0.81 0.83 0.87 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.30 0.32 0.34 Pembina, Dak 1.06 1 ft. (!2 100 : 581 * 13159-60-61-68 : animals not full grown ; measurements oxcluded ffcom the averaging, t Type of cinnamomeus. I Type °f luiydeni. ARVICOLA (PEDOMYS) AUSTERUS, LeC. Prairie Meadow Mouse. Arvicola austerus, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1--:.:'., 405 (Racine, Wis. ; type, No. 2240, Mns. Smiths.). — Aud. & Bach., Q. X. A. iii, 1854, 289 (based on LeConte's description). — Kenni- COTT, Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent Office for 18r>G (1857), 97, pi. xii, upper fig. (Illinois). MURID^}— ARVICOLIN^— AEVICOLA AUSTERUS. 211 Arvicola (Pedomys) austerus, Baikd, M. N. A. 1857, 539, pi. liv (teeth of specimen, No. ';"7. from Louisi- ana, queried as austerus), (Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, and Louisiana). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 190. Arvicola (Pedomys) tinnamomea, Baikd, op. cit. 541, pi. liv (teeth), (type, No. -f-!W, Mus. Smiths., Pembina, Dak.). Arvicola (Pedomys) haydeni, Baikd, op. cit. 543 (type, No. •$?£*, Mus. Smiths., Fort Pierre, Dak.). Diagnosis. — A. ripario subsimilis, veilere austeriore, forma robustiore, cauda breviore caput cequante aut paulo superante; griseo-murinus, subtus ex albido plumbeus, brunneo dilute lavatus. Long. tot. 4, cauda 1.25, pedis 0.70. Habitat. — Western States and adjoining Territories, especially Illinois, Missouri, and Michigan. Kansas. Louisiana. Although this animal is subgenerically different from Myonomes riparius, the superficial resemblance is so close that it is difficult to convey in words an intelligible notion of the distinctions. In fact, it looks more like M. riparius than like Pedomys var. curtatus, from which it is not specifically different. The following description is based upon about twenty specimens, mostly from Illinois. The pelage, though not harsh, is rather coarse, thick, and short, and does not lie smooth enough to possess much gloss ; a condition suggesting the apt name "austerus". The tail has an average hairiness, with a medium-sized pencil at tip. The ears are about flush with the fur on an average, but in scant-haired specimens may overtop a little. The soles are scant-hirsute for their posterior third, and 5-tuberculate, one of the tubercles of Myonomes being wanting. The usual relative proportions of fore and hind feet and of all the fingers and toes obtain. In general form, the animal is stouter and seemingly clumsier than riparius ; the tail is shorter, averaging little more than the length of the head, but sometimes reaching about one-third the whole length of trunk. The head looks broader than usual, with a very obtuse muzzle and rather short and sparse whiskers. The upper parts show an intimate "grizzle" of black, brown, yellowish- brown, and grayish-brown, impossible to describe in a single word. This is darkest along the middle line of the back, whence, it washes out lighter toward the sides. Some specimens, as No. 2444, are almost pure black along the dorsal area, and the other upper parts are correspondingly dark, showing merely a grizzle with grayish-brown, without any reddish. Others, again, as No. 2454, are as much lighter than the average, having no appreciably darker dorsal area, and the whole upper parts and sides of a light muddy-brown grizzled with brownish-gray. 212 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENT1A. These colors fade on the si!* the whole under parts. In an average case, the belly shows a background of plumbeous, strongly washed over with a dirty cin- namon, or muddy rust color. In the darkest-colored individuals, the under parts are deep hoary-plumbeous, with the tips of most of the hairs barely touched with muddy ; this peculiar shade, so different from the clear hoary- plumbeous of riparius, &c, being a strong mark of the subgenus, and only very exceptionally wanting. In the lightest-colored specimens, on the other hand, the under parts are so strongly invaded with the muddy cinnamon that the plumbeous bases of the hairs are scarcely visible, the dirt-color being continuous, especially along the sides, and so bright as to approach a fawn- color or tawny-brown. The tail is almost always distinctly bicolor, and it shares the colors of the upper and under parts of the body respectively. The type of the species (No. 2249, Mus. Smiths.) is a rather unusually dark specimen, especially underneath, being, as Professor Baird lias remarked, one of the few in which the cinnamon tips of the hairs are inappreciable. Other specimens, however, received from Major LeConte as typical of his species, have the muddy wash very distinct. The Louisiana specimen enumerated by Professor Baird (No -nrrr, Cal- casieu Pass, G. Wurdemann) is typical austerus, and extends the known range of this form. A Kansas example (No. 4218, Neosho Falls, B. F. Goss) is likewise pure austerus. Another Kansas specimen (No. 3306, Doniphan County, E. Palmer) leans rather over against var. curtatus in the shortness of its tail, though it is typical austerus in other respects. A Platte River specimen (No. 30D4) is identical with the type of "haydeni". The exact state of the case regarding this last is given beyond; here it only remains to examine the other nominal species that has been referred to austerus. The type and only known specimen of "cinnamomea" (No. tttz, Pembina, Minn.) is, as Professor Baird says, exactly like austerus in external characters The points of difference, if any, lie in the skull and teeth; and we have the data to show that the slight differences observable in these respects arc quite within the limits of individual variation. On coming into our hands, the skull lacked zygomata; but the zygomatic width is stated by Professor Baird to have been 0.5(J, which, with a length of 1.12, gives a proportion of just 100 : 50, which is a little greater length for breadth than MURID. — o « a 2923 2925 2931 2932 2H33 2934 2935 293G 740 14G9 1977 1978 2431 2132 2433 2134 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2443 2443 d d 9 cf rf 9 SpriDg, 1855 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do West Northfield, 111 R. Kennicott ...do ...do ...do ... do . do 0.41 0.42 0.50 0. 4e 0.45 ).8S 3.88 \99 0.98 0.93 1.10 1.05 1.26 1.30 1.19 3.75 3.25 4.18 4.00 3.40 1.11 1.04 1.27 1.28 1.21 1.20 1.25 1.17 1.31 1.14 1.53 1.61 1.48 1.40 1.45 1.40 i. 36 0.37 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.35 0. 43 0.72 0.72 0.81 0.71 0.75 0.71 0.75 0.70 o. eo Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. ...do. Dry. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ... do. ..do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ... do. Fresh. Dry. Young;dry. Dry. do . do . do ...do ...do ....do do ....do ...do 0.50 0.98 1.26 3.70 4.50 3.50 3.75 3.75 3.70 4.25 9 ...do Fall, 1850 do ...do 1. 15 1.20 1.30 1.40 do ...do .... .... n 70 Sumnier,18o6 Spring, 1855 ...do ...do do ...do ...do 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.41 0.73 0.74 0.79 0.73 0.79 II 7r 0.81 0.79 0.80 do ...do 1.451.60 1.2o!l.45 1.25.1.40 1.10,1.30 1. 45 1. 00 1.20 1.35 1 1. 10 1 9n do ...do ..do ..do ...do 4.25 3.75 4.00 ..do . ..do ...do do .do ... do ....do do ...do ...do do do 4.00 4.25 3.50 ..do do ..do 1.2: l "' 1 ...do do ...do 1 1 so 0.38 0.78 ...do do ...do ... ...do do 0.39 0.73 214 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN PODENTIA. Table LIV. — Measurements of fifty-two specimens o/Arvjcola (Pedomys ) AUSTERUS — Continued. u e 3 & Date Locality. Collector. Noso to — Tail to— o o u o & p s 09 a a "o s 3 — rt - 9 - ~ P. to >. a p. -Z o "3 o *£ o > o B W 2444 £446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 7598 7649 9907 10024 10025 10026 10027 loo-jy 10030 10031 10033 10036 10037 7654 1 * 10764 | to I 10768] 10269 4715 (2249 265 266 2897 2928 2929 2893 2888 2889 572 453 8839 4218 8518 8519 (591 5699 3094 3306 A M. ... Spring, 1855 ...do Wost Nortbfleld, 111 ...do. 4.35 J. 75 4.00 1.00 1. OH 4.00 4.25 1.35 1. 10 1.30 1. 10 1.30 1.30 1.50 1. 35 1.40 1.15 1.11) 1. 15 1.40 llll 1.20 1.50 .311 1.45 1.55 1.70 1.55 1.60 1.30 1.35 O.-i i. :h ).37 1.40 139 0 40 i -in 3.36 0.37 0.40 0.37 0.45 1.3.' 0.39 0.72 0.74 0.72 0. 69 1 60 0.75 0.78 1.72 1.74 0.76 0.80 0.70 0.78 Fresh. Dry. Fresh. Dry. .. do. ... do. .. do. ... do. ...do. Fresh. Dry. ... do. Alcoholic. Ale; young. Alcoholic. ..do. ... do. .. do. ...dp. ...do. Ale.; young. ...do. ...do . do do do do . do ...do .... do do .. do ).60 .00 ....do ...do ...do do do . . do do do ..do 4.25 4.35 4. CO 3.50 4.00 do do ..do do .. do ...do do ... do ..do ...do ....do ...do do do .. do 3.90 1.911 4.10 4.50 3.80 4.00 4.00 3. 50 3.70 1.15 1 25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.30 1. 3.-J 1.20 1.30 1.25 1.40 1.50 1. 50 1.C0 1.40 1.50 1.25 I. 35 0.40 0.40 0.42 ). 40 1.43 0. 45 1.38 0.40 0.40 0.68 0.77 0.70 0 70 0.80 0.80 i '.- 0. 78 0.80 D.45 0.50 9.53 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.42 0.45 1.00 0.95 1.06 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.88 0.95 1.25 1.20 1. in 1. 25 1.20 1.18 1. in 1.15 do do do ...do do ...do do . do do . . do m V* "3 K 10267 4172 10268 3056 3055 3241 4958 7564 7736 10038 10039 10040 10041 Owen Springs, Cal F'ort Crook, Cal - Great Plains. W.T.... Black Hills, Dak W.M.Gabb. .. J. Feilner J. G. Cooper W. A. Hammond ..do 0.48 0.90 0 90 1.00 1.00 2.80 3.75 3.87 4.00 ?(*) 4.00 3.30 3.25 3.50 4.00 3.25 3.40 3.50 0.40 0.80 0.75 0.66 0.90 0.80 0.65 0.00 0.70 0. SO 0.75 0. CO 0.70 1.00 0.85 0.80 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.95 1.00 o. no 0.32 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.50 0.67 0.62 0. 05 0.66 0. 75 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.68 0.62 0.62 0.58 0.37 0.37 0.40 Dry \fide Cope. Dry. Fresh(Cooper). Dry. ...do. !,Nebr Camp Floyd Carson Valley. Utab . . Fort Bridger, Utah . . . do C.S. McCarthy. ...do C. Drexler ...do 0.42 0.39 0.40 0. 46 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.82 0.79 0.80 0.90 0. 85 0.74 0.84 1.10 1.08 1.10 1.15 1.05 1.00 1.05 0.36 0.30 0.37 0.40 0.34 0.35 0.38 ...do. Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. .. do. .. do. ...dp. ...do. do do do ...do ...do ....do * Stretched to nearly five inches ; was probably about four. Among the alcoholics, we find several specimens of curtatus from Utah. They are not in very good condition, showing little respecting the pelage (though the colors appear very light, much as in the Fort Crook specimen), but are unquestionably typical representatives of this extreme variety of aus- terus, and enable us to supply some additional particulars, especially as regards dental characters. They range from 3.25 to 4.00 inches in length; the tail- 218 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. vertebrae from * to f; the hind feet, I to I; the cars are small (§ or less), thin, and papery, and appear slightly hairy, but may have lost much of their fur in the alcohol. The soles have but five perfect tubercles, with a minute or rudimentary sixth one. Several skulls (as Nos Toosf, W^r1) which we have extracted from alcoholic specimens furnish occasion for no further comment than that they are strictly of the Pcdomys type of dentition, and smaller than those of austerus, in correspondence with the inferior size of var. curtains; No. 12169 measuring only 0.90 by O.ofi, although it is perfectly adult. Subgenus P1TYMYS, McMurt. Arvicola sp., AuCTORUM. = Peammomys, LeConte, 1829 (jpinetorum), (uot of Rueppill). — Pitymyx, McMuilTRIE, 1831 (samelype). = Pincmys, Lesson, 1842 (same type). Chars. — Below medium size; body cylindrical and otherwise shrew-like in closeness and glossiness of pelage; tail very short — less than the head, little more than the hind foot ; ears small, mostly concealed, sparsely pilous, with flat edges, and border of meatus plane in front; feet small, both five- tuberculate; fore-claws not shorter than hind-claws; palms more than half as long as soles; teats only four, inguinal; skull relatively broader than usual; muzzle short, very blunt; nasal branch of intermaxillary reaching beyond ends of nasals ; distance from tips of lower incisors to apex of descending process no greater than distance from same point to back of condyle ; first under molar with only one external closed triangle and two internal ones; no spur on last triangle of second upper molar; back upper molar with only one exterior triangle and a posterior trefoil. This section, perhaps the most strongly marked among American Arvicolce, nevertheless agrees exactly with Pcdomys in the dentition [i\\e three diagnostic teeth, viz., front under and middle and back upper, being the same), and likewise shares with Pedomys the number and position of the mammae and plantar tubercles. In general cranial and external characters, however, it is quite different ; Pcdomys being in these respects much like Myonomes. From Chilotus, which has the same characters of the upper molars, it differs in having a less number of lateral triangles on the front under molar, and particularly in the. construction of the ear, as detailed else- where; besides, in other external characters, Chilotus is more like Myonomes. The great size of the fore feet and their claws, the small hind feet, and very short tail are strong peculiarities. MUKID^-ARVrCOLIN^— ARVICOLA PINETOKUM. 219 Back under molar with three spherical-triangular dentine islands in single series reaching across the tooth. Middle under with posterior spher- ical triangle; then interior closed triangle; then exterior closed triangle; then two angles generally confluent, but sometimes separated by enamel wall into two (interior first, exterior afterward) lateral closed triangles. Front lower with posterior spherical triangle; then interior closed triangle;, then exterior closed triangle; then another internal closed triangle; then the two next lateral angles (one on each side) not separated and closed by a median enamel zigzag, but their dentine areas confluent, and moreover running into the dentine island of the anterior trefoil — this trefoil of variable shape. Thus there are five internal and four external angles in all (counting the lobes of the anterior trefoil). Front upper molar with an anterior spherical triangle, two interior and two exterior lateral closed triangles, the last exterior one being postero-lateral. Second upper molar the same, but with one less interior triangle — an exterior one comes first, then the iuterior one, then the postero-external one : the latter does not develop the postero-internal snag usually seen in Myonomes. Back upper with an anterior spherical triangle ; then another like it reaching quite across the tooth, but with its posterior median angle long and acute, and running into the concavity of the posterior U, V, or Y that finishes the tooth. However this last may vary in details, it never approaches the oblique crescent charac- teristic of Myonomes. We only know one North American species of this section ; a second, however, occurs in Mexico. ARVICOLA (PITYMYS) PINETORUM (LeConte). Pine Mouse. Arvicola pennsylvatuca, Harlan, Fn. Anier. 1825, 144 (in part; the description," but not the synonymy. Kot of authors). Psammomys pinetorum, LeConte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. iii, 1829, 132, pi. ii. (Name inept.) Pilymys pinetorum, McMurtrie, Am. ed. Cnv. R. A. i, 1831, 434. Pincmys pinetorum, Lesson, Nouv. Tab. R. A. 1842, 12. Arvicola pinetorum, Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 216, pi. lxxx (excl. syn. " oneida DeK.").— LeContk, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. vi, 1853, 409. Arvicola (Pitymys) pinetorum, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 544.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, No. 8, 234 (Massachusetts ; rare; "probably its northern limit").— Allen, op. cit., ii, No. 3, 184 (Flor- ida).— COOES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 191. Arvicola scalopsoides, Aud. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1842, 299 (Long Island).— Wagner, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1843, 53.— LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 409. Arvicola apella, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 405 (Pennsylvania).— AUD. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 289. (Same as LeConte'*. ) •"Above a brownish fawn; beneath grayish-white; * * length 4 inches; tail f of an inch; * * the teats of the female are situated very near the organs of generation ; she carries her young between the hind legs."— Harlan, I. c. 220 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Diagnosis. — Arvicola staturd inter minimos, (long, trunci B-A-poll.), formd quasi- talpoidea sed rostro obtuso, caudd brevissima (subpotticari), auriculis parvis rotunda /is plants subpilosis relieve occultis, pedibus exiguis, b-tuberculatis, mani- bus lath dimidium pedum excedentibus, unguibus majusculis; vellere cut to, denso, sericeo, supra castaneo aut brunneo, subtus cancscen/e-plumbeo. Little Meadow Mouse, looking something like a mole, with close silky fur brown above and hoary gray below; tail shorter than the head; small hind feet, with only five tubercles; comparatively large fore feet, more than half as long as the hinder, and with longer claws; and small, flat, round, scant-haired ears concealed in the fur. Habitat. — United States, chiefly east of the Mississippi, and rather southerly ; north to Massachusetts and Missouri. Kansas (Goss). Fort Cobb (Palmer). Oregon (U. S. Expl. Exped., Pcale). Some of the expressions in the foregoing diagnosis rather belong to the subgenus Pitymys than to this particular species. The dentition will be found fully elucidated under head of Pitymys; here we will continue our account of P. pinetorum with a notice of the skull, append a table of meas- urements, and then recur to external features. Nos. ttW", ? , and W23, 24 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. the known range of the species, which has not hitherto been reported west of the Mississippi, if we except one or two Missouri specimens, as No. 3130. From Mr. Goss' collection, we judge that the animal is not rare in Kansas. Two of his specimens are the largest we ever saw, exceeding four inches; but they seem to be somewhat overstuffed, as other skins of Mr. Goss' cer- tainly are.* As evidence of the distensibility of the fresh skin of this and other Arvicola, we may instance No. 8139, from Kansas, whose length we do not include in the table, since it surpasses five inches as prepared, though, apparently, the animal was under four. Both Mr. Goss' large skins are females ; males of his from the same locality are, if anything, a little below the average size. Dr. Palmer's Fort Cobb examples, not noticeable in any other respect, carry the known range of the species still farther westward ; while, finally, No. 3732, from Oregon, takes it to the Pacific. This one, secured by the United States Exploring Expedition, probably by Mr. T. R. Peale, has been long in the collection, but seems to have been overlooked, owing to the circumstance that it stands labeled by a curious blunder "Arvicola occidentalis", to which it bears a slight resemblance in color alone^ Table LVII. — Measurements of sixty- right specimens of Arvicola (Pitymys) pinetorcm. Nature of specimen. 10263 2836 10264 7787 7786 4714 7566 10265 3230 2546 2547 2548 2545 2919 m\ Dry Alcoholic Dry ..do ..do ..do Alcoholic Dry ..do Alcoholic ..do .., furred moderately, the longer terminal hairs reaching the ends oi the claws bul not concealing them; under the fingers, naked and annulate; on the palm, naked, with the following tuberculatum: besides the pollical node, there is a tubercle just antero-external of this, another at base of the fifth and second toes respect- ively, and another at conjoined liases of third and fourth toes — five in all, count- ing the pollical protuberance. The hind feet, likewise, show nothing notice- ably different from Arvicola or Evotomys; speaking in general terms, the relative size is the same, and so are the proportionate lengths of the digits. The feet are hairy on top to the claws (the longest terminal hairs just- reaching the ends of the claws), and the soles are moderately furry on the posterior third (as far as the back tubercle); perhaps a trifle pilose for ordi- nary Arvicola, but showing nothing of the dense furriness, like a rabbit's, of Myodex or Cuniculus. There are six plantar tubercles, as usual in Arvicolince, thus disposed: — one posterior, of moderate size, conical, not lengthened, situate about half-way between heel and bases of middle toes; a smaller one close by, but a little further forward and more external; then one at base of inner toe — these three completing a triangle; one at base of second toe; one at base of fifth toe ; one between bases of third and fourth toes. The toes, as usual, are strongly annulate beneath, with terminal smooth pad. The tail has nearly the usual length, calibre, and hairiness of Arvicola, showing no approach to the brevity and rabbit-like furring of Myodes or Cuniculus. Its length varies in our specimens. In Baird's type, No. 1368, the only tail seen till now, this member is noticeably longer than the hind foot, and distinctly bicolor ; in our Oregon animal, No. 3798, it barely exceeds the hind foot, and is indistinctly bicolor; in the Kansas skins, it averages no longer than the liind foot, and is almost unicolor. In color, both as to its pattern and its shade, and in general superficial appearance, there is little to distinguish this animal from Arvicola riparius, for instance. Aside from the Oregon animal, which is in poor if not sickly condition, and taken in August, the pelage is beautifully fine, soft, and full, " The light fore foot of No. 8503 shows a curious abnormality; the third digit being arrested in development, so that it is uo longer thau the til'lh. The left fore foot is normal. MURID^E— AKVICOLIN^;— 8YNAPTOMYS COOPERI. 235 and very long. The whiskers are numerous, of moderate length, exceedingly fine, almost invisible without a good light. The fur on the back is half or three-quarters of an inch long; that of the tail and all the feet is very fine and rather scant, so that in alcoholic specimens these members show quite light-colored. The tail has a very scanty terminal pencil; the muffle is entirely hairy, except the little nasal pads, and extremely obtuse; the head short, thick; the eyes are very minute, situate about half-way from nose to ear; the whole form is stout and compact. In the mouth of this animal may be observed, in addition to the tufts of hair that turn inward and nearly meet behind the upper incisors, a tuft growing inside the edge of the lip, and another hairy patch extending back- ward from the angle of the mouth. This is undoubtedly one of the most perfect connecting links yet discov- ered between different genera of Arvicolince, if not of the whole family Muridee. The habitat, too, of this false lemming is highly interesting, being quite out of the range of Myodes. Baird's types came from some unknown place, believed however to be somewhere in the United States, and now the animal turns up from Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, Oregon, and Alaska. The Kansas locality, Neosho Falls, where Mr. Goss has collected with such valuable results, seems peculiar in its fauna. There occur such southern types as Oryzomys, Sigmodon, and Ochelodon, in connection with the pecul- iar Onychomys and with the Synaptomys — which latter ought, according to its zoological characters, to be a highly boreal animal. SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI, Baird. Myodes {Synaptomys) cooperi, Baird, Cat. in M. N. A. 1857, p. xliv. Synaptomys cooperi, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 558, in text (United States?). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 194. Arvicola {Synaptomys) gossii, Baird, MSS. (on labels of the Kansas specimens, in anticipation of then- proving different from the original cooperi). Diagnosis. — S. facie Arvicola riparii, sed caudd breviore, artubus exili- otibus, rostro obtusiore, vellere ampliore; murino-brunneus, plus minusve griseus, subtus ex albido griseoplumbeus. Long. tot. 4, caudce. subpoll., pedis a, auri- cula ^. Habitat. — Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Oregon, and Alaska. Our notice of the genus has proved so fully illustrative of its single species that there is little to add. The original specimens of cooperi, as tar 23G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTQ AMERICAN KODENTIA. as the fragments show, arc a little lighter brown than most of Mr. Goss' late winter and early spring skins, especially No. 1368, which has also the tail more distinctly bicolor than it is in tiiese. But some of the Kansas ones are identical in color with the types ; and they vary as much among them- selves in color as some of them do from Nos. 1367-8. The tails of all, except No. 1368, are not evidently bicolor. The under pails are hoary-ash, usually soiled, especially across the abdomen, with pale muddy-brown, somewhat as in A. austerus, but not approaching the cinnamon shade that the latter fre- quently exhibits. The tail and feet in dried skins arc dark fuscous; in alco- holic species light brown, with a flesh-colored shade. The incisors are yellow, as usual ; the claws brownish-white. Besides the copious long fine pelage of this animal, there seems to be something peculiar in the tenderness of the skin itself; the feet are detached almost at a touch, so that the labels cannot be secured in the ordinary way. The following table shows to some extent the range of variation in size: — Table L1X. — Measurements of eighteen specimens of Synaptomys cooperi. Date. Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to end of— © o Remarks. 0/ 9 63 K to o3 >> =3 ft '5 O '3 W O u a 3 a 1367 Unknown (U.S.!). "W. Cooper 0.37 Typo of cooperi. ...do ...do 0 80 0. 90 0. 32 0 6K ...do. 3798 Aug. 6, 1859 Skagit Valley, Oreg CB.E.Kennerly 3.50 I). 75 0. 88 IP. 3J 0.70 0.43 Measured dry. 84C4 Will tor, '65-6 Neosho Falls, Kans B. F.Goss ii :,n 0.90 1.10 3.60 0.60 0. 70 0. 36 0. 67 0. 35 ....do. 8508 rf Mar. — , 1866 ... do ...do 0.60 1.10 1.25 4.1-2 0.75 0. 90 II. 40 0. 78 0. 40 ...do.* 8509 rf Feb. — , 1866 ...do ....do 0. 57 1.07 1.20 3.75 o.eo 1. 00 0. 42 0. 76 0. 30 ...do. 8510 ¥ Mar. — , 1866 ...do ...do 0. 5i IP. 95 L. 25 1.30 0.80 0. 95 0. 38 0. 78 0. 35 ...do. 8511 ? Feb. — , 1866 ...do ..do 0.53 1.05 1.20 4.1-2 0.85 L 00 0. 40 0. 77 0. 33 ...do. 8512 i 'ca w 1972 1462 5863 5864 7104 8023 0923 6838 6935 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083 8084 8161 9102 8398 8399 8076 8077 6925 6926 6928 0929 6930 6931 6932 6933 0934 Mus. St.Petersburg Museum Bremen.. C.F. Hall 0.65 1.40 6.50 4.75 4.611 2.50 4. 75 2.75 4.50 4.25 3.25 5.00 0.50 0 45 0.49 0.40 0.42 0.75 0.70 0.80 0.72 0.70 Stretched. Young. Young. Young. Ale. j ear 0.33. do. Stretched. Stretched. Much stretched. Stretched. Stretched. ....do. do. Young ; fresh. Taimyr-land, Siberia . . Frobisher's Straits do 0. 35 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.80 ...do Peel's River C. P. Gaudet R. McFarlane ....do 0.55 1.10 1.25 Anderson River ...do ..do ....do ...do 0.80 9 June 11, 1862 Junell, 1862 June 14, 1862 June 14, 1862 June 14, 1862 ,1862 — , ie62 June 24, Oct —1865 June 10, 1862 June 10, 1862 May — , 1862 Spring, 1861 June—, 1861 June — , 1861 May — , 1861 June— ,1861 May — , June — , April—, . do 0.40 0.75 do do ....do 0.35 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.45 0.35 0.50 0.35 0.40 0.30 0.45 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.00 0.80 0.70 0.00 0.75 0.75 0.90 0.00 0.80 0.70 0.80 0.85 0.00 0.80 0.85 0.35 0.37 0.05 0 OH do ....do do .. do ...do ....do 4.25 4.50 4.40 4.60 4.00 3.60 4.00 5.75 5.00 0.50 7.50 0.50 5.00 5.75 0.00 5.75 3.30 0. 40 0. 73 0. 410. 74 .... 0.72 0. 30 0. 07 0. 35 0. 60 0. 40 0. 70 0. 40 0. 72 0. 35 0. 08 0. 42 0. 78 0. 43 0. 78 0. 40 0. 74 0. 45 0. 82 0. 40 0. 75 0. 390. 70 0. 45 0. 80 do ....do do ...do do do do do ...do ...do ...do ...do J. Lockbardt ...do ...do 0.55 0.47 0.50 0.60 0.50 1.15 0.85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.15 1.35 1.25 0.62 1.20 1.35 do do do ....do ...do ...do do . ...do do 0.60 1.35 1.40 0.44 0.80 0.75 0.66 0. 4G •At mouth of Porcupine River. Genus CUNICULUS, Wagler. Mus sp., AUCT. antiq. Arvicola sp., Myodes sp., Lemmus sp., Auct. recentior. Georyclius, partim, Richardson; Aud. & Bach, nee Illig. Cuniculus, Wagler (" Syst. 1830 "), Isis, 1832, 1220. (Type, C. grcenlandicus = C. torquatus.)— Lilljeborg, Syst. Ofvers. Gnag. Daggdj., Glires, 18G6, 23 (same type).— Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1874, 195. Misothermus, Hensel, Zeits. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. vii, 1855, 492 (same type). Chars. — Skull lower, broader, more massive than in Arvicola, rather less go than in Myodes (zygomatic width not i the length), but in general char- 244 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. acters closely conforming to t he last named. Palatal shelf as in My odes i zygomata much less laminar than in Myodes (nearly as in the larger Arvicolee). Nasals and nasal branch of premaxillaries subequal; both very short, ending opposite anterior root of zygomata. Orbits less encroached upon by the cranial dome than in Myodes, but having a prominent pointed process for muscular attachments. Superior incisors as in Myodes; and likewise as in that genus, roots of under incisors stopping opposite back under molars. Molar series long and strongly convergent anteriorly, as in Myodes, but the pattern of the crowns entirely different and strongly arvicoline, as follows: — Front upper molar of seven (five in Myodes) prisms: an anterior transverse spherical triangle, three internal lateral triangles, two external lateral trian- gles, and a (small, supplementary) postero-external loop. Middle upper molar of six prisms (four in Myodes): an anterior transverse loop, two external lateral triangles, two interior lateral triangles, and a (small, supplementary) postero-external loop. Back upper molar of six prisms: an anterior trans- verse loop, two external and two internal lateral triangles, and a posterior trefoil, or V or U. Front under molar of nine prisms (five in Myodes): an anterior trefoil, three external lateral triangles, four internal closed triangles, and a posterior transverse loop. Middle and back under molar each of live (or five and a half) prisms : an antero-external triangle (with a more or less evident anterior lobe abutting against the back loop of the antecedent tooth), two internal lateral triangles, one external lateral triangle, and a posterior transverse loop. All the lateral triangles of all the teeth alternating. External form stoutest and most compact in the. subfamily; limbs the shortest; no external ears ; muffle completely hairy except the very papillae ; pelage dense and woolly; feet short, stout, both fore and hind completely furry both above and below, the longer hairs reaching usually far beyond the ends of the claws ; pollex obsolete, with abortive nail; third and fourth digits much longer than second and fifth, their claws periodically hypertrophied and quasi-duplicated by an enormous growth of corneous substance on their under surface; hind claws ordinary; tail to end of vertebras shorter than the hind foot, but copi- ously comous, the terminal pencil usually longer than the vertebral moiety. Coloration subject to periodical changes: dark and variegated in summer, snow-white in winter. As will be seen by the above, the cranial characters and those of the incisive dentition are very nearly the same as in Myodes, but that the pattern MURID.E— AKVICOLISL*;— CUNICULUS. 245 of the molars is totally different. In this latter respect, Cuniculus stands quite alone, for it differs as much from Arvicola as from Myodes. There is little occasion to enlarge upon the molar characters above given, but some further general remarks may not be out of place. In Cuniculus, the lateral saliencies are all sharp, the lateral triangles being long and narrow, and the median zigzag line of enamel runs nearly along the middle line; this is nearly as in ordinary Arvicola; while in Myodes one or the other (the external in the under jaw, the internal in the upper) of the series of saliencies are obtuse, and the median zigzag, besides being unusually tortuous, runs nearer one side of the molar series than the other. An increase of the number of triangles of all the teeth occurs. Thus, in American Arvicola the front lower molar has at most three internal and two or three external lateral triangles, and Myodes has but two internal and one external; here in Cuniculus there are four internal and three external, making, with the anterior trefoil and posterior loop, altogether six internal saliencies and five external ones. The back upper molar of Cuniculus is nothing at all like Myodes; in the latter, we have four loops, all transverse, one after the other, while in Cuniculus there is an anterior loop and a posterior trefoil (as in Pedomys, Pitymys, &c.), separated by two external and two internal lateral triangles, alternating with each other. The anterior upper molar, the most constant tooth throughout Arvicola, and even in Myodes scarcely differing from Arvicola, here is unique in possession of seven prisms; the two additional ones to the five of Arvicola and Myodes being another internal lateral one, and after this a small supplementary postero- external loop. Similarly, the middle upper molar adds to the four or four and a half of Arvicola and Myodes an extra internal lateral one and a small sup- plementary external loop. Of the front upper molar of Cuniculus, the first lateral triangle is an interior one; of the second upper molar, the first lateral triangle is an exterior one. The middle and back under molars of Cuniculus are correspondingly more complicated, having five or five and a half prisms, the lateral of which alternate with each other; of the front under molar, the first lateral triangle is an interior one; the back lower molar is a little nar- rower than the antecedent one. In the upper molar series, altogether, there are twelve external salient, points and eleven internal salient points; in the under-molar series, altogether, there are twelve internal salient points and eleven external salient points. But however minute we may thus make our account of the dentition of Cuniculus as differentiated from that of either 246 MONOGKAPUS OF NORTO AMERICAN EODENTIA. Mi/odes, or Arvicola at large, it will be better understood by simply laying the different skulls side by side, and looking at the teeth with a pocket-lens. Externally, although funiculus shares the "lemming" shape of Myodes, it is instantly distinguished by the absence of external ears, the shortness and dense furring of the feet, the obsolete pollex with rudimentary nail, and the prodigious length of the two middle fore claws, whose size is often more than doubled by the singular growth already mentioned. As to the absence of ears, there is indeed a rim or border around the opening, but it cannot be called an auricle. We have in America but one species of Cuniculus as far as is known; it is identical with that of Northern Asia. Of the relationships of the sup- posed second species, C. lagurus, we can say nothing, having seen no speci- mens; but, as already intimated, we believe its validity to be open to question. CUNICULUS TORQUATUS, (Pall.) Coues. Mus hudsonius, Pallas, N. Sp. Quad. Gliriuvu, 1778, 208, pi. xxvi, figs. A, B, C. (quotes Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii, 1772, 379).— Gmklin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 137. Lemmus hudsonius, Samne, Suppl. Parry, App. 1824, 185. — Sabine, Frankliu's Jonrn. App. 1825, 661. — Harlan, Fu. Amer. 1825, 546. Arvicola hudsonia, Eiciiakdson, App. Parry's 2d Voy. 308. Arvicola (Georychus) hudsonius, Richardson, F. B.-A. i, 1829, 132. Myodes hudsonius, Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, iii, 1843, 604.— Middendorff, Bull. Acad. Imp. St.-Pra castaneo nigro et griseo ant luleo varie- MUEIDiE— AEVICOLIN^— CUNIOULUS TORQUATUS. 247 gat us, plerumque strigd nigra spinali, et inlerdum torque nuchali pallida; sub/us ex albido ferrugineus; hyemali ex toto niveus. Long. tot. 4-6 poll., capitis 1|, caudce nudce £, caudm comatce 1, manus cum ungue longissimo §, unguis longis- simi hyemalis J, pedis §. Hab. — Arctic America, Greenland, and corresponding latitudes in the Old World. With the form, &c, typical of the genus as above fully described. Summer. — Taking an average specimen, the upper parts present an inti- mate dapple of chestnut or rusty-red, black, gray, and luteous, producing a variegation known as " watered". On the fore back and shoulders, the rufous color prevails ; on the lower back, rump, and haunches, the black and gray grizzle predominates. In general, there is a pretty distinct black line along the middle of the back from the muzzle to the tail ; but this, though usually recognizable even when not sharp, is often dissipated in the general variega- tion of the upper parts. Very often, there is a recognizable grayish-white or luteous-white collar across the nape, rendered a little more evident by being bordered both before and behind by rufous more intense than elsewhere. But this collar is frequently obscure or altogether indistinguishable. When thus not recognizable, an incomplete rufous band is still frequently present, arising from the imperfect confluence across the occiput of two rufous spots that mark the situation of the ears. Underneath, the ground-color is grayish-plum- beous, as usual ; next to this comes a grayish-white, and over this is washed a strong shade of rusty or rufous. The chin and throat are the grayest or palest ; next usually comes the lower belly, where the rusty wash is uniformly laid on ; then the breast and epigastrium are more heavily rusty or rufous. The feet and tail appear to be uniformly white or whitish at all seasons. Even in summer, all the feet are always densely clothed, the entire palms and soles being furry like a rabbit's, and on top the long hairs reaching beyond (sometimes half an inch beyond) the ends of the claws. Independently of the regular seasonal changes, the particular hue of the upper parts varies in a way that defies description. Taking, however, two extremes, of rich dark coloring and pale blended shades, we find that in the former case the upper parts are dappled with uniform deep mahogany color and glossy black, these then speckled all over with nearly pure white, the spinal stripe intense black; and the under parts are correspondingly sharp. In the other extreme, there is no such sharp hue, the animal above being a nearly 248 monographs of north American rodentia. uniform grizzle of gray, black, and luteous or fulvous, and below muddy-gray, rustier on the breast. It may be, indeed, that these differences are somewhat regular and seasonal, as well as the change to white ; but as few of our speci- mens are marked for season, we cannot make this out. As, however, several of our richest-colored skins are spring and early summer ones, we judge that, with the disappearance in spring of the white winter-coat, the brightest, sharpest pelage is put on, the vividness of the rufous or mahogany attaining a maximum in the breeding-season, or rather a little afterward, in midsummer; and that subsequently the hues grow cooler and more intimately mixed, until at length in the fall the whitening becomes manifest. Winter. — In perfect dress, the animal is pure white all over. In the fall, the whitening seems to begin underneath and on the sides, to progress then over the lower back; the heavy color of the upper back and breast being the last to yield. Several specimens are white, with a narrow dorsal area of color, that spreads forward over the upper back and shoulder, and underneath still tinges the breast; others are curiously white, with lateral rufous stripes that nearly meet on the rump and then curve round the sides to the chest ; others are pure white, except a sharp spinal stripe of grayish-black ; some are white, uniformly tinged with pale rufous all over. But it would be idle to attempt an enumeration of all the intermediate stages ; although, in the midst of appa- rently interminable changes, doubtless rules of very general applicability may be deduced from observation of a few hundred specimens accurately marked for season. The two middle fore claws attain their maximum of development in winter. In spring and early summer, these claws do not appear very differ- ent from those of Myodes, though averaging larger, more bulbous at base underneath, with the terminal portion slenderer, straighter, and sharper. This bulbous portion underneath grows out simultaneously with increase in length and amount of curvature of the main portion of the claw, until it equals or even exceeds the length of the latter, and is quite as stout, or even stouter, being somewhat broad and pad-like. At this period, it runs the whole length of the claw, from which it is separated by a groove along the sides, and by a notch at the end, both of varying depth. The claw then looks nearly like two claws, one underneath the other. The pad would then seem to gradually sever its connection with the main claw by progressive increase of the con- striction marked by the lateral groove and terminal notch, as well as by loos- MURID2E— ARVICOLIN.E— CUNICDLUS TORQUATUS. 249 ening from the base, when it appears like an excrescence; it is finally lost. Thus the process appears to be a periodical one, like the shedding of the horns of ruminants, and not continually progressive with age; and would seem to be connected with the particularly fossorial habits of the quasi-hiber- nating animal that digs galleries under ground in which to reside during the cold season, as compared with its freer and more active mode of life in summer. At ihe period of the maximum development of the claws, these equal or surpass half an inch in length, and yet the hairs upon the dorsum of the fore feet reach to or even beyond their tips. At, the same season, the hairs upon the hind feet form a fringe drooping far beyond the ends of the claws, and the terminal pencil of hairs on the tail is almost invariably longer than the vertebral portion. The winter-coat is much longer and thicker than that of summer; the difference is well shown in those intermediate speci- mens that are white and woolly, yet with definite stripes of shorter, thinner, colored hairs. Audubon's plate of the summer pelage is highly erroneous, representing a uniformly rusty-red animal instead of a dappled and otherwise variegated one. The coloration as given is, in fact, exactly as in Myodes helvolus (ohensis). whereas the two are distinguishable on sight by color alone. His figure of the winter pelage is very good, representing, however, an animal not perfectly white. There is no question of the identity of the American and Asiatic animal. In an abstract of the present memoir, already published in the Proceed- ings of the Philadelphia Academy, we cited Forster as authority for the name Mus hudsonius, quoting at second hand, the volume of the Philosophical Transactions not being conveniently accessible at the time. On turning to the page indicated, we find that Forster gives no such name ; he merely describes a mutilated specimen from Churchill River, of "a small animal called a Field Mouse'' Pallas is the author of the name Mus hudsonius, at date 1778; but it is "antedated" by the same author's Mus torquatus, described on preceding pages of the same work. The species will conse- quently stand as Cuniculus torquatus. Mus lenensis Pallas is the same animal, of same date. Grcenlandicus and ungulatus are later names of nominal species. The following table of measurements of our excellent series shows the size and, to a considerable extent, the variations of the species, but does not IT) 1 1 MOXOGIIAPDS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODEXTIA. appear to call tor comment, as the differences are parallel with those demon- strated tor several species in other parts of this memoir. Table LXI. — Measurements of sixty-eight (and list of other) specimens of ClNlcri.es TORQCATLS. 1973 4204 4303 4203 7753 7755 7756 8359 6360 (961 8363 r384 8330 - 9402 9431 10535 -- 8003 8092 6924 6950 6351 6954 1795 1 80S6 8038 - -0 1 L>2J1 92-5 71 80X5 -151 Locality. Novaja Setnlja . Arctic America Hopedale, Labrador.. . Fort Churchill H. B .. do do do do do do do do do do do Xa].ito, Alaska Woolly sat ox, Alaska Fort Yukon Arctic America Yukon, month of Por- cupine River. do do Rocky Mountains, near IUver. Mountains 200 miles above Yukon. do Month of Mackenzie's River. do Arctic Coast do do do do do , dot do' Anderson River. do Barren Grounds. do Collector. Museum St. Peters- burg.! Alfred Newton t ... ...do.t W. Mactavish ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do W.H.Dall ...do TV. W. Kirkby ...do J. Slbbiston J. Lockhart . ...do .. do .do.; R. Kennicott. ...do ...do K. McFariane. ...do ...do ...do ...do .do . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.65 0.60 0.56 0.62 o.:>; 0.58 0.57 0.60 Nose to — 190 LCS L2=iL3£ L II I. « i. oj i. 3; l.05|L3C 1. 0511. 3d 0 90 L 21. i. 03 1. a 0.50 3.750.60 1 •- 3. 25 0. 50 00 0. 4C 5.000.35 0. 4. 73 a i to a. 1.23 0. 4.". 1. 4. 50 0. 40 0. 5.25 0.300. 4. 75 0. 4oW I. 10 1 4 0.55 1. 95 5S 0.53 1.1: Tail to end of- 00 0.63 1 " ' 7 - i ,i g ... 65 - I. 60 0. 3. ' !. 75 0.25 0. I. SO 0. 33 0. 5. 00 0. 40 4.00 3.00 3.750.3: 0.4: 4. 23 4.00 0. I 50 0. 4.73 0. 4. 73 0. i" .. o.s: l. 00 0. 5." 1.230. I. S3 0. 4. 75 0. 4. 75 . . 3.5,0 5 0. 0.90 0. 4( 0. f 0 0. - .. 0. I L00 0. ...a 0.60 . Remarks. Summer ; dry. - - ■ -. ' - 0.80 0.78 1.7- 75 7' - 0.65 !.'■: 0. 60 K 65 .'■; 9.60 0.70 - 1 0.58 0.68 0.65 i 0. 67 do. Grayish-white. Pure white ; claw 0.45. Summer. do. Alcoholic ; summer. Ale. : Feb. 2. 1839; nearly white. Ale iholic ; July. 1859. Alcoholic ; winter ; white. do. do. do. Alcoholic ; winter ! j nearly white. Alcoholic ; winter ! ; partly white. Alcoholic ; summer. Summer. Summer ; still whitish- White, with gray stripes. White. Summer; perfect pelage. June ; still rusty -white. June ; young. July ; young. September ; a little whitened. October: pure white. ? ; whitening. Almost pure white. Summer ; normal pelage. ? ; much whitened. Summer ; normal pelage. Winter ; nearly white. Changing pelage. Normal sumroer-pelaiie. Winter ; perfectly white. Win.; exactly like Audubon's pL Winter ; nearly pure white. Winter ; perfectly snow-white, <$ ; June 30 ; perfect pelage. 2 ; June 2o ; perfect pelage. * From wrist to end of longest claw. 1 Received from ; fj by IT. 1*.. M. 5. Enterprise, tLockhart says : '"Cheek-pouches tilled with - \ Found in the nest of an Srchibutto (McFariane). MUKID.E— ARVICOLIN^— CUNIGDLUS TORQUATUS. 251 Table LXL— Measurements of sixty-eight (and list of other) specimens of Cuniculus torquatl'S— Cont'd. e a a Locality. Collector. Nose to — Tail to end of — O .O <0 u c 43 O ■s a 5 Remarks. s S « "5 u O '5 H > to u '3 w 8156 8157* 8159' C955 6956 C957 mm (i960 8153 9224 8094 8097 8761 8096 8155 8098 8101 8104 8103 8102 8100 9153 9176 9226 9227 9223 9229 9230 9231 9232 9233 S234 10262 R.HcFarlane ....do 0.50 1.05 1.25 4.25 4.50 4.50 5.00 5.00 4 75 0.35 1. 41 0.35 1.30 0.40 0.90 1.00 0.90 11. ir, 1.00 0.55 3.55 0.62 0.64 0.62 0.65 0.60 cT ; Juno 26 ; perfect pelage. 9 ; Juno 26 ; perfect pelage. $ ; June 26 ; perfect pelage. Pure white, with dark spinal atripe. Changing pelago. do. do ....do ....do ....do do ...do do ...do 0.40 '.31 0.30 0.40 0.30 0.60 0.75 0.80 1.00 0.85 0.75 0.50 0.60 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.57 0.60 0.55 0.58 0.55 0.54 n 5" 0.60 0.68 0.60 0.68 0.70 0.62 0.75 0.62 0 65 0.70 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.68 0.55 0.57 do. do. July 4 ; perfect pelage. June ; perfect pelage. Entirely white. do. May 29; summer pelage nearly perfected. Summer ; perfect pelage. June 6 ; perfect pelage. ? ; nearly perfect pelage. do. do. Summer ; perfect pelage. do. June 7 ; very rich colors. Young. do. Young. AYinter ; perfectly white. Summer pelage. do. Summer pelnge ; greatly stretch'd. Summer pelage ; much stretched. Summer pelage. do. Winter ; almost white. do do ...do ....do 0.50 0.51 1.05 1.00 1.20 1.20 3.25 4.25 4.00 5.00 3.50 4.75 4.50 4.00 4.25 4.75 do do ....do ....do do ...do do .. ....do do do ...do ....do 0.5." 1.10 1.20 . do ....do do ....do do ....do 4. 50 0. 4! 4. 75 0. 45 do : ...do 0. 95 0. 52 1. 00 0. 58 do ....do 1 50 11 41 do ...do do ...do do ...do do ....do 0.48 0.65 0.53 0.62 0.63 0.75 0.66 0. 6i 0.70 ...do ....do 4.25 0 31 0 85 n 6", do ...do 1 1 1 4.00 0.25 0.65 ... 4. 500. 30 0. 80 0. 56 7. 00 0. 40 1. 2.i' 0. 60 do ...do do ...do do do do do ...do ....do ....do ....do o.i;: 0.6C 0 Sf 1.35 1.25 1.10 1.55 fi no 0.65 0.58 0.58 11, 1;: 1. 40 5. 50 1. 30 5. 25 .. k 00 0.35 l.OO 0. 40 1. 10 ' Contained 5 embryos (McFar'.ane). Genus FIBER, Cuvier. < Castor, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 176(5, 78. < Mns, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 125. X Myocastor, Kerh, " L. S. N. 1792 (type Myopotamus coypiis)." = Fiber, Cuv., "Lepons, i, 1800 (type Castor zibethicus)." < Lemmus, Fischek, Syn. 1829, 289. = Ondatra, " Lacepede."— Less., Man. 1827, 286 (type Castor zibcthicus). Chars. — Largest of the family. Form arvicoline, but tail nearly as long as body without head, compressed, nearly naked, reticulate. Hind feet set obliquely; soles naked, quadri-tuberculate ; toes incompletely webbed. Fore arm bristle-fringed. Muffle hairy, except the nasal pads. Ears small, with 252 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. prominent angular antitragus. Whiskers short. Pelage lanuginous, besel with numerous long, glossy hairs. Mammae six. Highly developed perinasal glands. Dentition strictly arvicoline in every respect;* skull thoroughly arvicoline ; bul squamosals greatly expanded, with corresponding reduction of parietals and interparietal ; interorbital constriction of frontal at a maximum ; anterior border of outer wall of anteorbital foramen wholly underneath the root of the zygoma. An angular process of squamosal overhanging orbit behind ; zygomatic spur of squamosal touching zygomatic process of maxillary; jugal a mere splint applied internally. Fiber is a true arvicoline, showing every essential character of the sub- family as distinguished from Marince, and presenting no features of more than generic grade. Its cranial and dental characteristics depart but little, and only in superficial respects of mere contour; while its more considerable external modifications relate entirely to the highly aquatic habits of the animal. In the upper jaw, the first molar has an anterior triangle, two interior and two exterior triangles, alternating, the first interior following the anterior one. The second molar has an anterior, an interior, and two exterior triangles, alternating, the first exterior following the anterior one. The back molar has an anterior, then an exterior, then an interior triangle, finishing with a simple posterior [}-, \J-, or Y-shaped ti-efrle. In the lower jaw, the first molar, which is wider than, and nearly as long as, the other two together, consists of an anterior treffle, three exterior and four interior triangles, and a posterior loop across the tooth ; but the anterior pair of these lateral triangles do not always close up, so that they frequently resemble mere lobes of the anterior treffle, leaving but two exterior and three interior perfectly closed triangles. The middle molar consists of two exterior and two interior alter- nating closed triangles and a posterior transverse loop. The back molar repeats the middle one, but is still smaller, and the first (antero-exterior) triangle may be a mere spur, or obsolete. The upper incisors describe an almost perfect semicircle in the jaw ; their face is plane, very oblique; they are deeply beveled behind by attrition with the under incisors; these traverse the lower jaw to the root of the condylar process. The jaw is massive; the coronoid is on a level with, or overlaps, the condyle; the descending process is hamular, as usual, and much twisted. * Audubon (i. 107) notices some singular errors authors have committed in describing the dentition; Illiger, Griffith, Wiegmanu, and Kuthe assigning the molars — . MURINE— ARVICOLINyE— FIBER. 253 The stout zygomata do not dip down nearly to the palatal plane; the maxillary plate supporting them in front is large; behind, they curve up to the squamosals with moderate angularity. The arch is expanded in the middle, much as in the Lemmings and the stouter Arvicolas, chiefly by the laminar character of the jugal at this point; but the jugal is a mere splint, not forming by itself any part of the continuity of the arch, for the squamosal and maxillary spurs are absolutely in contact. This is a strong point of Fiber, for in other Arvicolines these spurs, however closely approximated, do not suturally unite. The parietals and interparietal are at a minimum size, coin- cident with the encroachment of the highly developed squamosals; behind, the squamosal vacuities are large; in front, this bone protrudes as an angular process into the orbital space, but this is merely an exaggeration of the smaller protuberance of other Arvicolince. The constriction of the frontal in the interorbital region is at a maximum, the skull being here obviously nar- rower than the rostrum. The nasals and intermaxillaries are of about equal lengths; neither extend beyond the anterior root of the zygoma. In the adult, the occipital bone shows no trace of its elements ; the paroccipital processes are lengthened spurs ; the upper border of the bone forms, with the continuous squamosal border, a strong sinuate crest, separating the parietal from the occipital plane. The foramen magnum is usually emarginate superiorly. The auditory bullae are not peculiar. The palate ends behind opposite the middle of the last molar as a doubly emarginate shelf, showing a median azygos protuberance with a fossa on either side ; it shows likewise other lateral fossse or canals along its surface. The incisive foramina are relatively short and constricted ; they rarely, if ever, reach to opposite the molars behind, nor more than two-thirds the distance thence to the incisors in front. The rostrum is tumid and obtuse, the nasals falling far short of a perpendicular tangent to the incisors. In all this, it will be observed, Fiber shows slight specialization of ordinary arvicoline characters. Externally, however, the modifications are stronger, in face of special habitus. The under fur is even more woolly than in the Lemmings, and the pelage is further conspicuous for the many stiff and glistening hairs with which it is beset ; besides these, the antibrachium has a peculiar fringe of still stiffer bristles. The sides of the hands and feet are likewise fringed with hairs, but the soles and palms are perfectly naked ; above, these members are closely pilous with very short adpressed hairs. The palms have five tuber- 254 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. cles, ;is usual; the soles, on the contrary, only four — one long, lengthened, postero-internal, and three others at the bases of the 1st, 2d, and 4th-5th toes. The skin of the soles is not granular nor obviously reticulate, though it is crossed with lines in the dried state. The 1st toe is but little shorter than the 5th, the claw of which falls short of that of the 4th; this last is rather the longest, the 3d and 2d decreasing a little. The rudimentary thumb bears a claw; the other fore digits are subequal in length, and all long. As in many other aquatic mammals, the whole foot is set obliquely on the leg, so that its edge and not its surface may be opposed to the water in the forward movement of the member, and vice versa. The modification of the tail into the semblance and for the purpose of a rudder is the most remarkable fea- ture of the animal. This member is strongly flattened sideways in nearly all its exlent, permitting readiest lateral flexion and but little up-and-down move- ment. The vertical width of the tail is increased by a fringe of stiffish hairs above and below ; on the sides, the skin is almost naked, and cut into number- less scales, showing a disposition to form the rings so conspicuous in Mus ; but their annular allignment is not perfect, the general arrangement being nearer a quincunx. The ear does not show such development of the anti- tragus, or other mechanism for excluding water, as might have been antici- pated ; but it is so small, so furry, and so deeply buried in the general pelage, that no additional contrivance is required. The eye is very small ; the muffle, completely furry except on the small nasal pads, is very obtuse, with thick fleshy lips, not cleft at the median septum ; there are fleshy enlargements and hairy patches within, serving to diminish the oral aperture. The whiskers are short, sparse, and stiff; there are other bristles over the eyes and under the chin. FIBER ZIBETHICUS, (L ) Cuv. Muskrat. Castor zibethicus, Llnn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 79, no. 3 (quotes Brisson, Kalm, and Sarraziu). — Erxl., Syst. Reg. Auim. i, 1777, 444, no. 2. — Bodd., Elench. Auim. i, 1784, 166. Mus zibethicus, Schreb., Siiug. iv, " 1792", 638, pi. 176.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 125, no. 2 (quotes Schre- ber).— Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 44, pi. 129 (lower figure). My ocastor zibethicus, "Kerr's Liumeus, 1792". Lemmus zibethicus, "Fr. Cuv., Diet. Sc. Nat. vi, 310, fig. — ".— Fiscn., Synop. 1829, 289, no. 1. Fiber zibethicus, Cuv., R. A. i, 1817, 192.— Desm., Manini. ii, 1822, 279; Encyc. Me'th. pi. 67, f. 6; Nouv. Diet, xxiii, 506.— Sab., Fraukl. Journ. 659. — Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 132. — Griffith, Anira. Kingd. v, 1827, 208— Godman, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 2d ed. 1831, 58.— Rich., F. B. A. i, 1829, 115 (describes black, white, and pied varieties).— DeKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 75, pi. 20, f. 2, pi. 32, f. 3 (skull).— Schinz, Syn. ii, 1845, 257.— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 108, pi. 13.— Kennicott, Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent Office for 1856, 1857, 105, pi. 14.— Bairp, M. N. A. 1857, 561.— BULGER, P. Z. S. 1865, 682 (habits).— Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 196.— Coues &. Yarrow, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid. 1876, — ; and of authors generally. MVRIDJE— BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 255 Ondatra zibethious, Less., Man. 1827, 286, no. 793.— Waterh., Cbarlesw. Mag. iii, 1839, 594. Ondatra americana, "Tiedem., Zool. i, 481". f Fiber osoyoosensis, Lord, P. Z. S. 1863, 95. Massascus, "Smith's Virginia, 1626, 27". Muskrat, Lawson, Car. 1713, 120.— Brick., N. Car. 1737, 129.— Billings, Canad. Nat. and Geol. ii, 1857, 106 (habits).— Lord, ibid, iii, 1868, 45 (babits).— Fish, Amer. Nat. v, 1871, 314 (partial albino). Bat mnsqui, Sarrazin, Mem. de l'Acad. 1725, 323, pi. 11, f. 1, 2.— Charlev., Nouv. Fr. iii, 1744, 107.— Sagard-Theod., Canad. 771. Eat viusque'du Canada, Briss., Regne Anim. 1756, 136, no. 4. Ondatra, Buff., Hist. Nat. x, 1, pi. 1.— "Aless., Quad, iii, pi. 114, f. 1."— Desmoullns, "Diet. Class. iii, 105". Musk Beaver, Forst., Pbilos. Trans, lxii, 1772, 375— Penn., Syn. Quad. 1771, 259, no. 191 ; Hist. Quad. 1781, no. 252; Arct. Zool. i, 1784, 106, no. 41. Zibethratze, "Mull., Naturs. i, 1773, 333". Musquash, Hearne, Journ. 379.— Bulger, P. Z. S. 1865, 652 (babits). Habitat. — North America. Having already given, under head of the genus, a sufficient description of the only recognized species, we do not consider it necessary to enter into further detail respecting so well-known an animal, concerning which we have no new information to offer. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. [Note. — Besides tbe numerous general treatises already cited as bearing in due part upon North American Muridw, tbe following special works and papers relating to tbe Muridw at large may be noted. The American literature of tbe subject is believed to have been very fully indexed ; otherwise, the list is supposed to be far from complete. Many of the foreign titles are borrowed from Cams and Engelmann, and those which have not been verified by actual reference may not prove to be literally correct.] 1580. . Wunderzeituug von Miiusen so in Norwegen aus der Luft gefallen sind. Anno 1579. Ulsseu. 1580. 4to. 1 ti.l'.l. — Worm, O. Historia auimalis [Myodes] quod in Norvagia e nubibus decidit. Hafniaj. 1653. 4to. pp. 66, pll. 16.T1. — Bartholinus, T. Muris Novagici, Lemmendes [Myodes lemmus] anatome. < Histor. Anatom. Cent. 2, 1654, pp. 300-303. 1693. — Leeuwenhoeck, A. On tbe testicles of a Bat, and tbe animalcules therein contained ; [etc.]. < Pbilos. Trans, xvii. 1693, no. 196, pp. 593, 594. 1693. — Waller, R. Some observations on tbe dissection of a Bat. < Pbilos. Trans. xvii. 1793, no. 196, pp. 594-596. 1699. — Wegner, G. Tractatus de Battis, damnoso truculentoque inter mures populo, quo Neostadium Ebersvaldense . . . liberatum est. Gedaui. 1699. 4to. pp. 111. 1699.— Rycaut, P. A relation of tbe small creatures called Sable-Mice [Myodes] which bave lately come in Troops into Lapland, about Tborne, and other Places adjacent to tbe mountains, in Innumerable Multitudes. < Pbilos. Trans, xxi. 1699, no. 251, pp. 110-112. 25G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. 171-1. — Sarrasin, — . Observation sur le Rat d'Amerique. < Hist. & M£m. Acad. Sc. Paris, 1714, pp. 26, 27. 1 740. — Linnaeus, C. Anmerkuug iiber die Thicre [Myodes] von denen in Norwegen gesagt wild, dass sie ans den Wolken konunen. < Abbandl. d. Scbwed. Akad. ii. 1710, pp. 75-82, init Abbild. 17-13. — [Ddderlein, J. A.] Clitomachus, curioses Gespriich von Miiusen, dereu na- tiirlicheBescbafreuheiten,uuterschiedeueGattungen,niancherlei Eigeuscbaften, [etc.] Scbwalbacb uud Leipzig. 8vo. 1743. pp. 138. 17-19.— Hbgstrom, P. Anmerkuug iiber die Tbiere [Myodes], die in Norwegen aus den Wolken koinmeu sollen. < Abbandl. Scbwed. Akad. xi. 1749, pp. 19-27. 1 76 1 . — Bergius, B. Bescbreibuug eiuer weisseu Maus. < Abbandl. Scbwed. Akad. xxiii. 1761, pp. 317-322. 1779. — Jaehrig, — . Sur les Hats d'eau [Arvicola ampbibius]. ]). 313-315. 1§4§.— Gambel, W. Description of two new California quadrupeds [Mus cali- fomicus]. < Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv. 1848, pp. 77-seq. 1848.— Gould, A. A. [On a Singing Mouse.] < Tree. Lost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. IS 18, p. 4. 1848. Gray, J. E. Observations on Myod'es hudsonicus, and other species of the genus Myoiles. < Proc Zcol. Soc. Loud. xvi. 1848, pp. 43, 44. 1849.— Struve, — von. Ueber weisse Mause. Froriep's Nat. 3te Reibe, ix. 1849, pp. 193-197. lS49._Erslev, E. Om nogle Alter af nordiske Muus. < Fiirli. Skand. Natur- forsk. v. Mode. (1847) 1849, pp. 944, 945. |$51. — Belke, G. Noliee sur l'apparition en Podolie d'une multitude de Catn- pagnols et quelques remarques sur l'identi(6 de I'Arvicola arvalis et du A. sub- terraneus Selys. < Bull. Soc. Imp. Natur. Mosc. xxiv. 1851, pp. 549-557. 185£. — Malm, A. W. Zur Naturgeschichte des Lemmings (Myodes leminus). < Fror. Tagsber. no. 479 (Zool. Bd. 2), 1852, pp. 286-288. 1 852.— Gerbe, Z. [Arvicola leucurus, A. selysii, spp. nn.] < Comptes Eendus Ac. Sc. Paris, xxxiv. 1852, pp. 69, 692. 1853.— Blasius, J. H. Beitiiige zur Kenntniss der Gattnug Arvicola [u. s. w.J. < Bull Afead. Miinchen, 1853, pp. 257-259. 1 853. — Le Conte, J. Description of three new species of American Arvicolse, with remarks on some other North American Rodents. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi. 1853, pp. 404-415. 1£53. — Woodhcuse, S. W. Description of a new species of Mouse of the genus Hesperomys, Waterhouse [H. texanal. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi. 1853, p. 242. l!»>54.— Blasius, J. H. Beitiiige zur Kenntniss der Gattung Arvicola und der deutschen Fledermause. < Lotos. Jahrg. iv. 1854, pp. S3-87, 98-100. 1854. — Burmeister, H. Ueber siulameiikanisehe Murinen. < Abhand. Nat. Gesellsch. Halle, ii. (Sitz. Ber.) 1854, pp. 3-9. 1 854. — Gerbe, Z. Desciiption d'une nouvelle espece du genre Arvicola [A. iberica]. < Lev. et Mag. de Zool. 2e ser. vi. 1854, pp. 608-013, pi. — . 1854. — Gerbe, Z. Observations pour servir a l'hi.stoire de I'Arvicola incertus do Selys. < Lev. et Mag. de Zool. 2e ser. vi. 1854, pp. 359-372, 595-008, pll. 1 855. — Dehne, A. Mus mnsculus L., die Hausmaus und ihre Varietaten. < Allg. dents, nt rh. Ziir. n. F. Bd. i. 1855, p. 174. 1855. — Dehne, A. Mus sylvaticus L., die Waldmaus uud ihre Varietaten. < Allg. dents, ntih. Zeit. n. F. i. 1855, p. 181, MURID.E— BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 261 lSw. — Dehne, A. Mus decamanus Pall., die Wanderratte and ihre Varietaten. < Allg. deuts. ntrh. Zeit. n. F. Bd. i. 1853, pp. 109-174. 1855. — Hensel, P. [Ueber Misothermus, n. g., u. s. w.] < Zeitschr. Deutscb. Geol. Gesell. vii. 1855, pp. 458-seq. 1855. — Dawson, J. H. Ou the species of Meriones and Arvicolae found in Nova Scotia. < Cauad. Jouru. iii. 1855, p. 388. (Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1855, pt. 2, p. 110. — New Phil. Jouru. Edinburgh, iii. 1856, pp. 1-4.) 1 ^55. — Le Conte, J. Description of two new species of Hesperomys [H. cognatus, II. gracilis]. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vii. 1855, p. 442. 1856. — Krauss, F. Die Hausratte in Stuttgart. < Wiirtemberg litrw. Jahresb. Jahrg. xii. 1856, pp. 117, 118. 1856. — Gaskoin, J. S. [Ou Mus inusculus var. nudoplicatus.] . 145. 186.*.— Blyth, E. Ou Indian Rats and Mice. . nn.J -196. [Note. — Au abstract of the present Monograph. Reissued, with additions, under title of "U. S. Northern Boundary Commission. [....] Natural History. No. I. On the Muridae [etc.]." 8vo. pamp. pp. Sci. Philadelphia. 1874.] 1876.— Coues, E. Musical Mice. <"The Musciau and Artist" i. 1876, no. 3. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. MURTDjE, PLATE I. Figs. 1-4, Neistosno flori). Figs. 46-49, A. riparins (4858). Figs. 50-53, A. towusendi (6802). Figs. 54-57. A. xanlhognailius (12118). U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. MUEIDyE, PLATE V. Figs. 58-til, Arvioola austcrus (1862). Figs. 63-65, A. austerus (948). Figs. 66-B9, A. curtatua (12196). Figs. 70-73, A. piiictoruin (1930). Figs. 74-7?, Nynaptoiiiys cooperi (6915). MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA No. II.-LEPORID& By J. A.. .ALLEN 265 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Family LEPORID^ 205 General considerations 2G7 Geographical variation 268 Individual variation 272 Geographical distribution 274 Bibliographical resume 277 Characteristics of the family 281 Genus Lipus 282 Lcpus timidus 2S8 campealris 297 am*ricanu$ • 304 americanus ■ 304 virginianus 307 toaakingtoni 30!) bairdi 310 sylvatiais 327 sylraticits 328 millalli 330 arteonce 332 anduboni 332 troiebridgei 344 graysoui 347 brasiliensis 348 brasiliensis 348 gabbi 349 callotis 350 callolis 351 texianus 351 cdlifornicus 357 palwttrU _ 300 aqitaticus 364 euniculus 367 Species wrongly attributed to America 369 Note on the names "Babbit" and "Hare" 369 Epidemics among North American Hares 371 Extinct species 373 Genua Palwolagus 373 Palwolagus haydeni 373 agapetillus 375 turgidus 375 triplex 375 Genus Panolax 376 Pa -tolax sanelufidei 376 Genus Praotherium 3T6 •Praotherium palatinum 377 266 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Cambridge, Mass., April 3, 1876. Sir: I transmit herewith for publication my report on the North Amer- ican Leporidce. As but two species of this family occur south of the United States that are not also found north of the United States and Mexican boundary, these have also been included, thereby rendering the present memoir a mono- graph of the Leporidce of the New World. The material on which this report is based is primarily that of the National Museum, to which, through the kindness of the officers of the Smith- sonian Institution, I have had the fullest .access. This has been supplemented by that of the other principal collections of this country, by far the most important of which is that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass., of which also I have been permitted the freest use. It gives me pleasure to mention in this connection that a large part of the material from the Trans-Mississippian portions of the United States has been gathered either personally by yourself or under your immediate direction and auspices. I am, sir, very respectfully, yours, J. A. ALLEN. Dr F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist, etc., etc., Washing/on, D. C. 2H5 ;,; Family LEPORID^E. The present revision of the American Leporidte is based upon the material contained in the National Museum at Washington, supplemented by that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. The speci- mens in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History have also been examined. The author has thus had access not only to the types of the species described by Prof. S. F. Baird, in his great work on the Mam- mals of North America, published in 1857, but also to nearly all the material used by him in his excellent elaboration of this family in the above-named work, together with the vast amount of material that has since accumulated at the Smithsonian Institution. This includes not only the collections made by the different Government expeditions since 1857, but also the large col- lections made since that date, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, in Alaska, the British Possessions, Mexico, and Central America. By tar the larger portion of the specimens examined from localities within the United States received from any one source have been the collections made either by Dr. F. V. Hayden personally or under his immediate direction, and especially during the prosecution of the geographical and geological survey of the Territories, now in progress, under the auspices of the Department of the Interior. Large collections have also been received from the other Government surveys of the Territories made under the direction of the Topographical Bureau. The most important collections from the region north of the United States were made by the late Mr. Robert Kennicott and by Mr. William H. Dall, though very large additions have been received from 207 2(38 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Mr. B. R. Ross, Mr. R, McFarlane, and other officers of the Hudson's Bay Company. The most important collections from localities south of the United States are those made by Prof. F. Sumichrast in Southeastern Mexico, by Mr. C. A. Schott in Yucatan, and by Prof. W. M. Gabb in Costa Rica. As an indication of the amount of material that has been used in the preparation of the presenl memoir, it may be stated that of Lepus americanus (including its several varieties), the series of .skulls alone numbers about one hundred and fifteen, which is supplemented by about the same number of skins ; of Lepus sylvaticus and its varieties, the skulls number seventy, and the skins about one hundred and fifty, representing in each case, of course, a wide range of localities. Among the results reached by the elaboration of this large amount of material is a better understanding of the character and amount of the varia- tion dependent upon locality. These results, together with the data on which they are based, are presented with considerable detail in the following pages. I. — GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Since most of the American Leporidce are not only mainly nocturnal in their habits — living concealed in shaded places, as under fallen trees, thick bushes, or even in burrows during the day — but also live mostly in swamps, thickets, or forests, they are in a measure shielded, it would seem, from the climatic influences that produce so marked an effect upon animals having different habits and affecting more exposed situations. Whether or not these conditions have a tendency to reduce the variation with locality due to climatic conditions to a minimum, or whether the species of this group arc constitu- tionally less susceptible to climatic influences, we certainly find a less degree of geographical variation among the species of the Leporidce than among many other families of mammals. A considerable amount of variation, resulting from conditions of environment, however, exists among them, and conforms to the general laws of geographical variation previously announced as obtaining among both the mammals and birds of this continent. Among the Leporidce, cases of melanism are of rare occurrence, less than half a dozen instances being as yet known to me among our native species. Albinism, in its true sense, seems almost equally rare, since the regular assump- tion of a white winter pelage by the northern species can hardly be regarded as true albinism. Generally speaking, too, the variation in intensity of color LEPOKID^E— UEOGRArillCAL VARIATION. 2G9 with locality is often less strongly marked than in many other groups, even among the Rodents. Taking as an illustration of this point one of our widest-ranging species, the little Wood-H^ue {Lepus sylvaticus and its several varieties), we find that specimens from the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida are, in the average, not much darker than those from Southern New England, the difference being generally too small to give in itself a positive clue to the locality, as is so generally the case in birds, and often in other groups of mammals. Indeed, specimens from the Mexican provinces of Vera Cruz and Yucatan are in no way positively distinguishable from those obtained about Washington or in Massachusetts. On comparing, however, specimens from the Atlantic coast with others from the arid interior of the continent, we find the differences in color resulting from the different climatic conditions of the two regions are strongly marked, through the greater pallor of those inhabiting the dry plains and semi-desert portions of the Great Central Plateau. The bleaching effect of an arid climate is quite marked in specimens living as far east as Eastern Nebraska, while the greatest degree of pallor is seen in those inhabiting the Great Colorado Desert. Again, specimens from that portion of the Pacific slope north of California — a region of heavy rain-fall and dense forests — present as dark or even a darker phase of coloration than those from the Atlantic States, just as proves to be the case in the wide-ranging species of the Sciuridtz and Muridce. The same regional phases of color-variation are also illustrated by the Northern Hare (Lepus americanvs and its varieties), which ranges in a similar way across the whole breadth of the continent. The increase in intensity of color from the north southward is rather more decidedly marked than in L. sylvaticus, in both its summer and winter conditions cf pelage. Summer specimens from New England and the Middle States are of a much stronger ferruginous tint than those obtained during the same season from the arctic regions. Winter specimens differ in the more northern having the white color of the surface so deeply invading the pelage as to wholly conceal the brown under-fur, while in those from the extreme southern limit of its range the white is a mere slight superficial wash, by which the brown under-fur — of a stronger tint also than in the northern specimens — is only partly con- cealed, the white winter livery being often but imperfectly acquired at southern localities where it is always assumed for a much shorter period. 270 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. The same thing is also well seen in the Arctic Hare {Lepus timidus), in com- paring Newfoundland specimens with tliose from the arctic coast, or those of Ireland and t he mountains of Qentral Europe with those of Scandinavia. The Northern Hare also presents a somewhat parallel variation to that seen in L. sylvaticus in passing from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountain region. In even arctic specimens, there is always, in the winter pelage, a pale rufous zone underlying the white color of the surface, which in turn has still a plumbeous zone beneath it. In winter specimens from the Rocky Mountains, the white of the surface often extends to the very base of the fur, the rufous and plumbeous zones being both undeveloped. Passing still farther westward, we meet, in the Columbia River region, a phase in which the summer pelage is even more rufous than in specimens from the Atlantic coast under the same parallels. The difference between northern and southern specimens in summer livery consists not so much in the absolutely darker color of the southern examples as in the greater intensity of the rufous, while the form living in the middle elevated region of the continent differs from those of both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts in the almost entire sup- pression of the rufous tint that forms the prevailing hue in the others. The only other species of this family having a very extended habitat are the Lepus aquaticus, which ranges from the Gulf States to Yucatan and Central America, and the Lepus callotis, found throughout the dry interior from Southern Wyoming and Nevada far down upon the Mexican plateau. In the former, the variations in color between specimens from the most extreme points of its range are almost inappreciable ; while, in the latter, there is a considerable increase of rufous to the southward. In respect to general size, the variation with locality is not more marked than is that of color; specimens from northern localities being generally not much larger than those from southern localities. I know, in fact, of no species of American mammals which so nearly form an exception to the almost universal law of a decrease in size with the decrease of the latitude under which they live as do some of the species of the Leporldce. Yet, in the majority of instances, the law is here also borne out. Taking the skull as the most convenient element on which to base a comparison, it is found (see Table 1) that a series of specimens of Lepus americanus from New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts averages larger even than anothei series from Norway. Me.; while the latter averages larger than another series LEPORID^— GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. 271 from Alaska and the northwestern portions of British America. This instance, however, forms the only actual exception to the general law of decrease in size southward. In all the other species, those from the more southern localities are the smaller. Thus, Georgia specimens of Lepus sylvaticus are appreciably smaller than those from about Washington ; speci- mens of variety Nuttatti from Western Texas are smaller than those of the same variety from Deer Creek, Nebraska ; specimens of L. californicus from Cape Saint Lucas are also considerably smaller than those from about San Francisco ; and 1 he same is true of specimens of L. Trowbridgei from these two localities. Table I.— Measurements of skulls of American specks and varieties of Lepus, showing variation in size, with locality. a ft s C 03 o H !. 7!' i A a is *a as * 5 u o 1.72 00 3 o a 9 93 D S> o a a OS 5 0.82 an a £ O a z "3 to r. 1.50 .5 ea & -a "i 00 a p © IS so 03 S £ J= '? O a o ,2 "a as o a o a 3 o a BD O "3 . .9 " t, oS 1 g.o £a *> o § « * a s _ o c £ a £ '5 c % ■I a a t. •~ © t. — S..S Z. .= P .a be *E .a co" fc- O "3 a — c, p *- ® 'w ex > 1 si a; a* '§ * .2 *• B U *> a is tel) aT « 11 &£ P 09 O 03 B ■5 oo js "3 a d ^ s P a V 5s" V S= o i-i 5 '3 .3 It OS "-» t- C ►J Locality. Average size of 5 specimens 0.83 0.78 1.20 1.55 0.34 0.33 0.62 0.51 2.59 1.47 Viciui ty of San Fran of Lepus californicus. cisco, Cal. Average size of 10 specimens 1.53 1.58 0.72 1.42 0.70 0.68 1.09 1.32 0.40 0.34 0.59 0.47 2.29 1.45 Cape Saint Lucas, of Lepus californicus. Lower California. Average size of 14 specimens 1.07 1.55 0. (S3 1.26 o. or, 0.54 0.96 1.25 0.34 0.27 0.58 0.47 2.14 1.45 Oxford County, of Lepus americanus. Maine. Average size of 6 specimens 3.23 1.60 0.69 1.31 0.68 0.63 0.99 1.30 0.35 0.30 0.63 0.49 2. 28 I. 53 New York and Penn- of Lepus americanus. sylvania. Average size of 26 specimens 3. 04 1.52 0.67 1.21 0.68 0.54 0.92 1.24 0.33 0.2G 0.58 0.43 2.1 1.58 Alaska and British of Lepus americanus. Possessions. Lepus sylvaticus var. syl- 2. 83 1.43 0.74 1.21 0. 01 0.50 0.90 1.23 0.3l 0.2? 0.54 0.44 l.'.r. 1.31 Washington, D. C. vaticus. Do 2.81 1.37 0.74 1.10 0.57 0.49 0.91 1. 22 0.34 0.26 0.52 0.42 1.9- 1.32 SaintSiraon's Island, Georgia. Average size of 4 specimens 3. 73 1.40 0.69 Lit- 0.52 0.50 0.90 1.16 0.34 0.23 0.50 0.37 1.81 1.35 Deer Creek, Ncbr. of Lepus sylvaticus var. Nuttalli. Average sizo of 7 specimens 156 1.2! 0.6C 1.0" 0.52 0.4: 0.81 1.10 0.21 0.22 0.45 0.36 1.7 1.24 Vicinity of Browns- of Lepus sylvaticus var. ville, Tex. Nuttalli. Average size of 4 specimens 2.50 l.S- 1.57 1.11:0.47 0.4S 0.79 1.04 0.2f 0.21 0.47 0.35 1.71 1.12 Vicinity of San Fran- of Lepus Trowbritlgei. | cisco, Cal. Do 2.2f i.r 0.59 0. 94 0 43 0. 3; 0.70 0.89 0.24 0.18 0.42 0.36 1.* 1.04 Capo Saint Lucae, Lower California. While in the Lepus sylvaticus group, variety sylvaticus shades imper- ceptibly into variety Nuttalli in passing from the wooded region westward to the treeless plains, and while Iowa specimens of sylvaticus are the largest 272 MONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. received from any locality, we find that variety Nultalli finally not only differs markedly in its paler color from variety sylvaticus, but also differs in being smaller; just as, in most cases among the mammals, the pallid forms of the arid plains and deserts prove to he also depauperate varieties of their brighter-colored and more favored or better-fed conspecific allies. Geographical variations in the relative size of the feet and ears as com- pared with the general size is not so easily determined from skins as is the difference in general size based on the size of the skull; and the only point in tliis connection that will be specially noticed is the lengthening of the ears to the southward, manifested by nearly all the species, the ears, in many cases, actually increasing in length while the general size diminishes. There is also a marked tendency to an enlargement of the ears in proportion to the aridity of the habitat. Thus, in the L. sylvaticus group, variety Nultalli has the ear generally quite appreciably larger than in variety sylvaticus, the maximum size of the ear being reached in the Great Colorado Desert in variety orizonce, which is chiefly distinguishable from its nearest allies, varie- ties Nultalli and Auduboni, by the enlargement of this member. L. callotis, L. californicus, and L. Trowbridgei also show a very perceptible increase in the size and length of the ear to the southward. In this connection, also, attention may be called to the fact that all of the long-eared species of American Hares are found exclusively over the most arid portions of the continent; just as, in the Old World, all of the longest-eared species are found in the arid portions of Asia and Africa. The subject of geographical variation in size being quite fully discussed in connection with the detailed descriptions of the species and varieties given beyond, it is not necessary to devote further space to the subject here. II. INDIVIDUAL VARIATION. The difference in size between specimens of the same age and sex from the same localities is often quite marked. The amount of this difference is sufficiently indicated by the subjoined measurements of skulls given in Table II. Care has been taken to select only fully adult specimens, and in the table only the maximum and minimum measurements are given. LErORIDiE— INDIVIDUAL VARIATION. 273 H 73 CJ « cn *rt O C3 CJ O P CJ Q t> t> o CO Q t3 ■^^^ -*_^^-. /^-^-I^S -w --*- ■ J-v ^-■■^\ ^-^^v r^. -*- ^^.'-J^V ^»_>%^x o m Cl co irs in m © m © (^ r- •?qSl8It 'Amf jojiot CO CM CO i-l -3- C* CO i-l t— co r- tn w CI © © i.O ■qiSucq 'jtuf joaiot — ' CO r-. O CO CM 0* cm w Cl CI t?» - C* i-i C* fH ^ — -« -1 i-l — ^ " ci ci C* CM Cl Cl ■aa^A\j o IO o ■w iO ™* to •*r "»■ •W CO CO CO ■v CO CO CO -oq o^nnisip 's.irjom jodd,Q 6 o o o o o © a © © © © © © o © d © o © o © © © © o •jaqjoSo^ r- © CI IO c* ci 0* ^" in © X © in o m U0 in f in ^r m v "T '^, i" aaijci qiSaai 'e.nqoui joddfi ©' © o" s o © o © © © © © © © o o © © © 3 © o © © © © *Ba#p8 IBDJ9JX9 U9d.il J « o CO CO co — co CO Cl e CO :'i r- io CJ Cl cn in CO CM tr in Ct CM Ct CJ CI CI o CI ■(.■ CO i'l 01 CO "V CO CO © CO CO -aq q lptAi 's.ioetDin J9dd/j O © © o © o o o © © © o © © © © © o o C © © © © © o r- o Tt m © t- CO CM © ■'4q3i9U 'sjoBtont ,i9dd_Q CO cm CO CO CO CO CO CI CO CO CO CI CM ^ T o o o © o o © o © © © © © © © © o © © C © © © © © © •9tB|tfd jo aB?-iBCn j iptuq co m CD -i CO o IO CO I-l m co CO CM CO (- c* © © © oj in aj inoij K.iMKi.int l.idlfi ~ - - - - - - - ~ - - - ^ rl « rH ^ ~ © o - '- - - - - IO n -f f- CO t- n o c» co m cj in © r- © GO © r- t- © oj inoji raojj siospni .ioddj] o o © o © © © © © © © © o o — o - ^ - ^ 1- o CI © •9Jojoq qtptiv 'eotioq jbwc^ to '_ m -v o »n LO TJ" "W" CO CO © in © © © © © © © © © © © © © in CC ,. -* co r- O! "*> in CO CO © t~ in © •puiqoq qjpiA\ 'eoaoq [B$v$ m lo in -*r rt- rr o o O _ © o o o © o © © © o © o © o © _ © o © © © © •q|8a9['souoq pm-^ r- ■ © o © © o CO © •qiptAV ^eo^uajo CO n © ■W CO ■fl" CO "W CO CO CI CO CI on in co in © ■qiStiai piox © -r CO a © © © CO © CO Tf m "«■ CO " co co CO CO CO CM CO w C* (N CO CM CM CM CI CM oi c5 CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO 3 a s n B H 0 FJ a f S R a n a b a p B ~ a h a, p § p 2 a 3 3 a n 2 a 2 a a s 2 a 2 a 2 a .§ a H z y s a1 n U R a a y a d H a s a1 a a a N a p a 9 3 d a S 3 a a S .3 S .S S .2 S .2 a 3 ca H M '3 a 3 a 3 a a a •a aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a a a a a a c 'a> 3 o ft to a c3 t- > a a d a £ a o L-< CO CD 3 rt o > s a rt 2 o c c 18 M 274 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Under the head of cacli species will be found detailed measurements of many specimens collected at identical localities, which further show the extent and character of the purely individual variations presented by the different species. These tables show that the variation is not confined to size, but affects the relative size of the different parts of the body and skull. Individual variation in the relative size of the ear, the feet, etc., to the general size is also, in many cases, quite noteworthy, as will be fully noticed in con- nection with the description of the species and varieties. The variation, both in general size and the relative size of different parts, generally ranges from 20 to upward of 30 per cent, of the average size, the difference between the extremes being generally somewhat in proportion to the extent of the series of examples compared. III. GEOGRAnilCAL DISTRIBUTION. The family Leporida has representatives throughout the two American continents, but is by far the most numerously represented in the temperate parts of North America. A single species only {Lepus timidus) ranges to the arctic coast, and is also circumpolar in its distribution, being found also in the boreal parts of Asia and Europe. The American representatives of this species (forming variety arcticiis) differ but slightly from their Old World conspecific allies. In America, this species ranges over Greenland, the Barren Grounds, Labrador, and portions of Newfoundland, to the south- ward its habitat meeting, or slightly overlapping, that of L. americanus. L. americanus extends from the Barren Grounds southward to about the isotherm 52° Fahrenheit. Throughout most of this vast region, it forms the sole representative of the family. To the southward, its habitat overlaps the ranges of L. campestris and L. sylvaticus. Toward the southern border of its habitat, it runs into three recognizable varieties, differing, in their extreme phases of development, mainly in slight but pretty constant differ- ences of color, yet they pass into each other by almost imperceptible grada- tions. These varieties are virginianus, Bairdii, and Washingtoni. Variety virginianus ranges over Southern New England and the more elevated parts of the Middle States, southward to Virginia, and westward to Minnesota; variety Bairdii occupies the dry interior region of the northern portion of the Rocky Mountain plateau ; while variety Washington* occurs throughout LErORIDiE— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 275 the damp, heavily-wooded legion of British Columbia and Washington and Oregon Territories. In the interior, we meet next with Lepus campestris, which ranges over the treeless region from the Saskatchewan Plains southward to about the latitude of Middle Kansas, or mainly between the isotherms of 36° and 56°. Each of the three above-named species becomes more or less white in winter, and they are the only species which thus change. The whiteness of the winter pelage extends to the very base of the fur in the more northern spe- cies, but generally affects only the more superficial portions in the others, the whiteness decreasing to the southward in the representatives of the L. americanus group (excepting var. Bairdii), till in the extreme southern portions of the habitat of this species the change occurs merely at the surface. In L. campestris, the change is still less complete, decreasing similarly in extent southward, till in the extreme southern portion of its range the change tails to be universal, and rarely extends throughout the pelage, being confined mainly to a limited portion of the dorsal aspect. The habitat of Lepus sylvaiicus (including its several varieties) extends from Southern New England on the Atlantic coast southward to Yucatan, its representatives nowhere presenting marked seasonal changes of color. Throughout this vast extent of latitude, it also preserves a remarkable con- stancy of characters. From the Atlantic coast westward (south of the isotherm of 45°) to the eastern edge of the Great Plains, it is represented solely by variety sijlmticus. Here it passes by imperceptible stages into variety Nuttalli (zz artemisia auct.), which ranges thence westward nearly or quite to the Pacific coast north of the State of California. To the south- ward of this boundary, it is replaced, on the Pacific slope, by its nearly related variety Audubo/ii, and over the Great Colorado Desert becomes modified into another closely-allied form, to which we have given the name var. arizonm. Variety Nuttalli ranges southward from the isotherm of 45° to the plains of Western Texas and New Mexico, and even as far south as the arid Mexican plateau. Variety arizonce seems confined to the limited region of the almost rainless deserts of Arizona and Southern California, or the so-called Sonoran district. Variety Auduhoni occupies the Pacific slope from the northern boundary of California southward to Cape Saint Lucas, and in the interior seems to gradually pass into var. arizonce. The Sierra Nevada Mountains seem also to form a barrier to the east- 276 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. ward extension of two other well-marked species, namely, L. califomicus and L. Trowbridgei, whose ranges are almost identical with that of L. sylvalicus var. Auduboni. In the interior we meet with still another species {L. callotis), whose range extends from about the latitude of Southern Wyoming southward over the arid interior far into the Republic of Mexico. In the United States, this species also finds the Sierra Nevada Mountains a barrier to its westward extension, they bounding its habitat in that direction. The south- ern representatives of this species also constitute a seemingly well-marked variety (texianus), differing mainly in possessing a stronger suffusion of rufous. In the southeastern portions of the United States, we meet with two species, which are confined almost exclusively to the swampy lowlands. These are the L. palustris, which ranges throughout the swampy districts of the South Atlantic and Gulf coast to Yucatan, and the L. aquaticus, which has not as yet been reported as occurring to the eastward of Alabama, but which extends westward and southward throughout the wet lowlands of the Gulf coast to Yucatan and other parts of Southern Mexico. These species also extend northward over the lowlands of the Lower Mississippi, having been found as far north as Southern Ohio. The Tres Marias Islands afford still another species (L. Graysoni sp. nov.) — possibly an insular form — whose nearest affines are the members of the L. sylvaticus section of the genus, though in some respects it is allied also to the Swamp-hares. Lepus brasiliensis is the sole representative of the Leporidce thus far recognized as occurring in any part of South America, its range extending from Patagonia northward to the Central American States. It seems, how- ever, to be nowhere abundant. The temperate portions of the North American continent, or the United States, thus form the region where the family reaches its maximum develop- ment. All the species but three (one of which, Lepus Graysoni, is prob- ably an insular form) are found within the territory of the United States, as are also, with a single exception, all of their varieties. The other two species are Lepus nrcticus and Lepus brasiliensis — the one an arctic form, the other trop- ical, while the variety is the subarctic race of L. americanus. One species only (L. sylvaticus) is found over a large portion of the area cast of the Mis- LEPORIDiE— BIRLIOGRAPIIICAL RESUME. 277 sissippi. Two (L. sylvaticus and L. america?ius) occur in Southern New England, over large portions of the Middle States, and over the northern por- tion of the tier of States adjoining the Great Lakes and the contiguous por- tions of Canada. Two (L. sylvaticus and L. palustris) are found in the lower portions of the South Atlantic States, and three (L. sylvaticus, L. palustris, and L. aquaticus) over most of the lowlands of the Gulf States. The great interior arid plateau is the most prolific in species, four being here found. Th ree of these (L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli, L. eampestris, and L.cal- lotis) range over most of the region hetween the eastern edge of the Great Plains and the Pacific slope, and the fourth {L. americanus var. Bairdii) is met with throughout the wooded portions of the Rocky Mountains, southward, at least, to New Mexico. Three species (L. sylvaticus var. Auduboni, L. californicus, and L. Trowbridgei) are also found on the Pacific slope from Southern Ore- gon to the southern point of Lower California. Two species (L. callotis var. texianus and L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli) range over the dry interior of Mexico, and three species (L. sylvaticus var. sylvaticus, L. palustris, and L. aquaticus) are found in Eastern and Southeastern Mexico. These species also probably extend to the northern portions of the Central American States, where they reach the habitat of L. brasiliensis, which becomes the sole representative of the family thence southward. IV. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RESUME. The more important notices of the American Leporida are those enu- merated below. The synonymy of the species and varieties will be found more fully discussed later. 1766.— Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, pp. 77, 78. Two species are given, Lcpus timidus and L. brasili- ensis, the latter only as American. 1 772.— Barrington, Phil. Trans., lxii, 11. " Hudson's Bay Quadruped ", => L. americanus var. americanus. 1772.— Forster, Phil. Trans., lxii, 376. American Hare, = L. americanus var. americanus, with vague allusions to L. sylvaticus. 1777.— Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Auiin., 325, 330. L. timidus and L. americanus. The latter is based on Kalm's Haase (Reise Niird. Am., iii, 349), Barrington's "Hudson' Bay Quadruped" (Phil. Trans., lxii, 11), and Forster's "American Hare " (Phil. Trans., lxii, 376), and hence entirely on unrnrestionable references to the L. americanus of recent authors, or the Northern Varying Hare. 1778.— Pallas, Nov. sp. Glires, 30. Two strictly American species,— Lcpus hudsonius ( = L. americanus) and L. iapeti (= brasiliensis) ; also L. variabilis, = L. timidus. 17§0. — Fabricius, Faun. Grceul., p. 25. Lepus timidus, = L. timidus var. arcticus. 1781 and 1781.— Pennant, Hist. Quad., no. 243,and Arct.Zool., i,95. American Hare = L. americanus, with vague allusions to L. sylvaticus. (These editions I have not seen.) 17§4.— Schbpf, Der Naturforscher, 20. Stiick, Halle, 1784. Deruord-amerikanische Haase. An ex- colknt description of L. sylvaticus. (See Baird, Mam. N. Amer.. pp. 599, COO.) 278 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA. 1788.— Gmelin, Sysl.Nat., 160-164. L. variabilis, = I. timidus; L.ammcanus, = L. amerieanus, referring partly :ilso to /.. aylmticua; /.. brasiliensis. 1792.— Schreber, SUoget., ii, B81-902. Lepus nanus, = L. sylvaticus plus X. amerieanus ; L. variabilis, = L. timidus; I., variabilis,— L. timidua; X. taped, — L. brasiliensis. 1792.— Pennant, Arct Zoo]., 2d ed., 108-111. "Varying Haro", = £. timidus; "American Hare",=X. amerieauua plus L. sylvaticus. (The earlier editions I have not seen.) 1801.— Shaw, Gen. ZoSl., ii, '202. L. amerieanus, = L. amerieanus, primarily, but vaguely includes X. sylvaticus and other species ; L. brasiliensis. 1806.— Lewis, Barton's Med. and Phys. Journ., ii, 159. X. variabilis, = L. campestris. 1S19.— Leach, Boss's 1st Voyage, 8vo ed., ii, app., 151, 170. X. areticus and X. glacialis, = X. timidus var. areticus. (This edition I have been unable to consult.) 1819.— Sabine (E.), Ross's 1st Voyage, app., xliv. Lepus ?, = L. timidus var. areticus. 1822. — Desmarest, Mam., ii, 354. X. amerieanus, = X. sylvaticus. 1823.— Sabine (J.), Franklin's Journ. to Polar Sea, 6(54. X. glacialis, = L. timidus var. areticus; L. amerieanus, = X. amerieanus var. americanua. 1824.— Sabine (E.), Parry's 1st Voy., app., clxxxvii. X. g1acialis, = L. timidus var. areticus. 1825.— Richardson, Parry's 2d Voy., 321. X. glacialis, = X. timidus var. areticus. 1825. — Harlan, Faun. Amer., 193-198. X. amerieanus, = X. sylvaticus; X. glacialis, = L. timidus var, areticus ; X. virginianus, = L. amerieanus var. virginianus. 1826. — Godman, Am. Nat. Hist., ii, 157-1G5. X. amerieanus, = X. sylvaticus ; L. glacialis, = L. timidus var. areticus ; Varying Hare 1 composed apparently of X. amerieanus and X. campestris. 1829. — Fischer, Syn. Mam., 373. X. glacialis, = X. timidus var. areticus ; X. americamis, = X. sylvaticus ; L. virginianus, = L. amerieanus var. virginianus. 1829. — Richardson, Faun. Bor. -Am., 217-226. X. amerieanus; X. glacialis, = L. timidus var. areticus: X. virginianus, = X. campestris. 1830.— Doughty, Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 217, pi. xix, X. amerieanus. 1830.— Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib., 25. X. callotis is here first described. Ibid., Isis, 1831, 511. 1831.— Wagler, Isis, 1831, 511. X. caltotis. 1833. — Bennett, Proc. ZoiJl. Soc. Lond., 1833, 41. X. nigricaudatus, = L. callotis. 1835.— Ross (J. C), Ross's 2d Voy., app., xv. X. glacialis, = X. timidus var. areticus. 1836. — Richardson, Back's Arctic Laud Exped., 496-497. X. ammcanus and X. glacialis, the latter =; X. timidus var. areticus. 1836. — Richardson, Sixth Rep. British Assoc, 150. "X. mexicanus, Licht." (a MS. name) adopted for X. callotis. 1836. — Gray, Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., 1836, 586. A Leinis longicuudatns is based on a specimen supposed to have come from the Straits of Magellan, but which proved to be referable to X. saxatilis, an African species, the locality being erroneous. 1837. — Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 586. X. Douglassi var. 1, = X. aqualieus; X. Douglassi var. 2, = X. palustris ; X. californica, = L. californicus, which is here first described. 1837.— Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 194, pis. xv, xvi. Lepus palustris, desciibed here for the first time. 1837.— Bachman, Ibid., pp. 282-361, and pis. xxi-xxii. X. glacialis, = X. timidus var. areticus; L. vir- ginianus, = X. amerieanus, primarily, but the synonymy includes references to /.. eampeatria; L. aquatieus, here first described; L. amerieanus, = L. sylvaticus ; X. palustris ; X. Kuttalli,= L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli, — based on an immature specimen of what has been currently kuown as L. artemiaia ; L. campestris, here first distinctively named, and recognized as the X. vir- ginianus of Richardson. 1837.— Bachman, Ibid., p. 403. His X. virginianus changed to X. amerieanus, and the name X. sylvaticus bestowed upon the L. amerieanus of his former paper. Here the X. sylvaticus receives its first distinctive name, it having previously borne the name X. amerieanus (the name given it by Desmarest), whenever distinguished from the true X. anuricanus, with which it was for a long time confounded. 1838.— Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., vi, 103. X. Bachmani, — I. aylvaticus var. NuttaUi. LEPORIDiE— BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RESUME. 279 1830.— Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., viii, 75-101. L. glacialis,= L.limidus var. arcticus ; L. americanus ; h. sylvaticus ; L. aquaticus j L. palustris ; L. Nuttalli, = L. sylvaticus var. Nuitalli ; L. nigricaudatus, = L. callotis; L. californicus ; L. Richardsoni, = L. californicus, and afterward so recognized by Bachman; L. Townsendi, = L. campestris, a,ud later so recognized by Bacliman ; L. artemisia,= L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli ; — thirteen nominal species, three of which (L. Rich- ardsoni, L. Townsendi, and L. artemisia) are here first described. Bachman's above-noticed papers are classic, and mark an important era of progress in the history of the American Leporidas. In these papers, L. jialustris, L. aquaticus, L. "Nuttalli", and L. " artemisia " are for the first time described ; L. campestris and L. sylvaticus receive their first distinctive names; and the confusion previously existing between these species and L. americanus is first cleared up. Two nominal species {L. Townsendi and L. Richardsoni) are added, but are afterward rescinded. 1840. — Emmons, Rep. Quad. Mass., 50-59. L. americanus, = L. sylvaticus; L. rirginianus, = L. ameri- canus. I §42. — De Kay, N. York Fauna, Mam., 93-97. L. nanus, = L. sylvaticus : L. americanus. Also, as extra- limital species, L. glaeialis, = L. timidus var. arcticus ; L. aquaticus; L. palustris ; L. cam- pestris; L. longicaudatus, = L. saxalilis, not American ; X. nigricaudatus, = L. callotis; L. cali- fornicus; L. Richardsoni, = L. californicus; L. Townsendi, = L. campestris ; L. artemisia and L. Bachmani, = L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli. Fourteen nominal species, which include seven valid species and one or two valid varieties. 1812. — Thompson, Hist, of Vermont, 42-48. L. virginianus, = L. americanus ; L. americanus, = L. syl- vaticus. 1844. — Gray, Zoiil. Voy. Sulphur, 35, pi. xiv. L. Bennctli, = L. californicus. I 8 3 8. — Wagner, Schreber's S;iuget., suppl., iv, 101-117. L. glaeialis, = L. timidus var. arcticus ; L. cam- pestris ; L. americanus ; L. callotis, with vars. nigricaudatus and ftarigularis, the latter here first described ; L. lotigicaudatus, = L. saxalilis (not American, though at this time so supposed) ; L. californicus ; L. Richardsoni, = L. californicus ; L. Townsendi, = L. campestris ; L. palustris ; L. aquaticus; L. Nuttalli, = £. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli; L. hrasiliensis ; L. nanus, = L. sylvaticus ; L. artemisiacus, — L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli. Fourteen nominal species and two varieties. 1845.— Schintz, Syn. Mam., ii, 285-294. L. glaeialis, = L. timidus var. arcticus; L. Bachmani, = L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli; L. borealis,= L. americanus var. virginianus; L. aquaticus; L. syl- vaticus; L. palustris; L. nigricaudatus, *=L. callotis; L. Nuttalli, = L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli; L. campestris; L. longicaudatus, hab. " Texas ",=L. saxalilis, and not American; L. cali- fornianus, = L. californicus ; L. Bennefti, — L. californicus; L. Richardsoni, = L. californicus; L. Townsendi, = L. campestris ; L. artemisia:, = L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli; L. magellanicus (Isl. Malouiu) = L. cuniculus, feral ; L. hrasiliensis. An indiscriminate compilation of seven- teen nominal species. 1846-1854.— Audubon and Bachman, Quad. North Amer., i, 25, 93,173,242,287; ii, 95, 272, 300; iii, 35, 53, 150, with figures. L. Townsendi, = L. campestris ; L. americanus ; L. sylvaticus; L. glaeialis = L. timidus var. arcticus ; L. aquaticus ; L. artemisia, = L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli ; L. callotis; L. Nuttalli and L. Bachmani, = L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli; L. californicus ; L. texianus = L. callotis var. texianus. Twelve nominal species, representing eight valid species and two varieties. 4848. — Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 101-145. L. glaeialis = L. timidus var. arcticus; L. ameri- canus; L. aquaticus ; L. sylvaticus ; L. palustris; L. Nuttalli, L. Bachmani, and L. artemisia; = L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli; L. campestris (to which L. Townsendi is properly referred) ; L. californicus (to which L. Richardsoni and L. Bennefti are properly referred) ; " L. cunicularius Licht.", = L. aquaticus; L. texianus, .= L. callotis var. texianus; L. callotis (to which L. nigri- caudatus, L. flavigularls, and L. mexicanus are properly referred) ; L. hrasiliensis. L. longi- caudatus is for the first time formally eliminated as an American species. Total, thirteen nominal species, based on nine valid ones and two or three valid varieties. 1853. — Woodhouse, Sitgreaves's Expedition down the Zufii and Colorado Rivers, 54, 55. Notes on L. sylvaticus, L. '' artemisia ", and L. callotis. 1855. — Giebcl, Sauget., 419 and 450. L. americanus, L. campestris, L. callotis, and L. hrasiliensis described. 1855. — Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1855, 333. L. Waskingtoni (= L. americanus var. Washing- toiu) aud L. Trowbridgei, both hero described for the first time. 280 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. 1857. — Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 572-617. L. glacialis, = L. timidui var. arcticus : I., americanus ; L. fFashingtoni, /.. americanus var. Washingtoni; I., campestris; L. callotis ; L. calif ornicus ; L. sylvaticus, = /.. sylvaticus var. sylvaticus ; I., artemisia and /.. Bachmani, — L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli; L. Auduboni (here first described), = £. 8y?!>a(?cus var. Auduboni; L. Trowbridgei; L.aquaticua; L. pulustris. Thirteen species am here recognized, which in this monograph arc regarded as representing eight valid species and tour valid varieties, one name only ([.. Bachmani) being here reduced to a synonym. L. flavigularis Wagner and L. tcsianns Waterhouse are doubtfully referred to L. callotis; L. texianus Audabon and Bacbnian is regarded as a species probably distinct from the /-. texianus Waterhouse, but is mentioned as a species which his materials did not allow him "to discuss or describe". L. Nuttalli is doubtfully referred to L. artemisia. Ho states that be strongly suspects the specimen on which L. Nuttalli was based to be an immature example of /.. artemisia, and points out the fact that, in case it proves to be so, the name Nuttalli must take precedence over artemisia. The L. cunicularius of Lichtenstein (Waterhouse), based on Mexican specimens, he properly suggests may prove to be L. aquations, as is undoubtedly the case. No mention is made of the L. lunyieaudalns of former authors, which Waterhouse had previously shown was African, and not referable to any American species. The synonymy of the subject is judiciously and exhaustively treated, and in no case do any of the collocations seem to require changing. Furthermore, in this monographic essay, the species are for the first time subgenerieally divided ; no names are, however, affixed to his very natural subdivisions, which are very prop- erly treated as merely sections rather than as groups of a technically subgeneric value. Baird's treatment of the subject forms as great an advance over our previous knowledge of the group as did Bachmau's articles twenty years before, and marks a second grand epoch in the literature of the North American Leporida-. Finally, Baird's work thus far greatly surpasses in accuracy and thoroughness any treatment of the Leporida: of any part of the world. 1857. — Newberry and Baird, Zoiil. of Lieut. Williamson's Kep. upon Expl. for a R. R. Route from the Sacramento Valley to the Columbia River (Pacific R. R. Expl. and Surveys, etc., vi, pt. iv, no. 2, pp. 62-C5). Field-notes by Dr. Newberry; identifications by Professor Baird; synonymy and diagnoses from Baird's Gen. Rep. Mam. N. Amer. The species mentioned are L. campestris, L. californicus, L. "artemisia", L. " Auduboni", and L. Trowbridgei. 1 §59. —Baird, Zoiil. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Survey, 45-48. L. callotis (described in detail), and L. californicus, L. sylvaticus, L. artemisia, and L. Bachmani (the two latter ^= L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli) mentioned by name merely, with field-notes by the collectors. 1 859.— Kennedy, Zoiil. of Lieut. Whipple's Route, near the 35th Parallel (Pacific R. R. Expl. and Surveys, etc., x, pt. vi, no. 2, 16, IT). Field-notes by Dr. Kenuerly, with diagnoses extracted from Professor Baird's Gen. Rep. Mam. N. Amer. The following species are mentioned : — L. callotis, L. "artemisia", L. "Auduboni", and L. Trowbridgei. I860. — Cooper, Zoiil. of Gov. Stevens's Route near the 47th and 49th Parallels (Pacific R. R. Reps, xii, pt. iii, no. 2, 87). Field-notes and measurements by Dr. Cooper, with diagnoses of the species from Baird's Gen. Rep. Mam. N. Amer. The species mentioned are L. " Washinytoni", and L. Trowbridgei,. I860.— Suckley, Ibid., pp. 103-105. Field-notes by Dr. Suckley and diagnoses from Baird's Gen. Rep. Mam. N. Amer. The species enumerated are L. " Washingtoni", L. campestris, L. californicus, " ? L. callotis " (= L. callotis), and L. " artemisia ". I860.— Suckley and Gibbs, Ibid., pp. 130-133. Chiefly field-notes on L. " Washinytoni", L. campestris, " ? L. callotis" (= L. callotis), L. californicus, and L. artemisia. 1861.— Maximilian, Wiegm. Arch., 18 ■a '%■ m St a o s> 7a o 9 O a s GO u a "a S . © ® s\ M) P ID & u o 6= o hi js M 'S si i © & o >-3 Locality. T Lepus tinndus var. arcticus 0.52 0.43 0.22 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.19 0.19 0.73 0.50 Various localities. G Lepus auiericanus var. aiuericanus. 0.50 0.41 0.21 0.19 0.30 0.40 0.19 0.15 0.71 0.47 New York and Penn- sylvania. 14 do 0.50 0.41 0.21 0.18 0.31 0.41 0.19 0.15 0.70 0.47 Oxford County, Maine. 26 do 0.50 0.40 0.22 0.18 0.33 0.41 0. 19 0.15 0.70 0.47 British Possessions. 6 Lepus auiericanus var. "Washingtoni. 0.50 0.39 0.21 0.18 0.30 0.40 0.15 0.14 0.68 0.47 Washington Territory. 1 Lepus timidus 0.49 0.45 0.24 0.24 0.32 0.42 0.18 0.14 0.67 0.46 Bavaria. 1 Lepus variabilis 0.51 0.38 0.22 0.21 0.32 0.44 0.19 0. 16 0.72 0.52 Sweden. 5 Lepus cuniculus 0.4G 0.47 0.18 0.17 0.31 0.44 0.17 0.14 0.69 0.47 Upton, Oxford County, Maine (domestic). 9 Lepus callotis 0.45 0.45 0.21 0.20 0.32 0.42 0.17 0.14 0.73 0.47 Various localities. 17 Lepus caliibrnicus 0.47 0.41 0.21 0.18 0.32 0.41 0.17 0.14 0.68 0.38 California aud Lower California. 5 d° 0.46 0.41 0.22 0.20 0.32 0.41 0.16 0.14 0.68 0.39 Vicinity of San Fran- cisco, Cal. 10 d° 0.45 0.41 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.39 0.10 0.14 0.66 0.39 Cape San Lucas, Lower California. 15 Lepus carupestria 0.50 0.42 0.24 0.23 0.33 0.42 0.19 0.15 0.68 0.49 Various localities. 29 Lrpus sylvaticus var. syl- vaticus. 0.50 0.43 0.21 0.17 0.32 0.43 0.19 0.15 0.69 0.46 ....do. 8 do 0.50 0.43 0.22 0.18 0. 32 0. 43 0. 19 0.16 0. C9 0.46 Washington, D.C. Georgia. Various localities. 5 do 0.49 0. 42 0.21 0.17 0.32 0.33 0.43 0.43 0.18 0.19 0. 15 0. 69 0. 4G 15 Lepus sylvaticus var. arte- 0. 50 0.43 0.20 0.18 0.14 0.72 0.49 misia. 7 do 0.50 0.42 0.20 0.18 0.32 0.43 0.18 0.14 0.70 0.49 Texas. 4 do 0.51 0.43 0.20 0. 18 0.33 0.42 0.40 0.18 0. 18 0. 14 0. 70 0.49 Deer Creek, Xebraska. 10 Lepus Trowbridge! 0.50 0.43 0.19 0.16 0.31 0. 14 0.69 0.45 Various localities. 4 0.51 0.44 0.19 0.17 0.32 0.42 0.19 0.14 0.69 0.45 Vicinity of San Fran- cisco, Cal. 4 do . 0.51 U. 41 0.19 0.17 0.31 0.39 0.18 0.16 0.65 0.45 Cape San Lucas, Lower California. 13 Lepns palustris 0. 51 0. 40 0. 18 0. 20 0.31 0.42 0.20 0.15 0. 74 0. 50 Saint Siiuou's Island, Georgia. 5 0.46 0.43 0.19 0.18 0.32 0.44 0.19 0.15 0.72 0.48 Louisiana and Missis- sippi. 28G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERIOAK KODENTIA. a & z s & "•=> o a % "S> JH^t.iq '-avC joa\07 uo o m CO co © :' CO ITS pa to 1ft c* Li p T eg ift CI '-> © PI © Ift CI s CO r- © Ift c* © co Ift T CI © — EC 2 ■q^Sne] la\vl' ioswj ift CD ci 3 Ift ci ci o CO ci OS — ci 1ft c* o ci Ift M o s CI c* ci CO © ci CI © © © O © Ci Ift CI ci co CI I- 1- ci ci Cl ci r- ci — ci ift ci Ift ci ci OS CI ci CO OS ci o Ift ci © GO C* -oq ooatjjsqi 'butqoiu JoddQ co © i- o ift O ift o 1ft o 1 - © CI Ift o r- -r e OS © ift © o © o o © © 00 © — Ift © ift ift c CI © © © ift © •ft © ift © CI o o c - ift © pa 3 •joqjaSoj na^ui qi"mq 's.itqoni jadd0 d r- CJ to © d CO •ft d c» to o* c» Ift ci CO 1ft © © © 1- ©■ CO © © © d © d in d d X 1ft Ift © © © ift ift d 3 © © © © © d CI © © CI © d Ift ©* © Ift d 1ft © o CO © Ift © d -.iq qipiAv 'sjosiom j«dd£j co © CO CO © CO O o CO © -r C* © to CM 3 o o CI d CI © *n CO d 1 CI d o d a* © CO c* d in © CI © CO © © CO d P! d © n d n ©' •ft © o pa © CO © CO d © CO — P3 d Ift pa © pa CO d CO d ■^qStoq 'ejosioni jaddji OC ift ift 3 o o CO n o o P3 o m co o CO CO © CO 01 o CO c = © CO 3 K © © CO t- Ci CO © © no ** © © CO © CO © CO r c CO © CO © ift 3 CO CO e o o © CO © 3 © Mjtqiul jo niifjuin japaiq oj inojf iuojj ejoepai jaddj} s O CI P3 2 cm P3 CM a ■ft CO ift CI CO 1ft CM c 00 © Cl CO -r r. to ift GC © Ift i-> CO ift p3 CM CO ■T. 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Hi ■eaooiioods .jo joqranx LEPOEIDiE— CRANIAL CHARACTERS. 287 ■a POt>PQt>l>0 t» J r-t-cic»t-»Htooo — ©r-GD©:o-»'©commcomin:DC»mco"i*m©"rctc*'f ■>j,.-iCMeo.-ieocoeMco-wi-tcMco<-icM',9,ctco — ©o-^©i-i©©o©o m«-m© in^rt©^^c*or-t-©ao©oco'?jei©cocM©co©^-'CMC*aocM©cooinio ^Hr-©©,xjci©CDCs©t--CDC>c-r-©aQCDt-^'©r*r«r-in'v^,^,c«e*intn*r Ci H H « - th" M -* H H ^' ^' rt H H H H H « H rt rt « H H -^ ri II W W Cl Ol W t-coco-s'co'WCMCM'VCM-HCo© — ©eoi-r-r-,vioin'*'int-''r©cocMi.o*»,©CM ^eo^vcov-ir^i'^j,^j,cocO"3,cococ'3COcocococococococococoin*3*^,ininin OOOOOOOOOO ©"©' CJOOOOO&OOOOOOOOOOOOOO o*-comr--*j,in©-»«cM'^'©OJ'*»,m©i-~©aQ©-*r'Dt-t-mocMi.or-©t~oeo ©*j'inmi'inininini-n,rTrm^'*rin^,m^'*i,"r,3'"3"*w,,J''J,'<7'©in©©©© OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCJOOOCOOOOCJOOOOOOOC eMci©ciminr-mint--*''j'T--'?»©inmcocDoc» — .— occcD©''J,com©-* COC*CMCOCMCIC*C*C4C*C*;*C*C*CJCMCtCMC*^CMCMC*CMeM»-i^HCOCMCMrOC*CO ooooooooooooooocJooooooooooooooooo gdoo-h-vcco — ©r-wcoc;m©t-o,'j,©com©'<»,©©co'>j>in©ci©co© cctMco:octe^cocoeoeoc*c*cocMc*cociciTi>eoco oooooooooooooooooooooocJoooopooooo r- m © i- 1- -H ,-. © ro m q o © CO © au ©" cS o* © © o © *r in in »n -v ©' © © o n © c-t it* in n vi n ©"©"©©" QD O CO f- G4 1-4 rl fH S!5"'9[ft?'1'S'1'0(:,0"JIllfl0f"|31,"','cit''ri"nncirtCiHCioo) xi©(-*ao©f"t"-©f'»t-©©r-co©i— ©©©inin©inin©inmt-,»©t-«au(-*i--» ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oco©oomcoi.o©r-min^-imin©i.it— ©c*inc>cMmaD©int--r-©-""C*min oni'vnTTRn^sirtnooi'ni'nHianwww-HnvinB'j'n tO -J O CO CM GO © ao ou tr © © « w ci ci « si I | o I § * I 1 J I i J | | j | s j | a j g a j a a ■ I a j s a BStc£5Ma2 6t| = bi;S3Mg = ei23S:=H^-3j'c-3b1DS3 sa«EegaageagoagSagSaaaa*aaBSaaBa 3 5 % 3 3 g 3 3 g 3 5 g 3 3- g '3 .2 g 8 5 g 1 5- | 1 3 g 8 a I 3 3 I en i— o c* c* ©' n ci C» t~ C* cn s CM i **• © 3 ^ Li ^ - 8 CD © 3 -r - © © CM CD © © CD O m CO CO CM © CM CM T 00 O o w o © a - in © to CI to CO o <7) CD o CD CD s CD in © m CO © — m © c - r.t © © CM © o CD © •"• o o o o o o o O O © © © © © © © o o o c © © © o © © " © o ^ - ^ in o © o m cm CM in CO c in to in 3 t~- o in o % - in o in © in © = © CO 1! -_ © CO CD CO © © C in © © in © o o O o o O o © o © © © © © © © © © o © ~ o o © © © © o © 3 © © o CD CO o in CO in m to a in to CM to in EC m CD CM m m m C* S CO CD © -> T' CD O) I- o CD CM o CD r- o at in o t- in - CD © © © © BO CO m CM o in c in .- m m 7 3 © CO CD © © © ' © CO CO CM © CD © " © m © CO © in m CD :'. m in in 3 i- co o $ © CM o c = 5S c en o K CM (M CO CM CM CM CM CM CI CM CI CM ci CM CM CM ct c* CM CM CM Cl CI o c* a CO CO CO CO CO CO '-<: 283 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. LEPUS TIMIDUS Linn. Polar Hare. Var. timidus. Lepus timidus Linn., Syst. Nat., TOtli cd., i, 1758, 57; 12th ed., 1700, — ; Faun. Suec.,2d ed., 17G1, 9.— (Nee L. timidus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1788, i, 100, and most subsequent authors, which is =£. europwus Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glires, 1778, 30.)— Ekxlf.isf.n, Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, 329.— TnUN- iierg, Beskr. pa Svenske Djr., 1798, 38. — Retzius, Faun. Suec, i, 1800, 31. — Lilljeborg, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. i Storkli. Handl., l-.'O [1*51], 20; Fauna ofver Sveriges och Norges RyggracLscrjur, 1873, 418.— " Hoimgreht, Skandin. Dagg., 1805,280." Lepus timidus var. /3. Jenyns, Brit. Vert. An., 1835, 35. Lepus variabilis Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glires, 1778, 1, 30; Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1811, 145. — Zimmermann, Geog. Gesch., ii, 1780, 235. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 101.— Schreber, Sauget., iv, 171)2, 885, pi. ccxxxv, A, B.— Shaw, Gen. Zoiit., ii, 1801, 201.— Desmarest, Mammal., 1820, 349.— Flemming, Brit. An., 1828, 22.— Fischer, Syn. Mam., 1829, 372.— Nilsson, Skand. Faun., 1832, 22.— Keyserllng & Blasius, Wirbelth. Europa's, 1840, 31.— Wagner, Schreber's Sauget., suppl., iv, 1844, 79— Bell, Brit. Quad., 1847, 343.— Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii. 1848, 51. — Middendorf, Bull. Acad. P 03 * Sj 00 n 09 B 0 Remarks. a i ■a * a. o OS CD OS © O OS 2 £ '3 B 0 .2 S 0 s b;" (e o 5 5 3 ■ © £ t- -a " s 00 § s & •= a. & & P. s ■g 2 05 6120 do 3 Kt « no 1. 57 0. 82 0 R8 1.24 1.60 0 48 0.33 0.75 0.02 6122 7203 do Fort Rae 3.90 3.85 1.92 . .... 0.75 0.75 0.80 1.26 1.30 1.67 1.67 0.50 0.50 0.35 0.35 0.73 0.70 0.60 0.63 2.68 6515 Fort Anderson 3.60 1.75 . 1. 60^. 80 0. 84 1.18 1.55 0.47 0.37 0.70 0.53 2.60 1.65 2277 Newfoundland 3.55 1.80 . 1. 45 0. 80.0. 80 1.12 1.40 0.45 0.35 0.70 0.57 2.50 1.70 LEPORID.E— LEPUS TIMIDDS. 295 Table VIII. — Measurements of Lepus timidus var. timidus. ep S3 B 3 a u a cc o *3 ■*j 03 O Locality. 03 From tip of nose to— Tail to end of- Length of— at 4> 4h O .£? *S w Remarks. '3 a O '3 si t O 49 O S a 5 4.25 a 92 25.50 23.00 22.50 21.75 20.00 22.00 19.00 17.00 21.00 21.50 20 00 20.00 24.00 iaoo 4.25 4.00 6.50 0.00 6.33 6.25 6.00 5.83 5.50 5.50 6.50 6.50 5.85 5 80 6.00 5.60 6.40 6.25 3.40 3.50 3.50 3.50 3. 67 4.00 3.40 3.40 4.25 4.50 3.50 3.75 4.00 3.50 4.00 4.10 From Waterhonse. do. do. . do. do. From Richardson. From Waterhonse. L. "variabilis var. borealis." L. "variabilis var. canescens." ....do ... do 2.08 3.75 5.00 5.00 a oo 2.00 1.80 4.25 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.50 3.50 3.00 2.75 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.75 3.10 2.80 ...do a 772 771 408 1737 1776 1777 409 410 ...do ... do 2.05 2.10 4.30 4.00 4.17 4.25 4.00 4.10 4.00 ...do 2.25 2.00 2.10 2.05 ...do. (!) ■■■■do. (?) ... do ...do a 1.75 1.75 1.80 3.50 aso 3.50 a 75 ... do 9 2.15 2.25 4.00 4.25 23. on ...do 4. 75 20. 00 Table IX. — Measurements of Lepus timidus rar. arcticus. S a ? 6 5 o to Locality. From tip of nose to — Tail to end of- LeDgth of— « o cm O © w Remarks. * 14 el a O '3 H © •D hi '3 w o ■S a .a -3 ■3 SB a 's s .-a -i a .a 4a e s Q & C u c o o •J! 21 55 Locality. "5. c 9 '? m 89 4/ u to ® 03 0 m ID a o V — a Is £ 5 a . C u O S3 02 H 5 s R IB 3 * s eJ fc cc E P — o « ft'J K P* o o 971 C8 Fort Union 1.83 0.90 1.60 0.87 0.94 1.18 1.62 0.45 0.30 0.71 0.55 2.60 1.82 972 1352 ..do ... 1.80 1.76 0.75 0.80 1.55 1.58 0.75 0.82 0.84 1.20 1.18 1.50 1.55 0.4G 0.48 0.36 0.35 0.65 0.C8 0.55 0.54 2.50 1.65 Fort Kearney Fort Pierre, Nebr 3.65 1995 933 3.37 1.72 0.75 1.37 0.78 0.80 1.18 1.38 0.45 0.33 0.63 0.48 2598 1900 Fort Riley, Kans 3.25 1.65' 0.80 1.30 0.72 0.C6 1.00 1.32 0.40 0.36 0.66 0.55 2.25 1.60 3208 Upper Missouri. . . 3.65 1.80 0.75 0.77 1.14 1.50 0.40 0.35 0.67 0.50 2.42 1.60 3342 3228 Fort Laramie - . . . 3.73 1.85 0.77 1.C0 0.87 0.90 1.25 1.57 0.47 0.40 0.68 0.57 2.52 1.66 4130 4244 3133 Platte River Deer Creek, Nebr. 9 3.80 3.47 1.84 1.72 0.75 0.68 1.65 1.33 o. es 0.70 0.82 0.80 1.23 1.10 1.50 1.45 0.45 0.45 0.37 0.33 0.70 0. CO 0.60 0.56 2.40 1.56 4245 4235 ...do 3.35 1.75 0.76 1.37 0.76 0.70 1.05 1.42 0.43 0.34 0.63 0.53 2.25 1.60 4247 ...do 3.55 1.76 0.83 1.50 0.80 0.84 1.15 1.50 0.43 0.37 0.05 0.53 2.40 1.60 4248 4244 ...do 3.40 1.70 0.65 1. 45 0.70 0.78 1.12 1.45 0.45 0.35 0.58 0.55 2.25 1.58 4249 4246 ...do 3.38 1.75 0.75 1.33 0.75 0.74 1.05 1.32 0.44 0.35 0.67 0.55 2.30 1.60 4251 4250 ...do 3.43 1.73 0.63 1.46 0.67 1.10 1.45 0.47 0.34 0.65 0.50 2.40 1.60 4252 ... do 3.65 1.78 0.83 1.62 0.80 0.88 1.18 1.53 0.45 0.42 0.70 0.50 2.37 1.75 Table XIII. — Measurements of LErus campesthis. 2836 2855 2853 2854 2858 2857 2765 2764 1794 69 1829 456 4239 4240 4242 4245 3058 2016 1728 1729 1730 1748 1681 1680 1682 1079 1585 1415 1385 50 22 4369 Locality. Columbia River, Oregon Territory. Percy, Carbon County, Wyoming Territory. do .-. do do .do. .do. do. do. Fort Fred Steele, Wyom- ing Territory. Ogdeu.Utab .... do Powder River .... do FortUnion, UpperMissouri Cache la Poudre Creek . . . Bridget's Pass Walla-Walla Upper Missouri do. I>eer Creek, "Nebraska . .do. do. .do. Fort Kearney, Nebraska Three Buttes From tip of nose to— 2.35 2.70 2.35 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 2. 50 2.50 2.25 W 3.00 3.50 3.40 3.25 3.25 3.60 3.30 3.50 3.40 3. eo 4.00 3.85 3.80 3.55 3.90 3.80 4.05 3.75 3.90 4.50 4.58 5.00 4.50 4.50 4.42 5.00 5.25 4.50 4.50 5.00 4.50 21.00 22. 00 22.50 21.00 20.25 19.75 20.00 19.75 20.00 19.50 21.00 20. 00 21.00 22. 25 23.00 22.00 20. 50 21.00 21. 50 21.00 22.50 22. 50 21.50 21.50 22. 00 18.00 Tail to end of— 3.25 3.25 2.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 2.75 2.50 3425 3.00 3.00 2.50 3.25 2.50 3.75 3.00 3.25 3.12 3.00 3.50 3.50 4.00 3.00 3.75 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.50 4.75 4.50 5.00 4.25 4.50 5.00 4.50 4.25 4.50 4.25 5.50 5.50 5.50 4.75 4.50 5.75 7.00 Length of— 3.00 2.80 2.60 2.85 2.80 2.90 3.00 2.80 2.67 3.35 3.10 2.50 3.00 2. 82 3.00 W 5.42 0.00 5.50 5.60 5.75 5.90 5.65 5.70 5.65 5.90 5.35 6.00 5.75 6.00 5.25 5. 55 5.55 5.50 5.45 w 5.00 5.50 5.65 5.25 4.80 5.00 5.00 5.40 5.25 5.25 5.85 5.25 5.00 4.90 4.35 4.75 5.50 5.00 Remarks. From Baird. Measured fresh. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. do. do. From Baird. do. Skin. do. do. From Bachman. From Aud. and Bach. do. Measured fresh. do. do. do. do. .... do. 302 monographs of north American rodedtia. u c 2 ■< o X a a, s ►J "fc, 5- I > s pj JS M es a V « = 0 § 5 P4 30 a • *p 0 . p U- M : »* : : *=* • & ' # C SO ! ® • • O) B0 III® •D ts • -a T3 • T3 = □ : a a a * ; a « ee . 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Tf -J. •*• d -» ec cs t- 03 K ec H i-i c» LErORIDJS— LEPUS CAMPESTRIS. 303 2 ■3 a i: o t; es pra^2i3rSr3r3'-zrS~sa.-2 ,aC,w'w'5'0'0'3'5C,v'U'3'0'3 T3r=T3r3-3-3'Cr;r=> § -3 1 s IS 5 h O hJ ►S3 Q Q ^ a, o CM B ti 6 r^r^'CrSrS'rS'^rS'^rS'V'-O'O 8 w : £ -s •*> * & - s h -8 ■§ > <° 3 = K "> 3 o • ?, * H ■" _2 C5 • O :£ w M .2 a d m ►J P Q ^ a I > -r -r © © OQXQGQOTOTC E X « CD r- r- t- r- CCTDOOCOCOCCCDOOaoCOCOOCaDUD o o o aj oo o h n n ii « i i s ^ © li" f- &— in 0C lO GCj O 00 M « 6[ >. >. M . >} f 3 3 33-9 3^3 o . = 3sOOOOOOo»ST 3 -3 "an3 a -a I « 3 3 s aft fc. &s 5H o .a o is ® 0 _33 a ■a 3 -a oSmb 2* - o & t- P U 0- •3 o O O r^J fQ rg f— f— Ph a" £ O * C5 S» j, 5 £ g 3 3 3 .3 e fc. w •a8u paw X9S ■b "d *o iO f O h O r- C» CD — O Ci m rt -r no ~i ci to *o r- © t— *"- o to e o *n ».-s co 0 r- ao ■» — ' © j- co m re ** ■11"^ jo 'OK 3aipaodHaaao3 •UllfS jo ■0^1 enSoiBj'BO -* ao n to © o CT — -« -H CI -H OOOOOOOO .. Sl-'CCOlOOl'P 51 ffi im 11 01 oi n lO ,04 MONocKAriis of mouth American kodentia. LEPUS AMERICANUS. Var. AMERICANUS. Northern Varying Hare. Zepus americanus Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, 330 (bused wholly on references to the Hudson's Bay specimens). — Gmei.in. Syst. Nat., i, 1786, 162.— Shaw, Gen. Zool. Main., ii, 1801,202. — Desmar- i-i, Mammalogic, 1822, 351 (in part only). — Sabine (J.), Franklin's First Journ., 1624, app., 664. — Richardson, App. Parry's Second Voyage, 1825, 324; Fann. Bor.-Am., i, 1829,217 (syn. iu part only); Back's Ant. Land Exped., 1836, app., 496. — Fiscmeh, Syn. Mam., 1829, 376 (mixed with L. sylvaticus). — BaCHMAn, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 403; viii, 1839, 76 (iu part only). — DeKay, New York Zool., i, 1842, 9") (in part only). — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget., iv, 1844, 104 (iu part only).— Wateriiouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 108 (in part only). — Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., i, 1849, 93 (iu part only). — Giebel, Siiuget., 1855, 449. — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 579 (iu part only). — Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d series, xx, 1*07, 224 (in part).— Maximilian, Wi'egm. Arch., 1861, i, 142.— Ross, Cau. Nat. and Geol., vi, 1867, 436.— Welch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1869, 228 (seasonal changes of color). — Gilpin, Proc. aud Trans. Nov. Sco. lust. Nat. Sci., iii, 1872, 46. Lepus hudsonius Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glires, 1778, 30. — Bodd^ert, Elench. Anim., i, 1784, 99. — Zimmkrmann, Pennant's Arktisehe Zool., i, 1787, 96. Lepus nanus SCHREBER, Sauget,, ii, 1792, 881, pi. ccxxxiv, B (mixed with L. sylvaticus). Lepus campeslris Baird, MSS. in part (labels and record-books, Smiths. lust.). — Hayden, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 115. — Dall, Alaska aud its Resources, 577. Lepus variabilis var. Godman, Am. Nat. Hist., ii, 1826, 169 (in part only). Lepus burealis SCHINTZ, Synop., ii, 1845. 286. American Hare, Forster, Phil. Trans., lxii, 1772, 376.— Pennant, Hist. Quad., 1781, no. 243; Arct. Zool., i, 1784, 95. Var. virginianus. Southern Varying Hare. Lepus americanus Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837,403; viii, 1839, 76 (iu part only). — DeKay, New York Zool., i, 1842, 95, pi. xxvi, fig. 2 (in part only). — Wagner, Suppl. Schre- her's Sauget., 1844, iv, 104 (in part only). — Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., i, 1849, 73, pi. xi, xii (in part only). — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 579 (in part ouly).— Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 224 (in part only;. — Allen, Bull. Mus. Couip. Zool., i, 1869, 237.— Hall, Cau. Nat, aud Geol., vi, 1861, 306. Lepus virginianus Harlan, Fann. Am., 1825, 196. — Fischer, Synopsis, 376, 1829. — Doughty, Doughty 's Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 1830, 217, pi. xix.— Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 301 (mainly ; somewhat mixed with L. eampestris). — Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 58. — Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1842, 48. Var. washingtoni. V/estern Varying Hare. Lepus icashingtoni Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vii, 1855, 333, pi. xv (animal); Mam. N. Am., 1857, 583. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Ex. aud Surv., xii, iii, 1860, 87.— Suckley. Pacific R. R. Ex. and Surv., xii, iii, 1860, 103. — Suckley & Gibbs, Pacific R. R. Ex. and Snrv., xii, iii, 1860, 130. — Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 224. Lepus americanus var. icashingtoni Allen, Proc. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 434. Var. bairdi. Rocky Mountain Varying Hare. l.i pus bairdi Hayden, Amer. Nat., iii, 1869, 115.— Merriam, U. S. Geol. Surv., Sixth Ann. Rep., 1873,667. Lepus americanus var. bairdi Allen, Bull. Essex. IdsL, vi, 1674, 61, 66; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 434. Var. AMERICANUS. Northern Varying Hare. In winter, while, excepl the extreme tips of the ears, which are nar- rowly bordered with black. Under-fur plumbeous at base, passing into rather LEPORlDyE— LEPUS AMEltlOANUS. 305 strong brownish-red apically. Hairs wliitc for about the terminal third, then brownish-red, with the basal third plumbeous. In specimens from rather southern localities, the brown often shows through the white outer surface, particularly on the sides of the body. In summer, above and outer surface of the limbs pale yellowish-brown, varied with black, resulting in a general tint of dark umber-brown. Tail sooty above, grayish-white below. Lower surface of the body, from the breast posteriorly, white; breast, and neck in front, yellowish-brown ; chin and throat white. Anterior surface of ears yellowish-brown, mixed with black; apical fourth of the anterior border black; posterior border white or yellowish-while. Under-fur of the dorsal region plumbeous for the basal half, shading gradually into pale yellowish-brown. Hairs generally broadly tipped with black, the black tip succeeded by a broad bar of pale brown; below this to the roots black, shading more or less into plumbeous. Length of body, 15 to 20 inches; length of ear about 3 inches; of tarsus about 5.25. Ear about three-fourths the length of the head ; head about four-fifths the length of the tarsus. Average weight about 5£ pounds. In winter specimens, the whiteness of the surface invades the pelage much more deeply than in var. virginianus, wholly concealing the subjacent brownish zone, the ears and the upper surface of the head being also pure, white. The pelage is also much thicker and longer, and the ears are far more heavily clothed. The brown zone of the under-fur varies in different speci- mens from light fulvous-brown to deep reddish-brown. Summer specimens vary chiefly in respect to the intensity of the yellow- ish-brown tint intermixed with the black, which ranges from yellowish-gray to pale rufous. The relative length of the black tips to the hairs of the dorsal surface also varies the general tint, which is often of a very dark umber- brown, cpute different from the bright-cinnamon tint of summer specimens of var. virginianus. Among the specimens of var. americanus is a single example of melanism, a mutilated skin (No. 62G8) labeled as follows: " Lepus americanus, Rainy Lake, H. B. T." It is apparently a winter skin, the pelage being very long and full. The color is dull plumbeous-black throughout, there being a slight grayish cast to the surface of the pelage, particularly on the head, breast, and back. Although instances of melanism appear to be comparatively frequent in Lepus europceus, they are very rare among the American Leporidce. 20 m 30(3 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAS BODRNTIA. The general measurements of the different varieties of Lepus americanus have been necessarily taken almost wholly from skins, and in part by differ- ent observers. They are hence less satisfactory than they would have been could they have been made from fresh specimens and by a single person.* They are in the main, however, borne out by the measurements of the skulls. The material, being similar in all cases, affords doubtless a tolerably fair means of determining the individual range of variation and the amount id' variation with locality. Contrary to what usually happens, there is in this species apparently no increase in size to the northward, some of the largest specimens being from New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, and belong to var. virginianus. The specimens from Maine (see measurements of the skulls) scarcely differ from- those from the Fur Countries, and the speci- mens from the Wind River Mountains (var. bairdi) fully equal those from the most northern points. In Table XV, the specimens are chiefly from very northern localities, and all in winter pelage. The average length of the body is 1G inches, vary- ing from 15.25 to 17.10 ; length of hind foot 5.10, varying from 4.70 to 5.25; length of ear 2.70, varying from 2.25 to U.00. Hence the average length of the body is about an inch and a quarter less than in the Massachusetts series (see below), while the difference in the hind foot and ear is less than one and a half tenths of an inch. The difference in length is more apparent than real, as the skins from Arctic America had never been filled, and are hence more contracted by drying than the others. The trifling difference in the size of other parts corresponds very nearly with that indicated by the skulls. According to Dr. Gilpin, Nova Scotia specimens range in length from 17.00 to 20.70 inches, and a specimen from the Fur Countries, of which Dr. Richardson gives measurements, had a length of 19.00 inches. In Table XVI are given measurements of twenty-six skulls, mainly from the Mackenzie River district. Of these, the average length is 3.04 inches, the extremes being 2.30 and 2.87 ; the average breadth is 1.52 inches, the extremes being 1.67 and 1.45. The difference between the average of this series and that of another series of fourteen specimens from Oxford County, * In all tbo original measurements given in this paper, the dimensions are the distances in a straight line between the extremities of I lie parts measured, ami are hence less than if measured over the convexities of the surface, as is often done. The height of the ear is taken by measuring from the inner base of the ear to the tip, instead of either from the anterior or posterior base, and is hence rather less than it would be by either of the other methods. LEPORIDJD— LEPDS AMERICANUS VAR. VIRGINIANTJS. 307 Maine, belonging to var. virginianus (see Table XIX), is practically nothing, being less than five one-hundredths of an inch ! A more detailed comparison of var. americanus with var. virginianus, and also with vars. bairdi and washingtoni, will be given later, with also gen- eral remarks on the synonymy of the several forms. Var. VIRGINIANUS. Southern Varying Hare Similar in size and proportions to var. americanus. Winter pelage with the white color of the surface extending less deeply, and the ears, head, and feet more or less varied with brown. In summer, more rufous, the color being rich reddish-brown or cinnamon-brown, instead of dark umber or sepia-brown. Winter pelage worn for a shorter time, and the seasonal change of color less complete. Winter specimens vary greatly in respect to the depth of the whiteness of the upper surface. Some are pure white throughout, except the black edging of the tips of the ears, the whiteness extending so deeply as to wholly conceal the subjacent zone of brown. In others, the brown is visible through the surface, or is exposed by the slightest disarrangement of the pelage, and the ears remain more or less brownish, sometimes having but little more white than in summer. The upper surface of the head and the feet are also often reddish-brown. Occasionally, midwinter specimens are sometimes met with in which the colors of the summer pelage still predominate throughout. The assumption of the white pelage is not only less complete in var. virgini- anus than in var. americanus, but, as previously stated, the change begins later, and the winter livery is retained for a much shorter time. In Massa- chusetts, New York, and Northern Pennsylvania, the change rarely begins before the middle or last of November, and, occupying several weeks, is not completed till after the middle of December. In Nova Scotia, according to Dr. Gilpin,* specimens in the earliest stages of change are generally not met with before the end of November; while, in New Brunswick, according to Dr. Welch,t the first stages of the change may be detected early in October, and by the first week of December the change is there fully completed. In the northern districts of the Fur Countries, according to Dr. Richardson,:): the white winter pelage is assumed in October. At the southward, the winter * Proc. and Trans. Nova Sootia Inst. Nat. Sci., vol. iii, i, p. 53. t Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859. { Faun. Bor.-Am., i, 218. p. 228. .in-; MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. dress is worn for only about lour months, the vernal change beginning in March; in the middle districts, aboul five months, and in the higher latitudes about six, where the winter dress, according to Dr Richardson, is worn till the end of April. Summer specimens of var. virginianus from Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania vary considerably in color through the varying intensity of the brown tints of the upper surface and the relative length of the black tips of the hairs. In some, the black tips are short and inconspicuous; in others, so long as to strongly vary the general color with black. The brown varies from pale yellowish-brown to dark reddish-brown, the brown tint of the under fur also similarly varying in intensity. The base of the under-fur varies from grayish to dark plumbeous. The exact ranges of varieties americanus and virginianus cannot now be well determined, and, as in the case of other intergrading geographical forms, cau probably never be absolutely defined. According to Dr. Gilpin, the Nova Scotia type seems clearly referable to the northern form (var. ameri- canus). He describes the dorsal surface as being "sepia-brown, with a yellow wash", and observes that they present none of the bright reddish or cinna- mon-brown mentioned by Professor Baird as characterizing more southern specimens. Dr. Gilpin's description hence corresponds very nearly with specimens from the Red River district, and from Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, and hence with Dr. Richardson's description. In Table XVII, the first fourteen specimens, all from Massachusetts (Coll. M. C. Z.), and all in winter pelage, vary in length of body from 14 to 20 inches; in length of hind foot, from 4.65 to 5.50; in length of ear, from 2.40 to 3.60: the average being, length, 17.3?; hind foot, 5.24; ear, 2.83. Fifteen other specimens (Coll. S. I.),* seven of which are also from Massa- chusetts, and the others from Xew York and Pennsylvania, range in length from 16 to 21 inches; hind foot, 4.57 to 5. 68 ; ear, 3.00 to 3.60: averaging, length, 18.82; hind foot, 5.24; ear, 3.32. In length, the latter series exceeds the former by about one and a half inches, while the hind feet are equal ; the difference in the length of the ear is nearly half an inch, one-half of which, at least, is due to the different way in which the measurements of the ear in the two series were taken, as shown by a remeasurement of some of the specimens of the latter series. In Table XVIII are presented the measurements of twenty-three ' Measurements copied from Baird'a Mamm. N. Am. LEP0RIDJ5— LBPUS AMEUICANUS VAR. WASHINGTON!. 309 skulls, from numerous localities. Fourteen are from Oxford County, Maine, and average 3.07 in length (the extremes 3.30 and 2.80) and 1.55 in breadth (extremes 1.62 and 1.40). Six other specimens, from different localities in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania, are the largest of the series, but they are all very old skulls, and are doubtless larger than the average for the localities which they represent, being collected by different individuals, and more likely than otherwise were saved from being regarded as "extra fine'' specimens. They average 3.23 inches in length (extremes 3.35 and 3.10), and 1.60 in breadth (extremes 1.62 and 1.52). As previously remarked under the head of var. americanus, there is practically no difference in size or proportions between the series of skulls from Maine and the fur countries. Var. WASHINGTON^. Western Varying Hare. Rather smaller than var. virginianus (of which it is the exact western geographical representative), with the summer pelage of a somewhat stronger reddish tint; probably white in winter, except in the very mild region about Puget's Sound, where they have been observed to retain their summer pelage the whole year.* The differences between this form and var. virginianus are by no means well marked. In color, the tints of the summer pelage are perhaps rather stronger in the western form; but even the original specimens described by Professor Baird can be matched by .specimens from Massachusetts. Both the skins and the skulls indicate a slightly smaller size for var. washingtoni; but unfortunately one only of the skulls is full grown (this is the largest of the series), the sutures of the others being still open, and their general appearance is that of specimens but a few months old. The range of var. wasldngtoni to the northward and eastward is by no means well known; neither are its relations with L. bairdi Hayden. A series of specimens, in winter pelage, collected by Dr. Kennerly (Nos. 5881-6, Coll. S. I.) during the Northwestern Boundary Survey, are remarkable for their whiteness, the basal plumbeous zone being lighter-colored and much reduced in extent, as compared with var. americanus; the subterminal fulvous-brown zone is of a more or less pale delicate salmon color, in some specimens nearly or quite obsolete, leaving the whole pelage of a snowy whiteness to t lie base, as in L. timidus var. arcticus. The beautiful snowy whiteness of these specimens is in * See Suckley, Pacific R. K. Rep., xii, iii, 130. 310 IMOMHM.WIilS OF NOKTII AMERICAN EODENTIA. marked contrasl with the mixed white and brown winter pelage of specimens from the Eastern States: and even the specimens from the highest northern localities, though pure white at the surface, are fulvous and then plumbeous beneath. These specimens agree, however, in this character with winter specimens from Fort Bridger, Fort Benton, and the Bitter Root Valley, which, from the locality, I have referred to var. bairdi, and are in no way distinguishable from them. I have also Included specimens from "Koko- youkuk, R. Am.'', in changing pelage, in this series, which they seem to approach quite strongly. The skins of var. washingtoni vary in length of body from 15.25 to 18.50 inches, eight specimens giving an average of 16.63, or about one inch less than the average of var. virginianus, and half an inch more than specimens from the northern districts of the fur countries, or var. americanus. The ear fully equals, and the hind foot scarcely falls short, of the length of the same parts in var. virginianus from Massachusetts. The single fully adult skull fully equals the average of eastern examples. The measurements given in 'fable XIX are taken wholly from the skins, many of which are unfilled and evidently much shrunken. The measurements of the skulls (Table XX), as before stated, are mainly from more or less immature specimens. The pro- portions are not essentially different from those of eastern specimens of cor- responding age, and the ears and tarsi are fully equal to these parts in var. virginianus, instead of being shorter, as has been supposed. Var. bairdi. Rocky Mountain Varying Hare. Size and proportions same as those of the other varieties of americanus. Winter pelage sometimes wholly snowy-white to the base, as in the Arctic Hare; generally with the outer white zone extending much deeper than in any other form of americanus, with the middle zone much paler, varying from a faint shade of fulvous to a delicate salmon tint, and the basal plumbeous zone greatly reduced in extent, and lighter-colored. In summer, above pale grayish-brown and black, the black being often the prevailing tint; under-fur whitish, sometimes almost pure white, with the middle brown zone of the other forms obsolete; under parts (excepting the pectoral region) and the feet pure white; general color of the ears black, washed more or less with whit- ish, and with a very broad conspicuous white border. In different specimens, the color of the dorsal aspect in summer varies LEPOEIB\ 3 > a s I 'S,a'd'B|0'0'a'3'3n3'a *3rOi2r3r:'-3"Z"3rCr3r:3r3 •}q°pq 'JiTjf .l-i.wn'X no»osj-'2SSH!22S2SS£2SS2SSSS •a* i« li co ■"»" li C3Ll-3>©©©"j"©L1'^,L1©»1L1 ■qjSaoi 'Aiuf j-->av«i our-© O O I- O ti « c» oi ci ci ci ci ci ci ci :i ei c* © n in m © o © © li LI LI ITS -r ••* li o r- r» i- i~, at CI ooocJooo'oooo'o'oooooooooo U.H|1< 3 •oj ao^ej qi3aa[ 'sjtqotn jsddfi r- n o co o © o t- o t-* © li © o Ii S to o K L-i ih o oirato«>woi co l*i ao n at co co co co co ci co o © o o o a © © © © © ©©"©©©©©©oo©©©© CI c* at ci ci © Li © ci at at "SIC pun o% ^uojj mo.ij saosion; jaddn. Ci © © © Ci © CD © il CO t- r- co © r- oo r- Cici0000 3jajdot»co ©oo©ooo©©o ©O©©©©©©0©00©0©© ■9-iojaq qipl-^ sonoq justj_(I © Li © Li Li UZ it at © oi ,**. 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Remarks. 4444 4441 4443 4425 4445 4452 4446 4447 4448 4161 6268 4427 4428 3424 4423 4426 4429 3901 31102 3903 3015 3212 4022 4322 4317 4319 4320 4311 4328 4329 4330 4323 4324 4319a 75C6 7567 7568 7569 7570 7571 7572 7573 7574 7575 7576 7581 7583 7583 7585 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594 279 278 377 270 273 271 9 Fort Simpson ....do Dec. 6, 1860 Dec. 6, 1860 Dec. 6, 1860 Nov. 8,1860 Nov. 8,1860 Nov. 8, I860 R. Kennicott ....do R. Kennicott ...do ...do Black. ... do . . . ...do ....do ....do ....do ...do Skin and skull ...do ...do ....do ....do ...do Skull . . d ....do do ... ... do Skin and skull. .. do . ....do do . do 284 5 67 68 76 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 716 725 724 769 766 765 767 768 772 770 771 774 773 cf ....do Dec. 6, 1860 Mar. — , 1860 ....do ....do ...do B.E.Ross R. Kennicott do A. McKenzie . R. 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Bitter Root Valley . . . o c .2 — +3 o ♦^ © c n la 4= 43 0 43 y S ^ a t£ ^ € * « a 43 It OJ Es F tn 2 '3c 43 'F 43 « IS a> O 09 ej *-» o 43 43 43 a © ci ID ft I ft s £ B & ■- ft 43 H cis ft fc fc & p P 3. 65 1.51 0.54 0.57 0.76 1.03 2.11 1.51 0.65 1.10 0.64 0.50 0.86 1.18 0.33 0.28 8.3 0.47 0.50 0.40 1.7' 1.14 Remarks. Immature; last tem- porary molar still in place. Skull mark- ed L. americanus. ...do. 21 M 322 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. B k5 m B B. K 1-1 > H g a a ■Q tM O ft H a « a *s o c M O © a ■s c 4 e 7 E ■a B B ■/ 1 « 4 c c * e e a ~z = = 4 c e t/ 4 e c t c c X 1 •a s a © O c 1 c - s 1 ■J w 1 c c — ac fr- ee £ P. 4 c 4 p 1 c C G -= c e 'C B e3 « W 6 a G 4 c c . 0 . » ■ © • p : < P9 >: >^ Q © "S o 0 M s o -P a o p + e e E tr 1 c 1 4 c - '1 ~z 1 Pi * 1 e c e c c c c « n: P a n > p -5 c c c a © DO (-1 s> a u a 3d < CO in CD m" t ( > 6 IS < I < *■ ooooooc»c»«e* — -h^- — tC ■„. ■_ — i_: _ ( - i - , - , . , - , - 1 - i - QOCOOlCCIDXCUXXaOCDXCDOO T- — — — — — .— ^-^-__ — .— — — of of V V n ri — " 10" g» of 1" 1" 1" 1" © © O CD © © IS W v'n hV Kn a a p a a p+5+ic,«~£fif^ o o Hi C c c a -k t. c c -*- a a P | 1 4 a c 1 ■*- c e < p c p£ i c — 1 C! f- i s f *S i 1 1 5 1 c c c e c e - 1- .■§ .1 t : H H M 60 .2 B a a .s IS g -1 ■J - 1 . s <- •S _S « * 3 1 © a c •J 5 1- i E 1 e 9 a a J c e ■s : ■- a ? !z E P 6 1 c a i z 0 C ■» i •o3b pan x»s CM- "D OO O "o "D "O *D O o»- \19qnmu lumSuo CO Mno«oa (Ot-c»f«»n(on — jojoq ■man SmpaodsaxioQ f 05 n cj m 0 c* — 0 CI "V -V CC >*■ — • c* c* c» c» 0* ■ aoqra na-antfoiv %v 3 a ct n r- s> o> -* ai c» ^f CO PI ooe-jden-vmoi^cnot-oo-HWrt^MQO Clt-;«5C0tCO«3<0OO010)-rTr'»^"0CD — 3JCIOIO*0»C*0*©T-t©©aoiXJ30X>OM LEPOKIDvE— LEPCS AMERICANUS ET VAES. 323 General remarks on Lepus americanus and its varieties. Lepus americanus differs from the other Varying Hares in its much smaller size and relatively shorter ears, as well as in the size and proportions of the skull. Aside from its white winter pelage, it also differs much from all the other Hares of this continent in color, proportions, and in cranial char- acters, and from most of them, moreover, in size. Of its four geographical varieties {americanus, virginianus, toashingtoni, and bairdi), var. bairdi seems to be the most strongly marked. Var. ame- ricanus is the northern tbrm, with a softer and longer winter pelage, more heavily-clothed ears and feet, with the white of the surface invading the pelage to a considerable depth, and with a duskier, duller-tinted summer pelage. By gradual stages, however, it shades into var. virginianus, its south- ern representative on the Atlantic coast, which has the whiteness of the winter pelage restricted to the surface, only partially concealing the color of the under fur, and in which the summer pelage is of a brighter or redder tint. Var. washingtoni is the southern Pacific coast form, known at pres- ent only from the region about Puget's Sound. In summer pelage, it is rather more rufous even than var. virginianus, but by no differences as yet discov- ered is it always distinguishable from the latter form. Like virginianus, it is a southern representative of americanus, with which it insensibly inter- grades. Var. bairdi occupies an intermediate geographical position, and may be regarded as an alpine form. Its distinguishing features are in the summer pelage the prevalence of black, the white under-fur, and white feet, and in winter the tendency to an entire whiteness of the under-fur. It shows, however, decided intergradations with the northern form, as well as with the two southern forms, with which it essentially agrees in size and proportions. So far as at present known, there is no very marked variation in size with locality throughout the wide region inhabited by the varieties of L. ame- ricanus. Geographical Distribution. — Lepus americanus, in some of its forms, occupies the wooded portion of the whole northern half of the continent, extending southward in the Rocky Mountains as far, at least, as New Mexico ; its southern limit of distribution coinciding very nearly, apparently, with the isotherm of 50°. On the Pacific coast, the species is represented in var. washingtoni as far south as the head of the Willamette River; in the interior, 324 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN IIODENTIA. through var. bairdi, it extends throughout the higher parts of the Rocky Mountains south, at hast to Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico; to the eastward of the Missouri River, as var. virginianus, it occurs in Minnesota, and thence eastward throughout the northern parts at least of nearly all the northern tier of States, and in the Alleghanics southward, at least to Vir- ginia, and on tlie Atlantic coast to Connecticut. Its limit in the Eastern States hence nearly coincides with that of the Alleghanian fauna. To the northward, it ranges to the limit of trees, extending even to the very borders of the Arctic Barren Grounds. The range of the several varieties is not so easily indicated. Var. a?ne- ricanus seems to remain well-defined as that type southward to New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia on the Atlantic coast, and as far as the Red River Settlements in the interior. Var. bairdi, occupying the higher parts of the Rocky Mountains, separates the two southern forms, virginianus and washingtoni, and doubtless extends a long way northward into the habitat of var. ameri- canns. Var. americanns is the form received from Southern Alaska, but its southern limit on the Pacific coast is not as yet known. Var. washingtoni, however, has been received from as high as about latitude 55°. So far as our present knowledge goes, we may define the habitat of var. virginianus as occupying the Atlantic coast-region from Nova Scotia to Connecticut ; the whole of the higher parts of the Apalachian Highlands as far south as Virginia, and probably to North Carolina; in the interior, the northern half of the northern tier of States, and the southei-n half of the Canadas, west- ward to the highlands bordering the northern shore of Lake Superior, where here and in Northern Minnesota it doubtless gradually merges into variety americanus. Synonymy. — We find allusions to the Lepus americanns auct. in the writings of several of the early authors, among whom is Kalm, who refers to it briefly in his Travels (vol. iii, p. 59, English ed.), and supposed it to be identical with the Varying Hare of Europe. The first specimens reached England in 1771, and were described in the Philosophical Transactions (vol. lxii, p. 4) by Dailies Barrington in 1772 under the name of the "Hudson's Bay Quadruped". In the same volume, it is again more fully described by J. R. Forster, who gives also some account of its habits, but, in so doing, quotes Kalm's reference to quite a different species (the L. sylvaticus Bach.) inhabiting New Jersey. Pennant, in his History of Quadrupeds (in 1784), LEPORIDJ3— LEPUS AMERICANUS. 325 while quite accurately describing the animal, confounds it with other species; tor, in speaking of its distribution and habits, he quotes not only Kalin's refer- ence to the L. sylvaticus, but also Lawson's account of the Rabbit of Carolina. Erxleben, in 1777, based his L. americanus on Kalm (his reference to the Hare of Hudson's Bay, not the southern Gray Rabbit), Barrington, and Forster, and his diagnosis is in every respect applicable to this species, and to this alone. Gmelin's account is abridged from that of Erxleben, he citing the same authors. Shaw, and some other later writers, continued to confound it with other species, giving as its habitat the whole of North America. Pallas, in 1778, described it under the name of Lepus hudsonius, and Schreber, in 1792, as Lqtus 7ia?)us. While Schreber's diagnosis refers exclusively to L. ameri- canus, he blended its general history with that of L. sylvaticus. Desmarest, in 1822, rather increased the confusion already existing by giving a descrip- tion referring mainly to L. sylvaticus under the name of L. americanus. In his references, he cites not only Erxleben and Pallas, whose descriptions refer exclusively to L. americanus, but also Schoepf, whose description of "Der Nord-Amerikanische Haase" as exclusively refers to L. sylvaticus, while he gives its habitat as including not only the region west of Hudson's Bay, but also the Carolinas, Florida, Louisiana, California, and Mexico. From this time, however, till 1842, the name americanus was often applied, even by American writers, to the L. sylvaticus, it being thus used by Harlan in 1825, and later by Fischer, Audubon, Emmons, Thompson, and others. Harlan still further increased the confusion by redescribing the L. americanus under the name of L. virginianus, supposing it to be a new species ; while Dr. Godman, in 1826, considered it as identical with the L. variabilis of Europe. The mistakes of Desmarest and Harlan were repeated even by Dr. Bachman in his first paper on the American Hares, published in 1837. In the mean time, however, Dr. Richardson (in 1829) had re-instated Erxleben's name of L. americanus, and Dr. Bachman, in a supplemental note to his paper, recti- fied his former error. In 1839, in a second paper "on the American Hares, Dr. Bachman refers to this S2iecies under its proper name; and, in 1849, in the first volume of the Quadrupeds of North America, fully elucidates its synonymy, giving Erxleben's description in full. Since the date of Dr. Bach- man's second paper, the species has been generally recognized by its proper designation. I find, however, that all the skulls of this species, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, from the Hudson's Bay Territories, are marked 326 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICA RODBNTIA. L. "campestris". Some of them, however, hear the partially-erased name L. " americanus" of a prior determination. The skins, however, of these same specimens, are still labeled L. "americanus" or L. "americanus?" whenever a specific name is added, some being labeled simply "Lepus". The L. "cam- pestris" of Hayden, referred to in his description of L. bairdi, belongs to this northern form, as does also the L. "campestris Bachman" of Dall, given in his nominal list of the Mammals of Alaska, as shown by his specimens still in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Respecting this application of the name campestris, Professor Baird writes me (under date of March 31, 1874) that he was "still not convinced that the Lepus virginianus of Richardson refers to the Townsend's Hares of the Upper Missouri. The specimens described by Richardson", he continues, "are of course too imperfect to permit any satisfactory description ; and the dimensions given are probably too large. It is entirely out of the question for Richardson to have overlooked the occurrence of the northern variety of Lepus atnericanus, as it is found everywhere, from Fort Garry northward, is very common on the Saskatchewan, and constitutes a large portion of the food of the Indians in the regions traversed by him. It is particularly abundant about latitude 55°. In the many collections that we have had from the Hud- son's Bay Territory, you will note the entire absence of any Hares resembling the townsendi. If my supposition be correct, then, if you give a name to the grayish northern form of the American Hare, that should be campestris, and Townsend's name be retained for the big Missouri River species." As already noticed under the head of Lepus campestris, I consider Rich- ardson's Tj. virginianus (subsequently named campestris by Bachman) to refer beyond question to the long-limbed, long-eared, and long-tailed Townsend Hares of the Upper Missouri, and can see no reason for presuming the meas- urements given as "probably too large". Bachman certainly understood his name to apply to a long-eared, long-tailed Hare so like what he later named L. townsendi that he repeatedly states his conviction that they would prove to be the same, he having been at first erroneously informed that the L. townsendi never became white. As to Richardson overlooking "the north- ern form of Lepus a)nericanus", he certainly did not do so, as he has described it in detail under that name, and especially refers to its importance to the Indians as an article of food, and their method of capturing this animal. Furthermore, he distinguishes the L. virginianus as a prairie species, while LErORIDJi!— LEPUS SYLVATICUS. 327 his L. americanus is not found in such places, but inhabits thick woods. He says particularly that "on the barren grounds to the eastward of the Copper- mine, and on the extensive plains or prairies through which the Missouri and Saskatchewan flow, it is replaced by other and larger species" — respectively his L. glacialis and L. virginianus. Furthermore, his description of the summer pelage of his L. americanus corresponds perfectly with the specimens in the Smithsonian Institution from the Red River district northward to the Yukon. Several points in his description of L. virginianus, aside from its size, as the color of the under fur of the back, are wholly inapplicable to the L. americanus, but strictly accord with the characters of the Townsend's Hares. * The differences, as already noticed, between the northern and southern forms of L. americanus are quite appreciable, and, in giving them varietal designations, it becomes necessary to restrict the name americanus to the northern form, the earlier descriptions of americanus being based solely on specimens from Hudson's Bay, while Harlan's name of virginianus is alone applicable to the southern form, his description being based on Virginian specimens. As already noticed, the Nova Scotia and Red River specimens belong to the northern type, the southern form being mainly if not wholly restricted to the northern parts of the United States east of the Missouri River. Lepus washingtoni was first described by Professor Baird in 1855, and Lepus bairdi by Dr. Hayden in 18G9, and neither of them have been con- founded with either of the other varieties of Lepus americanus or with any other species. LEPUS SYLVxVTICUS Bachman. Var. sylvaticus. Wood Hare; "Gray Kabbit"; "Wood Rabbit." Lrpus nanus Schreber, Siiuget., iv, 1*92, 881 (in part only).— DeKay, New York Zool., i, 1842, 93, pi. xxvii, fig. 1.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget., iv, 1843, 114. Xyh-ilagus nanus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 221.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, 1869, 239. Lepus americanus Desmarest, Mammalogie, ii, 1H22, 351. — Harlan, Faun. Amer., 1825, 193. — Audubon, Birds of Amer., pi. 51.— Fischer, Synop. Mam., 1829, 376 (in part only).— Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vii, 1837, 326, pi. xvi, figs. 3, 4 (ear and foot).— Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 56.— Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1842, 48. * Since the above was written, Professor Baird has conceded the inapplicability of the name L. campesiris to the smaller short-eared Varying Haro of British North America. 828 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. Leptu 8ylvaticua Bachman, Journ. Aoad. Nat. Sri. I'liila., vii, 1837, 403; viii, 1839, 78. — Waterhouse, Nat. lli.st. Mam., ii, 1848, 116.— Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., i. 1849, 17:!, pi. xxii.— WoODHOUSE, Sitgreaves's Col. and Zuiii Kivet Exp., 1853, 55 ( Eastern Texas and Indian Territory). — Max- imilian, Wiegm. Arch., 1861, i. 1 1 •!.— Baird, Main. N. Am., 1857, 597, pi. viii, fig. 1 (skull); U. S. and Mcx. Bound. Snrv., ii, 1859, ii, 17 (Indianola, Texas).— IIayden, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I'liila., xii, 1863, 148. — ABBOTT, Cook's Geol. of New Jersey, lt-(>8, 759. — ALLEN, Proc. Bost Soo. Nat. Hist., xiii, 1869, 194; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 184. Leptu baehnumi \\ an RHOUSE, Proe. Zool. Soo. Lond.,vi, 1838, 103; Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 124.— IUcn- MAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 96. — Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., iii, 1853,35, pi. cviii (based on Wat ei house's specimens). — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 606; U. S. and Mex. Bound. Survey, ii, 1859, ii, 48 (Brownsville, Texas). Sylvilagus bachmani Gray, Ann. aud Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d series, xx, 1867,222. Var. NUTTALLI. Sage Hare. Ltpus nuttalli B.iCnMAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 345, pi. xxii; viii, 1839, 79; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 329 (based on an immature specimen). — Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., ii, 1851, 300, pi. xciv.— Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857,604,617. Lcpus syh-aticits var. nuttalli Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,xvii, 1875,334. Lepus artemisia Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 94 ; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 329. — Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 126. — Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., 1851, ii, 272, pi. Ixxxviii. — 'Woodhouse, Sitgreaves's Col. aud Zuiii River Exp., 1853, 55. — Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, C02; U. S. and Mex. Bound. Survey, ii, 1859, ii, 48, pi. xxv,fig. 2 (skull).— New- berry, Pacific R. R. Ex. and Snrv., vi, iv, 1857, 65. — Kennerly, ibid., x, vi, 1859, 16. — Suckley", ibid., xii, iii, I860, 105. — Suckley &, Gibbs, ibid., 132. — Hayden, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., xii, 1863, 148.— Coues, Am. Nat., i, 1-67, 534; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 136. Sylvilagut artemisia Gray, Ann. aud Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 222. ifjms artcmisiacus Wagner, Suppl. Schreber'sSiiuget., iv, 1844, 114. Var. AUDUBONI. Audubon's Hare. Lcpus auduboiii Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 608, pi. xiii (animal) ; pi. lviii, fig. 2 (skull).— Newberry, Pacific R. R. Ex. & Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 65.— Kennerly, Pacific R. R. Ex. & Surv.,x, vi, 1859, 17 (markets of San Francisco). — Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 224. Zepus sylvaticus var. auduboiii Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 434. Var. sylvaticus. Wood Hare. Above pale yellowish-brown, varied with black; sides and rump grayer; nape and limbs yellowish-rusty, fading into whitish on the anterior surface of the hind legs; head above less varied with black than the back; beneath white, except the breast, which is pale yellowish-brown.- The hairs of the upper surface have very long shining black tips, succeeded first by a broad bar of pale yellowish brown, then by a rather narrower zone of black, and thence to the base grayish-plumbeous. Under-fur dark plumbeous, nearly black, often tipped with pale brown. Length (tip of nose to tail), 13.50 to 17.00 inches; of hind foot, 3.10 to 4.20; of ear, 2.10 to 3.00; car about two- thirds the length of the head; head a little shorter than the hind foot. LErOKID^E— LEPUS SYLVATICUS. 329 Specimens from the same locality differ in color mainly in the amount of black presented by the dorsal surface, this depending upon the relative length of the black tips of the hairs. There is a slight variation also in respect to the intensity of the brown of the subterminal bar. The variation in color with the season is not very marked, consisting in winter specimens being somewhat grayer than summer specimens. Southern specimens are but little more strongly colored than northern ones, the rufous being of a rather stronger tint and the black more prevalent. Those from the States immediately west of the Mississippi River begin to be lighter than those from the Atlantic slope. Further westward, the paleness gradually increases till we reach the pale form of the arid plains. Specimens from northern locali- ties, both on the Atlantic slope and in the interior, are sometimes wholly without the brownish termination of the under-fur, or it is only faintly developed, and confined mainly to the sides. Here it is generally, however, quite strong, and is frequently quite appreciable on the middle of the dorsal region. The same variation in this respect is seen both in Massachusetts and western specimens; Iowa examples being not distinguishable in this respect from New England ones. To the southward, however, the brownish termi- nal band of the under-fur becomes more uniformly traceable, being generally present in specimens from about Washington, but much stronger in those from South Carolina and Florida, in which it generally forms a strong broad bar, though sometimes obsolete. The geographical variation in color is mainly as already noticed, namely, an increasing paleness from the Mississippi westward toward the Plains, where variety sijlvaticus passes by insensible steps into variety nuttalli (zr arlcmisia auct.). The specimens from Eastern Nebraska and Eastern Dakota can, in general, hardly be referable to the one form rather than to the other. At the southward, the colors become slightly more intense, but the difference is by no means striking. The variation in size with locality is quite appreciable, as shown in Tables XXVII and XXVIII, the largest speci- mens being from the north. Washington specimens are somewhat larger than those from South Carolina and Florida,while those from Massachusetts are again rather larger than those from Washington ; those from Wisconsin and Iowa are fully as large as New England specimens, and very much larger than Texas ones. Passing further south, however, we find, contrary to what would be antici- pated, that specimens from Southern Mexico are fully as large as those from 3 f!0 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. the northern parts of the United States, and more closely resemble them than do the specimens from Georgia and Florida. A series of twenty-one specimens from Southeastern Mexico and Yucatan (Orizaba, Tehuantepec, and Mirador, Mexico, and Merida, Yucatan) presents but slight differences from those from the Atlantic States. The difference consists chiefly in the rufous tinge being rather stronger in the Mexican specimens, which is seen especially in the brighter color of the legs and feet. Yet specimens from Tehuantepec and Orizaba can be almost exactly matched by specimens from the vicinity of Washington. The Mexican specimens are fully as large as specimens from the Atlantic States; the seven skulls from Tehuantepec (all of which are, however, very old specimens), of which measurements are given in Table XXVIII, average rather larger than those from the United States. Specimens No. 136 (from Mississippi) and No. 11439 (from Merida, Yucatan) are as near in color in every respect as two specimens from the same locality can be expected to be. A specimen from the plains of Chihuahua is smaller and rather paler, more nearly approaching variety nuttalli than variety sylvaticus. Southern specimens generally have the ears less covered than northern ones, the feet less heavily furred, and the general pelage harsher and less full. Southern specimens also show a tendency to decidedly longer ears than northern ones. On the whole, however, this species presents much more than the average stability of character. In the following tables, the measurements pertaining to the general size have been taken from Professor Baird, my own material being essentially the same as his; the measurements of the skulls are, however, all original. Var. NUTTALLI. Sage Hare. Variety nuttalli differs from var. sylvaticus mainly in its paler tints and rather smaller size; proportions the same. Above yellowish-gray or brownish- white, varied with black; sides of body and rump whitish. Hairs with long black tips, as in var. sylvaticus, but with the subterminal zone pale yellowish- white. Under-fur grayish-plumbeous at base, passing into yellowish-brown apically. Posterior part of the back and the rump mixed black and white. As compared with variety sylvaticus, this form seems distinguishable mainly by its paler tints. Specimens from the plains of the Upper Missouri LEP0RIDJ5— LEPUS SYLVATICUS VAR. NUTTALLI. 331 are scarcely smaller than those from Iowa or the Eastern States, while the proportions seem to be absolutely the same. This form was formerly supposed to be much smaller than L. sylvaticus, but the large number of specimens before me indicates but a slight average difference in size, var. nuttalli being rather the smaller, with a very decided decrease in size to the southward. Specimens from the northward have a fuller and softer pelage and more heavily-clothed ears and feet than var. sylvaticus anywhere presents. In those from along the eastern edge of the plains, the tints are brighter than in those from further westward ; specimens from along the Missouri, from about Fort Leavenworth to above Fort Randall, being so nearly intermediate between the typical nuttalli and sylvaticus that the majority of them may be as well referred to the one form as to the other, while there may occur occasionally typical examples of each. The lightest specimens appear to be those from Western Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah ; Arizona specimens passing gradually into variety arizonce. Winter specimens are rather lighter than summer ones. In some of the former, the subterminal zone of the hairs presents but a faint trace of yellowish, while the sides and hinder part of the back are of a delicate gray, from the intimate blending of the black and white hairs. Through the excessive paleness or almost total obsolescence of the yellowish-brown tint so conspicuous in var. sylvaticus, the black tips of the hairs are more conspicuous, standing out in stronger relief against the nearly white ground-color, and thus sometimes give the effect of a greater amount of blackness. The average length of the body in a series of nineteen specimens from various localities is 13.75 inches, with the extremes ranging from 12.00 to 16.00 ; of hind foot, 3.41 inches, with the extremes ranging from 3.00 to 4.25. The average length of fifteen specimens from the Atlantic slope is 15.35 ; of twenty specimens from the vicinity of the Missouri River (from various localities between Fort Randall and Fort Leavenworth), is 15.50. Variety nuttalli hence averages about one and a half inches shorter than var. sylvati- cus, or about 12 per cent, smaller. The measurements of the skulls indicate about the same proportionate difference in size. There are in the collection a considerable number of specimens collected in the vicinity of Brownsville and Matamoras, near the mouth of the Rio Grande. These include Baird's types of his L. "bachmani" (= bachmani Waterhouse), which I at first referred to variety nuttalli, but now believe to 332 MONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN BODENTIA. come in more naturally with the variety sylvaticus series. They agree in their small size with other Texas specimens, but, though rather paler than average sylvaticus, do not present the degree of pallor that characterizes the specimens from the plains further westward. Var. Arizona. Desert Hare. Rather smaller than variety nuttalli, and paler, presenting the extreme phase of differentiation in respect to pallor of coloration. The specimen on which this variety is primarily based was collected by Dr. Elliott Coues at "Beal's Springs, fifty miles west of Fort Whipple, Arizona, September 8, 1865". On the back of the label is written, in Dr. Coues's handwriting, "The common 'cotton-tail' of the Territory — new species ? ? — artemisia ? " ; indicating that he recognized it as something different from the common so-called Artemisia Rabbit of the plains. The color above is a very pale, i'aded, yellowish-gray, very slightly mixed with black. The nape-patch is pale yellowish-fulvous, and the usual reddish parts of the legs and feet are pale yellowish-brown. The most important character, however, is the great size of the ears, which give it at first sight almost the appearance of a young "Jack" Rabbit. The ears are fully a third longer, and proportionally broader, than in specimens of the typical Sage Hare (var. nuttalli) from the arid plains of Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and neighboring regions northward. Other specimens, from Camp Grant (sixty miles east of Tucson), Arizona, collected in February, 1867, by Dr. E. Palmer, agree with Dr. Coues's speci- men in the great length of the cars, but in color do not differ materially from the ordinary form of var. nuttalli. Its habitat seems to be the deserts of Arizona, and its chief characteristic the great length and size of the ears. Var. auduboni. Audubon's Hare. About the size of variety sylvaticus, or a little less, with rather longer ears, and nearly the coloration of L. trowbriclyei. The coloration of the original specimens from near San Francisco and San Diego, Cal., presents much the same peculiar phase in respect to the dorsal surface as that of LEPORI DM— LEPUS SYLVATICUS. n:5:5 L. trowbridgei, namely, a finely-mixed pale yellowish-brown and black. The lower parts, however, are white, instead of plumbeous-gray, and the color above is rather lighter than in L. trowbridgei. It is easily distinguished from the latter, not only by the different color of the lower parts, but by its longer tail. While merely the darker Pacific-coast phase of the L. sylvaticus group, it finds its closest resemblance in external features in the L. trow- bridgei. To the eastward, it merges into variety nuttalli of the interior deserts ; and to the southeastward, into the very light, very large-eared phase of the sylvaticus group which I called variety arizonce. Table XXXII. — Measurements o/Lepus sylvaticus far. sylvaticus. 957 958 304 305 306 465 466 90C 1290 1292 1257 244 136 2304 2970 188 1394 1143 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 11350 11349 717 1492 1493 1494 Locality. Middleborough, Mass . do Washington, D. C do do do do do do do Society Hill, N.C Selma, Ala Washington, Miss Prairie Mer Rouge, La . Tndianola, Tex Racine, Wis Wisconsin Fort Des Moines, Iowa. do .do . .do. .do . .do. .do . .do . .do. .do . .do. do Fort Randall, Dak Fort Leavenworth, Kans. do do : do From tip of nose to- Tail to end of— 1.88 1.75 3.25 3.00 3.50 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.70 3.90 3.25 3.30 3.30 3.15 3.07 3.60 3.40 3.00 2.90 3.80 2.95 3.75 3. CO 3.80 3.50 3.80 3.40 3.95 3.75 3. eo 3.50 3.30 3.38 3.50 3.25 2. CO 3.05 3.00 3.10 10. 25 15.00 16.75 15.50 16.00 16.50 14.25 15.00 14.50 14.50 13.50 16.00 15.50 14.50 15.50 17.00 15.00 18.50 16.40 16.50 16.40 16.50 16.00 16.50 16.45 16.50 16.00 15.50 14. 50 15.00 13.50 14.00 13.50 13.00 13.00 1.53 1.20 2.00 1.60 1.63 1.60 1.45 1.35 1.40 1.20 M 1.70 1.70 1.50 1.45 1.34 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.48 1.50 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.23 1.45 1.40 1.45 2.48 2.01 2.75 2.40 2.43 3.60 2.35 2.15 2.25 1.90 2.50 2.45 2.85 2.24 2.30 2.40 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.30 2.00 2.25 3.00 2.50 2.05 3.60 3.20 3.58 3.70 3.68 3.80 3.35 3.60 3.50 3.75 3.45 3.65 3.60 3.33 3.30 4.20 3.95 4. 12 3.80 3.80 3.90 3.90 3.92 3.95 3.70 3.80 3.70 3.70 3.85 3. CO 3.53 3 90 3.55 K 2.25 2. 20 2.93 3.00 2.30 2.70 2.32 2.60 2.60 2.55 2.65 2.55 2.50 2.40 2.67 2.10 2.35 2.15 2.25 2. 12 2.20 2.90 2.33 2.30 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.20 2.40 2.20 Skin. ..do.. ..do .. ..do .. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. ..do.. ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. .do .. ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. ..do.. ..do.. ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... .do ... .do .. .do ... Fresh .do ... Skin . . .do ... ..do ... ..do... Remarks. From Prof. Baird do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. ...do. do. ...do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ... do. From Dr. Coues. do. From Prof. Baird ....do. ....do. ....do. 334 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XXXIII. — Measurements of skulls of I.i pea byla \n< us var. sylvaticus. i a a a i 1 71 u © E - z 73 2 'tX •E O Locality. H CD bfc □ O H '%■ X - t- SO t* o a i £ a © -a "3 oc •a OJ ■2 - c a eo 3 a o a p i o 60 = EG '-£ = "c a-a — - _ *a r cd .- c ~ p. E — p c — n E Ti II "3 E a u — 4 - 3' ® cc" U © X 'Z 2 fc. CD — i -r -' 'Els ■ ; t. — ; 1- u _ - || _ 3 5 -a rr. 3 _^ BO ri . -a t- z es - cs = tr 2- z ■z~ 0.55 — O O a X -3 *r u « a. y 0.37 ,d ti a 9 ft" a 3 3 "3 a 'E O it a ns ec K ® to Locality. "When collected. From whom received. Collected by— a J *3 62 8563 8564 8565 6356 8609 11435 11436 11438 11439 11442 1193 773li 3316 Oapt. Van Vliet G. Lincecnm Lieut. D. F. Brown Lieut. D.N. Couch. Win. M. McGraw . Lieut, G. K. "Warren. ...do Capt. Van Vliot W. S. Wood Skin. Skin and skull ..do. ■ Saint Louis, Mo Ft. Leavenworth, Kans do May — , 1857 Jan. 20, 1F55 July 5,1857 Apr. 21, 1857 Skin. do. ...do. Dr. J. G. Cooper W. S. Wood do ....do ...do. 2231 8089 212 .... J. G. Bell Dr. E Palmer Dr. P. R. Hoy W. E. Moore . . do J.G.Bell Skin and skull. ...do. Dr. E. Palmer Dr. P. R. Hoy W. E. Mooro Skin. ..do. Ft. Des Moines, Iowa do Autumn, 1855 .. do ...do ...do. do ..do ...do. do .. do ... do ... do ...do. do .. do ... do ...do ...do. do .. do .. ... do .. do. 2094 2510 do do .. ...do ...do Sknll. Skin and skull. Skin. ...do. Lower Missouri River 80 miles above Couucil Bluffs. Oct, 28,1850 —,1856 Lieut. G. K. Warren ...do Dr. F.V. Hayden.. ...do do . ...do ...do ...do .. do. O do Dr. J. Evans ...do. 9373 9378 9431 2679 2680 5 22 30 Republican Fork, Kans Fort Randall, Dak . . . do May 25, 1864 Jan. 2, 1872 Jan. 2, 1872 Aug. 31, 1868 Oct. 27,1868 Nov. 21, 1868 Dr. E. Cones do ...do. ...do ...do. ...do ...do. Telinantepec, Mexico - do F. Sumicbrast ....do Skin and skull. ...do. do ... do ...do. do ...do ...do Skull. ...do. 9506 1 2 3 61 do . do ...do do . do ...do ...do. do ... do ...do. do May — , 1869 ...do Skin. do. ...do. M. Botteri? M. Botteri? ...do do do ...do ...do. O O O do . ...do ...do. do do .. ...do ...do. . do .. do ...do ...do. Dr. C. Sartorius J. S. Llarrequi do .. Dr. A. Schott ...do do. B53 174 260 273 173 ? d V do do do .. ....do do ...do ...do .do .. . . do ..do 9 ..do .. do ....do LEPORID2E— LEPUS SYLVATICUS VAR. NUTTALLI. 337 Table XXXV. — Measurements of Lepus sylvaticus var. nuttalli. fc- to s p a «V 3 tt o *« +- re O u re W o & 0 o o .2 rs a 5 86 992 0113 1GCG 1799 S87 288 373 314 1723 1724 1720 1 315 1665 1678 1746 658 697 COO Columbia River, Ore- gon Territory. Fort Dalles, Oregon Territory. do 1.33 2. 42 2. rO 2.75 13. CO 15.00 12.00 15.00 14.25 13.00 14.25 16.00 13.25 13.75 12.00 13.50 11.50 12.00 15.25 15.50 16.00 14.00 12. t.O 3.25 2.13 Skin .. ..do ... From Baird. do. do. From Baird. do. ...do. 2.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 2. 00 2.50 2.00 1.00 2.50 2.50 2. 00 3.00 2.60 2. CO 2. id 2.05 1.80 1.90 1.85 1.75 1.75 3.22 4.25 3.85 3. 75 3. 75 3. e5 3. 60 3.35 3.55 2.30 ..do Fresh. ..do ... Percy, Wyoming Ter- ritory. do d d d 1.80 1.85 1.75 1.80 1.90 1.85 1.70 1.25 1.42 3. 00 2.85 2.50 2.80 2.42 2.42 3. 10 3.25 2.85 3.10 3.10 3.17 2.85 2.90 2.75 2.83 2.88 3.00 2.90 3.1.0 2.35 2.95 do do Park County, Colorado do 3.35 3.25 2.40 2.90 2.33 2.57 2.70 2.45 ..do ... ..do .. ..do... do ... ..do ... Skin .. ..do... ..do ... do 1.23 1.00 2.00 1.58 3.10 3.00 3.28 3. 20 3.03 3.23 2. 99 3.13 do ..do ... ..do ... ..do ..do .do ..do ...do. ...do. do. do. do. do. 1.00 1.30 1. 23 1.70 2. til 2.08 . ... do .. do .... 1.25 2.75 San Antonio to El Paso Table XXXVI. — Measurements of skulls of Lepus sylvaticus var. nuttalli. 0. 5 6 a 43 a o * a Si 2_= '— « 2 "a c o — .2 .2 a i - o h 1 © .P ,£3 15 C .a .P o 03 ,= a p. © p & _o Locality. tt a © .a % © +3 u o a o o o © « & a © ■7 © a o J= "re .p -P 43 •P a a o IS P o ,S S o * c m 1 i M"1 re f- ~o © a P. c "5 rn o '3 a © P. "3 tJL 'i? o £ F ° 1 a © p. fe ft p «r « . p ja p.? re EC -5 «r o s p © Si P. f p a re .fc? re & re c= Pi o O o O H a 0 K fc & p ~ b P P p ^ 1-1 1-1 4256 Deer Creek, Wyoming 2.75 1.37 0.70 1.22 0.53 0.50 0.90 1.17 0.33 0.25 0.47 0.37 1.83 1.36 4259 4260 .. do .. 2.80 2.80 1. 43 1.37 0.68 0.70 1.28 1.23 0. 53 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.91 0.93 1.15 Lit; 0.37 0.37 0.23 0.26 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.37 1.92 1.84 1.40 1.42 4261 6872 do 2.67 2.58 1.40 1.31 0.67 0.55 1.10 1.08 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.46 0.85 0.88 1.15 1. 10 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.55 0.52 0.37 0.38 1.85 1.77 1.23 1.17 Wyoming Territory 1233 1232 2.50 2.55 1.26 1.35 0.66 0.69 1.05 1.12 0.49 0.57 0.40 0.44 0.80 0.82 1.18 1.10 0.28 0.32 0.21 0.24 0.44 0.47 0.31 0.40 1.75 1.80 1.28 1.30 1287 do 2.50 1.30 0.70 1.06 0.52 0.50 0.77 1.05 0.27 0.22 0.45 0.35 1.80 1.26 22 M :;::s MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. Table XXXVII. — List of specimens of Lepus svxvaticos var. nuttalli. ■m O 1- © .3 B 3 q 6 B ■ o = £ a a ^t— ■ go | « re . _ fc - = - u a B 5 n •B o 9 = a K Locality. When collected. From \\ ! received. Collected by — e o 3 a a Pi 81 <~i O © U •3 ■a 12011 nog 1494 L66G 1798 ieoo 4129 .... 1 i riii inii.iii f. 1: Mi'ht MJssouri II., 100 miles :ilm\ e Fort Union. July 4, 1874 Aug. 1", ir:,:i A. Campbell Gov. 1. 1. Stevens Lieut.G. K. Warren. ...do . . Dr. E. Cones Dr. F. V. Hayden ...do .. Skin, do. do. do Foi i Pierre, I>ak ... 1 mi 1 Union, Mont do July 14, 1856 July 19, 1856 Aug. 2, 1856 Od ...do ... do ...do. ...do .... do ... .. do. 21 0 ...do ... do ...do. 9654 •9751 9752 9753 9754 9755 9768 9756 9758 9759 9760 9770 9761 9762 H7I3 9764 9765 6766 9767 9604 9605 9606 9603 f2758 12759 12757 12756 12755 12753 .'--1 12849 12850 12851 12852 1455 11337 4256 4259 4260 4261 ...do ... ,lo Skull. .. do. .. ..do .. do . do . do ....do . do . .do. 42 387 420 569 636 679 685 707 714 719 731 736 770 820 808 824 828 838 865 866 867 281 o do ...do . do ...do. Camp Carlin, Wyo . . . Big Sandv, Wyo Green River, Wyo Fort Bridger, Wyo... Henry's Fork, ~U'yo. . Green River, Wyo do Aug. 3, 1870 Sept. 7,1870 Sept. 11, 1870 Sept. 27, 1870 Oct. 3, 1870 Oct. 7, k-70 Oct. 7, 1870 Oct. 9, 1870 Oct. 10, 1870 Oct. 10,1870 Oct. 10, 1870 Oct. 11,1870 Oct. 15,1870 Oct. 12, 1870 Oct. 20, 1870 Oct. 22, 1870 Oct. 22, 1870 Oct. 23, 1870 Oct. 25,1870 Oct. 25, 1870 Oct. 25,1870 Aug. 24, 1870 Aug. — , 1869 Aug. 18, 1869 Aug. 18, 1869 •July 16, 1869 July 29, 1871 July 29, 1871 July 10, 1871 July 10, 1871 July 29, 1871 Aug. 9,1871 Nov. 10, 1871 Dec. 10, 1871 Nov. 10,1871 Nov. 15, 1-71 Nov. 1,1871 Sept. 25, l-7i Apr. 15,1855 Sept 26, 1872 Dr.F.V. Hay den.... ...do ...do H.D. Schmidt do Skin. ...do. ...do ...do. ...do ..do . do ... ...do. do .. ...do. ....do ...do .. do. ....do . do ...do. do ...do .... do . . .do. do ...do do .. ...do. do ...do . do .. do. do ..do . do .. ...do. do ..do . do . ...do. Bitter Creek, Wyo North riatte, Wyo... Pine Grove, Wyo . . do ...do do ...do. ...do do ...do. ...do do .. ...do. ...do do do ...do. do do ...do. Pays Creek, Wyo R< ck Creek, Wyo do ....do do .. ...do. ..do .. do .. ...do. do .. do .. ...do. do ...do . do ...do. North Platte, Wyo... Colorado Territory Don Carlos, Colo do ...do do ...do. .. do . ...do. ... do ...do. do do ...do. Idaho City, Colo Smith Park, Colo do do do ...do. 1009 1010 658 697 600 551 1665 17411 1666 1678 1616 1533 o Rocky Mt. Exped do ...do. ...do. d d O 9 do do do . . ...do. do do do ...do. Bear Creek, Colo Cheyenne, Wyo ....do ... ...do. ...do ...do. do do. ...do. do do do do do ...do. d do do ... do . . ...do ...do. .do .. do . ...do. d Ogden, Utah ...do . do ...do. Fort Bridger, Utah Beaver, Utah - W. M. M.-Graw Lieut G. M. Wheelei do. 308 11. \V. Unisliaw , do. « L. "nuttalli.' t Spocimuu from Huaeuui oi Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. LEPOEIDiE— LErtTS SYLVATICUS VAlt. NUTTALLI. 339 Table XXXVII.— List of .specimen* of Lepus sylvaticvs var. nuttai.li — Continued. o u •u 3 a 1 = o S P.- £ r o ■o S = B ™ o © ci a f, to rr. J ¥ J 0 ? 9 9 0 9 o d Localily. When collected. From whom received. Collected hy — Nature of specimen. 9317 1 I7-J7 11728 11720 11730 1 1731 305 249 251 250 293 294 218 191 331 893 908 Clarence King Lieut. G.M. Wheeler ...do R. Ridgway H. W. Ilenshaw .... do. do. do Tort Garland, Colo. - . do do June 4, 1873 June 5, 1873 June 5,1873 Jnne 7, 1873 June 7, 1873 June 3,1873 Jnne 29, 1873 June 12, 1873 Oct. — , 1873 Oct. 5, 1873 July 24, 1873 July 14,1873 Sept. 14, 1873 ....do ... do . . do do do ...do ..do . do . do do . do do do ...do ....do .. ....do ...do do 117K 11880 11679 11862 11881 11883 3325 4594 3294 1720 373 3225 ;3i4 313 315 1456 1454 8578 8579 8817 8818 267 288 60 4010 Rio Grande, Colo Southern Arizona do ... do ...do do ...do ....do do ... do ....do . do Ft. Wingato, N. Mex. do ...do ...do . .do. 27 435 ....do ... do do. do ... do Lieut. J. C.Ives Dr. W. W. Anderson Captain Brown Capt. J. Pope ... do .. do do J. B. Mdlhausen Dr. W. W. Anderson do. ...do. ...do. Cantonment Burgwvn N. Hex. Ft. MaasachuBetts.N.M Pecoa River, N. ilex.. Between Pecos andRio Grande. in July 18, 1855 Dr. C. B. R. Kennedy ..do . ...do. . do. L C Capt. J. Pope ...do Capt. J. Popo ...do ...do. ...do. Skin and skull. Skin. Skull. Skin. ...do. 1457 do Lieut. Whipple ... do Lieut. Whipple . do . 1233 do Capt. J.Pope ....do Capt. J. Pope ... do do 129 140 498 274 09 cT o d May 14, 1866 May 15, 1866 Aug. 25, I860 June 20, 1866 Oct. 16,1854 Oct. 16,1854 Dr. H. B. Butcher . . . ... do Dr. H. B. Butcher ... do do. ...do. do do do do .. do do. do ...do ...do. Plains of Chihuahua. . do J. Potts ...do. ... do '... do ...do. J. K. Townsend ... V. S. Expl. Exped... J. K. Townsend Dr. W. Stimpson do. do. J Labeled L. " bachmani" '. Table XXXVIII. — Measurements of skulls of LErus SYLVATICUS var. arizon^e. m a o p i ^ « CD X> p CD pM d CD XI CD *j| X» ^ p p v* XI -a tt CD a p CD a Locality. a CD 4 13 00 9 P CD X> CD O Xj Mi p CD of CD a o * 00* CD a o TO O P o c CO u o oo .5 Jj ■t p 1 § p 4> '3 XI CO f- O 00 '3 p . *3 "3 H 5 cd "** p bo p CD CD Cm 11 OO oo" o w P CD bD *S xi o "« "3 J '3 '3 *rt *-" p CO B — o 05 J3 6 O u CD ft CD £ ft 1* n S) 3 ® ft & o & CO 03 MONOGRAMS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. T iBi i XXXIX.— List of specimens of Lepus sylvaticus ear. aiiizoXjB. u 3 J T3 a p a Q - Locality. From whom tv. , Ived Collected by— — B0 P U ea p rt 9 3 at O 8-139 o 1503 % I rf Beall's Springs, Ariz Sept. P. 186S Dr. E. Cones Dr. E. Conea Skin. ' ■ d" Feb. 10,1807 Dr. E. Palmer Dr. E. Palmer ..do. " su '3 W 309 1163 1594 159G 2045 3.00 3.20 3.33 14.50 15.00 14.50 11.00 1.50 2.25 3.17 3.05 3.08 From Baird. do 9 3.15 2.00 3.25 Tadle XLI. — List of specimens of Lepus sylvaticus rar. auduboni. 5 s- s e p P © a . c a a x o a 3 a it _: .= a 1-3 " 2 o u < 0/ Lbpus tbowbm 1 1 0 0 6 a i c u £ - c - — s Locality. a 2 0 a « 5; a e 3 E ,2 si ■5 p C 3 9 X 0 ^ c: re s & ~ 3 s 1 re tt a a 0 0 re ft P S '3 A 5 A •0 «3 en n s c £r S - ~ re ■ ' B 5 is ^ ■3 3 O c Si 0 ■* g s ■a a 'Si 4a 43 O $ £ O B a re at 0 3 0 1 re O = t c- K 4/ "3 P. C .3 u H - - a u c t 1 = ^ % a = = t- a 5- f- — 5 u 0 EC u ■(205 O 1165 H 0 Q fc fc •A P L. 1= - t - ►J 1.70 *- Port Crunk. Cal .. 2.55 1.32 0.67 1.09 11 52 0.44 0. ;s 1.07 0. 30 0.47 0. 3.-, 1. 15 1871 San Francisco, Cal 2.45 1.25 0.55 1.17 0. 42 0 36 11. 7.', 1.03 0.25 0.21 0.48 0.35 1233 icon ....do 0.57 0.54 1.12 l.O.i 0. 47 0.47 0.44 0.44 0. 85 0.82 1.07 1. 00 0.24 I). 25 0. 22 0.21 0.47 0.31 0.35 1.73 1.70 1.12 1.08 ....do 3564 3C3G Fort Tejon, Cal... 2.55 1.25 0.50 1.03 0.52 0.44 0.77 1.13 0.27 0. 23 0. 45 0.36 1.67 1.09 3592 3631 ....do 1.20 0.55 0.40 0.73 0.97 0. 45 0.35 1.52 1.04 4221 Capo St. Lucas, L. Cal. 2.18 1.15 0.55 0.90 0.40 0.36 0.65 0.82 0. 23 0. 18 0.40 0.37 1.42 1.03 4240 ....do 2.30 0.61 0.97 0.45 0.40 0.70 0.92 0.23 0.20 0.42 0.34 4241 ...do 2.37 1.15 0.57 0.98 0.43 0.36 0.74 1). 113 11. 20 0.18 0. 4:, 0.37 1. 50 1.04 4144 ... do 2. 311 1.20 0.65 0.92 0.45 0.40 0.70 0.90 0. 24 0.18 0. 42 0. 35 1. 52 1.05 Table XI.IV . — List of specimen* o/Lepus trowbrihgei. - H £ _; - i: ^ re * >*- 0 tt c 1 = 6 &_• 11 a * 0 « re ■3 a re M CO Locality. to 1 a s .a Front wbotn received. Collected by— | p. CO Vh O O u 1 *585 •586 705 706 707 1171 310 311 312 669 11-3 »7 1 2975 1590 1592 ID93 3631 3630 5912 51)11 1871 1872 Lt. W. P. Trowbridge do . . . Lt. W. P. Trowbridge do Skull, do do do Mus. Comp. Zool ..do ... Alcoholic, do do do do Lt. W. P. Trowbridge do Lt. Vf. P. Trowbridge . do Skin, do do do do do do Lieu tenant Will iaujBon Lt. W. P. Trowbridge do do 1869 1235 do Lt. W. P. Trow bridge- do .. Skull. Skin aud skull. Skin, do San Francisco or Mon- terey, Cal. do do do do Dr. J. G. Cooper do do do do do 3592 3568 4221 4240 4241 4244 9 9 San Diego, Cal do Mar. — , 1856 Feb. 19, 1856 Feb. 27, 1856 Dr. J. F. Hammond . do Dr. J. F. Hammond do do. do do do .. do do. Fort Tejon, Cal Skin aud skull, do. do do Cape Saint Lucas, Cal do do do SkuU. do do SO do .... do do .... do SanJOBe. Cal Santa Bat bara, Cal . . . May — , 1859 Apr. — , 1859 June 26, 1875 .. do do do do . Skin, do. do do Lt. G. M. Wbeelet II. W. Hi-tisliaw' ..do. ■"■us from the Museum of Comparative Zoo ngy, Caoihtidge, Mass LEPORID^— LEPUS GRAYSONI. 347 LEPUS GRAYSONI, nov. sp. Grayson's Hare. General color above pale rufous or dull cinnamon-brown, varied with blackish- brown; below whitish. Upper surface of the head ferrugineous, finely mixed with black, fading anteriorly to paler rufous ; sides of muzzle yellowish-brown; sides of the head pale fulvous-brown, below and behind the eye sparsely varied with black, a narrow pale ring around the eye, not more conspicuous than mL.sylvaticus; nape rufous. Ears covered with very short hair, looking nearly naked, yellowish-brown mixed with black anteri- orly, at the base passing into blackish-brown, varied with yellowish-brown toward the tip; anterior margin whitish-edged till near the tip, where it is margined with blackish; posterior surface of the ears lighter and nearly naked. Dorsal region nearly uniformly pale reddish or cinnamon-brown, varied with blackish-brown, becoming paler and with fewer blackish hairs on the sides of the body and over the rump. Tail above blackish-brown, shading into the color of the rump; while below. Chin and sides of the lower jaw nearly white, passing into brown on the throat. Fore ueck uniform reddish-brown. Middle of the lower surface of the body from between the fore legs to the tail whitish. Outer surface of limbs reddish-brown; inner surface whitish; upper surface of hind feet varied with pale rufous and whitish. Size and proportions same as in average specimens of L. sylvaticus. Feet small; nails naked. This species is based mainly on a specimen collected at the Tres Marias Islands by the late Col. A. J. Grayson. It is of about the size of Lepus sylvaticus, but differs in many important features from any of the varieties of the L. sylvaticus group. The form of the postorbital processes shows that in this respect its affinities are with this group rather than with the Aquatic Hares (L. palustris and L. aquaticus), although its feet are small and as sparsely haired as in L. palustris. In general color and in some other features, it somewhat resembles L. brasiliensis, but is in other respects quite different. It has a tail as short as L. trowbridgei. A second specimen, from Talamanca, Costa Rica, collected by J. Carmiol, is also referred to this species. It agrees with the Tres Marias specimen in size, proportions, and all essential particulars, but it is somewhat paler-colored. The pelage is rather harsher, and is evidently much worn, so that the paler color may be in part due to fading, or to seasonal difference. 348 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKT11 AMERICAN KODENTIA. Tabus XLV. — Measurements of Lupus GRAYbONi. u o 1 a p 6 = z "a "5 o u 5 .2 s = a *3 a '8 Locality. From Up of nose lo — Toil to end of— Length of— 5 o 43 J5 tr, "S K Collected by — H X -J 63 Occiput. Tail. i I > CO u n 1. so 1 s 1 .5 H 6318 11409 133 Trea Marios Islands . .. Tulamnuca, Coeta R!ca 9 l. 63 1.C5 •-'.90 a 90 3.25 14.50 3. S5 .... 0.75 1.20 1.50 1.75 3.40 3. CO 2.40 2.20 A. .T. GrajKon. J. Carmiol. LEPUS BRASILIENSIS Linn. Brazilian Hare; Tapeti. Lepus brasiliensis Brisson, Eeg. Auim., 1756, 141.— Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., i, 1766, 78.— Erxleben Syst. Eeg. Auim., 1777, 336.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 164— Schreber, Sauget, iv, 1792, 902.— Shaw, Gen. Zoiil., ii, 1801, 208.— Azara, Paraguay, ii, 1801, 57.— Desmarkst, Mam- malogie, 1822, 351.— Maximilian, Beitrage z. Naturg. Bras., ii, 1826, 450.— Fischer, Synop. Mam., 1829, 375— Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, i, 1844, 198- Wagner, Schreber's Siiuget., Suppl., iv, 1844, 116.— Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 141.— Giebel, Siiuget., 1855, 450.— Frantzius, Wiegm. Arch., 1869, i, 276 (Costa Rica).— Hensel, Abband. d. phys. Klasse d. kiinigl. Akad. d. Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1872, 62 (Southern Brazil).— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 435. Lepus tapeti Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glires, 1778, 30.— Zimmermann, Geograph. Gesch., ii, 1780, 334. Tapeti brasiliensis Gray, Auu. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 224. " Tapeti brasiliensibiis, MarcGRAve, Brazil, 223." About the size of Lepus sylvaticus, or a little smaller ; ears rather longer than in that species, and the tail shorter. Fur rather short and harsh; feet rather sparsely clothed, above yellowish-brown, varied with black, not very different in coloration from Lepus palustris; sides of the nose, orbital ring, throat, and abdomen white ; legs and nape-patch bright rufous, the latter whitish on the inner side. Tail brown above, rufous yellow below. Of this species I have very few specimens, and am hence unable to give much original information respecting it. Its reputed range extends through- out the greater part of South America, from Paraguay northward to Central America. With such a wide range, it would be surprising if it preserved everywhere uniform characters. Waterhouse refers to two specimens from Bolivia, one of which, "an extremely young specimen," differs from the other in being blacker, and in having the rufous of the limbs, nape-patch, etc., of a brighter tint; in other words, having the colors much more intense. A half grown and rather faded specimen in the present collection from "Vermeto", Paraguay (the only one I have from South America), is not very appreciably different in color from ordinary specimens of L. palustris, though rather paler. The ears, however, are longer, and the tail shorter, the latter rufous-yellow below instead of white. A specimen from Chiriqui and two others from Costa LEPORIDiE— LEPUS BRASILIENSIS VAE. GABBI. 349 Rica (one of them quite immature) are much more yellow above than the Parana specimen, the general color above being yellowish-rufous mixed with black. The ears are also fully one-fourth shorter than in the Parana specimen, and considerably shorter than the measurements given by Water- house. The differences are so striking that at first I was inclined to regard the Costa Rican specimens as specifically distinct from the South American L. brasiliensis, and I propose finally to treat them as varietally distinct, under the subspecific designation of gabbi, which may be characterized as follows; LEPUS BRASILIENSIS var. GABBI. Central American Hare. Size of Lepus trowbridgei ; ears very short; tail rudimentary. Above pale cinnamon-brown, strongly varied with blackish. Whole upper surface of the head bright yellowish-ferruginous mixed with black. Nape pale rufous. A conspicuous, large, whitish spot below and behind the nostril, bordered by yellowish-brown, which latter color extends over the sides of the head, where it is varied with black. Chin and space over the rami of the lower jaw white. Fore neck pale yellowish-brown ; rest of lower parts white. Ears anteriorly varied with pale rufous and black, with a narrow whitish border; ears nearly naked posteriorly. Limbs strongly rufous externally, inside much paler and more or less varied with white. Tail like the back above, yellowish- brown below. The most striking peculiarity of this form is the shortness of the ears, which are much shorter than in any other species of Lepus with which I am acquainted. In size, it seems to be fully as small as L. trowbridgei. The specimens are all more or less mutilated, so that the character of the tail cannot be well determined. The Lepus brasiliemis of von Frantzius, from Costa Rica, doubtless refers to this variety. Table XL VI. — Measurements of Lepos brasiliensis (including var. gabbii). ® & u 2 £> p a = B.-S p a © eS © o Kouiarks. 2.55 2.60 1.23 1.25 0.63 0.62 1.00 0.97 0.50 0. 50 0.33 0.34 0.% 0.1)2 ii. :>o 0.50 1.02 1,93 From Waterhouse. do. Tablk XLVIII. — List of specimens o/Lepus brasilirnsis (including var. Gabbii). © a "6 d a a a © id p a © Locality . a © From whom received. P. CO ft as ■c o O o .3 a ft O O © ^ » 4653 Capt. T.J. Pago 8140* 1137 L 11372 1865 do 18 19 d* cf W. M.Gabb do do do do LEPUS CALLOTIS Wagler. Var. CALLOTIS. Mexican Hare ; Southern Jackass Hare. Lepus callotis WAGLEB, Nat. Syst. Amphib., 1830, 35; Isis, 1831, 511— Wagner, Schreber's Sauget., iv, pi. vexxxiii E ; Suppl., iv, 1844, 106. — Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Manj., ii, 1848, 138. — Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Amer., ii, 1851, 95, pi. lxiii. — Woodhouse, Sitgreaves's Col. aud Zuui River Exped., 1853, 55.— Giebel, Siiuget., 1855, 449.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 1857,590, pi. lvii, fig. 1, skull (in part ouly) ; U. S. aud Mex. Bound. Survey, ii, ii, 1859, 45, pi. xxv, fig. 1 (skull). — Saussure, Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 1860, 56 (Province of Michoacan). — Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867,224 (in part only). — Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 435 (in part only). Lepus nigricaudatus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i, 1833. 41.— Bachman, Jouro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Tliila., viii, 1839, 84. "Lepus mexicanus Licht.," Richardson, Sixth Rep. British Ass. (1836), 1837, 150, 158. Lepus callotis var. nigricaudatus Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget., iv, 1844, 107 Lepus callotis var. flavigularis Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget., iv, 1844, 107. Lepus texianus Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Amer.,iii, 1853, 156, pi. exxxiii. Var. TEXIANUS. Northern Jackass Hare. Lepus texianus Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 136, 1848 (not of Aud. and Bach.). Lepus callotis Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 590, 1857 (in part only). — Kennerly, Pacific R. R. Expl. and Sur- veys, x, vi, 16, 1859 (Fort Conrad, N. M.). — Suckley, Pacific R. R. Expl. and Surveys, xii, iii, 104, 1860 (Bois6 River, Oregon). — Suckley & Gibbs, ibid., 131. — Coues, Am. Nat., i, 531, 1867 (Arizona); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 136.— Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, 470, 1869 (Colorado Valley).— Merriam, Hayden's U. S. Geol. .Survey, Sixth Ann. Rep., 666, 1873 (Ogdeu, Utah).— Allex, Bull. Essex lustitute, vi, 52, 66, 1874 (Wyoming and Salt Lake Valley). LEPORID^— LEPUS CALLOTIS ET VAR. 351 Var. texianus. Northern Jackass Hare. Above pale ashy-gray, sometimes tinged with brownish and mixed with black. Below white, or nearly white on the middle of the belly, passing into grayish-white or very pale brownish-white on the sides, the inside of the limbs, and on the breast, where it is more strongly brownish. Throat lighter, nearly white. Orbital ring white, varying to yellowish-white. Ears more or less broadly tipped with black, yellowish-brown (externally), mixed with black on the anterior half, whitish on the posterior half, passing into white at the base ; fringe of the borders yellowish-white. Tail black above, the black extending forward upon the rump, very much as in L. cali- fornicus ; sides and below gray. This species presents considerable variations in color, and in the fullness and softness of the fur, with the season. The above description applies more especially to fall and winter specimens, in which the pelage is very full, long, and soft, and in which the feet are well clothed. In summer specimens, the fur of the body is shorter, and the feet and legs are more sparsely clothed. The brownish tint of the back is perhaps rather stronger, and the limbs are of a more decided gray ; the lower surface, except the breast, is generally pure white. One of the most marked seasonal differences in color, however, consists in the color of the nape-patch, which in winter specimens differs but little in tint from the general color of the upper surface, and over which the fur is long and soft, gray externally, and black at the base. In summer specimens, the fur of the nape-patch is short and generally intense black, owing, in part at least, to the shedding or wearing-off of the longer gray outer covering of winter. Specimens collected at the same season vary in respect to the amount of black in the dorsal surface and in the strength of the pale fulvous shade. Var. callotis. Mexican Hare ; Southern Jackass Hare. Slightly smaller than var. texianus, with the black on the tips of the ears nearly or quite obsolete, being replaced with pale yellowish or pure ichite. Above more or less strongly yellowish-brown, mixed with black; lower surface, including the limbs and sides of the rump, white, usually finely 352 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMBEIGAB RODENTIA. mixed with black, especially on the limbs; breast pale yellowish, varying to bright fulvous. A specimen from Tehuantepec (No. 9430), collected December 3, is the most highly-colored of any in the collection, and agrees perfectly with Wag- ner's description of his variety Jlaingularis. In this, the color above is bright yellowish-brown, strongly variegated with black. The neck in front and the breast are strongly yellowish-brown, which color extends forward on either side of the throat and along the sides of the body. The rest of the lower parts are pure white ; the legs are of a pure, rather dark, gray, which color, rather more mixed with black, extends over the thighs and the sides of the rump. The fur is everywhere very short and rather harsh, as compared with winter specimens of var. texianus; the pelage of the legs is especially short, so that these parts look very small and slender. Summer specimens from Southern Texas (Nos. 252, 241, 134, etc.) present the same general features of short, rather harsh, pelage, very scantily- clothed legs and feet, and brighter and purer colors ; but the fulvous tint, especially over the fore neck and breast, is of a much more brownish cast. A specimen from Orizaba, Mexico, quite closely resembles, in the color of the dorsal surface, the specimens from Texas, but the brownish tint of the breast and sides of the body is nearly obsolete, the whole lower surface of the body being almost uniformly pure white. A striking feature in this specimen, remarkable for the general lightness of its colors, is the terminal white patch on the ears. Considering the varieties in their co-specific relationship, we find that the Texan and Mexican specimens are much more strongly colored, especially in respect to the fulvous tint, than specimens of the more northern type, while the palest specimens come from Arizona and Utah. A specimen from Boise' River, Oregon, is varied with black and gray above, with only a very faint tinge of brownish on the limbs, sides, and breast. The black at the tip of the ear varies from a patch an inch or more in length to a narrow terminal bordering, and is sometimes wholly obsolete. It is narrower in Texas specimens than in those from Arizona and Utah, existing in some of the former only as a very narrow border, while in the specimens from Mexico it is wholly absent, being replaced in one by white and in the other by fulvous. The extremes in respect to variation in color, as indicated in the varietal diagnoses, present very wide differences, but there are so many intervening LEP0RID2E— LEPUS CALLOTIS ET. VAR. 353 stages that the passage from the one to the other is by very gradual steps. Thus the general aspect above of specimens from Utah is grayish-white, with the faintest tinge of brownish, strongly mixed with black, with a black spot at the tip of the ear an inch or more in length. The specimens from Texas and Orizaba, on the other hand, are strongly washed above with fulvous, with the black ear-spot greatly reduced or wholly obsolete. In the Tehuantepec specimen, the fulvous culminates in a quite intense yellowish-brown. The general size varies, as usual, very considerably in different individ- uals. Taking the size of the skull as the most convenient standard of com- parison, we find the extremes of variation in a series of eight adult specimens to be, length, 3.37 to 4.08 ; width, 1.63 to 1.82. The ears vary in length in different specimens from 4.50 to 6.00, the largest-eared examples coming generally from the most southern localities. General remarks. Synonymy. — The variations in color already described have given rise to several synonyms. The species was first described by Wagler in 1830, from specimens collected in Mexico, under the name Lepus callolis. In 1833, Mr. Bennett redescribed it from specimens said to have come from "Cali- fornia'', but which doubtless came from Western Mexico, under the name Lepus nigricaudatus. In ] 836, Richardson referred undoubtedly to this species, under what seems to have been a MS. name of Lichtenstein's in the Berlin Museum, as " Lepus mexicanus Licht.''* Wagner, in 1844, redescribed the species from Mexican specimens, recognizing three varieties from Mexico, viz, var. I. L. callolis; var. II. L. nigricaudatus ; var. III. L. Jlavigularis, all based on specimens from Mexico. The differences consist in variations of color, the variety named Jlavigularis apparently closely resembling the above-described example from Tehuantepec. In 1848, Waterhouse described a specimen, from an unknown locality, with black tips to the ears, as presuma- bly the Lepus texianus of Audubon and Bachman, on the identification of the specimen by Mr. J. W.Audubon. In 1853, Audubon and Bachman described a Lepus texianus as the common "Jackass Rabbit'' of Texas, but without any allusion to Waterhouse's provisional description of a species under the same name. Audubon and Bachman do not mention the ears as having black tips, * Respecting this name, Waterhouse observes : " The brief note relating to the L. mexicanus of the Berlin Museum, furnished me by Dr. Bachman, describes that animal as having the back of the neck black ; the white of the under parts of the body extending high upon tho flanks, and, indeed, in all other respects agreeing with the characters of L. callolis." Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 141. 23 m 354: MONOGRAPHS OF NORTB AMERICAN RODENTIA. hut refer to one specimen as having the margin of the car hrown. These and other slight discrepancies arc noted by Baird, who, in 1857, doubtfully referred the Lepus texianus of Waterhouse to L. callotis, bul left the L. texi- (iiius of Audubon and Bachman in his list of those his material did not allow him to satisfactorily discuss. It will be noticed that in the descriptions accompanying the above-cited names the black spot at the tip of the ear, which is so constant in specimens from the United States, is not mentioned except in Waterhouse's description of his "Lcpus texianus!", and that the other features of coloration apply strictly to the Mexican specimens, and in less degree to those from Texas, but not at all to specimens from the Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, and Wyoming. Professor Baird very distinctly referred to the differ- ences presented by specimens from the northward as compared with those from Texas and Mexico, and thought it possible the form from the more northern localities in the United States might prove to be a distinct species, at the same time calling attention to the complete gradation by easy stages from the one extreme to the other. Although this gradation is unquestionable the constancy of the very considerable differences between the northern and southern forms seems to warrant their differentiation as geographical races. Waterhouse's description clearly refers to the northern type, which he describes as having the fur "long and soft, the general hue of the animal pale, inclining to ashy-gray, but strongly mottled with black and brownish- white", "the ears with a large black patch at the apex externally", etc., and hence his name, notwithstanding its unfortunate geographical allusion, is unquestionably applicable to the northern type, while Texas specimens, espe- cially those from near the Mexican border, present an intermediate phase more strongly resembling the southern than the northern type. Lepus callotis finds its nearest ally in L. californicus, but differs from it so considerably in color and in other respects (as will be pointed out under the head of L. californicus) as to be readily distinguishable from it. From L. campestris, which agrees with it quite nearly in size, and also resembles it considerably in color, it is easily separable, as already shown in the discus- sion of that species ; L. campestris differing from L. callotis in its shorter ears, in wanting the black on the tail, and in becoming white in winter. Geographical distribution. — The habitat of Lepus callotis var. texianus may be given as extending from Southeastern Oregon southward to Mexico, and from the Sierra Nevada Mountains eastward to near the eastern border LEPOKID.E— LETOS CALLOTIS ET VAR. 355 of the plains east of the Rocky Mountains. Dr. Cooper gives its western limit in latitude 35° as the Colorado River. I have observed it on the plains of Western Nebraska and Middle Kansas; and there are specimens in the collection from as far east as Austin, Texas. It does not appear to overlap the range of Lepus californicus, but extends over the southern half of the range of Lepus campestris. Toward the Mexican border, especially in Texas, it begins to very generally take on the distinctive features of variety callotis. The habitat of Lepus callotis var. callotis extends from about the southern boundary of the United States far southward into Mexico, there being speci- mens in the collection from Orizaba and Tehuantepec; and De Saussure mentions it as being common in the province of "Mechoacan'', in about lati- tude 19°. Table XLIX. — Measurements of Lepus callotis. ID s s a © . a a SB o O Locality. © CO From tip of Dose to— Tail to eud of— Length of— u © O s tf '© w Kemarfes. "o u O '3 .a co © O o 1 ■a a s 454 299 134 135 252 301 2968 1721 1722 346 d 22.50 19.75 19.50 24.50 21.75 20. 50 19.00 24. 00 28.00 17.50 1.70 2.17 2.17 2.93 2.25 2.05 2.05 2.38 2.20 4.40 4. 58 4. 58 4.58 4. fiO 4.58 4.95 5.115 4.88 4.90 5.07 4.50 5.07 4.75 5.00 5.22 5.95 5.95 5.95 From Baird. ...do. ...do. ... do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. . . .do. ...do. Cbarco Escondido, Mexico 4.08 3.83 4.00 4.80 4.83 4.55 3.30 5.00 4. CO 4.45 2.25 3.25 do 4.25 4.00 4.17 1.75 1.88 3.08 2.83 2.75 4. Of 9 do Ti kBLE L. — Measurements of skulls of Lepus callotis (include ng rars. texianus anc callotis; . 3 •6 a 3 a © u o © o o o ,a © ■2 © a CO & © 61 a CO -5 ■0* CD a a a © a 3 a Locality. -a* M A % © CO © a to" © a to © a 05 o to £ '5 ■- s to o to £ a 1 1 g g "3 fe GO a CO © .a 3 73 © CO © © o o .9 -a P CD -— t. q ,M a B -a « a •r^ ■r-a o "3 p •a % a « % 13 "rt u £ 11 © a ft" © Cu © © 8 ti © © ft & © is © C3 Cj ci O o H e P fc Iz; ft p P P P P p rf ij 7630 3.93 1.75 0.90 0.80 1 77 1 22 0 65 2.65 1.30 1215 ...do 3.70 1.73 1.50 0.83 0.70 1.12 1.45 0.37 0.33 0 63 0.52 2.60 1.69 7630&IS ...do 4.08 1.75 0.87 1.95 0.88 0.8C 1.37 1.77 0.34 0.34 0.75 0.54 2.98 1.92 7496 ...do 3.85 1.82 0.87 1.75 0.87 1.28 1.60 0.4*2 0.35 0.70 0.57 •1118 11774 Eagle Pass, Tex.. 3.37 4.05 1.63 1.70 0.65 0.68 1.50 1.92 0.67 0.80 0.74 1.10 1.36 1.37 1.88 0.60 0.65 0.47 0.57 2.50 2.83 1.92 0.50 0.35 8653 Tehnan tepee, Mex 3.66 1.80 0.90 1.70 0.85 o.eo 1.15 1.67 0.40 0.34 0.67 0.52 2.70 1.90 8982 9430 ...do 3.97 1.82 0.91 1.75 0.87 o. *4 1.25 1.70 0.38 0.35 0.67 0.55 2.85 1.88 1260 Ft Conrad, N. M. 3.80 1.75 0.75 1.65 0.60 0.74 1.24 1.60 0.40 0.35 0.60 0.50 2.50 1.60 * Rather yoniig. 35G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMKIIICAN RODENTIA. Table LI. — List of specimens of Lepus callous {including rats, texianub and cau.otis). o I* 9 ,3 a 3 Q lei 1* B = a _: .5 3 = -* 1 " o £ 5 s 9 n "a a § O a bo a -3 a a M xr. Locality. When collected. Fmm whom received. Collected by — Nature of spec- imen. 454 455 31H14 11316 27 28 Bois6 River, Oregon T. .. do Sept. 27, 1854 Sept— ,1854 Gov. I. I.Stevens .. do Dr. George Suckley ...do Skin. ...do. C. S. McCarthy ...do. 26 1378 389 1068 1488 748 701 893 9 9 cf 3 — z s <~ % o Locality. K From tip of nose to — Tail to end of- Length of — i O .£? '3 w Remarks. >> a 31 O '3 H is *3 n i 9 O fH 2.05 2.32 2.50 2.55 2.30 1.98 «3 O a W 1169 668 3976 1980 1168 S965 1595 1327 8415 2.20 2.40 2.35 2.35 1.76 1.50 1.76 2.00 3.50 4. 75 4.10 3.45 3.10 3.45 3.50 4.03 4.90 4.75 4.70 3. 95 3.40 3. 95 5. 00 20.00 25.00 22.00 21.00 20. 00 15.00 20.00 IS. 00 5.05 5.30 5.20 5.60 5.10 4.70 3.63 4.70 5.20 5.70 5.82 G.50 5.40 COO 5.10 3.35 5. 10 6.20 From Baird. do. do. From Baird. do. do. do. Collector's measurements. 3.00 3.20 2.95 3.00 1.28 3.00 •1. 00 5.35 4.7(1 4.70 4.00 2.38 4.00 5. 20 do 5 t) P 1= t> t= P h5 ►J 2-271 Petalunia, Cal 3.72 1.70 0.82 1.50 0.83 0.70 1.16 1.50 0.32 0.32 0.62 0.54 2.47 1.35 2272 ....do 3.85 1.70 o.to 1.57 0.75 0.80 1.27 1.52 0.37 0.33 0.07 0.50 2.65 1.55 2273 1416 ....do 3.88 1.75 0.86 0.86 1.20 1.C0 0.36 0.35 0.02 0.51 2.62 1.52 •2274 ....do 3.55 1.70 0. 75 1.45 0.75 1.10 1.45 0.30 0.30 0.56 0.50 2.43 1.44 3226 2918 Sail Frauciaco, Cal. .... a 98 1.75 0.85 1.73 0.86 0.81 1.29 1.68 0.64 0.50 2.77 1.60 3571 3628 Ft. Tejon, Cal 3.60 1.64 0.86 1.50 0.70 0.70 1.15 1.50 0.38 0.33 0.58 0.55 2.45 1.45 4137 4018 Cape St. Lu- cas, L. Cal. J 3.65 1.55 0.74 1. 45 0.75 0.70 1. 12 1.44 0.40 0.37 0.60 0.45 2.45 1.48 4139 2175 ....do 3.60 0.78 1.47 0.78 0.70 1.10 1.45 0.40 0.33 0.60 0.45 4220 4116 ....do 3.55 1.53 0.70 1.40 0.70 0.66 1.08 1.40 0.40 0.35 o. se 0.50 2.40 1.37 4225 ....do 3.45 1. 55 0.67 1.35 0.07 0.60 1.05 1.40 0.38 0.35 0.55 0.45 2. 27 1.40 4226 ....do d 3.55 1.63 0.73 1.53 0.68 0.64 1.07 1.45 0.40 0.35 0.57 0.40 2.30 1.52 4227 do cf 3.45 1.55 0.77 1.35 0.72 0.68 1.05 1.35 0.42 0.36 0. CO 0.40 2.17 1.40 t4228 ....do 3.50 1.67 0.75 1.46 0.73 0.68 1.12 1.40 0.40 0.30 0. 57 0.50 2.35 1.45 4229 do 3.57 1.54 0.76 1.40 0.67 0.68 1.15 1.45 0.38 0.32 0.62 0.45 2.20 1.45 4230 ....do 3.50 1.C0 0.75 1.37 0.70 0.66 1.12 1.43 0.45 0.35 0.60 0.50 4231 ....do 3.47 1.57 0.62 1.45 0.67 0.66 1.08 1.36 0.40 0.33 0.57 0.42 2. 25 1.42 7462 8894 ArizoBa .... 3.55 1.00 0.75 1.45 0.75 0.71 1.12 1.48 0.40 0.35 0.62 0.50 2.57 1.62 * Bather young. t Molars, r^; laat left upper molar undeveloped. 300 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Tabu; LIV. — List of specimens of Lepos caiifobnicus. o u a 9 a 3 o o S 2 a « U 3 3 a fcc_; Z r ~_ <— » O i* u Of .a a a a B "Q o C3 a a Locality. When collected. From whom reoeivi A. Collected by — Nature of spec- imen. 1416 2971! 2916 32S5 3680 664 66S 1027 1669 2965 5908 5905 5907 5910 5841 8415 4878 2175 4116 8891 1327 2271 2272 2273 B274 E. Samuels .. do Skull, do do do do do ... do Skin and skull. Skull. Skiu. Skin and skull. Skin. do. do do do do do do do 3226 324 TJ. S. Expl. Expod do Dr. W. Stimpson do do Vallecita, Cal Dr. J. S. Newberry . . Lt. W. P. Trowbridge do Dr. J. S. Newberry T. A.Szabo ... Bodega, Cal do do .. do 70 3r<3 394 2074 1122 © 43 a s © 3 a bt •= 3 " a o o Locality. © CO From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— ■3 3 EM o ti © 3 & u © tH O -W .3 *© w Remarks. a '5 o O "3 H 43' © © GO t- "3 W 1255 1254 1256 1613 1015 1616 1619 1620 1621 1211 Society Hill, S. C 3.65 3.80 3.10 3.60 3.50 3.38 3.48 3.45 3.65 14.50 15. 00 12.50 17.00 16.00 iaoo 10. 50 17.00 17.00 16. 50 3.33 3.77 3.60 3.20 3.50 3.35 3.40 3.50 3.40 3.45 2.50 2.32 2.30 2.60 From Baird. ...do. ....do. ...do. do do do 0.98 0.75 0.65 1.78 1.50 1.45 9 9 cT 9 do do 2.45 2.38 ...do. ...do. do. do. do do 2.27 2.35 ....do. ...do. Table LVI. — Measurements of siulh of Lepits palustris. _J o o 3 3 M CO Cm o u to 43 3 d ,3 bo p CD 43 43 CO u o © 43 43 a © a o §1 * a S tM £ c -it> .3 be '3 43 Xi to 4S 03 43 ~5) 43 © © 1 CD 43 4= 3 *o •& © -O a 3 a Locality. 43 43 3 1 CO it CO t CO t4 o © - to B s g © to" a © © 43 9 3 bo O M 3 CD CO to % 3 O 4= 3 C ,3 a o 4= 3 to ■H C. © -r ■s a 3 c •M © © 3 M © « V, 3 © 3 u © 1J o 6 = t. © © © a S Is Is rt O U etc — = a a, £ a 8 a S O H o a is fr •a 0 (3 t= P t= t- iJ ^ 2057 Saint Simon's Island, Ga 3.10 1.47 0.68 1.25 0.53 0.54 1.00 1. 32 0.60 0.45 2. 35 1.53 2453 do 3.13 1.48 0.75 1.27 0.53 0.54 0.94 1.30 0.35 0.28 0.65 0.53 2.35 1.55 2454 do... 3.00 1.42 0.68 1.22 0.53 0.54 0.94 1.23 0.30 0.24 0.57 0.48 2. 27 1.52 2455 do ... 3.06 1.48 0.73 1.20 0.56 0.58 0.95 1.32 0.34 0.27 0.60 0.46 2.40 1.52 2456 do ... 3.00 1.45 0.67 1.15 0.52 0.50 0.92 1.30 0.33 0.28 0.58 0.45 2.32 1.53 2457 do ... 3.20 1.52 0. 73 1.29 0.58 0.52 1.00 1.35 0.35 0.30 0.62 0.47 2.20 1.50 2458 do... 3.00 1.43 0.68 1.15 0.53 0.50 0.92 1.25 0.35 0.27 0.57 0.42 2.27 1.54 2459 do... 3.05 1.45 0.67 1.20 0.53 0.52 1.00 1.32 0.32 0.25 0.56 0.45 2.32 1.50 2460 do... 3.03 1.40 0.62 1.23 0.57 0.52 0.93 1.27 0.32 0.26 0.58 0.43 2.20 1.50 2461 do ... 3.00 1.47 0.62 1.17 0.55 0.52 0.93 1.26 0.32 0.27 0.62 0.45 2.32 1.52 2462 do ... 3. 10 1.45 0.67 1.33 0.48 0.54 0.97 1.28 0.33 0.28 0.62 0.47 2.37 1.58 4369 Georgia... 3.10 1.57 0.73 1.21 0.52 0.54 0.93 1.30 0.31 0.26 0.60 0.48 2.36 1.65 8965 Fort Macon, N. C Maximum 3.10 1.45 0.70 1.22 0.53 0.60 0.97 1.35 0.20 0.26 0.57 0.44 2.42 1.53 3.20 1.57 0.75 1.33 0.58 0.60 1.00 1.35 0.35 0.30 0.65 0.53 2.42 1.65 Minimum 3.00 1.40 0.62 1.15 0.48 0.50 0.92 1.23 0.26 0.24 0.57 0.42 2.20 1.50 Average 3.07 1.51 0.71 1.24 0.54 0.62 0.97 1.29 0.32 0.28 0.60 0.45 2.28 1.54 364 MONOGEArilS OF NOETH AMERICAN EODENTIA. Table LVII. — List of specimens of Lepus palustris. Cm o u CI a e a i a . S n 5 3 a • a 3 a 1-a * u fc J c ■" u u a a a "a a '£ O <0 « a a ae M at Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by— Nature of spec- imen. ;mi7 9-118 11419 1255 1256 1211 1615 1621 4018 1614 H459 •2143 6357 6965 2086 2089 2088 1023 1624 1625 .... Fort Macon, N. C ...do May — , 1869 ...do ....do Dr.E.Coues ...do Skin. ..do. . do do .. ...do ...do do. 9 ...do ...do .. ....do ...do Skull. Skin and skull. Skull. .. do. Society Hill, S.C do Winter M. A. Curtis & Sons ...do M. A. Curtis &. Sons. ... do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do. 2057 2461 2203 2204 2205 2206 2461 2462 2453 2454 2455 2456 2407 2458 Saint Simon's Isl., Ga. ...do ... 3. PoBtell J.Postell Skin and skull. do. SkulL .. do. Dr. S.G. Wilson.... ...do Dr. S. G. Wilson ...do ...do ... ...do .. ...do ...do do ....do .' ...do ...do. ....do ...do ...do ...do. ...do ...do ....do ...do. .. do ....do ....do ...do. . .do .. ...do ...do ...do. ...do ....do ...do ...do. do .. ...do ...do ...do. -do .. ...do ...do ...do. . do ...do ...do ...do. do ....do ...do ...do. ...do ...do ...do Skin. ..do. do ...do ...do 2459 2460 4369 do ...do ....do Skin and skull. SkulL ...do. do ...do ...do . do . ...do ...do Mos. Comp. Zoology . ... do J. A. Allen Skin. ...do. Dr. G. Sartorius Dr. G. Sartorios do. [ Specimens from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. LEPUS AQUATICUS Bachman. Water Hare. Lepus aquations Bactiman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.Phila., vii, 1837,319, rd.xxii, fig. 2; viii, 1839, 78. — Water- house, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 112.— Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., i, 1849, 287, pi. xxxvii.— Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 612, pi. lix, fig. 1 (skull). — Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 435. — Lincecum, Am. Nat. vi, 1872, 771 (distribution and habits). Bydrolai/us aquatious Gray, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 221. Lepus douglassi var. 1, Gray, Charleswortb's Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 1837, 586. t" Lepus cunicuhts Licht.," Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 132. As large as Lepus americanus; in coloration, much like L. sylvalicus. Above, yellowish-brown, finely but conspicuously mixed with black ; paler and with less black on the sides. Below, pure white, with the fore neck and breast dusky yellowish-brown. Tail conspicuously pure white below, dark LEPORID^3— LEPUS AQUATICUS. 365 reddish-brown above, mixed with dusky. Ears exteriorly dark brown, pen- ciled with black, white-edged on the anterior border, fulvous-edged on the posterior border. Nape-patch reddish-brown ; orbital ring well marked, whitish, varying to yellowish-white. Anterior and external surfaces of the legs and feet chestnut-brown, of varying intensity in different individuals ; inside of the same whitish, varying to pure white. The color varies in different individuals, as is usual in all the species of the family, in respect to the amount of black on the dorsal surface, in respect to the intensity of the brownish ground-color, and in the strength of the reddish tint on the legs and feet. There is also about the usual range of individual variation in size. Large specimens range in length, exclusive of the tail, from 19.00 to 20.50 inches, thus nearly equaling the same meas- urement of the largest specimens of Lepus americanus, but it is said to rather exceed the latter species in weight. The feet are rather sparsely furred as compared with most of the other North American species, but are much more fully clothed than in Lepus palustris. The general pelage is rather harsh and stiff as compared with that of L. sylvaticus and other northern forms, but much less so than in L. palustris. Its coloration is nearer that of L. sylvaticus than of any other of its allies, but its large size, and espe- cially the large size of the head, serves at once to distinguish it from that species. It is not only much larger than L. palustris, but differs conspicu- ously from it in coloration, especially in the whiteness of the lower parts. It agrees with L. palustris, however, in the general conformation of the skull, especially in respect to the postorbital processes being solidly anchylosed with the skull, and in the disproportionately larger size of the lower jaw. In the collection are quite a number of specimens from the provinces of Vera Cruz and Yucatan in Southern Mexico. These differ from speci- mens from Mississippi and Louisiana in no very marked degree. The brown of the upper parts is in some specimens of a rather more fulvous tint, and the chestnut-brown of the legs and feet is rather paler ; the anterior surface of the hind legs being generally very light, sometimes nearly white. In others, it is mixed with spots of pale rufous. There is also rather less black in the dorsal surface. One of the Louisiana specimens also shows white mixed with the rufous on the anterior surface of the hind legs, and one of the specimens from Mississippi is nearly as fulvous as the Orizaba ones. A specimen labeled "Sierra Madre, Mex., John Xantus", with the 3GG MONOC.UAl'IIS OF MOUTH AMERICAN UODENTIA. pelage very much worn and tht> colors faded, scorns to an questionably belong to tli is species. Geographical distribution. — The present species is said to be unknown in the Gulf States to the eastward or northward of Alabama. Audubon and Bachman state that it is "numerous in all the swamps of the western part, of that State, is still more abundant in the State of Mississippi, and in the lower part of Louisiana", and that it was also obtained in Texas by Douglass and Mr. J. \V. Audubon. Professor Baird considers doubtful its occurrence "in the southern part of Texas". Dr. Lincecum, however, calls it "a widely- distributed species", and says "it abounds in the canebrakes of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas", where it is found "on all the water-courses, even on the little branches", but "rarely on the uplands". The specimens in the present collection from Southeastern Mexico, as far south even as Merida, Yucatan, would seem to render probable its occurrence in the lowlands bordering the Gulf of Mexico from Alabama to Yucatan. It also occurs as far northward as Southern Illinois. Of this fact I am assured by Mr. E. W. Nelson, who writes me respecting it as follows: UL. aquaticus is abundant in the canebrakes near Cairo and Mound City, Illinois, and doubtless extends as far up the Ohio as the mouth of the Wabash, at least. It extends up the Mississippi as far as Cape Girardeau, to my knowl- edge, and probably still further in suitable situations. It is so common in the canebrakes near Mound City that a hunter informed me he had often, during the winter months, shot as many in a day as he could carry." Pro- fessor Baird also says, "Mr. Kennicott mentions a ' Swamp Rabbit' as occur- ring in the wet grounds of New Madrid, Missouri.'' Table LVIII. — Measurements of Lupus aquaticus. © B s a e 3 tti O Locality. From tij* of nose to — Tail to eud of— o a o « a ►J E- © cm o .a 'S w Remarks. u O '3 a t > CO "S w f.!)7 251 330(j '2307 3308 230'J 2310 2'J1 3.25 19.00 15. 50 17.50 20. 50 19.00 19. 00 17.00 1G. 00 3.10 2.28 3.(0 2.88 From Baird. ...do. ....do. ....do. do. do 3.65 4.07 3.88 4.20 3.75 3.68 4.08 4.10 3.50 3. 90 3.33 1. CO 1.75 2,40 2.68 do do do 2.20 2. ei 2.88 2. 75 2. 05 ....do. ....do. ...do. do •J. ii- 2. 02 LEPORID.E— LEPUS AQUATICUS. 3G7 Table LIX. — Measurements of skulls of Lepus aquaticus. © o a *^ -M .a CO -S o « CD -© CD CD £ £•3 2 J S a Locality. -a O a CD CO ft a J2 3 J3 a o CO a i: "8 J) ■g-8 CO " a CD CO 00 3 ,3 bo 'S3 a a 3 .a & f <0 ' m e CD a co CD a o CO co es ■s a o EB a> cs "1 * C3 *© ft i: fe S? 3 O -a ■3 'Sit y Professor Cope from those of Colorado. " The fossils indicate," says Dr. Leidy, "a species rather less in size than the Gray Rabbit ( Lepus sylvaticus). They vary among themselves in size and robust- ness : but, independently of what may be considered as individual peculiarities, the differences appear to depend mainly on difference of age. In regard to the form of the jaw-fragments, consisting merely of the portions containing molar teeth, they agree nearly with the corresponding portions in the Rabbit, except that they appear proportionately more robust. In a corresponding posi- tion of the jaw there does not exist in the fossils the reticular foramina observed in the vicinity of the mental foramen in the Rabbit." While having the same number of teeth as the existing Hares, they were at first supposed to differ somewhat in the constitution of the first lower molar, which Dr. Leidy described as composed of merely a double column instead of a triple column. Professor Cope,* however, states that, having collected a great number of the remains of this genus, he is " able to show that it is only in the immature state of the first molar that it exhibits a double column, and that in the fully adult animal it consists of a single column with a groove on its external face. The dentition undergoes other still more im- portant changes with progressing age, so as to present the appearance of difference of species at different periods." The roots of the lower incisors also penetrate considerably more posteriorly than in Lepus. Dr. Leidy describes in detail some ten or more fragments, representing both upper and lower jaws, and figures six specimens of varying ages, from those containing a part of the temporary molars to old specimens in which the teeth are very much worn. Professor Cope states that he has examined several hundred specimens of this species collected in Colorado, and gives a detailed account of the changes in dental characters resulting from age. The earliest dentition known to him, he says, is the presence of two deciduous molars, the first and second in position, which appear before any of the permanent series. "Each of these has two roots, and the crown is composed of three lobes. In the first, the first lobe is a simple cusp ; the two following are divided into two cusps ich ; the second is similar, excepting that the simple cusp is at the posterior Mid of the tooth. The grooves separating the lobes descend into the alveolus on the outer side, but stop above it on the inner In the next stage, the third permanent molar is projected, and has, like the second deciduous, a • Ann. Rep. IJ. S. Geo]. Snrv. Terr, for 1*73 (1-74), pp. 177, 17^. FOSSIL LEPOPJD^5-PALiEOLAGDS. 375 posterior simple column, whose section forms an odd cusp or lobe behind. The fourth true molar then follows, also with an odd filth lobe behind. This lobed form of the molars is so different from that of the adult as to have led me to describe it as indicating peculiar species under the name of Tritium avunculus and T. anna. "In the next stage, the fifth small molar appears in view, and the second permanent molar lifts its milk-predecessor out of the way. In a very short time, the posterior, or odd, columns entirely disappear, sinking into the shaft, and the permanent molars assume the form characteristic of the species. The last stage prior to maturity sees the first milk-molar shed, and the younger portion of the first permanent molar protruded. There is the merest trace of a posterior lobe at this time, and that speedily disappears. The anterior lobe is subcorneal, and is entirely surrounded with enamel. By attrition, the two lobes are speedily joined by an isthmus, and for a time the tooth presents an 8-shaped section, which was supposed to be characteristic of the genus. Further protrusion brings to the surface the bottom of the groove of the inner side of the shaft, so that its section remains in adult age something like a B." PAL^EOLAGUS AGAPETILLUS Cope. ralmolagus agapelillus Cope, Palaeont. Bull., No. 15, 1873, 1 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 478. Smaller than P. haydeni, but more robust, with larger incisor teeth. Molars all composed of two columns. Founded on a mandibular ramus, with the first and last permanent molars just protruding. From the Miocene deposits of Colorado. PALyEOLAGUS TURGIDUS Cope. Palceolagw turgidus Cope, Palaeont. Bull., No. 16, 1873, 4 ; Aud. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 479. Tritium paniense Cope, Palaeont. Bull., No. 16, 1873, 5. Larger than P. haydeni, but otherwise not much different. From the Miocene deposits of Colorado. PAL^EOLAGUS TRIPLEX Cope. Palawlagus triplex Cope, Palaeont Bull., No. 16, 1873, 4 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 470. Similar in size to P. haydeni, from which, however, Professor Cope regards it as distinct. From the same Miocene deposits of Colorado. Known only from an imperfect mandibular ramus. 37G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMEEICAH RODKNTIA. Genus PANOLAX Cope. Panolax Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 151. "Molars prismatic, transverse, except the first and last, each divided by a plate of enamel extending transversely from the inner side. Anterior molar longitudinal; posterior molar composed of two columns. "This genus is represented by numerous teeth and portions of the cranium. It evidently belonged to the Lepor'u/ce, and is allied both to Lepus and Ptrftfolagus. As the teeth are mostly separate, it is not easy to determine which is the posterior and which the anterior molar. Judging by the analogy of the known species, the determination as here made is correct. Should the relations be reversed, the species will be referred to Pa/ceolagus.''' — (Cope, 1. c.) From the nature of the materials, the character of this genus cannot well be determined. Its admission here is of course provisional only. PANOLAX SANCTtE-FIDEI Cope. Panolax sanctwfalei Cope, Proc. Aca2, against 4.17 by 2>9 for six skulls of corresponding age from the United States (Muntana, Idaho, and Wyoming). Five middle-aged skulls from the Yukon and Peel's Rivers average 3.64 in length, while 'Cisc skulls from Maine (var. dorsatus) average 3.73. GENERAL REMARKS ON EEETHIZ0N DORSATUS AND ITS VARIETIES. Geographical distribution. — The Eastern or Canada Porcupine was formerly found throughout the greater part of New England and New York HYSTEICID^)— ERETHIZON— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 393 and westward to Northern Ohio. It also extended southward along the Alleghanies through Pennsylvania, and possibly into Virginia and the mount- ainous portions of Eastern Kentucky.* It seems not to have occurred in the immediate vicinity of the sea-coast south of Maine, but existed in Western and Central New England southward to Connecticut. It seems also to have been absent from Southeastern New York, and southward from nearly all of the region east of the Alleghanies. It was found south of the Great Lakes over most of the region north of the Ohio,f in Northern Pennsylvania and Western New York, and in the mountainous districts farther south. As late as 1813, it was still to be found in the western part of Saratoga County,New York.} Being an animal of the forest, it has shared the fate of other forest animals, and has already disappeared over considerable portions of its former habitat, particularly along its southern border. In New England, it is rarely found south of Central Maine and Northern New Hampshire, but ranges, west of the Con- necticut River, still nearly or quite to the Massachusetts line. In 1840, Dr. Emmons gave it as common in the vicinity of Williamstown, Massachusetts^ An isolated colony still survives on the slopes of Mount Monadnock in South- ern New Hampshire, and it is also still found in portions of Pennsylvania. Probably its former southern range extended generally nearly or quite to the southern boundary of the Alleghanian fauna. To the northward, its range extended nearly or quite to the limit of trees, and to the westward probably to the eastern border of the Great Saskatchewan Plains, where it passes gradually into the western variety. Hearne, however, eighty years since, spoke of it as being scarce north of Churchill River, where he met with only six individuals during a residence of six years. The western form (vai\ epixanthus) still extends southward, in the mount- ains, to New Mexico and Arizona, and may probably be found in suitable "DeKay, probably on the authority of C'atesby, gives its range as extending to the northern parts of Virginia, and Kentucky (Nat. Hist, of New York, pt. i, p. 79); but Audubon and Bachman state that they had " sought for it without success in the mountains of Virginia, and could never hear of it in Kentucky". Prof. N. S. Shaler also informs me that he has also failed to hear of it here, although this region one would naturally expect would come within its earlier range. tGodman, on the authority of Dr. Best, says the " porcupine is seldom found in Ohio south of Dayton"; but that they were then still (in 1S26) numerous on the Saint Mary's River (.Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 152). Dr. J. M. Wheaton informs me that a few still survive in Clark, Champaigne, and Ross Counties, and that it was common ten years since in Putnam County. Mr. E. W. Nelson writes me that the Porcupine was formerly rather common, though never abundant, in all of the wooded region north of the Ohio River, but that it is not now found (west of Ohio) south of the forests of Northern Wisconsin and Northern Michigan. t Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. Amer., vol. i, p. £85. § Quad. Mass., p. 72. :;:u MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODKNTIA. localities south of the Mexican boundary. To the westward it ranges to the Pacific, from California northward to Alaska, and doubtless extends northward to the limit of trees. It is extremely abundant in the wooded mountainous portions of Colorado, where, as I am informed by Dr. Coues, who speaks from reports given him on the spot, it sometimes becomes a con- siderable article of diet. The same naturalist also found it no less numer- ous in the Sweetgrass Hills, or "Three Buttes" of Northern Montana, where numerous individuals were secured. Though chiefly a woodland animal, it is not seldom seen ranging the prairie many miles from the nearest timber — perhaps traveling from one feeding ground to another. Table I. — Measurements of seventeen skulls of Erethizon porsatus car. dorsatus. »B B © B tn b 3 O 4i © o £ 'n 3 © ■a a t s. fl o b 3 ft J3 g A o a -b .B p at B a Locality. ^ « 3 © © V B a of © an U o '3 g >i5 c E '§> o £ "5 S S a . a © "© Remarks. a to *« a © OD © © o ^3 o .© "o -r- Q s.3 a "n a ►i "a © a Is m *eS ©• s B. O B..S t. © © tyr 9- © © © 03 o U «c rt « B. *- A — B. +5 o O ° O M H O P A A A P P P rf 1-1 23S6 Essex County, N.Y 3. 95 2. 05 1.03 1.30 0.52 0.77 1.25 1.90 1.011 2.70 1.40 Very old. 3000 670 ...do 4.15 3.55 2.80 2. 50 1.20 1.00 1. 20 1.20 0.03 0 52 0.77 0.67 1.45 1.12 2.30 1.85 1.10 0.97 2. 93 2.63 1.40 1. 20 ....do. Middle-aged. Pennsylvania •819 Norway, Me 4. 25 2.90 1.25 1.32 0.70 0.85 1.50 •J. 37 l.Ol 3.05 1.50 Very old. Middle-aged. *820 Unrbagog Lake.AIe 3.90 2.80 1.46 1.33 0.72 0.75 1.25 2.00 1.00 2. 75 1.20 *821 ...do 3.4(1 2. CO 1.17 1. 13 0. GO 0.70 1.00 1.72 1.02 2.47 1.30 Rather young. •822 ...do 3.65 1 00 1. 10 0.C3 0.70 1.22 1.95 1.00 2.05 1.25 ....do. *823 Upton, Me 3.40 2.33 1.10 1.08 o.uo 0.71 1. 12 1.67 0.93 2. 43 1. 2:i ....do. *,-JI ...do ? 3.52 2. 37 1. 12 1.06 0. fi2 0. 70 1. 10 1. 73 0. 9.3 2. 33 1. 18 Bather young; Hi st molar just in sight. *825 ....do 9 3. 05 2. 50 1.10 1.13 0.58 0.68 1.10 1.83 1.03 2.75 1.20 .. do. •8S6 ...do i 3. 80 2.70 1.25 1.20 0.60 0.80 1.30 2.05 0 97 2.80 1.33 Middle-aged. *827 ...do 3. 7.'. 2. 78 1.07 1. 12 0.67 0.75 1.25 2. 03 1.03 2.80 1.33 .. do. •838 ...do 3. 63 2.70 1. HI 1. 20 0.60 0.70 1.25 1.95 0.97 ■: 65 1.35 ... do. *815 3.90 2.60 0. 85 1.23 0.50 0.70 1. 40 2 05 0.98 1. 00 3. 00 1. 33 Very old. ....do. .. do. •810 ...do 3. 95 2. 70 1. 08 1. 22 0. 72 0. 82 l. :t~ 2. 05 2. 90 1.33 ♦813 ^ ja u u o a "3) J -S a o a 5 <~ a o 6 a M a O) .3 a .a a Locality. .3 .3 g e= U o 2 "5 3 £ rn a 41 .3 Kemarks. s UD It ^ a a "S •3 a ° S fc Is 3 U Z o o a j a to a 1) 63 P C3 -a .3 »1 S a © is © ce cd a p. p CS a *- o o o w H o p fc fc fc P p P p 1-1 6528 6105 6104 6108 281 3.85 2.80 2 85 1.28 1 22 1.38 0.80 0.92 1.27 1.37 1.97 2.00 1.02 0.93 3.10 3. 18 1.50 1. 50 Very old. ... do. Yukon Kivcr . .. ...do 4.08 3.98 2.81 2.77 1.35 1.14 1.55 0.75 0.82 1.30 2.20 2.10 1.05 1.03 3. 14 3.12 1.45 1.40 ...do. Middle-aged. ...do 6106 8948 6237 do 3.67 3.30 3.70 2.47 2.87 1.30 1.25 1.25 1.80 1.06 1.30 1.90 1.62 2.08 1.03 0.92 1.00 2. 85 2.55 2.90 1.30 1.20 1.35 ....do. ...do. ...do. 1313 56 Peel's River ... rf 1.45 0.75 0.85 6338 ... do 9 3.60 1.06 1.28 0.68 0.75 1.20 1.85 0.95 2.80 1.37 ...do. 12405 Idaho 3.75 2.75 1.30 1.45 0.90 0.95 1.37 2.18 1.02 2.80 1.40 ....do. 3657 11564 4.40 4.10 3 08 1.75 0.87 1.02 1.48 2. 52 1.20 Very old. Wyoming 2.85 1.20 1.50 0.80 0.95 1.42 2. 27 1.10 3.00 1.50 ...do. 6863 2595 1.03 1.23 1.25 1.75 0.62 0.70 0.78 0.95 1.25 1.45 1.90 2.23 0.97 1.10 2.85 3.10 1.50 Middle-aged. Very old. Republican Fork, a s a 6 a t» o 'a *5 e3 O M E 3 a :l u 0 1 o a •O H Locality. When collected. From venom re- ceived. Collected by— a 3 S 'u 0 Pi <£ «H O O U ES [Zi "1519 *i:.:,u •1551 •1558 -5038 •1428 1365 •13.10 M307 • 1308 •1309 •809 •810 •811 •812 ■•813 •-11 •815 *816 ♦817 •818 •810 •820 •821 •822 ',-2:1 824 •825 •826 •827 •828 •965 676 2356 A. !•:. Veil ill .... ....do .l.l'.Ki.li ....do ....do Skin. do. ...du. ...do do ....do ..do ...lie ...do . . do. ...do ... do ...do .. do. ...do Feb. —,1865 J.G.Rich ...do . . do. do B.D.Verrill .... ....do B. D. Verrill . . . ...do .do. ...do. ...do do Feb. 29, I860 June 6, 1860 Mar. 12, 1800 Mar. -, I860 Mar. — , 1860 Mar. — , 1860 Mar. — , 1860 ...do ...do ...do. do ....do ....do .. do. ..do ...do ...do ...do. do ....do ...do Skull. ...do. do ...do ...do ....do do ...do .. do. do ....do ...do .. do. do J.G.Rich A. E. Verrill ... ....do J.G.Rich A. E. Verrill ... do do. do. ...do. do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do. ...do... do ...do ...do. ...do ...do ...do ...do. do ...do ... do ...do. do ....do ...do ...do. ...do ...do ...do do. ...do. do ...do ....do . do J.G.Rich ... do J. G. Rich ... do do. ...do. do ...do .. do ....do ...do. ...do ...do ....do ...do. ...do ...do ... do ...do. .. do ...do ...do ...do. do ...do ...do ...do. ...do. ...do. 1 30C6 ...do. 1 * In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. HYSTEICID^]— FOSSIL SPECIES. 397 Table IV. — List of specimens of Ekethizon dorsatus var. epixantiius. o n © a 3 a s | = 0 S a a u_: .Sp ■= ji a « p a* §•0 0 ti a p a H a ]u O u at "3 a rt M to Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — a s a p. «c 0 , Mam. N. Amer., 1857, 619 (from Waterhouse).— Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 1863, 09; . ib., 1868, 6 (Sierra Nevada, Cal.).— Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 220.— Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1868,2 (Lower California). — Allen, Bull. Essex Institute, vi, 1874, 57, 66.— Coues & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. and Surv. west of the 100th Merid., v, Zool., 1875, 125. Lagomys minimis Lord, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 96. — Gray, Ann. &, Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ber., xx, 1867, 220. DESCRIPTION. Above grayish-brown, varied with black and yellowish-brown ; sides yellowish-brown ; below grayish, more or less strongly tinged with pale yellowish-brown. The color varies greatly in different specimens, irrespective of age, sex, season, or locality. The dorsal surface is always more or less varied with black, through the prevalence of numerous black-tipped hairs, especially over 408 MONOGKArns or north American rodentia. the back and rump. Anteriorly the black-tipped hairs arc fewer, and the dorsal aspect, from the shoulders anteriorly to the nose, is generally more or less strongly tinged with pale yellowish-brown, in strong contrast with the remainder of the dorsal surface. The sides of the body are generally still more strongly washed with yellowish-brown, which, over the ventral surface, assumes a much paler tint. In youyg specimens, the black-tipped hairs are much fewer, and the pelage generally grayer. The ears, which are well haired on both surfaces, are grayish, tinged more or less with pale yellowish- brown, except anteriorly on the outer surface, where is a large dusky area. They have a well-marked whitish or yellowish-white margin. Anterior sur- face of all the feet yellowish-brown, nearly as bright as on the sides of the body. Soles of the hind feet dusky; palms pale yellowish-brown. Large naked black pads at the base of all the toes. Whiskers numerous, one to two and a half inches long; in some specimens nearly all black, in others only the upper are black, the lower being light-colored to the bases: gener- ally a part have the basal portion black, with the apical half or two-thirds yellowish white. A series of over thirty skins now before me, all taken atone locality and on the same day, show a great range of individual variation in color through the varying intensity of the fulvous suffusion. In some specimens, it is a very pale wash of yellowish-brown, while in others it is strongly yellowish, which, in still others, becomes decidedly rufous, especially on the sides of the neck and shoulders and on the top of the head. In one specimen (No. 2841, M. C. Z. Coll.), the whole upper surface of the head is bright chestnut, and the usual pale fulvous suffusion on other parts of the body is decidedly rufous, rather than fulvous, No. 2763 (M. C. Z. Coll.) is strongly tinged throughout with yellowish-brown. On the other hand, No. 2682 (M. C. Z. Coll.) has only a faint yellowish-brown tinge, which is scarcely perceptible on the ven- tral surface. These specimens are, however, all adult males. There is apparently no sexual difference in color ; some of the palest specimens, as well as the brightest, being males. Young specimens differ from the adult in being generally more grayish, with fewer black-tipped hairs in the dorsal surface. The fulvous suffusion is generally paler, but in some specimens is as bright as in average adults. The texture of the pelage is much as in the Arvicolce, especially the large A. xanihognathus, being much firmer than in the Hares, with a much smaller amount of soft under-fur. LAG0MYIM3— LAGOMYS— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 409 Length about 7.00, ranging in adult specimens from 6.50 to nearly 8.00. Ears broad, large, and rounded. Hind foot generally about 1.15 to 1.25 in adults; fore foot about 0.80. The black naked pads at the base of the toes are very prominent. The skull ranges in length from about 1.70 to 1.88 ; breadth, 0.82 to 0.92; interorbital breadth, 0.21 to 0.25; average length of the nasals about 0 62, narrowing posteriorly from about 0.25 to 0.18. Lower jaw, length, 1.07 to 1.25 ; height 0.57 to 0.70. The series of skulls show a considerable range of variation in size in adult specimens. The bones of the skull are thin and papery, and often the parietal suture remains unclosed in fully adult skulls, and the cranial elements of the skull are never to any great extent ankylosed. The nasal bones, however, finally become firmly united. The specimens on which the present article is based were all taken on the Snowy range, in Park County, Colorado, and all but two at one locality. The measurements of the animal were all taken in the field by myself, from fresh specimens. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The North American Pika inhabits the summits of the Rocky Mount- ains from Colorado far northward into British America. It is also found near the summit of the Wahsatch range in Utah, the Sierra Nevada in California, and the Cascade Mountains in Oregon. I found it very abundant near the limit of trees in the vicinity of Montgomery, Park County, Colorado,* and Lieut. "VV. L. Carpenter has collected it at other neighboring points of the Snowy Range. Dr. J. G Cooper found it near the limit of perpetual snow in the Sierra Nevada,! where he reports it as quite common over a limited district; while Professor Gabb met with it as far south as the northern boundary of Lower California (lat. 32°), at an altitude of about 10,000 feet. J Mr. J. K. Lord met with it (his " Lagomys mini?nits,'§) near the summits of the Cascade Mountains at an altitude of about 7,000 feet above sea-level, and also at Chilokweyuk Lake, on the western slope of the Cascades || Dr. * Bull. Essex Institute, vol. vi, pp. 56, 66. tProc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. iii, p. 69 ; ib., 1868, p. 6. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1868,2. § The characters Mr. Lord gives for his " Lagomys minimus " do not indicate auy specific difference while the habits he attributes to it are exactly those of the L. princess as recorded by a number of independent observers. He recognized L. princeps as occurring near the same locality; but, because he saw no evidence of L. princeps carrying leaves and grass into lis warrens, he regarded the animals seen at the two neighboring localities as distiuct species. His " Fiber osoyoosensis ", described in the same paper, rests on similar mistaken assumptions. || Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lond., 186;!, pp. 96, 97. 410 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA. lii chard so i) traced it along the Rocky Mountains from latitude 52° to G0°, and Mr. Nuttall met with it as far south in the Rocky Mountains as latitude 42°.* Dr. Coues met with it in the Rocky Mountains, at latitude 49° N., at an elevation of only about 4,500 feet, at the level of Watcrton or Chief Mountain Lake, where the animals were very numerous in the debris at the foot of cliffs. Their habits seem everywhere much the same. The animals are every- where found in communities, living among the loose rocks from a little below limber-line nearly up to the snow-line. They appear to rarely wander many yards from their homes; are timid, yet easily become familiar. Though retreating to their holes when first alarmed, they soon come cautiously oat, one after another, till one may hear their sharp little cries in every direction. Their color so nearly resembles that of the rocks they live among that they are not easily seen, and their cry is of such a character as to easily mislead one in respect to the point from which it proceeds, seeming to be far away when really only a few feet distant. They sit erect like little Marmots, and in no way resemble the Hares in habits. They carry into fissures of the rocks large quantities of grass, which they lay up for winter consumption. Dr. Coues informs me that they " may be readily taken in any simple trap ", and adds, that they "do not hibernate, at least southerly ". 'Audubon and Baehiuau's Quad. North Auier., vol. ii, p. 247. LAGOMYID.E— LAGOMYS— MEASUREMENTS. 411 Table l.~ Measurements of thirty-nine specimens of Laoomys prixcf.ps. I a e a to u Q a a a p ]fcfl o Locality. From tip of nose to— jengtb of— Nature of specimen. 3 o o ■2 *e3 u a ■= u M <6* ea H s o H O d 0.70 1.75 1.75 5.75 0.75 1.07 2f>:e 2677 861 862 do d 1.00 0.95 2.05 2.15 2.05 7.25 7.50 0.80 0.75 1.30 1.22 do. do. do 2078 863 do rf 0.95 1.87 7.35 0.80 1.10 do. 2679 864 d 0.95 1.92 6.90 0.85 1.20 do. 2680 2081 805 806 ...do d d 0.90 0.92 7.00 7.25 0.80 0.82 1.20 1.20 do. do. 2.00 2682 51085 2684 2086 2674 867 869 870 871 859 do d d d d d 0.85 0.77 0.85 0.68 0.70 1.50 1.95 1.77 1.85 1.47 1.75 7.60 6.90 7.50 5.25 5.75 0.77 0.77 0.82 0.75 0.75 1.17 1.15 1.00 1.08 1.07 do. do. do. do. do. do do do do 2687 872 d 0.80 2.03 7.50 0.80 1.15 do. 2688 874 d 0.97 2.12 7.90 0.87 1.12 do. 2090 2092 870 878 ...do d d 0.90 0.85 1.82 7.15 7.00 0.87 0.82 1.23 1.20 do. do. do 2693 2095 879 881 . ...do d d 0.95 0.90 2.00 2.10 7.75 7.60 0.87 0.85 1.20 1.25 do. do. 2094 £075 2083 2687 2689 880 860 868 873 875 do 9 5 9 9 9 0.90 0.97 0.92 0.95 0.90 1.80 2.05 2.00 2.05 1.90 1.95 7.60 6.85 7.40 7.00 7.70 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.82 0.85 1.20 1.27 1.06 1.15 1.20 do. do. do. do. do. . do do do 2691 877 do 9 0.80 1.82 7.40 0.82 1.20 do. 2697 888 9 1.05 2.08 6.90 0.85 1.22 do. 2698 2099 889 890 ...do 9 d 0.85 0.90 1.90 1.90 7.00 7.20 0.82 0.80 1.25 1.18 do. do. 2700 891 do d 0.92 1.90 6.45 0.80 1.13 do. 2090 892 937 938 939 940 ...do d 0.85 0.92 0.90 0.95 0. 8S 1.80 1.92 1.98 2.05 1.84 6.00 6.60 6.75 7.50 6.50 0.80 0.90 0.88 0 85 0.82 1.20 1.12 1.05 1.20 1.20 do. do. do. do. do. .do .. do do do 941 942 943 do 0.80 0.92 0.90 1.68 2.05 1.90 5.80 7.10 7.20 0.75 0.83 0.80 1.08 1.17 1.17 do. do. do. do do 944 f45 do 0.90 0.92 1.90 2.04 7.20 7.15 0.80 0.85 1.24 1.18 do. do. do 940 do 0.73 1.62 5.75 0.78 1.10 do. 412 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table II. — ifcaturement* of fourteen Khali* of Lagomys princeps. a a 1 3 cs U .a a a a "a - 5 Locality. .3 a » O H an « a u o 3 e a 5 c a* .O CD □ Q A EC s 3 a a o L. ■ © ■ X « 11 P u X* 0 00 □ h a 0. A P 1 i -= % 06 S X e Is a M g (- 3] 1 ° p=s i 0 u a 5 ■'■ et ® £ 5 2 ^* y ti a 01 s" EB b. St 0 i-l •J .a _u X .a It V f 0 ►J 214 251 240 200 254 24:i 253 24:1 25T 2M 255 13227 13220 .... 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.85 1.88 1.07 1.73 1.77 1.70 1.78 1.73 1.75 1.72 1.75 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.89 0. 92 0.S-2 0.89 0.111 0.83 0.83 0.83 ('. 83 0.81 0.87 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.21 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.62 0.20 0.25 0. 511 0.52 0.50 0.67 0.53 0.48 0.52 0.48 0.50 0. 48 0.48 0.52 0.50 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.23 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.32 0. 32 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.20 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.30 do do 0.21 0.30 0.2.1 0.25 do 0.61 0.62 0.18 0.1!) 0. 27 0.23 do .. ilo do 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.20 do ...do. .. do B'jff.tlo MoiintaiD, Colo Horseshoe Mt., Colo . . tfoDtgomery, Colo — . . do 9 0 CO 0.61 0.16 0.15 0.20 0. 23 1.08 1.19 1.25 1.07 1. 13 1. 22 1.12 1.25 1.07 1.20 1.17 0.57 0.67 0.70 0.61 0.07 0.70 0.67 0.66 0.59 0.68 0.65 ..do do ...do . .do . do . do . do .. 1 LAGOMYID^— LAGOMYS— LIST OP SPECIMENS. 413 Tablk III. — List of specimens of Lagomys PRINCEPS.* J? a 3 a 6 a m . 2 2 S ■ o a □ a M — « = o * o a = a o a. « eo M Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by - s o a o Pi O 9 t- 2673 2074 201 G 2678 2(i79 soeo 3681 2682 2684 2685 2666 2688 2000 2692 2693 2695 2696 2697 2099 2700 2703 2675 2677 2083 2687 2fB9 2691 2694 2698 2702 2701 242 243 244 245 346 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 250 260 261 13226 13227 782 859 861 663 864 865 866 867 870 869 871 874 876 878 879 881 892 888 890 891 945 800 862 868 873 875 877 880 889 944 941 'J5. tlu Uiese features, however, I'ihcr much more nearly approaches Castoroides than does Layoslomus. CASTOEOIDID.E— CASTOROIDES— C. OHIOENSIS. 421 of the skull also somewhat resembles that of Lagostomus, but differs in important details. Castoroides, for instance, lacks the large antorbital vacuity seen in Lagostomus and its allies; this portion of the skull more resembling that of Castor. The lower jaw also much more resembles that of Castor, b'ut differs from that of the latter in having the coronoid process much less strongly developed; in the much greater elongation of the condylar process; in the great depth of the fossa on tbe outer surface below the notch formed by the coronoid and condylar processes (which is shallow in Castor); in the lateral flattening of the condyles; in the bending inward of the angular process and its much greater development, as well as in the much greater depth of the fossa on the inner border of the lower surface of the angle. The inward curvature of the angular process is also an exceptional feature among Rodents. Castoroides further differs from Castor in the form of the occipital condyles, which are more terminal and less oblique than in Castor, and, while permitting a great range of vertical motion of the head, allow only a slight lateral motion. From the foregoing remarks, it will be seen that Castoroides presents a singular combination of characters, allying it, on the one hand, to the Beaver, and, on the other, to the Chinchillas and Viscachas, and also to the Muskrat, but which, at the same time, separate it widely from either group. In size, Castoroides exceeded any living Rodents, and is itself exceeded in this order by only a single extinct form of Hydrochcerus, described by Dr. Lund from the bone-caverns of Brazil. The resemblance of Castoroides to Castor is mainly in the general outline of the skull, in its having an imperforate ante- orbital wall, and in its presenting a similar curvature of the descending ramus of the lower jaw, the latter a character shared also by Fiber. The differences consist in the remarkable structure of the pterygoid processes, the double orifice of the posterior nares being entirely exceptional ; in the flattened and relatively small cranium ; and in the compound nature of the molar teeth. These differences ally it, on the other hand, to the Chinchillas, from which it differs mainly through those points in which it resembles Castor. In view of these wide differences from its nearest well-known allies, it seems to consti- tute the type of a distinct and hitherlo unrecognized family. To the same group are, however, probably referable the genera Ambhjrhiza and Loxomy- lus, described by Professor Cope,* from the bone-caverns of Anguilla Island, * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila . 1868, 313 ; Pioc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. xi (1869-70), pp. ISO, 608, pis. iv, v. 422 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Wot Indies. These forms are thus far known only from the detached teeth and fragments of the bones of the limbs. The molars, as described and fig- ured by Professor Cope, greatly resemble those of Castoroides, having, in fact, the same structure, differing mainly in being somewhat smaller, and in pos- sessing a greater number of laminae. The incisors are also much smaller and narrower, and much less strongly grooved. Professor Cope states that some of the molars of Amblyrhiza have four dentinal columns and others five, while those of Loxomylus, including both upper and lower, have only three each. The characters of Amblyrhiza, as Professor Cope recognizes, ally it to the Chinchillas, while he says of Loxomylus that the obliquity of "the hori- zontal grinding surface .... alone seems to distinguish it from Lagidium and Chinchilla". As the lower jaw and skull are thus far unknown in these genera, it is impossible to say whether their affinities are strictly with "the Chinchillidee, or whether they are not more closely allied to Castoroides. The same may be said of Archceomys, a European form commonly referred to the Chinch illidce* Hence the question naturally arises whether the Chinchillidce have yet been found outside of South America. The discovery of a single mandibular ramus, or the facial portion of the skull for each of these genera, would at once decide the question of their affinities, which cannot well be settled without the evidence such parts would afford. In either case, these genera furnish a type of dentition unknown in the present fauna, except in South America. Although Castoroides has generally been supposed to have the relation- ship to Castor its name implies, and in systematic works has been always associated with the Beavers, Dr. Wyman, in his monographic account of the Clyde skull, points out the great differences that exist between the two types. He says the cranium "presents analogies to the genera Castor, Fiber, and Hydrochcerus. Osteologically considered, the cranium bears a stronger resem- blance in its shape to that of the Castors than to that of either of the other genera; but in its dentition the type is wholly different, as is also the confor- mation of the pterygoid processes and fossae. ...... In the Hydrochcerus, the principal analogies are found in the compound nature of the molar teeth.f " Mr. Alston (Proc. Z06I. Soc.Loud , 18/6, p. 88) refers Archaomys to the family Theiidomyidce, with the other forms of which, however, it does not seem to me to be very closely related. t From the absence of all reference by Dr. Wyman to the much closer resemblance of the teeth of Castoroides to those of the Chinchillas, he was evidently not at that time acquainted with the osteology of that group. OASTOROIDID^— CASTOROIDES— C. OHIOENSIS. 423 .... In the Fibers, the pterygoid fossae are largely developed, but the entrance to the posterior nares has the same conformation as in the other Rodents."* It is almost surprising, in view of Dr. Wyman's admirable memoir and excellent figures, that zoologists have so long overlooked the important characters that distinguish Castoroides from all other Rodents. f CASTOROIDES OHIOENSIS Foster. SYNONYMY.f [Extinct animal of the order Rodentia FosTERt], Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxi, 1837, 80, figs. 15-17 (first description of the Nashport specimens). Published anonymously. Castoroides ohioensis Foster, Second Rep. Geol. of Ohio, 1838, 81, and fig. (Nasbport specimens). — Wyman, Proc. Bost. Soc.,ii, 1846, 138 (Clyde specimens).— Hall, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1846, 167 (Clyde specimens ; geological position). — Hall and Wyman, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., v, 1847, 385, pis. xxxvii-xxxix (Clyde specimens ; geological position and description of a skull). — Whittlesey, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 2d ser., v, 1848, 215 (geological position of the Nashport specimens). — Wyman, ibid., x, 1850, 62, fig. 5 (lower jaw ; Memphis specimen). — Wyman, Proc. Bost. Soc, iii, 1850, 281 (same). — Agassiz, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v, 1851, 179 (Nashport specimens).— LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 362 (Shawneetown specimens).— Bronn, Leth. Geog., 1857, 1046, pi. lix, fig. 8.— Pictet, Traite' de Paleont., i, 1853, 253.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 1857, 362.— Leidy, Holmes's Post-pliocene Fossils S. Car., 1860, 114 ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 97 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., v, 1869, 405 (skull from Coles County, Illinois). — Winchell, Amer. Nat., iv, 1870, 504 (Michigan). Castor (Trogontherium?) ohioensis DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. York, Zool., i, 1842, 89. DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY. The so-called " Fossil Beaver " of North America was of about the size of a full-grown common Black Bear ( Vrsus americanus), hence some- what exceeding in size the Capybara, the largest of existing Rodents. * Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. v, p. 399. t Even Mr. E. R. Alston, in bis recent paper on " The Classification of the Order Glires " (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 79), places Castoroides in the family Castoridw. {The following are the titles of, or references to, some of the special papers treating of Castoroides : 1837— [Foster (J. W.). Extinct Animal of the Order Rodentia.] < Amer. Journ. Sci and Arts, xxxi, 1837, 80, figs. 15-17. 1838— Foster (J. W.). [Description of Castoroides Ohioensis.] < Second Rep. Geol. of Ohio, 1838, 80-83, fig. 140. 1846— Wyman (J.). [On Castoroides Ohioensis.] Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, pp. 138, 139. 1846— Hall (J.). [Ou the Geological Relations of the Fossil Castoroides Ohioensis.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, pp. 167, 168. 1847 — Hall (J.) and Wyman (J.). Notice of the Geological Position of the Cranium of the Castoroides Ohioensis. By James Hall, esq. . . . Also an Anatomical Description of the same. By Jeffries Wyman. < Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. v, art. xxix, pp. 385-401, pll. 37-39. 1850— Wyman (J.). [OnaLower Jaw of Castoroides Ohioensis.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 281. 1852 — LeConte (J.). [Remarks on a New Locality — Shawneetown — for Castoroides Ohioensis.] < Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi, p. 53. 1867— Leidy (J.). [On a Skull of Castoroides found near Charleston, 111.] < Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1867, pp. 97, 98. 424 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. A cast of a skull (from an unknown locality) now before me lias a length of over twelve inches, considerably exceeding in size the Clyde skull described and figured by Dr. Wyman. The species being known only from a few cranial and dental remains, it is impossible to say much respect- ing its general form or probable habits. It may have been aquatic, like the Heaver; but of this there is no evidence. The form of the occipital condyles and the surfaces for the attachment of the cranial muscles show that it probably (littered greatly in haoits from the Beaver. Mr. J. W. Foster described (anonymously) a radius found with the two mandibular rami discovered at Nashport, Ohio, which he presumed to belong to the same animal. This bone he describes as being ten inches in length, and as measuring two inches across the head and one and a half across the distal extremity.* In a later notice of the same specimens, Mr. Foster makes no mention of this bone, and no other naturalist appears to have given any further account of it. Mr. Foster regarded it as "an animal closely allied to the Beaver, hut far surpassing him in magnitude". Dr. Wyman not only does not refer to it as a Beaver, but dwells especially upon the important differ- ences that separate it from that animal. The remains of Castoroides ohioensis thus far reported consist of the two right rami of the lower jaw and an upper incisor from Nashport, Licking County, Ohio (from which the animal was originally made known), first described by Foster; the skull and a right ramus of the lower jaw from Clyde, Wayne County, New York, described (and the skull figured) by Wyman; the ramus of a lower jaw from Memphis, Tennessee, also described and figured by Wyman ; ''two molars, an upper incisor, and two petrous hones '', from near Shawneetown, Illinois, and fragments of teeth from the Ashley River, South Carolina, described by Leidy. A skull from near Charleston, Coles County, Illinois, is also mentioned by Leidy. Hall and Wyman both refer to the discovery of its remains near Natchez, Mississippi, and in Louisiana; but I have met with no description of specimens from these localities. Winchell mentions the discovery of its remains in Michigan, of which uodescription has yet appeared. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, are portions of several lower incisors and parts of several molar teeth, from Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, collected by Mr. J. Boll, from ''alluvial" deposits on the Trinity River, associated with remains of an * Amer. Joura. Sci. aud Arts, 1st ser., vol. xxxi, 1837, p. 80. CASTOROIDID^— CASTOROIDES— C. OHIOENSIS. 425 extinct Horse and the Mastodon. There is also in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology an excellent cast of a very large skull, from an unknown locality, but probably from either Illinois or Michigan.* Its known habitat hence extended from Texas to Michigan, and thence eastward to Western New York and South Carolina. Its remains appear to have been found only in the Quaternary deposits, and in several instances have been found associated with those of the Mastodon, and also with those of the extinct Horse and Megatherium, with which animals it was doubtless a contemporary. Of the Clyde specimen (of which I have before me a cast), Dr. Wyman has published the following measurements: Length, 10.50 inches; greatest width, 7.20 ; transverse diameter of the occiput, 5.50 ; vertical diameter of the occiput, 2.60 ; distance between the orbits, 1.90; distance between the anterior (first) molars, 0.30 ; between the last molars, 1.80. The length of the molar series in the cast is 2.50 ; length of the nasal bones, 3.63 ; greatest width of the nasals, 2.07. The cast of a much larger and evidently older specimen, but unfortunately imperfect, lacking the incisors and the zygomatic arches, gives the following measurements: Length, 11.75 (with the incisors restored, 12.-r>0) ; distance between orbits, 2 83 ; transverse diameter of the occiput, 6.70; vertical diameter of the same, 3.25; nasals, length, 4.12; greatest width, 2.55 ; upper molars, length of the series, 2.87. Though so much larger (one-fifth) than the Clyde specimen, the difference is readily accounted for by the difference in age. According to Foster, the lower jaw found at Nashport measured 9 inches 2 lines (9.16) from the front border to the condylar process, and 3 inches' 8 lines (3.67) from the base to the coronoid process. The Clyde example, according to Wyman, had a length of 7 00, and a vertical depth, measured from the top of the coronoid process, of 3.75. The Memphis specimen, according to Wyman, was still larger; the length of the molar series being 3.10, against 2.75 in the Clyde specimen and 2.80 in the Nashport specimen. Foster gives the length of the lower incisor in the Nashport specimen, measured along its outer curve, as 11.50. One of the fragments of a lower incisor from Dallas, Texas, has a transverse diameter of nearly an inch (0.95), while the antero-posterior diameter is still greater (1.05). * This cast was taken from a .skull loaned by Messrs. Foster and Stimpsou to Professor Agassiz some years siiee, and returned recently to the Chicago Academy of Sciences. No record accompanies the cast, and all the above-named gentlemen being now dead, it is difficult to learn the history of the original specimen. 42G MONOGKAPIJS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. The anterior lace of the incisor teeth is marked with broad, shallow, longitudinal grooves, about twice as wide as the rather abrupt, narrow, inter- vening ridges. The lower incisor, seen in section, is triangular, with the anterior face rounded. The first upper molar has a widt h of 0.76 (in the larger specimen), the succeeding ones becoming successively slightly narrower and shorter, except the last, which is the longest. In the lower molars, the first is the longest and the fourth the shortest; the second is the widest. The first three are somewhat narrowed near the middle, giving the triturating surface an hour-glass form. MONOGRAPHS NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. No. vi -castorim. Bv J. -A.. ALLEN [ For letter of transmittal, see p. 401.] 427 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pages. Family CASTORHLE 427-456 Genus Castor 432-451 Castor fiter 433-451 Synonymy 433-434 Description 434-436 Relation of the American and Old World Beavers 437-445 Remarks on synonymy and nomenclature - 444-445 Geographical distribution 445-446 Fossil remains 446-446 Measurements of skulls 447-447 List of specimens examined 448—149 Genus Eucastou 449-440 Eucastor tortus 449-451 Genus Steneofiber 451-451 Steneofiber nebrascensis 451-453 Steneofiber pansus 453-453 Bibliographical appendix 454-454 429 Family CASTORID^. Taking Castor, which is the only well-known form, as the type of the family, the Castoridce present many points of resemblance to the Sciuridce, of which group the Castoridce were formerly regarded as constituting a sub- family. Both Castor and Hapbdon {—Apbdontia Richardson) are evidently quite nearly allied to the Sciuridce, and, together with Anomalurus and the extinct North American Ischyromys, are properly placed by Alston in his Sciuromorphic series, each being regarded as the type of a distinct family. Castor differs from any of the Squirrels in being adapted to an aquatic mode of life, and presumably several, but probably not all, of the extinct genera* commonly referred to the Castoridce were similarly modified. While the skull in all the genera referred to the Beaver group presents in general form some similarity to that of the Squirrels, it constantly differs in many important particulars. It not only lacks the strongly-developed post-orbital processes seen in all the genera of the Sciuridce, but the molar series are not widely separated, and converge anteriorly instead of being parallel, and the palatal area of the intermaxillaries is arched instead of plane. In the Sciuridce, the molars are truly rooted, with multiple fangs, short crowns, and a tuberculated triturating surface, and undergo much change as a result of attrition. In Castor, the molars have a long-persistent dentinal pulp, the teeth continuing to grow for a long period, and becoming truly rooted only late in life ; they are single-rooted, have no well-defined coronal portion, and the triturating surface consists of a complicated infolding of the enamel-border of the tooth, and undergoes little change by attrition ; they decrease in size posteriorly. The lower jaw is more massive, and the rami are more firmly united by a much longer symphysial surface. The incisors are of very large " Trogontherium (Owen), Eucastor, Palceocastor, Steneofiber, Chalicomye, and Castoroides. 431 432 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. size, and the general structure of the skull indicates great incisive power, the Beavers being "gnawers" par excellence. The living representatives of the family Castor idee belong to the single genus Castor. Beaver-like animals, belonging to five or six other genera, have, however, been referred to the same group. Some of these (Steneojiber, including Palctocastor Leidy and Chalicomys) differ widely from Castor, while one (Cast oroides) is more nearly related to the Chinchillas (Lagostomus) than to any other family of Rodents. Others (Trogontherium and Eucastor) evi- dently are closely related to Castor. The extinct genera, above named, are as yet known from too scanty materials to render certain their true affinities. Trogontherium, whose remains occur sparingly in the Tertiary deposits of Europe, evidently greatly resembled Castor ; it was, however, fully one-fifth larger, and in its dentition differs generically from Castor. The genus Eucas- tor, known as yet from very imperfect cranial remains found in the Mauvaises Terres of Dakota, of the size of a Marmot (Arctomys), seems to have been a true Beaver, apparently as closely related to Trogontherium as to Castor. Chalicomys and Steneojiber differ considerably both in dentition, and in the general form of the skull, from the true Beavers, and may prove, when better known, to pertain to an entirely different group. Chalicomys has thus far been found only in the Tertiary formations of Europe, while Steneojiber had rep- resentatives not only in Europe, but in the Tertiary formations of New Mexico and Dakota. The genus Castoroides, heretofore always referred to the Castor idee, has, as already shown,* only a superficial resemblance to the true Beavers. Genus CASTOR Linn. Castor Linn., Syst, Nat., i, 1766, 178. Chaks. — Feet four-toed ; hind feet palmate, with the second toe double- clawed. Tail broad, flat, and scaly. Body stout and heavy, most strongly developed posteriorly. Grinding-teeth %=%, single-rooted, with the dentinal pulp persisting to a late period of life. General form of the skull as in the SciurUUs, but lacking the postorbital processes, and otherwise differing. Represented by only a single living species (Castor fiber), whose habitat formerly embraced the greater part of the northern hemisphere. Remains of Castor have been described from the Tertiary deposits of Europe, which * See the preceding Monograph. (JASTOlUDiti— (JASTOlt— (JASTOlt FIBEE. 433 seem scarcely distinct from the existing species (C. fiber), whose remains also occur in the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits of Europe and in the Qua- ternary deposits of North America. The existing Beaver is separable into two well-marked subspecies, one of which is restricted to North America, and the other to Europe and Western Asia. CASTOR FIBER Linn. Beaver. SYNONYMY.* Castor fibe>- Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 12th, i, 176G, 78.— Forstek, Phil. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 375.— EnxLEBEN, Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777, 440.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 124.— Schrebeh, Siiuget., iv, 1792, 623, pi. clxvi (skull), pi. clxxv (animal).— Shaw, Gen. Zool.,ii, 1801,30.— Tiedemann, Zool., i, 1808, 481.— Pallas, Zoograpkia Rosso-Asiatica, 1811, 412.— Oken, Naturgesch., iii, 2, 1816, 879.— Cuvier, Regne Anim., i, 1817, 186.— Desmarest, Maiura., 1822,277.— Knox, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc, iv, 1823, 548 (anatomy). —J. Sabink, Franklin's Journ. to the Polar Sea, 1823, 659.— Say, Long's Exped. R. Mts., i, 1823, 464.— Harlan, Fauna Amer., 1825, 122.— Godman, Am. Nat. Hist., ii, 1826, 21.— Griffith's Cuvier's An. King., v, 1827, 207.— Brandt & Ratzeburg, Mediz. Zool., i, 1829, 13, pi. iii, iv, iv a.— Owes, Proc. Zool. S >c. Lond., 1830, 19 (anatomy). — Bennktt, Gardens and Menag. Zool. Soc., Quad., i, 1835, 153. — Doughty, Cab. Nat. Hist., iii, 1839, 598, pi. i.— Waterhouse, Charlesvvorth's Mug. Nat. Hist., iii, 1839, 598 (figure of skull).— Schinz, Europ. Faun., 1840, 57. — Keyserling & Blasius, Wirbelt. Europ., 1840, 31.— Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 51.— Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 38.— DeKay, Nat. Hist. N. York, i, 1842, 72, pi. xx, fig. 1. pi. viii, figs, a, b— Nilsson, Skand. Faun., 1^47, 409.— Woodhouse, Sitgreaves's Exped. down the Zuni and Col. Ri v., 1853, 47 (New Mexico).— Giebel, Siiuget., 1855, 019.— Blasius, Naturgesch. Siiuget. Deutscbl., 1857, 405.— Wilson, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., 2d ser., viii, 1858, 1 (fossil ; Scotland; and geog. distr.).— Tiieirot, Verhandl. Ver. f. Naturk. v. Presburg, 1860-61, 21. — Holzl, ib., 96.— Zeittles, ib., 16.— Smith, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 140 (habits Amer. Beav.).— Fitzinger, Zool. Gart., 1864, 273 (habits Europ. Beav.).— Rf.eks, Zoologist, 2d ser., 1869, 1953 (Newfoundland).— Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1839, 173 (fossil ; Virginia).— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, 1869, 226; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, I860, 190 ; xvii, 1874, 43 ; Bull. Essex Institute, vi, 1874, 49, 56, 61, 65. — Lilljeborg, Fauna ofver Sveriges och Norges, 1871, 346. Castor canadensis Kuhl, Beitr. z. Zoologie, 1820, 64.— Fischer, Synop. Mam., 1829, 288.— Newberry, Pacif. R. R. Expl. and Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 62 (California and Oregon). — Baird, Mam.N. Amer., 1858, 355, pi. xlviii, fig. 1 (skull) ; U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, ii, 1859, 40.— Cooper, Pacif. R. R. Expl. and Surv., xii, ii, 1859, 82 (California, Oregon, and Washington Territory); Amer. Nat., ii, 1868, 533 (Upper Missouri).— Suckley, Pacif. R. R. Expl. and Surv., xii, 1859, ii, 100 (Milk River).— Leidy, Holmes's Post-plioceno Fossils Soulh Carolina, 1860, iii, pi. xxi, fig. 2 (fossil ; Ashley River, S C.) ; Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., v, 1869, 405 (fossil).— Hayden, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, xii, 1862, 146 (Upper Missouri).— Coues, Amer. Nat., i, 1867, 362; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 135 (Arizona).— Gilpin, Proc. aud Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., iii, 1872, 152 (Beaver dams).— Green & Brown, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., x, 1869, 361 (uat. hist, and hunting ; Pacific slope of Rocky Mts.). Castor fiber var. americanus Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., i, 1829, 105.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget., iv, 1844,7.— Audubon &Bachman, North Am. Quad., i, 1849, 347, pi. xlvi. — Wvman, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 2d ser., x, 1850, 61, fig. 4 (fossil ; Memphis, Tenn.).— Morgan & Ely, The Beaver and his Works, 1868, 44, pi. i-xxiii, and 26 woodcuts (general history and anatomy). Castor (fiber var. ?) canadensis Coues & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. and Surveys west 100th Merid., v, Zool., 1875, 123 (Colorado, Utah, aud Arizona). * Many references additional to those here given to eaily papers ou the general history and anatomy of the Beaver may be found in Brandt, and Ratzeburg's elaborate memoir on this animal (Medizinische Zoologie, 4to, Berlin, i, 1829, pp. 13-30), which is particularly rich in references to pre- Linnaean works. Dr. Cues (see Bibliographical appendix to this article) has also kindly added other references to the American Beaver. 28 M 434 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Castor americamis Richardson, Back's Arctic Land Exped., 1836, 494.— BRANDT, Me"iu. Acad. St. P6tersb., Cth ser., Sci. Nat., vii, 1855, 64, pis. i, ii, iii (tail and skull). — Maximillan, Wiegm. Arch., 1862, i, 132. Castor curopmus Owen, Brit. Foss. Mam., 1840, 11)0. Castor fiber seu europwns BRANDT, Mem. Acad. St. Pe'tersb., Cth ser., Sci. Nat., vii, 1855, C3. Castor fiber var. europaniB MORGAN, Amer. Beaver and his Works, 1808, 44. Le Castor ou le Biivre, Brisson, Rogue, Auim., 1756, 13:1. Castor Beaver, Pennant, " Synop. Quad., 255 ; Hist. Quad., 1781, No. 251 " ; Arctic Zool.,2d ed., i, 1792, 113, The Leaver, LawSON, Hist. Carolina, 1871, 121.— Catesby, Nat. Hist, Carolina, 1731, i, xxix.— Brickell, Nat. Hist. N. Car., 1737, 121.— Hearne, Journ. to the Northern Ocean, 1795, 226.— Heck- welder, Trans. Amor. Phil. Soc. 1st ser., vi, 1809, 209 (habits).— Buckley, Amer. Jouru. Sci. and Arts, 2d ser., iii, 1846, 434 (North Carolina).— Brumley, ibid., iv, 1847,285 (Ala- bama).— A. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 18U9, 100 (Beaver dams). — Brunot, Ann. Rep. Smith. Inst, for 1873, 1874, 422 (habits). Le Castor da Canada, F. Cuvier & Geoffroy, Hist. Nat. des Mam., i, liv. (5, 1819 (figure). Castor oVEurope, F. Cuvier & Geoffroy, ibid., iii, liv. 51, Oct. 1825 (figure). DESCRIPTION. Body thick, heavy, depressed, enlarging posteriorly, broadest near the hips ; head large and broad ; muffle naked ; nostrils lateral, divided ; ears short, rounded, furred, and nearly hidden in the pelage ; tail broad and flat, covered with horny blackish scales; fore feet short and weak, unwebbed : hind feet large, fully palmate ; soles of all the feet naked, upper surface hairy ; second toe of hind feet usually furnished, with a double claw, the supple- mental one being placed transversely beneath the true one; under-fur soft, dense, and grayish ; overlying hairs coarse, shining-chestnut. Length of body, about 30 inches ; of tail, about 10; weight of adult, about 45 to 50 pounds, ranging to upward of 60. The general color of the Beaver above is reddish-brown, varying to lighter or darker in different individuals and probably with the season ; lighter, approaching grayish, below. The Beaver appears to be generally darker to the northward, where it is occasionally nearly black. Albinistic individuals are also more or less frequent, either wholly white, creamy white, or with patches of white. To such specimens have been given the various varietal names of nigra, albus, variegatus, jiavus, etc. The Beaver is apparently several years in attaining its growth, increas- ing in size long after it has acquired its mature dentition. Two-year-old Beavers generally weigh about thirty-five to forty pounds, while very old ones occasionally attain a weight of upward of sixty. Morgan records the capture of one which weighed sixty-three pounds. The increase in the size of the skull seems to continue nearly through life; in old age the skull not only acquires larger dimensions, but the weight is relatively greater in conse- CASTORID.E— CASTOR— CASTOR FIBER. 485 quence of the increased thickness and density of the bones. The ridges for the attachment of muscles also become more strongly developed in old age All of the forty-five skulls, of which measurements are given below, had attained mature dentition, but the variation in size they present with age is very considerable. In the series of sixteen from Arctic America, the varia- tion in length ranges from 4.45 to 5.25, and in breadth from 3.15 to 3.85. In a series of twelve skulls from the Platte and Upper Missouri Rivers, the variation is still greater, ranging in length from 4.40 to 5.65, and from 3.10 to 4 15 in breadth The apparent wide range of individual variation in size in the large series of skulls examined is largely due to differences of age, as will be seen from an examination of the subjoined table of measurements, in which the relative age of the specimens is indicated, as judged by the condi- tion of the sutures, the teeth, the relative development of the ridges for mus- cular attachment, and the density of the bony structure. In four very old skulls from nearly the same locality, the greatest variation is from 5.10 to 5.25 in length, and 3.50 to 3.85 in breadth. In the three marked in the table as- "old", but evidently younger than those marked "very old", the variation ranges from 4.50 to 4.90 in length, and from 3.30 to 3.60 in breadth. Those evidently much younger, and marked in the table as "middle-aged", eight in number, all fall within these extremes, so that the range of purely individual variation may amount to fully 20 per cent, of the average. In respect to particular elements of the skull, the variation is greater than in general size. Xos. 9477 and 7201, with a length of 5.25 each, vary in breadth from 3.50 to 3.85. Yet the narrower of these two skulls has much the wider nasals, which have a breadth of 0.95 against 0.87 in the other ; they are, however, at the same time shorter, having a length of only 1.72 against 1.90 in the other, and hence vary enormously in general form, in the one being short and greatly expanded, in the other long, narrow, and of nearly uniform width throughout. In the one, the zygomatic arch is short, broad, and heavy ; in the other, narrower, longer, and more slender. The interparietal bone in these two skulls is as different in shape as can well be imagined. In No. 7201, the anterior half is triangular, the posterior abruptly expanding, and basally greatly widening. In No. 8676, it is more than one-half smaller, and is regularly triangular to its base. In other skulls, it is even still narrower; this element of the skull presenting, in different specimens, almost endless variations in respect to both size and form The frontals are perhaps still more variable, especially in respect to the interparietal portion. This portion 43(3 MONOGRAPHS OK NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. is more than twice as wide in some specimens as in others of the same size; the parietal borders are sometimes straight and parallel, but sometimes straight and at the same time rapidly convergent; but generally their parietal border is mora or less concave. Their interorbital breadth is also very variable. The lachrymal varies greatly in size, and, while generally triangular, is occasionally quadrate. The anterior nasal aperture, while narrower below than above, is generally distinctly quadrate, but sometimes decidedly triangular, and often more or less approaches a triangular form. It also varies exceedingly in rela- tive size. The nasals vary greatly, as already shown, in size and form, inde- pendently of the general size of the skull, ranging in length from 1.72 to 1.90, and in breadth from 0.87 to 1.00. Posteriorly, they may be truncate, pointed, or bifurcate. Generally, the greatest width is anterior to the middle, the anterior half being abruptly expanded at the middle, or the lateral outline may be regularly and moderately swollen. Marked variations are also notice- able in respect to the size and form of the zygomatic processes; in the rela- tive size of the malar bone; and in the general details of the lower surface of the skull. In regard to geographical variation in size, the largest specimens are from the Upper Missouri. Of the twenty-six skulls marked in the table as "old" or "very old", six Alaskan ones average 4.91 by 3.61; nine Upper Missouri and Platte River skulls average 5.30 by 3.89; three Lake Superior and Maine skulls average 4.95 by 3.47 ; four Rio Grande and Mississippi skulls average 5.23 by 3.88. Of the "middle-aged" series, nine from Arctic America average 4.84 by 3.39 ; five from the Upper Missouri, 4.54 by 3.32 ; a middle-aged Mississippi skull measures 4.70 by 3.35. While the specimens are too few to yield positive results, it seems safe to assume that the Upper Missouri animal is larger than either the Alaskan or Texan one, and that even the Texan one is rather larger than the Arctic American. The southern skulls, however, are evidently much more aged than those from the far north, so that more specimens, all equally aged, would probably show little, if any, difference in size between those from the extreme north and the extreme south. While the series of "old" skulls from the Upper Missouri country averages much larger than the series from the far north, the average for the middle-aged series is reversed, the northern being the larger. This difference, however, is more apparent than real; the Upper Missouri series of five marked "middle-aged "averaging considerablyyounger than the more northern series of nine similarly marked. CASTORID.E— CASTOR— CASTOR FIBER. 437 RELATION OF THE AMERICAN AND OLD WORLD BEAVERS. The earlier, and by far the greater part of naturalists have regarded the Beavers of the Old World and the New as specifically identical. According to Brandt,* Oken,t in 1816, first suggested that they were different ; he regarding the American animal as being more reddish and much the larger. G. Cuvier, J in 1817, affirmed, that, after the most scrupulous comparison of the Old World Beaver, from different localities, with the New World Beaver, he was unable to satisfy himself whether or not they were specifically distinct. In 1820, Kuhl§ described a young specimen of the American Beaver from Hud- son's Bay, under the name Castor canadensis, without, however, giving any special reasons therefor. In 1825, F. Cuvier, || in describing specimens of the European Beaver, claimed that there were very decided differences in the structure of the skull as well as in size, he stating the European Beaver to be "d'un sixieme plus grand i|u'un Castor du Canada". His detailed account of the cranial differences, however, show that his American skull was that of a quite immature animal, and that the differences mentioned were mainly such as would result from differences of age. He calls attention, however, to one point of some importance, and one which all subsequent comparisons have confirmed, namely, the greater posterior extension of the nasal bones in the European animal. Gr. Cuvier,H the same year, also dwells upon the impor- tance of the same character as distinctive of the two forms, as well as also upon the general form of the nasal bones. In 1827, Brandt and Katzeburg** pointed out numerous minor differences in the shape of the head, tail, feet, incisors, etc., as existing between the single individuals compared. Richard- son, ff in 1829, called the American Beaver Castor fiber, americanus, but cited no differences characterizing the two forms. Keyserling and Blasius %\ treated the European Beaver as sjjecifically distinct from the American, and Wagner, §§ in 1844, as varietally distinct. Audubon and Bachman, || || in 1846, also formally adopted the same view, but stated that the only difference per- M^m. Acad. St. Pdtersb., 6th ser., vol. vii, p. 44. tLeiirb. il. Zuologie, 2te Alith., \*. H60. t Regno Anim., 1st ed., tome i, p. 191. § Beitriige zur Zoologie, p. 64. || Hist. Nut. dts Mam., liv. 51. IT Ossem. Foss., 3d ed., tome v, p. 57. **M» •dizimscbe Zoologie, vol. i, pp. 13-30. tt Faun. Bor.-Amer., vol. i, p. 105. tt Wirbelthiere des Europas, p. 7. $§ Abbandl. d. Muocbener Akad., math.-pbys. Clause, 1844, p. 36 ; Snppl. Schreber's Saoget., iv, 7. IHI Quad. N. Amer.. vol. i, p. 347. 4138 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ceptible to them was the rather larger size of the American animal. In 1855, Brandt* made an elaborate study of the subject, arriving at the conclu- sion that the New and. Old World Beavers were specifically distinct, from his finding a few slight but tolerably constant cranial differences, coupled with certain differences in the structure of the castoreum-sacs, and in the prop- erties of the castoreum itself. Baird.f in 1858, supported the same view, without adducing, however, any additional evidence, although inclining to the opinion that the American animal was the larger. In 1868, Morgan and Ely J re-examined the subject, having at command a large amount of material, and came to the conclusion that, at best, the two animals could be regarded as only varieties of the same species. The evident thoroughness with which Brandt investigated the subject has generally led to the adoption of his conclusions, and, consequently, for the last twenty years, the Beavers of the Old and the New World have quite currently passed as distinct though closely related species. In order to present the subject fairly, I transcribe Brandt's general sum- mary in full, in the words of Dr. Ely's translation, together with Dr. Ely's valuable comments. Brandt's material consisted of eight European and five American skulls, while Dr. Ely's series of American skulls exceeded one hundred, but embraced only a single European one. By the aid of Brandt's excellent monograph, however, he was able to quite satisfactorily compare the two forms. As Dr. Brandt's paper gives a most elaborate and detailed account of the differences observed by him between the crania of the two forms, I quote it somewhat at length, using Dr. Ely's translation in preference to the original, since it thereby becomes more easily available to the majority of American readers. I also append a summary of Dr. Ely's comments, based, as they are, upon the careful investigation of an exceptionally large number of specimens. I furthermore incorporate therewith the results of my own study of an additional series of upward of sixty American skulls and two European ones. Dr. Brandt finds, through his own studies and those of his predecessors in the same field, that outwardly there are no satisfactory indications of spe- cific difference, either in size, color, the form of the head, ear, or foot, or in the scales of the tail; but that the skull affords a number of pretty constant *M6ru. Acad. St. Pe'tersb., 6th ser., Sci. Nat., vol. vii, pp. 43-66. t Mam. N. Amer., p. 358. t The Beftvcr and his Works, chap, i, and appendix A. CASTORID^E— CASTOR— CASTOR FIBER 439 differences, some of which are quite striking; and that the structure of the castor-sacs and the properties of their secretion also differ notably in the two forms. Some of the differences in the structure of the skull pointed out have less value than Dr. Brandt assigned to them, being variations of an inconstant and individual character, while those he relies upon as of more im- portance Dr. Ely shows are not so constant as Brandt, from the study of his small number of specimens, supposed them to be. There are few, if any, dif- ferences mentioned by Brandt as distinctively characterizing the European Beaver that cannot be found occasionally in the American. On this point, Dr. Ely remarks, that, through his large series of American skulls, he finds "that many more resemblances may be traced between the European and the American Beaver than he [Brandt] has observed, thus reducing the amount of constant differences between the two varieties''.* In respect to the superior aspect of the skull, Brandt says: "If we examine the skull of the European and of the American Beaver [from above], we notice the following special differences : "(1) The portion of the frontal bone lying between the arches of the eyebrows, in all the European skulls is shorter and broader, much broader than long; but in the American narrower and somewhat longer (quite as broad, as long) ; so that the middle transverse diameter of the anterior portion of the frontal bone — that part lying between the eyes — is in the American skulls nearly or quite as long as the arch of the eyebrows; but in the Euro- pean it appears longer than this." Dr. Ely says this is generally true of the American skulls, but he finds exceptions, in which the interorbital portion of the frontals is broader than long, a statement my own series of American skulls confirms. In six speci- mens, Dr. Ely found the average breadth to be 0.27 of an inch greater than the length. "(2) In the European skulls," says Brandt, "the arches of the eyebrows are shorter, and their posterior tubercles, opposite the highest point of the malar bone, are strongly developed. In the American, on the contrary, the posterior eyebrow processes (only indicated, sometimes scarcely indicated at all, or at least but slightly developed) can be seen back of the highest point of the malar. The anterior eyebrow process is in all the European skulls likewise stronger than in the American." * Morgan's "Beaver ami his Works", p. 290. 440 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. Dr. Ely states that in the older and larger American skulls, both orbital processes arc strongly developed, in many skulls the posterior one being as strongly marked as in the European, a statement I find confirmed by my own series In the American skulls, he finds the position of the postorbital proc- ess, in respect to the highest point of the malar bone, to be as stated by Brandt, but records one exception to even this difference. "(3) The snout," says Brandt, "measured from the inferior orbital open- ing to the inferior corner of the nostril in two European skulls of equal size (Nos. 56 and lo6 of the Kiew Coll.) is broader and somewhat longer than in an American skull in the Academic Museum." "(4) The nasal bones," Brandt continues, "show the greatest variations. Their length in all the European is much above one-third the length of the skull, measured from the incisor teeth to the crista occipitalis; while, on the contrary, in the three larger of the American skulls the length of the nasal bones is only a little if any over one-third, and the smallest not even one-third the length of the skull. The nasal bones of the six older skulls lying before me of the European Beaver are therefore longer, and extend more or less far pos- teriorly, i. e. more or less beyond the anterior prominence of the arch of the eyebrows, so that they (the nasal bones) lie with their posterior borders nearly or quite opposite the middle of the margin of the orbits. In a young Polish Beaver (No. 57 of the Kiew Coll.) they reach, however, only to the anterior third of the orbital ring, and in our young Lapland Beaver they lie nearly as in our California Beaver skull, opposite only the circumference of the anterior border ot the orbital ring. In none of five American skulls, lying before me, on the contrary, do the nasal bones extend beyond the ante- rior prominence of the eyebrows. In nearly all the skulls of the European Beaver, compared with the five American ones lying before me, the nasal bones are in form longer in the middle and posterior, however, in general nar- rower, so that their breadth in their middle varies between one-fourth and one-fifth of their length, while in our five American skulls the breadth of their middle portion attains to between one-third and one-fourth of their length. Although the nasal, bones of the American beaver are thus on the whole broader, still they vary less in this respect than in their lesser length. The external border of the nasal bones of the European Beaver is not so strongly curved as in the American. Two of the European skulls, however, approach quite to the American in this respect. The superior surface of the CASTORID^E -CASTOR— CASTOR FIBER. 441 anterior half of the nasal bones is in six of the European skulls pretty plane; in two of the others, on the contrary (Nos. 51 and 1955 of the Kiev.- Coll), a*5 in all the five American, it is strongly convex. In regard to the character (or relation) of the nasal bones, there remains, therefore, in consequence of the preceding remarks, only their more considerable length in comparison with the skull as a mark of the European Beaver; since the greater lengthening poste- riorly of the nasal bones cannot be so rigorously proven in all European Beavers, especially not in our Lapland specimens. It is possible, however, that the' nasal bones are less prolonged posteriorly in younger animals than in full- grown, so that in this way the full-grown European might be recognized by its posteriorly prolonged nasal bones. Confirmatory of this view are the fol- lowing facts : 1. That in all of the six old skulls lying before me of European Beavers, the posterior extremities of the nasal bones reach more or less far posteriorly, and that this happens in a young skull of the Kiew Collection (No. 57), the length of which is four lines greater than that of the one from Lapland; and, 2, that in one very young American skull, the nasal bones extend backward somewhat less relatively than in the full-grown." As Dr. Ely remarks, it is in respect to the nasal bones that the greatest difference has been observed between the European and American Beavers. This difference was long since pointed out by both the Cuviers, and later con- firmed by Owen as well as Brandt. The greater posterior prolongation is not, however, constant, as shown by Brandt himself, and in one of the Euro- pean skulls now before me, a very old instead of a young specimen (No. 3b72, " Skagit River "), they do not extend beyond the point reached, by one-fifth of the American skulls now before me. In none of the American skulls, however, do they attain the posterior extension ordinarily seen in the Euro- pean. In sixty American skulls, the nasals terminate posteriorly, in one-fifth of them, about opposite the middle of the anterior orbital process; in nearly one-half, they terminate opposite the hinder margin of the anterior orbital process ; in eight others, they advance a little more posteriorly ; and, in twelve others, pass slightly beyond this point, exactly corresponding in this respect with frequent specimens of the European Beaver. In one American speci- men, the nasals do not quite reach the point opposite this process. In respect to their relative length, as compared with the whole length of the skull, the American average rather shorter than the European, ranging, in the American r.kulls, from 0.34 to 0.36 of the length of the skull against 0.38 in two Euro- 442 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. pean skulls. Dr. Ely stales that, in six American skulls, the average length is 5.39, and the average length of 1 lie nasals 1.81, or nearly 0.34 of the length. In three others, with an average length of 4.42, the nasals average 1.59 or 0.36 of the length. In seven others, he finds, however, the relative length of the nasals still greater. "(5) The frontal portion of the lachrymal bone in the American Beaver," Brandt finds, "is more triangular, — posteriorly twice as broad as anteriorly, — and smaller than in the European-; it is also nearly limited to the space between the malar and frontal bones; since it impinges only with its anterior border-like narrow end upon a small process of the upper jaw, or even only approaches it. In the Beavers of the Old World, however, the larger, more quadrangular, anteriorly and posteriorly equally broad frontal portion of the lachrymal bone lies not only between the malar and frontal bones, but is united in similar extent equilaterally with the superior maxillary." In the majority of instances, Dr. Ely finds the differences here men- tioned by Brandt, but states that in some of his skulls the lachrymal has the quadrangular form, being as broad anteriorly as posteriorly, and my own series affords additional exceptions, the individual variation in the form of this bone being very great in the American skulls. In respect to the anterior aspect of the skull, Dr. Brandt found the nasal opening triangular in the European, — narrower interiorly, and hence more or less pointed, — but quadrangular in the American, being but little narrower below than above. Dr. Ely notes the greater tendency to the quadrangular form in the American, but cites examples where the opening is nearly if not quite as triangular as in the European, and I find several American skulls in my series that fully bear out the statement. The form of the nasal opening, however, is very variable; in very few is it distinctly quad- rangular, being generally considerably narrowed and rounded, or more or less angular, below. Dr. Brandt also finds the inter- and inferior mamillaries broader in the European skulls than in the American, and the incisors also correspondingly broader. As shown by Dr. Ely, however, the difference is evidently somewhat less than the amount claimed by Dr. Brandt. In respect to the lateral aspect of the skull, Dr. Brandt finds no differ- ence in the dorsal outline in the two forms, but points out a number of alleged differences in other features. The zygomatic process of the maxillary he claims is relatively narrower, as compared with the malar bone, in the CASTORID.E— CASTOR— CASTOR FIBER. 443 American than in the European ; but both Dr. Ely's series and my own furnish many exceptions to this, which seems to be a distinction of little importance. The differences referred to by Brandt, in respect to the prominence of the nasal process of the intermaxillary, the form of the malar bone, and the presence of a ridge below the orbital ring, formed by the junction of the parietal and frontal bones, are also inconstant, and of slight or very doubtful value as features distinctive of the two forms ; and the same may be also almost said of the other differences detailed by Brandt as occurring in the lateral aspect of the skull (numbered 6, 7, and 8 under § 3 in his memoir) ; the parts referred to are so variable in different specimens of the American animal. In respect to the posterior aspect of the skull, the main difference insisted upon by Brandt is in respect to the shape of the occipital foramen. Respecting this point, Dr. Ely well observes : " If we examine a large number of skulls of the American Beaver, the great variety of forms presented by the occipital foramen appears remarkable. It is sometimes low and broad, again a rounded arch, and in other instances shows the high triangular shape peculiar to the European variety. This form is found frequently in young, and occasionally in old [American] skulls." In respect to the posterior aspect of the skull, Dr. Brandt notices the larger size and greater depth of the basilar cavity in the European, with the more rounded margins, and the more anterior position of the auditory bullae, differences both Dr. Ely's specimens and my own show to be quite constant. In the American skulls, these are quite variable features, so that occasionally there is a close approximation to the European form. After noticing in detail all of the alleged differences pointed out by Dr. Brandt, Dr. Ely concludes his examination in the following words : " 1 have thus endeavored to show, from an examination of a large number of skulls of the American Beaver, that a greater tendency to variation in these structures exists than was observed by Dr. Brandt, in the smaller number (five American and eight European), on which he based his differential characteristics. It will be remembered that Brandt does not insist upon the most obvious feature which distinguishes the Old World Beaver from that of the New World, viz. the greater lengthening posteriorly of the nasal bones, since it 'cannot be rigorously proven in all cases'. Following out, then, the principle which guided his researches, many additional exceptional instances have been found 444 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. td invalidate the conclusions that the European and the American Beaver constitute different species. The extremes of difference, in their aggregate, on the one side and on the other, are sufficiently striking to justify us in regarding them as varieties of one and the same species; while the want of constancy in these peculiarities suggests the inference, that these variations are due to long separation of the races, and to accidental causes, rather than to original diversity of the stock. It is conceded by the advocates of a diversity of species that the Beavers of the Old and the New World cannot be dis- tinguished by any external characteristic. The same is true of their habits and instincts, except so far as they have been evidently controlled by external influences. The castoreum secretion is variable, even in the European Beavers, and there are facts to show that the elements of the food of the animal are found in it.* The differences observed in it, being more of degree than of kind, are not of such a character as to render it improbable that they are due to the influence of climate, food, and accidental causes.''f A careful analysis of the above-noted cranial differences between the European and American Beavers shows that they consist mainly in (1) the greater general breadth of the anterior portion of the skull, resulting in a greater interorbital breadth, wider nasal bones, wider muzzle, and consequently wider incisors; (2) the relatively greater posterior extension of the nasals; (3) the greater size and depth of the basilar cavity ; and (4) in less marked and rather more inconstant features of difference in a few other points. Con- ceding with Dr. Ely their varietal or subspecific distinctness, the two forms may be thus conveniently diagnosed: Castor fiber var. fiber. — Dorsal surface of the interorbital region gener- ally as broad as, or broader than, long ; nasals extending backward beyond the posterior border of the anterior orbital process; basilar cavity deep and large ; bullae placed more anteriorly, etc. Castor fiber var. canadensis. — Dorsal surface of the interorbital region generally longer than broad ; nasals generally not reaching beyond the middle of the anterior orbital process; basilar cavity comparatively shallow, etc. Synonymy and Nomenclature. — In respect to the distinctive name of the American form, that of canadensis of Kuhl evidently has priority ; the ameri- * The castoreum of the American Beaver is well knowu to differ very materially from that of the Old World Beaver, aDd has a very much smaller commercial value. Chemical analyses show that the castoreum of the Russian Beaver coutains more volatile oil, castoriu.and resin, and much less carbonate of lime, than that of the American Beaver. t Morgan's " The Beaver and his Works", p. 299. CASTOR1D.E— CASTOR— CASTOR FIBER. 445 canus " of Cuvier "* being proposed some five years subsequently. Yet by Richardson, Audubon and Bach man, Brandt, Morgan and Ely, and others, the later name has been adopted in preference to the earlier one of Kuhl. For the Old World Beaver, the original Linnaean name^fer has been by some rejected for the later one, europceus, used by Owen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The Beaver family existed in North America as far south along the Atlantic seaboard as Georgia and Northern Florida.f It also occurred throughout the Gulf States nearly as far south as the Gulf coast, and in Texas to the Rio Grande. Its exact limit south of the Rio Grande I have not been able to determine ; but that its range extended for some distance into Mexico is well ascertained. The collection of the National Museum contains speci- mens from Franklin County, Mississippi, the Lower Rio Grande, and Santa Clara, California, and Dr. CouesJ gives it as an inhabitant of Arizona. It is abundant in Alaska, and in the interior extends to the Barren Grounds; its northern limit being apparently coincident with the northern limit of forests. Its present range, however, is much less extended, very few being found east of the Mississippi River south of the Great Lakes, and it is tar less numer- ous everywhere than formerly. Some still remain in Northern Maine and in the Adirondack region of New York, and probably some still survive thence southward in the sparsely-settled districts to Alabama and Mississippi. A recent article in "Forest and Stream" (vol. vi, No. 13, p. 197, Nov. 2, 1876) states that they are still abundant in portions of Virginia.§ Their former * The name Castor americanus is universally attributed to F. Cuvier, but I aiu uuable to fiud it any- where used in bis writings. In his " Hist. Nat. des Marnmiferes", he uses the common name only, — "Le Castor du Canada", — yet this work is usually cited as the origin of the specific name " americanus " as applied to the American Beaver. t Bartram, Travels, p. 281. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1867, p. 135 ; Am. Nat., vol. i, p. St>2. § The above-cited article mentions particularly Dinwid'ie, Nottoway, Brunswick, Cumberland, and Greenville Counties, where it says beaver-trapping has of late been again profitably pursued. " For instance," says this account, " there is the veteran trap-maker, Mr. Newhouse, who made his headquarters in Greenville County last winter; he realized some $900 by his expedition, besides selling several hundred dollars' worth of steel traps. And two of our subscribers from Connecticut, and others from Central New York, went down o Brunswick and Nottoway, and when they had harvested their packs of pelts and were ready to leave, taught tho native young ' chiucopins' and negroes to set traps, so that they, too, might add to their scanty earnings. More than one small farmer has had occasion to bless the strangers who came among them and showed them how to catch fur Besides putting money into their own purse, the trapper in Virginia will do the residents a great service by killing of t.he ' vermin' that destroy their crops, and thereby save as well as earn. We have ourselves seen acres of corn totally destroyed by the Beavers down there, and we know that the havoc they make with the grain causes a serious loss to needy and struggling people." This advertisement of the abundance of the Beavers in Virginia will doubtless result in their rapid numerical decrease, if not speedy total extirpatiou, through excessive persecution, unless the authorities of Virginia should have the wisdom to interpose legal pro- tection for the otherwise doomed animals. 446 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. existence in great abundance throughout the Atlantic States, and thence west- ward to the Pacific, is thoroughly attested. They having been less persistently hunted during recent years than formerly, they are reported to be slowly on the increase at most localities where they still remain. Dr. Cones informs me that he has seldom tailed to find Beaver on the various streams of the wes* he has explored, from the British to the Mexican boundary. In some of the more secluded waters, where the animals have been little hunted, he has watched them disporting in broad daylight with little sense of danger. He has nowhere found them more abundant than on the various mountain-streams which unite to form the heads of the North Platte River, in North Park. Colorado, where some of the rivulets are choked for miles with successive dams. The Berlandier MSS. attest the presence of the animal in various por- tions of Mexico. FOSSIL REMAINS. Fossil remains of the American Beaver have been discovered in New York and New Jersey, at Memphis, Tennessee, associated with the remains of Castoroides* in the Post-pliocene deposits of the Ashley River, South Carolina, and in the bone-caverns of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The bones of the European Beaver have been found also in deposits of Post-pliocene age, and even in those of the Tertiary. Ovvenf reports the occurrence of the remains of the European Beaver with those of the Trogontherium, Megaceros, and Mastodon, under circumstances indicative of their contemporaneous existence, carrying the antiquity of the European Beaver "far back into the Tertiary period". In the Val d'Arno, according to the same authority, they have been found associated with the remains of the Mammoth, Hippopotamus, and Hyaena. They have also been found in Europe in bone-caves, but most commonly occur in peat bogs and other superficial deposits. Some of these remains indicate an animal rather larger than the largest specimens of the existing Beaver. The Castor issiodorensis from Issoire is closely related to, if not identical with, Castor fiber. * Wyman, Amer. Jouru. Ssi. and Arts, 2d ser., vol. x, 1850, p. 64. tBrit. Foss. Mam. and Birds, p. 192. CASTORID.E- CASTOR- CASTOR FIBER CANADENSIS. 447 Table I. — Measurements of forty-three skulls of C astor fiber var. canadensis. ' Prom the occipital condyles to front border of the iDtermaxillariou. 44 S MONCGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENT1A. TAni.E II. — I.ht ofapecimi ns examined of Castor FIBER Bar. canadensis. i s © I 1- G — — 3 8675 8073 8683 6676 8680 8677 8682 8681 8678 6537 3014 4422 .">657 4359 4358 0479 7597 3282 3372 4294 4292 4307 7204 7194 7201 7195 6523 2146 2077 2380 7284 821 7285 1550 9785 978G 1901 11530 2599 3478 3480 3477 3463 2144 2143 11632 12:97 4208 2914 3934 3935 8011 1198 3286 367 170 Locality. Alaska do do do .... do .... do do ... do do do Konai, Alaska Yukon. Nelson River, H. B.T.. do do Fort Simpson do .... do do .... do Abbitibbe Lake Moose River, H. B. T. ... Fort Good Hope do .... d.> : do Fort Anderson Cheyenne, Wyo Upper Missouri ... .do .... do do do do do Fort Bridger Medicine Bow Creek — Platte River .... do do do White River, Nebr ( !hej iiinu River, Nebr . Wyoming Oregon Pitt River, Cal San Francisco, Cal Puget Sound Vancouver Island do Chebolis Prairie, Wash. California Santa Clara, Cal When colled nl June 2, May 18, 1860 May 21, 1860 Aug. 10, From whom re- ceived. Dr. T. T. Minor.. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do W. H. Dall F. Bischoff R. Kennicott D.Gunn ...do ...do B.R.R08S ...do ...do... ...do .. do C. Drexler .. do G. P. Gaudet .. do ...do ...do R. McFarlane Dr. F. T. Hayden ...do .. do ...do .. do ...do ...do ... do ...do Lieut. F. J. Bryan Dr. F. V. Hayden . .. do ...do ...do ..do ..do .. do G. P. Bisse'.l J. Feilner Captain Rogers . . ..do ... do Collected by— Dr. G. Suckley . . Captain Rogers . . Dr. J. G. Cooper Dr. T. T. Minor... ...do ...do ..do ..do ...do ...do ...do .. do W. H. Dall F.Biscboff R, Kennicott D.Gunn ...do ...do B. R. Ross ..do ...do ...do ...do C. Drexler ...do G.P. Gandet ...do ...do ...do R. McFarlane . . . Dr. F. V. Hayden .. do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do H. D. Schmidt ... W.S.Wood Dr. F. V. Hayden ...do ...do ... do ... do ...do H.D.Schmidt ... G.P.Bissell J. Feilner W. Stimpson ..do J. L. Frost X Dr. G. Suckley... W. P. Trowbridge Dr. J. G. Cooper . Skull. ...do. ...do. ...do. .. do .. do. .. do. ..do .. do. ...do. ...do. Skull and skin. .. do. Skull. ...do. ...do. ...do. . . do. Skin. ... do. ....do. ...do. Skull. ...do. ...do. ... do. ...do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. Skin. ... do. Skull and skin. .. do. Skull. .. do. ...do. .. do. ...do.* ..do. ...do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Lower jaw. Skull. Skin. .. do. Skull. 'Two years old " CASTOKID.E— EUCASTOR— EUCASTOE TORTUS. 4.49 Table II. — List of specimens examined of Castor, fiber rar. canadensis— Continued. o *1359 •1360 (*) 3371 *412 Oct. 2, Dr. F. V. Haydcn Reeky Mt. Exped Dr. E. Palmer ...do Dr. F. V. Hayden J. A. Allen... Skull. do. o? Dr. E. Palmer do Skin. . ..do. 6315 1414 1410 1003 3772 12037 *706 134 1072 7392 73S9 7390 7393 3672 6564 do Skull. Skin. Skull. ....do. Dr. E. Swift Lieut. D. N. Couch. .. do Dr. E. Swift Dr. L. Berlamlier ...do d" do Haj. W. H. Emory. B.L. C.Wailes .... J.G.Rich .. do J.H.Clark ...do. B.L. C.Wailes... ...do. ...do. Oxford County, Mo do J.G. Rich do. .... lute cvi, lig. 2. CASTOIUDiE— STENEOFIBEE— S. NEBEASCENSIS. 451 ingly well-marked differences will be found in other features of the skull when we are able to study this interesting form from more nearly perfect specimens. The following table, showing the comparative measurements of Eucastor tortus with the corresponding portion of the skull of Castor fiber, is from Dr. Lcidy's memoir on the " Extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska'' (Jo urn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., vol. v, p. 342). C. tortus. C. fiber. Lines. Lines. Length of space occupied by four molars G£ 13 Length of hiatus from first molar to incisors 12 J 21 Breadth of face opposite first molars 7 14 Breadth of face in advance of infra-orbital foramen 5} 11 Width of palate between first molars 1 3i Width of palate between last molar alveoli 4 7 Antero-posterior diameter of first molar 2 3 Transverse diameter of first molar 2£ 3J Antero-posterior diameter of second molar 1J 8 Transverse diameter of second molar 2 3 J Antero-posterior diameter of third molar 1$ 3 Transverse diameter of third molar 2 34; Diameter of incisors 2 3i Genus STENEOFIBER E. Geoffr. " Stencofiber E. Geoffroy, Revue Eneyclop., 1833, — ." Palwocastor Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., v, 1'869, 338. STENEOFIBER NEBRASCENSIS Leidy. Stcneofiber nebrascensis Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 80; 1857, 89. ChaUcomys nebrascensis Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 176. Paleeocastor nebrascensis Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,2d ser., v, 1869, 338, 405, pi. xxvi, figs. 7-11 ; U. S. Geol. Survey of Wyoming, 1871, 363. The present species was first described by Dr. Leidy, in 1856, from specimens collected by Dr. Hayden from the Mauvaises Torres of the White River, Dakota. These specimens indicate an animal of about the size of Eucastor tortus. The species is thus far known from "a much mutilated skull, with the fragments retained nearly in their original position by a mass of included calcareous matrix. The greater part of the cranium is destroyed, as is also the nose and parts of the jaws, though all the teeth are preserved. A second specimen consists of portions of both jaws of an aged individual, badly mutilated and imbedded in a mass of matrix. The remaining speci- mens, from a third individual, consist of portions of both sides of the lower jaw and one side of the upper jaw, containing all the molar teeth, and freed from investing matrix." 452 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTIi AMERICAN BODBNTEA. This species, so far as these specimens indicate Its character, appears to resemble the genus Steneqfiber, from the lower Pliocene formation of Saint- Ge'rand-Ie-Puy, France, both in the general form of the skull and in its den- tition. So great is this resemblance that Dr. Leidy at first referred it to that genus, which Kaup has regarded as identical with Chalicomys. The lower jaw in Steneqfiber, says Leidy, is unknown, and adds that that of Palieocastor is quite unlike the lower jaw in Chalicomys. The structure of the molars in Chalicomys differs greatly, as shown by Gervais's figures,* from that of Steneo- Jiber, and Geoffroy, Gervais, and others regard the two forms as generically distinct. In Pala-ocastor, the structure of the molars is very similar to what is seen in the figures of the molars of Steneqfiber. In respect to the skull, Leidy also observes that the "forehead presents the same triangular form and proportionate size" as in Steneqfiber. "The temporal fossoe", he continues, "appear to have had the same form and proportional capacity. They were separated in the same manner by a long sagittal crest, extending forward upon the frontal bone. The cranium, just back of the forehead, was equally con- stricted. The external auditory passage formed a short, oblique canal, with its orifice directed outward and backward in the same manner. The palatal region, likewise, had the same form and construction, and the infra-orbital for- amen held the same relative position as in Steneqfiber viciacensis. The inci- sors in both jaws are proportionately as long and strong as in the Beaver, and they have the same form." Dr. Leidy adds that they also strongly approach in form those of the Beaver. The molar teeth in " Palceocastor" differ very greatly in structure from those of either Castor, Eucastor, or Trogontlieriuin, more resembling, appar- ently, as do also those of Steneqfiber viciacensis, those of some members of the Dasyproctidce. The skull also differs greatly in form from that seen in these genera in consequence of the much greater constriction above of the interorbital region. Hence "Palceocastor", if really belonging to the family Castorida, probably differed very much in general structure from the existing Beavers, and has its nearest ally in the genus Steneqfiber^ of the Miocene epoch of Europe. * Zool. et paldont. franc., plates i, viii, anil xlviii. t Gervais says, "Les genres Chalicomys, Kaup, et Stcncofihcr, E. Geoff., sont evidemment do la m6me tribu quo les Castors" i Zool. et paloont, franc., p. 20), to winch group they have been generally refeiTed by subsequent writers. Mr. E. R. Alston, however, in his recent memoir " On the Classification of the Order Glircs " (P. Z. S., 1*7(1, pp. 61-1)8), gives both Chalicomys of Kaup and rala'ocastor of Leidy among tlic " more doubtful fossil genera " of the family Castorida, as well as the genera Palaom'js and Chtiodua of Kaun, and the genus Trogontherium of Fischer (not Trogontherijm of Owen, — > Ihobroticus, Pomel). CASTOFJDiE— STENEOFIBER— S. PANSUS. 453 The measurements given by Dr. Leitly of Palceocastor nebrascensis show it to have been of about the size of Eucastor tortus, or rather smaller, but somewhat different from it in the relative size of the teeth, in the width of the palate, and in the general form of the skull. STENEOFIBER PANSUS Cope. Steneofiber pansns Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 222; Ann. Eop. Wheeler's Expl. west of 100th Mcrid., 1875, 73. Of this species, recently described by Professor Cope, from the Santa Ftj marls, little is known. It is apparently closely allied to the didw, Coues, Bnl). U. S. Geol. and Gcogr. Snrv. Terr. 1875, 2d ser. No. 5, 253. = Subfamily Jaculinas, Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, 89 (Dipodida:). The single known species which represents this family has been variously classified by different authors. Since the period when it was commonly assigned to the genus Mus of the older writers, it has usually, under various generic designations, been considered to be allied to the Jerboas (Dipus), doubtless on account of a superficial resemblance it bears to those animals. It has frequently been referred to the genus Dipus itself; while, even among the modern authors who have appreciated a generic distinction between Dipus proper and Zapus, there have been those who regard these two genera as components of one subfamily, Dipodince, of the family Murida But the two genera have little in common aside from the ordinal characters they share with other Rodents — little of consequence in common beyond the features by which they are both to be recognized as members of the Murine series* of Rodents ; for it seems that, whatever may be the value of the characters by which the species of Zapus may be differentiated from typical Murines, — even from Mus itself, — equally strong at least, if not stronger, points of differ- ence from Dipus or Pcdetes may be found. I should judge that a classifica- tion which distinguishes a family Dipodidce from Murid^e should, in apprecia- tion of taxonomic equivalency, eliminate Zapus as the type of a separate family, — one which, as I still contend, is scarcely more closely related to the groups which Pedetes and Dipus respectively typify than it is to the Murida proper. I find it quite as easy to draw the line between Zapus and either Dipus or Pedetes as it is to separate the same form from Mus proper ; and accordingly, in indorsing a classification which admits numerous families of the Murine series, I recognize in the type of Zapus a group of full family * ilgomoipha, Alstou, 1870 — approximately eijuivaleut to the Myoidca of Gill, 1872. 461 462 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTIJ AMERICAN RODENTIA. rank, as was done by Professor Gill in 1872, probably for the first time, although Cams had already proposed Pedetina, Dipod/na, and Jaculina, thus making the three groups of co-ordinate value. Differing, as I do, with the majority of writers, who associate Zapus more intimately with Dipus and Pedetes than with any typical Muridce, it may be well to compare or contrast the characters that bear upon the case. Certain modifications of the skull and of the metatarsus, and the dental formula?, are chiefly concerned. The four families Muridce, Zapodidce, Dipodida, and Pedetidce agree in the completeness of the clavicles, anchylosis of the tibia and fibula, particular condition of the angle of the mandible, absence of postorbital processes, and other features characteristic of, or normal in, the Murine series of Rodents. It is highly characteristic of the 3Iur idee, as now usually accepted, to possess f^f molars, without premolars; tlie only exceptions, as far as known, being the genus Sminthus, which has ~ premolars, and the genus Hydromys, which has only l_22 molars {Alston). Zapus departs from the rule in having i^i premolars, and in so much approaches Dipodida and Pedetidce. But these last two families differ between themselves in respect to the premolars, these being absent, or present above only, in Dipodida.', and present above and below in Pedetidce. Hence the condition of the premolars fails to be decisive. The state of the molars is likewise not diagnostic. Excepting the genus Hydro- mys, the molars are \~ in all of the families in question ; and they are indif- ferently rooted or rootless in Muridce, rooted in Zapodidce and Dipodidce, rootless in Pedetidce. It is highly characteristic — almost diagnostic — of Muridce to possess a particular construction of the anteorbital foramen ; this aperture being nor- mally a pyriform slit of moderate or small calibre, bounded externally by a broad plate of the maxillary. Zapus, Dipus, and Pedetes all depart unequiv- ocally from this in having the same opening large or very large, rounded, and (always?) supplemented with a nick or additional foramen below the main aperture. Associated with this condition of the foramen, we find a special state of the zygoma, which is more than ordinarily depressed, and the malar element of which is prolonged up the maxillary to effect suture with the lachrymal ; whereas, in typical Muridce, the malar is a mere splint, joining extended maxillar and squamosal processes. There are some other features, such as shortness and breadth of the brain-case and condition of the auditory ZAP0DID2E— DISCUSSION OF AFFINITIES. 463 bullae, in which Zapodidce recede from Muridce, and more closely approach Dipodidce, although the bullae do not attain to anything like the enormous development witnessed in Dipodidce. On the whole, the skull presents more decided affinities with that of Dipodidce and Pedetklce than with that of Mar idee. In Dipodidce alone are the cervical vertebrae more or less anchylosed ; they are free in Muridce, Zapodidce, and Pedetidce. The elongation of the hinder limbs of Zapodidce, the shortness of the fore, and a correlated bulkiness of the body behind in comparison with that in front, are points which, in Zapus, appear to indicate affinity with Dipodine forms, and which have undoubtedly been largely considered by naturalists in their location of Zapus near Dipus and its allies. But has not the significance of these features been overrated 1 Has not mere resemblance been taken for evidence of closer relationship than really exists? We should note, in the first place, that mere form may be fallacious ; witness, for instance, the strik- ing contrast in shape between the closely-related Geomyidce and Saccomyidce. Secondly, although if is highly characteristic of Muridez to have the fore and hind limbs developed to approximately the same degree, yet there are some unchallenged forms of true Muridce, in which the hind limbs are elongated, such being Gerbillus and its immediate allies, collocated by Alston as a special subfamily {Gerbiliince) of Muridce. Thirdly, it should be noted that, in spite of the elongation of the pes of Zapus, that member retains five perfectly functional digits, supported by as many complete and separate metatarsals ; thus falling far short of the extreme modification witnessed in Dipodidce, where there are but three functionally developed digits, with fusion of lateral metatarsals. Upon the whole, then, while I am far from denying that the Zapodidce are a step away from the Muridce, and take that step direct toward Dipodidx, — as better evidenced by cranial characters than by the structure of the hind limbs, — still I am indisposed to concede that Zapus approaches Dipus and Pedetes so closely that it may be advantageously combined with these in a single family, the three to be contrasted collectively with the Muridce, or with any other one family of the Murine series. In view of the various cross- relationships involved, and the special combination of characters presented by Zapus, I continue to accord it full family rank, and consider that it is to be individually contrasted with Muridce, as Dipodidx and Pedetidx likewise are. 4G4 MONOGKAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA. The Zapodidcc may be considered a connecting link (through GrrbUlina ?-) between the "central" or generalized structure which characterizes the MuridcB, and the "peripheral" or specialized type of structure which culmi- nates in Dipodida. The family may be established upon the following com- bination of characters, superimposed upon those that belong to the Myomorph series at large.* Chars.— Teeth, 18: I. \E$; C.^f; Pm. ^; M.|^|. Superior incisors compressed, sulcate ; premolar small ; molars rooted. Cervical vertebrae unanchylosed (cf. Dipodidce). Cranial portion of the skull shorter and broader than in Muridce. Auditory bullae transverse (cf. Muridcz), without special development (cf. Dipodidce). Anteorbital foramen large, rounded (cf. typical Muridce), with a supplementary nick, or additional foramen, at its lower por- tion. Malar mounting the zygomatic process of the maxillary to effect suture with the lachrymal (cf. MurideB). Zygomatic arch styloid, much depressed. * I have but recently received Mr. E. R. Alston's convenient and valuable paper on the classification of the Rodents (P. Z. S Jan. 1876, pp. 61-98, pi. iv), too late for such use as I should have wished to make of it in the preparatiou of my monograph of the Muridw, which, though still (Dec. 1876) unpublished, has been for some months in the metal. In this memoir, the author arranges Zapus (under the name of Jaculus) as one of three subfamilies of Dipodidw, which constitute the seventh and last of his series of Myomorphs, Muridce being ranged third. In order to fully exhibit the grounds upon which he differs with me respecting the position of Zapus, — though our difference is chiefly in our respective estimates of comparative degrees of inter-rela- tionship and the taxonomic value of mutually conceded characters, — his diagnoses of Murida; and of Dipodidce, and its three assigned subfamilies, are subjoined. " Family 111. Muridce. Lower incisors compressed ; no premolars (except in Sminthince) ; molars rooted or rootless, tuberculate or with angular enamel-folds. Frontals contracted. Infraorbital opening iu typical forms high, perpendicular, wide above and narrowed below, with the lower root of the maxillary zygomatic process more or less flattened into a perpendicular plate ; very rarely the opening is either largo and oval or small and subtriaugular. Malar short and slender, generally reduced to a spliut between the maxillary and squamosal processes. External characters very variable. Pollex rudimentary, but often with a small nail. Tail generally subuaked and scaly, rarely densely haired. Cosmopolitan. Ten subfamilies. * * *." *' Family VII. Dipodidce. Incisors compressed. Premolars present or absent. Griuding-teeth rooted or rootless, not tuberculate, with more or fewer transverse euamej-folds. Skull with the braiu- case short and broad ; infraorbital opening rounded, very large (o'ften as large as the orbit) ; zygomatic arch slender, curved downward ; the malar ascending iu front to the lachrymal iu a flattened perpen- dicular plate ; facial surface of the maxillaries minutely perforated ; mastoid portion of auditory bulla} usually greatly developed. Metatarsal bones greatly elongated, often fused into a cannon-bone. Form gracile ; front portion of body and fore limbs very small ; hind limbs long and strong, with from three to five digits ; tail long, hairy. Three subfamilies : — "A. Jaculinw. One premolar above. Griuding-teeth rooted. Cervical vertebra) free, metatarsals separate. Hind feet with five developed digits. Tail sparsely haired. Nearctic. [Oue genus, — Jaculus.'] " B. Vipodina;. Premolars present or absent. Grinding-teeth rooted. Cervical vertebras more or less ankylosed. Metatarsals united iu a cannon-bone. Hind feet with only three digits functionally developed. Tail thickly haired, often tufted. Palasarclic and Ethiopian. [Three genera, — Dipus, Alactaga, I'latycercomys. ] " C Pedvtinw. Oue premolar above and below. Grinding-teeth rootless. Cervical vertebra free, Metatarsals separate. Hind feet with four well-developed digits, with short broad hoof-like nails. Tail bushy throughout, not tufted. Ethiopian." [One genus,— i'id< /to. 1 ZAPODID^E— ZAPUS— SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS. 405 Trunk enlarged posteriorly, in correlation with the shortness of the fore limbs and great elongation of the hind ones, especially of the pes (cf. Mufida except Gerbillince) ; nevertheless, the pes with five perfect and separate meta- tarsals, and five functionally developed digits (cf. Dipodidce, Pedetidce). Claws not peculiar (cf. Pedetida). Tail greatly exceeding the trunk in length (cf most Muridcs), very slender, scant-haired (cf. Dipod/da, Pedetidce). Pro- gression saltatorial. Other characters of less value are adduced as generic under the head of Zapus. Genus ZAPUS, Coues. < Dipus, sp., Zimmermann, Geogr. Gescb. ii, 1780, 358. — Davies, Trans. Liuu. Soc. iv, 1798, 155. — Barton, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. iv, 1799, 114. < Mus, sp., Zimmermann. Peun. Arkt. Zool. i, 1787, 131 (Mus lotigipes, Ziinm., nee auct.). < Gerhillus, sp., Desmaeest, Mannn. ii, 1822, 331 (not type). = Mdriones, Fn. Cuvier, Dents des Mamm. 1825, 187 (type. But not Heriones of Illiger, Prod. 1811, 82, which is based on Dipus tamaricinus and D. meridianua). < Merioues, Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 251 (used in an extended sense, to include Old World species of Dipodidw). •= Jacuhts, Wagler, Natiirl. Syst. Auiphib. 1830, 23 (type. But not of Jarocki, 1821, nor of early authors). — Wagner, Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, Bd. i, 119.— Baird, Mamui. N. Am. 1857, 429. — Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, 89. = Zapus, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 5, 1875, 253 (type). Chars. — With well-developed internal cheek-pouches. Digits of the hand five, the first of which is rudimentary, with a flat, blunt nail ; palms naked, granular, and tuberculate. Digits of the foot five, all functional, and with perfect claws and basal webs; sole naked throughout, the heel smooth, the rest granular and tuberculate. Meatus of the ear capacious, closed with large antitragal and tragal flaps. Pelage coarse and hispid. Size small ; configuration modified from an ordinary Murine shape ; physiognomy peculiar. Other characters are fully detailed in the description of the species beyond. Here I may refer again, more in detail, to the grounds (briefly set forth when I proposed the name Zapus) upon which a new designation was given to the well-known genus; for I insist that a new name was required. The generic type in question has been successively called Dipus, Mus, Gerhillus, Mrriones or Meriones, Jnculus, and Zapus. Which of these names is tenable 1 The first three — Dipus, Mus, and Gerbillus — are too obviously inappli- cable to be brought into the question at all. Their unavailability in this con- nection is now conceded by all. 1. Jaculus, or, in its older forms, Iaculus and Iacvlvs, was the specific 30 m 466 MONOGRAPHS <>K NOETH AMERICAN EODENTIA. name of a Linnsean species of a family distinct from Zapodidce, and was also used, by various of the older writers, both specifically and generically. Thus, lacvlvs is a generic term used for the Jerboas by Erxleben (Syst. Nat. 404, No. 38) in 1777, long before Zapus hudsonius had been discovered. It should, therefore, not have been imposed upon any subsequently determined generic type. But even according to the rule, custom or precedent, which permits an author who subdivides an old genus to restrict the name of such genus to any one of his new genera he may see lit, Jaculus is still inapplica- ble to the present genus; for such restriction seems to have been first made by Jarocki,* a Polish naturalist, who, in 1821, employed the term Jaculus for certain pentadactyle species of Dipodidee, the name becoming, at his hands, exactly equivalent to the subsequent Alactaga of Fr. Cuvier (Proe. Zodl. Soc. 1836, 141), afterward altered, on account of its barbarous character, to Scirtetes, by Wagner (Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, Bd. i, 119). Clearly, then, if Jaculus is available for any modern genus, it must be for one of the Dipo- didee, and can have nothing to do with the present case. It is as much out of the question, in fact, as either Dipus or Gerbillus. So far as I am a»ware, Jaculus was first used in connection with the pres- ent gemis by Wagler, in 1830 (Natiirl. Syst. Amphib. u. s. w.). In this procedure, however, he was followed by no writers of note until A. Wagner.f in his "Gruppirung derGattungen der Nager in natiirlichen Familien" u. s. vv. (Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, Bd. i, p. 119), used " Jaculus Wagl." as equivalent to, and instead of, Meriones Cuv. The name, however, did not come into general employ in this connection until 1857, when Professor Baird adopted it in the same sense which Wagler and Wagner had attached to it ; and his example has been generally followed by the American school. 2. The term Meriones was invented by Illiger in 1811 (Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, etc. p. 82, No. 32), to cover the Old World species "Dipus " Jarocki's work I have not been able to consult. The title ami reference, as given by A. Milne- Edwards, alter Brandt, are:—" Zoologia Cayli Zwiertopisnio ogolne. Warszwie, 1821. pi. i,p.26." Milne- Edwards observes : " Jaiocki reserva le nom goueriqnr de IHpus aux Gerboises dont les pattes posterieures sunt tridactyles, et constitua sous le nom de Jaculus un nonveau genre pour les especes a pattes posteri- eures pentadactyles". — ("Etudes pour servir l'histoire de la Faune Mammalogiqiie de la Cbiue," apud H. Milne- Edwards's " Becherches," etc., tome i, pp. 140, 147. 4to, Paris, 1868-74). t Says Professor Wagner (torn. cit. 120) : " Hinsiehtlicb der Benennuug der amerikanischen Spriug- inaiise crinuere ich, dass ibnen der Name Meriones, den Fr. Cuvier auf sie ubertriigt, uieht beigelegt werden sollte, indem ilm Diiger an Nager der alten Welt vergeben hat ; ich bediene mich daber des von Wagler vorgeschlageueu Namens Jaculus." That is to say, Professor Wagner objects to M. Cuvier's transferring Illiger's Meriones to the American type, without seeming to be aware that he is doing the same thing himsolf,— transferring Jaculus to this type. ZAPODIDiE— ZAPUS— Z. HUDSONIUS— SYNONYMY. 407 tamaricinus, meridianus LinGrmel."; the author quotes " Cerbillus Desm." as a synonym; the diagnosis of the genus is not applicable to Zap us ; and, as if to clinch the matter, Illiger expressly enumerates "Dipus canadensis Shaw" under a preceding genus, Dipus. Hence it is clear that Meriones, as proposed by Illiger, had no reference, even by implication, to the American type Zapus. But, a few years afterward, in 1825, Fred. Cuvier (Dents des Mammif. etc. p. 187) committed the Gallicism of Meriones, and said : "Le type de ce genre est le dipus americanus, de Barton," without the slightest allusion to Illiger, — just as if he were proposing a new genus. All that he did, however, was to transfer Illiger's name to a totally different generic type, to which Illiger never intended it to apply. The case is parallel with that of Wagler's and Wagner's transferring of Jacidus from certain Old World types to the Ameri- can one. It is immaterial whether or not Meriones is tenable for the group upon which Illiger based it; it certainly cannot stand for any other group. Hence it is clear that the American animal never had a name based upon itself, nor any tenable name, until Zapus was proposed. In establishing the genus, I thought it unnecessary to more than briefly allude to the facts in the case ; but, as I observe some indisposition to coincide in this instance with my views, I have thought proper to set forth my reasons at length. ZAPUS HUDSONIUS, Cones. SYNONYMY. Dipus hudsoniits, Zimmermann, Geog. Gesch. ii, 1780, 358, No. 268 (based on the Long-legged Mouse of Hudson's Bay, of Pennant). — Bodd^ert, Elench. Anini. i, 1784, 115 (based on Zimnierinauu). — Scheeber, "Siiug. . . . 8C1, No. 6". — Fischek, Sjrn. Mamm. 1829, 340 (based on Zimmermann). GerbUlus hudsonius, Rafinesque, Am. Month. Mag. 1818, 446. — Lesson, Man. i, 1827, 257. Meriones hudsonicus, Audubon & Bachman-, Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 251, pi. .-5. Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 430, pi. 21, f. 5 a-e — Newberry, P. R. R. Eep. vi, 1857, 59 (Cali- fornia).— Baird, P. R. R. Eep x, 1859, Gunnison's & Beckwith's Eoutes, Mamm. p. 8. — Cooper & Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. 1860, 83, 101, 127.— Hayden, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii, 1862, 147 (Fort Union).— Samuels, Ninth Ann. Rep. Mass. Board Agric. 1862, 178 (habits).— GlLFlN, Proc. & Trans Nova Scotia Inst, ii, 1870, 60 (Nova Scotia). — Allen, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. i, 1870, 226 (Massachusetts).— Tenney, Am. Nat. vi, 1872, 330, f. 101 (habits).— Mekriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871, 1872, 665.— Ames, Bull. Minn. Acad, i, 1874, 70 (Minnesota).— Allen, Bull. Ess. Inst, vi, 1874, 60, 65 (Wyoming and Utah). Zapus hudsonius, C'oues, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 5, 1875, 254. — Coues& Yarrow, Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 99. A/us longipes, Zimmermann, Penn. Arkt. Zool. i, 1787, 131 (erroneous identification with Mus longipes auct.). Mus canadensis, " Pennant " (merely Latin rendering of " Canada rat " ?). Dipus canadensis, Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. iv, 1798, 157, pi. 8, f. 5, 6 ("Jumping Mouse of Canada"). — Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 192, pi. 161 (after Davies).— Turton, Syst. Nat. i, 1806, 100.— Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. 1815, 292.— Fischer. Syn. Mamm. 1829, 339. GerbiUus canadensis, Desmarest, Mamm. ii, 1822, 331. — Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 155. — Godman, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1st ed. 1826, p. — ; 2d ed. 1831, 94, pi. — ; 3d ed. 1861, 94.— Griffith, Auim. Kingd. v, 1827, 210, No. 624.— Emmons, Rep. Quad. Mass. 1840, 69.— Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 44.— Hall, Canad. Nat. & Geol. vi, 1861, :_!04 (Montreal). 468 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA, Meriones canadensis, Less., Man. i, L827, 258.— Schinz, Syn. Maram. ii, 1845, 91. Dipua americanus, Barton, a r. Philos. Trans. Lv, No. \ii, 1799, 115 (plate, not numbered, opp. p. 124). — Barton, op. cit. \i, 1604, 1 13 (habits).— Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. l«ir>, 292, Mfrwnet aiiKiiraiiits, l'n. Cr\ ii i:, Units des Mainm. 1825, 187. No. and pi. 75, fi^s. a, b (teeth. Name not formally presented, bnt inferable from tin' context I. Jaculus americanus, Wagler, Natiirl. Syet. Amphib. LH30, '-';;. Meriones americanus, DeKay, N. V. Zool. i, 1842, 70, pi. 24, f.2. Dipus labradorius, Turton, Syst. Nat. i, 1806, 99 (Labrador Eat of Pennant).— Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. od. 1815, 292. Mus labradorius, J. Sabine, A.pp. Frankl. Journ. 1823, 661. Gerbillus labradorius, Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 15? (alter Sabine).— Godman, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1st ed. 1826, p. — ; 2d ed. 1831, 97 ; 3d ed. 1861, 97.— Griffith, Anim. Kiogd. v, 1827, 240, No. 625. Dipus labradoricus, 1'isciir.i:, Syn. Mamm. 1*29, 338. Meriones labradorius, Eichardson, F. B.-A. i, 1829, 144, pi. 7.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. iv, pi. 226 H (alter Eichardson).— Dawson, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ. new ser. iii, 1856, 2. Meriones labradorus, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii, 1845, 92. Jaculus labradorius, Wagner, Snppl. Sehreb. iii, 184:!, 294.— Giebel, Sang. L855, 599; Zeitschr. gesaramt. Naturw. xxv, L865, 272 (osteology).— Kennicott, U. S. Patent Office Agric. Rep. for 1836, 1857, 95, pi. 11 (habits).— Maximilian, Arch. Naturg. 1861, p. — ; Verz. ReiseN.-Am. 1862, 146. Gerbillus sylvaticus, " Mircnii.t, " (descr. nulla). Meriones nemoralis, Is. Gkoffroy, " Diet. Class. vii,323 ; pi. i'asc. 10, n. 2 ". Gerbillus daviesii, Rafinesque, " Pr6c. Decouv. Sdmiol. 14 ". t Gerbillus soricinus, Rafinesque, " Prec. Decouv. Semiol. 14".— Desmarest, Mamm. ii, 1822, 322 (com- piled from Rafinesque).— Lesson, Man. i, 1S27, 257 (compiled from Rafinesque). f Dipus soricinus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, 339 (compiled from Rafinesque). t Gerbillus leonurus, Rafinksquk, Am. Month. Mag. 1818, 446. — Desmarf.st, Mamm. ii, 1822,322 (compiled from Kalinesqne). — Lesson, Man. i, 1827, 257 (compiled from Rafinesque). I Dipus leonurus, Fischer, Syn. 1829, 339 (compiled from Rafinesque). f Gerbillus megalops, Rafinesque, Am. Month. Mag. 1818, 446.— Desmarest, .Mamm. ii, 1822, 322 (compiled from Rafinesque). — Lesson, Man. i, 1827, 257 (compiled from Rafinesque). f Dipus megalops, Fischer, Syn. 1829, :140 (compiled from Rafinesque). / Gerbillus macrourus, Rafinesque. f Gerbillus braohyurus, Rafinesque. Meriones microcephalus, Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud, vii, ls:i9, 1.— Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii, 1845, 92 (compiled from Harlan). Meriones acadicus, Dawson, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ. new ser. iii, 1856, 2, pi. 1. Canada Hat, Pennant, Quad, ii, 172. Labrabor Rat, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, 435, No. 295; Arct. Zool. i, 1784, 132, No. 63. ■Jumping Mouse of Canada, Davies, 1. c. Labrador or Jumping Mouse, Godman, 1. c. Canadian Jerboa, Shaw, 1. c. Labradore Jerboa, Turton, 1. c. Canadian and Labrador Gerbil, GRIFFITH, 1. c. Deer Mouse, DeKay, I. c. Gerhille du Canada, Desmarest, 1. c. Me'rione du Canada, Lesson, 1. c. Gerbille snricine, de la bale d' Hudson, queue de lion, et auxyeux noirs, Less., 1. c. Canadische, Labradoriscfie, Kleinkopjige BUpfmaus, Schinz, 1. c. DESCRIPTION. A. Cranial characters. — In comparison with the Murine forms with which it has been associated, this animal presents many strong peculiarities of the skull and teeth. Among these may be enumerated the presence of an addi- tional tooth in the upper molar series, causing an inequality in the formulas of the two jaws; the size and shape of the anteorbital foramen, with its ZAPODIDJ3— ZAPUS HUDSONIUS— CRANIAL CHARACTERS. 469 supplementary foramen or nick just beneath ; the extension of the malar bone up the slender styloid zygomatic portion of the maxillary till it sutures with the lachrymal, and the slenderness and depression of the rest of the zygomatic arch ; the shortness and transverse position of the bullae auditorise; the position of the maxillo-palatine suture; expansion of the posterior nares, &c. The skull, as a whole, is shorter for its width, though the zygomata are more nearly parallel ; it is also deeper for its other dimensions, with a greater degree of convexity, both lengthwise and crosswise, of the superior contour. Nevertheless, its general superficial resemblance to that of Mus proper is evi- dent. Compared with that of Mus musculus, which is of about the same size, we see in each species the same general shape and delicate papery condition, without strong angularity, as well as many close coincidences in detail, indi- cating that the Murine affinities of the animal are with typical Mus, Hespero- mys, &c, and not with the Arvicoline group of Muridcn, in which the skull is notably heavier, more massive, and more angular. As to the general shape of the skull, there is little to be added to the foregoing, except such points as, being equally applicable to the familiar Mus musculus, need not be recapitulated ; we may therefore at once proceed to details, in giving which I frequently compare the skull with that of Mus to indicate its departures from ordinary Murine features. The anteorbital foramen, which transmits the masseter in this instance, and which constitutes a prime peculiarity of the skull, is of great size and obliquely oval in shape. Instead of being circumscribed by a plate of bone, as in Muridce, it is defined externally by a very slender styloid process of the maxillary, which is strengthened by the upward extension of the malar, applied as a splint along its whole length. Below this main foramen there is another much smaller one, which transmits the nerve. This is sometimes a complete foramen, separate from the other; sometimes only a deep notch in the lower bolder of the main opening; and this difference may be observed on the two sides of the same skull. I am ready to believe that this lesser opening, giving passage to the superior maxillary nerve, is the true "anteorb- ital" foramen itself; for it seems to correspond to the lower part of the large slit which, in Muridce, is walled in by the maxillary lamina, and it is formed by a little plate of bone, which rises as a ridge from the alveolar portion of the jaw, and bends over to abut against the main wall of the maxillary. In cases in which this plate lails to reach the main wall of the maxillary, so that 470 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. only a notch and nol a foramen results, the correspondence of the whole opening with the pyriform slit of the Murida is very evident, and the relation of the parts is fully established, though the shape is quite different. The contour of the parts surrounding the foramen is such thai the zygo- matic process of the maxillary stands out at a righl angle at a point scarcely above the level of the alveoli. The anterior root of the zygoma is hence notably depressed in position; there being no forward-upward reach of the lower border of this arch, so evident in Murida. The zygoma, in fact, is nearly horizontal in all of its length along the under side ; but anteriorly the upper edge rises prominently, in consequence of the unusual extension of the malar up the maxillary, already mentioned. The malar runs all the way up to the lachrymal bone, affording a circumstance which I believe to be rare, namely, a lachrymo-malar suture like that which is found in Dipodida and PedeAidcp. This ascending spur of the malar is, moreover, expanded into a rather broad lamina, partly defending the orbit, thus supplying a wall that, in most cases, is afforded by expansion of the zygomatic process of the maxil- lary ; the latter being in this case of styloid character. In its continuity, the malar is a slender rod ; behind, it underlaps a short spur of the squamosal with simple squamous suture. The general shape of the orbit is much the same as in Mus. In both, the squamosal forms much of the posterior orbital wall; the orbito-sphenoid being correspondingly reduced. The antero-exterior corner of the parietal reaches to the brim of the orbit. The rostral portion of the skull bears to the rest about the same propor- tion as in Mus, and is equally attenuate anteriorly, though thicker at the base, and consequently more tapering. The ends of the nasals project conspicu- ously beyond the plane of the incisors; behind, these bones terminate oppo- site the ends of the intermaxillaries ; the suture of the frontal with each of them, as well as with the maxillaries, being nearly in one transverse jagged line. The intermaxillaries develope a strong alveolar plate, separating the superior incisors for nearly half their length ; this, with the projection of the nasals and backward set of the much-curved teeth, results in a snout strikingly like that of the Saccojnyidcv. The feeble, retreating under jaw, densely hairy upper lip, and small nasal pads bear out this resemblance in the external physiognomy. As in Mus, the inlet-orbital constriction is moderate, being about as wide ZAP0DIDJ3— ZAPUS HUDSONIUS— CRANIAL CHARACTERS. 471 as the rostrum at base ; and there is no trace of a postorbital process. The parietals are nearly square, though somewhat emarginate in front, to corre- spond with the convexity of the frontal. There is little, if any, dipping-down of a postero-cxterior angle, so well exhibited in Mus. The interparietal is of large size transversely, though narrow in the other direction ; it reaches across the whole width of the combined parietals, bounding them both posteriorly, ;is it is itself bounded by the occipital. The extent of this narrowly ellipti- cal transverse interparietal is greater than in Mus ; its corner is at a point where the back outer angle of the parietal, back upper angle of the squamo- sal, and front upper angle of the occipital all come nearly together. The squamosal closely resembles that of Mies in size, shape, and connections; there are the same extensive vacuities about the petrosal, with a similar strong clasp, bridging over the opening just above the meatus, running from the root of the zygomatic process to the back edge of the bone. The mastoid is of moderate size, developing nothing to be fairly called a process, wedged between the paroccipital process and the squamosal, at the postero-lateral corner of the skull. It is confluent with the petrosal, but partially fissured away from the surrounding occipital elements. The supraoccipital is of large size and convex contour ; the occipital crest is slight, so that the plane of the occiput is not well defined from that of the superior surface of the skull, the two meeting with a continuous curve, more convex than in Mus. The upper border of the occipital is nearly straight, and bounded quite across by the interparietal ; next comes a considerable piece of squamosal suture, and then the mastoid. The foramen magnum is of great size and nearly hexagonal shape ; most of it being in the plane of the occiput, with only a slight nick interiorly. The condyles are protuberant and convergent ; the condyloid fora- men is close beneath their articular surfaces. The paroccipitals are well- marked perpendicular processes. The basioccipital narrows very rapidly, owing to the strong inward trend of the petrosals, and ends by transverse suture, as usual, with the basisphenoid, opposite the ends of the petrosals. Its under surface shows a pair of slight depressions, with a median ridge. The posterior nares are of ample dimensions, owing to the wide separa- tion of the pterygoids. These bones are long, straight, and styloid, with a slightly -clubbed extremity in close approximation to the ends of the petrosals. The palate ends behind with a broad, rounded emargination opposite the last molars. This formation is very different from that of Mus, in which the bony 472 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. palate extends back of the molar scries, and the contracted interpterygoid . space is narrowly angular. The maxillo-palatinc suture of Zapus, likewise, is differently located, being opposite the interspace between the penultimate and preceding molar, instead of much farther back. There is a pair of con- spicuous palatal foramina opposite the penultimate molar. The contour of the palate differs from that of Mus, and perhaps a majority of allied Rodents, in being broader in front than behind. The incisive foramina are of great length, as well as quite broad, reaching from little behind the incisors to oppo- site the molars; the perforation is half in the intermaxillary, half in the max- illary; the bony septum is swollen except at its posterior part. The form of the descending process of the mandible is a strong charac- ter of Zapus in comparison with Mus, &c, in which this plate of bone is more or less squarish, and vertical or nearly so. In Zapus, the same plate is strongly twisted out of the axis of the jaw, standing diagonally outward and upward, — very much, in fact, as in Saccomyidte. The coronoid is rather weak, falcate, acute, with a strong slope ; it slightly overtops the condyle. The latter sets strongly backward, though it is rather more erect than in Mus. The incisor causes a moderate protuberance outside, at the root of the condylar process. Inside, nearly opposite, is the conspicuous foramen of the inferior maxillary nerve. B. Dental characters. — The superior incisors are short and stout, with a strong curve; their anterior faces strongly sulcate, with the outer half of the tooth rabbeted down so that the groove is plainly visible from the side. The inferior incisors are not specially noteworthy. The molar series differs from that in Muriilc proper (except Smintkus) in the presence of a small premolar in the upper jaw, with no tooth to correspond in the lower series. This minute premolar is single-rooted ; the three following teeth have three roots apiece, — a lengthwise pair of slender- fangs outside, and a single stout fang, apparently formed of two coalesced roots, inside. The lower molars have each a pair of roots, in single lengthwise series. The upper premolar is the smallest of the whole, and simply circular; the next two are about equal in size; the last is much smaller A similar proportion is seen in the under series. The pattern of the molar crowns is much complicated. C. External characters. — A general Murine form is modified by the great development of the hind limbs (much as in Dipodidcs or some forms of Sac- comyidcB), and especially of the pes itself; an unusual length of tail, which ZAPODID^— ZAPUS HUDSONIUS— EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. 473 greatly exceeds that of the hod}7; a peculiar condition of the external ear; and a physiognomy quite like that of the Saccomyidce. There are also well- developed internal cheek-pouches, shared, in a less degree however, by various American MuridtB.* These pouches, as well as can be judged from alcoholic specimens, are relatively about as large as those of Tamias for instance. The body of Zapus is large behind, in correlation with the greatly-devel- oped posterior limbs, and tapers to the fore in a regular maimer; the head being comparatively small, and there being no noticeable constriction of the neck. The head is conoidal, with a prominent and rather blunt snout and retreating under jaw. The rather small eye is midway between the nose and ear. The upper lip is not visibly cleft, and is densely hirsute, with a fringe of hairs depending over and almost hiding the small front teeth. The naked muffle is of rather small size, and entirely inferior in position; above it, the hairy skin crosses with a deep transverse crease, forming a sort of imperfect overhanging flap, which is freely movable back and forth, even in alcoholic specimens, and looks as if it might be drawn down to partially cover the nos- trils. (I have observed much the same thing in Saccomyidce.) The nose-pad is impressed with a pair of median vertical grooves, and a transverse one is seen in some cases. The nostrils are completely lateral in position. The whiskers are rather sparse, but some of them are nearly half as long as the body. The structure of the external ear is rather remarkable (among Rodents) for the provision for perfect closure of the meatus, as in the Soricidce for instance. The antitragus develops into a great flap, completely reversible, and capable of being applied against the meatus ; and such, in fact, appears to be its usual position. The tragus, likewise, expands into a wide frill, or thin, free, rounded border, which ordinarily lies in apposition with the anti- tragal lobe opposite, completing the Closure of the ear. On turning over these two flaps, the vestibule of the ear is seen to be of unusually large dimensions. The conch itself is of an ordinary contour, coming to a blunt * The presence of cheek-pouches in the genus Hesperomys was tirst noted in 1830 by Gapper, who referred specimens of the common Hesperomys leucopus to Cricetus on this account, establishing a species C. myoides. In this matter, he was succeeded by Baird in 1857, who also recognized the pouches, and endorsed a Hesperomys myoides mainly upon this feature, failing, however, to observe that they also existed iu other species of the same genus. At the same time that Mr. J. A. Allen announced the before unknown pouches of Zapus hudsonius, he also showed that they occurred as well iu various species of Hesperomys ; and my subsequent dissections have satisfied me that pouches are present in all the North American species of Hesperomys proper ; i. e., the subgenus Vesperimus as established by me : Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1374, 178. 17 1 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. point above; the anterior third is folded close hack. The back of the ear and the fold of the conch arc sparsely pilous; the exposed parts of the fronl of the ear being more thickly clothed. The antitragal pad bears on its outer surface a special tufl of long hairs; its other side being naked, as are both sides of the flap of the tragus. The lore limbs are absolutely small, as well as short in comparison with the hinder ones: and they seem to he placed rather far forward, though this appearance may be due, in part at least, to the tapering shape of the body. The hands are pilous above, naked below. There are four perfect fingers, with ordinary claws, and a rudimentary thumb, which bears a Hat, blunt nail. The third digit is the longest; the fourth, second, and fifth being successively shortened. The digits are regularly transversely scutellate below. The palm is granular throughout, with a pair of large smooth pads (inner and outer) near the wrist, and three smaller tubercles at the basesof the digits; two proper to the second and fifth, respectively, one common to the third and fourth. The elongation of the hind limbs, which confers the high degree of saltatorial power upon this animal, like that of Dipus, &c, is especially notice- able in the pes, which exceeds the cms in length. This development of the foot, nevertheless, is not accompanied by reduction of the digits in number, nor by any imperfection of their respective metatarsals. The number of these bones has been queried: I find five, perfect from end to end, with com- plete tarsal and phalangeal articulations. The foot is clothed above with short, soft, silky hairs, quite different from the hirsute pelage of the body ; below, it is entirely naked, though the lateral fringe of hairs encroaches upon the contracted heel. The sole is perfectly smooth (as in Mas) for about half- wav, then granular; the dibits are transversely scutellate underneath. There is a well-defined tubercle on the inner side a little distance above the base of the first digit, and tour others at the bases of the digits ; three proper to the first, second, and •fifth, respectively, one common to the third and fourth. 'There are live perfect and normally-clawed digits. The first is shortest, and also situated rather high up, so that its tip reaches only to about the base of the second. The fifth is next longer, reaching the middle of the fourth. The third slightly exceeds the fourth and second, which are about equal to each other. There is much basal webbing between the three intermediate digits, especially between the third and fourth, which carries their apparent bases far beyond the liases of the lateral digits. ZAPODHWE— ZAPUS HUDSON IUS— EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. 475 In its relative length, the tail exceeds that of any other North American (mammal?) Rodent, always greatly exceeding the head and body, and some- times measuring nearly twice as much. It is cylindrical, with uniform taper and very slight caliber, coming to a tine point with a slight pencil of hairs. Its hairiness is about on a par with that of Mus musculus, decumanus, &c. ; that is to say, insufficient to hide the verticillate whorls of scales between which the short hairs spring. The general pelage of this animal is coarse and hispid, with little gloss, and presenting a streaky or "staring" appearance, owing to the number of bristly hairs which are mixed with the softer under fur. The color varies a good deal in different specimens, though one pattern is pretty constantly pre- served. About one-third of the colored part of the fur — that is to say, a dorsal strip about as wide as the lateral strip on either side — is brownish- yellow, heavily shaded with brownish-black. The sides, with the outer surface of the limbs, are of this same sandy-yellowish, but so slightly lined with the blackish that the purity of the light color is scarcely interfered with. The under parts are snow-white, with a pretty sharp line of demarkation from the colored areas. The backs of the hands and feet are whitish. The tail is rather indistinctly bicolor, to correspond with the body-areas, — dark brown above, whitish below. The ears have a light-colored rim. The whiskers are mostly black. The basal part of the fur, in the colored areas, is gray or plumbeous, excepting just along the line of junction of the tawny of the sides with the white of the belly, where the hairs are white to the roots, like those of the belly. To this absence of dark bases of the hairs is due the appearance of a fulvous stripe along the sides, sometimes quite strongly marked, much as in species of Perognathas or Cricetodipus. In these cases, there are thus four styles of coloration from back to belly: the dark dorsal area, mixed blackish and sandy, with plumbeous roots ; sandy, with little or no blackish, but still with gray roots, sandy, with white roots; and, finally, pure white. The variations to which the species is subject lie in the brightness or dullness of the tawny, and its lining with a varying amount of blackish ; the degree of distinctness of the dorsal area from that of the sides, and of this from the white of the belly; and in the sharpness or indistinct- ness of the tawny lateral stripe along which the hairs are white at the roots. The line of the belly-white is pretty constantly sharp, as in Hesperomys; but there is often a gradual shading from the dark dorsal area to (he tawny 476 MONOGRAPHS OF NOItTII AMERICAN RODEFHA. of (lie sides, ami the latter is sometimes very pale yellowish-gray, &c. I have observed no plumbeous or entirely gray stage like that frequently or usually seen in young Hesperomys; and 1 have failed to determine what defi- nite relation, if any, the observable differences in coloration bear to sex or age. The animal varies much ill size, and to some extent in proportions, especially the length of the tail. This is the most variable dimension, as usual in all such cases of high development of parts. A tendency to superior size in specimens from the Rocky Mountains and westward has been noted. •The following table of measurements of an alcoholic series indicates very fairly the dimensions, and. to some extent, the variations in size and pro- portions : — Table I. — Measurements of twenty-one alcoholic specimens o/Zapvs hudsonius. Skulls measure from 0*10 tu 1.00 by 0.45 to 0.50. * - a CS 3 £ = •2 a V. Locality. From tip of nose to — Tail— Length of— 3 — 'o a O H g - o a z o a a 5 2592 ■2393 2395 !!396 2397 239s 353 1 2599 2600 2605 20C6 2607 2609 2604 56 1 2602 2603 2611 2610 1929 2609 Halifax, N.S ■o. -l.-i 0. 12 ii. 45 0.42 0.40 0.43 0. 45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 11.40 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.45 0.80 0.75 0.90 o. eo o eo 0. 83 0.90 0.90 0.80 0. !I0 0.95 ii. 85 o. no 0. 85 o. .-:. 0. B5 0, 80 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0. 95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1. 10 1.00 1.10 1.00 1.00 1. CO 1.00 0.95 0.90 I. 15 II. 95 2.75 2.90 3.00 2.75 3. CO 2.75 3.30 2.75 2.75 3.10 3. 25 2.85 3.00 2.90 2.85 2.85 2. 60 2.80 3.00 2. 75 5.00 5.29 5.00 4. 50 5. 30 4.75 5. 35 4.80 4.35 4.95 5.00 4.90 5.00 4.65 4.50 4.75 4.40 4.70 5.10 4. 50 6. 10 0.40 0. 35 0. 37 0.45 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.45 1.20 1.18 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.18 1.10 1.15 1.15 do do do do do Waterville, X. T .... do ..do 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.45 0.50 1. 15 1.15 1.13 1.15 1. 15 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.12 1.35 do do do West Northfielrt, 111 Platte River. Nebr Steilarcumi. W. T 0.44 0.86 0.99 2.89 1.90 0.42 1.10 "All measurements are in English inches and decimals. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The dispersion of Znpus hudsonius in North America can at present be given only in somewhat general terms, pending precise information respect- ZAPODIDiE— ZAPUS HUDSONIUS— GENERAL niSTORY. 477 ing both northern and southern limits of its distribution. It inhabits the greater part of British America and the United States, from Atlantic to Pacific. The northernmost recorded locality I have noted is Great Slave Lake, latitude. 62° ; and the southernmost is Virginia, where I have myself observed it. It was originally described from Hudson's Bay, Labrador, and Canada, and appears to be particularly numerous in the last-named region and northern half of the United States. Audubon surmises, with much reason, that it exists south of Virginia, at least in mountainous regions; while there is no doubt of its presence in elevated portions of Arizona and New Mexico, which harbor such a truly boreal animal as Gulo luscus. We have found it in Dakota, and it is known to occur on the Pacific coast, in Washington Ter- ritory ; while the moist and comparatively warm climate of the wooded region, thence northward, we may properly surmise, will carry its habitat far into Alaska. Its dispersion will probably ultimately prove to be little, if any, less extensive than that of Hesperomys leucopus ; although, as it is more strictly a woodland animal, there are large treeless areas within its general range where probably it does not exist. HISTORY OF THE SPECIES The latter part of the last century gave us our earliest accounts of this species, under various names, from three apparently separate and independent sources, — Pennant, Davies, and Barton. Thomas Pennant is said to have first described the animal under the name of the "Long-legged Mouse of Hud- son's Bay", or some equivalent expression;* and" this became the basis of the first technical appellation quoted. Dipus hudsonius, conferred by Pro- fessor Zimmermann in 1780. Pennant erred in hastily identifying the ani- mal sent from Hudson's Bay by Mr. Graham with the Mus longipes of Pallas, or Dipus meridianus of Gmelin, an Asiatic quadruped. The same author had also a "Labrador Rat", which is no other than the present species. J. Sabine is currently accredited with the term Mus labradorius. derived from this source; but a Dipus labradorius had before appeared, upon the same basis, in Turton's English version of the Linn. -Gin. Systema Naturae (1806). About the year 1798, General Thomas Davies communicated to the Lin- nasan Society an account of an animal he called the "Jumping Mouse of Canada", which was published in the Transactions! of that body for 1798, the * The reference is not at band as I write. t An Account of the Jumping Mouse of Canada. By T. Davies. < Trans. Liun. Soc. iv, 1798, pp. 155-157, pi. 8, two lower figs. Named Dipus canadensis on p. 157. ITS MONOGRAPHS OF NORTIT AMERICAN RODENTIA. species being called Dipus canadensis. The article was immediately copied into Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine,* with reproduction of the colored plates by which it was illustrated. These same figures, representing the ani- mal inactivity and in repose, were also copied by Dr. (i. Shaw in Ins General Zoology in 1801 (plate 1G1), and the species became established upon this name "canadensis", already the third one bestowed upon it. The fourth designation of the species, "Dipus americanus", is derived from Barton; it really anticipated Davies's "canadensis", though not in date of publication. In the year 1795, Prof. B. 8. Barton communicated an account of the species to the American Philosophical Society, which body published it in the fourth volume of their Transactions,! bearing date 1799. In this article, the learned and ingenious author named a species, Dipus americanus, on page 115; he discussed at length its probable relationships with Dipus hudsonius of Zimmermann, and with " Mus longipes", coming to the conclu- sion it was distinct; and finished with an interesting account of its habits. Some years later, the same writer presented to the society a second paper J on the species, devoted to further consideration of the creature's habits, with special reference to its torpidity or hibernation. These excellent accounts of Professor Barton's have probably not been excelled in accuracy of detail. We thus see how the species came to be generally known by three dif- ferent names, — hudsonius, canadensis, and labradorius, — to say nothing of the "Mus longipes". Later authors are nearly equally divided in their use of these terms, but hudsonius clearly has priority. Coming to later synonyms, I find a quotation of a Gerbillus sijlvaticus, a name said to have been proposed by S. L. Mitchill, without accompanying description; and also of a Meriones nemoralis, attributed to Is. GeoiTroy St. Bilaire. These references I have not been able to verify. After treating of "Gerbillus''' canadensis, in his Fauna Americana, in 1825, apparently from fair acquaintance with the animal, Dr. R. Harlan, in 1839, § described specimens from Philadelphia as a new species under the * An Account "I' the Jumping Mouse of Canada, Dipus canadensis. By T. Davies. < Tilloeh's Phil. Mag. i, An;;. 1798, pp. 285-287, pi. viii, figs, (colored) 1, 2. (From Tr. Linn. Soc. iv, 1798, pp. 155-157.) tSome account <>l an Americau species of Dipus or Jerboa. < Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. iv, No. \ii. 1'p. 111-124, with pi. not numbered opp. p. 1-24. "Read" 1795; vol. dated 1799. [Supplement to the account id' the Dipus americanus, in the IV. Vol. of the Transactions of the Society. See No. XII. < Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. vi, 1804, pp. 14:;, 144. Read Dec. 1803; vol. dated 1804. $ On a Now Species of Meriones. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. vii, Jan. 1839, p 1. Subsequent to the collection of the author's papers published bj Lydia R, Bailey, under tin- title ef "Medical and Physical Researches" I 8vo, Philada. 1835), ZAPODIDyE— ZAPUS IIUDSONIUS— GENERAL HISTORY. 479 name of Meriones microcephalus. In 1856, Principal J. W. Dawson rede- scribed* the species as new, from Nova Scotian examples, under the name of Meriones acadicus. But the characters adduced by these authors in neither case indicate specific distinction, viewed in the light we now have on the normal variability of this animal. Though scarcely pertaining legitimately to the history of the species, numerous vague indications by Rafinesque of American species of " Gerbillus" may be here alluded to. The original quotations, together with the accounts compiled, chiefly by certain French writers, from Rafinesque, will be found in the foregoing list of synonyms. If the several supposed species have any foundation in nature, they are, in all probability, referable to Zapus hudsonins; but I doubt that the "long-tailed", "short-tailed'', "lion-tailed", 'shrew-like'', and "big-eyed" Gerbilli ot M. Rafinesque are aughl else than mere figments. This writer is also said to have renamed Davies's animal under the style of Gerbillus daviesii, while he is entitled to the credit of leading American authors in giving the specific term hudsonius its rightful priority. In 1865, Professor Giebelf gave some account of the osteology of the animal, the dentition of which had before been specially treated by Fr. Cuvier (I. s. &). In 1872, the habits of the species were made the subject of a special paper by Prof. Sanborn TenneyJ. For additional information respecting its habits, reference may be made to the writings of Audubon and Bachman, DeKay, Samuels, and Kennicott (11. ss. cc). 'Notice of the species of Meriones and Arvicola fouutl in Nova Scotia. < Edinburgh New Philo- sophical Journal, new series, iii, 1856, p. 1. t Zur Osteologie des labradorischeu Springers, Jaculus labradorius. < Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw. xv, 1865, pp. 272-274. t Hybernation of the Jumping Mouse. < American Naturalist, vi, 1872, pp. 330-332, fig. 101. MONOGRAPHS NORTH AMERICAN R0DENT1A No. VIII.-SACCOMYIM. By ELLIOTT COUES 31 M LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Office of U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Washington, D. C, December 1, 1876. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as one of the series of Monographs of North American Rodentia, a memoir upon the fam- ily Saccomyidce. This article is based upon the material contained in the National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, including all the specimens collected by yourself, or by the naturalists of the Survey under your direction. It is reproduced, with additions and other modifications, from my paper entitled "A Critical Review of the North American Saccomyidse", published in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences for 1875, pp. 272-327. I am, Sir, &c, ELLIOTT COUES, Assistant Surgeon U. S. A., Secretary of the Survey. Prof. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist-in-charge, Sfc, Sfc. 483 TABLE OF CONTENTS, Pages. Preliminary considerations 487-491 Family SACCOMYID.E 491-542 Subfamily Perognathidin^e 495-521 Genus Pwognalhw 496-515 Peroguathus fasciatus 500-504 penicillatus 504-509 montieola 509-512 hispidus 513-515 bicolor 515-515 Genus Cricetodipus 515-521 Cricetoflipus flavus 51R-518 parvus 519-521 Subfamily Dipodomyinjj 521-542 Genus Dipodomys 521-542 Dipodomys pbillipsi - 540-541 oidi 541-542 485 Family SACCOMYID^E- PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. The family Saccomyida, as understood and defined in this article, con- sists of the genera Dipodomys, Cricetodipus, Perognathus, Heteromys, and " Saccomys1 '.* The animals composing the family are confined, as far as now known, to North and Middle America and the West Indies. They may be immediately recognized by the possession of ample external cheek-pouches, lined with furry integument, and opening outside the mouth, taken in connec- tion with a general Murine aspect; for the Geomyida, which are the only other Rodents known to possess such cheek-pouches, are entirely different in external appearance. * The genus Saccomys of Fr. Cuvier was probably based upon a species of Heteromys, and is there- fore likely to prove to be a synonym of the latter, as Dr. Peters has endeavored to show. (See Monatsb. Akad. Berlin, 1874, pp. 354-359.) The genus Abromys of Gray (Proo. Zool. Soc. 1868,202) is not included in the above enumeration, as it is not recognizable. It is doubtless equivalent to Perognathus. (Seo this memoir, beyond.) In the valuable paper to which allusion has just been made (" tlber die Taschenmiiuse, Nager mit aussureu taschenformigeu Backentaschen, unl eine nene Art derselben, Heteromys adspersns, aus Pana- ma". < Monatsb. kongl. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Mai 1874, SS. 354-359, mit Taf.), Hr. W. Peters remarks (p. 350) respecting Saccomys as follows: — " Von diesen beiden letzteren [Gattungeu Heteromys, Saccomys'] ist die Gattung Saccomys nach einem einzigen ganz juugen Exemplar aufgestellt, welches sick vou den basher bekannten Arteu der Gattung Heteromys durck den Mangel platter Stachelborsten und eine etwas verschiedene Scbmelzfaltung der Backziihne auszeichuet. Nach einer genauen Vergleichuug der Cuvier'schen Abhandlung iiber Saccomys bin ich indess zu der Uberzeuguug gekommen, dass diese beiden Merkmale in diesem Falle nicht hinreicheud sind,um die Aufstellung einex besonderen Gattung zu rechtfertigen. Denn 1. bemerkt man auch bei auderen Nagern,die im reifereu Alter mit Stachelborsten verseben sind, dass dieso bei ganz jungeu Thieren uoch nicht zum Vorschein kommen, uud 2. ist die Verschiedenheit der Schmelz- bildung der Backziihne zwischen Saccomys und Heteromys nicht grosser als bei Individuen verschiedeneu Alters derselbeu Art anderer Nager, z. B. von Myoxas glis und Spalax typhlus. Ich bin daher der Meinung, dass Saccomys mit Heteromys zu verciuigen sei." And, respecting the questionable habitat of the species S. anthophilus, the writer adds, in a foot-note : — " Bekanntlich griindete Fr. Cuvier seine Aunahme, dass Saccomys anthoj>hilus n ord amerikanisch sei, darauf, dass Kunth in den Backentaschen seines Exemplars Bliithenreste von Securidaca L. fand. Hr. Prof. Braun bat mir indessen giitigst mitgetheilt, dass die meisteu Arten der Polygaleen-Gattuug Securidaca L. Brasilien und Columbien, einige Westindien ange. hoien, eine Art aus Mexico angefiihrt sei. Dieses spricht daher dafiir, dass das Vaterland von Saccomys onthophihis von dem der bisher bekannten Arten von Heteromys nicht verschieden sei." 467 |SS MONOGRAPHS OF MOBTE1 AMERICAN BODENTIA. A group Saccomyina,* under a family Muridee, was established in 1848 by G. R. Waterhouse to contain all 1 liose American Rodents which have external cheek-pouches, and consequently included the genera Geomys and Tkomo?ny.i, as well as those jusl specified. Such comprehensive acceptation of the group as a family was endorsed by Baird in 1857, f and more recently by Mr. K. R. Alston. J These authors agree, furthermore, in dividing the Saccomyida, as understood by Waterlionsr, into two subfamilies; Professor Baird's groups being Saccomyina} -\- Geomyinee=zSaccomyid&, while Mr. Alston, with unnec- essary § change of nomenclature, makes Geomyince-\-Ifeteromyin(e—Geom.y- id(E. Thus a nominal disagreement is brought about, when really these two authors arc at one, both in their valuation and their definition of the groups in question. || I accept the groups as originally indicated by Waterhouse, and as limited by Baird and Alston, but I differ in my valuation of them, considering that •■ Saccomyina" — a name informally proposed iu the text, p. 8, vol. ii, of the Nat. Hist. Mainni. (1848), as the " provisional" designation of a group of no assigned valuation, wi Lb the following definition in a foot-note: — "A group of Rodents found in North, and Central America, and in some of the West India Islands ; all the species of which possess cheek-poaches, opening externally ; I hey have — molar teeth. Iu some the teeth arc root less, and the tail is short ; they constitute the genus ("i corny s ; iu others the tail is long, and the molars are rooted, as in the genus Heteromys, Saccouiys, and Peroguathus. Dipodomys no doubt also belongs to this section, which I provisionally form for genera which there appear to bo good reasons thus to unite." (See also K. Johnston's ed. of Berhaus's Physical Atlas, Tabic of theOrdets Kodentia and Rnminantia, No. 5, folio, Edinburgh, 1849.) In his earlier papers, Waterhouse had placed Geomys among true Murine forms in a "family" Arvivolidw. See " Observations on the Rodentia, with a view to point out the groups, as indicated by tho structure of the Crania, in this order of Mammals." < Charlesw. Mag. N. II. viii, 1839, pp. 90-96, 184- 188, 274-279, 593-C00 ; wood-cuts. (See also Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, viii, 1841, pp. 81-84 ; x, 1842, pp. 197- 203, 344-347 ; and P. Z. S. 1839, pp. 172-174.) t Mammals of North America, p. 305 (4to, Washington, lS.r>7). t On the Classification of the Order Glires. . < Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Loud., Jan. 1870, pp. 01-98, pi. iv. (See especially pp. 19 and 87.) A paper no student of the Rodentia should fail to consult. $ I cannot agree with Mr. Alston that, because Fred. Cuvier's genus Saccomys is doubtless a synonym of Heteromys Desm., iD is iu. consequence uecessary to derive the name of the subfamily from the latter, and speak of Heteromyiiuc instead of Saceomyinw. It is always admissible to derive the name of a sub- family or family from any one of its component genera, though, of cotirse, desirable that such namo should indicate a characteristic or otherwise leading generic type. Hence, though Saccomys is an undoubted synonym, it is not necessary to discard the terms Saceomyinw and Saccomyida, long established and iu general employ, as well as suggestive and pertinent. || Brandt, perhaps alone among late leading writers, dissents from the views here implied. " Iu his recent paper on the classification "of the Rodentia iu Beitriige znr nahern Kenntuiss dcr Siiujrethiero Russlands, 1-.",:,, i»si [he] establishes a family of Sciuro-spalacoides to contain Geomys and Thomomys, as constituting a connecting link between the Sciuriaw and a family of Spalacoides, typified by Spalax, Siphneus, Ellobius, Ac. He dissents from the views of Waterhouse in combining Geomys and Thomomys into a family with Perognathus and Dipodomys. Perognathus he considers rather as a Muroid, and coming next to Cricetus, while Dipodomys, or rather Macrocolus, is placed as the type of a sub-family Maerocolini under the Dipodoidcs. I think, however, a revision of the subject, with more ample materials before him, will satisfy this eminent zoologist of the soundness of Waterhouse's view." — (Quoted from Baird, M. N. A., pp. 31)5-0, as pertinent to the history of the subject, and as a statement in which I fully concur.) SACCOMYIDCE— PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS. 489 each should rank as a family; for, as I have already attempted to show,* the great difference in configuration between the Geomyidce and Saccomyidce, though only a matter of secondary consequence, is coordinated with struc- tural characters important enough to warrant the erection of the subfamily Sacconiyince into a family Saccomyidce, distinct from, though unquestionably standing next to, the family Geomyidce. It may be conceded that this valuation was virtually, if only incidentally, srt forth in 1868 by Dr. J. E. Gray.f who, though using a terminology (" Sac- comyina}v) indicative of a subfamily, nevertheless speaks of "the family" of Pouched Mice, from which Geomys and Thomomys are excluded. In 1872, Dr. T. Gill J first formally recorded a family Saccomyidce as equivalent to the subfamily Saccomyina of Baird, 1857, and of Gray, 1868, and to the subsequent Heteromyince of Alston, 1876. The group thus accorded full family rank was placed next to the family Geomyidce, the two together constituting one of the author's numerous taxonomic refinements, a "super- family" (or series) Saccomyoidea, which was hence exactly equivalent to the group Saccomyina as founded by Waterhouse and the family Saccomyidce as endorsed by Baird. Such term, Saccomyoidea, may be accepted as an expres- sion of the unquestionable fact that the Saccomyidce and the Geomyidce are more intimately related to each other than they are to any other family of the Rodents. Thus following Professor Gill in determining a family Saccomyidce so drawn as to exclude Geomyidce, I wish, before giving my characterization of the group, to note what disposition has been made of its component genera by several authors. Dr. LeConte, in 1853, § and Professor Baird, in 1857, || both tre tted only of North American forms, recognizing but, two genera, Dipodomys and Perognathus (+subg. Cricetodipus). Dr. Gill made no sub- division of the family. Mr. Alston recognized three genera, — Dipodomys, Perognallius and Heteromys. Dr. Gray, and, following him, Hr. Peters,** divided the Pocket Mice into two groups of no assigned value, namely, " Bulletin U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 2, 1875, pp. 83 seq. ; and Proc. Acad. Phila. 1875, pp. 272 seq. t Synopsis of the Species of Saccomyina), or Pouched Mice, in the Collection of the British Museum. . described by the same author in 1825 (Dents des Maiumiferes, etc., p. 18(1, no. and pi. 74, ligs. a, li), the animal is said to have the " taille du lerot " and •• abajoues exterieures", the dental formula is given as i. . pm. and m. [.and the teeth are fnl ly described ami figured, but no further information upon the struc- ture of the animal is given. The species is not even named formally, naturalists being left to infer a Sa< i omgs anthophilua " from an expression used on p, 187, where " le nom d'anthophile " is bestowed from the circumstance thai the pouches of the specimen examined were filled with flowers. Mention of tlie external eheek-ponclies, however, together with the account of the teeth, renders it no less than certain thai the genus is a member of the present group : and, ns already stated, there is no doubt that it is .i s\ noiivm ol //■ t< romy I see what llr. Peters says, as quoted in a lorcgoiug foot-note, p. 187. SACCOMYID^E— CHARACTERS OF TIIF FAMILY. 41)1 a subgenus of Perognathus, upon certain obvious and eligible external char- acters alone. But examination of the skull, which, it seems, that author did not make, has satisfied me that the cranial peculiarities are fully up to a cur- rent generic mark. Cricetodipus, in fact, makes a decided step away from Perognathus in the direction of Dipodomys, though still falling far short of the exaggerated peculiarities of the latter. Family SACCOMYIDA. < Saccomyina, Waterhoi'SE, Nat. Hist. Mamm. ii, 1848, 8. (As a group of Muridcc. Included the Geomyida; now made a separate family ; equivalent to the " superfamily " Saccomyoidea of Gill, 1872.) < Pseudosiomidcc, Gervais, " Diet. Univ. d'Hist. Nat. xi, 1848." (Family. Equivalent to the Saccomyina of Waterhouse.) < Saccomyida; Lilljeborg, Syst. OEfv. Gnag. Daggdj. 1866. (Family. Equivalent to Saccomyina of Waterhouse.) = Saccomyina;, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. 1857, 404. (Suhfamily of Saccomyida; which, with this author, included Geomyida; Baud's family Saccomyida; being equivalent to Saccomyina, Waterh.) = Saccomyina; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 199. (Spoken of as a " family ", though terminology indicates subfami.ly.) = Saccomyida; Gill, Arraug. Fam. Mamm. 1872, 21. (Family.) — Saccomyida; Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 187.ri,274. (Family.) = Hctcromyina; Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, 88. (Subfamily. Equivalent to Saccomyina; of Baird and Saccomyida of Gill and Coues.) Chars.*— Skull light, thin, and papery, with few, if any, decided angles or ridges ; rostrum elongate, attenuate, and tapering ; nasals projected beyond incisors. Intermastoid width not less than the interzygomatic, sometimes much greater. Interorbital space much wider than the rostrum. Occipital region formed largely or mostly of the mastoids. Palatal surface nearly flat and horizontal. No anteorbital foramen in a usual site, but a large, rounded perforation of the side of the maxillary instead. Zygomata slender, depressed in position, almost or quite abutting behind against the tympanic ; malar thread-like. A delicate scroll-like lachrymal, easily detached. Frontal broadly trapezoidal. Parietal broad, triangular or pentagonal. A large interparietal, embraced betwixt forks of the occipital. Squamosal almost entirely restricted to the orbit. Tympanic more or less inflated. Mastoid enormously enlarged and bullous, mounting to the top of the skull, and also forming much or most of the occipital surface, the occipital bone itself being correspondingly reduced, and scarcely forming part of the general occipital surface. Petrosals moderately inflated, their apices closely approximated or even in mutual con- tact. Coronoid process of mandible slender, sloping, prickle-like, scarcely * Drawn from Perognathus, Cricetodipus, and Dipodomys ; but there is reason to believe that uo material modification of the phrase is requited to embrace Heloromys — excepting probably some of the cranial features, especially those of the temporal region. Special reference is had to antithesis with Geomyidce. 41)2 MONOGRAPHS OF NOltTLI AMERICAN RODENTIA. or mil attaining top of condyle ; mandible small and weak in comparison wil h rest of skull. Cervical vertebrae* sometimes anchylosed. Incisors variable (the upper compressed and sulcate in North American genera, said to be broad and smooth in Heteromys). Molars (i. e. pm. and m.) { !, rooted or rootless. General form Murine; body slender and graceful; ears and eyes well devel- oped. Hind limbs somewhat or very decidedly saltatorial. Tail as long as the body (mure or less). Fore (daws moderate, not obviously fossorial. External cheek-pouches ample, not connected with the mouth, furry inside, furnished with a special muscle (these pouches as in Geomyidee, but no other Rodents). Pelage generally coarse and hispid, said to be sometimes mixed with flattened spines (in Heteromys); always without under fur. The species very active and quick in their movements, like Mice; some of them leaping like Jerboas. The foregoing characters amply suffice for the determination of this family, though others might be adduced. The skull is very peculiar; its main features result from the exaggerated state of the mastoids, which pro- duce great width behind, roof much of the cerebral cavity, pinch the occip- ital, and push the squamosal into the orbit. The next most prominent features are the slight thread-like malar, attenuated rostrum, and flat palate. The curious position of the anteorbital foramen is shared by the Geomyidie. To bring the comparative characters of Saccomyidce and GeomyidcR into stronger relief, the following may be adduced: — GEOMYID.~£. SACCOMYIDCE. (Geomyi and Thomomys.) (Perognathus, Cricetodipus, Dipodomys.) Skull massive, angular, in general of an Arvicoline Skull delicate, with rounded-oil* angles and slight superficies. ridges, if any.- Interorbital constriction narrower than rostrum. Interorbital space much broader than rostrum. Interzygomatic width the greatest diameter of Intermastoid width the greatest diameter of tho the skull. skull. Palate strongly sloping downward far below level Palate nearly horizontal, little, if any,below tho of zygomata. level of zygomata. Nasals not produced beyond incisors; rostrum Nasals produced beyond incisors; rostrum corn- broad, blunt, parallel-sided. pressed, tapering, acute. Zygomata strong, flaring, with stout, short malar, Zygomata slender, parallel, with long thread-like having ordinary connections. malar, almost or actually abutting against tympanic. Frontal compressed. Frontal very broad. Parietals compressed, irregularly linear, remote Parietals broad, triangular or pentangular, com- from orbits. iug to edge of orbits. * There is a curious coincidence or correlation between the elongation of the hind legs in adaptation to saltatorial progression, and a special condition of the cervical vertebra; and of certain elements of the temporal bone, snch development of the bind legs being often associated with anchylosis of cervical vertebra1, and great inflation of the bones of the ear. I)q»w and Dipodomys illustrate these conditions very strougly. SACCOMYIDyE — CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY, ETC. 493 GEOMYIME. SACCOMYID-ffi. (Geomys and Thomomys.) {Perognaihus, Cricetodipus, Dipodomys.) Squamosals roofing most of cerebral cavity, from Squamosals mostly or wholly restricted to the roof of which mastoids are excluded. orbits; mastoids roofing much of cerebral cavity. Tympauics coutracted, tubular. Tympanies more or less inflated, vestibular. Petrosals widely discrete. Petrosals approximating or in actual contact at their apices. Occipital broad, forming most of occipital plane. Occipital contiacted, scarcely or not entering but not mounting on top of skull. occipital plane, but mounting top of skull, to there embrace interparietal between its forks. Molars rootless. Molars rooted (except in Dipodomys). Large, erect, falcate coronoid overtopping condyle. Small,slopiug, prickle-like corouoid below condyle. Lower jaw large and strong. Lower jaw small and weak. General form heavy, squat, clumsy — Arvicoline. General form light, lithe, and graceful— Murine. Fore limbs highly fossorial ; the claws much eu- Hind limbs more or less saltatorial. Fore claws larged, fitted for digging. not enlarged or specially fossorial. Eyes and ears minute. Eyes and ears large. Tail much shorter than body. Tail nearly as long as or longer than body. Pelage usually soft, lustrous, mole-like. Pelage usually coarse and hispid, even spiny. Habits completely subterranean. Habits exposed. I may next illustrate the points of resemblance between SaccomyidcE and Geomyidce as distinguished from other Rodents, thereby showing the charac- ters of the "superiamily" Saccomyoidea as named, but not defined, by Gill — the former family Saccomyidcn of Baird, group Soccomyina of Waterhouse. Saccomyid.e and Geomyidce zz Saccomyoidea. — Mastoid bone inordi- nately developed, occupying much of the occipital or superior surface of the skull, or both. Occipital correspondingly reduced. No postorbital processes ; no anteorbital foramen as such, — in its stead a perforation in the side of the maxillary tar forward and low down. Zygomatic process of maxillary an expanded perforate plate. Molars (pm. and m.) t. Root of under incisor more or less protuberant posteriorly. Descending process of mandible an ■obliquely twisted plate, projecting outward and upward. Large external fur- lined cheek-pouches with special muscle ; upper lip densely hairy, not visibly cleft ; feet pentadactyle ; fore claws longer than hinder ones. Pelage without under fur. It will be observed that the differences outweigh the resemblances, not- withstanding the higher taxonomic value of some of the latter.. The pecul- iar state of the temporal bone, the position of the anteorbital foramen, the shape of the jaw, and the presence of the pouches, are the main common characters. In contrasting the two families, the very peculiar genus Dipodo- mys offers the strongest points of difference ; but, when we come to consider Perognathus and Cricetodipus, many of the expressions applicable to Dipodo- 494 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN BODENTIA. mys require modification. Perognathus is ;i link between the two families, just as, in its own family, Cricetodipus is between Perognathus on the one hand, and the extraordinarily modified Dipodomys on the other. This limits us in the consideration of what, if an}', division may be made of the family Saccomyidce into groups of more than generic value. The genus Dipodomys is so exaggerated in some of its peculiarities that, as it seems to me, its characters may properly be set over against those which Perognathus and Cricetodipus share together The leading antitheses may he indicated in the following manner: — Subfamily PeroGNAthidin^. Subfamily Uii'odomyinjB (Perognathus and Cricetodipus.') (Dipodomys alone.) Cervical vertebras free (?). 2d, 3d, and 4th cervical vertebno auebylosed. Molars rooted. Molars rootless. Anterior molar with a lobe in addition to the Anterior molar a simple prism. main prism. Skull half as wide as long, and two-thirds as Skull two-thirds as wide as long, and half as bigh high as wide. as wide. Mastoids moderately developed (for this family). Mastoids extraordinarily developed (even for this family). Tympanic little inflated. Tympanic completely bullous. Occipital plane not, or not much, emarginate. Occipital plane deeply emarginate. Petrosals, though approximate, not in contact Petrosals in mutual contact at their apices, and with each other, but with basi-occipital throughout, fissured away from basi-occipital. Zygomatic plate of maxillary of ordinary Rodent Zygomatic plate of maxillary roofing much of the character. orbit. Parietals pentangular. Parietals triangular. Interparietal wider than long. Interparietal longer than wide. No pit on innersideof lower jaw near the molars. A deep pit on inner side of lower jaw near tho molars. Hind limbs little if any longer than the fore, not Hind limbs elongated, Jerboa-like, highly salta- vcry obviously saltatorial. torial. Inner hind digit well developed and low down. Inner hind digit rudimentary and elevated. Soles naked or sparsely pilous. Soles densely hairy, like a rabbit's. Pelage comparatively coarse and harsh. Pelage comparatively soft (for this family). Having never seen a specimen of Heteromys, I am unable to say how nearly this genus may coincide with the characters of Perognatliidince as here established ; Mr. Alston* seems to consider it closely related to Perognathus ; so does Ilr. Peters;f but it is my impression that it will prove to constitute ' Sir his characters of these genera, as quoted in foot-note on a foregoing (page 490.) t llr. W. Peters (loe. supra eit. p. 355), endorsing Waterhouse's and Baird's views of the constitution of tin- group, proposes to divide it as follows : — a. Dipodomyina, with rootless molars, grooved upper incisors, and no spines in the pelage. Dipodomys Gray = Macroeolns Wagner. b. Beteromyina, with rooted molars. t Upper incisors grooved. Perogr.athus Maxim, and the subgenera Abromys Gray and Cricetodipus Peale. 1 1 Upper incisors broad and smooth in front. Ucti-romjis Dcsmnrcst and Saccomys l'r. Cuv. In characterizing his new species of Ihttrumys, If. adspereus, Hr. Peters gives (loc. supra cit. pp. SACCOMYLLVE— SUBFAMILY PEKOUNATUIDIN.E. 495 a third subfamily. In such case, some few of the characters of the three would be as follows : — Dipodomyin/E. — Molars rootless; upper incisors compressed, sulcate Temporal region enormously inflated. Pelage comparatively soft. PEROGNATHiDiNiE. — Molars rooted ; upper incisors compressed, sulcate. Temporal region moderately inflated. Pelage comparatively hispid. Heteromyin^e. — Molars rooted; upper incisors broad, smooth. Tem- poral region "not inflated". Pelage "mixed with flattened spines". Subfamily PE HOGNATHIDTM!. c= Perognathits (genus), of Authohs. = Perogtiathidinas, Coues, Proc. Pbila. Acad. 1675, 278. The characters of the group having been already sufficiently elucidated, it'remains to note the two genera by which it is represented in North Amer- 357-359) a more satisfactory account of the characters of the genus than I have seen elsewhere. As this account furnishes important information pertinent to the general subject, I transcribe his diagnosis of the genus, and give a version of those portions of the description of the species which tend to further elucidate the generic characters. " Deut.es iucisivi pagiua antica laevigati exserti, molares ^ complicati radicati ; labrum integrum; rictus perparvus ; rostrum prominens, rbinario nudo; sacculi bucculesexterni pilosi ; auriculae mediocres; vellns setosum, setis lanceolatis, canaliculars ; pedes pentadactyli ; cauda annulata, brevipilosa. Os interparietale latum, tempora non inflata. " Habitus of Mus. Thumb prominent, with rounded nail, shorter than the other digits, which run 5th, 2d, 4th, and 3d, the latter longest. Relative leugths of the digits of the hind foot as in Isomys ; 5th but little longer than 1st, 3d longest ; claws rather longer than those of the fore foot, that of the 2d toe longest, convex on the iuuer side, flat ou the outer. Soles naked, with the usual tubercles. Incisors compressed, the horizontal cross-section triangular, with rounded hinder angle, and apparently broader than long. Molar series parallel ; last molar in each jaw smallest ; 2d and 3d upper molars of equal size and notably smaller thai the 1st ; anterior molar of lower jaw but little larger than the next two .... " Incisors yellow, the lower paler colored than the upper. Anterior superior molar with three separate enamel-tubes— an anterior, louger and narrower, a posterior shorter and broader, aud a third much smaller oval one on the inner side of the tooth in a recess where the other two stand apart ; second upper molar with a deep internal and slight external emargiuation, or fold of enamel ; third with a slight exterior emargination, whicb is either continuous with a transversely-elliptical interior island of enamel, thus forming a deep enamel-fold, or else only just reaches this island without fusing with it ; back upper molar with the enamel-pattern like that of the second one, but the posterior half of the tooth considerably smaller than the anterior portion. "Anterior inferior m^lar with two enamel-tubes, the anterior of which, somewhat smaller than the other, is emarginate before and behind ; the three following teeth with a deep inner and slight outer emargination, as on the upper teeth, which are either separated or fused together, in which latter case two separate enamel-tubes result. "The rostral portion of the skull is narrow ; the nasal bones and intermaxillaries project beyond the incisors as in allied genera, and the intermaxillaries form anteriorly a sharp perpendicular ridge. The structure of the small incisive foramina, the shape of the lachrymal bones aud infraorbital foramina are quite as in Geomys. The latter are wholly in the superior maxillary and are separate from the nasal cavity. Since, however, the bony septum is in this case extremely thin , and easily mutilated, the deceptive appearance of communication between the infraorbital foramina and the nasal passages may be accidentally produced. The frontal bone, as in Mux, forms a sharp supraorbital ridge, which continues on to the parietal, thus forming with its fellow of the opposite side the boundary of a level area, with which the interparietal, twice as broad as long, is posteriorly continuous, whilst the temporal fossa is excavated [a strong character of Heteromyinu: — there is no such formation in Perognath.diwas. — Tit.], lho lower jaw strongly resembles that of Perognathus in the form of the coronoid process and mandibular angle; the deep pit which is found in Geomys to the outer side of the posterior molar is here wanting." 49G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ica. These may be readily distinguished by much stronger characters than any hitherto adduced by oilier writers: — Genus Perognathus. Genus Cricetodipus. Occiput nearly plane, t. e., the mastoids not pro- Occiput with a broad emargination, i.e., the jecting noticeably back of the occipital bone. mastoids bulging decidedly bock of the ocoipital bone. Apices ofpetrosals separated by the whole width Apices of petrosals almosi meeting beneath the of the basisphenoid. basisphenoid. Parietals perfectly pentagonal, with nearly equal Parietals imperfectly pentagonal, inequilateral, sides. Interparietal elliptical, much broader tliau long, Interparietal pentagonal, shirld-shaped,ernbraced embraced between narrow plates of occipital. between mere spurs of the occipital. Ear with a distinct upright lobe of the antitragns, Ear with no vestigo of a lobe either of antitragus and generally also a lobe of the tragus. or tragus. Solo naked to the heel, at least along a central Sole entirely hairy on the posterior half. stripe. Size of Mus musculus, or much larger. Very diminutive ; less in size than AIus musouJits. The cranial characters above adduced, it may be observed, are all coor- dinated with the single main feature of much greater development of the mastoid in Cricetodipus than in Perognathus, the state of the parts in the former being an evident approach to the peculiarities of Dipodomys itself. The difference in the shape of the occiput is very striking when skulls of the two genera are laid beside each other; the part in Perognathus being quite Hat, as in most Rodents, while Cricetodipus shows an emargination, much shal- lower and comparatively much broader than in Dipodomys indeed, but still well-marked. These cranial peculiarities, substantiating a genus Cricetodipus distinct from Perognathus, do not appear to have been noted before the appearance of my "Review". They are correlated with the excellent and readily appreciable external characters of the feet and ears presented by Professor Baird. Genus PEROGNATHUS, Maxim. = Perognathus, Maxim., Nov. Act. Acad. Ca;s.-Leop. Carol, xix, 1839, 369. (Type P. fasciatus.) — Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875,279. (Excludes Cricetodipus.) < Perognathus, Lk.Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 224. (Includes Cricetodipus.) — Baikd, Mamm. N. A. 1857, 4 Hi. (Includes Cricetodipus.)— Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond. 1876,88. (Includes Cricetodipus.) = TAbromye,* Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1868,202. (Type "A. lordi", sp. u. =P. monticolat.) Having already indicated the generic characters of Perognathus, I need only here give some further details respecting the skull and teeth, following with * Auct. E. R. Alston, epist. incd. Londini, 25 Aot'. 1876. — In penning my original account of this group for Proc. Phila. Acad., I was at a loss to know what to do with Abromys ; so I simply copied Gray's notice into my text, stating that I could not make it out at all, though I failed to see any difference between "Abroinys " and Perognathus, and suspected "A. lordi " to be P. monticola. In this impression, it seems, I SACCOMYID.E— L'EKOGNATHIDINiE— PEKOGNATHUS. 45)7 an analysis of the species. I have before ine skulls of all the known valid North American species excepting P. fasciatus. They are so nearly similar that description of one will suffice for all, barring some slight ultimate details of size, &c. I select that of P. penicillatus for description, omitting gener- alities already presented. The description may be compared with that of Dipodomys given beyond. Although the temporal bone is largely developed in the mastoid element, that lacks the enormous inflation seen in Dipodomys, the general shape of the skull being not dissimilar to that of several allied Rodents. Nevertheless, the mastoid represents the postero-exterior aspect of the skull, and is large enough to crowd the squamosal into the orbit, causing a slight protuber- ance beyond the actual plane of the occipital bone But this is insufficient to produce even the moderate emargination of this surface witnessed in Crice- todipus, and is nothing at all like the regular cleft or chink seen in Dipodomys. The ends of the petrosals are fairly separated by the width of the basisphe- noid ; they lie in contact throughout with the basioccipital, and show a con- spicuous foramen posteriorly on I he inner side. The meatus auditorius appears as a mere flange-like projection, intermediate in character between the swollen vestibule of Dipodomys and the contracted tube of Geomy/dce, though nearest the latter. The occipital is broader than in any other genus of the family; the forks which embrace the interparietal being fairly laminae, instead of mere linear spurs. The interparietal is much wider than long. The parietals are almost perfectly pentangular. A slight spur of the squamo- sal pushes out toward the meatus, but does not extend as a long clasp over the tympanic;* the squamosal is otherwise wholly orbital. The frontal is quite flat on top, squarely and straightly truncate behind, serrate in front for was right. I quote from Mr. Alston's letter some passages which bear upon the ease, anil show, further- more, with what caution must not Dr. Gray's statements he received: — " The type of Abromys lordi is in had condition, the ears being hopelessly distorted, but it seems to mo to bo undoubtedly P. monticola. P. bicolor Gray, (from Honduras.) appears to be a good species, but has been curiously badly described. It is dark brown above, not black, and tho' the fur is sparse and somewhat harsh, it is not in the least bristly! Gray seems to have had both this specimen and his Reteromys metaiiokucus in his bauds when he wrote and to have confused one with the other. R. desmarestianus Gr. and B. adspersus Ptrs. will prove, I fancy, to bo identical Dr. Giiuther has lately got a perfect spirit specimen of R. anoma- lus Thomps., so we may expect a full account of its anatomy. As you surmised, Gray's four other species, R. melanoleucus, loiigicaudalus, irroratus, and albolhnbatus, seem to belong to one rather variable species " * In a specimen of Cricetodipus, I clearly see that a long slender spur is sent out from the squamosal, like a clasp or hasp, lying above and reaching back of the meatus. Cf. what is said of an appar- ently similar, but not well made out, appearance in Dipodomys, beyond. It is, in this case, a slender remnant of squamosal bone, left in an ordinary place, after most of the bone has been shoved into the orbit by the eneroachmcut of the mastoid. 3'2 M I'.IS MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN BODBNTIA. articulation with the rostral bones, and with straighl sides convergent posteri- orly.* There is a large lachrymal of verv, irregular shape, extensively scroll- like, very delicate in texture, and loosely attached; it closes a large aperture leading into the nasal chamber. The orbil is also perforated behind by a single very large foramen of exit of cranial nerves. It is hounded in front, hut not roofed over, hy the zygomatic plate of the maxillary, not noticeable in character. The extremely delicate malar sutures in front for a longdis- tance, clasp-like, against the zygomatic process; behind, it simply abuts against a slight heel of the squamosal, almost in relation with the tympanic. The singularly displaced "anteorbital" foramen is a large rounded aperture in the side of the snout, communicating directly with the nasal cavity. The nasal bones are parallel-edged for most of their length, but widen a little and become semitubular anteriorly where they project; they are truncate behind, reaching opposite the middle of the jagged fronto-maxillary suture. The sides of the rostrum are contracted below, leaving a very narrow bridge of bone between molars and incisors; the contracted incisive foramina are bounded behind by the maxillaries, though they are chiefly pierced in the intermaxillaries. The intermolar portion of the palate is longer than wide, and a little convergent anteriorly ; the maxillo-palatine suture is opposite the second molar; there is a pair of deep palatal pits opposite the last molars; behind there is a pair of much larger vacuities bounded by palatals in front, sphenoid behind, and pterygoids internally. The latter are simple, straight, nearly parallel processes, bounding the contracted posterior nares, and abut- ting against the petrosals. The orbital plate of the sphenoid is of moderate extent, owing to the size and site of the squamosal. The molars in this genus, as in others of the family excepting Dipodom>is, arc all rooted. They have been said to have four roots, but such is not the case in the specimens I have examined. In P. penicillatus, all the upper molars have three roots apiece, and all the under molars have two roots apiece, excepting the back upper one, which has but one. The front upper molar has one root in advance, corresponding to the anterior lobe of this tooth, and a pair of roots obliquely side by side behind. The next two upper molars have each an exterior pair of roots, lengthwise, and a larger single root 'Neither this nor any other North American genus shows the ridge of the frontal, which in Heteromys, as figured by Peters, makes a boss, or bead, along the margin of the orbit, and thence extends into the parietal region. This would seem to be a good character of HeUromyintv ; and the skull of the latter is peculiar in other respects — to judge from Peters"s figure. SACCOMYID.E— PEKOGNATHIDIN^E— PEROGNATIIUS. 499 on the interior side; the back upper molar is simply single-rooted. The under molars have each a pair of roots, aligned lengthwise in a single series, 1 >ut the two roots of the back lower molar are imperfectly distinguished. With these last exceptions, each root of all the teetli has its own distinct socket in the alveolus. In the perfectly unworn state, the crowns of the molars are studded with tubercles in regular transverse series. In the upper jaw, the anterior molar has four, — an anterior, a posterior, an exterior, and an interior, with perhaps another one part way up the anterior lobe. The second and third upper molars have each six tubercles, in two straight transverse rows of three each, these rows separated by a deep sulcus. The smaller cir- cular back upper molar tends indistinctly to a similar state. In the lower jaw, the tuberculation is very similar; but the four tubercles of the first molar are in an anterior and posterior pair, and on the last one the tubercles become indistinct. The teeth present a very difTe rent aspect when the tubercles are ground off with wear. Each transverse row of tubercles becomes converted into an island of dentine, there being thus, on the intermediate molars at any rate, a pair of such transverse dentine islands separated by a double ridge of enamel partition, between which is the bottom of the sulcus already mentioned. This enamel fold makes in from the outer side of the tooth nearly to the inner side. The front molar shows a little isolated island of dentine anteriorly, nearly circular, and a broad transverse one posteriorly. The state of the under teeth is substantially the same. „ , . . J Explanation of fifjs. — The upper incisors are small, compressed, with a Left ear- in eaob case> . twice the natural size: strong backward set. Their face is deeply channelled upper fig. p. mmttcola; \v itfa a longitudinal groove, and the exterior moiety is rab- ?idd!e fig' f- ^""f* ° J lus ; lower fig. Cncetoat- beted down so that the groove is visible laterally as well pusflavus. as from the front. This is a prominent character (shared by Cricetodipus and Dipodomys) in distinction from Heteromys. The under incisors are small and simple. Before leaving this portion of the subject, I may as well mention a curi- ous circumstance: the ease with which the skulls of Perosnathus and dice- .r)(K) MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. todipus break apart across (he middle. This seems 1<> be chiefly due to (lie delicate state of the zygomata, which afford no stable connection between the fore and aft parts. The break occurs at the basispheno-occipital, squamo- mastoid, and fronto-parietal sutures; the parietals, temporals excepting squam- osals, with the occiptal, coming away from the resl of the skull. There appears to be something peculiar, in the habits perhaps, rather than in the scarcity, of the species, which prevents the acquisition of large series of specimens in this family. While hundreds of examples of animals no larger or more conspicuous than these are readily amassed, collections are all deficient in Perognathus and Cricetodlpus, and not very full in Dipodomys. I have not been able to examine more than a hundred specimens altogether, and of these more than half were Dipodomys. Of Perognathus, I have, how- ever, specimens of all the described North American species, including all of Baird's types and considerable additional material. After protracted exam- ination, I endorse the validity of all the species admitted by that author in 1857, and find indications of the probable existence of one or two more. This point is fully discussed beyond. The species that appear to be established may be readily determined by the following analysis: — Analysis of the Species of Pkuognathus. A. Notch of the car bounded in front by a slight, though distinct, lobe of the tragus. Whole fore leg white. a. Tail peuicillate, crested at the end, rather longer than the body and head. Sides with no fulvous stripe PENICILLATUS. b. Tail simple ; sides with a strong fulvous stripe. 1. Tail decidedly shorter than the body and head. Length about 4 inches. Pelage moderately stiff. Mixed saudy and blackish fasciatus. 2. Tail not shorter thau head and body. Length about 3 inches. Pelage very hispid. Mixed cinnamon and blackish hispidus. B. Notch of ear formed in front directly by the edge of the conch. Fore leg mostly colored like the back. Tail simple; lateral stripe obscure monticola. PEROGNATHUS FASCIATUS, Maxim. Perognathus fasciatus, Maxim., N. Act. Akad. Leop.-Cres. Nat. Cur. xix, pt. i, 1839, 369, pi. 34 ; ReiseNord- Am. i, 1839, 449; Arch. f. Naturg. 1861, p. — ; Verz. Reisc, 186'i, 175, pi 4, f. 6, 7.— Wagn., Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, 45 ; Suppl. Schreb. iii, 1843, 612.— ScniNZ, Syn Mamm. ii, 1845, 259.— LeC, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.rhila.vi, 1853, 224.— Add. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 341 (com- piled.—Giehf.l, Suugeth. 1855, 572 (compiled).— Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 421 (Chihuahua).— Bo., U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mamm. 42.— Suckl., P. R. R. Rep. xii, pt. ii, I860, 101 (compiled).— Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, 201.— Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 284 (monographic). Perognatus fasceatus, Lincecum, Am. Nat. vi, 1872, p. 369 (habits). Prognathic faceatus, LlNCF.CUM, Am. Sportsman, Feb. 28, 1874 (habits). Diagnosis. — Largest of the genus; considerably exceeding Hesperomys leucopus, and approaching Tamias quadrivittatus, in size ; length four inches SAOCOMYID/E— PEROUNATHIDIN^— P. FAS01 ATITS. 50 1 or more; tailless; hind fool about one inch. Tail decidedly shorter than head and body, not penieillate. Ears large; antitragus distinctly lobed. Holes naked to the heels, — at least along a median strip. Above, reddish-yel- low, closely lined with blackish ; below, including fore leg all around, white; these two colors separated by a conspicuous stripe of lawn-color or salinon- red running the whole length of the body ; tail distinctly bicolor. Habitat. — United States, west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains, and northern portions of Mexico. (Originally described from the month of the Yellowstone; redescribed from Chihuahua. Specimens exam- ined by me from Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, and Chihuahua.) I regret that the material before me includes no specimens in the flesh, since I am thereby prevented from giving the size and form of the species with desirable precision; fortunately, however, in this instance the characters of the species are so strongly marked that lack of elaborate details of form will result in no misunderstanding. The coloration, alone distinctive, can be accurately given from several well-prepared skins before me. This species, the type of the genus, exhibits very distinctly the two lead- ing features of external anatomy which distinguish Pe/ognalhus proper from Cricetodipus ; namely, the lobe of the antitragus and the naked strip of the sole extending cpiite to the heel. It is much the largest species of the genus known to inhabit the United States, considerably exceeding P. penicillatus (which about equals Hesperomys leucopus in size), and, in fact, some speci- mens are little if any smaller than Tamias quadrivittatus. For the reason above given, the dimensions cannot be stated with precision; but the length from nose to root of tail is obviously more than four inches in all but one of the specimens before me; the tail is decidedly shorter than the head and body (in all the other species treated in this paper it is as long or longer). The vertebrae of the tail of the only specimen before me in which these bones remain in situ measure less than 4.00 inches, the length of the head and body of the same specimen being about 4.50. Likewise, the hind feet are proportionally shorter than in any of the other species ; they average only one inch in length, thus not exceeding those of P. penicillatus, winch is a smaller animal. On the contrary, the ears are larger, both absolutely and relatively, than those of any other species, standing about 0.40 high, meas- ured from the notch; the ears thus project conspicuously above the fur of the parts; the flap is suborbicular in outline; the antitragus develops a very 502 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. prominent lobe, bounding the notch posteriorly; and in Iron) of the notch there is also a little prominence, just behind the termination of the margin of the ear. The flattened portions of the auricle arc sparsely pilous inside and out, and a tuft of lengthened hairs springs from the front border of the ear. The attenuated and elongated muzzle is densely pilous, excepting a small T-shaped nasal pad, divided by a median depression. The upper lip, in particular, is thickly covered with stiffish, flaring hairs, completely con- cealing any median cleft, which may exist, and forming a heavy fringe which droops over and almost hides the incisors; there is an antrorse tuft of bristly hairs on the chin. The openings of the cheek-pouches seem to have no peculiar character, being much as in other species of the genus ; the cavity admits the first joint of one's little finger. The whiskers are very numerous and fine ; the shorter colorless ones seem like mere lengthening of the hairs of the muzzle; others, stiffer and colored, reach rather beyond the head. There are also some long special bristles over the eye, and others between the eye and ear The palm proper, and under surfaces of the digits, are perfectly naked, though a considerable fringe of hairs falls down from the wrist. There is a large and conspicuous smooth tubercle on the outer side, at the base of the fifth digit ; two others, one on each side, at the wrist, and others at the bases of the intermediate digits; the disposition of these smaller ones is not very evident in the dried specimens. The thumb is rudimentary, a mere stump, bearing a flattened obtuse nail; the other digits are armed with ordinary compressed, acute, and moderately curved claws ; the 3d is longest ; then come 4th, 2d, and 5th in succession. Of the hind foot, the sole is perfectly naked for its whole length along a median strip, narrowed by encroachment on either side of a fringe of hairs. On the outer side, about half-way from heel to base of digits, is a small tubercle ; there is another near the base of the 1st digit, and a much larger one near the base of the 5th digit, with others still at the bases of the intermediate digits ; but their precise disposition, and the character of the naked sole, cannot be made out perfectly. The first digit is very small, with a smooth bulbous end and short blunt claw ; the other claws are of a more ordinary character, but relatively shorter, blunter, less compressed, and less curved than those of the hand: they are excavated underneath. SACCOMYIDiE— FEKOGNATIIIDIN^E— P. EASCIATUS. 503 The tail is completely but rather thinly haired, and, especially toward the end, the hairs stand apart and are somewhat lengthened (as is usual in the genus) ; still they do not develop into the decided comb or crest, or tuft at the end, which is characteristic of P. penicillatus. The pelage of this species is coarse, harsh, and stiffish (as in other species of typical Perognathus), but not to a degree which could bear the term "spiny", or even "bristly"; it has been likened to fine-spun glass, though such expression might be considered strong, unless excessively delicate glass is meant. The fur has considerable gloss; there is no under fur whatever. The character seems to me to be much as in the Murine Sigmodon hispidus, and in fact the specimens before me have considerable superficial resemblance to the young of that species. A likeness to Zapus hudsonius is perhaps even stronger. The color of the upper parts is a light sandy-yellowish, closely lined throughout with blackish, producing a fine grizzle. The greater part of the length of the individual hairs is the color of barely-tarnished cut lead ; it is rather light, and unlike the heavier plumbeous of most Rodents. This is succeeded by the sandy ends of the hairs ; a part of them are of this last color to the very end, while others have the tips blackish, producing the grizzle above mentioned. The line of demarcation of this color begins on the side of the nose, and runs straight over the shoulder and sides of the body, descending the hind limb to the heel. To this succeeds a strip of rich reddish-yellow or salmon-color, beginning on the cheeks and following the line already indicated to the heels, but also descending a little way on the fore leg. This color is pure, the hairs being so colored to the roots, there being no plumbeous basal portions and no blackened tips. The whole under surface, together with the feet, most of the fore leg, and the inner aspect of the hind leg, is white, and on these white areas the hairs are of this color to the roots. The line of demarcation with the fawn-color is pretty sharp, but less so in some cases than in others, sometimes the whole belly showing a tawny shade. The tail is bicolor; a brown or dusky stripe runs the, whole length of the upper surface ; the sides and under surface being white or tinged with rusty — the latter particularly when the white of the belly is simi- larly tinged. Besides these special markings, there is decided indication of a dusky stripe from the nose under the eye and ear to the side of the neck, produced by increase of the blackened tips of the hairs along the line. Some of the whiskers are black, others being colorless. The pouches are white inside. The claws are colorless. 504 MONOGRAPHS'OF NORTH AMERICAS RODENTIA. M \ series of specimens does not suffice for a complete exposition of (lie variation in color of this species. In all, the lateral stripe is conspicuous, and the other characters differ little 1 note, however, a decidedly richer tone in Mexican and Texan specimens than ill those from Kansas and Nebraska. It is probable that the skull of this animal, when examined, will afford some specific characters, in size at least, if not in details of conformation. The venerable Dr. G. Lincecum, of Texas, lately deceased, has given notes on the habits of this species, in two special articles, below cited.* PEROGNATHUS PENICILLATUS, Woodh. Tuft-tailed Pocket-mouse. rerot/nalhus }H)ici:illatus, W<)ODH.,t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853,200 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona). Peroguaihus penicillatus, WOODH., Sitgreaves's Rep. Expl. Znfii and Col. R. 1853, 49, pi. 3. — LkC, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185;!, 225 (mure mention).— Add. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 298 (copied from Woodh.).— Bl>., M. N. A. 1857, 41H, pi. CO, f, 5.— GlJAY, P. Z. S. 1868, 201 (wrong locality assigned) t — Coues, Am. Nat. i, 1867, 397 (Arizona). — Couiss, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 287 (monographic).— Cocks A Yaerow, ZooI.Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 110. Perognalhm parvus, LeContb, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila vi, 1853,225 (in part. Not Cricetodipus parvus, Peale.) (The specimen noticed from the Colorado Desert is now before me ; it is apparently a very young example of /'. -penicillatus.) Diagnosis. — About the size of Ilespproniys leucopus. Tail vertebrae obvi- ously longer than head and body. Hind foot more than one-fourth the length of head and body. Tail crested above toward the end, and with long term- inal pencil of hairs. Soles distinctly naked to the heels, at least along a median strip. Antitragus distinctly lobed, with a sharp teat-like projection, opposite which is another smaller but distinct lobe of the tragus, the notch of the ear being defined by these two prominent points, the edge of the ear itself not bounding the notch at all. No appreciable fulvous stripe along the sides, where the color of the upper parts meets the white of the under parts without intervention of a third color. Above, "gray" — an intimate mixture of yellowish-gray with a dull grayish-brown; below, including whole fore leg, fore and hind feet, and inner aspect of thighs, white ; tail bicolor — dark above, white below. Length about 3.25 inches (2.9J-3 60); tail vertebra about 4.00 (3.50-4.40), with a tuft half an inch or more longer. Soles about 0.95 (0.90-1.00); ear above notch, 0 33 (0 30-0.35). "Pouched Rat. < Am. Nat. vi, 1^72, pp. 369, 370. The Animals of Texas. < Amer. Sportsman (newspaper) of Feb. 28, 1874. t Special paper: " Description of a new species of Perognathus, Wied." < loc. cit., pp. 200,201. ! The San Francisco Mountains are several hundred milts from San Francisco City, California, nearly in the middle of Arizona — formerly a part of New Mexico. The locality appears to puzzle some writers. SACCOMYIDiE— PERO(iNATIIIDIN^E— P. PENICILLATUS. 505 Habitat. — The Basin of the Colorado River. (The very few specimens at present known to naturalists have all come from Arizona and the adjoining border of Southern California.) (Description from Woodhouse's type, which is mounted, and several more recent specimens, dry and alcoholic.) In all the other species of Pero- gnathus given on these pages, the tail, whether longer than the body or decid- edly shorter, is simply haired, with the terminal hairs no longer than those surrounding the tail. The present species is therefore remarkably distin- guished by the comb or crest of long hairs on the terminal third or more of the member, produced by a gradual lengthening until those at the end are half an inch or more in length, producing a penicillate brush proportionally as long as that of some species of Tamias or even Sciurus. With this singu- lar character others of equal tangibility are coordinated. The description to be given will include some points common to the genus, as, with one excep- tion, the present is the only species of Perognathus of which I have speci- mens in the flesh. The head is about one-third of the total length of head and body; broad and full across the temporal and orbital regions, thence tapering rapidly to the produced but rather blunt snout. The muzzle is entirely and densely pilous excepting a small nasal pad, with a median furrow ; the nostrils are very small and irregular in contour. The long upper lip is heavily clothed with stiffish hairs, forming a fringe which droops over and hides the incisors. The whiskers are numerous and very fine; besides the labial set, the longest of which much exceed the head in length, there are others about the eye and ear. The eye is of moderate size, and situated much nearer to the ear than to the nose. The ear shows very conspicuously the prominent lobe of the antitragus, which is the chief external peculiarity of this genus as compared with Cricetodipus ; and opposite to it, on the other side of the notch, there is a similar and smaller, but still very evident, tubercle just within the border of the ear. These two prominences together cause the notch of the ear to be very strongly defined; and the margin of the external ear is altogether excluded from the notch. The contour of the ear is broadly rounded. The slit of the cheek-pouch is about half an inch long, beginning on the side of the upper lip and curving around with a free border to near the angle of the jaw, there being but narrowly separated from its fellow. The details of the palms and soles, as clearly made out from the material 506 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAS RODEOTIA. before me, are probably applicable also to those other species of the genua of which only dried skins arc before inc. The palm is entirely naked; it presents posteriorly a pair (inner and outer) of immense smooth tubercles, reminding one of the state of the parts in Geomys. Anteriorly, there are three smaller but still very conspicuous bulbs; one proper to the base of, respect- ively, the 2d and 5th digits, and one common to the base of the 3d and 4th. The palm is otherwise uniformly studded with small elevated granulations, and the digits are similarly roughened underneath. The minute thumb ends club-shaped, bearing upon its hack a flat nail, which, like that of the human finger, does not project at all beyond the end of the digit. The whole thumb is no more conspicuous than one of the palmar pads. The other digits bear ordinary claws; the 3d is longest; the 2d and 4th are subequal to each other and but little shorter than the 3d; the 5th is more abbreviated, but its claw- tip still falls beyond the base of the 4th claw. As a consequence perhaps of the desert habitat of this species, the nakedness of the soles, which is one of the secondary characters distinguish- ing all the species of Perognathus from those of Cricetodipus, is here carried to an extreme. The sole may be called naked without qualification ; for the fringe of hairs which droops over its sides does not encroach in the least upon the under surface except just at the side of the contracted posterior part of the heel itself. The whole sole is uniformly paved with minute gran- ulations. Among these, one constai.tly larger than the rest is always observed on the inner side about half-way down the metatarsus; and a similar one is found at the base of each of the digits. The digits are marked beneath with transverse lines of impression, and end in smooth, slightly clubbed tips. The first digit, though small, is perfectly formed, and bears an ordinary claw, the tip of which falls opposite the base of the second digit ; the longer 3d digit but slightly exceeds the 2d and 4th. which are about equal to each other; the end of the claw of the 5th digit falls opposite the middle of the 4th one. In the development of the hind limbs of this and the next closely allied species of Perognathus, there is more indication of a saltatorial tendency than appears in the ease of P. fasciatus, but the difference is not very striking; it is no more than that which may be inferred on comparison of Cricetodipus parvus with C. flavus, and it falls far short of the state of the case exhibited by Dipodomys. Still, the supposed saltatorial character is further borne out. SACCOMYIDiE— PEHOGNATIlIDINiE— P. PENICILLATUS. 507 upon analogy, by the peculiar character of the long penicillate tail, already fully described. I find it difficult to describe the color of the upper parts satisfactorily. It was called by Baird "a light dull yellowish-brown or tawney, lined with dark-brown". The prevailing tone is decidedly "gray'' in comparison with the strong mixed yellowish and blackish of P. fasciatus — somewhat the shade of dilute coffee and milk. The lighter hairs are dull yellowish-gray, with darker lining of hair brown. There is a general tinge of the palest possible cinnamon. All the bases of the hairs are of the color of fresh-cut lead. There is no appreciable lateral stripe of different color from the upper parts, although, just along the line of junction with the white, the color lightens a little for lack of the darker brown lining. The extreme tip of the snout, the cheeks, the whole fore leg, the inner aspect of the hind leg, the feet, under side of tail, and under parts generally, are white; the line of demarcation runs straight from nose to hind leg, where it drops down to the heel. The upper surface of the tail and the brush at the end are hair-brown. Some of the whiskers are black; others, like the claws, are colorless. The external sexual characters of this and other species of the family are readily recognizable. In consequence of the development of the os penis, the preputial sheath is a resisting prominence immediately in advance of the anus. The same part in the female shows a conical flap depending from the front of the vulva. Having only about a dozen adult specimens of this species to examine, the full range of variation can only be given with approximate accuracy. Still the series is a very good one as far as it goes, and the number of alco- holics afford reliable measurements. Dr. Woodhouse's type is much laded by twenty years' exposure to the light. The others agree perfectly in colora- tion, and the differences in size are slight. I may here remark that, in Pro- fessor Baird's table of measurements the dimension (nose to tail) given from the dried specimens there enumerated is certainly over the mark. Thus, Woodhouse's type is given as 4.12 long, whereas the original description of the same specimen says 3.50. 508 MONOGRAPHS or NORTH AMERICAN ltODKNTIA. Table [.— Measurements of t h nn spet tin' ns 0J I'i ROGNATHI 9 PKNICIL1 VI OS. u a a 9 P «a Q 3 t o •acni 1332 1333 1349 8910 4921a 49346 4924c 4924 to H 1 o c c h o a S s.tn Francisco Mountains, Ariz (Colorado River, Cal 9 d 9 F NORTH AMERICAN BODENT1A. The generalities of form of this animal arc much the same as those of its nearesi allies. In relative length, the tail nearly equals thai of P. penicil- latus, Imt il is uniformly haired throughout, without indication of crest or penicillation. The soles are not so extensively denuded as those of P. penicil- latus, owing to encroachment of hairs from the sides: still there is a fairly naked strip to the extreme heed. The tuberculatum of the palms and soles, and t he proportions of ail the digits, are substantially as in that species. The animal is much smaller than any other species of the genus, not much exceed- ing a Qricetodipus in size. Hut the most remarkable character is found in the structure of the ear: it is singular how sharply distinguished some species of the genus are in this respect. In P. penicillatus, a sharp teat-like pro- jection of the antitragus defines the notch posteriorly, and opposite to it, on the other side of the notch, there is a similar but smaller prominence of the tragus bounding the notch anteriorly; thus the external edge of the ear itself is altogether excluded from the formation of the notch. Now, in P monticola, the lobe of the antitragus is a broad, flat, upright flap, both relatively and absolutely larger than that of P. penicillatus, but there is no corresponding lobe of the tragus on the other side of the notch, the front border of the notch being formed by the external edge of the ear itself. This state of the parts is an approach to the condition seen in Cricetodipus, and is a perfectly distinctive mark of P. monticola in its own genus. This important distinction escaped the describe!- of the species; but it should be added that it is only fully appreciable upon examination of fresh or alcoholic specimens, and that the type of the original description had been mounted when examined. Fur- thermore, the ears of P. monticola are smaller than those of P. penicillatus, and scarcely more than half the size of those of P. fasciatus. Another good character of the species is found in the softness and fine- ness of the fur. The pelage is not so stiff and firm as in P. penicillatus even, and has nothing of the "spun-glass" character seen in P. fasciatus, and still more noticeable in P. hispidus. The> coloration of the species is mainly distinctive in the circumstance that the dark color of the upper parts descends the fore leg to the wrist, whereas on all the other species examined the whole fore leg is white. The upper parts are an intimate mixture of tawny and blackish, much as in /'. fasciatus. There is an evident but not very distinct lateral fulvous stripe. The under parts, in the specimen described (No. 7251), are light yellow, but SACCOMS W2E— PEROGNATHIDINiE— P. MONTICOLA. 511 this is undoubtedly the effect of alcoholic discoloration, the parts being, no doubt, white in life. The tail is bicolor, to correspond with the body colors. While there is no question whatever of the distinctness of the subject of the present article from any others described in this paper, there are some points to be considered respecting its reference to P. monticola of Baird. The type of this species, now before me, has been mounted and exposed to the light for about twenty years ; it is faded and otherwise in poor state, the end of the tail and much of the fur being lost. The color is now a uniform dull grayish-brown, much like the natural color of P. penicillatus, instead of "mixed cinnamon and dusky", as originally described; and the tail is uni- formly dingy white, instead of being "colored to correspond"; the hairs below are all white instead of "plumbeous at base"; and no lateral stripe is now appreciable, though an 'indistinct" one was mentioned. But the main peculiarity of the species as to coloration, namely, the descent of the dark color down the fore leg to the wrist is still evident ; and, in short, I find no color-differences not explicable upon consideration of the comparative state of the two specimens. We may therefore turn to the matter of size and pro- portions. Professor Baird says, "tail rather shorter than head and body," giving the length of the former as 2.67+, and of the latter as 3.00 ; whereas my animal is but 2.50 long, and has a tail of 3.20. But the decided discrep- ancies in these statements and measurements are readily reconciled upon the simple consideration that the tail is defective and the body overstuffed in the type of monticola. This brings about an agreement further borne out by the other measurements. In the following table, the first line of measurements is copied from Baird ; the other is taken from the Fort Crook sjiecimen, upon which this article is based, before skinning out of alcohol. Table II. — Measurements of two specimens of Perognathus monticola. s 8 3 a a U u a Locality. ® From tip of nose to- Tail to end of— Length of— « o % *S W a a & o n Mounted. Alcoholic. ts >> u W "3 o O & i o & U o o s 451 7251 0.46 0.55 0.92 0.85 1.08 I. 00 3.00 2.50 2.67+ 3.20 0.80 0.80 0.25 0.30 Fort Crook, Cal ? 3.50 0.30 The principal discrepancy being explicable as above, there is nothing whatever in the foregoing table incompatible with specific identity. More- 512 MONOGBAPH8 OF NOETH AMEBICAN UODENTIA. over, it so happens that the left ear of the type is in sufficiently good preser- vation to enable me to clearly recognize the peculiar conformation which distinguishes the presenl species from the others. To this same species I am also inclined to refer two specimens recently collected by Mr. II. W. llenshaw on Otter Creek, in Utah. These are appar- ently young animals, but, as they are not accompanied with the skulls, the fact cannot he determined.* The tail of each has been skinned, and is now so shrivelled that nothing can be predicated as to its length, either relative! or absolute. The specimens are quite small ; they have been overstuffed, meas- uring now about 2A inches, but were probably not much, it' any, over 2, with a hind foot of 0.80 ; in fact, they might be taken at first sight for Criceiodipus. But the soles arc naked along a narrow strip quite to the heel; the antitragus has a very prominent lobe; and even from the dried skins I determine, with no appreciable chance of mistake, that the ear has the other peculiarity of P. monticola. The pelage is remarkably soft; the coloration is different from that of any other PerognatJii I have seen, being plumbeous (like the plum- bago-colored specimens of Georhys and Thomomys), with little admixture of lighter color; and the soles show a decided fulvous stripe. But these speci- mens exhibit the fore leg colored quite to the wrist, and I am inclined to attribute the dark color to their immaturity. I shall therefore assign them to P. monticola. The four specimens noticed are the only ones which have come under my observation. To sum the case in a few words, we have here an animal unquestionably distinct from any of the other species described in this paper, the only question being whether all the specimens referred to it are specifi- cally identical. They ostensibly differ to a degree that might have caused them to be described as distinct at the period when Professor Baird's work was prepared. This question must await the reception of additional material for its satisfactory solution. I can only say that I am at present unable to see more than one species. Should the contrary be determined, the present article is. to be held as based upon the Fort Crook specimen, for which I have suggested the name of P. mollipilosus as a provisional designation. * Since tliis was written, Mr. Hensbaw tells nie the animals are very young indeed — they had not left the nest when captured. These are the specimens doubtfully noticed by Dr. Yarrow and myself, in Wheeler's Report, s. o. SACCOMYIDJE— rEROGNATHIDIN^E— P. niSPIDUS. 513 PEROGNATHUS HISPIDUS, Baird. Hispid Pocket-mouse. Ferognathus hinpidus, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 421, pi. 51, tig. ia-g. — Baird, U. S. and Mex. B. Snrv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mamm. 42.— Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, 202 (compiled).— Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 296 (rediscussed, but without material additional to that iu Baird's hands in 1857). Diagnosis. — Ear small, not projecting beyond the fur; its structure as in P. fasciatus and penicillatus (tragus and antitragus both lobed). Soles naked. Tail not penicillate, rather longer than head and body. Fur exceed- ingly stiff and coarse. Above, yellowish-cinnamon, closely lined with blackish, the color not descending on the fore leg at all. Sides with a conspicuous fulvous stripe. Tail bicolor. Under parts, with hind feet and whole of fore leg, white. Length between 3.00 and 3.50 ; tail rather more. Sole of hind foot 0.90. Habitat. — The only two specimens known of this species were procured by Lieut. D. N. Couch at Charco Escondido and Matamoras, Tamaulipas. Since the introduction of this species, as above, no additional specimens have come to hand ; and as we have no further material for amplification or verification of the original description, there is little more to be said about it at present. The animal appears to be perfectly distinct from any other described in this paper. With much the same size and proportions as those of P. monticola, it is immediately distinguished by the radical difference in the conformation of the ear, the stouter as well as rather longer feet, and the whiteness of the whole fore leg. From penicillatus it differs in the much shorter and not penicillate tail, less extensively denuded soles, and presence of a strong lateral fulvous stripe. It is decidedly smaller than P. fasciatus, with which it shares the fulvous stripe, with a tail longer instead of shorter than the body ; ears scarcely half as large, &c. From all these species, finally, it differs in the extraordinarily harsh, stiff, coarse hair ; this is of great length and devoid of under fur, as in other species, but represents, in an exagger- ated degree, the pelage which is characteristic of the genus in distinction both from Dipodomys and Cricetoiipus. The coloration of the species cannot be given with sufficient accuracy. Both the specimens have been skinned out of alcohol, and the tints are prob- ably somewhat modified. One of them has been so discolored by long immer- sion in a dirty fluid as to be of a uniform dingy greenish-brown, in which the 33 M 514 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN IfODENTIA. original colors cannot be in Ihe leasl discovered. The other, in better stain, shows the characters pretty well.- There is a strong fulvous or salmon- colored stripe along the whole body, just as in P. fascia tus. The light color of the upper parts is rather a pale cinnamon than the sandy yellowish of P. fasciatus-. The hairs are light plumbeous at Imse, and many of them are tipped with black, giving the dark surface-lining. The tail is sharply bicolor, to correspond with the body. The under parts, including the whole fore leg and the foot and inside of the hind leg, are white. As in the case of P. monticola, further information respecting this species is much to be desired, particularly as there appear to be some Mexican ani- mals of this genus with which we are at present not well acquainted. The following measurements are those given by Baird in his original notice: — Tam.e III. — Measurements of two specimens of PEROGNATHS nisriDUS. From tip of noso to— Tail to end of- Length of— a .3 a c U ft n Locality. g O O 9 © O a to g. oo & 4) 3 O w W W o ■H t> w U* W H ^ 577 576 0.64 0.67 o. d:i 1.00 1.33 1.33 3.12 3.50 0.42 0.45 0.84 0.92 0.37 0.37 Alcoholic. ....do. 3.60 3.80 In my previous '' Review '' of this family (Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 29^), I quoted the original notice* of "Abromys lordi" of Gray (P. Z. S. 1868, 202), observing that "we may suppose the animal to be a Perognatlius, from the general tenor of Dr. Gray's remarks, and his curiously mixed-up quotations ; and it is perhaps P. monticola " This supposition is probably verified * The following is the origiual notice of the genus and species in full : — " 3. ABROMYS, Gray. "Upper cutting teeth with a longitudinal groove; fur soft, abundant, uniform, long, and close. Tail tapering, cylindrical, covered with short hair almost hiding the rings of scales. " I'eroi/nathus, sp., S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. 423. "Abromys lokdi. B. M. " Fur soft, abundant, gray-washed, with blackish tips ; chin and under side of body whitish ; tail tapering, gray, with a blackish-brown upper surface and tip ; hair of the back dark lead-color, with a short gray band and minute black tip. "Peroguathns mouticolor [sic]. Lord, in B. M. " ? Peroguathns monticola, S. Baird, Mamm. N. A. 422, t. 51, f. 3 (skull). "Hab. British Columbia (Lord). "The teeth destroyed. Length of body and head 3 inches, of tail 3 inches. It differs from Dipodomys nhillipsii and other species of that genus in having no white spot over the eye at the base of tho ear, or white band across the thigh." SACCOMYID^— PEROGNATniDINiE— CRICETODIPUS. 515 by Mr. E. R. Alston, from examination of the original specimen, kindly made at my request. Mr. Alston writes : — " The type of 'Abromys lordi' is in bad condition, the ears being hopelessly distorted ; but it seems to me to be undoubtedly P. monticola? PEROGNATHUS BICOLOR, Gray. Honduras Pocket-mouse. Perognalhus bicolor, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G8, 202. (Honduras. Description confused with that of a species of Heteiomys — teste Alston, epist.) Though not an inhabitant of North America as zoologically understood, this species is introduced to, complete an account of the genus, and to furnish the occasion for correction of an important error into which the describer was led. The original notice is subjoined.* Mr. Alston writes me, after examination of the type : — " P. bicolor Gray, (from Honduras,) appears to be a good species, but has been curiously badly described. It is dark brown above, not black, and tho' the fur is sparse and somewhat harsh, it is not in the least bristly ! Gray seems to have had both this specimen and his Heteromys melanoleucus in his hands when he wrote, and to have confused one with the other." Genus CRICETODIPUS, Baird. = f Crieetodipus, Peai.e, U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, 52. (Type ?) = Cricetodipus, Baird, M. N. A. 1838,418. (Type Perugnathus flavus.)— Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, 202.— Codes, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 300. = Otognosis, Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 305. (Provisional name. Type Perognatkus Jlavus.) In treating of this form as a subgenus of Perognalhus, Professor Baird clearly showed its external peculiarities, namely, absence of lobation of the antitragus, hairy soles, and diminutive size. To these points are to be added the cranial peculiarities coincident with decidedly greater development of the mastoid than that seen in Perognatkus. The characters having already been given (p. 496), it is needless to repeat them. * " PEROGNATHUS BICOLOR, B. M. " Perognathus monticola, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. (not Baird). Black; upper lip, lower edge of the cheek-pouch, head, ami under side of body and inner side of limbs white. Fur uniform bristly; bristles elongate, slender, with a slender point, and intermixed with very slender elongated hairs. Tail as long as the body, with rings, square scales, aud short bristly hairs. " Hap. Honduras (SalU). " There is a Spiny Rat from Honduras * with a longer tail and smooth frontteeth, agreeing in color with tho above." The confusion of ideas intimated by Mr. Alston is here obvious. 'Characterized on p. 204 of the P. Z. S. for 1868 its Heteromys mdanolcucun, with "Perognathus montico'.or [sic], Gerrard, K. M not S Baird ", quoted as a hynonyui. 516 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. As noticed further on, the C/icetodipus parvus of Peale is an uncertain animal. In erecting Cricetodipus into a genus, I take C. Jlavus of Baird as the type, and follow this author in distinguishing a second species, which latter is probably, l»ut nol certainly, the C. parvus of Peale. The two appear to constantly differ in the following characters: — Tail scarcely or not longer than thu head and body ; liind foot scarcely or not one-third as long as head and body. fi.avus. Tail decidedly longer than head and body ; hind loot more than one-third as long as head and body. parvus (of Baird). CRICETODIPUS FLAVUS, Baird. Yellow Pocket-mouse. P< rognathus flanis, Bairh, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 332.— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 423, pi. 8, f. 2, pi. 21 f. 3a-/ (assigned to Cricetodipus). — Baird, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1659, Gunnison's and Beekwith's Route, Maraiu. p. 8.— Baird, U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mamm. 42.— Suckl., P. R. R. Rep. xii, pt. ii, I860, 101 (Montana). — Hayd., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xii, 1862, 147 (Loup Pork of Platte).— ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xxii, 1874, 42 (Yellowstone River). ' Crice'odipus flavns, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, 203 (compiled.).— Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 300 (urouo- graphio).— Coues & Yarrow, Zobl. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 109. Otognosis flava, Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 305 (provisional name). Diagnosis. — Much smaller than Mas musculus ; head and body two inches; tail the same; hind foot 0.65; ear small, not overtopping the fur, .simple, without lobe of antitragus or tragus. Soles entirely hairy on the pos- terior half. Tail not decidedly longer than the head and body. Hind foot scarcely or not one-third as long as head and body. Above, pale buff, inti- mately blended with blackish ; below, including whole fore leg, snowy white; sides with a clear buff stripe; tail obscurely bicolor ; white touches often found about the ears. Habitat. — Rocky Mountain region of the United States and eastward in the Middle Faunal Province, from the British Possessions (hit. 49°, Coues) to Chihuahua, Mexico. (In the Pacific region replaced by C. j?arvus.) (Description from numerous alcoholic and dry specimens, including Baird's types) — In general points of exterior conformation, this animal is so similar to species of Perognatltus already fully treated that the account of these features may be abridged. The generic character of structure of the ear and hairiness of the sole, with the diminutive size, are the chief points. The ear is very small and simple, not overtopping the fur of the parts. It is evenly rounded; there is no lobation whatever of either antitragus or tragus, the slight notch which exists being formed in front by the folded-over edge of the ear itself, and behind by the antitragal ridge. The head is lull, SACCOMYID^— PEROGNATIIIDIN^— C. FLAVUS. 517 especially in the frontal region, tapering to a bluntly conical snout, which is densely hairy excepting a minute nasal pad; the upper lip is heavily pilous with a fringe of hairs which droop over and hide the incisors. The eye is rather small, and nearer to the ear than to the nose. Tlie whiskers are very numerous and fine, the longest exceeding the head. On the palms are observed posteriorly two great tubercles, of which the inner is much the largest ; there are others at the base of the 2d and 5th, and of the conjoined 3d and 4th digits, respectively; otherwise the palm is studded with minute granulations. The thumb is rudimentary, bearing a small flat nail; the other claws are of ordinary character ; 3d longest; 4th little less; 2d shorter; 5th still shorter. The hairiness of the soles posteriorly is a generic character in comparison with Perognathus ; anteriorly they are granular, with a tubercle at the base of each digit, and another on the outer side of the metatarsus a little way up. The small size of the hind feet, however, is one of the most obvi- ous distinctions from C. parvus. The longest hind foot measured in upward of twenty cases is only 0.70 long, or barely one-third of the length of head and body, while the average is much below this, and the minimum is only about one-fourth of the length of the head and body. We may say simply that the foot is usually nearer one-fourth than one-third of this dimension. Similarly, the shortness of the tail is a second character. In a large series, the vertebrae of the tail average exactly as long as the head and body ; in no case does the tail exceed the body and head by more than 0.25 of an inch, and this length is only exceptionally reached. In most cases, any difference which may be observed is the other way, the tail being, if anything, a little shorter than the head and body. The tail, as in other species of this genus and of Perognathus (except P. penicillatus), is closely, but not very thickly, haired uniformly throughout ; the terminal pencil is about 0.10 of an inch long. The pelage is extremely fine, soft, and glossy. The pattern of coloration is the same as in other species of this genus and Perognathus, namely, col- ored above with blended light and dark tints, white below, with a clear, single-color stripe along the sides. The upper parts are an intimate mixture of pale yellowish-buff with dark brown or blackish ; the hairs are clear lead- color basally, then buff-ringed, then (most of them) dark-tipped. The result- ing tone is nearly uniform over all the upper parts; but there are liable to appear whitish or tawny touches about the ears and eyes, and an appearance of a dark streak aiong the side of the head. The fawn-colored lateral stripe is uninterrupted from nose to heel; the tint is rather brighter than the buff r> i s MONOGRAmS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. of the upper parts, and pure, being not mixed with any dusky, and the color extending to the roots of the hairs. The entire under pails, including the whole lore leg, the hind feet, and inner side of hind leg, are snowy white, the hairs having no basal color. The tail is obscurely bicolor, white below, and not very sharply colored above to correspond with the areas of the body. Very young specimens, though nearly full grown and showing a sharp lateral streak, are more simply colored above than the adults, being grayish, with extremely faint huffy lining, instead of sharply blackish and buff. There is also observable, in the series before me, a tendency to exhibit two differ- ent tones of coloration. Those from dry regions east of the mountains arc mixed grayish-brown and grayish-buff, with the lateral pale buff stripe not very conspicuous. In New Mexico, Southern Texas, and southward, the ani- mal frequently assumes a ruddier shade of the light color, mixed with much less blackish ; in these, the lateral stripe is quite indistinct, because the upper parts in general are not very different. But the distinctions in these cases are not strong enough to require anything further than this notice of the fact. The following table of measurements will illustrate the size and shape of the species very fairly, and to some extent expose the range of variation : — Table IV. — Measurements of eighteen specimens of Ckicetodipus flavus. II u a D a a GO U S3 o _\ a continuous fissure from petrosals. Mandible small, stout, with a very slight coronoid. (b Dental.) — Superior incisors sulcatc, con- oiveht, pointing Strongly backward; deeper than wide. .Molars (pin. and m., I | (simple, rootless, (c. External.) — General form Jerboa-like; hind legs very long, sal tato rial. Tail rather longer than head and body, penicillate. Sides densely lurry. Feet, with 1st digit rudimentary, but bearing a claw. Eyes large and full Ears large, orbicular. Snout produced, acute, pilous, except the small nasal pad. Whiskers halt' as long as the whole body. Upper lip not cleft. Cheek-pouches ample. Pelage long and very soft. Pictura of body and tail bicolor. Size of a half-grown rat (Mus decumanus). The skull of Dipodomys, whether taken as a whole or considered in several of its details, is of extraordinary characters not nearly matched out- side the family to which it belongs. Many of its features are shared, to a greater or less extent, by Perognathus ; but the unusual characters are pushed to an extreme in Dipodumys. The foregoing paragraph merely indicates the more salient peculiarities; the skull is described in full beyond. The enor- mous development of certain elements of the temporal bone, and the results of this inflation upon the connections of the bone, and general configuration .of the skull, are the leading characteristics. With this is co-ordinated the reduction of the squamosal and occipital, and the curious shape of the latter, as well as the anomalous abutment of the thread-like zygoma against the tympanic, and the contact of ths petrosals with each other. In Geotnyidcc, the temporals are of great size, but there is much less distortion of the topog- raphy of the parts, both squamosal and occipital maintaining ordinary charac- ters. The temporal sinuses together are scarcely less capacious than the brain-cavity itself; the sense of hearing must be exquisitely acute, if co-ordi- nated with the osseous state of the parts. Notwithstanding the singular condition of the skull of Dipodomys, result- ing from the hypertrophy of certain parts and the reduction of others, the relations with that of GeumyidcK are both close and clear; while Perognathus constitutes, in many respects, an excellent connecting link. Numerous coin- cidences could be pointed cut showing how the hint afforded by the presence in these two families of ample external cheek-pouches is borne out in more essential features, notwithstanding the all but complete difference in general outward appearance. SACCOMYIDJ3— DIP0D0MYI1SLE— DirODOMYS. 523 Description of the skull of Dipodomys. — As in other cases, it will be found most convenient to consider the skull as a whole first, and afterward to exam- ine its individual bones. An immature specimen is preferable for the latter purpose, though many or most of the sutures persist to extreme old age. In many respects, the skull of Perognathus approaches or closely resem- bles that of Dipodomys, but the family peculiarities reach their extreme development only in the latter. Comparative expressions used in the following paragraphs are to be considered exclusive of Perognathus, unless the contrary is stated. The skull is much depressed ; elongated and acuminate in front ; very broad behind, where the width is nearly two-thirds of the total length ; and, viewed from above, presents in general a triangular shape, with the lateral angles completely rounded off, and a deep emargination in the middle of the base. Zygomatic arches scarcely come into this view at all ; the width of the skull midway being much less than the intermastoid diameter. The out- line of the zygomata is perfectly straight ; between the turgid mastoid region and the expanded plate-like zygomatic process of the maxillary there stretches the thread-like malar, depressed to the level of the palate. The outline of the orbits is a quadrate notch between the saliences just mentioned. There is no intei-orbital constriction ; were it not for the laminar zygomatic expan- sion of the maxillaries and the bullous mastoids, the space between the orbits would be the broadest part of the skull. The attenuate acuminate rostrum springs directly opposite the broad zygomatic part of the maxillaries, and extends beyond the incisors; it is at least one-third of the total length of the skull. The postero-lateral aspects of the skull present enormous bulging masses rounded and somewhat ovate — the extraordinarily developed mastoids. The same swellings constitute also nearly all the occipital region, the median line of which is a deep emargination. This character is perhaps unique ; nothing like it is seen even in Perognathus ; its peculiarity is on a par with the immense rostral development in a walrus for example. The resulting figure, as one author has aptly remarked, bears a ludicrously close resem- blance to the buttocks of the squatting human figure, the mastoids being the nates, the emargination being the cleft between, and the foramen magnum having an obvious suggestiveness. The whole surface of the skull is smooth, and gently convex in all directions. There are no ridges or roughnesses; the 524 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. sutures persist plainly visible in adult life; and all the bones are remarkably thin and papery. Viewed in profile, the skull shows notable features. The highest point is over the orbits, where the frontal and parietals are seen to be swollen; thence the superior outline sweeps gently down to the occiput, and in the other direction proceeds in a nearly straight — if anything, slightly concave — line to the tip of the snout. The great projection of the nasals beyond the intermaxillaries is well shown. The incisors in profile are seen to curve far backward as well as downward. The palatal outline is nearly straight, and declivous from before backward. Behind the palate, a small pterygoid hook is seen ; but beyond this the whole outline is the inflated portions of the tem- poral bone hiding everything else. On the side of the rostrum midway, there is a large circular foramen, low down, but little above the palatal level ;. this is the orifice corresponding to the "anteorbital" foramen, here singularly dis- placed. From its fellow of the opposite side, it is only separated by a very thin vertical septum, apparently ethmoidal. This delicate partition, being often broken through in prepared skulls, has occasioned the statement of the intercommunication of the two foramina. But I find the septum complete and intact in some specimens, and although a vacuity may very possibly nat- urally occur, such does not appear to be the rule. The orbit appears as a subcircular fossa, largely roofed over in front by the thin expanded zygomatic plate of the maxillary, and bounded below by the malar. Independently of its laminar maxillary portion, the zygoma is a slender, straight thread down to the palatal level, and abutting behind against the tympanic. The actual suture is squamosal, of course, but there is a curious appearance of connection with one of the otic bones. In the general inflation of the posterior portion of the skull appears the large orifice of the meatus auditorius — a simple cir- cular opening in the bullous mass. Viewed from below, the general contour is substantially the same as that already noted from above; but many special parts claim attention. So great is the backward obliquity of the incisors that their faces show in this view with comparatively little foreshortening. The incisive foramina arc a pair of contracted slits midway between the incisors and molars. The palatal sur- face in advance of the molars is much compressed; that between these teeth is broader and quite flat; its width posteriorly is little less than its length ; it contracts somewhat anteriorly, where it is marked by a median ridge con- SACCOMYID^E— DIPODOMYINJ3— DIPODOMYS. 525 tinuous with the septum between the incisive foramina. That part of the palate constituted by the palatal bones is marked with several minute foramina. The palate ends behind with a sharp median spur; on either side of this is an emargination, and external to this a large fossa perforated with two fora- mina anteriorly, and a third and much larger one behind. Beyond the palatals themselves, the walls of the posterior nares are continued by the pterygoids, which are small and hamulate, the hook abutting against the petrosals. Betwesn the ends of the pterygoids, and right across the middle line of the skull, the apices of the petrosals meet each other, forming a bridge beneath the basisphenoid. The posterior parts of the skull, behind those already considered, are almost entirely occupied by the inflated elements of the tem- poral bone, between which lies the reduced basioccipital ; this bone is nar- rowly acuminate, and is separated from the petrosals for its whole length by a continuous fissure, like that which, on the other side of the petrosals, sep- arates these bones from the alisphenoid and squamosal. The foramen magnum appears partly in this view, flanked by the slight condyles, outside of which are seen the small, distinct, flange like paroccipitals. The posterior view of the skull shows little but the inflated mastoids, with a cleft between, mostly occupied by the large foramen magnum, around which the contracted occipital bone appears as little more than the rim of this foramen. All the bones of the skull, as well as those of the top already so described, are thin and light; and the base of the cranium is remarkable for its exten- sive vacuities. Not only are the petrosals separated from their surrounding by great fissures on either side, rendering it almost necessary to their stability that they should abut against each other at their extremities; but there is also a singular separation of the alveolar portion of the maxillaries from the super- incumbent parts by a horizontal fissure, so that the palate appears as a sort of bridge between the fore and aft parts of the skull. Various peculiarities will appear more clearly from the following descriptions of individual bones. The complex temporal "bone" will be first considered, since the prime peculiarities of the skull result from the singular condition of hypertrophy under which several of the elements of this bone exist. The topography of the parts and the connections of the bone are curiously remodelled, as a con- sequence of the enormous inflation of the various otic elements and corre- sponding reduction of the squamosal. In the absence of investigations into 526 MONOGRAPITS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. the development of the temporal bone, 1 can only describe it as it appears in the adull animal, using the terms "mastoid'', "petrosal", and "tympanic" in their current acceptation, without reference to the primitive otic elements. Respecting the squamosal, there is no difficulty; the petrosal appears under its usual condition of a bulla ossea. I regard as "tympanic" tlie inflated vesi- cle in which the meatus auditorius is pierced, which appears as a tubular pro- longation of the bulla in the nearest allied family, Geomyidce. The rest of the inflation, forming the greater part of the occipital surface and much of the roof of the cerebral cavity, I shall simply designate as "mastoid". The two temporal bones together are little less bulky than all the rest of the skull. Excepting the reduced squamosal, all the elements are sub- jected to extraordinary inflation, as well as peripheral: enlargement ; they appear as papery vesicles, light, thin, and smooth, without ridges or angles, inclosing extensive antra, the collective capacity of which is scarcely less than that of the whole brain-case. These vaulted walls are supported by delicate bony arches or trabeculse within, and imperfectly partitioned into several cavities by thin septa. The mastoid constitutes the greater part of these bulging masses. Its backward protuberance occupies nearly all the occipital surface of the skull on each side, the occipital bone being reduced to a nar- row margin of the foramen magnum, sunk in an emargination between the mastoid and its fellow. On the top of the skull, the mastoid similarly expands, filling the whole of the area usually occupied by the squamosal, and forming the greater part of the roof of the brain-case. Thus we have the curious circumstances of extensive mastoideo-occipital suture on top of the skull, and still more prolonged mastoideo-parietal suture — for the whole of the longest side of the right-angled parietal articulates with the mastoid; while so great is the anterior prolongation of this same bone, that a small part of it fairly enters the orbit at the back outer corner of the latter. This extensive line of sutures with squamosal, parietal, and occipital bones, respectively, is dis- tinct throughout ; but the boundaries of the mastoid with other otic elements can only be inferred by certain lines of impression which appear to mark it off from petrosal and tympanic. Another point is to be considered here: the ll.it tened and entirely superior portion of the mastoid (that which lies in the ordinary site of a squamosal) is incompletely distinguished from the occipital portion of the same bone by a line of impression running straight across from the margin of the meatus auditorius to the median line of the skull; and this SACCOMYID.E— DirODOMTIN^]— DirODOMTS. 527 mark corresponds to a, nearly complete bony wall within the bone, which par- titions off one sinus from another. This may be hereafter found to indicate the respective parts which certain primitive otic elements take in the forma- tion of the "mastoid". The petrosal, i. e., the bulla ossea, is less peculiar than the mastoid ; it is not more inflated than in very many mammals, and is chiefly remarkable for its contact with its fellow, and for the extensive uninterrupted fissures which separate it both from basioccipital and alisphenoid. In general shape it is conoidal, moderately swollen, with the apex of the cone produced, and curiously curved toward the median line of the skull, where it meets its fel- low, forming a bony bridge beneath the basisphenoid. The claw of the hamular pterygoid rests against the end of the petrosal ; and close to this there is an abutment of a piece of the sphenoid ; otherwise, there is a great fissure betwixt it and the sphenoid. It is only in contact with occipital ele- ments by means of the flange-like exoccipitals ; the whole extent of the basi- occipital being separated, as just said, by a large fissure. Posteriorly it is confluent with the mastoid, with imperfect indication of the precise line of union; exteriorly it is continuous, without appreciable indication of original distinction with the special inflation in which the meatus is situated. This papery vestibule I presume to be analogous with the tubular meatus externus in GeomyidcB and elsewhere; the orifice is large, subcircular, and simply a hole without raised brim, pierced in the back upper corner of the bulb. Ante riorly the tympanic bulges so far as to form part of the orbit. While this special inflation is not otherwise distinguished from the general bulla ossea than by a slight constriction, it is remarkably divided off, above and behind, from the mastoid, by a strong line of impression, of which I shall say more presently. Coincidently with the hypertrophy of these otic elements of the tempo- ral, the squamosal is peculiarly reduced in extent, and pushed into the orbit, to which it is almost entirely restricted. It is simply a small irregularly shaped plate of bone lining the back part of the orbit, with a slight spur just exceeding the orbital brim in a little notch between corners of the frontal and parietal bones. The squamosal remains long discrete from all its sur- roundings. In full-grown though youngish animals, the squamo-sphenoidal sutures may be readily traced — that with the alisphenoid just below the glenoid cavity, that with orbito-sphenoid within the orbit. The zygomatic 528 MONOGUAPnS OF NOUTIi AMERICAN RODEXTIA. process of the squamosal is of peculiar character; instead of a slender curved spur reaching around to grasp the malar, there is a short abrupt heel appressed against the tympanic, and to tlie roughened dice of this heel the clubbed end of the needle-like malar is affixed. The relation of the parts is such that the zygoma appears to articulate behind with the tympanic — it actually has an abutment against that hone, though no real articulation with it. From the lower back edge of the squamosal, a curious thread of bone starts off and occupies the deep groove already mentioned as separating the tympanic from the mastoid. No break from the squamosal can be seen in this thread, which curls around the orifice of the meatus, still in the groove mentioned, and ends by a slightly enlarged extremity below and behind the meatus, exactly in the position of an ordinary "mastoid process". I am uncertain of the meaning of this. The end of this ligule or girdle of bone thus encircling the tympanic is in the site of the postero-lateral angle of the skull in Geomyidce, in which such angle is formed by a corner of the squamo- sal ; and the inference is self-suggestive that this delicate bony strap may really be squamosal — an edge of the squamosal persisting in situ after the rest of that bone has been crowded down into the orbit by the encroachment of the mastoid. Such a view, however, will bear further scrutiny. Even if a slender spur of actual squamosal does run out into the tympano-mastoid groove, it does not follow that the whole of the fold in this groove is squamo- sal ; and certainly the enlarged extremity of this ridge, behind the meatus, has every appearance of an ordinary mastoid process. Next after the squamosal, the occipital bone suffers most from the enlargement of the otic elements; it is singularly restricted in extent, and presents itself in unique shape, compressed between the swollen mastoids. All the lateral occipital suturation is with the mastoid, excepting the basi- occipital. The occipital lies in three planes, nearly at right angles with each other. The basioccipital is horizontal, as usual, upon the floor of the skull; the exoccipitals, with probably part of the supraoccipital, are perpendicular behind ; the rest of the supraoccipital is horizontal again, on top of the skull. The basioccipital is wedge-shaped, and offers nothing very peculiar, except- ing its entire disconnection from the petrosals, between which it lies; its sphenoidal articulation is just behind the joined apices of the petrosals. Exoccipitals appear as a pair of flaring flange-like processes, just outside the condyles, appressed against the otic capsules. The foramen is very large, SACCOMYID^— DIPODOMTINiE— DIPODOMYS. 529 subcircular, and mostly in the perpendicular plane of the bone. After in- closing this orifice, the bone rapidly contracts as it rises to the top of the skull ; this part is marked with a sharp perpendicular median ridge, and the edges of the bone being affected in coming into apposition with the swelling mastoids, there results a pair of deep narrow fossae upon the face of the bone. Tlie portion of the supraoccipital which mounts the top of the skull to there lie horizontal, almost immediately forks to embrace a small shield-shaped interparietal bone between its prongs. The ends of these prongs touch posterior corners of the parietals. The sphenoid bone is of rather small extent, owing to the situation of the squamosals in the orbit. It is widely fissured from the petrosals. The alisphenoid is very short; its termination may be seen in the jagged suture with the squamosal ; but short as it is, it only misses taking part in the mandibular articulation, since it extends to the margin of the glenoid. The orbito-sphenoid is comparatively smaller still, the place it occupies in Geo- mijidez for instance being here largely occupied by the squamosal. The spheno-palatal suture may be traced in young specimens with a zigzag but still in general transverse course, from the side a little behind the maxillary alveolus across the middle line of the skull. There is no vertical orbital plate of the palatal bone ; it all lies flat, and extends forward on the palate, wedge-shaped, but with square termination to a point opposite the first true molar. A backward spur of this bone forms with its fellow a sharp median process. There are various foramina already noted. The pterygoids are small claw-hammers abutting at their extremity against the petrosals. The parietals are nearly right-angled triangles, with one side of mutual apposition along the median line of the skull, another transversely articulating with the frontal, and the hypothenuse postero-exterior, for the mastoid suture. The back corners meet the prongs of the occipital and slightly embrace the interparietal. The outer corner is prolonged into a spur which attains the brim of the orbit. And here, the remarkable construction of the orbit by an unusual number of bones, may be noted. Following the brim of the orbit around we find — zygomatic process of maxillary ; lachrymal; frontal; spur of parietal ; back upper corner of squamosal ; front end of mastoid ; fore bulge of tympanic ; zygomatic heel of squamosal ; whole of malar, and so back to maxillary. The portion of the frontal which appears on the surface of the skull is 24 M 530 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. keystone-shaped ;m:!2 monographs of nortii American rodentia. proper are rootless and perennial. In both jaws, the set of the molars is very oblique; in the upper, the anterior tooth bends strongly backward, and the posterior one somewhat forward, thus bringing their crowns in close apposi- tion, though their roots are divergent. It is the same in the lower jaw, though the greatest obliquity there is in the strong forward set of the posterior tooth. The teeth are all simple, compressed prisms, broader in the transverse than in the fore and aft direction. In the worn state, the crowns of the two intermediate molars are simply elliptical; that of the anterior molar is rather a spherical triangle, with convex posterior and two concave anterior sides ; the back molar is small and subcircular. It is much the same in the lower jaw. The crowns show simply the brim of enamel, with a depressed island of dentine. In the unworn state, however — such as may be observed in spec- imens with the milk-tooth still in position — there are some decided differ- ences. The outer border of the two anterior teeth shows a deep nick, where there is a re-entrant fold of the enamel; and the back molar has a similar indentation of the inner side. This diminishes regularly with the continuous growth of the incisors, until the crowns are ground down beyond the extent of the infolding, when it ceases to appear and the plain elliptical form of the crown is assumed. The incisors are small and delicate in both jaws, contrasting with the stout scalpels of Geomyida. The superior pair are much compressed, being narrower than deep, and strongly curved. Their face is marked by a deep median groove, and the outer portion is rabbeted away, so that the groove is visible in a profile view. The teeth emerge from the sockets some distance apart, separated by an intervening alveolar plate, but they are convergent, and their tips are in close contact. The under incisors, no larger than the upper ones, are of much the same general character, but are not grooved, the smooth faces being simply rounded off. Their roots make a slight protuberance at the outside of the base of the condyloid ramus. External characters of D'rpodomys. — The general configuration of this animal is lithe and graceful, indicating agility and incessant activity. The body is slender, the neck distinct ; the head large, with tapering muzzle ; the eyes and ears are prominent; the fore limbs small and neat, indicating pre- dominance of prehensile over merely gressorial faculties; the hinder limbs are of great size, as perfectly saltatorial as those of a Kangaroo or Jerboa ; and the tail is longer than the body. Notwithstanding the saltatorial nature of SACCOMYID^E— DIPODOMYIN^E— DIPODOMYS. 533 the animal, there is none of that preponderance of organization of the hinder parts witnessed in the Kangaroo, with its massive haunches and enormous tail; the whole body is equally slender, the leaping power being manifested in the enlargement of the hind limbs alone; the tail, too, is slender throughout. The head is distinguished from the body by a well-defined cervical con- striction. The broad high occipital region dips suddenly down to the nape. The upper corners of the head, upon which the ears rest, are elevated and wide apart; the top of the head has in general a triangular shape, tapering from each ear to the snout with but slight swelling in the orbital region, and is quite flat across, with the most gentle longitudinal curve in the frontal region, and nearly straight nasal profile. The muzzle is acuminate and much produced, appearing longer still in consequence of the remarkably small retreating chin. The muzzle is entirely hairy, excepting a small nasal pad ; this shows a median depression, but there is no cleft of the upper lip, the whole of which is thickly clothed with stout hairs, that form a dense fringe drooping over and concealing the superior iucisors. The lower lip is thick- ened and densely hairy; and there is also a hairy commissure of the upper lip behind the superior incisors, so that these teeth are shut out of the true (mucous- lined) buccal cavity. For the rest, the lips seem to come together vertically instead of horizontally, closing the oral aperture sideways, though of course the buccal cavity or mouth proper shuts as in ordinary mammals. All this is essentially the same as in the Geomyida ; and further, as in these last, there is a great pouch on each side of the head, entirely disconnected with the mouth, formed of a duplication of ordinary integument, hairy through- out. These sacs will admit the first joint of one's little finger; they run the whole length of the head, but not beyond to the shoulder. In relative capacity, they about equal the least developed pouches of Gcomyidce — those of Geomys hispidu^ for instance. The opening is cresccntic ; the inner limb of the semilune being the skin of the jaws, while the outer limb is a free fold or border arising on the side of the snout half-way between nostrils and incisors and a little back of both, and curving loosely around to the side of the under jaw near its middle. The whiskers are extremely numerous, and some of them arc very long. A bunch of short fine ones springs from, the extremity of the snout, on each side, by insensible lengthening of the fringe of hairs that, clothe the upper lip. Others grow in the usual site, and the longest of these usually exceed 534 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTU AMERICAN EODENTIA. half the total length of the body. There are other long, slender, bristly hairs in weak clumps about the eyes and ears, and a bunch of short anlrorse bris- tles springs From the chin. The eyes are largo and prominent, in life remark- ably soft and expressive, in striking contrast to the small and inconspicuous eyes of the Geomyidec; in consecpicnce of the production of the muzzle, they are situate much nearer to the ears than to the nose, and rather above a line connecting the two. The ears, similarly, are large and "leafy", appearing the more prominent because they rest upon the most protuberant part of the skull. When pressed out flat, the auricle is nearly orbicular. In the natural slate, the fore border is largely folded over, the duplication extending from the extreme root to the highest point of the car, and representing about one- third of the width of the car. This fold causes a slight pointing of the ear. The posterior border is more rounded than the anterior; and within its base is developed a large, conspicuous, obtusely-angular antitragus, so broad that its inner edge is extensively overlapped by the fold of the anterior border of the auricle; a fringe of long hairs springing from the base of the anterior fold is directed backward over the antitragus; otherwise the auricle is closely and completely pilous on both sides, the hairy clothing of the open part of the concavity being heavier than that on the back of the ear. The fore limbs are shortened, in sacrifice of locomotive ability to increase of prehensile faculty. The arm and fore arm are stout; the latter tapers very abruptly and contracts to a delicate wrist and very small hand. There are four perfect digits, and a rudimentary thumb; the longer digits rather exceed, even excluding their claws, the length of the hand proper (meta- carpus); the 3d and 4th are approximately equal in length and longest; the 2d and 5th are successively reduced a little in length ; the 1st is a mere stump; its claw is a knob; the other claws are well formed, slender, com- pressed, acute, little curved, nearly as long as their respective digits. The back of the whole hand is pilous, and longer hairs fringe the sides of the digits; but the palm is naked, minutely tubercular throughout, these number- less little elevations showing no recognizable special distribution. The hand ends behind with an enormous smooth bulb, a little to the inner side, and with a smaller external bulb, likewise smooth, separated from the main one by a narrow hairy interval. The hinder limbs offer the opposite degree of development. While the fore, from the elbow outward, is only a fourth of the total length the corre- SACC0MYIDJ5— DIPODOMYIN^}— DIPODOMYS. 5C5 sponding measurement of the hind limb, that is, from the knee outward, is three-fifths or more of the whole length, and the hind foot alone is about one- third of such dimension. There is no noticeable bulkiness of the haunches, but the hams are massive, flattened-conoidal, suddenly contracting at the lower third, where the cms is of much less calibre than the foot. There is a prominent heel, and an obvious tendo Achillis. The metatarsus is subcylin- drical, widening to a broad foot with strong digits. The whole foot reminds one of a rabbit's ; a resemblance heightened by the dense furring of the whole sole, excepting a small calcaneal tuberosity. There are four perfect digits, of which the 3d is the longest, the 4th and 2d are successively a little shorter, and the 5th is much shorter still; while the 1st is a mere rudiment, entirely removed from the rest, nearly halfway up the foot. This bears a stumpy claw; the other claws, though small, are well formed, stout at base, com- pressed, little curved, and acute. The tail exceeds the head and body in length, even without the penicil- late tuft of hairs at the end, which projects an inch or more beyond the ver- tebras. It is of somewhat quadrangular shape, the flattening being especially appreciable on the under side, and is of nearly uniform calibre throughout, springing directly from the body without any basal enlargement, and but little taper at the end. It is closely and uniformly clothed with rather stiffish hairs for most of its length, the hairs gradually lengthening on the further half into the well-formed terminal brush. The pelage differs from that of the allied genus Perognatkus in its soft- ness, length, and fineness, and has a silky gloss in life. It also lies with extreme smoothness on the colored areas of the body; the hairs are plumbe- ous basally, as usual ; on the white parts they are unicolor to the roots. In the male, during the rutting season, there is an immense perinseal enlargement, strictly circumscribed from neighboring parts, due to the turgid- ity of the virile organs within. The anus presents in the centre of this enlargement with the sheath of the penis just in front, quite prominent. There is a comparatively large os penis. In the female, the anal and genital orifices are in still closer relation ; the ostium vaginas is prolonged in front into a dependent lobe, occupying the site of the penial sheath of the male. The pattern of coloration of Dipodomys is peculiar and diagnostic of the genus — the striped tail and white band across the hips are not found else- where. All the upper parts are fulvous or tawny-brown, closely lined with 5)3G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. fuscous to a greater or less extent and intensity. Some specimens, with the least dusky, are very light colored — a pale yellowish-cinnamon; others approach mouse-color, but even in the darkest specimens the decided fulvous shade appears at least upon the sides. All this colored portion is plumbeous beneath, excepting a little space along the middle of the sides, where bat-ally white hairs have the tawny tips. All the under surface of the animal is snow- white to the roots of the hairs. The line of white begins on the side of the muzzle and runs along the side of the head, including the pouch; the entire fore limb is white ; the stripe rises a little on the side of the belly, and thence runs along the middle of the outside of the hind limb from the knee to the heel, sending a sharp white stripe from the knee across the haunches to the root of the tail. The hind foot is white, with a dusky stripe along the sole. The whiskers are partly black, partly colorless; their conjoined bases make a conspicous black spot on each side of the muzzle. There is some whitish- ness in most cases — sometimes altogether wanting — about the eye, and a white patch just back of the ear. The front of the ear is sometimes light. The tail is dusky-slaty, or sooty-brown, or even blackish, with a broad, firm, white stripe on each side from base to near the tip. At the extreme base, the white usually encircles the tail ; at the other end, the color of the tuft is altogether indeterminate; sometimes the white lateral stripes give out before reaching the end, leaving the tip entirely dark ; sometimes the white extends to the very end of the brush, cutting off the dark altogether; and, moreover, the white may encroach upon the under side, cutting off the dark from more than half the tail ; oftener, the brush is mixed dusky and white. Thus the tail may end either white or dark, or a mixture of both. It is as variable in this respect as the tail of a skunk. The eyes are lustrous black ; the nose-pad and palms flesh-colored ; the claws pale. In old museum specimens, long exposed to the light, the above descrip- tion may not be verifiable as regards any of the darker markings and shades mentioned; for all the colored portions of the fur finally fade to a dull, pale brownish-yellow, or even dingy yellowish-white. Under such circumstances, even the rich purplish-chestnut of a mink, for example, ends in dingy whitish. Discussion of (he species of Dipodomys. — Having thus fully exposed the characters of the animals of this genus, it remains to consider the mode in which, and extent to which, the genus has become differentiated into recog- nizable forms, if there be more than one. Various species have been pro- SACCOMYID^E— DIPODOMYINJ3— DirODOMYS. 537 posed and recognized. As they rest mainly upon size and proportions, these points will be first discussed. The following tables of measurements of a series of Dipodomys, fresh and alcoholic, will serve to show whether or not two species, commonly sup- posed to be distinguished by size and proportions, intergrade in these respects. The specimens are arranged without reference to locality, according to the chief point in question, namely, length of tail. Table V. — Measurements of seventeen specimens of Dipodomys. 2~ Locality. ■I 070 8436 4871 4970 8437 0478 4970 4970 4970 7349 7344 2637 2626 2028 10725 7348 Cape St. Lucas Fort Whipple, Ariz. Cimarron, N. Mex... Cape St. Lucas Furl. Whipple, Ariz. (Unknown) Cape St. Lucas do .do . (Unknown) Platte Valley Fort Reading, Cal . do " California " ... Monterey Fort Tejon, Cal . " Rocky Mts.".. A vera go . From tip of nose to 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.85 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.45 1.55 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.25 1.60 1.60 1.45 1.55 1.90 1.75 1.45 1.55 1.50 1.60 1.55 1.60 1.55 1.40 1.75 1.80 1.70 3.50 4.25 4.50 3.50 4.50 4.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 4.50 3.35 3.25 5.00 5.09 4.25 4.50 Tail to end ^ th of_ of— 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.25 5.25 5.50 5. 75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.60 6.00 6.10 6.75 7.00 7.00 6.00 5.75 6.25 6.75 6.75 6.75 6.50 7.00 7.00 7.75 7.75 8.00 6.85 fl 1.35 1.55 1.55 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.60 1.55 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.58 y, Alcoholic. Fresh. Alcoholic. ...do. Fresh. Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. The foregoing table of measurements of only 17 specimens, all adult, suffices to prove an uninterrupted gradation in size of every part of the body and its members. There is no break whatever in any of the absolute dimen- sions. The specimens range, by minute fractions of the inch, from 3.25 to 5^00 inches in length of head and body, averaging about 4.00. The tail vertebrae range from 5.00 to 7.00 inches, averaging about 5.75 ; with the hairs, the tail is from 5.75 to 8.00 inches, averaging a little less than 7.00. The hind foot runs from 1.85 to 1.70, settling at an average of 1.58. It will be observed that the lengths of tail and feet bear no constant ratio to each other, some specimens with relatively smallest feet having relatively the longest tails. It will further be evident that absolute lengths of tail and feet are not indicative 538 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTn AMERICAN RODENTIA. of geographical limitations; for the specimens which are arranged in the table with reference! to absolute length of tail vertebrae (with which absolute length of feet is approximately correspondent) show complete intermixture of localities. Measurements of a hundred or a thousand specimens would, of course, only tend to place these facts in stronger light. It may be safely stated as a fact, then, that differences in absolute size, either of the body or of any of its members, are not available for distinction of two species; and, furthermore, that no set of absolute dimensions is correlated with geographi- cal distribution. Nevertheless, one cannot fail to be struck, in examining the table, with the extraordinary discrepancy in relative length of the body and tail. In No. 4871, for example, the tail (vertebrae) is only half an inch longer than the head and body (4.50-5.00); that is to say, it is but one-ninth of the head and body length longer. In No. 2626, the tail is two and three-quarter inches longer than the head and body; that is to say, almost twice as long. It would appear improbable that such unusual difference as this should not signify something more than mere individual variability. In order to discover whether or not the proportionate (as distinguished from absolute) dimensions of body and tail may not lead to some tangible result, the following table is constructed, in which the same specimens are arranged geographically. It is necessary to exclude four of them, however — Nos. &478, 7349, from unknown localities, together with the two respectively marked "California" and "Rocky Mts.", as I have reason to believe that these indications of locality are not reliable. Table VI. — Measurements of thirteen specimens of Dipodomvs. HOCKY MOUNTAIN REUION. PACIFIC COAST REGION. Arizona !>.. Now Mexico . I'lalto Valley Averages . w 4.25 4.50 4.50 4.50 5.00 5.25 5.00 5.75 4. 43 5. 25 1.55 1.50 1.55 1.55 Cape St. Lucas do do do do Fort Reading, Cal. do Monterey Fort Tejon, Cal... 1 s w 3.50 3.50 :i. 75 3.75 3.75 3.35 3.25 5.00 4.25 5.00 5.25 5. (5 5.75 5.75 5.80 6.00 0.75 7.00 5. 89 w 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.00 1.00 1.7U 1.70 SACCOMYIDJS— DirODOMYIN^E— DIPODOMYS. 539 This second table, as far as it goes, leads to some tangible and practical results. More specimens would undoubtedly modify the exact figures, but would, I think, only confirm the general statement, that there is a decided difference in relative length of head and body and of tail between specimens from the interior and those from the coast region— just as there is in the genus Ciketodipus. This substantiates, in effect, the broad distinction estab- lished by Baird in 1857, though the details given by that author require qualification.* In the animals from the interior, with an average length of nearly 4.50 inches, the tail is scarcely or not an inch longer than the body; that is to say, it is about one-fourth as long again as the head and body. In the coast region specimens, with an average length of less than 4 inches, the tail is about 2 inches longer than the head and body; that is to sa}r, it is, if anything, more than half as long again as the body. The feet do not present any very tangible characters. We find them of all sizes, coupled with different extremes of tail length. Nevertheless, it will be observed that the Cape St. Lucas specimens alone of the coast series pre- sent small feet, under 1.50; and that, without these, the coast series would show a length of foot of 1.G0-1.70, thus correlated with the greater length of tail. To these data may be added some others, tending to substantiate a dif- ference between the two forms of the genus. The western animal averages smaller and of more slender build, with larger ears and longer limbs, and especially longer tail. It is darker in color, the prevailing tone being a mouse- brown, overcast with tawny or fulvous. The animal from the interior is larger, and noticeably more stoutly built, with smaller ears and shorter limbs, and particularly shorter tail. It is lighter in color, the prevailing tone being the * Mamm. N. Am. 1857, p. 409.—" Whatever the number of species, all hitherto detected in North America belong to the two following sections : — " Section I. Hind foot not exceeding 1.50 inches, usually appreciably less ; about one-third tho length of head and body. Tail vertebrae about 1J times the length of head and body in nature ; rarely exceeding 5 inches, never 5£. D. ordii. " Section II. Hind foot, 1.60 iuches, sometimes more ; always considerably exceeding 1.50 ; almost half as long as head and body iu the first specimens. Tail vertebras If times the length of head and body, always exceeding 5J inches ; usually from 6 to 7 iuches. D. phillippi, D. agilis." The proportions of body and tail here laid down I verify exactly, though the limits of extremes given require to be enlarged. On the contrary, the statements made respecting the feet do not hold, upon examination of more material. In fact, the Cape St. Lucas are the shortest-footed animals of tho whole seriee ; and in one very largo Texas specimen (dry), not giveu iu tho table, the foot is almost 2 inches long. 540 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. peculiar tawny or fulvous of the genus, deepened somewhat on a dorsal area with mouse-brown. These arc simply observed matters of fact, not open to question. Cer- tain differences which actually exist, as well as the insensible blending of these diiferences, may both bo fairly signalized by the following formulae of nomen- clature and description, in which the various names winch have been proposed are relegated to their proper place, covering diagnosis of typical (i. e. extreme) characters, and indication of the region in which such form more especially prevails: — DTPODOMYS PHILLIPSI,* Gray. Phillips's Pocket-rat; "Kangaroo Rat". Dipodomys phillipu, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. vii, 1841, 521 ; Rep. Brit Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1841, 1842, Trans, of tbe Sections, 70. Real del Monte, Mex. (Type of genus.) — Wagn., " Suppl. Scbreb. iii, 1843, 295."— LeC, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 224. (Sacramento Valley, Cal.)— GlEB., Sang. 1855, GOO. (Compiled.)— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 412. (California, &c.)— Coop. & Sucki.., P. R. R. Rep. xii, 1859, Mamm. 100, 127. Dipodomgs philiipsii, Gisay, Aid. Jotirn. Sci. xlii, 1842, 335 ; List. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1843, 120.— Gems., Cat. Bones Br. Mus. 1862, 173.— Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 200. Dipodomys philippi, Sciiinz, Syn. Minim, ii, 1845, 93. (Compiled from Gray.) Dipodomys phillippsii, At'D. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 137, pi. 130. (From Gray's type.) Dipodomys pkillippii, Baird, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, Williamson's Route, Mamm. 82. (Posa Creek, Cala.) Dipodomyx phillipai, COUES, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875,325. Macrocohtx hallicm, WAGNER,-Arch. f. Naturg. 1846, 176 ; "Abb. K. Baier. Akad. xxii, 1848, 319, pi. vii ".— Gieiiel, Siiug. 1855, 599. (Compiled.) Dipodomya agilis, Gamb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1848, 77. t (Los Angeles, Cal.)— Gamb., Ann. Slag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1849, 318 (same).— LisC., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 224.— Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. A. iii, 1851, 339. (Compiled.)— Gieb., Sang. 1855, 600. (Compiled.)— Bd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 334 (San Diego, Cal.) ; M. N. A. 1857, 414, pi. 9, f. 1.— Gray, P. Z.S. 1868, 201. Dipodomijs heermanni, LkC, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 224. (Sierra Nevada.) Dipodomys hecrmannii, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. 1857,415. (Compiled.) Dipodomys hermannii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, 201. (Compiled.) Dipodomgs wagnerij LeC, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 224.— Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 415. (Compiled.) — Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, 201. (Compiled.) Habitat. — Pacific region at large, from Washington Territory to Cape St. Lucas; Nevada; and portions of Mexico (Real del Monte, Phillips). Specimens examined from Fort, Walla-Walla, Cape St. Lucas, and numerous localities nearly throughout Upper and Lower California. 'This name is found variously spelled by authors, as well as by Gray himself ; but if, as stated by Gray, tbe species was named after John Phillips, the rendition here adopted appears to be correct. t Special paper: Description of Two New California!) Quadrupeds [D. agilis and Mus califonii- cns]. < torn. tit. pp. 77, 78. (Also, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. lorn. cil. pp. 318, 319, with some literal modifica- tion of title.) {The ascribed locality is unquestionably erroneous. Tbo label "James Reed, South Carolina", like that on some other specimens of various animals I have seen, indicates the donor aud his residence. S ACCOM YIDJ3— DIPODOMYI2JLE— D. PHILLIPSI OEDI. 541 Chars. — Small: rather under than over 4 inches in length of head and body, with slender shape, large ears, long limbs, and especially long tail. Tail vertebra 2 inches (more or less) longer than the head and body, bearing a proportion of about (rather more than less) 1.50 to 1.00. Coloration heavy: upper parts rather dark mouse-brown or even dusky in general tone, light- ened, especially on the sides, with the peculiar tawny shade of the genus. This animal served as the type of the genus described by Gray in 1840. It figures in various treatises, mainly under compilation. Audubon gave an excellent illustration, taken from the type-specimen. Macrocolus halticus of Wagner,* described soon afterward, is undoubtedly, as suggested by both Gray and Baird, the same animal, though no mention is made of the pouches. Some other uncpiestionable synonyms are cited above. DIPODOMYS PHILLIPSI ORDI, Woodh. Ord's Pocket-rat; "Kangaroo Rat". Dipodomys ordii, " Woodh.", LeC, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 224. (Notice of Woodhouse's type.)— Woodh., Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, 235.— Woodh., Sitgr. Rep. Expl. Zn&i and Col. R. 1853, 50, pi. 4. (El Paso, Texas.)— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 317. (Compiled.)— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 410, pi. 5, f . 1 ; pi. 21, f. 1 ; pi. 51, f. 1, 2.— Baird, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, Gunnison's and Beckwitli's Route, Mamru. 8. — Baird, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, Whipple's Ronte, Manim. 14.— Hayd., Trans. Aiuer. Phil. Soc. xii, 1862, 147. (Niobrara R.)— Gerr., Cat. Bones Br. Mus. 1862, 175.— Couks, Am. Nat. i, 1807, 395. (Habits.)— Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, 201. — Ali.en, Proc. Bost. Soc. xvii, 1874, 42. (Yellowstone.) Dipodomys montanus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 334. Dipodomys phillipsi ordi, Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 326.— Coues & Yarrow, Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 109. Habitat. — Rocky Mountain region at large, and somewhat eastward, from the region of the Yellowstone into Mexico. Limit of southern extension not precisely determined. Specimens examined from the Yellowstone, Powder, Niobrara, Platte, and Arkansas Rivers ; from various localities in Texas, and nearly throughout New Mexico and Arizona; from Sonora, Durango, and Coahuila, Mexico. Chars. — Larger: rather over than under 4 inches in length of head and body, with (comparatively) stout shape, small ears, short limbs, and short tail. Tail vertebras 1 inch (more or less) longer than the head and body, bearing a proportion of about (rather less than more) 1.25 to 1.00. Coloration light: upper parts nearly uniform tawny-brown, of the shade peculiar to the genus, darkened a little with mouse-brown on a dorsal area. * Beitrage zur Keuntniss der Saugethiere Amerikas. < Abhandl. d. math. phys. Classe d. konigl. bayer. Akad. Miiuchen, v, 1847-49, 319, pi. vii (forming vol. xxii of the series of Denkschrifteu). [Quoted from Baird.] 542 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENT! A. This form of the genus appears to have been first noted hy Dr. Wood- liouse in 1853. His specimens were from El Paso. The known limits of its distribution were enlarged in 1857 to include the region of the Platte; while specimens still more recently examined show that it extends northward to the Yellowstone at least, further east in Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas than was formerly supposed, and even reaches to Arkansas, where specimens were lately procured at Fort Cobb. Note. — The special papers in which the Saccomyidee have been treated will be found quoted passim in this article; these citations constituting that portion of the bibliography of the family which I have compiled. MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN R0DENT1A. No. IX.-HAPLODONTfM. By ELLIOTT COUE8 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Office of United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Washington, D. C, December 1, 1876. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as one of the series of "Monographs of Norlh American Rodei.tia", a memoir on the family Haplodontidce. To the single species which constitutes this family, unusual interest attaches, in the facts that its structure has remained very imperfectly known up to the present time, and that its systematic position consequently has been a matter of dispute. The anatomy of the species is herewith, presented at considerable length, from original dissections ; and a notice of its history and habits follows the description of its structure. Like my other memoirs of this series, the present is based upon the material contained in the National Museum, for the opportunity of examining which I am indebted to the liberal policy of the Smithsonian Institution. I am, Sir, &c, ELLIOTT COUES, Assistant Surgeon United States Army, Secretary and Naturalist of the Survey. Prof. F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist-in-charge. 35 M TABLE OF CONTENTS. — Pa pea. Family HAPLODONTIDyE 543-555 Genus Haplodon 555-557 Baplodon riifus 557-599 a. External characters 557-562 b. Dental characters 562-564 c. Skeletal structure 564-583 d. Visceral structure 583-590 e. History and habits 590-598 /. Tables of measurements, &c 598-599 547 Family HAPLODONTID^l. = Genus Aplodontia, Richardson and Autiiors (6ee beyond). < Sciurida: or Castoridw, of some Authors. < Castorinm, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. 1857, 350 (united with Castor in .a subfamily Castorina; of Sciurida'). = Haploodontida; Lilljeborg, Syst. Ofv. Guag. Daggdj. 1866, 41 (as family of the Ilystricomorph series). = Haploodontida; Gill, Arraug. Fain. Mamm. 1872, 22 (as family of a special serieR, Kaploodontoidea). — Haplodoniidcc, Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, 78 (as family of the Sciuroniorph series). Chars.— Teeth: l.{^\- C.^; Pra.^; M §^§ = §^=^ = 22; all root- less, prismatic, simple, of unique pattern of the molar crowns. Vertebra: C. 7 ; D.13; L. 6; S. 5 ; Cd. 11 = 42. Seventh ce?w«/ semicostiferous, without ver- tebrarterial canal. Clavicles perfect. Scapula triangular, with prominent spine and well-developed acromion and coracoid. Tibia and fibula not anchylosed, though closely apposed below. Ulna with long olecranon ; radius perfect, admitting of rotatory movements. Carpus and tarsus each with nine bones, including an os intermedium. Humerus with well-developed greater and lesser tuberosities, deltoid ridge, and tubercle ; the inner condyle perforate. Femur with prominent greater and lesser trochanters, glutseal ridge and tubercle. A large osseous patella. Pelvis straight and narrow ; ilia prismatic, project- ing beyond the sacrum. Thorax capacious, contracted anteriorly, with 13 ribs, 7 sternal, the first borne partly upon the last cervical vertebra. Skull with no trace of postorbital processes (so conspicuous in Sciurida;), massive, greatly depressed, very broad behind; zygomata widely separated behind, chiefly constituted by the malars. Anteorbital foramen low in position, small, oval, oblique, transmitting a fascicle of the masseter. Lachrymal large, scale- like. Nasals broad, not protrusive. Mandible massive, the descending ramus broadly laminar, twisted into the horizontal plane; coronoid high, falcate. A large hyoid, connected with the skull by long osseous cornua. Eight lung quadrilobate ; left lung bilobate. Salivary glands enormous (as in Castoridce). Stomach with the cardiac portion produced into a horn-like process. Liver quadripartite, the left lobe with a long process, the Spigelian lobule bifid. 549 550 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. In i est tins many (aboul eleven) times as long as the body. Ccccum very large ( as long as the body). Out Ids of genito-urinary and digestive organs distinct from each other (compare Castoridse). Testes abdominal. Os penis very large, cleft at the end. Urethral glands few and simple (no other perineal glands?). For other characters, derived from the external structure, and properly to be considered as rather pertaining to the genus than to the family, see under next head. As may be gathered from the foregoing epitome of the more salient anatomical characters, the present is a remarkably peculiar group, entitled 1o full family rank, if not to still higher appreciation. Like the equally pecul- iar Castoridce, it has, as one author has remarked, long proved a stumbling- block in the way of a systematic arrangement of the Rodents ; but for no other reason, as it seems to me, than because authors long regarded the type of structure as only significant of a genus, a place for which was to be found perforce among the then established families, instead of recognizing its claims to higher valuation. It would be idle to recount the various forced associations to which the family considered as a genus has been subjected.* The general tendency has been, however, of late years at any rate, to associ- ate Haplodon more or less intimately with Castor, and to refer both genera to the Sciurine series, if not to the Sciuridce itself. Thus, in 1858, Professor Baird made Castor and " Aplodontia" together a subfamily Castorince of the family Sciuridce,]- inquiring pertinently whether the two were not typical of as many distinct subfamilies, themselves forming a group of full family rank. Professor Brandt- had already, in 1855, placed the genus next to Castor. In 18G4, Ilerr W. Peters discussed the genus, comparing the skull with that of Arctomys, and noting the strong resemblance observable in many respects ; Ik1 is considered by Mr. Alston J to have "definitely established" the Sciurine affinities of the genus. In 1866', Professor Lilljeborg (I. s. c.) first, as far as I can ascertain, cleared the way for the required improvement in classification, by raising the ^cniis to the rank of a family, which he called Haphodonlid >, and placed next after Sciurida? ; although, as Mr. Alston (/. i. c.) observes, he * For example, in 1840, Scbinz threw "Aplodontia" into his VII " family " of Glires, " Canieularia " which consisted of an odd jumble of Haplodon, "Aseomys" (=Geomyg), Thamomys, Siphneiis, Ctenomys Spalax, and various otbei harrowing Rodents ; as bucu, being beneath serious criticism. tBaird's family Sciuridce, however, inclnded the Murine family Myoxida; treated as a snbfamiry Myoiitiw. ! P. Z. S. 1876, GO. HArLODONTlDiE— TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. 551 "strangely relegated it" to the Hystricine series of Rodents. Dr. T. Gill (7. 5. c.) followed Lilljeborg in 1872 in recognizing a family Haploodontida>, the taxonomic value of which he raised still higher by separating it from other Glires as the type and sole member of a " superfamily " Haploodontoidea, coming next after Castoridce, also made the basis of a superfamily Castoroidca. Lastly, in 1876, Mr. Alston (/. s. c.) endorsed a family Haplodontidte, which he placed next to Castoridce among Sciuromorpha. To waive for the moment the question of absolute rank of the type Haplodon, nothing in the way of classifying the Rodents seems to me clearer than that the affinities of Haplodon are with Castor, and that both these genera appertain to the Sciurine "series", "superfamily", or "line of develop- ment"— at any rate, neither to the Murine nor to the Hystricine series; the next nearest relationship of Haplodon being with Arctomys, and so with the Schiridce itself. The more or less complete agreement of such views with those of the writers mentioned in the foregoing paragraph will be evident without further comment ; the better informed authors have, in fact, differed less among themselves respecting the immediate relationships of Haplodon and Castor than in regard to the location of these forms in the general series of simplicidentate Rodents ; Haplodon, at any rate, whether considered as genus or as family, having been relegated successively to (1) the Sciurine, (2) the Murine. (3) the Hystricine series, and (4) having formed the type of a different series from any of these; this, too, at the hands of those who are at one respecting its immediate affinities. This brings up the question of the absolute standing of Haplodon. Is it referable to one of the established series of Rodents, or is it to stand alone as the representative of a separate series'? Regard for a very strict equiva- lency of groups might urge the latter appreciation of the value of the pecul- iarities of Haplodon; and, in the sense that the family Haplodontidce differs more from all other families of Rodents than those of the same series usually do from each other, Dr. Gill's special superfamily Haploodontoidea may be jus- tified. But, practically, no exact equivalency of groups is attainable; and, if it were, I should not be satisfied of the necessity of considering Haplodon to represent a separate series from the Sciuromorpha, in view of the closeness of relationship which I insist is found between Haplodont'uhe, Castoridce, and Sciuricke. In so stating, it becomes necessary to give my appreciation of the limits 552 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODKNTIA. of the Sciurine series. Briefly, then, I at present accept a superfamily group Sciuromorpha in the sense lately attached to it by Mr. Alston, as including the genus Sciurus and its unquestioned allies, as well as Haplodon, Ca$tor,ari(l Anomalurus, with which latter I am acquainted only by descriptions. Since Waterhouse, many years ago, foreshadowed a more refined classification of the Rodents by his four families of Sciurida, Murida, Hystricid?, and Leporidee, there has been a close general agreement among leading writers that these groups, whatever their absolute rank, represent as many natural major divisions of existing Rodents. The Leporidee, by nearly common consent, are now considered as one of two primary divisions of recent Glires, as such comparable in value to all the families of "simplicidentate" Rodents com- bined. The SciuridtB, Muridce, and Hystricidce of Waterhouse, with whatever modification in details, yet stand as indices of groups of Rodents, of whatever value we may assign, the members of each of which are much more nearly interrelated than any one of them is to any member of either of the other groups. In the paper already several times cited, Mr. Alston seems to me to have defined the three groups, which he calls simply "sections", in a very satisfactory manner; and he certainly lias given us an easy means of distin- guishing them. "Even if it were not possible to separate the first three of Waterhouse's great families by perfectly constant characters," says Mr. Alston, "they ought, as it appears to me, to be recognized as indicating three distinct lines of development. But by the help of the characters of the leg-bones, pointed out by Professor Lilljeborg, the difficulty is overcome. In the few eases in which the cranial differences fail us in separating the Sciurine rodents from the Murine, and the latter from the Hystricine, the complete anchylosis of ihe lower part of the tibia, and fibula in the second group comes to our aid The first and third groups, which agree with one another in this point [distinction of fibula], are at once separated from each other by the form of the mandible, as well as by the whole type of cranial structure The first section, Sciuromorpha, lias for constant characters the combination of a peculiar form of mandible with the persistence of the fibula as a distinct bone throughout life. The former character at once separates it from the ffystricomorpha, the latter from the Myomorpha? This is the sense, then, in which I am to be understood to accept the Sciuromorpha, in my present reference of the Haplodontida to that series as one of its component families, HAPLODONTIDiE— DISCUSSION OF AFFINITIES. 553 coming between Castoridee and Sciurida, with close relationship on tire one hand with Castor, and on the other with Arctomys. My views of the position in the Rodent scries, and relative rank in the scale, of the Ilaplodont type rest upon an examination of the whole structure of the animal. I do not find that any one has hitherto examined — at any rate, given an account of — the viscera, or even the skeleton, excepting the skull and leg-bones; our knowledge having thus far rested upon these portions of I he bony frame-work, the teeth, and the*cxternal characters. lam, consequently, enabled to add many new particulars to substantiate the position here taken. Detailed descriptions are offered beyond under head of the species; here I shall simply advert to some of the leading points involved. The skull of Haplodontidc? is strongly and unmistakably Sciuromorphie, not only in its general structure, but in many ultimate details. In fact, it resembles in superficial aspect the skull of certain typical Sciurines more closely than some of these resemble each other. For example, no one who compares the skull of Haplodon with that of Arctomys can fail to be struck, as Dr. Peters was, with their close general resemblance. In comparison with Sciurus, or even with such a Marmot-like form as Cynomys, the skull of Arc- tomys is seen to be much more massive, much more depressed, broader behind, and with a straightness and mutual perpendicularity of various planes, all of which features would require Jittle exaggeration to match those of Haplodon. Even the shape of the angle of the mandible, peculiar to Haplodon, is really approached in Arctomys, where further twisting of the already oblique plate of the descending ramus would bring it into the nearly horizontal plane which it occupies in Haplodon. The most prominent difference is the total absence of postoibital processes in Haplodon, and their full development in Arctomys as in other Sciuridce. It may be fairly questioned, however, whether the presence of these processes is more than a character of the family Sciu- ridce' itself; for they are lacking* in the three other families referable to Sciuromorpha. The preponderance of recent genera and species of Sciurid?}- /igov), and the word be properly written Haplodon, the form I have adopted. In any event, Apludoniia and Apluodontia are inadmissible, and Hapludon is objectionable from excessive contraction. In strictness, IIAPLODONTIDzE— SYNONYMY OF HArLODON KUFUS. 557 we should rather write Haploulus, Haplodus, or Haploudus ; but the form of C>0 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. hand is rather thinly but uniformly clothed to the ends of the fingers with phorl adpressed hairs like those on the concavity of the car. The palms and under surfaces of the fingers are perfectly naked. The hand is large, measur- ing in length from the wrist to end of the claws but little less than the dis- tance from wrist to elbow. There are five perfect digits. Of these, the 1st, or thumb, is very short, its tip falling far short of the base of the 2d digit ; its axis is very oblique to the line of the other digits, from which it stands apart quite as much as the human thumb does from the fingers; nor can it be readily pressed into line with the other digits, on account of its intimate connection with the inner one of two great palmar tuberosities, to be presently noticed. The thumb bears a small, stumpy, obtuse claw, com- pressed nevertheless, and a true claw, not a flat nail, as is so frequently witnessed in Rodents when the thumb is very short or rudimentary. The thumb in this case, though relatively very short, is functionally developed beyond doubt, and its curious opposition to the other digits almost indicates true prehensile or grasping powers of the hand. The remaining digits are long and well formed ; the 3d is longest ; the 4th and 2d successively shorten in nearly constant ratio; the 5th is relatively shorter, the tip of its claw falling but little in advance of the base of the 4th claw. The claws are all nearly or quite as long as their respective digits, reaching about the develop- ment witnessed in Geomyidce. They are little curved, and much compressed ; for most of their length underneath their sides come together in a single ridge, leaving but a slight scooped-out portion toward the ends. The tuber- culation of the naked palms is conspicuous. Near the wrist, opposite the thumb, are two immense prominences, side by side (inner and outer) ; the ulnar, or outer one, about in the site of the human pisiform bone, is smaller, and more compressed than the radial tubercle, at the base of the thumb, which attains the size of a pea, and is irregularly nodular, with a tendency to lateral compression and the formation of a decided lengthwise keel. These wrist-tubercles have almost the development seen in Geomys. At the bases of the digits are three large, smooth, flattened tubercles, one common to the 3d and 4th digits, the others respectively proper to the 2d and 5th. The ends of the digits are somewhat callous. For the rest, the palm is smooth, with an irregular network of lines of impression, and the under surfaces of the digits are strongly annulate with similar transverse lines. The hind limbs correspond in length with the fore. The massive thigh- HAPLODONTIM3— EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF H. RUFUS. 561 is entirely enclosed in the common integument of the body, which even de- scends a little below the knee. The bulging, compressed crus tapers rapidly to the ankle, where the ordinary pelage of the body is arrested, the instep and tops of the toes being clothed with very short, adpressed, colorless hairs, and hence appearing almost naked, as, indeed, they have sometimes been described. But the clothing is uniform and complete, and nearly as heavy as that on the back of the hands. The foot is rather longer than the hand, even including the claws, which are so highly developed on the fore limb. The axis of the foot appears to be nearly at right angles with that of the leg in ordinary postures of the animal ; the heel is prominent, and the whole sole is evidently applied to the ground in walking: Such plantigrade char- acter of the hind feet is indicated by the strong flattening of the sole to the very heel, and its complete nakedness The sole is perfectly smooth, with a moderate number of irregular lines of impression, more numerous anteriorly than toward the heel. There are six prominent tubercles on the sole; four at the bases of the digits, and two, side by side, about half-way to the heel. Of the anterior tubercles, one is common to the 3d and 4th digits, and three others are respectively proper to the 1st, 2d, and 5th digits. Of the posterior pair of tubercles, a larger one, conical and very prominent, is situated on the inner side of the sole ; the other, much less conspicuous, is also further re- moved from the edge of the foot. There are five perfect digits, with nearlj parallel axes, though the lateral ones, and especially the inner one, stand a Utile away from the line of the other three. These lastaremuch the longest, and of approximately equal lengths. ■ The end of the claw of the 5th only attains the base of the 4th claw ; that of the 1st does not quite reach the base of the 2d. The claws of all the digits are much alike, and peculiar in no respect. The tail is a mere stump, shorter than the foot; it is cylindrical, thickly clothed with pelage like that of the body, and the terminal pencil of hairs equals in length that portion of the vertebrae which projects beyond the but- tocks. Short as this member is, it is not "concealed" in any of the specimens before me. It is much more conspicuous than that of Lagomijs princeps. The general pelage has been likened to that of a rabbit when out of season ; it seems, however, to be coarser, owing to the number of long, stiff, almost bristly hairs which are mixed with the dense, soft, woolly under fur. These staring hairs are specially noticeable on the limbs and under parts gen- 36 M 5G2 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. erally. Some of them are colorless, like the hairs upon the face ; and, indeed, there is upon the back of the fore arm a special tuft of long colorless bristles, quite like the shorter whiskers. The long scattered hairs of the upper parts arc black, giving a darker tone to the reddish-brown or chestnut of these parts; on tlic under parts, the cast is more grayish. The basal portion of the pelage is dark plumbeous above, paler or grayish below. I have not sufficient mate- rial lo indicate the range of individual color-variation. Some specimens are said to be quite blackish. None of those examined show a pure white throat- patch, spoken of by some writers; but it is indicated in some cases by a few white hairs. The hands, feet, and ears appear whitish, at least in contrast with the general dark body colors; and the short pelage of the lips, anus, and preputial sheath is usually more or less whitened. The claws are nearly colorless; the incisors are yellow. The anus is situate a considerable distance from the root of the tail. In the male, owing to the size of the os penis, the sheath of the penis forms a large conical projection immediately in front of the anus, and is directed more or less backward ; it is hairy, with a long, slender, terminal pencil. The penis may be readily protruded in alcoholic specimens. There is no appearance of a glans. The bone extends to the end of the member; it is elsewhere described. I have seen no female specimens. There are said by Richardson to be six mammae, the position of which is indicated by brown circular marks, the anterior pair being situated between the fore legs. B. — DESCRIPTION OF THE TEETH. The incisors offer nothing specially noteworthy. They are very stout for the size of the animal, their anterior faces perfectly smooth, convex in both directions, the sides much bevelled. The under, as usual, protrude farther than the upper, and also incline farther forward as they ascend, the upper being perpendicular. The upper are separated from each other at base by a considerable alveolar interval, but incline toward each other, their points being in contact; the under are more nearly parallel. The molar series occupies a more posterior position than may be usual in Rodents, the anterior true molar being opposite the middle of the skull. The whole series is about one-fourth as long as the skull. The inner alveolar border is parallel with its fellow; the outer is slightly divergent, owing to increase in size of the teeth from behind forward, — from HAPL0D0NTIDJ3— TEETI3 OF H.\PLODON RUFTJS. 563 the last to the next to the first in the upper jaw, from last to first in the lower. In the upper jaw, the crenate border of the teeth is interior, the straight spurred border exterior ; in the lower jaw the reverse. All the molars are rootless and prismatic, as in Castor, but not in other Sciuromorphs. The dental formula is as usual in Sciutidcn (f^), but not as in Castor, The pattern of the molar crowns is simple, not complicated, as in (all?) other Sciuromorphs. In the upper jaw, the anterior premolar is very small, and otherwise different from the rest of the teeth ; the other premolar resembles the true molars. In the lower jaw, all the teeth are similar to each other. The anterior upper premolar is a small simple cylinder, lying very obliquely against the antero-interior corner of the succeeding tooth ; an oblique bevelling of its face remedies the obliquity of the shaft, causing the plane of the crown to coincide nearly with that of the other teeth. The other pre- molar and the three molars proper may be most conveniently described together, afterward noting a slight peculiarity of the former. These teeth are set with strong obliquity outward ; they regularly decrease in size from before backward ; the shape of the crowns is substantially the same, and presents a pattern probably unique. The horizontal section of each tooth gives a half-elliptical or semicircular figure, with a prominent spur pro- jecting from the straight side. The spur is exterior, the convexity of the half-ellipse interior; so that the molar series, taken together, presents a crenate inner margin, and a straight outer margin with four equidistant projections. The hindmost tooth is semicircular; the increasing width of preceding teeth changes this into the semi-elliptical shape, the anterior tooth being further modified by a slight cmargination where the small anterior pre- molar abuts against it, and further by a slight concavity of the straight outer border on each side of the spur. In some specimens, the regularity of the semicircular or elliptical curves is interfered with ; and the back premolar may show, in addition to the emarginations just noted, an emargination of the antero-exterior corner. The lower series of molars substantially repeats the figures of the upper in the reverse direction, the spurs and straight edges being interior, the con- vexities exterior. For the rest, the four teeth (1 Pm., 3 M.) differ less in size among themselves than those of the upper series do; the spurs are much less prominent, and the sides of the teeth from which they spring are not so straight; the regularity of the convexity of each tooth suffers from an emar- 504 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. gination anterior to the middle of the tooth, which is so strongly pronounced on the anterior one as to produce a decided lobation. For the rest, the under teeth are smaller than the upper, and especially narrower ; though the lengths of the two series ( excluding the small upper premolar) are the same. There is no involution of the enamel sheet, nor any other complication of the molar crowns, the island of dentine being surrounded with a wall of enamel with the contour just described. C. DESCRIPTION OF THE .SKELETON. Skull. — The skull of Haplodqn is remarkable for its flatness or great depression, its average depth (jaw and molars excluded) or dimension per- pendicular to the horizontal longitudinal plane being little over one-fourth of its length ; for its great width, especially behind the interzygomatic dimension, being between three-fourths and four-fifths of its length ; and for the prepon- derance, as Baird has remarked, "of horizontal planes and straight lines per- pendicular to the three coordinate planes. Thus the plane of the occiput is vertical and perpendicular to that of the base of the skull, which itself, as nearly as may be, is horizontal. The general outline of the top of the head is parallel with that of the bottom ; the lower edge of the occiput is horizontal, and perpendicular to the horizontal [longitudinal] axis of the skull. The lower edge of the zygoma is nearly rectilinear and parallel with the plane of the palate. In tile lower jaw, a vertical plane would be tangent to the con- dyles and the nearly horizontal posterior edg.A of the inferior ramus. The planes of the broad coronoid processes are vertical, though inclined to each other." Great as is the zygomatic width relatively to the length of the skull, such width but little surpasses that of the occiput, owing to the great lateral production of the mastoid and auditory bullae, the latter in some cases extending beyond the mastoids. The skull is further remarkable among Sci- uromorplta forms for the total lack* of postorbital processes, the interorbilal constriction being much narrower than the rostrum, as in Arvicola, Geomys, and many other Myomorpha. Aside from the absence of these processes, so strongly characteristic of the Sciuromorph skull, the skull of Haplodon bears a decided general resemblance to that of some Sciurines, as Arctomys, for example; a resemblance so close, that much the same descriptive terras of contour, &c, would imply to both, and the comparison might be pushed to * Shared, however, by Castor ; in .tiiumulurus, these processes are said to be "obsolete". EAPLODONTID^E— SKULL OF LTAFLODON KUFUS. 565 include many details, demonstrating the reaily close relationships of the ani- mal to the Sciurida. The interorbital foramen (usually a considerable index of affinity in Rodenlia), however, is little like that of Seiuromorphs generally, while it is not at all like that typical of Myomorphs. Viewed from above, without taking the rostrum into consideration, the general contour of the skull represents a nearly equilateral triangle with rounded-off postero-lateral angles, somewhat convex sides, and sinuous base. There is a very deep notch or emargination just behind the zygomata, some- times almost converted into a foramen by apposition of the posterior angle of the zygoma against the wall of the produced auditory bulla. Within this triangular contour are a pair of triangular vacuities — the conjoined orbital and temporal fossae. The posterior extremities of the zygomata are much farther apart than a distance equal to their extreme length. The rostral portion of the skull forms rather more than a fourth of the total length ; the rostrum is stout, its width being contained only about 4£ times in the total length ; it is approximately cylindrical, with nearly parallel sides converging anteriorly, and tumid nasal portion. The nasal bones are truncate anteriorly, and do not project beyond the plane of the incisive alveoli. From the base of the ros- trum on each side, the zygomata suddenly stand off, overshadowing the ante- orbital foramina, which are therefore not visible in this view. Thence the zygomata curve gently outward and backward, then rather suddenly contract, the point at which they are farthest apart being but little in advance of their posterior ends. Behind their ends is the deep emargination, as seen also in Arctomys, Castor, and other Sciuromorphs, but in this case narrower for its depth, appearing almost like a fissure. This separates the zygomatic arch from the prominent angular postero-lateral corner of the skull, formed by the mastoid and auditory bullae. The posterior outline, on the whole exactly transverse, is sinuous, like the human lip or "Cupid's bow"; for the promi- nent sharp occipital ridge which defines the occipital plane from that on top the skull, curves backward at first from the corner of the skull and then more strongly forward to the median line, this latter anterior convexity sufficing to throw some of the occipital surface into view from above. The roof of the brain-case is strongly convex and sloping on the sides, though little arched longitudinally ; it then spreads more horizontally to form the occipital flanges. This surface is marked lengthwise with a pair of raised lines, indicating the boundaries of the temporal fossae; at the back border of the orbit, just within 566 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODBNTIA. the posterior root of the zygoma, there is a decided depression. Another superficial depression of considerable size is situated between the orbits, just, in advance of the point of greatest constriction. This point of greatest con- striction lies considerably behind the middle of the skull; the width is there much less than the width of the rostrum. The shape of the opening repre- senting the conjoined orbital and temporal fossse is that of an inequilateral triangle, with the shortest side antero-internal, the next postero-internal ; the longest, Conned by the malar, being antero-external. In adults, all the sutures of the top of the skull are obliterated, excepting the naso-maxillary. The profile view of the skull, the lower jaw being removed, exhibits the remarkable flatness and approximate straightness, horizontality, and parallelism of the upper and under outlines, to which the planes of the occiput, and of a tangent to the incisors and ends of nasals are both perpendicular. Along the top of the skull there is a slight bulge in the outline of the parietals, and an equally slight depression over the orbits, whence the profile of the rostrum slopes slightly downward to the end of the nasals. The occiput is perpen- dicular, and appears nearly straight, though the condyles and paroccipital pro- cesses project a little backward, and the end of the occipital crest curves a little forward. The outline of the palate is nearly a continuous straight hori- zontal line from incisors to ends of pterygoids; behind these, the bullae auditorial project a little downward from the general plane. The anteorbital foramen is not visible from the side, being hidden within the anterior projec- tion of the zygomatic process of the maxillary. Both anterior and posterior roots of the zygoma dip nearly or quite down to the level of the palate; in its continuity, the malar rises with a gentle arch. Seen from below, the skull presents, of course, substantially the same contour as from above ; so we may at once proceed to notice the details. It is only in this one of the three views here described that the anteorbital foramina appear. These are small, simple, oval apertures not prolonged into canals, circumscribed by the two roots of the zygomatic process of the max- illary ; they are oblique to all three coordinate planes of the skull, their long axes being directed upward, forward, and outward. Notwithstanding their small size and seemingly inconvenient position, they transmit, as usual, along with the nerve, a little fascicle of the masseter muscle. The incisive fora- mina, of moderate length, but narrow, reach nearly or quite to the maxilla- ries, but their sides are entirely bounded by the inter maxilla lies. The septum HAPLODONTID^B— SKULL OP HAPLODON PUFUS. 567 dividing them seems to be constantly formed by a pair of plates not com- pletely fused; and, just in advance of the main foramina, there is a single median azygos foramen leading into the nasal cavity. This singular opening appears to be constant, and it is of notable size. The palate anterior to the intermolar portion has its sides rapidly sloping upward from the middle line, the actually flat and horizontal portion being extremely narrow, and bounded by a pair of ridges leading from the outer borders of the incisive foramen, with some sulcation between. The intermolar portion of the palate is per- fectly flat as well as horizontal, and also rectangular, the lines of the molar series being parallel ; this portion equals in length the portion anterior to the molars, and reaches back of the molars for a distance equal to the width of a molar, ending behind with a simple concave edge. There are two pairs of small foramina respectively opposite the last and the penultimate molars, while behind and a little to the inner side of the last molar, on each side, is the larger palatine foramen proper. The portion of the palate anterior to the molars, that between the molars, and the post-palatal remainder of the base of the skull, are all of approximately equal lengths. The pterygoids are, unfortunately, defective in all the specimens before me ; they appear, to judge by what is left of them, to have been simple laminae, probably hamulate or falcate, and approximately parallel with each other. The large foramina appear external to their ends, as in other Sciuromorphs. The interpterygoid space is directly continuous with the basioccipital, though with some down- ward trend. The basioccipital, in consequence of the approximation of the ends of the auditory bullae, rapidly narrows in front, having a general trian- gular shape, bounded behind by the condyles and paroccipital processes, on the sides by the bulla?, in front by the narrow basisphenoid ; its surface shows lateral paired depressions separated by a median lengthwise ridge. The audi- tory bulla? are of large size, and horizontal as well as nearly transverse in position, their long axes being nearly coincident ; in shape they are somewhat flask-like, being regularly hemispherical at base, then contracting beyond the swollen part, with a tubular prolongation, which extends outward to or some- times even beyond the extremity of the mastoids, and ends with a simple circular orifice of large calibre, with very thin walls. Their boundaries may be traced in the adult, which is the case with few of the bones of the skull. Behind the bulla? appear the paroccipitals and mastoids. The glenoid fossa? are of large size, especially long antero-posteriorly, broad and shallow, nearly 568 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. plane lengthwise, lnit much arched in the opposite direction. To the outer side of the glenoid fossae, the zygomata form a broad llal expansion or horizontal plate, which widely separates the ends of the malars from each oilier, and largely increases the zygomatic width of the skull, so conspicuous in this species. Nothing of the sort is seen in Arctomys, Sciurus, etc., where the zygomatic process of tin' squamosal bends downward from the outer holder of the glenoid; while, in Haplodon, it forms a broad horizontal shelf for articulation to the malar (?). At any rate, the broad plate is there, but how much of it is squamosal and how much is malar, the obliteration of the suture prevents me, from determining. The occipital view of the skull is Hat, more or less perpendicular, though, especially in younger sknlls, with decided forward-upward obliquity, two or more times as wide as high, with the general contour of a low isosceles triangle. The straight ness of the basal line is chiefly broken by the downward projec- tion of well-developed paroccipital processes: the upper outline curves as already described in speaking of the superior view of the skulls. The general surface is approximately plane as well as perpendicular, though appearing depressed at the sides, owing to the projecting of the flange-like occipital ridge. A considerable portion of the back walls of the bullae auditorial appears upon this plane of the skull, as irregularly quadrilateral plates bounded exteriorly by the mastoids, interiorly by the paroccipitals, and themselves forming a part of the superior border of the occipital plane on each side. The foramen magnum appears mostly in the plane of the occiput, its lower margin merely making a shallow emargination of the base of the skull (more con- spicuous in youngish than in old skulls). The perpendicular portion of the orifice is subcircular, but somewhat broader than high; its upper semicir- cumference is thin-edged, the rest being occupied by the condyles, the articular surfaces of which are remarkably narrow for their length, and closely approximate to each other inferiorly. As well as can be judged without actual measurement, the capacity of tin; cranium is decidedly smaller, in comparison with the rest of the skull, than in Sciurus proper, or even such a form as Cynomys; nevertheless, there does not appear to be much difference in (his respect between the cranium of Hajilodon and that of Arctomys. Viewed from the inside, the walls of the brain-cavity show a decided impression for the cerebellum, distinguished by an arched ridge from the cerebral impressions, while the petrosals offer a large subcircular prominence with two conspicuous perforations. HAPLODONTIDiE— SKULL OF HAPLODDN KUFUS. 5(59 The lower jaw, as Richardson originally observed, is altogether heavier than usual among Rodents ; and it is peculiar in the condition of the descend- ing process, which in this case is a broad, flat plate, so far twisted around that it is horizontal, and its back edge is a straight transverse line. When the two halves of the jaw are separated, each will stand alone upright upon the table, supported by this broad plate, which has twice the width of any other part of the jaw. When the two halves of the jaw are in situ, the distance across from tip to tip of these plates equals the distance from each of them to the ends of the incisors ; so that the three extreme points of the whole jaw represent the angles of an equilateral triangle ; while the inner corners of these plates arc only separated by a distance equal to the molar interspace. From the back outer corner of this plate, which is knobbed, and represents the angle of the jaw proper, there sweeps up to the condyle with gentle concavity the edge of a thin plate, which trends strongly obliquely inward and forward as well as upward, so far is the angle of the jaw carried out from the general axis of the bone. The inner end of this plate rounds off to the body of the bone ; it projects so far inward that it is separated from its fellow by a distance only equal to the intcrmolar space. The condylar process is rather low, rising upward vertically in one plane, but with strong backward obliquity (about 45° from the plane of the molar crowns). The articular head is nodular, with some posterior prolongation, excepting which latter it is rather broader across than in the longitudinal direction. The coronoid process is very conspicuous, reaching far above the condyle ; it is a thin vertical lamina, broadly falciform, with the apex, which is not as high as the convex edge anterior to it, twisted somewhat outward. The anterior border of this plate forms a letter S, very convex above where it curves almost semi- circularly over to the apex, less strongly concave below where it sinks into the body of the bone. Similarly, the emargination between the condyle and apex of the coronoid is nearly semicircular. The body of the jaw, on the outer side, opposite the middle of the molar series, shows a strong oblique ridge, indicating the limit of the muscular impression. There is a large foramen at the base of the condylar process on the inner side; the mental foramen is situated on the outer side, midway between the molars and the incisors. It is to be regretted that the maturity of all the specimens (5 in number) examined prevents recognition of most of the individual bones of the skull, most of the sutures being already obliterated. The part taken by the malar 570 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. in the formation of the zygoma, which often affords, especially by its anterior connections with maxillary or lachrymal, or both, valuable indications of affinity among Rodents, remains unknown. I can discern no trace of the sutures. I conjecture, however, from the line of fracture of an accidentally broken specimen, that the malar is anteriorly wedged between two (anterior and posterior) zygomatic processes of the maxillary, and extends nearly or quite up to the lachrymal, — a supposition strengthened by the observed state of the parts in Cynomyx and Arctomxjs, for example. Similarly, I am of opinion that posteriorly the end of the malar will be found to represent the prominent angle or corner of the zygomatic arch, being splinted underneath a horizontal forward spur of the squamosal. The malar helps to define the brim of the bony orbit by a small projection from its upper edge near the fore end ; this is better marked in younger skulls, being obsolete or nearly so in very old ones. With only aged skulls before him, Baird recognized a lachrymal in a tubercle at the fore upper corner of the orbit; in a younger specimen, I see nearly the whole contour of a large lachrymal, lying mostly within the orbit, as a thin scale, thickening only at the edge to form the nodule just mentioned ; it has a conspicuous canal. The suture of the palatal plates of the maxillarics and palatines will probably be found opposite the interspace between the last and penultimate molars. Anteriorly, the maxillo-premaxillary and fronto-maxillary sutures are preserved in one speci- men ; the former encircling the rostrum below and laterally, then trending obliquely backward as it mounts toward the forehead ; the latter being a short backward-outward suture opposite the site of the lachrymal. Owing to the narrowness of the nasals posteriorly, the premaxillaries gain the top of the skull iu a considerable area ; their suture with the frontal is a straight trans- verse line continuous with the similar naso-frontal suture. Thus the frontal bone ends squarely in a straight line across the forehead, with prominent lateral angles formed by the fronto-maxillary sutures. The nasals, like the pre- maxillaries, arc perfectly distinct all around; their shape has been already noted. For the rest, the auditory bulla? are the only other bones whose whole periphery can be observed in the specimens before me; their remarkable tubular prolongation from a globular base has been sufficiently described above. Vertebral column.— Formula :— C. 7; IX 13; L. fi ; S. 5 ; Cd. 11=42 vertebrae. In life, in a usual position, the backbone from atlas to end of HAPLODONTID^E— VERTEBRA OF HAPLODON RUFUS. 571 sacrum presents the usual sinuate S-shape; but the arch of the back and hips is a long, gradual convexity, while the reverse convexity of the fore part of the column, from about the midway dorsal point to the head, is abrupt and strong, the column sinking deeply between (he shoulders and then rising almost perpendicularly, as if the animal habitually carried its head thrown up. This great dip of the anterior dorsal and posterior cervical vertebrae, how- ever, is not visible in Ihe external contour of the animal, owing to the bulk of the cervical muscles, which completely fill up the depression between the shoulders and the occiput. The several divisions of the spinal column are well marked by various easily recognized characters. The cervical vertebrae are seven in number, as usual in Mammals; of these, only the intermediate three are quite similar to each other, the first two and the last two having each their peculiar features. The centra of the 3d to 7th vertebra? are equally short, much shorter than the body of the 2d (axis) ; they increase regularly from 3d to 6th, the 7th being abruptly nar- rower (about as broad as the 4th); they are all strongly flattened underneath. The spinous processes of the 3d to 6th are simple, and regularly graduated in length, decreasing from before backward ; the spine of the 7th is abruptly longer, and more like one of the dorsal spines ; all these cervical spines are much slenderer, and all but the 7th are much shorter than the great stout nod- ular and ridged spinous process of the 2d (axis). The "oblique" articular processes (zygapophyses) of all the cervical vertebras, excepting the atlas, are substantially alike. The "transverse" (here supposed to be conjoined di- and pleur-apophyses) processes of the axis and four succeeding (2d to 6th) ver- tebras are substantially alike, being slender, horizontal, backwardly-projecting, their two roots enclosing the vertebrarterial canal; but the last such process, on the 6th bone, is transverse instead of oblique to the axis of the column, and moreover develops from the under side of its root a special process pro- jecting obliquely downward and backward, no trace of which is seen on any other vertebra. The atlas is a simple ring of ordinary characters ; slenderest in front, in the position of the centrum of other vertebrae; deeply impressed anteriorly with the articular facets for the occipital condyles, bearing on the other side the flatter but more prominent and more strongly margined facets for the axis; the impression of the odontoid process of the latter upon the middle of the ring is scarcely perceptible. A slight eminence upon the back of the ring stands in place of the spinous processes of the other cervicals. 572 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. There are broad flange-like lateral plates or processes, perforate, as usual, for arterial canals. The axis develops a stout, erect spine, overtopping that of any other cervical excepting the 7th ; it is compressed, prominently and sharply ridged anteriorly; ridged, but less sharply and prominently, behind; and its apex is tuberculate. The cent ruin is small and much flattened; the odontoid is well marked, and all the front of the body of the bone, including the interior aspect of the odontoid, presents a continuous articular surface for the atlas. The articular facets for the 3d cervical scarcely represent processes, being simply borne upon the bases of the neural lamina;. The delicate "transverse" processes are largely fenestrate with the circular vertebrarterial foramina. The sixth cervical is peculiar in the points mentioned above. The seventh cervical, as in human anatomy, is a "vertebra prominens", its spine being abruptly longer than that of the preceding bone; it is more than half as long as that of the first dorsal, which, in general appearance, it resembles closely. In other points, this last cervical foreshadows the dorsal series. Its transverse process stands straight out from the axis of the column, like that of the 6th cervical, instead of obliquely backward, as in the rest of the cer- vical series, and is notably longer than any antecedent one. The centrum is abruptly narrower than the body of the 6th cervical, beginning that com- pression and cylindricity which marks the dorsal and lumbar series. Further- more, and chiefly, this last cervical vertebra is "dorsal" in character, in (a) possessing no vertebrarterial canal, and (b) in bearing on the posterior border of its centrum a demi-facet which takes equal share with that of the 1st dorsal in the articulation of the 1st rib. Of the thirteen dorsals, the 1st is mainly discriminated from the last cervical by the presence on the apex of the transverse process of a cupped facet for the articulation of the tubercle of the 1st rib ; for we have just seen how closely the last cervical simulates characters of a dorsal, even to taking its share in bearing a rib. Its spine is, however, abruptly still longer ; its transverse process is altogether stouter (besides bearing a facet) ; and its body is narrower, longer, and more nearly cylindrical. The last (13th) dorsal is distinguished from the 1st lumbar by presence of the facet for the last rib, and by total lack of a small anterior prolongation or point of the "transverse" process, which is readily recognizable upon the anterior lumbar, and becomes very conspicuous on succeeding bones of that series. The centra of the dor- sals grow longer, narrower, and more protuberant interiorly from the 1st to HAPLODONTIDiE— VERTEBRA OF HAPLODON RUFUS. 573 about the middle of the series, when, with still increasing length, they also widen again and gradually assume the slight hourglass-like contraction, which is more conspicuous in the lumbar series. The centra all bear costiferous demi-facets, one at each end, to the 9th, which has only one such demi-facet on (he fore end, and none on the other (as well as can be determined in the dried state of the bones examined); the last four (10th to 13th) have full facets upon their fore ends. The spinous processes of the anterior half- dozen dorsals are long, slender, compressed, tapering to a knobbed point, excepting the 1st one, which ends acute, and is abruptly shorter than the next ; the 2d to 6th are subequal and longest ; all these slender acute spines incline strongly backward, and are packed closely in the concavity of this part of the spinal column. On the 7th vertebra, the character of the spinous processes begins to change ; the}' shorten rapidly in vertical length, and at the same time lengthen horizontally, becoming erect and laminar instead of acuminate, thus merging insensibly into the vertically short, horizontally long, rectangular, plate-like spines of the lumbar region. The "transverse " processes of the dorso-lumbar vertebrae offer a means of distinguishing between the two series as readily as does the presence of true ribs in one and their absence in the other, whether we pay attention to the homologies of the various elements of which these processes are re- spectively composed, or simply regard their physical appearance. The dorsal diapophysis proper, by which I mean that portion of the complex " trans- verse " process which bears a facet for articulation with the tubercle of a rib, is most projecting on the 1st dorsal, and bears a cupped facet; this process regularly diminishes in length, and in the concavity (soon lost) of its facet, to the 10th vertebra, and is entirely wanting, to all appearance, on the 11th to 13th vertebras, with which the corresponding ribs have no connection except by means of the respective centra. From the* upper surfaces of these diapophyses, excepting the 1st one, springs another series of processes, which begins with the 2d dorsal as a simple spur, directed backward, upward, and outward ; these rapidly increase in size with successive vertebvse, and with the 6th acquire a new character, becoming expanded and plate-like, and developing an anterior spur as well as retaining the original posterior one. The formation grows more distinct on succeeding vertebrae to the 10th. A decided excavation of circular shape lies on the under side of this plate ; the anterior corner overlies the pre-zygapophysis of its own vertebra, and the post- f)74 MONOGRAPHS OF NOETE AMERICAN RODKNTIA. zygapophysis of any preeedrag vertebra is thus received in the recess between pre-zygapophysis and its overarching process. I am uncertain of the homology of this process thus surmounting the true diapophysis ; but it may be sup- posed to include both anapophysial and metapophysial elements. Owen says (Anat. Vert, ii, 365) that in Rodentia "the met- and aii-apophyses commence by a common tubercle at the fore part of the dorsal series: the anapophysis begins to be distinct at the back part of the series, and the metapophyses to project from above the anterior zygapophysis ; both processes are usually well developed in the posterior dorsal and lumbar vertebrae ; the diapophysis subsides in the posterior dorsals, and is lengthened in the lumbars by a coal- esced riblet (pleurapophysis) ". "Whatever the theoretical homologies may be in this case, the actual formation is as above given ; the structure changes suddenly on the 11th dorsal, from which point backward on the 12th and 13th dorsals, and several succeeding lumbars, both anapophyses and meta- pophyses may be recognized, separate from each other and distinct from the probably di-pleur-apophyses of the lumbars, which, with the anapophyses, constitute the so-called transverse processes of the lumbar series. On the 11th dorsal, the last vestige of a true diapophysis has disappeared, and with it has gone the above-described plate of bone, which surmounted it in the antecedent dorsals. The side of the bone becomes smooth and erect ; a long, pointed anapophysis projects from the hinder border of the bone, lying parallel with the axis of the spinal column. A small, though undoubted metapophysis is given off from the pre-zygapophysis, and such metapophysis and pre-zygapophysis are together locked in between the anapophysis and post-zygapophysis of the antecedent vertebra. Coincidently with this modi- fication, the planes of the articular faces of the zygapophyses change from nearly horizontal to nearly vertical; rendering the sum of the differences between the 10th and 11th dorsals greater than that subsisting between the last dorsal and the first lumbar, even taking into consideration the different formation of the transverse processes of the lumbar series. Such formation continues through the remainder of the dorsal series. In the lumbar series, we directly meet, on the 1st lumbar, with a differ- ently constituted " transverse" process. The ribs having ended with the last dorsal, the lumbars develop at once a lateral plate-like " transverse " process, which may be theoretically regarded as a di-pleur-apophysis. This plate increases in size with successive lumbars, projects with each one more and HAPLODONTID^E— VERTEBRA OF HAPLODON RUFUS. 575 more obliquely forward, becomes more and more horizontal, and narrows in the fore-and-aft direction coincidently with its increase in lateral projection. Metapophyses, as distinct as those of the posterior dorsals, continue unchanged in appearance part way through the lumbar series. The long acute ana- pophyses which continue to be given off from the posterior extremities of the "transverse" processes gradually shorten to the 4th lumbar, and are abruptly suppressed on the 5th and 6th, where the " transverse '' process appears as a simple, falcate, acute process, projecting horizontally outward with strong forward obliquity. For the rest, the centra of the lumbars are stouter, with more hour-glass constriction than those of the dorsal vertebrae, and the pinch- ing of their sides develops a lengthwise median ridge on the under side. The spinous processes maintain their laminar character throughout ; they increase both in length and height to the middle of the series, then decrease in length, but continue to increase in height throughout the series ; the anterior ones are perpendicular, as on the last dorsals ; there is a gradually increasing backward obliquity to the end of the series. The zygapophyses, both pre- and post-, rise higher and higher with successive lumbars. The last lumbar is entirely embraced between the anteriorly projecting ilia. The sacrum consists of five vertebrae, perfectly anchylosed, yet retaining evident traces of its composition. The two anterior vertebrae are much larger than the other three, which abruptly decrease in size. The former alone join the ilia ; their lateral elements are completely fused with each other and with the centra, forming an indistinguishable mass, the outer roughened surface of which constitutes the sacro-iliac synchondrosis. Their spinous processes are, however, distinct from each other, and from those of the smaller succeeding vertebrae; the spines of which latter are, on the other hand, fused into a continuous ridge, as is also the case with their lateral pro- cesses. There are five pairs of intervertebral foramina on the face of the sacrum, the anterior pair much the largest, the posterior lying between the last sacral and first caudal ; the corresponding apertures upon the convexity of the sacrum are less conspicuous, though still discernible. The osseous ridge denoting the line of fused zygapophyses is plainly traceable ; the pre- zygapophysis of the first sacral bears a distinct facel, for movable articulation with the last lumbar. The sacrum is less than one and a half inches long, even measuring the produced pre-zygapophyses, and therefore much shorter than the ilia, which project far in front of it; it ends opposite the posterior margin 57(1 MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTTT AMERICAN RODENTIA. of the acetabulum. The axis of the neural canal, like that of the spinous processes, is gently convex: but such is the disparity in size between the two anterior and three succeeding centra that the face of the bone is strongly concave. The caudal vertebra' are eleven in number, of which the first six arc per- forate with a neural canal, the remainder being imperforate. The scries meas- ures one and three-fourths inches, only about half of which length projects from the body to constitute the tail-measurement of zoologists. There is no trace of spinous processes on any of these coccygeals, the superior median line being formed liy the neural arches, apparently bifid in front, where the forking prc-zygapophyses embrace the less-produced post-zygapophyses ; with the subsidence of these formations on the 7th caudal, the vertebras articulate; by their centra alone. The transverse processes, of undetermined homology, are all distinct from each other as far as they occur at all ; they are largest on the 2d caudal, where they form thin horizontal plates as long as the body of the bone, triangular in outline, the prominent angle posterior. The centra successively decrease in size in every dimension, from first to last ; no pro- cesses of any sort are fairly recognizable after the 9th vertebra, and the terminal one is a minute, conical, acute bone about one-tenth of an inch long. Thorax. — This is strongly conical, much contracted anteriorly, dilated and capacious posteriorly in that portion which lies behind the sternum, cov- ering abdominal organs. The sternum is about two inches long and very nar- row, except at the top. It consists of six sternebers of nearly the same width (excepting the manubrium), but successively graduated in length. The inter- mediate pieces are similar to each other in their somewhat hourglass-shape, being constricted in the continuity, expanded at each end ; the outer surface has a more or less conspicuous longitudinal median ridge; the inner surface is flat. The last sterneber, or xiphoid, ends with a flat rounded extremity, supplemented by a very slight cartilage, if any. The manubrium is much the largest of the sternebers, with the best marked longitudinal ridge on its exterior face, and much the strongest lateral processes for articulation with the first pair of ribs, the bone being here more than two-thirds as broad as long. There is a distinct episternal process, like a flat, oval disk, sessile on top of the manubrium, bearing lateral facets for articulation with the clavicles, which is effected with the interposition of well-marked inter-articular fibro- cartilages. nAPLOnONTTDJS— THORAX OF HAFLODON RUFUS. 577 There are thirteen pairs of ribs. The first ten ribs articulate doubly with the spinal column by both head and tubercle ; the last three by the head alone, there being no processes for articulation with a tubercle on the last three dorsal vertebrae. The first nine ribs articulate by demi-facets at the ends of the centra of two contiguous vertebrae, the first demi-facet being upon the seventh cervical ; the last four ribs articulate by full facets upon the ante- rior margin of the corresponding last four dorsals. Seven ribs join the sternum by means of their respective costal cartilages ; the first articulating at the top of the manubrium with the apices of the lateral process, the second to sixth at the successive nodes between two sternebers, while the end of the seventh reaches the sternum at the same point as the sixth, perhaps without true articulation, and certainly having no separate place of jointure. The eighth falls but little short of the sternum ; the rest rapidly shorten. All the ribs bear costal cartilages, excepting, possibly, the thirteenth (last) one, which appears destitute of one. Taken either with or without their respect- ive cartilages, the ribs rapidly increase in length from the first to the seventh or eighth, and then less rapidly decrease again, though the last, apparently a mere spicule without a cartilage, is abruptly shorter than the twelfth. Their curvature decreases continuously from first to last, and, in the same ratio, dis- tinctness of parts, including obliquity of neck to main shaft, diminishes; their tenuity increases from first to last. The bony part, of the first rib is only half an inch long ; the cartilaginous part is half as much more; these together complete about a semicircle. The bony part of the eighth is over two inches long; its cartilage is about one and three-fourths inches. On the anterior ribs, the neck stands very obliquely away from the shaft, the capitulum and tuber- cle being both well marked. On the succeeding ribs which join the sternum, the neck simply continues the general curve of the shaft, here very consider- able. On the floating ribs, the neck similarly continues straight from the shaft, but the curvature is very slight. The under surface of most of the ribs shows the groove for the vessels; the posterior border is sharp; the anterior rounded ; the sternal extremity exjiands and flattens (especially on the more posterior ribs) for the articulation of the respective cartilages. Scapular arch. — The clavicle, about 1.10 long, is perfect, with articula- tion at each end ; it is somewhat /"-shaped in one profile, considerably curved, as well as flattened, at the acromial end, which terminates with oblique artic- ular face — the flattened part a little convex on one side and flat on the other — 37 m 578 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. and knobbed al the sternal extremity, where the cross-section would be decidedly triangular. The scapula is about 1.75 ruches long l>y 0.90 broad at the widest part, and presents numerous well-marked features. The general contour is that of an inequilateral triangle with the postero- superior corner rounded off, and the anterior angle produced into a neck. The lower border, which is much the longest, is nearly straight; the posterior curves gently upward and forward, and is as long as the superior, which, at first convex, then curves with con- cave outline to the superior border of the glenoid. The ventral surface is uneven, being marked by a median line of impression, indicating the root of the spine on the opposite face, and by two radiating ridges on either side of the median line; while there are also two other ridges, one running the whole length of the superior border, the other marking a small part of the inferior border near the postero-inferior angle. Thus the bed of the subscapularis muscle is divided by these four ridges into three compartments. The dorsum of the blade is quite smooth and nearly flat; the very prominent spine, run- ning the whole length of the bone, divides this surface into an upper, broader but shorter, and an under, longer but narrow, portion for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles respectively. The plate of the spine is perpendic- ular to the body of the bone ; its free edge is strongly convex throughout, the height of the spine at its middle being nearly as great as at its acromial end, and somewhat sinuous from deflection of the plane of the spine out of the perpendicular; the greatest height is about 0.50, or more than half the greatest width of the bone. At its fore end, the spine develops a well marked prominent acromial process, reaching forward and upward, the plane of which is twisted nearly at right angles with that of the rest of the spine. The fore edge of the spine is a strongly concave line running from the neck of the scapula to the apex of the acromion. The neck of the bone is well marked ; the lower part of the shallow glenoid fossa is nearly circular, but the articular surface is much produced above, giving a somewhat pyriform shape to the outline of the whole cavity. There is a conspicuous coracoid, projecting hook-like from the supero-interior corner of the glenoid. Bones of the fore limb. — The humerus, about 1.75 long, is a stout bone, straight on the whole, but with numerous salient points and ridges. The articular head, rather less than hemispherical, and not circular in section, being longer than wide, is sunken between prominent greater and lesser HAPLODONTIDiS— LIMB BONES OF FIAPLODON RUFUS. 579 trochanteric tuberosities, without appreciable neck. There is a strong deltoid ridge, running down from the greater or external tuberosity, and terminating in a stout, prominent, roughened tubercle just above the middle of the shaft, from which a slighter ridge runs down to the inner side of the ulnar articular facet. Below, the bone flattens and widens laterally to a breadth of 0.60. From the external condyle, a sharp ridge curves backward and upward to subside on the shaft at the middle of the latter; the inner condyle project- ing laterally much farther from the articular facet than the outer one, though no such condylar ridge is prolonged up the shaft of the bone. This condyle is perforated with a large canal, oval in section, formed by a bony trabecule thrown across in front. The ulnar portion of the articular facet, lying in the main axis of the bone, constitutes, as usual, a simple ginglymoid joint, being very convex antero-posteriorly, concave in the opposite direction ; its inner edge is ridged, its outer continuous with the radial articular surface, which latter is convex in all directions. Just above the joint, at the back of the bone, there is the usual pit for the reception of a process of the ulna; but the bone is not here perforate, though very thin. The position of the articular surfaces allows strong flexion of the forearm, but scarcely permits complete extension. The ulna, two inches or more long, presents a strong olecranon extend- ing back of the joint to a distance greater than the length of the articular surface. The latter is a semicircular nick, very oblique in position with refer- ence to the axis of the bone ; the facet for the articulation of the radius is distinct. On its inner face, the shaft is deeply grooved for the reception of the radius, which lies in close apposition with the ulna for the whole of its own length ; but the ulnar groove continues up beyond the head of the radius. On the inner face of the bone, a somewhat similar groove runs from the side of the olecranon past the joint, but soon becomes obsolete. The ulna ends below with a simple conical extremity, which takes but little share in the formation of the wrist-joint. The radius, about 1.G0 long, lies close to the ulna its whole length ; the shaft is much bent outward; the head is oval in section, with a cupped facet for humeral articulation, and smooth, convex, lateral facet for the ulnar joint. The tubercle for insertion of the biceps is recognizable. The lower extremity is enlarged, bearing an oval facet, the outer corner of which is produced as a slight process. Notwithstanding the restriction of motion T)80 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTE AMERICAN RODENTIA. which the close apposition of the ulna and radius would indicate, the rela- tions of (heir various articular surfaces arc the same as those in cases where pronation and supination are perfect, and such movements are doubtless con- siderable in extent. Mantis. — The carpals are nine in number, in two rows, four in the proximal and five in the distal series. The first bone of the proximal series, on the radial side, develops a large, flat, falcate process as long as the 1st meta- carpal, against which it lies; this process supports the outer one of the two large palmar tubercles at the radial side of the hand.* The second bone of this series, lunare if not scapholunare, is also of great size, irregularly semi- lunar in shape, with an oval convex facet, which forms most of the radio- carpal articulation. The outer two bones are much smaller. In the distal row, one of the five bones is probably an "os intermedium ''; this and three of the others are extremely small; the remaining larger bone is somewhat uncinate. There are five metacarpals, of which the 1st is much shorter than the rest, and directed obliquely away from them; the others are approximately parallel ; the ratio of their lengths is 3d, 4th, 2d, 5tli, the last shortest. There is the normal number of phalanges — two in the pollex, three in each of the other digits. Pelvis. — The sacral portion of the pelvis has already been described with the vertebra?, The pelvis is rather long, narrow, and parallel-sided, about two and a half inches long from apex of ilia to the opposite extremity. The general axis of each innominate bone is straight. The ilia project about one- fourth of their length in advance of the sacrum (which terminates opposite the posterior border of the acetabula) ; their anterior prolongations embrace the whole of the last lumbar vertebra. The ilia are narrow trihedral bones,curving anteriorly outward, and somewhat clubbed at the extremity ; the edges are all sharp, but the superior border is especially prominent; the outer surface is concave; the other two faces of the bone are flatter, the internal being roughened for the sacroiliac synchondrosis. The shaft of the bone is con- stricted just above the acetabulum, though still markedly triangular in section. The acetabula are deeply cupped, surrounded by a prominent rim, except posteriorly, where the lip of the cup sinks into a deep notch. The ischial * In the Beaver, there is said to be a larj;e " accessory" carpal ossicle. It may be that the bono hero described is the homologous ossicle of Haplodon, which, if substantiated, would furnish additional evidence of affinity between this genus ;uul Castor. HAPLODONTIDiE— LIMB BONES OF HAPLODON RUFUS. 581 and pubic rami enclose a very large obturator foramen, of subtriangular shape, but with all the corners rounded off. Tlie '•horizontal'' and "descending", in this case nearly anterior and posterior, rami of the pubis, are about equally slender, notably more so than the ischium ; the descending ramus is at a right angle with the ischium. There is a well-developed tuberosity of the ischium, but no notch in the bone above it. The pubic symphysis is short, and the connection of the bones slight. Bones of the hind limb. — The femur is a stout straight bone about two inches long, the shaft much flattened, the distinction of parts at either extrem- ity well marked. The globular head represents more than a hemisphere; it stands off from the shaft at an angle of about 45°, upon a constricted but short neck. It bears a well-marked pit, denoting the insertion of the liga- mentum teres. The trochanter major is very prominent, rising as high as the head of the bone, a deep notch intervening; there is a conspicuous fossa on its posterior face, while from its outer aspect a prominent "glutaeal" ridge runs nearly half way down the shaft of the bone, like the corresponding "deltoid" ridge of the humerus. There is a strongly marked lesser trochanter — a tubercle on the postero-internal aspect of the shaft, just below the neck of the bone, prolonged downward as a sharp ridge. No third trochanter is recognizable. The condyles are well formed; the inner is larger than the outer, reaching farther down, especially farther back, and being decidedly thicker across; its articular surface is, however, narrower. Behind, the con- dyles are separated by a deep notch ; in front, a trochlear surface (broad groove) for the play of the patella reaches far above the portion of the joint which enters into the tibial articulation proper. There is a large sesamoid bone in the knee-joint, the patella being one- third of an inch long, of conico-triangular shape, with smooth concavo-con- vex posterior face for articulation with the femoral trochlear groove which surmounts the condyles in front. Of the t\vo bones of the cms, the tibia alone enters into the construction of the knee-joint, the head of the fibula being much below the articulation. The tibia, as long as the femur or slightly exceeding it in length, is straight when viewed from the front, but from the side shows a decided /-shape, having an anterior convexity above and corresponding posterior bend below. The lower half of the shaft is smooth and cylindrical, but the upper develops two large crests, one anterior, like the "spine" of the human shin-bone, the 582 MONOGRAPHS OV NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. other directly posterior; the hitler shorter than the former, but thinner and sharper-edged. The inner expanded surface of the bone between these two crests is smooth and convex ; the opposite side presents two hollowed surfaces (the posterior one especially excavated) divided by a ridge which runs out to the point of tibio-fibular articulation. The head of the bone on top is trian- gular, the anterior angle represented by the tuberosity for attachment of the extensor tendon. The great part of this space is occupied by the articular facets, of oval shape, the outer one rather larger than the inner, the two being separated almost entirely by an intervening non-articular groove. The most protuberant outer corner of the head of the bone bears a small cupped oval facet, entirely separate from the knee-joint, for the articulation of the fibula. The enlarged lower extremity has its articular face divided antero-posteriorly by a ridge into two principal facets ; similarly, the inner malleolus is emargin- ate, presenting two (an anterior and posterior) bony prominences instead of a single directly lateral nodule of bone. The Jibu/a, so important a bone for purposes of classification among Rodents, is here perfect and entirely free from bony connection with the tibia. Nevertheless, in its lower fourth or third it is closely apposed to the tibia (that portion of the tibia which bends outward and backward) and firmly bound in such position, apparently capable of little, if any, independent move- ment. I have not taken occasion to examine for myself the state of the parts in Castor; but in that animal, in which the fibula is apparently described with propriety as "perfect" and "free", bony union is said to sometimes occur in old individuals; and I should not be surprised if such were the case with Haplodon also. But, in any event, such superimposed, or, so to speak, fortui- tous and progressive consolidation, is not to be confounded with the complete true anchylosis which is characteristic of the Myomorpha. The fibula is a perfectly straight bone (excepting a slight inclination toward the tibia below), with very slender shaft, less than two inches long, with an enlarged narrowly oval head, only a small part of which is articular, and with a well-formed, irregularly triangular malleolus, the inner aspect of which forms part of the ankle-joint. A small extent of the shaft is roughened for ligamentous connec- tion with the tibia opposite a similar and more extensive roughened space on the latter hone. Pes. — There are eight true tarsal bones, besides a supplementary ossicle which 1 do not recognize. The large calcaneum reaches far back; the rjAFLODONTIDJE— VISCERA OF HAPLODON ltUFUS. 583 anterior extremity is somewhat three-pronged; the inner anterior corner forms a broad shelf, upon which the inner halt' of the astragalus is imposed. The astragalus has a well-marked trochlear surface for the tibia, and a large forward projection, or plate-like process, upon the convex oval extremity of which the lenticular navicularc is articulated by a cupped facet. A large os intermedium or centrale is wedged in between the naviculare and the row of cuneiform bones. The latter arc three in number, side by side, hearing upon their proximal faces the centrale, and supporting at their distal ends the 1st, 2d, and 3d metatarsals. An irregularly nodular cuboid supports the 4th and 5th metatarsals. On the inner side of the inner cuneiforme, and at the base of the 1st metatarsal, may be observed a small flattened and somewhat semi- lunar ossicle close-pressed to the side of the foot. There are five metatarsals ; the three intermediate ones are of approxi- mately equal lengths; the 5th is a little shorter, the 1st shorter still, but not so much reduced as the 1st metacarpal. The head of the 2d metatarsal is locked in a recess between the two lateral cuneiform bones. There are fourteen phalangeal bones, disposed as in the hand ; two to the hallux, three apiece to the other digits. The os hyoides and os penis are described in speaking of the soft parts of the organs to which they respectively pertain. D. — DESCRIPTION OF THE VISCERA. Heart. — The heart is an inch long, not peculiar in shape. Both auricles are very distinct, standing flap-like away from the ventricles, or only con- nected by a constricted pedicellate base, especially the left one. In the state observed, they were engorged with blood-clot ; the ventricles were empty. The right ventricle is much thinner-walled than the left ; the aorta arches to the left over the pulmonary artery, which at first is directed to the left, and then backward beneath the arch of the aorta, after which it divides to right and left, proceeding to the.lungs._ Respiratory organs. — There is a well-developed larynx, in which the principal parts are completely cartilaginous. The thyroid is the largest of these, somewhat semilunar in general outline, but with a median superior projection, median inferior emargination, and rather long, slender postero- inferior corners, which are firmly attached to the lower border of the cricoid at each side of the latter. The cricoid is large, stout, and completely ;>S| MONOGRAPHS OF NOHTFJ AMI3RIGAN UODEHTIA. cartilaginous, — -the only cartilage 1 1 1 ; » f entirely surrounds the wind-pipe. Il is infundibulifonn, the diameter of the ring being considerably greater above than below; and it is not so high in front as behind, where it bears the ary- tenoids. These are well developed, entirely cartilaginous, and of an irregular shape, impossible to describe concisely ; when in mutual apposition, they reach nearly half way across the top of the cricoid ring. The tiachea is flattened, especially behind, and diminishes somewhat in calibre as it passes down, ending in the bronchia with a simple bifurcation. None of the tracheal rings are cartilaginous posteriorly, the membranous por- tion being nearly the semi-circumference. These half-rings are about thirty in number; of the similar bronchial half-rings, there are five or six to the first bifurcation. The tracheal cartilages are not regular, either in position, size, or shape ; some are not directly transverse to the axis of the tube ; some are thicker than other:; and some are partially divided into two on this or that side. The tube is about two inches long. The left bronchus is rather longer than the right. The lungs appear to be very small in comparison with the size of the ani- mal. In the collapsed state observed, and with the lobes placed as nearly as possible in the natural position, the left lung was less than one and a half inches long; the right was a little more. The two differ remarkably in their lobation (at least in the specimen examined). The left lung consists of only two lobes, the lower much larger than the upper ; they are almost completely separated, only connected by a thin band of parenchymatous tissue; each receives a fork of the bronchus. The right lung is much more complicated, being divided into four very distinct lobes, each of which receives its own branch of the bronchus ; as in the case of the left lung, the parenchymatous connection of the lobes is slight. The third lobe counting from above is the principal one, representing more than a moiety of the lung. Above and to the front of this main lobe, overlying it much as the auricles of a heart rest upon the ventricles, are two small narrow and thin lobes, side by side, of about ecpial size and similar shape. The fourth lobe lies on the inner back side of the main one, and equals it in length ; but it is very thin and " straggling", having about the same capacity as one of the small upper lobes. This lobe has but the slightest parenchymatous connection with the main lobe, and is furthermore itselt lobulated. Digestive organs. — Within the apparent edges of the lips short tine HAPLODONTID^— VISCERA OF IJAPLODCM KUFUS. 585 hair extends some distance, upon modified papillate integument, well defined from (he smooth naked mucous membrane proper. Near the angle of the mouth, on the upper lip, there is a curious patch of hair growing upon an island of papillate modified integument like that of the edges of the lips, but entirely separated by a strait of smooth mucous membrane. The roof of the mouth presents a singular series of elevations and depressions, very unlike the regular transverse ridges and lines of impression seen in many mammals. There is a smooth pad-like eminence just behind the superior incisors, con- stricted across the middle by an emargination on each side. Behind this is another larger prominence,. constricted across the middle, with regular con- vex termination posteriorly, and jagged edges anteriorly, joined with the first pad by a narrow furrowed isthmus, but separated behind from succeeding elevations by a deep sulcus. These formations are all anterior to the molars ; the molar interspace, with a short interval anterior to these teeth, is wholly occupied by a series of paired prominences, or two rows of flattened oval papillae of large size, five or six pairs. These pads rise nearly to the level of the molar crowns.* The tongue is thick and fleshy, rounded at the end. Only a small por- tion is visible from the front, but the member is about two inches long, measured from tip to the epiglottis; it is nearly parallel-sided, and about one-third of an inch in breadth, the free portion, however, widening to half an inch or more. The dorsum of the tongue is thickly covered with papillae of different kinds. Anteriorly, the papillae are villous and innumerable ; behind, these gradually change into flattened tubercle-like projections. The villous portion of the tongue shows a large number of "conical" papilla?, irregularly scattered, while posteriorly there are a few large and distinct " circumvallate" papilla?. The pharynx is much contracted. A well-formed but soft and rather narrowly semilunar epiglottis guards the laryngeal orifice, more complete closure during deglutition being apparently effected by a forward movement of the opposite side of the aperture. The rima glottidis is posteriorly a simple cleft, or chink, between the apposed arytenoids. There is a large hyoid bone, entirely osseous, excepting the gl'osso-hyal, which extends forward into the substance of the tongue as a gristly rod. The basi-hyal is broadly V-shaped, with an anterior protuberance beyond the angle of the V. There is no uro-hyal. A slender bony style, over half an inch * I do not know how much these appearances may he due to immersion in alcohol. In another specimen, the posterior part of the roof of the mouth is quite smooth. 58G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. long, suspends the hyoid from the back partofthe skull; and there are other shorter, but still well-developed, "cornua". The salivary glands arc of enormous size.* On removal of the skin, these glands present mosl conspicuously as a great mass across the throat, completely filling the space between the jaw and the thorax, and between the corner of the skull and point of the shoulder to the general contour of the body at this part, and dipping deep behind and above the angle of the skull, where it lies against the base of the skull. It is this glandular mass that largely contributes to lack of distinction of neck observable in life, and to the rendering of the circumferential measurement of the head behind the ears as great as that of the body behind the shoulders f The two lateral glands, which meet, but do not fuse, on the middle line of the throat, are the parotids. Excluding the deep-seated portion beneath the mastoid and audi- tory bullae, the glands form a flattened mass of irregular shape, the posterior border adapted to the contour of the shoulder and thorax, the anterior simi- larly fitted to the jaw. The duct proceeds from the anterior border, from a point opposite the angle of the jaw, and lies superficial upon the masseter, running forward along the middle of the mandibular part of this muscle, to empty in the mouth near the commissure of the lips. Lying deep-seated, covered by the mass just described, is found another pair of salivary glands, perfectly distinct, about three quarters of an inch long, of a flattened amyg- daloid shape. These are the submaxillaries ; they are in relation with the muscles of the root of the tongue and inner border of the jaw, and the duct appears to open on the side of the tongue near its base. J The oesophagus, measuring about five inches in length, is a simple tube, of uniform small calibre, peculiar in no respect ; it pierces the stomach at a. point midway between the pyloric and cardiac ends. The stomach, undistended and lying smoothly, flat on its side, appears like a thick V, or still more like the conventional heart (on a pack of playing cards for example"), though with gently rounded angle, and with longer upper ends and deeper emargination than those of the figure just suggested. The •Apparently much as in the Beaver, and further indicating affinity between Haplodon and Castor. The salivary glands " are enormous in the Beaver, extending from before the ears forward and downward to contact with the submaxillaries, which are about one-twentieth their size ; the whole forming a sort of glandular collar". — (OWEN, Comp. Auat. and Phys. Vert, iii, 390.) tThe largo mass of nuchal muscles on the back of the neck make the line from the occipital creBt to the shoulders straight. t There is a large lachrymal gland. The eye-boll is very diminutive, about an eighth of an inch in diameter — it could easily be inserted into the meatus of the ear. IIAPLODONTID^— VISCERA OF HAPLODON KUFUS. 587 cesophagus enters at the notch. On inflating the organ, the elongated taper- ing cardiac extremity curls like a horn around to the right, and comes in apposition with the pyloric end, when the stomach appears doubled on itself; in fact, the two ends pass each other for an inch or more. The greater curvature of the stomach is then nearly circular, the line of the short upper border being a spiral. The cardiac end tapers gradually to a blunt, rounded extremity; the pyloric portion is much shorter; there is a well-marked pyloric constriction uear the end. The organ may be distended to measure about eleven inches around the greater curvature, with a maximum diameter of three inches and a depth of two. The pyloric portion of the stomach is thicker-walled than the cardiac prolongation, and, as well as can be deter- mined with a hand-lens of low power, much more highly glandular ; the lining of the cardiac compartment being similar apparently to that of the oesophagus. I observe no fold of membrane to constitute a pyloric valve, though there is a constriction of the whole organ, apparent from the outside, close by the pyloric end. When the convolutions of the s?nall intestines are straightened out without undue stretching, and the bowel is moderately distended, this portion of the digestive tract measures about six feet in length, with a uniform calibre of half an inch or more. There is no distinction of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The ducts of the pancreatic and hepatic secretion pierce the intestine close to the stomach ; the latter duct about an inch from the pylorus. The ileum pierces the colon at a right angle. A circular fold of mucous membrane forms a valve to guard the entrance. There is an immense cacum, at least a foot long, and very capacious. In its most dilated portions, about the middle, a section of it equal to the stomach in length would contain quite as much as the latter. The extremity tapers, ending bluntly, without a vermiform appendage (very naturally). This portion of the alimentary canal makes several convolutions when in situ ; it is sacculated throughout, or with alternate constrictions and dilata- tions, like the human colon. The length of the remainder of the digestive tube is about five feet,* measured as already said. This portion of the canal presents no distinction of colon and rectum. It is of uniform calibre throughout, or nearly so, and not much more capacious than the small intestine — perhaps half as much " Making the total leugth of the intestinal tract about eleven feet. The animal being about a foot long, it follows that the intestines are about eleven times as long as the body. 588 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA. again in diameter; and it further resembles the foregoing portion of the tract in the total absence of sacculation. I find nothing answering to a "sigmoid flexure"; but, for much of its length (two feet or more), the gut doubles on itself when in situ, being closely bound by a fold of mesentery not broader than the diameter of the intestine itself. In the specimen examined, the contents of the bowel had begun to separate into faecal pellets about two feet from the anus, these masses finally assuming an ovoidal shape. The pancreas is a small organ, and very slender ; it lies in the usual site, and its duct empties near that of the liver. The liver, of moderate size, is quadrilobatc ; the four lobes being as distinctly marked as those of the lungs, already described. The principal or cystic lobe is superior, and much the largest one; it is about 2\ inches across (side to side of the animal) by 1\ in the opposite direction, and irregu- larly oval, or rather trapezoidal, in shape, with a decided emargination of the front border near (to the left of) the gall-bladder. It is rather flat and thin for its length ; the superior surface is smoothly convex, apposed to the dia- phragm: the under is irregularly tlattened, being moulded upon the sub- cumbent lobes. About the middle of the right half of this lobe lies the gall- bladder, of large size (about that of a small almond) ; its fundus reaches the fore border of the lobe. Beneath this main lobe, on cither side, and partly covered by it, lie the two next largest lateral lobes, right and left, having very little connection by hepatic substance with each other or with the main lobe. The right one is the smaller of the two, very flat, and irregularly circular; the other is likewise subcircular in most of its outline, but it sends off a long tapering process, which reaches over into the left hypochondrium. The remaining Spigelian division of the liver might in fact be described as two, since it consists of two "tails", or processes, of hepatic substance, an inch or more in length ; one, much larger than the other, and is itself bilobate; the smaller one, an extremely delicate process, about an inch long, lies, when in situ, in relation with (behind) the pyloric portion of the stomach. The cystic and hepatic t\[H-t^ unite in a short (about half an inch) ductus communis choledochus, which empties in the duodenum an inch from the pylorus. Genilo-urinary organs:. — The kidneys are rather oval than of the shape most familiar to the human anatomist, and which the name "kidney" is used to suggest in other connections; they are about an inch long by two-thirds as broad. The right kidney lies rather higher up than the left, its apex being HAPLODONTID^E— VISCERA OF TTAPLODON RUFUS. 589 nearly opposite the last rib. The ureters pursue the usual course, to open at the side, near the base, of the urinary bladder, which is of large size. The kidneys are capped by well -developed adrenals, which are slender bodies, about half an inch long. In the condition observed, the testes are abdominal, lying in the large inguinal canal, not' bulging beyond the general plane of the obliquus externus muscle, and consequently causing no visible swelling of external parts. There is no proper scrotal dilatation of the integument; though in the periodical increase in size, which the organs doubtless undergo, and their presumed descent some way through the inguinal ring, it is supposed the organs may cause some turgidity of the exterior contour. The testes are enveloped in a conspicuous muscular tunic, an incompleted cremaster, given otf from the transversalis abdominis. The body proper, in the state observed, is less than an inch in length, of narrowly oval shape, invested with a firm whitish tunica albuginea; but the organ has a long tapering prolongation upward, while at the lower extremity is the small mass of the epididymis. The vas deferens ascends the border of the testes part way before leaving the organ to pursue a nearly straight course' to the urethra, where it empties close to its fellow, at the middle line of the large transverse gland, which embraces the base of the urethra posteriorly. The muscular crura of the penis are plainly traceable to the tuberosity of the ischium, fibres arising most of the way along the pubic as well as ischiatic ramus. The preputial sheath of the penis is freely movable along the whole length of the os penis. This is of large size, and in the inactive state of the member is directed backward, causing the tegumentary invest- ment of the organ to project conspicuously, as already noted in describing the external parts of the animal. The bone is about an inch long (0.80 in the specimen examined), straight and flattened, widening regularly and gradu- ally from base to tip, where it is enlarged, with a clubbed and deeply bifid extremity; this end of the bone suggesting the condyles of a femur, though its cleft is much deeper. The dorsum is smoothly convex from side to side ; the urethral surface of the bone is sulcate; the basal extremity is emargin- ate. The bone appears to continue to the very end of the organ, no glans penis being evident. Muscles. — I add notes on a few of the muscles, as incidentally observed during the examination of the viscera. 590 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTB AMERICAS RODENTIA. The temporal muscle is of moderate bulk, the fossa being comparatively shallow. The masseteric and pterygoid masses are of great size. The mas- setcr forms a bulging mass on the outside of the jaw, completely filling the great fossa formed by the outward twist of the angle of the jaw, and defined in front In an oblique ridge already described in speaking of the bone. A special stout tendon arises from the zygomatic process of the maxillary, just below the anteorbital foramen, which latter opening, notwithstanding its small size and apparently inconvenient relations, transmits a small fascicle of the masseter along with the superior maxillary nerve. The muscles acting upon the hyoid bone, both from the thorax and from the jaw, are well developed. A pair of stout fusiform muscles connect the hyoid with the back of the skull. I find no trace of direct muscular connec- tion between the hyoid and the scapula (omo-hyoid). Sterno-mastoid and cleido-raastoid are well developed, and distinct from each other for nearly, if not quite, all of their extent, though their thoracic insertions are very near together. The diaphragm is very thin, even its most muscular portions, and a large part of it is simply membranous. There is a large, well-defined, central "tendon", as broad as the muscular portion on either hand. This is of oval shape in most of its extent, but with two posterior prolongations, one on each side, separated by the fleshy "pillars" which arise from the. vertebras, and pro- ceed to embrace the oesophageal orifice. Muscular fibres are scarcely or not developed laterally behind, where simple membrane may be traced to the insertion of the organ along the floating rib. The radiating muscular portion of the diaphragm, then, is a single set of fibres arranged in fan-shape around the anterior oval portion of the central tendon ; these fibres are continuous on the median line in front. The aortic opening, as usual, is close to the ver- tebras ; the oesophageal aperture is removed from the spinal column by the whole lemrth of the muscular pillars. From the middle line of the diaphragm depends a broad peritoneal fold, suspending the liver, to which, more posteri- orly, it is closely adapted. E. HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE SPECIES. To render the account of this remarkably interesting animal more com- plete, I shall, in tracing its history, include some notices of its habits. I have already presented those considerations which bear upon the history of the genus and family. HAPLODONTTDyE— TTTSTOPY AND HABITS OF II. RUFUS. ;")91 The Sewellel was discovered* in 1805 or 180G by the famous travellers Lewis and Clarke, whose account first appeared in 1814, in the Biddle-Allen narrative of their expedition (2 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, Bradford and Ins- keep), and nearly simultaneously in the Rees English edition of the same date (1 vol., 4to, Londonf). The notice by these authors runs as follows : — " Sewellel is a name given by the natives to a small animal found in the timbered country on this [«'. e. Pacific] coast. It is more abundant in the neighbourhood of the great Falls and rapids of the Columbia, than on the coast, which we inhabit. "The natives make great use of the skins of this animal in forming their robes, which they dress with the fur on, and attach them together with sinews of the elk or deer: the skin, when dressed, is from fourteen to eighteen inches long and from seven to nine in width; the tail is always separated from the skin by the natives in making their robes.J This animal mounts a tree,§ and burrows in the ground, precisely like a squirrel: || [Description here follows.] .... Captain Lewis offered considerable rewards to the Indians, but was never able to procure one of these animals alive." (Quoted from text of the London 4to ed.) Upon the Sewellel of Lewis and Clarke was actually and entirely based the Anisonyx rvfa of Rafinesque, who also gave names to others of the species first described under vernacular names by these travellers. I have already discussed the bearing of the term Anisonyx, and need not repeat that it is a synonym of Cynomys, Raf, whose " Anisonyx brachiura" was based upon the "Burrowing Squirrel" of Lewis and Clarke, as " Anisonyx ru fa" was upon their Sewellel. Notwithstanding that the term was invented upon an errone- ous interpretation of the meaning of Lewis and Clarke, and was applied to two animals of widely different genera {Cynomys and Haplodon), it seems that Rafinesque's specific term rvfa, being based exclusively upon the Sew- *Sir John Richardson is inclined to tbink that a passage in a much earlier work (Mackenzie's Voy. to the Pacific, &c, p. 314) refers to the Sewellel. " Sir Alexander Mackenzie saw many animals, which he terms 'moles', on the hanks of a small stream near the sources of the Columbia; but as we are led to infer, from the way in which he speaks of them, that they were iu numbers above ground, I am inclined to thiuk that they were sewellels, belonging to the genus aplodontia . . . " — {t'n. Bur.-Am. i, 1829,j>. 11.) t For "An account of the various publications relating to the Travels of Lewis and Clarke, with a commentary on the Zoological Results of their Expedition ", prepared by the present writer, see Bull. U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, No. li, '2d ser., pp. 417-444 (Svo, Washing- ton, Government Printing Office, February 8, 187C). t But cf. Sir John Richardson, as quoted beyond. 5 Doubtless an erroneous statement, as Biipposed by Audubon and Baehman, and later by Gibbs and Suckley. II The " burrowing squirrel " of Lewis and Clarke was a Cynomys. 592 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ellel, should be retained; for, however faulty the characterization of the genus may have been, this in no way invalidates the specific designation. The name rufa, in Fact, lias been adopted by at least two writers, Harlan, in L82£, and Griffith (1827), who transferred the animal to the genus Arctomys. Professor Baird* uses the following language respecting this matter: — e an abundant animal in some districts west of the Cascade mountains, bul from various causes I never could obtain a specimen. At the time of their visit to the country the Indians used the skins as clothing, and as it required a large number of skins to make an ordinary sized blanket, the numbers of the animals caught musl have been great. It was caught by stone fall-traps, but with what bait I do not know, probably some root. The Indians assured me that none were found nearer to the coast than the Cowlitz valley, but as they have been obtained at Astoria, the statement was not altogether correct. They seem to prefer the soft alluvial river bottoms, where they are said to burrow, and probably thus follow down the Columbia. Now they are rarely caught by the Indians, as their skins are not bought by the Hudson's Bay Company, except when passed off on a 'green' clerk as muskrat skins Of their habits I could learn little. An old Indian hunter, who is row a shepherd in the employ of Dr. Tolmie at Puget's Sound, told him that he had frequently seen them running over the snow in the Nisqually Valley, so that they probably do not byber- nate. A young man who had kept school at Astoria told me that the children sometimes caught them about the schoolhouse, where they burrowed, and that they could be caught by running after them, as they did not run last. When taken they did not offer to bite, and ate vegetable food readily. The specimen sent from there was found drowned in a tanner's vat." The same volume from which Dr. Cooper's above-quoted observations were extracted contained a variety of further information, contributed by Dr. George Suckley, well known for his natural-history studies of Oregon and Washington, and by George Gibbs, Esq., the distinguished ethnographer and philologist. Among other items of their respective accounts may be specially noted Mr. Gibbs's determination of the inapplicability of the name "Sewellel" to this animal, and his observation of its curious habit of laying out its pro- visions to dry. Mr. Gibbs, as quoted by Dr. Suckley (p. 100 of the volume referred to), said : — "The specimen I send you was obtained at Seattle, where it was killed in a garden. Its name, in the Nisqually language, is Showt'l. (Show/u////,f Republished as the "Natural History of Washington Territory ". t" stun liurll" — sic, in the original, which I suppose to be a typographical error for an intended Showhurtl. HAPLODONTID.E— HISTORY AND HABITS OF H..RUFUS. 597 Suckley.) .... This animal burrows extensively in the ground. It chiefly frequents spring heads in rich moist places, and is found as far up as the dividing ridge of the Cascade mountains, and on both sides of the divide. I noticed their burrows in 1853 at the top of the main Yakima pass. Near their abodes were small bundles of some herb or plant cut with nicety and laid out on logs to dry or wilt* The Indians trap them, and value their meat very much as food." On subsequent pages of the same volume (pp. 124-126), Mr. Gibbs continued : — "I noticed burrows of the show'tl in 1853, at the top of the main Yakima Pass, in the Cascade mountains, at an elevation of 3,500 feet, and again in 1854, at the Nahchess Pass in the same mountains The Yakima Indians call it Squallah. Its range in the Territory is quite extensive, from hig-h mountain elevations to near the salt water. Colonel Simmons, one of the earliest settlers in Washington Territory, confirms the statement of the Indians that the show'tl, like the prairie dog, lives in companies. He has frequently seen them sitting at the entrances of their burrows early in the morning, and whistling something in the manner of the prairie dog. Lewis and Clark say that this animal 'mounts a tree and burrows like a squirrel.' The statement that it 'mounts a tree' is probably an error I find the [sic — lege that] Lewis and Clark's name of Sevvellel for A. leporina is an error. The Chinook name for the animal itself is o-gwool-lal. She-ical-lal (Sewellel, corrupt) is their name for the robe made of its skins." Said Dr. Suckley, at the last-quoted pages of the same volume: — " .... It is probable that the Aplodontia, like many other rodents, has several litters of young during the season. The Nisqually Indians, in their mythological traditions and obscure stories concerning the creation, say that the show'tl was the first animal created with life. I cannot find out whether they undergo a regular torpid hybernation.! The natives say that they move about a little during the winter, but do not become decidedly active until late in the spring. They live in burrows, in small companies of a dozen or more, and subsist on roots, berries, &c. The Indians say that the show'tl of the Cowlitz river has a white breast and belly. Those at Nisqually, having the under parts dark, are said to retain the same coloration throughout the year. "The passage I have italicized— it was iu Roman in the original — is, I think, the first indication of the curious habit in question. 1 The probability seems to be that they do not. 598 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. . . . . They arc considered by the Indians to possess high gastronomic qual- ities. To ascertain this I had one roasted .secundum artem. I found it excellent " Dr. Suckley gave some measurements, derived from examination of three fresh specimens, as follows: — "Measurements of specimens. 1 From tip of nose to baso of tail * Vertebra of tail ' From base of tail to tip of hair 1 From occipital protuberance to tip of noso ■ Distance between oars 1 Height of ears posteriorly, about ' Easy girth of head, measured around the ears ■ Olecranon to wrist 1 Middle nail of fore paw, about ' From wrist t<> end of longest nail - " Easy girth behind shoulders ' Extent from most projecting toe nail of hind foot to ditto oi fore foot, extreme stretch . 1 From hie] to end of middle toe nail 1 Longest whiskers, about*. No. 92, * No. 93, tf. 12. 75 1 1.50 2.37 3.00 2.75 .75 7.36 2.50 .50 1.00 7.12 18.00 2.12 13.00 1.50 1.25* 3. 00§ Ho. 94, y- 12.25 1.50 2.25 3. 75§|| 7.75 laoo 2.25 3.00' * Collector's numbers. t Inches and decimals. ; Obvious misprint for 2 25. § " Nearly." I Meant for 2.75! A few years later, in 1864, Professor Peters (I. .v. c.) described specimens from California as constituting a new variety, to which he applied the name of Haplodon leporinus var. californicus. I have, seen no specimens from that region, nor is the material available at present sufficient to enable us to come to final conclusions respecting the normal rate of susceptibility to individual variation. The few specimens, however, indicate that the rate is at least as high as that which has been established for various mammals more or less closely allied ; and, should such prove really the case, there would be no impro- priety in considering var. californicus as strictly synonymous. F. TABLES OF MEASUKKMENTS. TABLE I.— Measurements of three alcoholic specimens of Haplodon eufus. u o .a a a o C Locality. From tip of nose to — Tail to end of- Length of— SO •c Is O *-> o ,o W o A C 5 u > 9 £4 -' •=■ ^ S O O += P Tr, '3 w CS M it 09 O) to a © h1 i ei •2 £ 3 d a "3 9 a 00 Cm o <0 u B 6 "5 & '3 o o '3 H g V ID > DO U w o <2 o u o 1.75 1.60 o .2 S 5 11358 11354 11357 Olyiupia/W. T. ...do ...do 2.40 0.75 0.80 0.75 4.50 4.75 4.00 0.55 0.50 0.60 Alcoholic. ....do. ....do. HAPLODONTIM3— HAPLODON KUFUS— TABLES. 599 Table II.— Measurements of three, skulls of Haplodon kufus. Dimensions. Total length (end of nasals to occipital protuberance) Greatest width (across zygomata posteriorly) Next greatest with (across occiput) Least width (at interorbiial constriction) Width across post-glenoid notches Width of rostrum just in front of zygomata Depth of skull at middle, excluding molars Length of bony palato Length of nasal boDes Greatest width of nasal bones Length of zygoma (from auteorbital foramen to most posterior point . . Distance across outer margin of glenoid fossas Length of auditory bullae- Length of upper molar series Width of intermolar portion of palate, about Length of incisive foramina Horizontal diameter of foramen magnum (the vertical about 0.05 less) Length of exposed portion of superior incisors Jaw, total length, ends of incisors to back of condyles ' Jaw, total length, ends of incisors to apex of coronoid Jaw, total length, ends of incisors to end of descending process Length of inferior molar series Length of exposed portion of inferior incisors Width of the flattened plate at angle of jaw 2.90 2.25 2.10 0.40 1.50 0.C8 0.75 1.65 0.52 1.42 1.48 0.90 0.70 0.30 0.25 0.45 2.15 1.85 0.70 0.70 0.33 1.40 0.68 0.70 1.65 0.45 1.40 1.42 0.70 0. 55 2. 18 1.85 2.20 0.65 0.80 0.90 0.C0 0.70 1.05 1.08 0.48 1.40 0.20 0.50 2.08 1.85 2.10 0.65 0.65 0.90 fourth. Length of skull to its greatest width, 2.90 : 2.25 : : 1 : 0.77, or width between three-fourths and four-fifths of length. Length of skull to its depth (without jaw), 2.90 : 0.75 : : 1 : 0.29, or depth not two-fifths of length— little over one- Table III. — List of specimens examined of Haplodon rufus. Nat. Mus. No. Locality. Source whence re- ceived. Collected by — Nature of specimen and remarks. an Voir 3891 2476 11358 11354 11357* 11355 11350 Pnget's Sound . . ... do ...do Steilacoom.W. T. Olympia.W. T... ....do ...do TJ. S. Expl. Expd . . . . .do T.E-Pealo ....do tf, mounted, with detached skull accompanying. Skull belonging to No. 4047 ; figured, pi. vi. Skull ; original of Baird's plate, if not also of Peale's Broken skull. [woodcut. cf , alcoholic, in the flesh. • cf , alcoholic, in the flesh. cf , alcoholic, in the flesh (sinco dissected). cf , alcoholic ; skiu and skull. — , alcoholic, in the flesh. ...do ....do George Snckley... E.C. Wingard ...do . George Snckley... E.C. Wingard .... ....do .... do . ...do ....do ...do ...do .. do ...do *No. 11337 was dissected for anatomical details, the disarticulated skeleton preserved, and the skin remains in con- dition for mounting. Two or three stuffed skins, supposed to be still in the National Museum were not found. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. HAVLODONTID^. PLATE VI. Skull of UAPLODON KUFUS. Nat. size. (Jg|^) MONOGRAPHS NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA No. X.-GE0MYIM. By ELLIOTT COTTES. 601 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Office of United States Geological and Geograiiiical Survey of the Territories, Washington, D. C, January 1, 1877. Sir : I transmit herewith, for publication with the series of "Monographs of North American Rodentia", a summary statement of the family Gcomyida; which completes my labors in this connection. A word of explanation is here required. I finished my investigation of this family of North American Mammals, and prepared a memoir on the sub- ject, before the present series of Monographs of the Rodents was projected. A very brief article, entitled " The Cranial and Dental Characters of Gconryidce", was published by you in the " Bulletin" of the Survey (2d ser. no. 2, pp. 83-SO, May 11,1875); a preliminary " Synopsis of the Geomyidse'' appeared in the "Proceedings" of the Philadelphia Academy for 1875 (pp. 130-138); while the extended memoir itself formed " Part III. — Zoology" (pp. 215-285) of Powell's -'Exploration of the Colorado of the West", and was also reissued as a separate pamphlet, with a modification of the title. Under these circumstances, it becomes inadmissible, upon considerations of economy in the expenditure of funds, to duplicate the memoir at the public expense. Yet it is considered in the last degree undesirable and inexpedient to leave the present series of Monographs incomplete. I have accordingly prepared a short article, which, omitting all details of description and criti- cism not necessary to the integrity of the paper, gives the gist of the subject; for the rest, I must refer you to the original memoir. I should add, however, that the present paper contains no little new matter, derived from study of specimens additional to those in hand in 1875, and serving to check the results previously reached. I am, Sir, &c, ELLIOTT COUES, Assistant Surgeon U. S. A., Secretary of the Survey. Dr. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist-i u-charge, Sec, &c. 003 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pages. Preliminary considerations 607-609 Family GEOMYID^E 609-011 Genus Geomys 611-012 Geomys bursarius 012-614 tuza 615-616 castanops 616-617 mexicanus 617-618 hispidus 619-621 Genus Thomomys ■. 621-623 Thomomys talpoides 023-625 bulbivorus 626-627 umbriuus 628-628 clusius 629-629 605 Family GEOMYID^. The group to be here treated corresponds to the Sciuroxpalacoides of Brandt, the subfamily GeomyitMb of Baird, the family Geomyidce of Gill, including only the two genera Geomys of Rafinesque and Thomomys of Maxi- milian. Of the former, five species have been established ; of the latter, two. These animals are confined to the cold-temperate and warmer portions of continental America, from portions of British to Central America; their centre of distribution being the United States from the Mississippi Valley to the Pacific Ocean. By all late authors, so far as I know, excepting Brandt, Gill, and myself, these animals have been united with Dipodomys, Perognathus, and Heieromys, in a single family, usually called Saccomyidce, a leading character of which is possession, unique among Mammals, of external fur-lined pouches on the sides of the head, not directly connected with the mouth, and thus of entirely different construction and relations from the ordinary cheek-pouches of vari- ous Rodents. The classification afforded by these singular organs, which are present in two groups of animals widely different in general aspect, is undoubtedly a safe c]ue to natural affinities, since it is borne out by the gen- eral structural relationships of the animals ; these being so close, that, after all, no great violence would be done by embracing the two groups under a single family. Yet their respective peculiarities seem sufficient to justify, if not to require, the recognition of two separate families. The characters in question need not be here discussed nor even formally presented, as those which are shared by the two groups (being the basis of the superfamily Saccomyoidea of Gill), as well as those in which the two groups differ, have been presented on foregoing pages of this work, where the general bearings of the case are further discussed. The history of the family begins at a very early (pre-Linnsean) period, though nearly everything relating to it is of much later date. The "Tucan" of Hernandez appears to have been the animal long afterward first technically 607 G08 MONOGRAPHS <>K NORTH AMERICAS RODENTIA. named Ascomys inexicanus l>y Lichtenstein, and his accounl may be the earli- esl literature of the subject. We have no Linnsean name in this family. Bart ram noted the Floridan animal in 1791 ; bul the first "species" pre- sented in technical nomenclature appears to be the Mus bursarius of Shaw (1800). The earliest generic names are Geomys and Diplostotna, imposed by Rafinesque in 1817. Various circumstances conspired not only to a vague understanding of (he generic characters, bul also to long delay in allocation of the genera under major heads. Richardson, who, in 1829, handled various species more effectively than his predecessors hail done, merely adopted Rafinesque's genera, falling into a misunderstanding respecting the character of the pouches. So far as I am aware, after the period when "Mus" and "Cricetus" were current appellations of these animals, the first attempt to dispose of them in a formal classification was made by Waterhouse in 1839, when he treated of Geomys, the only genus recognized by him, as a Muroid, and as a member of his "family" Arvicolidce. The same year (1839), Maximilian established the second valid genus, Thomomys, the various generic names before proposed having been synonyms of Geomys. In 1848, Waterhouse made the first' decided step toward a correct appreciation of the subject, by bringing Geomys into relation with Dipodomys, and by proposing the group Saccomyimi to contain them both. Gervais is said to have established or recognized at the same time a family Pscuilostoiuidee, equivalent to Water- house's Saccomyina. Soon afterward, in 1855, Brandt* established the first super-generic name Sciurospalacoides for these animals exclusively, relegat- ing the Saceomyine forms elsewhere. Geomyince. of- Baird, Alston, and others, and Geomyida of Gill anil Coues, are other terms of exclusive pertinence to this group, which certainly belongs to the Myomorphic series of Rodents, as originally sketched by Waterhouse and more fully developed by Alston, though the question of its exact position among Myomorpha, aside from its obvious affinities with Saccomy/dce, perhaps remains open. Its Murine affinities may perhaps prove to have been indicated by the name Brandt applied, but its Sciurine relationships arc not so clear. * 1855 — BRANDT (.1. 1'.). Beitriige zur niihern KeDntniss der Siiugethiere Eusslauds. Vierte AMiandlung. Blicke auf die allmiiligeu Fortschritte in der Grnppirnng dor Nager, mit Bpecieller Bezie- hnng auf die Geschicbte der Gattuiig Castor, besonders der altweltHcben Biber. 4to. St. Petersburg. 1855. pp. 59-336, pi. i-xi (Aus den Mem. Math, etc., do l'Acad. Imp. dea Si iences, tunic v i, besoudera abgedriu-kt.) [Sciurospalacoides, p. 300. Related groups established in tliis paper an- Maerocoliui (=Dipotloui>y), p. 2.11 ami p. 311, ami Per>>alacoides, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Acad. St. Pe"tersb. 1854, t. xiii, no. 7; Melang. Biol, ii, 188; Beitr. Eennt. Siiug. Russlands, 1855, 188. (Group composed of the genera Geomys and Tkomomys.) = Scinrospalacini, Giebel, Allg. Zool. i. = Geomyinw, Baird, Mamra. N. A. 1857, 336. (Subfamily of Saccomyida: ; the group of this name with this author being equivalent to Saccomyina, Waterhouse.) = Geomyida', Gill, Arrang. Fam. Mamm. 1872, 71. (Family.) = Geomyida;, Coles, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1875, 130. (Family.) = Genera Geomys (=Diplos1oma, Saccophorus, Pseudostoma, Ascomys) and Thomomys of Authors. — Coves, Powell's Rep. Expl. Colorado River, 1875, 217. SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1800 — Siiaw (G.). Description of the Musbursarius [etc.]. < Trans. Linn. Soc. v, 1800, pp. 227 . 1902— Mitciiill (S. L.). Undescribed Little Quadruped of Georgia. < N. Y. Med. Repos. v, 1802, p. 89, fig. [Note. — Not named ; described by J. Milledge.] 1817 — Rafinesque (C. S.). Descriptions of seven new genera of North American Quadrupeds. < Amer. Mouth. Mag. ii, 1817, pp. 44-40. [Note, — Mazama, Diplostoma, p. 44 ; Geomys, Cynomys, Mynomcs, p. 45; Lynx, p. 46.) 1819 — Desmarest ( — ). [Hamster do Virginie.] < Journ. de Physique, lxxxix, 1319, p. 159. 1821— Mitchill (S. L.). Description of two mammifcrons Animals of North America [Sciurus tride- cem-liueatus, Mus saecatus]. < N. Y. Med. Repos. xxi, 1821, pp. 248-250. [Note Witb the subhead, " The Gopher, or Pouched Rat of North America, (Mus bursarius.)"] 1822 — Mitchell (S. L.). Detection of a mistake into which naturalists have been led in relation to the Mus bursarius or Pouched Rat of Canada. < Amer. Journ. Sci. iv, 1822, p. 183. 1825— Lichtenstein (K. W. II.). Ueber iiussere Backentaschen an Nagethieren. < Kongl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Abb. der phys. Classe (1822-23), 1825. 1839 — Maximilian ( — ). Ueber einige Nager mit ansseren Backentaschen ans dem westlichen Nord. Amerika [Thomomys und Perognathus, genn. nn.]. < Nov. Act. Acad. Caes.-Leop. Nat- Cur, xix, i, 1839, pp. 366-384. 1841 — Charlesworth(E.). [On Habits of Ascomys mexicanus.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 1841, p. CO. 1847-49 — Wagner (A.). Beitriige zur Kenutuiss der Siiugethiero Amerika's. < Abhandl. math.-phys. Classe, Kongl. bayer. Akad. Wiss. v, 1847-49, p. 405. [tlber Ascomys canadensis.] 1852 — LeConte (J. L.). An attempt at a synopsis of the genus Geomys [inch Thomomys]. < Proc. Phila. Acad. 1852, pp. 157-. 1852 — Woodhocse (S. W.). Description of a new species of Pouched Rat of the genus Geomys [G. fulvus]. < Proc. Phila. Acad. 1852, p. 201. 1855 — Baird (S. F.). Characters of some new species of North American Mammalia, etc. [Geomys clarkii], < Proc. Phila. Acad. 1855, 333. It55 — Parvin (J. B.). On the habits of the Gopher of Illinois (Geomys bursarius). < Ann. Rep. Smiths. lust, for 1854, 1855, pp. 293-294. 1881— Gesner (W.). On the habits of the Pouched Rat, or Salamander, (Geomys pineti,) of Georgia, < Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, for 1860, 1861, pp. 431-433. 18014— Peters (W.). Ueber nene Arten der Sangetbiergattungen Geomys [heterodns], Haplodon uml Dasypus. < Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864, pp. 177-181. 1867 — Leidy (J.). [On a skull of Geomys bursarius from the loess of the Missouri.] < Proc. Acad. Phila, 1867, p. 99. 39 M (310 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTE AMERICAN RODENTIA. 1675— Coi i - r..). Concerning " Pocket " Gophers. < American Sportsman of June 5, 1875. i \ popular nc ounl i i * taomj khe. ) 1875— i "i E8 (E.). The cranial and deutal characters of Geomyidte. < Bull. IT. S. Geol. &. Geogr. Snrv. I ■ rr. 26 sor. ii". '.'. pp. 81-90, May 1 L, L875. [ Reprinted, with some modification, as Addendum A of the memoir below cited.] 1875 — Couics (E.). Synopsis of the Qeomyidse. < Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, pp. 130-138. [A brief abstract, of the memoir next below cited.] 1-7.V- COUE8 (E.). Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and its tributaries. Explored iu lS(>i>, 1*70, 1871, and 1*72, under t ll^^ direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- tion. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1875. Part, III. — Zoology. By Elliott Cones. Chapter XII. — Abstraet of results of a study of the genera Geomys and Thomomys. pp. 215-285, tig. 80. (Reissued as separate pamphlet with the title "Abstract of results of a study of the genera Geomys and Thomomys, with addenda on the osteology of GeomyidsB and on the habits of ( '• oys tuza". The reissue only differs from the original in the title.) 187")— Goodk (G. I!.). Notes on the '' Salamander" of Florida (Geomys tuza). < Powell's Rep. Colorado R. 1875, pp. 281-285. [Note. — On the habits of the species ; being Addendum B of the article last citod.] For characters, especially in comparison and contrast with those of Sac- comyidcp, see anted, pp. 492, 493. The cranial and dental* characters are very fully presented in my paper in the Bulletin of the Survey, above cited. The external characters are detailed at length in the descriptions of the leading species of the two genera, Geomys bursarius and Thomomys talpoides, in the zoological portion of Powell's Report, ahove cited. The two genera are readily distinguished by the profoundly sulcate inci- sors, enormously developed fore claws, and rudimentary ears of Geomys, con- trasted with the smooth incisors, moderately fossorial claws, and distinct though very small cars of Thomomys. There are also many cranial charac- ters, as given beyond. The two genera offer the further curious difference, 1 hat in Geomys a number of species appear to have been firmly established, while the differentiation of Thomomys has not progressed so far. There is probably a difference in the number of mamma? in the two genera ; Thomomys usually having six pairs, while in no Geomys have I recognized more than three pairs. The pouchesf are substantially the same in the two genera. * The dental formula may he rendered more precisely, as follows: — t 1-1. r 0-0. p 1-1. M 3-3_5-5_10_™ L i— i ' C' 5=0 > R f=I ' M- 3=3-5=5- is- a0- t"The pouches . . . — at first supposed to be pemlulons bags hanging from the mouth, then with some correction found to be not pendulous, yet believed to open into the mouth from within — are wholly external, and have no more connection with the buccal cavity than the belly-pouch of a Kangaroo or Opossum has to do with the genital organs. These sacs are simply a purse-shaped duplicative of the loose shin of the side of the head and neck. The free margin of the pouch arises from the side of the upper jaw, about half way from nose to eye, just underneath the whisker-patch, and curves loosely around the side of the head to the angle of tin- jaw. The general outline of the orifice is semicircular (or rather semipyriform, since the broadest part sags down a little); the inner border being the proper integument of tho side of the head. The lining of the sac is ordinary integument, of rather more deli- GEOMYID/E— GEOMYS. Gil The species of both are subject to a curious dichromatism, being sometimes found in a certain melanotic condition, in which the pelage is dark plumbago- colored, or even black, like anthracite. This appears too frequent not to be something more than the purely fortuitous melanism liable to occur as an indi- vidual peculiarity in any animal ; and yet this state has not been traced to any special conditions of age, sex, or season. Genus GEOMYS (emend, ex Raf.) . Hits, sp. Shaw, et ah, h c. infra. Cricetus. sp. Dksm., et ah, I. c. infra. Geomys, Rap., Aiu. Mouth. Mag. ii, 1817, 45. — Baird, Mamra. N. A. 1857, 363.— Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 130 (monographic sketch); Powoll's Rep. Colorado R. 1875, 220 (monograph); Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 2d ser. no. ii, 1875, pp. 81 seqq. (cranial characters). Diplostoma, Raf., op. et loc. cit. Saccophorus, KrjHL, Beitr. 1820, 65. rseudostoma, Say, Long's Exp. R. Mts. i, 1823, 406. Ascomys, Licht., Abhand. Berl. Acad. 1822-23, 1825, 20. Generic characters.* — Superior incisors deeply channeled along the middle, with or without a fine marginal groove. Crowns of intermediate molars truly elliptical. Root of inferior incisor but little protuberant on outside of base of condylar ramus ; end of mandible thus only two-pronged, with a knob between. Zygomata widest across anteriorly, thence contracting ; the width behind little, if any, greater than the intermastoid diameter of the skull. Parietals ridged along their line of union with each other. Interparietal tri- angular. Nasals approximately parallel-edged part way, then suddenly widen- ing. Superficies of mastoid bone occupying nearly half the occipital surface of the skull on each side. Bullae ossese less inflated, quite acute anteriorly. Basi-occipital, in the middle, about as broad as the width of the bulla at the same point. A pair of broad deep pits on the palate behind, extending for- ward to opposite the penultimate molars. External ears usually a mere rim of integument around the auditory orifice. ' Fore claws enormously developed. Containing the largest species of the genus. Geographical distribution from portions of British America to Central America, east of the Rocky Mountains, but not the Eastern and Middle States. cate texture. It is clothed with fine fur. Ou the side next the head, the ordinary fur of the parts makes directly into the pouch ; on the outside, the fine fur continues to the brim, where it is met by the ordinary external pelage. Between the two layers of skin rests a thin bed of muscular fibres (perhaps a modified platysma myoides), serving for such coutractile movements as the receptacle may be suscep- tible of. But the connection between the folds of skin is so slight and loose that the pouch may, with little force, be turned completely inside out, though it does not appear that this ever occurs in life. A full-sized pouch will admit three fingers as far as the first joint." — (Quoted from the original memoir.) "The characters aro drawn up with special reference to antithesis with those of Thomomys, beyond. 612 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. \ Snpei i<>i- incisors bisulcate ; fore claws and pouches at :i maximum. a. Incisors almost exactly bisected by the main groove, the Hue- marginal groove distinct : tail and feet hairy burbarjub. b. Inoisors unequally divided by tbe main groove into larger inner and smaller outer portion, tbe fine marginal groove faint or obsolete; tail uud feet nearly naked (South Atlantic and Gulf States) tuza. B. Superior incisors nnisulcate; fore claws aud pouches moderate. a. Incisors exactly bisected by the groove; fur soft; tail and feet hairy. «'. Smaller; yellowish-brown, below whitish (United States) castancts. b'. Larger; ihtrk reddish-brown, below plumbeous (Mexico) mexicanub. b. Incisors unequally divided by the groove into a small inner aud largo outer portion ; pelage very hispid; tail and feet nearly nuked IIISPIDUS. GEOMYS BURSARIUS, (Shaw) Rich. Common Pocket (iophcr. Mvs bursarius, SHAW, Linn. Trans, v, 1800, 227, fig. 8 ;• Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, ICO, pi. 138 (the plate clearly, shows the grooved incisors ; the pouches are everted). — Mitchiix, Am. Journ. Sci. iv, 1822, 183 (relating to the pouches). Cricettis bursarius, 1 >ESM., "Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv, , 177 ; EnBy. Meth. Suppl. pi. 10, f. 4" ; Mamm. ii, 1822, p. 312 {"bursareus").— F. Guv., "Diet, Sc. Nat. xx, , 257".— Desmool., "Diet. Class, viii, , :17".— Giurr., "Anim. Kingd. iii. 1827, 138, pi. — "; v, 1827, 230, uo. 012. Saceophorue bursarius, linn, Beitriige, 1820, Co. — Fiscn., Synop. 1827, 304. PteudosUma bursarius, Say, Long's Exp. K. Mts. i, 182:!, 406 ( •' bursaria ").— Harlan, Fn. Amer. 1825, 153.— LESS., Man. 1827, 259.— GODMAN, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1831, 90 ("bursarium").— DeKaY, N. V. Fn. i. 1842, 92.— Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 332, pi. 44. G corny si bursarius, Rich., F. B. A. i, 1829, 203. G corny 8 bursarius, RICH., Sixth Ann. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1830, 1837, 150.— Woodh., Sitgr. Rep. Zuiii and Col. R. 1853, 50 (Indian Territory).— Paiivin, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, for 1854, 1855, 293 (habits).— Kenn., Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, 1855, 580.— Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 372, pi. 22, f. 1 a-h, and pi. 50, f. 2 a-g.— Maxim., Arch. Naturg. 18G1, ; Verz. Reise N.-Arn. Siiug. 18G2, 147.— Gerr., Cat. Bones Br. Mas. 1862, 223.— Leidt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1SG7, 97 (skull from loess of Missouri).— Ames, Bull. Acad. Minnesota, i, 1874, 70. — COUES, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 131 ; Powell's Rep. Colorado R. 1875, 221 (monographic). Ascomys bursarius, Eyd. & Gki;v„ Voy. Favorite, v, 1839, 23.— Scmxz, Syn. ii, 1845, 132.— GlEB., Odou- tog. 53, pi. 23, f. 8. Geomys (Saccoplurrus) bursarius, Gieh., Siiug. 1855, 529. ? Mus ludovicir.nus, Ord, "Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. cd. ii, 1815, 292. (Not determinable.) " / Diplostoma fusea, Raf., Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1817,44.— Desm., Maimn. ii, 1822, 315.— Less., Man 1827,261. :' Ihplosloma alba, Raf., Am. Month. Mag. ii, lb!7, 44 (albino).— Desm., Maimn. ii, 1822, 315.— Less., Man. 1827, 201. Saccopnorust albus, Fiscn , Synop. 1827, 305. tGeomy cinereus, Raf., Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1817, 15. Ifti toccatas, Mi rCH., N. V. Med. Rcpos. xxi (new ser. vol. vi), 1821, 249 (from Lake Superior. "The Go- pher, or I'om In -il Uat of Ninth America, (Mus bursarius.)") Ascomys canadensis, \. U>h. Acad. Wiss. Berl. 1823, 13, fig.— Brants, Muizen, 1827, 24. — Waon. "Suppl. Schreb. iii, 1843, 383; Abb. K. Baier. Akad. Miinch. xxii, 1846, 327, fig. (skeleton) ". Geomys canadensis, Li:C. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, 158. Geomys drnmmondii, Rich., Sixth Ann. Rep. Brit, Assoc, for 1830. 1. -37, 157 (Texas. A species with double- groove. 1 incisors, apparently exactly equal to what was afterward called brcriceps by Baird). Ascomys dnnnniondii, Wagner, " Suppl. Schreber". Geomys oregonensis, Li ■:(.'.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, 160 (no probability that the assigned locality is correct). Geomys breviceps, Bi>.. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1655, 334 ; M. N. A. 1857, 378, pi. 52, f. 2 a-g (Texas).— Gerr., Cat. Bones Br. Mus. 1862,223. Canada Rat, Sit w\, II. cc. Canada Pouched Bat, Richardson, I. c— Aud. & Bach., I. c. GEOMYIDiE— GEOMYS 13UKSARIUS. 6J3 Hamster du Canada, Desm., I. c. . . • Pseudostome a bourse, Less., I. c. Hiploslome brun, ]). blanche, Desm., Less., U. cc. Canadian Hamster, Griff., '. c. Goffer, Taschenmaus, Semxz, 1. c. Pouched Eat, Sand Eat, Camas Eat, Pocket Gopher, Sal inlander, Vui.GO. G a n f re or Ganffre, French (whence English "gopher", and German "gofl'or"). Diagnosis. — Superior incisors bisulcate, with a flue sharp groove along the inner margin, and another, much larger, bisecting the remaining plane sur- face. Cheek-pouches ample, extending to the shoulders. Hands, including claws, longer than feet. Tail and feet hairy. Pelage soft, sleek, mole-like. Color dull reddish-brown, muddy -gray or hoary beneath, the basal portion of the fur plumbeous throughout (general color sometimes blackish-gray) ; fret and tail, for the most part, white or colorless. Average dimensions of adult, 7 to 8 inches, but ranging from 6.50 to 9.00 at least ; tail, 2 or 3 inches ; fore foo', including longest fore claw, about l£ inches; hind foot, including claw, about \\ inches; longest fore claw, about 0.75 inch, but very variable — from little over 0.50 to 1.25. Habitat — Valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries in a broad sense, and somewhat beyond to the northward. "Canada." Not known to occur in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. Specimens examined from the whole immediate valley of the Mississippi, from the State of that name to Min- nesota and Dakota ; also from Texas; from the Platte, Washita, and Niobrara Rivers, &c ; and from the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. In the female, there are three pairs of teats — two inguinal, near together along the inside of the thighs ; and another pair, pectoral, at a considerable distance. I have not been able to discover any more ; and as the same num- ber and position have been found to hold in G. tuza, mexicanus, and hispidus, such is probably the normal case in this genus; though in species of Thomo- mys I have distinctly recognized six pairs. The character of the incisors demands special notice, as it is diagnostic of the species. Two grooves upon each upper incisor always persist distinctly. One of these is a sharp, fine line of impression, running along the inner margin of the tooth, about the distance of its own width from the edge. The other is a much larger, more profound, and wider sulcus, which fairly bisects the remaining surface, leaving an equal plane area on either side, exclusive of the small portion cut off by the fine marginal groove. This main groove varies a good deal in depth and width in different specimens, and, moreover, is itself sometimes sulcate ; that is to say, this excavation sometimes presents, 614 MONOGUArUS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. on the outer side, a fine ridge, vvbicb marks off a secondary groove within the fust. The same thing occurs in the single-grooved species — castanops, mexi- canus, and hispidus. But this carination of the main groove is not always perceptible, and is generally so fine as to be liable to be overlooked. When most strongly marked, this supplementary groove is just like the inner marginal groove itself; and each tooth then seems to consist of two similar halves.. Table I. — Measurements of forty specimens, fresh and alcoholic, of Geomys bursarius. S a a © 3 o From tip of nose to — Length of— i a 3 Locality. ID o -o 8 H CD U "3 a © i-l s Pi to O m u a u W 3 .5* °o u O '3 H o <2 a u o 4J O <2 ■a 3 M 7327 13*4 !Ki39 ; sole, per- haps 1.50; hand, rather less. Mammas, three pairs, as in other species. Habitat. — Mexico. (Limits of distribution unknown. Not known to occur north of Mexico.) Shares with G. castanops the single median* furrow of the upper inci- sors, but is much larger and different in color. The well-prepared specimenf here described is only equalled in a large series of G. bursarius by a single much over-stuffed example. The pouches, as well as can be judged from the skin, are smaller proportionally than those of the United States species; in this respect being like those of G. hispidus. These two Mexican species further agree in the relative smallness of the hands and less enormous devel- opment of the' claws ; the fore member being shorter or, at most, not longer than the hinder one. The orifice of the external ear presents, in the dried state, a mere rim, around which no flap can be fairly recognized. In color, the specimen is not decidedly different from bursarius, though there is a purity of the chestnut-brown which contrasts with the muddy-brown (in some cases almost a glaucous shade or "bloom") commonly seen in bursarius. The fur is deep plumbeous basally, pointed with the warm brown on the upper parts, and only partially hidden below by muddy-gray and hoary ends of the hairs. Auricular region darkened. Hind feet and tail mostly whitish. There is some whitishness about the lower jaw, and a small white abdominal and anal patch ; these last being of indeterminate character. The plumbago or "anthracite" variation of pelage occurs in this as in other species of this family. * G. hispidus has been described as having a single median furrow ; the emphasis here, however, is upon " single", in antithesis to the double furrow of G. iunariits, without reference to exact position. G. tuza is said to have a ''single" furrow; but the proper implication is merely obsoleteness of the fine inner second furrow usually seen. In G. mcxicanus, as in O. castanops, the furrow is truly tingle and median ; in G. hispidus, single and internal; in G. tuza, apparently single and external. (No. 3533, Mils. Smiths. Inst., Xalapa, Mexico, Dc Oca. GEOMYIDyE— GEOMYS HISriDUS. 619 GEOMYS HISPIDUS, LeC. The Quachil, or Central American Pocket Gopher. Saccophorus qitachil, Gray, P. Z. S. xi, 1843, 79, ex Cohan, Vera Paz, descr. nulla! — Gerr., Cat. Bones Br. Mus. 1862, 223. Geomys hispidus, LeC, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 158 (descr. orig.).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 386, pi. 22, f. 4 a-d.— Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 133.— CODES, Powell's Kep. Colorado K. 1875, 239 (monograph). Psrudostoma (Geomys) hispidum, Aud. & Bach., Q.N. A. iii, 1854, 306. Geomys heterodus, Peters,* Monatsh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864, 177 (Costa Rica). Geomys " hirsutus", Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 131 (hy slip of pen for hispidus). Diagnosis. — Superior incisors with a single strong deep furrow, lying wholly in the inner half of the tooth. f Tail and hind feet naked, or nearly so ; fore feet sparsely hirsute. Fore feet, including claws, decidedly shorter than the hind feet. Pouches moderate, scarcely or not reaching beyond the head. Pelage stiff, hispid, and almost lustreless. Color uniform dull chocolate- brown, merely paler, grayer, or smoky-brown below ; all the hairs one-colored from base to tip. Of largest size; nearly or about a foot long ; girth some 9 inches; tail short, about 3 inches or rather less from extreme base, its naked part only about 2 inches; sole, If— If ; palm, including longest claw, less than this. 9 with only 3 pairs of mammae determined, 2 pairs inguinal, 1 pair pectoral. Habitat. — Mexico and Central America. (Xalapa, Mexico (De Oca) ; Necostla, Mexico (Siimichrast) ; Costa Rica (Zeledon and Carmiol); Guatemala City (Van Patten) ) The most notable external feature is the nakedness of the tail and feet. The tail, in extreme cases, is absolutely bare ; the hind feet, from the tarso- metatarsal joint outward, are nearly bare, though a few bristly hairs may be observed, especially on the toes. The hands share the same nakedness, but in less degree. Specimens vary in these respects ; in some, delicate bristles * Special paper : „Ueber neue Arten der Siiugethiergattuugen Geomys, Haplodon nnd Dasypus." < Loe. cit. pp. 177-1*1. t In the earlier notices hy LeConte and Baird, the character of the upper incisors was not fully indicated, owing to defect of the specimens. These teeth are unisulcate, as in mexicanus, hut the position of tho groove constitutes a perfect specific character. In mexicanus, a single profound groove bisects the tooth ; in hispidus, a similar single groove lies on the inner half of the tooth. In some specimens, indeed, where the groove is widest, it may encroach slightly upon the median line; but it usually lies altogether to one side, the outer plane surface of the tooth being alone as wide as the groove plus the inner piano surface. This character is unique among tho species described in this paper; and it is the basis of G. hetei'odus, as I find upon examining Prof. Peters's paper, which I was not able to consult in the preparation of my previous articles upon this family. Prof. Peters alludes to the origiual S. quachil of Gray, but seems to have overlooked Dr. LeConte's description of G. hispidus. 620 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AM! KHAN RODENTIA. are scattered over the tail, and more evidenl ones clothe the instep; bul the parts always present a peculiar skinny appearance. Tail less than one-fourth as lone as the head and body; hands not as long as the feet : smaller and weaker than in the bursarius group; cheek-pouches are not so highly developed. As well as can be judged from prepared skins, the sacs do not reach to the shoulder; their capacity, in an individual marh a loot long, seems no greater than that of specimens of G. bursarius not more than half as bulky. Tin; external meatus of the ear has a small flap. The hispid pelage is a remark- able feature, being coarse and harsh, almost entirely lustreless, longer than usual, and interspersed with still longer and almost bristly hairs; and the color is uniform to the roots of the hairs. It is characteristic of all the soft-haired species of Geomijs to have plumbeous-colored fur at base, pointed with the particular brown, fulvous, or other shade which determines the appearance to the eye. In G. hispidus, the hairs are unicolor from base to tip ; dark mahog- any-brown, or rather chocolate, a little lighter or darker according to age or season, or fortuitously, but uniform over all the upper parts and sides. Under- neath, the color is paler, like cafe uu hit; sometimes quite smoky-gray or muddy-brown. The under parts frequently show indeterminate patches of white. It is probable that plumbago-colored individuals occur, but I have see me such. The naked parts appear to have been reddish or flesh-colored ; claws horn-color; incisors faced with red. Note, on a skull. In preparing the original memoir, I regretted that I had no skull of either of the Mexican species to describe. Since then I have found a detective specimen in the collection of the National Museum, marked "hispidus — Mex." It is much larger than any United States specimen I have seen, measuring in total length (from occipital crest to incisive alveoli) 2.70 inches, with a width of 1.85 across the widest part of the zygomatic arches. (A good-sized speci- men ol G. bursarius measures in the same dimensions 2.25X1-50.) Greatest depth of skull, without jaw, 1.18 (opposite premolars; the corresponding dimen- sion of G. bursarius is only 0.70). Width across occiput, 1.65. Length of lower jaw (condyle to incisive alveolus), 1.80 (in G. bursarius, 1.45); great- est divergence of rami of the jaw (at the exflected angles), 1.80. The enor- mous under incisors protrude more than an inch — 1.25; the upper incisors are exserted for 0.G5. The zygomatic width is increased by a well-marked G E0MYIDJ3— THOMOMYS. 021 flange-like expansion of 1 lie malar anteriorly, where, af the point of greatest width, the bone is 0.35 in breadth; (lie process extends obliquely downward and outward, with rounded contour. Nothing equalling this special expansion of the malar is seen in any of the United States species, skulls of which have been examined, though the bone is usually thicker in Ihe corresponding portion of its course than elsewhere ; and, in G. castanops particularly, is some- what laminar at the corresponding point. The skull as a whole is "rugged ", with the several ridges and angles highly developed ; the jaw is specially massive. There seems to be a peculiarity in the "set" of the lower incisors, apparently determined by their great protrusion. In G. bursarius, holding the jaw hori- zontal, i. e. with the crowns of the molars on a level, the incisor-tips still incline strongly obliquely forward. In the present species, when the jaw is similarly viewed, the ends of the incisors are vertical, so great is their curva- ture. Various peculiarities of the skull might be noted, but they may be considered covered by the statement of its great massiveness, roughness, and angularity. The pattern of the molar crowns seems to be much the same. Genus THOMOMYS, Maxim. IHplos'oma, Richards, Fu. Bor.-Atn. i, 1829, 20G {nee Raf.). Oryctomys, pt. Eyd. & Gehv , Mag. Zool. vi, 18156, 23. Tliomomys, Maxim., N. Act. Acad. Cacs. Leop. xix, 1839, 383.— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 388.— Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 134 (monographic sketch). — Coues, Powell's Rep. Colorado R. 1K75, 243 (mono- graph).— Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 2d ser. no. ii, 1875, pp. 81 seqq. (cranial characters). Tomomys, Brandt, Beit. Kennt. Siiug. Russl. 1855, 187. (In addition to the foregoing, all the synonyms of Genmys, q. v., have been applied to this genus.) Generic chars. — Superior incisors without median sulcus, but with a fine marginal groove (sometimes obsolete). Crowns of intermediate molars acute-edged exteriorly. Root of inferior incisors causing a protuberance on outside of base of condylar ramus nearly as high as condyle itself; end of mandible thus singularly three-pronged. Zygomata regularly convex out- ward, with a sweeping curve ; their breadth across posteriorly decidedly greater than the intermastoid diameter of the skull. Parietals ridged exter- nally near the squamo-parietal suture. Interparietal rather pentagonal. Nasals widening uniformly from behind forward. Superficies of mastoid bone restricted to less than a fourth of the occipital surface on each side. Bulla? osseas more inflated, quite obtuse anteriorly. Basi-occipital, in the mid- dle, much narrower than the bulla at the same point. A pair of slight pits on the palate behind, not extending beyond the ultimate molars. External 622 MONOGRAPHS OK NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ears, though very small, provided with a distinct auricle. Fore claws mod- erately developed. Containing the smaller species of the family. Distributed from British America to Mexico, from the valley of the Mississippi to the Pacific. Readily distinguished from Geomys by the characters given in the fore- going paragraph, the expressions used being antithetical to those of the diag- nosis of Geomys on p. 611. The numerous species of this genus described by Richardson, LeConte, Baud, and others are reducible to one, with three geographical races. The following schedule exhibits the relations of the several forms as treated by the two latest systematic writers on this genus: — Baibd, 1857. Coues, 1875. 1. Thomomys bulbivorus .. ~\ ( ~\ & ® £? » 2. Thomomys latiaps > Pacific coast region < bulbivorus . . 3. Thomomys douylassii. .. j t. 4. Thomomys t borealis . . . ~\ ( ... ) Northern Interior < i C. Thomomys " lalpoides". J (. 7. Thomomys umbriuus . ..' - J£ .a Southern Interior and Lower California •; t 'J I. ^ .-, ,. , /ouuuiciu lurau IIJJU una vutuwiu s UMBRINUS . 8. Thomomys fiilvus . For a full discussion of the subject, reference may be made to the orig- inal memoir. The following is an epitome of the results attained in the dis- crimination of the three forms: — Size. — The Northern Interior form and the Pacific Coast form are of the same size ; the Southern Interior form averages an inch or two less in total length than the other ; but large specimens of the latter, and small examples of the two former, overlap each other in stature. Form — The Northern Interior race and the Northern styles of the Pacific Coast race have larger fore claws than the Southern style of the Pacific Coast race or than the Southern Interior race. The difference is sufficient to make the whole hand of the former about equal to the foot, while, in the latter, the hand is usually shorter than the foot. But this is only true as a rule; there are many exceptions. In all three of the forms, the tail, measured from its true base, ranges from one-third to one-half the total length of head and body, though only rarely reaching either of these extremes. Nothing can be pred- icated on this score. Color. — The Northern Interior race is a rat-colored animal, hoary-gray underneath, with white tail and feet, much white about the mouth, and no GECMYIDiE— THOMOMYS TALPOIDE3. 023 sooty-blackish there. The Pacific Coast race is a rich dark-brown animal, muddy-bellied, with dusky tail and feet, wholly or in part, and sooty about the mouth. The Southern Interior race is usually a rich tawny or fulvous animal, with partly dark tail or feet, or both, sooty mouth-parts, and white pouches. This race is particularly variable in color; and, in every respect of color, all the races show much variation, and, moreover, intergrade completely. The various forms under which the genus Thomomys is exhibited may be discriminated by the following characters: — ANALYSIS OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES. A. Large. Hind foot an inch or more long. Tail at least one-third as long as head and body. Above brown, reddish, &c. Below gray, brown, reddish, &c. (not white). Ears in a blackish area well developed 1. talpoides. a. Six to eight inches long; fore claws highly developed (0.45 to 0.55 long), making the hand about as long as the foot. Color of the house- rat, with white tail and feet, and usually white about the mouth and throat ; no contrasts of dark color about the mouth. (Northern Interior) a. talpoides. b. Seven to nine inches long; fore claws less developed, usually under 0.50, leaving the hand shorter than the foot. Reddish-brown, the belly muddy-brownish, feet and tail usually not entirely white ; mouth-parts dark, contrasting with white of the pouch-lining. (Pacific Coast) b. buJbivorus. c. Smaller on an average ; usually six to seven inches long. Fore claws about 0.40 or less, leaving the hand decidedly shorter than the foot. Rich fulvous, or even fawn-color, the same below but paler, variously obscured on the back with dusky ; tail and feet usually dark ; face and mouth-parts sooty-blackish, sharply contrasting with white pouch-lining. (Southern Interior and Lower Cali- fornia) - c. umbrinus. B. Small ; decidedly less than six inches long. Hind foot about 0.75 ; fore foot still less. Tail scarcely one-fourth as long as the head and body. Above, pallid yellowish-gray, with a shade of light brosvu ; below, entirely white ; feet and tail white. Ears minute, not in a blackish area. Nose blackish. (Bridger's Pass, Rocky Mountains) 2. clusius. THOMOMYS TALPOIDES, (Rich.) Baird * Northern Pocket Gopher Cricetue talpoides, Ricn., Zool. Jonrn. iii, No. 12, Jau.-Apr. 1828, 518. (Plumbago-colored.) Geomys talpoides, Rich., F. B.-A. i, 1829, 204 ; Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836, vi, 1837, 150, 15G. tSarne as the pre- ceding, but " Florida" assigned wrongly as a locality.) — DeKay, N. Y. Fn. 1842, 92. (Com- piled from Richardson.) — Schinz, Synop. Mamm. ii, 1845, 137. (Compiled from Rich- ardson.)— LeContk, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, 162. (Compiled from Richardson.) Saccophorus taljjoides, Fiscn., Synop. Mamm. 1829, 588 (marked " 388 "). (Compiled from Richardson.) Ascomys talpoides, Wagn., Suppl. Schreb. iii, 1843, 390. (Compiled from Richardson.) I'scudostoma talpoides, Aud. &, Bach., Q.N. A. iii, 1853, 43, pi. 110. (Compiled from Richardson; figuro from the type-specimen,) Geomys (Thomomys) lalpoides, Giebkl, Siing. 1855, 530. (Compiled from Richardson.) Thomomys talpoides, Baiud, M. N. A. 1857, 403. (Compiled from Richardson.)— Codes, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875, 135. — Coues, Powell's Rep. Colorado R. 1875, 250 (monographic; Richardson's species identified, described, aud discussed). "Special paper: "Short characters of a few Quadrupeds procured on Capt. Franklin's late Expe- dition." < The Zoological Journal, iii, No. 12, Jan.-Apr. 1828, pp. 516-520. I'.lM MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Geomys borealis, Rich., Eep. Brit. Assoc, for ls:;c, % i, 1837, 150, described on p. l.'.r. (" Saskatchewan.")— Bachm., .Iiimiii. Acad. Nat. Soi. Pbila. L839, 103. (Origiually described from Richardson's type, "Col iii:i 1.'.," marked " Pseudosioma borealis, Rich.") DeKay, N. Y. l'n. 1842, 92. (Compiled from Bacbman.) — Schlnz, Synop. Mamm. »;, 1845, 136. (Compiled from Bach man.) Ascomys borealis, Wagn., Snppl. Schreb. lii, 1843, 391. (Compiled.) Saceophorus borealis, GTtAY, List Br. Mns. 1843, 149 ("Canada;" mere mention, with bouio wrong syno- nyiiis).— Mriiii', P. Z.S. 1870, 80 (as hosi of CEetrus). l\ntdosloma borealis, "Rich. MSS." — Acd. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, V.)*, pi. 142. (Description and fig- ure apparently from the original specimens.) Thomomys borealis, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 1857, 396, pi. 22, figs. 2a-c. (Account from types of " borealis " and "townsendii", in Mns. l'liila. Acad., with which a Californian specimen is considered probably identical.) — N'r.wn., P. R. E. Rep. vi, 1857, 59 (rests on the Californian specimen jnst mentioned). Geomys toumsendii, " Rich. MSS." — Bachm., Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1839, 105. ("Columbia R." Described as distinct from "borealis", with much besitatiou, entirely in deference to Rich- ardson.)—Rich., Zool. Voy. Blossom, 1839, p. 12'.— DeKay, N. Y. Fn. 1842, 92. (Compiled from Bacbman.) — Schikz, Synop. Mamm. ii, 1845, 137. (Compiled.) Ascomys townsendii, Wagn., Snppl. Schreb. iii, 1843, 391. Qeomys unisulcatus, Gray, "Br. Mns." — Gray, I. c. Thomomys rufescens, Maxim., Nov. Act. Acad. G'a?s.-Leop. xix, pt. i, 1839, 383; Arch. f. Naturg. 1841, pt. ii, 42 ; ibid. 1861, — ; Verz. Siiug. N.-Am. Reise, 1862, 149, pi. 4, f. 5 (penis-bone). (In the last quotation, tbe generic name is spelled "Tomomys ".) (Missouri region.) — Sciiinz, Synop. Mamm. ii, 1845, 134 (exclusive of the synonym Oryctomys botlw, Eyd. & Gerv.). (Compiled from Maximilian ; California erroneously assiguel as tbe locality.) — Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vii, 1855, 335; M. N. A. 1857, 397. (Redescription of specimens from "Nebraska", i. e., Dakota; Forts Pierre, Randall, and Union.) — Baird, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, Gunnison's and Beckwitb's Routes, Mamm. p. 8, pi. 10, f. 1 (tbe same). — STEVENSON, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 462 (Wyoming).— Ames, Bull. Minn. Acad, i, 1874, 70 (cata- logued upon presumption of its occurrence in Minnesota). — Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. xvii, 1874, 43 (Yellowstone River) ; Bull. Ess. Inst, vi, 1874, 56, 61, 65 (rather supposed than known to be tbis species). Geomys rufescens, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vi, 1852, 161. (Redescribed from types of " bore- alis " and " townsendii ", iu Philadelphia Academy, marked " Columbia River ".) Ascomys rufescens, Wagn., Snppl. Schreb. iii, 1843, 387. Geomys ( Thomomys) rufescens, Giebel, Siiug. 1855, 530. Thomomys "fulvus ", Merr., Aun. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 665. (Ncc Woodb.) Diagnosis — Coloration almost exactly that of the house-rat (Mus decu- manus) — sometimes assuming a more reddish phase, occasionally blackish- plumbeous ; tail and feet white, and much of the chin, throat, and breast white in irregular patches, where the fur is white to the base. No sooty- blackish about the mouth-parts; no obvious distinction in color between the pouch and its surroundings; no strongly-pronounced reddish-brown on the under parts; general tone of coloration never decidedly tawny. Ears set in a small blackish area. Length, 6 to 8 inches; tail, 3 inches or less, decidedly less than half the length of head and body ; fore and hind feet (claws included) approximately equal to each other, 1.10 to 1.25; longest fore claw little less 1 han the length of the rest of the hand, about 0.50. Mammae, 6 pairs — 2 pairs inguinal, pectoral, and axillary, respectively. In some specimens, however, one or two pairs apparently fail to develop, generally the axillary ones. GEOMYID.E— THOMOMYS TALPOIDES. 625 Habitat. — Supposed to occur in the Interior of North America, from "Hudson's Bay" to the "Columbia River", and to occupy about the northern half of the United States west of the Mississippi, exclusive of the Pacific Coast region ; being replaced, to the west, by T. bulbivorus, and, to the south, by T. umbrinus. (Undoubted specimens seen from Selkirk Settlement, British America ; from Minnesota westward through Dakota and Montana to the Rocky Mountains ; and from Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.) Table II. — Measurements of eight fresh specimens of THOMOMYS talpoides. u CI .= a a a a 2 0 o Locality. Collector. M From tip of nose to — > o ** * 3 ' 'Si H Lengtb of— CS *3 o u 2. to V a o a « j '3 a, « o e H s « 0 .£• '3 (3 O o .8 e u o s 11515 11517 11518 11520 1152-2 1 o 54 Souris River, Dakota Pembina, Dakota do . do Dr. E. Coues, U. S. A . . do do : dr. do X ¥ lta Alston rr Schiromorpha Brandt, emend.), the possession of perfect clavi- cles; a nearly perfectly free fibula; small incisive foramina, not extending into the maxillary ; the obsolescence of the outer wall of the pterygoid fossae, and the absence of an intcrptcrygoid fissure; a small, naked muffle and a cleft upper lip. The zygomatic arch is formed mainly by the malar, and the angular portion of the mandible springs "from the lower edge of the bony covering of the lower incisor" {Alston). The Sciuridce are distinguished from the other families of the Sciuro- morphs by the following characters: — The Anomaluridce differ from the Sci- uridce by the absence of postorbital processes, and in possessing a large ante- orbital foramen, a narrower palate, which is contracted anteriorly and deeply emarginate behind, and in having the molars non-tuberculate, flat-crowned, and with loops of enamel. The Ischyromyidce differ from the Sciuridce in having large anteorbital foramina, a sagittal crest, and no postorbital process. The ILiplwlontidce have the grinding-teeth "rootless, simple, and prismatic", and postorbital processes are absent, etc. The Castoridce (taking Castor as the type) differ from the Sciuridce in lacking the postorbital processes; in the molars being semi-rooted, with involutions of the enamel border; in the form of the descending ramus of the lower jaw, the disproportionately large hind limbs, fully webbed hind feet, flat, naked tail, etc. While in Castor the anteorbital portion of the skull is Sciurine, all close resemblance to the Sci- uridce here ceases. The Casloroididce differ from the Sciuridce through the rootless, compound nature of the grinding-teeth, in the possession of several Castorine features, and the structure of the pterygoid process, etc. The family Sciuridce embraces a considerable variety of forms, but they so insensibly intergrade that it is almost impossible to separate them into characterizablc subfamilies, the differences being wholly adaptative, and of no great importance. The passage from the one extreme of Sciuropterus to the other of Arctomys is by very gradual steps. The lithe, graceful, arboreal Sci- uri differ but. little from Xerus and Tamias, forms still partially arboreal, while Tamias and Spermophilus so intergrade that some species are doubt- fully referable to the one rather than the other. The passage from Sper- SCI URIDiE— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. G39 mophilus to Cynomys is almost again without hiatus. Arctomys is again not greatly different from Cynomys and some of the larger species of Spe?-/nophi- lus. Whatever character is taken, whether the general form, the dentition, the size of the ear, the character of the tail, the presence or absence of cheek- pouches, or even habits, and especially if all are taken collectively, no strong lines of demarcation can anywhere be drawn, and even the question of the number of properly recognizable genera is one of not easy solution. The division of the group into subfamilies, or "tribes", is generally made between Tamias and Spermophilus, the former being associated with Xerus, Sciurus, Pteromys, and Sciuropterus to form a group Sciurina, or "True Squirrels", and the latter (with its subdivisions) with Cynomys and Arctomys to form the subfamily, or "tribe", ArctomyincB, or "Burrowing Squirrels". I find, however, that here no line of separation can be drawn, Tamias and Spermo- vliilus so thoroughly intergrading that no feature serves to trenchantly separate them. A much better hiatus occurs between Cynomys and Spennophilus, or even between Cynomys and Arctomys, or again between Sciuropterus and Sciurus. Between Pteromys, Sciuropterus, and Sciurus, the chief difference con- sists in the presence, in the two former, of a narrow, flying membrane con- necting the fore and hind limbs, supported by fascia articulating with the carpus. Neither the dentition, the skull, nor the general osteology exhibits any important, differences. Xerus differs from Sciurus in certain modifica- tions of the pelage, which is sparser and harsher, and in having shorter ears and tail, and in being more terrestrial in its habits. Tamias still greatly resembles Sciurus, but has shorter ears, internal cheek-pouches, with more fossorial feet, and also differs in being more terrestrial. On the other hand, Tamias and Spennophilus are scarcely generically separable. In Spcrmophi- lus, two premolars are constantly present, the first variable in size, but usually functionally developed ; the dentition is stronger and the grinding-teeth are more firmly implanted. The species vary in having the ear large or rudimentary; the tail long or short, terete or distichous ; the skull long and narrow, espe- cially the facial portion, and the zygomatic arches moderately expanded, or broader and relatively shorter, with heavier and more widely expanded zygo- mata, etc.; the general size varies from those of the size of Tamias to those nearly equaling Cynomys, and in form from extreme slenderness to species nearly or quite as thick-set as either Cynomys or Arctomys; yet no single set G40 MONOGRAPHS OF NOETII AMERICAN RODENTIA. • of characters, or even any combination of characters, will serve for the subdi- vision of Spermophilus into distinct generic groups, or even satisfactorily de- finable subgenera. In the large, slender-bodied, bushy-tailed forms, there is an approach even to Sciurus, not only in general form but in the proportions of the skull and in the small size of the first premolar; on the other hand, the large, thick-bodied, short-tailed forms ditfer little either in general form or in cranial details from Cynomys. Arctomys, again, is little more than an exagge rat ed Spermoph ilus. Genetically, Arctomys may be considered as the point of departure in the development of the family, as it is geologically one of the earliest forms of the group. Arctomys leads readily into Spermophilus, and Spermophilus into Cynomys. On the one hand, the larger, slender-bodied, bushy-tailed species of Spermophilus show a tendency toward Sciurus proper, as some of the other large forms lead toward Arctomys and Cynomys; some of the smaller species, with large ears, long, flat, bush}' tails, small first premolar, and general Sci urine form, grade insensibly into Tamias, while Xcrus may have come off from the short-eared, terete-tailed phase of the same rather heterogeneous group. The hiatus between some of the forms of Tamias and the more arboreal Sciuri is by no means striking, while Pteromys and Sciuropterus seem to be only more specialized types of the strictly Sciurine form, in which the already highly specialized arboreal adaptation is carried still further through the addition of a supporting membrane, enabling them to assume, an imperfect mode of aerial locomotion. It hence follows that in Arctomys we find the most generalized type of the family; in Pte- romys and Sciuropterus, the most specialized. Through Arctomys, also, we get a distant affiliation with other types of the Sciuromorphs, especially with Castoridte and Haplodontidce, while Anomalurus may be a still further special- ized offshoot in the direction of Pteromys. SYNOPSIS OP THE GENERA. I. Skull and dentition essentially as in Sciurus ; upper premolars two, the first minute ; limbs uniti d by a furred membrane, supported auteriorly by a slender bone articulating with the carpus ; ears large, sparsely furred ; no cbeek-pouches ; nail of pollex rudimentary ; pelage very soft and furry ; tail very broad ; size small Soiwopterui. II. Similar in external character to the preceding, but with important differences in dentition, in respect to the relative size of the grinding-teeth and their structure; the posterior premolar and the last molar being much smaller than the first and second true molars, instead of nearly equalling them in size, and the triturating surface of the molars having a more complex system of tubercles and ridges; size large rterum^s. SCICKID.33— SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. G41 III. Skull short, broad, and rounded ; postorbital processes well developed, slender, directed downward and backward ; zygomatic arches usually slender, the malar expanded in a nearly vertical plane, sometimes turned slightly outward dorsally ; anteorbital foramen a narrow slit, anterior to the zygomatic process of the maxillary ; upper premolars either two or one < two as a rule) ; when two are present, the first isahvays small and sometimes deciduous; ears moderate, well clothed, and sometimes conspicuously tufted; no cheek-pouches; nail of pollex rudimentary; pelage generally soft, but occasionally coarse and more or less rigid ; tail broad, with the hairs mostly- directed laterally Sciurus. IV. Skull, in general form, intermediate between that of Sciurus and Tamias ; postorbital processes smaller, and the nasal bones narrower (at least than in Sciurus); no cheek-pouches; ears very small or rudimentary ; tail shoit, but slightly flattened ; pelage harsh, consisting of flattened, grooved spines and coarse bristly hairs, with little under fur Xerus. V Skull narrowed anteriorly ; postorbital processes very slender, directed downward and backward ; zygomatic arches more expanded and depressed anteriorly, and the plane of expansion of the malar more oblique; anteorbital foramen oval, situated in the base of the zygomatic process of the maxillary ; upper premolars either two or one ; when two are present, the first is gener- ally minute ; large internal cheek -pouches; ears of mtdium size, well clothed, but never tufted; pollex with a well developed nail; tail rather broad, but shorter and much narrower than in Sciurus and Sciuroj>tcrus ; pelage soft; dorsal surface with longitudinal stripes; size rather small - Tamias. VI. Skull variable in form, being either narrow and elongate or short and broad, much as in Sci«n<« ,• po8torbital processes generally triangular, strong, and directed downward; zygomatic process of the maxillary depressed and expanded ; plane of the malar bone turned outward, sometimes expanded nearly horizontally; zygomatic arches spreading; anteorbital foramina placed more anteriorly than iu Tamias, much as in Sciurus, but rather larger and more circular, with a strongly developed tubercle at the outer lower bolder; upper premolars always two the first variable in size, but always larger than in the preceding genera, in some species rela- tively nearly as large as in Cynomys ; grinding-teeth in some species nearly as iu Sciurus, in- creasing in size in other species till nearly as strong as in Cynomys; cheek-pouches well devel- oped ; body slender or thick-set ; tail long, moderate, or short ; ears large, medium, or rudiment- ary, never tufted ; nail of pollex gentrally ludimeutaiy ; character of the pelage and pattern of coloration variable Spermophilas. VII. Skull strong and massive, rather short and broad; zygomatic arches widely expanded ; malar rather slight, its plane oblique; muzzle narrow ; postorbital processes long, strong, and directed downward; anteorbital foramina rather large, subtriangnlar, thrown outward basally, and placed well forward ; upper premolars two, the first large, of the same breadth antero-posteri- orly as the other grinding-teeth ; dentition very heavy, the grinding-teeth with the transverse breadth twice the antero- posterior, the last molar much larger than the others, and subtriangn- lar ; the molar series strongly convergent posteriorly; body heavy, thick-set ; cheek-pouehes not large; tail short; ears rudimentary ; nail of pollex well developed ; pelage short and rather harsh Cynomyx. VIII. Skull with the dorsal outline nearly straight ; -frontal region flat or depressed; in other respects the form is much as in Cynomys, but with heavier postorbital processes, not (or but- slightly) decurved, much weaker dentition, and the molar series parallel ; interparietal and occipital crests much more strongly developed than in the other genera; size large; body stout, broad, depressed; cheek -pouches absent or small ; tail short, bushy ; ears small ; nail of pollex broad, flat; pelage coarse, heavy Arctomys. In the first five genera, the skull is more or less convex above, being in the first three highly arched, but generally much less so in Sper?nophilus, and still less in Cynomys, while in Arctomys it is nearly straight. The postorb- ital processes become much heavier in Cynomys than in the preceding genera, but reach si ill greater development in Arctomys. The skull is generally des- titute of ridges fur muscular attachment, but such ridges are generally trace- aide in aged individuals, even in Sciurus, in which, however, they are widely separated, converging posteriorly. In most of the Spermophiles, they are more 41 M 642 MONOGKArnS OF NOIITII American rodentia. strongly developed than in Sciurus, are placed higher up on the skull, and unite more anteriorly to form a short interparietal crest ; in Cynomys, these ridges meet in very old individuals at only a short distance behind the post- orbital processes, and form thence posteriorly a slight interparietal crest. Though present in even comparatively young specimens, this crest has a less anterior extension. In Arctomys, the interparietal and occipital crests arc, in the adults, strongly developed. The antero-posterior thickness of the incisors varies with the general form of the skull and with the nature of the food. In the arboreal Squirrels, which feed largely upon hard nuts, the antero- posterior diameter at the base is two to three times greater than the trans- verse ; in Tamias and the most Sciurine Spermophiles (as Sp. grammurus), the antero-posterior diameter is only twice the transverse or less ; in the more slender Spermophiles, with elongate skulls, which feed on herbaceous vegeta- tion, the two diameters are more nearly equal, and the teeth relatively much smaller and comparatively slender. The outer edges are also rounded, while in the arboreal Squirrels, and those with strong incisors, the outer side is Hat. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Representatives of the Sciurida: are found throughout all the continental lands of the globe except Australia, but they are by far the most numerous in the Northern Hemisphere. Sciurus, with the exception named, is nearly cosmopolitan ; Cynomys, on the other hand, is restricted to a comparatively small portion of North America. Arctomys, Tamias, Spermophilus, and Sci- vropterus are found throughout the temperate and cold-temperate portions of the Northern Hemisphere, Spennop/tilus reaching its greatest numerical devel- opment in North America. Pteromys occurs only in the tropical portions of Asia, and Xerus is limited to Africa. The Sciuridce are represented in South America by only the single genus Sciurus, and by comparatively few species, which are generally not numerously represented in individuals. Passing northward, the Sciuri are much more abundant in Central America and Mex- ico, the genus being represented in Southern Mexico by more species than elsewhere, in any equal area, in the New World. In the United States, rarely more than three species occur anywhere together, while north of the United States the genus is represented by only a single species. Europe has likewise only a single species, but a considerable number occur in Asia and others in Africa. SCIURID^E— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. 643 Owing to the great tendency to variation exhibited by the Squirrels everywhere, both individually and geographically, especially among the Sciuri, it is difficult, with our present inexact knowledge of the subject, to compare satisfactorily one geographical region with another in respect to the number of species actually existing in different parts of the world. The species occurring in North America north of Mexico have been studied more care- fully, and with far better facilities in the way of material, than those of any other equal area, with the result of greatly reducing the number of species formerly recognized. During the last twenty-five years, the number of sup- posed North American Sciuri has been reduced from twenty-seven species to six, with six or seven additional geographical races, or subspecies. It is but fair to suppose that those of Mexico, of Asia, and of Africa, when equally well known, will be similarly reduced, especially those of Asia, where authors have evidently excessively multiplied synonyms.* Professor Baird, in 1857, in elaborating the large amount of material then at his disposal, found it neces- sary to reduce the number of North American Sciuri (exclusive of those of Mexico), from the twenty-seven previously supposed to exist to twelve, f while the subsequent great increase of available material now renders it appa- rent that the number of non-intergrading forms is one-half less than he felt authorized in retaining. In respect to the subject of individual and geographical variation among our Squirrels,I cannot refrain from quoting Professor Baird's judicious observa- tions, especially since he was the first to call attention to the great variability of the North American Sciuri. In his great work on the Mammals of North America, published in 1857, he says: — "The determination of the species of Squirrels of North America has always been a matter of great difficulty, owing to many different reasons. The species themselves exhibit an unusual tendency to run into varieties of color, among which red, gray, and black are the predominating ones, with all * Dr. Gray, in 1867 (see Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. vol. xx), recognized forty-three species of Sciuri (= Macroxi and Sciuri Gray) from Asia, ten from Africa, and forty from America, nearly half of the latter being described by him (in a single paper) as new (besides many "varieties"), all from the warmer parts of the two Americas, while a large proportion of the names previously given by other authors to the Scitiri of Mexico and Central and South America were left unidentified. A single species (Sciurus vulgaris), quite variable in color, he properly allowed to represent thegenusin Europe; while, in respect to the species of North America, he wisely accepted the reductions made by Professor Baird. With a large amount of material before me, I am unable to recognize more than fourteen species, with a few additional varieties, and believe that this number will have to be still further reduced as additional material becomes accessible. tTwo of these were doubtfully admitted. G44 MONOGRAMS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. possible intermediate shades; these varieties arc sometimes more or less con- stant in particular localities, sometimes changing with every litter. I am not aware that there is any material difference of color at different seasons or ages in the same animal. "Another source of perplexity to the naturalist is the alteration in aver- age size with the latitude. Many of our animals become smaller as we pro- ceed southward, until, on the seacoast of Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf, they reach their minimum. This is very strikingly seen in the common Deer f ( 'a/iacus virgin'uinus], which on the sea islands of Georgia is so small as to be readily lifted and thrown across a horse with perfect ease by a man of ordinary strength. It is in the Sciuridce that, next to the Deer, we find this law to prevail most decidedly. Nearly all the species of extensive north and south range will be found, on careful examination, to substantiate this position. "A similar variation in color to that of the Squirrels is seen in the Foxes and Wolves, [*] most strikingly in the former. It is now well known that the Red, Cross, and Black Foxes are identical in species, the same litter fre- quently embracing all the colors, and that some of these varieties again are more or less permanent, while the more boreal the locality the greater the tendency to black. This is the case also with the Squirrels, where the smaller species assume the black pelage to the greatest extent in the more northern portions of the United States. "As a general rule it may be stated that when a Squirrel exhihits any annotations of the fur on the throat or belly it is a variety of some species, typical specimens of which have the under parts either uniformly white or reddish to the roots, which, however, are sometimes plumbeous. In every such instance that has come under my examination I have had no difficulty in tracing it to its proper type. Such annulation is usually accompanied by a duskier color of the pelage. The tendency to annulation below is strongest in the Squirrels of- the Mississippi Valley, and applies both to gray and fox- colored species. No such instances of annulation have yet come under my notice among the Squirrels west of the Rocky Mountains. As a general rule the bones of the entire skeleton of the Fox Squirrels, or those with rusty bellies, are red, while the white-bellied varieties have them white. "After carefully examining a large number of American Squirrels I * Set) also on this point Bull. U. S. Gcol. and Geogr. Surveys of the Territories, vol. ii, pp. 313-321, July, 1870. SCIURlDiE— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. 645 have reluctantly come to the conclusion that very many of the species borne on the scientific records must be dropped, or reduced to the position of tem- porary or local varieties. I hope to be relieved from the imputation of wanton and unnecessary reduction in the number of species when I state that the spe- cies already published as new by myself have in nearly every case shared the fate of others of older date. The nominal species have usually been based on varying size or different colors of different specimens. The dusky varieties and those with the hairs of the under parts annulated have in nearly every instance been raised to the rank of a distinct species. "In the following pages it will be seen that I recognize only twelve species of Squirrels [Sciuri] as satisfactorily proved to belong to the United States, and should S. limitis and castanonotus prove to be nominal ones, as it is not at all unlikely [and as has been found to be the case], the number will be reduced to ten from the twenty-four given by Audubon and Bachman."* As already stated, a great increase of material has shown that not only was the reduction in the number of species of North American Sciurl, made by Professor Baird in 1^57, made with good reason, but that a still further reduction was necessary. In 1874, in a preliminary paper on the North American Sciuridce,\ I felt authorized in reducing the number of Sciuri from the twelve recognized by Professor Baird to five distinct and definable species and about seven additional subspecies or intergrading geographical varieties. Owing to the large amount of variation with locality, obviously resulting from climatic and geographical causes, the number of properly recognizable or namable varieties is in a measure a matter of opinion or individual prefer- ence; and, though aware that others might deem a larger number of nam- able varieties admissible, I do not judge it necessary to depart much from the number adopted in my synopsis of the group published three years ago. From that paper, in which I referred somewhat at length to the general sub- ject of geographical variation among the North American Sciur'ulce, I quote the following, with some slight verbal alteration : — "Among the Squirrels, this increase [in intensity of color from the north southward] is finely illustrated in Sciurus hudsonius and in Tamias striatus, representatives of which from the southern parts of New York and Pennsyl- vania arc much more highly colored than are those from Northern New Eng- * Mammals of North Ami rica, pp. 244, 245, t Proc Bobi, Soe. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, pp. 276-294, Feb. 1874. By inadvertence, the listof species was said to include all the species found " north, of the Isthmus of Panama ", instead of north of Mexico. C4G MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN ItODENTIA. hind and the British Provinces. Sciurus carolinensis is perhaps a still more marked example, in which the color varies from the light pure gray of the upper parts in New England specimens, with a restricted pale yellowish- brown dorsal area, to the rusty-gray dorsal surface of the Florida type, in which the whole upper surface is usually strongly yellowish-rusty. This increase of color southward is, however, still more strongly marked in the Fox Squirrels of the Mississippi Basin — the so-called Sciurus 'ludovicianus'. In specimens from Ohio, Northern Illinois, Southern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa, the lower parts are pale fulvous, varying in some specimens to nearly white. In Southern Illinois, and at St. Louis, Mo., the color increases to a strong bright fulvous, while in specimens from Lower Louisiana the color is reddish-fulvous or deep orange. At the same time, the color of the dorsal surface becomes proportionally darker at the southward, through the greater breadth of the black annulations at the tips of the hairs, the dorsal surface in Louisiana specimens being many shades darker than in those from the Upper Mississippi. This variety also finely illustrates the variation in color seen in specimens from comparatively dry and moist regions, its habitat extending up the Missouri and its western tributaries to a point considerably above Sioux City. Beginning with Ohio specimens and passing westward, we find an increase of color in those from Northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa, west of which point the color rapidly decreases in intensity, Nebraska [and Dakota] specimens being much paler than those taken on the same parallel near the Mississippi River. Specimens from the Indian Territory are also very much paler than those from St. Louis, as are Texas ones than those from Louisiana. Even between specimens from the prairies of North- western Louisiana and others from the lowlands of the same State, near the Mississippi River, the difference in color is very strikingly marked.'' In addition to the variation in color with latitude referred to above, there is, as is now well known, an equally well marked, if not even still greater, variation in color between representatives of the same species in respect to longitude, in not only the Squirrels, but among both Mammals and Birds that range across the continent. In respect to this variation in the Squirrels, I have already spoken, in the above-cited paper, substantially as follows: — " But few specific forms, however, have a sufficiently wide range to illustrate the variations that obtain along a given parallel across the whole breadth of the continent, the Sciurus kudsonius group being the only instance sciuitnxas— geographical distribution and variation. 647 among the Squirrels. Others, however, show the transition that obtains in passing from the moist, fertile prairies of the Mississippi Valley to the dry plains, or from the deserts and mountainous districts of the interior to the moist region bordering the Pacific coast north of the parallel of 40° SpermophUus tridecem-lineatus furnishes a good illustration of the differences in color that occur between representatives of the same species living on the moist, fertile prairies and those inhabiting the dry, barren plains, those from Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa being much darker than those from Western Nebraska, Western Kansas, and Colorado. Even specimens from Eastern Kansas are much darker than those from the middle and western portions of the same State. In this species, the color is varied, in passing from the prairies to the plains, not only by the lighter shade of the dark ground-color, but by the considerably greater breadth of the light spots and stripes in the specimens from the plains. The SpermophUus grammurus group (composed of the 8. grammurus, S. heechcyi, S. douglassi, etc., of aut hoi's) illustrates not only a similar variation in intensity of color between the inhabitants of dry and moist regions, but also a somewhat changed style of coloration. Beginning with the nearly uniformly gray or grizzled type of Texas and Southeastern New Mexico, we pass to the more rufous or reddish phase of the central portions of the Rocky Mountains (in Colorado), which also has an increased amount of hoariness on the sides of the neck and shoulders, to the form west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, typically repre- senting the SpermophUus beecheyi, in which the hoariness forms broad lateral bands separated by a narrow brown medial stripe. This form in Northern California passes into the so-called SpermophUus douglassi, which differs chiefly from S. beecheyi in having the medial stripe darker, or nearly black. " Two of the most instructive and interesting groups of the Sciurida, in this connection, are those of the common Sciurus hudsonius and Tamias quadrivittatus, [*] the former ranging over the northern half of the continent, and the latter extending over the western half of North America and Eastern Asia. In the Sciurus hudsonius group, we have at the east the well-known Chickaree (S. hudsonius), extending westward to the Plains and northwest- ward to Alaska, with its brighter and smaller southern form in the Eastern Atlantic States. On the arid plains of the Platte and Upper Missouri Rivers, it presents a markedly paler or more fulvous phase, well illustrated by speci- * Tamias asialicus of the vireseut memoir. See posted,, the account of the geuus Tamias. |',4S MONOGRAPHS or NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. mens from the Black Hills. This form l)ccomcs even still paler and more fulvous ;i( the eastern base of the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, be- tween latitude 4o" and 47°, where it begins to pass by insensible stages of gradation into the so-called Sciurus richardsoni of the Rocky Mountains north of 45°, and t he so-called Sciurus fremonti of the Rocky Mountains south of about the same parallel. In the collections made in Western Wyoming, near the Yellowstone Lake, occur many specimens which are so exactly intermediate between the three forms (S. hudsonius, S. richardsoni, and S.fremonti), whose habitats here meet, that it is impossible to say which of the three they most resemble. At the same time, specimens can be selected which will form a series of minute gradations from the pale form of hudsonius from the Plains, on the one hand, to the richardsoni and fremonti forms on the other. To the southward of this district we soon pass into the region of the typical fremonti, and to the westward and northward into the habitat of the richardsoni type. Even t he country about the sources of the Gros Ventres Fork of the Snake River is already within the range of the true richardsoni.* The habitat of S. richardsoni extends from the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, north of latitude 44°, to the Cascade Range. Here it becomes mixed with S. douglassi, which scarcely differs from S. richardsoni, except in being a little darker above, and in having the ventral surface more or less strongly tinged with bntf, varying in different specimens from cinereous to pure buff. This form prevails from the Cascade Range to the Pacific coast, southward to Northern California, and northward probably to Sitka. In Northern California, the S. douglassi meets the range of the true S. fremonti, between which two forms there is here the most gradual and intimate intergradation. In this group, we have hence four forms, which in their extreme phases of mutual divergence, appear as diverse as four good congeneric species need to, but which, at points where their respective hab- itats join, pass into etch other as gradually as do the physical conditions of the localities at winch their extreme phases are developed. ''The Tamias quadrivittatus groupf presents an ecpially, or even more, striking range of variation in color, and also varies to an unusual degree in " * While the prevailing color above in S. hudsonius is light yellowish-brown, varying to bright fer- ruginous along the middle of the back, in S. richardsoni it is dull rusty or dark chestnut-browD, and in S.fremonti pale brownish-gray. The prevailing color of the tail in S. hudsonius is nsnally yellowish- rusty, varying to dark ferruginous, with broad annotations of black ; in S. richardsoni, it is black, varied more or less with rusty; in S.frrmonli, black, varied with gray.'' "\ Iiimiim quadriviltatus, T.pallasi, T. townsendi, and T. dorsalis of Americau authors." SCIURIDiE— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. 649 size. Beginning at the northward, we find that specimens from as far south as Pembina, and thence northward, are quite [indistinguishable from speci- mens from Northeastern Asia, or the so-called Tamias 'pallasi' {T. paMasi Baird = T. striatus of most European authors). This form is found to only a limited extent south of the northern boundary of the United States, where, on the plains of the Upper Missouri, it passes into the blanched, pallid form of T. quadrivittatus (T. quadrivittatus var. pallidus nobis, — see beyond), and further westward into the true T. quadrivittatus of the Rocky Mountains, and still further westward into the so-called T. townsendi of tlie Pacific coast. In this group, the greatest pallor is reached on the plains of the Yellowstone, and in the deserts of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. In the central portions of the Rocky Mountains (Colorado and portions of New Mexico), a form is devel- oped, distinguished by its generally bright, strong colors, but especially for the rich fulvous tints of the sides of the body, to which there is but a slight tendency either in the northern form or the pallid form of the plains. Both, however, very gradually pass into the rufous-sided type, the pallid form wherever the plains approach the mountains (as along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, the Uintah, Sierra Nevada, and others of the more southern ranges), gradually becoming fulvous, while the darker northern form grades into the larger fulvous race of the more northern portions of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Idaho. This larger fulvous race west of the main divide soon begins to assume a duller, more fuscous shade, deepening finally into the very fuscous form ( T. townsendi) of the region between the Cascade Range and the Pacific coast. In this form, the general color increases so much in depth as to become dusky yellowish-brown, and both the light and the dark stripes become obscure, and occasionally almost entirely obsolete, through the gradual accession of color. Between the extreme phase of this fuscous type and the extreme phase of the pallid type of the Plains, in which the stripes are sometimes again partially obsolete, through the extreme light- ness of the general color, the differences are very great indeed. Yet in placing the scores of specimens I have had the opportunity of examining in a geographical series, or arranging them simply according to their localities, a most thorough and minute intergradation becomes at once apparent. The difference in size, too, between northern and southern specimens, is also unusually great; the pale, southern form of the Plains, and the extremely bright, fulvous form of Colorado and New Mexico, being very much smaller 050 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. than the northern, darker form, or than the fuscous type of the northwest coast. ''As corroborative evidence that these varied types of coloration are but geographical races, it becomes interesting to observe that the light and dark and the fulvous and rufous forms, respectively, of the different species, occur over the same areas. With the fuscous type of Tamias quadrivit talus occur the dark types of Sciurus hudsonius, and the dark- backed form of Spermo- phUus grammurus, and also a peculiar dusky form of Arctomys and of Lepus, and a dark form of SpermophUus richardsoni. On the Plains occur pallid forms of Sciurus ' ludovicianus\ Sciurus hudsonius, Tamias quadrivittatus, and SpermophUus richardsoni. With the fulvous type of Tamias quadrivittatus occurs a rufous form of SpermophUus grammurus ; but the form of Sciurus hudsonius, occurring over the same area, presents the exceptional condition of a minimum amount of rufous." "In addition to the tendency to cliange of color with locality, there is another phase of color variation that requires, in this connection, a passing notice, — namely, melanism. It is now well known that almost every species of Mammal may be expected to present melanistic individuals, instances of its occurrence in the majority of the North American species being now well established. Indeed, the very fact of a melanistic phase of coloration may be looked upon as almost a priori evidence that the individuals presenting it belong to a melanistic race of some species whose normal color is some other tint than black, as Professor Band long since remarked in respect to the American Squirrels. It has been supposed that the tendency to melanism is more prevalent at the northward ; but such does not appear to be necessarily the case. Among the Sciuridce, for instance, a group rather remarkable for a tendency to melanistic varieties, the black and dusky forms are as often southern as northern. In some species, melanistic individuals are as rare as are the cases of albinism, as in Sciurus hudsonius, the species of Tamias, and in many of the SpermophUi, while in others they are sometimes the common, if not the prevalent, form over a considerable area, as occurs in Sciurus caro- linensis and Sciurus cinereus. Melanism is akso of frequent occurrence in Sciurus aberti [*] and in SpermophUus grammurus; the latter presents a melan- istic form both in Texas and Lower California. SpermophUus parryi has also a black race along the Yukon River, and frequent instances of melanism are ['Melanism of this species Large); predominates over the normal coloration iu Colorado.] SCIURIDiE— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. G51 well known in all the species of Arctomys. In numerous instances, these melanistic individuals and melanistic forms have been described as distinct species, while in reality they are generally so sporadic in their occurrence as to render them hardly worthy of recognition, even as varieties. " The gradual increase of our knowledge in respect to the character of these melanistic forms, and especially in regard to the extent and character of geographical variation, necessarily leads to the modification of our views in respect to the status of many forms that have formerly passed current as more or less well-established species, and also to consequent changes in nomenclature. The representatives of few groups are more variable in respect to color, even among individuals of the same species inhabiting the same locality, than the arboreal Squirrels. Add to this the considerable amount of geographical variation that obtains among them, and the very con- siderable changes attendant upon season in respect to the character of the pelage, and we shall no longer feel surprised at the profusion of synonyms that attach to many of the species." * In several species of North American Sciuri, a tendency to fulvous- or rufous-bellied forms is noticeable. This is commonly developed at the south- ward, but in one instance occurs in the moist region of the Pacific coast, north of the fortieth parallel, namely, in Sciurus hudsonius var. dbuglassi. It also prevails to a marked degree in all three of the varieties of Sciurus niger (including the S. "cinereus'', S. "vuljrinUs", and S. "ludovicianus"), but especially in that (var. ludovicianus) inhabiting the Mississippi Valley, where, as already noted, there is a marked increase in the intensity of the rufous of the ventral surface in passing southward from the Great Lakes to the Gulf. S. collicei, which ranges northward to Arizona, also runs into a rufous-bellied phase in Mexico, while all of the other species found south of the United States are either always orange or dark rufous below, or present this colora- tion as the prevalent or normal one; white- or grayish-bellied specimens of any species from the warmer parts of the two Americas being exceptional. Not only, also, is there a greater tendency to redness on the ventral surface, but this color often involves the outer (as well as the inner) surface of the limbs, and frequently extends high up on the sides of the body, especially anteriorly. The dorsal surface is also quite generally suffused with either bright fulvous or rufous, while the middle of the lower surface of the tail is, * Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, 1874, pp. 27~-->&>, 284, 285. 652 MOxoGRArns or noktii American eodentia. as a rule, deep fulvous or rufous, unless displaced by melanism. In Southern Mexico and the States of Central America and Northern South America, the whole pelage often becomes wholly red,* or red varied with black. The S. (Bstuans of Brazil also runs into ferruginous phases in the Central American States. In Mexico and Central America, the Sciuri exhibit a strong tendency to melanism, dusky or wholly black phases of coloration occurring with greater or less frequency in all of the species from this region known to me. The difficulty of distinguishing the species, especially merely by the study of museum specimens, is hence very great. While the Sciuri of North America have presented perplexing phases of coloration, those of the warmer parts of the continent do so to a far greater degree, several of the species presenting variations of color at one and the same locality greater even than does the highly variable Fox Squirrel of our Southern Atlantic and Gulf States. Of some of the species, no two specimens in series of large extent, from nearly the same locality, can he found that do not more or less widely differ in color. The widely distributed Sciurus cestuans of South America is, however, remarkably constant in its coloration over a very extensive area, differing much less even than does the eastern form of Sciurus hudsonius, or any of the North American Sciuri, excepting perhaps S. fossor. Under these circumstances, it is surprising that more synonyms have not arisen. In addition to the purely geographical variation in color that the Squirrels, in common with other Mammals, present, there are other variations dependent upon season and age. Among the first are the presence or absence of ear- tufts in some of the Sciuri, the length and softness of the pelage, the variable degree of hairiness of the soles of the feet, and, in some species, differences of coloration. With differences of age occur differences in dentition, in the size, and even in respect to the presence of cranial crests and ridges for the attachment of muscles, and in other features. These points, as well as geographical variation in size and color, are treated at length in the descrip- tions of the several species and varieties. With these preliminary remarks, we pass now to a consideration of the genera, species, and varieties of the American Sciuridce ; no division of the family into subfamilies or higher groups, as previously stated, being requisite. * Dr. Coues's studies of the variation of Putorius fremitus show a very instructive and parallel intensification of color to the southward, where the head becomes quite blackish, with obliteration of white stripes, and the salmon-color of the bully deepens to bright rusty or even orange red. SCIURID^— SCIUEOPTERUS. 653 Genus SCIUROPTERUS F. Cuvier Sciurus Linnaeus (in part), and of early authors generally. Pteromya G. Cuvier (in part), and of most recent authors. Sciuropterus F. Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. x, 1825, 120, pi. x (typo, Sciurus volans Linn.); DeDts des Mani- mileres, 1825, 162, 255. Generic chars. — Skull short, broad, highly arched, in general form almost a miniature of that of Sciurus hudsonius; the supraorbital notch, however, is rather deeper, and the interorbital region is rather more constricted ; the orbital fossae are relatively larger, as are also the auditory bullae and the ears, in conformity with the more nocturnal habits of the members of this group; the pterygoid processes are more slender, and posteriorly touch the auditory bulla?. In other particulars, the skulls of Sciuropterus and Sciurus present no important differences. Premolars two, the first minute, but reaches the plane of the trituration. Limbs united by a furred membrane formed by the expansion of the skin of the sides of the body, and supported anteriorly by a slender bone articulating with the carpus and directed backward. Tail two-thirds as long as the head and body together, broad and flat, the longer hairs being chiefly directed laterally, thus forming an important aid in govern- ing the direction of their flight-like leaps, as well as serving as a further means of support in their short flights from tree to tree. Sciuropterus is thus merely a modified form of Sciurus, possessing rudimentary powers of flight, through the support afforded by a parachute-like expansion of the skin of the sides of the body and the broad, flat tail. The pelage is dense, soft, and furry; the ears large and sparsely clothed; .the colors some soft, dull shade of brown above and whitish beneath. Animals of small size, and of crepuscular or nocturnal habits. The genus is represented in North America by a single species of wide distribution, and presenting a very wide range of geographical variation in size. A single species also represents the genus in Europe, but several other commonly recognized species occur in Asia. The. Sciuropterus voluns of Europe differs from the American S. volucella in its much smaller size and relatively much shorter and smaller tail, as well as slightly also in color. The Flying Squirrels were first separated from ordinary Squirrels by G. Cuvier* in 1800, he then giving to the group of Flying Squirrels the generic name Pteromys. In 1825, his brother, F. Cuvier.t separated the small Flying * " Eecous d'anatomie coinparee, i, 1800." The original edition of this work I have heen unable to consult. t Ann. du Mus., x, 1825, p. 126. See also Dents des Mammiferes, 1825, 162, 255. 0.*J4 MONOC.RArns of north American uodentia. Squirrels of Europe and North America from the others under the name Sciuropterus, and pointed out the important differences in the form of the skull and in the structure of the teeth that mark the two groups By subse- quent writers, the two groups, Pteromys and Sciuropterus^ so well charac- terized hy M. F. Cuvier, have not been generally adopted, and Sciuropterus, when recognized at all, has usually heen accorded only the rank of a sub- genus of Pteromys. The two groups, however, differ widely, not only in size and other external features, but in cranial and dental characters. The species of Pteromys are generally exceeded in size among the Sciuridce only by those of Arctomys; they also differ from the Sciuropteri in having the tail long, round, and bushy, instead of distichous and laterally expanded. In Pteromys, the frontal region of the skull is depressed; the nasal bones are broad and swollen, and the postorbital processes are greatly developed, being relatively almost as large as in Arctomys. The large size of the postorbital processes and the depression of the interorbital region give to the dorsal aspect of the skull some resemblance to the skull of Arctomys. In respect to the dentition, the four posterior upper grinding teeth, instead of being subequal in size, as in Sciuropterus, are very unequally developed, the last being less than half the size of the three preceding.* The structure of the grinding teeth is also wholly different from that met with in any other genus of this family, the triturating surface not distantly resembling that presented by Castor, in con- sequence of the deep infolding of the enamel border of the tooth. There are, however, small isolated rings of enamel in the spaces between the deep infoldings of the enamel of the border of the crown, somewhat as in worn teeth of Erethizon. The species of Pteromys are restricted in their distribution to Southern Asia and the Indian Archipelago; those of Sciuropterus range over the colder portions of the northern hemisphere, extending southward to intertropical latitudes. : * In F. Cuvier's figure of the dentition of Pteromys (Dents des Mammiferes, pi. lvii), drawn from "Sciums pelaurista Pall.", the second premolar (first large grinding tooth) is also much smaller than cither of the two immediately succeeding. In Brandt's figures of the skull of " Pteromys nitidus" (Mem. do l'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de Saint PtStcrsb. 6e ser., Sci. Nat. t. vii, pi. i, figs. 1-7), however, the second premolar is the largest of the grinding series, and I find this to be so in skulls of this species in the Museum oa Comparative Zoology. SCIURID2E— SCIUROPTERUS VOLUCELLA. 655 SCIUROPTERUS VOLUCELLA, (Pall.) Geoff. American Flying Squirrel. Var. VOLUCELLA. southern Flying Squirrel. Sciurua volaua Catesby, Caroliua, ii, 1743, 7f>, 77, pi. lxxvi, lxxvii.— Brisson, Quad. 157.— Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 88 (in part). Sciurua volueella Pallas, Nov. Spec. Glires, 178S, 351, 353.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 153.— SCHREBKR, Siiuget. iv, 1792, 808, pi. ccxxii.— Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 155, pi. civ. Pleromya volueella Desmarest, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii, 1818, 406; Marara. ii, 1822, 343.— Harlan, Faun. Amor. 1825, 187.— Griffith's Cuvier, v, 1827, 259.— Fischer, Syn. Mam. 1829, 365. — Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist, ii, 146. — " Bennett, Gard. and Menag. Zool. Soc. i, 1835, 185."— YARRELL.Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1830-31, 38 (anatomy).— "D. W. C.", London's Mag. Nat Hist, ix, 1836, 5C9 (habits).— Emmons, Quad. Mass. 1840, 69. — Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1642, 47.— DeKay, Zool. N. York, i, 1842, 65, pi. xvi, fig. 2.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 231.— Sciiinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 54. — Audubon &. Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 216, pi. xxviii.— Giebel, Siiuget. 1855, 643.— Kennicott, Pat. Office Rep. Agric. for 1856, 1857, 69, pi. vii.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 286.— Thomas, Trans. 111. Agric. Soc. iv, 1860, 657.— Hall, Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1861, 292— Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad, ii, 1861. — Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 281 (Guatemala).— Maximilian, Wiegmann's Arch. f. Naturgoscb. 1861, 77.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, 1869, 224.— Gilpin, Proc. an! Trans. Nov. Sco. Inst. Nat. Sci. ii, pt. iii, 1870, 12.— Adams, Field and Forc-st Rambles, 1873, 99, 296 (New Brunswick). — Perkins, Amer. Nat. vii, 1874, 132 (habits in confinement). Sciuroptcrus volueella Geoffroy, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. xiv, 1828, 132. Sciuropterua volueella var. volueella Allen, Proc. Bost. Sec. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 189 ; Bull. Essex Inst, vi, 1874, 66. Seiurua aerobatea Schreber, Siiuget. iv, 1792, pi. ccxxii B (no text). Aaaapaniel; Smith, Hist, of Virginia, 1606, — ; Purchas's Pilgrims, iv, 1625, 1695. Qnimichpatlan, Fernandez, Nov. Hisp. 1651, 8. Flying Squirrel, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1-771, 293 ; "Arctic Zool. i, 1784, 120" ; 2d ed. i, 1792, 139. L'Aaaapan, F. Cuvier, Hist, des Mam. livr. viii, 1819. Le I'olutouvlte d'Ame'rique, Madiot, " Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris, ii, 1822, 148 (habits in confinement) ". Var. HUDSONIUS. Northern Flying Squirrel. Sciurua hudaoniua Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 153. Pleromya hudaoniua Fischer, Syn. Matntn. 1825, 365. — Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 288. Sciuropterua volueella var. hudaoniua Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 289. Sciurua aabrinua Shaw, Gen. Zool. i, 1801, 157. J'teromya aabrinua Richardson, Zool. Journ. iii, 1828, 519; Faun. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 193. — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 228.— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 54 —Audubon &. Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, 202, pi. cxliii, fig. 1.— Giebel, Siiuget. 1855, 642.— Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nova Sco. Inst. Nat. Sci. ii, pt. iii, 1870, 13. — Adams, Field and Forest Ram- bles, 1873, 99, 296 (New Brunswick). Pleromya aabrinua var. ulpinua Richardson, Zool. Journ. iii, 1828, 519; Faun. Bur.- Amer. i, 1829, 195, pi. xviii. Pteromya alpinua Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 230. — Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 55. — Audubon \ specimens from Malamagaminque, Canada, excepl that one is more yellow below than the Canada specimens. Another, from Fort Crook, Cal., is much darker than the specimens from Washington Ter- ritory, with a strong yellowish wash below, which extends over the whole lower sml'ac4. SCIURID^E— SOIUROrTERUS VOLUGELLA. 661 cclla, it having been previously referred by Linnaeus to the Flying Squirrel of Europe (Sciurus volans Ijmri.—Sciuropterwvolans F. Cuv.). Richardson, in 1828, described a variety of the Northern Flying Squirrel, from the northern portion of the Rocky Mountains, under the name Pteromys sabrinus var. alpinus. Later, however, he was in doubt as to whether the differences observed merited recognition. Wagner, however, in 1843, raised Richard- son's variety alpinus to specific rank, since which time it has passed generally current as a species, being so recognized by Audubon and Bachman, and later by Professor Baird. Bachman, in 1839, described specimens from near the mouth of the Columbia River under the name Pteromys oregonensis, and this name has since passed generally current as that of a valid species. The differences supposed to characterize it were, however, slight, consisting, in reality, only in its rather smaller size as compared with P."sabrinusv. From P. " volucella'' it differed in being larger, and in not having the hairs of the ventral surface white to the roots, as Dr. Bachman erroneously supposed to be always the case in the Southern Flying Squirrel. Thus originated the four supposed species of North American Flying Squirrels. Ten years later, however, we find the following suggestive remarks in Audubon and Bach- man's ''Quadrupeds of North America" (vol i, p. 205), under the head of P. "sabrinus'' : — "As long as only two species of Flying. Squirrels were known in North America — the present species (P. sabrinus) and the little /'. volucella — there was no difficulty in deciding on the species, but since others have been discovered in the far West, the task of separating and defin- ing them has become very perplexing." Professor Baird, in 1858, having few specimens of the group at hand for comparison, admitted all of the four species, but evidently with some hesitation. P. " volucella''' seemed to him to be only a miniature of P. "hud- sonius'', the only differences perceivable to him being the larger size of the latter, with the hairs of the belly lead-colored at base instead of white throughout. Respecting the distinctness of P. "alpinus'' from P. " hudsonius" ', he felt unable to decide, while the validity of P. "oregonensis" was apparently not questioned. 662 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAS KODENTIA. I vr.M I. — Measurements of Seven skulk of SCICROPTEltUS V'OLUCEIXA var. \ OLUCEIXA. o c - - o n P £ - 5 ~ B. •= .= =1 M a I £ ° a 9 id B a a Locality. 5 ft) u 5 so '5 It * . a © S a Z 43 o a as .S " S^ •-. u a *. 3 rt OJ to "o s u a S fc> o o 0. 50 •973 1.45 0.90 0.40 0.40 0.73 0.27 0.72 •941 0.83 0.35 0.36 0.65 0.26 0.63 0. 45 '943 o 1.30 0.77 0.37 0.34 0.66 0.27 0.63 0.43 •974 *94i 1.35 1.45 0.86 0.92 0.4-2 0.38 0.40 0.70 0.72 0.68 0.47 4846 1.42 0.87 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.68 0.50 4847 do 1.37 0.85 0.37 0.40 0.68 0.65 0.45 * Specimens from Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambriilgo, Mass. Table II. — Measurements of seventeen specimens of Sciuhopterus yolucella var. HUDSONIUS. £ .a S a a o 9 c "el "3 u 00 .a a 3 a "3 a ]& O Locality. From tip of nose to— Tail to end of— Length of— a e a 01 e. B0 o U D OS 03 3 .9* o H a g M to a > a: "a w 43 o 03 09 o 43 o <2 13 a B 9925 5656 7069 6504 3718 3257 3717 3313 3849 9704 9626 7189 7194 7191 7100 7193 7.50 7.40 7.50 7.50 7.30 7.00 7.50 5.00 5.00 5.40 4.25 4.10 6.00 6.25 6.00 0.40 5.25 :,. 10 7.25 0.80 0.80 0. DO 0.85 0.75 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.80 0.92 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.55 1.50 1.60 1.50 1. 15 1.50 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.45 1.55 1.33 1.45 1.C0 1.C0 1.50 SkiD. ...do. ...if. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ...do. ..do. ...dn. ..do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ..do. FortLiard, H.B.T 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.65 1.45 1.20 1.20 1.35 1.20 1.55 1.65 1.47 1.60 1.60 do do . do 418 535 4.60 4.50 4.50 4.75 4.50 5.50 5.35 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.25 5.75 5.50 6.50 6.50 6. CO 8.00 7.00 C. 40 6.75 7.10 0.75 7.00 7.10 0.50 0.57 0.67 1.25 1.60 do do . ,|„ ... do . 3.75 4.50 SC1UU1D/E— SCIUKOPTEKUS VOLUOELLA. 6G3 Table III. — Measurement* of thirty-six specimens of Sciuuoptkuus voi.lcei.la rar. vollcklla. ^ 311.1 588 im 3078 3707 3036 3057 590 1001 962 4271 4041 869 3756 3599 996 3597 3598 703 2420 1565 1564 1979 2508 2509 2310 2504 2505 2506 786 787 11139 2652 4915 7361 Locality. Calais, Me Norway, Me.. Upton, Mo ... Norway, Me do .do . .do. .do. .do. Amherst, N. H . Milan, N. H .... Dunimer, N. H . Waterville, Me. Lynn, Maas do Massachusetts . Massachusetts do Burlington, Iowa.. Cook County, III .. Massachusetts do Hudson, Mass Middlehoro', Mass. , do do Columbus, Ga do West North field, 111.... Columbus, Miss do Bladensburg, Md Prairie Mer Kouge, La . New Orleans, La Grand Coteau, La d d d d d Od d 9 d 9 ? 9 o? : 1 9 d 9 d d 9 From tip of nose to — W 0.87 0.67 0.70 0.08 0.05 0.60 0.00 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.02 0.05 0.57 0.57 0.00 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.00 0.60 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.60 0. 50 0.60 0.55 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.58 0. 57 « 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.25 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.24 1. 15 1.27 1.07 1.00 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.10 0. 95 1. 12 1.18 1.18 1.00 1.20 1. 14 1.20 1.07 0.95 1.15 1.10 1.75 1.63 1. 85 1.55 1. 55 1.25 1.55 1. 67 1.65 1. 55 1.65 1.50 1.60 1.37 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.48 1.50 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.35 1.50 1.46 1.50 1. 45 1.42 1.50 1.50 5.90 5.35 5. SO 5.10 5.50 5.35 5.12 6. CO 5.70 5. 63 5.85 5.20 5.50 4.35 4.50 5.15 5. 10 5.30 5.00 5.10 4.60 5.50 4.75 0.25 4.70 4.70 3.40 4.70 4.55 4.76 5.00 4.80 5.10 5.20 4 60 ■I. S5 Tail toend of— 1. 50 4.85 4.73 4.35 4.85 4. 50 4.15 4.40 4.90 4.70 4.75 4. 10 4.75 3.50 3.65 4.00 3.90 3.20 3. 80 4.00 3.25 3.50 4.50 3.40 3.70 2.60 3.60 3.50 3.60 3.60 3.40 3.50 3.35 3.67 3. 30 w 5.50 5.75 5.35 5.40 5.90 5. 55 5.10 :.. 35 0.00 5.75 6.00 4.03 5.67 4.25 4.30 5.00 4.60 4.70 1.15 4.25 5. 50 4.90 4.40 3.00 4.20 4.18 4.30 4.10 3.90 4. 10 3.90 4.10 3. 95 Length of- 0.83 0. 75 0.78 0.85 0.73 0.80 0.67 0.87 0.80 0.85 0.82 0.67 0.75 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.75 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.70 0. 75 0.75 0.87 0.80 0.70 0.73 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.64 « 1.40 1.30 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.42 1.30 1.38 1.45 1.45 1.37 1. 22 1.45 1.15 1.17 1.23 1.25 1.25 1.20 1.18 1. 17 1.35 1. 15 1.35 1.20 1.20 1.14 1 19 1.10 1.23 1. 10 1.02 1.20 1. 10 1.20 1.15 - 0.65 0.65 0.05 0.63 0.75 0.76 0.60 0.72 0.71 0.67 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.54 0.55 0.57 0.50 0.58 0.52 0.50 'A Alcoholic. . . do. . . do. ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .. do. .. do. ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. . . do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. Skin. ...do. ...do. Alcoholic* ...do.* .. do.* ...do.* ...do.* ...do.* ...do.* . . do.* ...do. ....do. ...do. ...do. * Measurements from Ikird's Mauim. of North America, p. 283. 664 MONiKSIJAPIIS OF NORTH AMKIMCAN EODENTIA. TABLE IV. — List Of sped mens examined of SCIUltOPTERUS VOW CELLA rur. UOD80NIU8. 3 3 2 a 3 c a ~ 5 - OB § 5 a ■3 . a — 8 ° — X ? I t. - fe ° o 5 3 a B •a ■a o « it ca ■3 a CD « CO Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— Nature of specimen. i 9924 9923 4579 5655 5656 6504 6505 7069 8107 7189 7100 7191 7192 7193 7194 2639 3237 3717 3718 9083 9084 11539 193 536 3223 2053 2370 2823 9704 9625 3313 3999 5878 Lieut F. W. King ...do Lieut. F. W. King.. .. do Skin, do do W. L. Hardisty . .. ...do ... .. do 1090 1989 1985 .... Fort Liard, U. R T do W. L. Ilardisty .. do ... do. do Big Island, Great Slave Luke. do B.E.R0S8 ..do .. J.Keid do. ...do . do ...do . ...do do 821 .... Apr. 4,1864 J. Lockhardt Thomas Kicbards .. do . do Thomas Richards .. do .. do. do ... do ...do ...do do do ... do ...do .... do do do do do ...do .. .. do Dr. J. B. Gilpin . . . D.Gunn do Dr. J. B. Gilpin D.Gunn do ...do. .. do. . do. do 9 do do .. do ..do .. do .. do do 2972 ? do ....do ...do ..do. ...do. .. do A.Campbell Thomas Broome . . Dr. J. B.Gilpin.... ..do .. Dr. E. Coues Thomas Broome Dr. J. B. Gilpin do .. do. do. do Halifax.N.S do do .. do .. do . do J. D. Parker Dr. F.V. Hayden.. Dr. Whitehead... A. Campbell ...do do 535 Idaho Sept. 20, 1873 II. D. Schmidt do. do FortBellingham.Wasb T Skagit Valley . . .' Dr.C. B. R.Kennerlv ...do ....do. Skin and skull. Skin. .. do. 3660 297 417 418 do ... .. do do ...do .. ...do .. 3849 do. SCIURIDyE— SClUItOPTERUS VOLUGELLA. 665 Table V. — List of specimens examined of Sciukopteuus volucella rar. volucella. d s a a a 9 3 M -i a "> •J a 3 a tn — S a ■a .a a cc ° <*- p. ~. 05 o> u u &> a* O a a ■ 13 a M 'u O b& eg a CO M Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — a a o eg P. o Remarks. 1563 1961 1171 3056 3057 3058 3094 3767 588 590 1125 1033 3753 3113 4641 4271 4272 4273 962 1001 1372 1979 869 3756 1561 15,4 1565 1448 3597 3599 2419 2420 3723 996 763 943 942 973 941 .... K NOKTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table V.—Lialoj specimens examined of Sciuropterus volucklla var. volucella — Continued. — c i- i = = 3 -l S = a 2 a » | - fc- i. i a B C3 C a n M Locality oollected I'"r.Mii whom rc- ccivod. Collected 1)J - Nature "1 Bpeuimeu, Rental ks. 7-i. 7*7 2G3J 4915 1361 Dr. Spilhnan . . . .1.. Dr. Spillman . -- .. do Skin .... .. .In In Nat Museum. ...do. do Prairie Mer Rouge, La. J. Falrie ...do ...do. .J. Varden. St. Charles Col- lege. Al.nliolid ...do .1... ....do. Grand Coteaa, La Genus SCIURUS Linriceus. Sciurua Linn.iois, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758 (in part), and of most subsequent authors. Mocroxut 1". (Vvikr, "Diet, des Sci. Nat. x, 1818"*; Mem. du Mns. x, 1825, 1-22; Dents des Mam. 1835, 161 ; Diet, des Sci. Nat. lix, 1829, 474. (Type Sciurua nstuans Lxun.) Alaaoxus Gray, Aun. &, Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 18a7, 275. (Not. Macroxus F. Cuvier.) Jihinosciurus Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mas. 1813, 195 ; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 286. (Type S three inches in length. On the other hand, in S. hyjwpyrrhus, in which the length of the tail is fully as great as in S.fossor and S. cullicei, its breadth is about one-third less. The tail is narrowest (in the long-tailed species) in S. astwms, but even in this species it is still dis- tinctly flattened or distichous, except possibly in badly prepared specimens,-*' though not unfrequently cylindrical at the end. M. F. Cuvier, in 1818, separated the Gucrlinguets from the true Squirrels under the name Macroxus, referring to this group the Sciurus cestuans of Brazil and the Sciurus vittatus of India. The characters given for this group, as distinguishing it from Sciurus, are the greater cerebral capacity of the skull, the tail not distichous at the point, the nasal portion of the skull separated from the cranial by a strong depression, and by the large size of the testes.* Although Macroxus was adopted byr Lesson in 1827, it has been by most writers properly ignored, the characters given having little value. The Macroxus of Gray (1867), although including the species referred to Macroxus by Cuvier, is based on a wholly different feature, namely, on the absence of ear-tufts, and hence embraces all the Sciuri with untufted ears. Sciurus, as left by Gray, thus includes only a few species with conspicuously tufted ears, like £. vulgaris and S. abcrti. This distinction, it is almost needless to say, is not of the slightest importance as a generic character, the long ear- tufts being merely a seasonal feature, if not in part, in some species at hast, simply individual. In the North American S. aberti, individuals arc found both with and without them at the same localities and seasons, while in other individuals they may be found of different degrees of development. Many other species have the ears slightly tufted in winter, which are wholly without ear-tufts in summer. The American Sciuri reach their greatest numerical development in Middle America; Southern Mexico and Central America being far richer in species than any other region in either North or South America of similar area. The species are here remarkable also for their extreme variability in color. Melanistic phases of coloration are frequent, while all the species are normally fulvous, orange; or red below, white-bellied specimens from this region being exceptional; with perhaps a single exception, none of the specific 'The diagnosis given by Cuvier of " les Gucrlinguets" (Macroxus) is as follows:— "Ce sont des e'eureuUs dont la queue n'est point distingue' et dont la capacity cerel>rale surpasse de beaucoup cello tics ccnrenils propremeul ilits et colic des tamias. Une depression tres-marqnee scpare Ie crane d'nn ninsena pea alonge\ Eutin, ils sont remarquables par leura testiculee voluniineux."— ( Diet. Sti. A'a/., lis, 1829, 474.) SCIURIDJE— sciurus. GG9 or subspecific forms are permanently white below. The large number of synonyms that have arisen in consequence of this variability in color, together with the variability itself, render the recognition and characterization of the species exceedingly difficult. The abundance of the material accessible for the study of the species occurring north of Mexico renders this part of the work comparatively easy, and demonstrates clearly the large amount of both individual and geographical variation one must be prepared to recognize, frequently at least, in the different specific representatives of this perplexing group. Some of the Mexican species seem to be fully as variable in colora- tion as any that are met with in the United States, so that color alone becomes a wholly unsafe guide for the determination of the species. On the other hand, Sciurus fossor, of the west coast of the United States, is as constant- in its coloration as any Mammal with which I am acquainted, and the Brazilian form of Sciurus cestuans, although widely distributed, presents only a small range of variation in either color or size. The large Squirrel of Western Brazil and the neighboring region to the westward (S. variabilis), though subject to considerable variation in color, is far less variable than some of the Mexican and North American ones. Three, at least, of the Central American forms also vary less than many of the others : these are Sciurus gerrardi, S. tephrogaster, and S. cestuans var. rufoniger, which range southward into the northern States of South America. The material at my command, though large in amount (probably con- siderably exceeding that ever before collectively examined by any previous investigator), is quite insufficient for a satisfactory study of the tropical forms, and the results arrived at are considered as open to future revision. Among the numerous (some thirty or more) nominal species of authors, I have been able to recognize only nine or ten that seem to me valid, with two additional subspecies. These latter may possibly be entitled to specific rank, but I think that, on the whole, the number of species will, by future investigation, be still further reduced, rather than increased, and that I have erred in recog- nizing too many species rather than too few. In the majority of instances, I have been able to make the collocation of the nominal species with a good degree of confidence ; in other cases, of course, only with much doubt ; while two or three names I have been wholly unable to identify. One is doubtfully American, and one or two I have provisionally adopted as possibly valid species are yet unknown to me from specimens. In regard to the geographical distribution of the species, it is worthy G70 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. of note thai the smallest species {Sciurus hudsonius) is the most northern, and that the nexl smallesl [Sciurus eestuans) is the most southern, both occurring on the extreme boundaries of the habitat of the group. These ogain, in respect to the development of the tail, arc the least Sciurine; the long, lull, bushy, distichous tail, so characteristic a feature of the Sciuri as distinguishing them from their allies, being in these two species very much shorter and narrower than in any of the others. In passing southward, we meet, next alter 8. hudsonius, with S. carolinensis, a species again below the average in size, with the tail only moderately developed, although there are some Mexican and Central American species equally small. The largest species, as well as the greatest number, and those with the largest tails, are Mexican ; Western and Southern Mexico being apparently the centre of devel- opment, or metropolis of* the group, as respects the two Americas. None are thus far known from any of the intertropical islands. As already observed, the American Sciuri form a group so homogeneous as not to be readily subdivisible. Taking, however, the relative length of the tail, and the number and character of the upper premolars, as a basis, with such other features as are most readily available, the species and subspecies may be conveniently (and somewhat naturally) grouped as follows: — SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AMERICAN SCIURI. I. Tail very short ami narrow, the caudal vertebrae alone about two-thirds as long as tbe head and body ; tail to end of hairs about one-seventh shorter than the head and body ; premolars f , the first very small and often deciduous ; a narrow, black, lateral line ; size small. One species with four subspecies : 1. Above grayish, mixed with yellowish or reddish, anuulated with dusky, often with a strong wash of ferruginous along the middle of the back ; below generally white, sometimes narrowly annotated with black; in one subspecies fulvous below. Hah.— Northern half of North America S. HUDSONIUS. o. Above yellowish-gray, varied with black, with generally the middle of the back strongly washed with ferruginous; upper surface of the tail with the hairs rusty at the base and reddish-tipped, with a broad snbterminal bar of black. Hab.— Northern North America east of the Rocky Mountains and northwestward to Alaska var. hudsonius. b. Above varied with black and yellowish-rusty ; upper surface of the tail with the bairs gray at the base and gray-tipped, with a broad snbterminal bar of black. Bab — Central portion of the Rocky Mountains, and thence westward to the Sierra Nevadas var. fremonii. c. Above dusky, strongly varied with reddish ; upper surface of the tail with the hairs dark reddish-brown at the base, tipped with reddish, and with a very broad subterminal bar of black, sometimes occupying the whole of the terminal third. Hab. — Rocky Mountains between latitude 43° and 52°, and thence westward to the Cascade Range .var. richardsoni. d. Above as in the preceding (var. richardsoni) ; tail with less black; beneath more or h ss strongly tinged with fulvous or rufous. Hub. — Pacific-coast region from Northern Cali- fornia to Siika var. aougJatai. SCIUMD2E— SCIURUS— SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 671 II. Tail-vertebra* about four- fifths (live-sixths to three-fourths) the length of the head ami body; tail, with the hairs, rather longer than the body (in most of the species one-twelfth longer), generally full and bushy. Premolars usually § ; in a few species \. Size large or medium : A. Premolars j : 2. Above whitish-gray, varied (except in one subspecies) with fulvous; beneath white; middle of back more or less brownish ; an indistinct fulvous lateral line; ears never conspicu- ously tufted. Hab. — Southern parts of Canada, tbe United States east of the Plains, and southward to Southern Mexico and Guatemala S. cabolinensis. o. Above whitish-gray, with generally a small, narrow, browuish area along the middle of the back; length from nose to tail 10.00 inches or more ; runs frequently into melanisl io phases, which are sometimes wholly black. Hab. — United States and Southern Canada southward to the Louisiauiau fauna var. leucotis. b. Smaller; generally less than 10.00 inches in length; greater part of dorsal surface brownish, sides only whitish-gray; rarely runs into melanistic phases. Hab. — South Atlantic and Galf States aud southward var. earolinensis. c. Still smaller; plain dull-gray, unvaried with fulvous; middle of the back darker. Hab. — Yucatan var. yucatanensis. 3. Above dark bluish-gray ; a dorsal band of bright chestnut ■; a distinct black lateral line; no fulvous suffusion ; below white ; ears very large, each with a conspicuous tuft or pencil of long hairs, as in S. vulgaris; runs into melanistic phases. Hab. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, southward into Arizona S. aberti. 4. Above dark brown, varied with yellowish-gray, or black, varied with fulvous; beneath deep brownish-red; color very variable. Hab. — Southern Mexico and Central America S. boothi/e. 5. Above gray, varying from whitish to dark iron-gray, generally with a large patch of yellow- ish-rusty on the nape and lower part of the back ; beneath pure white, yellowish-white, or deep golden-yellow ; pelage generally ringed with bright fulvous beneath the surface ; tail rather narrow ; very variable in coloration. Hab. — Southern Mexico .. S. i.eucops. (i. Above dark gray, varying from whitish-gray to dusky iron-gray; beneath deep reddish- orange, invading irregularly the gray of the sides, the red wash of the sides sometimes nearly meeting on the dorsal line at the shoulders; pelage soft and full; tail bushy. Hab.— Southern Mexico aud Guatemala S. aureogastek. 7. Above dark olivaceous-brown, minutely varied with yellowish or rufous; beneath gray- varying to rufous ; tail rather narrow; length about 9.75; tail with the hairs about the same or a little less ; size aud general appearance of i Ba« uman, Quad. N. Am. i, 1849, 125, pi. xiv. — WOODHOUSE, Sitgreaves's Expl. Col- orado and Zufii Rivers, 1-.".::, ,">:i (Indian Territory). — Kennicott, Pat. Off. Rep., Agr., 1856, (iar>7), 67, pi. vii.— BaIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 260, pi. xlvi, fig. 1.— Thomas, Trans. III. Slate S0IUMDJ2— SCIURUS IIUDSONIUS AND VARIETIES. C73 Agric. Soc. iv, 1860, 656 — Hall, Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1861, 290.— Maximilian, Wiegm. Arcb. f. Naturg. 1861, 73.— Ross, New Edinb. Phil. Jonni. xiii, 18G1, 102; Nat. Hist. Bev. 1862, 274 (to Arctic Circle).— Gray, Add. aDd Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 418.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 1869, 223 ; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1M70, 188; ib. xvii, 1874, 43, Bull. Essex lust, vi, 1874, 57.— Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scot. Inst. Nat. Sci. ii, pt. iii, 1870, 12.— Stevenson, Haydeu's Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Wyom. 1871, 461.— Adams, Field and Forest Rambles, 1873, 98, 295.— Merriaii, U. S. Geolog. Surv. Terr. 6th Anu. Rep. 1872, 663.— Grinnell, Ludlow's Black Hills of Dakota, 1874, 81. Sciurus hudsonius var. huihonius Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 233. Scinrus carolinus Ord, " Guthrie's Geog. (2d Am. ed.) ii, 1815, 292." Sciurus rubrolineatus Desmarest, Mam. ii, 1822, 333. Tamia hudsonia Lesson, Man. Mamm. 1827, 231. Tamias rubrolineatus Schinz, Syu. Mam. ii, 1843, 48. Ecureuil d'Hudson, F. Cuvier, Hist, des Mam. livr. xlvi, 1821. Var. RICHARDSONI. Richardson's Chickaree. Sciurus richardsoni Baciiman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud, vi, 1838, ICO ; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839 385; Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. viii, 1839, 64 ; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 318. — Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N.Am, i, 1849, 41, pi. v. — Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 273.— Cooper, Nat. Hist, Wash.Ter. pt. iii, 1860, 79.— Sucklev, ibid. 97, 121.— Stevenson, Hayden's Rep. D. S. Geol. Surv. Wyom. 1871, 461. Sciurus hudsonius var. richardsoni Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist, xvii, 1874, 288. Var. douglassi. Western Chickaree* Sciurus hudsonius, var. /?. Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Am. i, 1829, 190. Sciurus hudsonius Richardson, Zool. Beechey's Voy. Mam. 1839, 8 (banks of tho Colombia). Sciurus douglassi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. iv, 1836, 88 (no description). — Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. vi, 1838, 99; Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1839,63; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat, Hist, iii, 1839, 383; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 317.— Wagner, Snppl. Schreber's Sanger, iii, 1843, 177.— Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 10.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. i, 1849, 370, pl.xlviii. — Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 275.— CoorER, Nat. Hist, Wash. Terr. pt. iii, 1860,79. — Suckley, Nat. Hist, Wash. Terr, pt, iii, 1860, 97, 121.— Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d Ber. xx, 1867, 418.— Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Chf. Engineers for 1876, App. ii (1876), 310. Sciurus hudsonius var. douglassi Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1874, 288. Sciurus townsendi Bachman, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1839, 63 (MS. name). Sciurus lanuginosa! Bachman, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lond. vi, 1838, 101 (partial albino) ; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 387 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, 1839, 64 ; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 320.— Wagner, Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 180.— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 11.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. i, 1349, 199, pi xxv. Sciurus mollipilosus Audubon & Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1842, 102; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1842, 316; Quad. N. Am. i, 1849, 157, pi. xix. Sciurus le'cheri Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, x, 1842, 263; Zool. of tho Sulphur, 1844, 33, pi. xii, fig. 2 (mouth of the Columbia). Sciurus suckletji Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 333; Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 276 (foot-note). Small Brown Squirrel, Lewis & Clarke, Exped. ii, 1814, 174. Smali Gray Squirrel, Lewis & Clarke, ibid. 173. Var. FEEMONTI. Fremont's Chickaree. Sciurus fremonti Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. iii, 1853, 237, cvlix, fig. 1.— Baird,. Mara. N. Am. 1357, 272. Sciurus douglassi var. fremonti Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 419. Sciurus hudsonius var. fremonti Allen, Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1874, 288; Bull. Essex lust, vi, 137 lj Co.— C'oueS & YAREtW, Wheeler's Expl. and Surv. West of 100th Merid. V, Zoology, 1376, 117. 43 M G74 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTE AMERICAN KODENTIA. Var. hudsoxius. Eastern Ch ickaree. Average length from the end of the nose to the hase of t lie tail 6.75 (for New England specimens); tail, to end of vertebra, 4.50; tail, to end (it hairs, about 6.00. Above, pale grayish-fulvous, each hair narrowly once or twice ringed with black; below, pure white, or white with faint simulations of black. Generally, the middle of the back is red, this color forming a broad mesial band, extending from the front of the head continuously to the end of the vertebrae of the tail. In many specimens, there is a short, con- spicuous, black, lateral line. The ears are blackish toward and at the end, and have, in winter, a short, bushy pencil, or tuft. The upper surface of the feet is generally more or less tawny, often bright golden, but sometimes is of the same tint as the sides of the body. The tail above is centrally of the same color as the back, bordered with a conspicuous, broad bar of black, and edged and tipped with yellowish ; below, yellowish-gray. Different specimens from the same locality vary greatly in color irre- spective of season or sex. A small proportion of the specimens have a conspicuous black lateral line separating the white of the lower surface from the gray of the upper surface. Generally, not more than one specimen in ten is thus marked, and such specimens are found, on careful examination, to be in summer pelage. Yet only a small proportion of those in summer pelage are thus marked, while I have never met with it in any specimen in winter pelage. Many of those thus marked are evidently the young of the year, and I am hence led to believe that it is a temporary feature of coloration characteristic of animals less than a year old, and that it permanently disap- pears with the first autumnal moult. I find, however, two specimens with a distinct lateral line that are adult females. The same mark occurs in the other varieties of this species, but it is often absent in those in winter pelage. Its more frequent presence in specimens of the western forms is easily explainable, in part at least, from nearly all having been collected in summer. The red mesial band of the dorsal surface varies greatly in tint and in breadth, being sometimes merely a narrow line, and again occupying more than one-third of the dorsal surface. The color of this band varies from light yellowish-red to dark cherry-red. The hairs of the middle portion of the band are generally wholly red to the ends; at other times, they are all SCIURID^— SCIURUS HUDSONIUS VAR. HUDSONICTS. G75 distinctly ringed with black. Young specimens having the black lateral line wholly lack the red dorsal stripe, or have it only faintly indicated. In autumnal specimens, the black lateral line is faintly indicated, and the middle of the back has the dorsal stripe obscurely defined. Winter speci- mens, as a rule, are decidedly redder than summer specimens. Examples from the same locality, collected at the same season, vary greatly in respect to the tint of the red dorsal band, as well as in respect to its extent. No. 1484 (Coll. M. C. Z.), a winter specimen from Maine, has the dorsal band very broad and of a light yellowish-red ; this specimen is one of the lightest of the whole series. Others, however, are scarcely darker, imperceptibly grading into No. 2491 (Coll. M. C. Z.), also from Maine (but taken in November), in which the dorsal stripe is dark red, annulated with black, the red being nearly as dark as in the lighter phases of var. richardsoni. The lower surface is generally pure white, with the hairs dusky at the base ; sometimes grayish-white, in consequence, in part, of the duskiness of the base of the hairs being only partly hidden by the white tips, and in part from the white tips of the hairs being annulated with black. In a large proportion of the specimens, the hairs of the lower surface are in part annu- lated near the tips with black ; in some specimens, nearly all are so annulated, giving a distinctly grayish aspect to the ventral surface; in many others, a close inspection is necessary in order to discover any that are annulated ; not a few are absolutely without dusky annulations. Summer specimens with a black lateral line have the ventral surface intensely white, the white extending nearly to the base of the hairs. The dusky annulations are more developed in northern specimens than in southern; but Massachusetts specimens fre- quently present them. They are more common in specimens from Maine, while in specimens from Nova Scotia, Labrador, and the Fur Countries these dusky annulations form a conspicuous feature of the coloration. As already noted, the color of the feet varies from pale fulvous-gray to rusty-golden. The general color of the dorsal surface (including the upper surface of the tail) varies from quite pure gray to pale fulvous, annulated with black. The ears are generally dusky or blackish on the dorsal surface, washed with fulvous or rufous; in winter, bushy-haired and penciled; in summer, covered merely with short hairs. In summer, the soles of the feet are naked, often wholly so to the heel; in winter, they are wholly thickly furred, only the tubercles at the base cf G76 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. the toes being naked. The general pelage is also much fuller, longer, and softer in winter than in summer. The skull presents the usual range of individual variation so often noted in these papers, especially in respect to the form of the nasal bones. These van- greatly in width, especially posteriorly, and also in respect to length. In skulls of the same general size, the width of the nasals posteriorly varies from 0.10 to 0.15 of an inch, or nearly 33 per cent, of the average width. They also vary greatly in respect to their posterior outlines, being generally more or less emarginate, but vary from squarely truncate to deeply emarginate. As already noted in the general remarks upon the genus Sciurus, the first premolar is generally present, though often so minute as to readily escape detection. I find it more frequently present in New England specimens than in those from Fort Simpson, II. 13. T. In the former, it is to he found in about two specimens out of three; in the latter, in only about one in six! It is also pretty uniformly present in Pennsylvania specimens. As shown by the subjoined tables of measurements, northern specimens are considerably larger than southern ones. Specimens from Minnesota, and thence westward to the Black Hills, appear to be larger than those from the Fur Countries, as often happens in other species of North American Mammals. On the other hand, Pennsylvania specimens are larger than those from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Taking the skulls as a basis for comparison, twelve skulls from Upton, Me., have an average length of 1.73, while ten skulls from Greensburg, Pa., average 1.80. Ten others from Fort Simpson, II. B. T., average very nearly 1.85, or 0.12 (about one- seventh) more than those from Maine. The length of fully adult specimens from Maine and New Hampshire (measured from the end of the nose to the base of the tail) rarely exceeds 6.75, and very often falls below G.50 ; Massachusetts specimens frequently exceed '(.00, and not often fall below G.75 while Pennsylvania specimens are still larger. Specimens from the Fur Countries are still larger, apparently averaging 7.75. In respect to other geographical variations, specimens from high northern localities are paler and more fulvous than those from the United States, and are more annulated beneath with black. The brightest or reddest specimens in the collection are from New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, in which, also, annulations below are infrequent. New England specimens are scarcely different in color from those from the Middle States; Maine specimens being, SCIURIDJS— SCIURDS HUDSONIUS VAE. RICnARDSONL 677 on the whole, rather more distinctly annulated with black below. Nova Scotia and Labrador specimens, as well as those from the different posts of the Hudson's Bay Company and Alaska, have the hairs of the ventral surface very strongly annulated, and the dorsal band narrower and paler, often inclining strongly to fulvous. Specimens from the Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and Black Hills are paler, and hence more fulvous, than those from east of the Mississippi. Var. RICHARDSONI. Richardson's Chickaree. Varietal Chars. — Length, from end of nose to base of tail, about 7.50; tail to end of vertebrae about 5.90 ; to end of hairs 7.60. Above pale yel- lowish-gray; middle of the back dark brownish-red; beneath white, more or less distinctly annulated with black, as in northern examples of var. hud onius. Generally, the gray of the dorsal surface is separated from the white of the ventral surface by a conspicuous black line. Tail centrally above like the middle of the back, with a broad subterminal bar of intense black faintly washed with yellowish-gray; often the terminal third is wholly black exter- nally; beneath, the tail is centrally reddish-gray, bordered with black faintly washed with yellowish-gray. Ears black at the tip, bushy-tufted Feet gen- erally of the same gray tint as the sides of the body, but sometimes reddish. The general color above varies from yellowish-brown to dark reddish- chestnut, with annulations of black. The rufous of the dorsal surface is generally strongest along the mesial line, where it frequently forms a broad dorsal band, which gradually passes into the color of the sides of the back. The black lateral line is generally well marked, often very prominent, even in winter specimens, but is occasionally wholly obsolete. The hairs of the tail are generally dark chestnut-red at the base, with a broad subterminal bar of black, and are tipped with yellowish-white. In some of the specimens, as those from Saint Mary's, Rocky Mountains, the tail is almost wholly jet-black ; generally the hairs are reddish, often dark reddish-chestnut at the base, with pale yellowish-gray tips. This variety appears to reach its extreme phase of development in the vicinity of Saint Mary's and the Bitter Root Valley in the Rocky Mountains. Specimens from about Fort Benton and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Northern Wyoming are less strongly marked, but generally incline more to this variety than to var. fremonti or than to hud- G78 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. sonius proper. Two specimens, however, from Cliicf Mountain Lake, forty- ninth parallel, nearly typically represent this variety. On the other hand, speci- mens from the Cascade Range and thence westward merge gradually into van douglassi, differing mainly from the latter in being white below instead of fulvous. Var. douglassi. Western Cluckaree. Varietal Chars. — Length to base of tail 7.50; tail-vertebrae 4.75; tail to end of hairs 6.75. Above fuscous, minutely varied with pale rufous and black, Ihe middle of the back more or less dark rufescent. Beneath varying from white through pale fulvous to bright tawny and buffy-orange ; at the north- ward, much annulated with black, as in var. hudsonius. In winter specimens, the ears are conspicuously tufted with black. A prominent black lateral line, especially in summer specimens. Tail gray, fulvous or rufous centrally, with a broad subterminal bar of black, and a broad edging of pure white, gray, or fulvous. The specimens in the collection vary considerably in respect to the color of the dorsal surface, and still more so in respect to that of the ventral sur- face. The general color of the upper surface is fuscous yellowish-brown, minutely varied with black, with the middle of the back generally more or less strongly dark reddish-brown, forming sometimes a well defined dorsal band, as in var richardsoni. Often the middle of the back is not perceptibly more rufous than the sides, and, when it is so, the color of the middle of the back generally fades gradually into the general color. Specimens from the same locality vary greatly in tint, both above and below. Thus, the Fort Crook specimens vary in the tint of the middle of the back from dark chest- nut-brown to reddish-yellow, and in the general color above from fuscous red- dish-brown to clear gray, faintly tinged with fulvous. The lower surface in the same specimens varies from pure white to gamboge-yellow. The tail varies in color to a similar degree, in some being cent rally gray above, with a subterminal broad bar of black and a white border; while in others the gray is replaced by fulvous-gray, or even by dark rufous. The Fort Steilacoom specimens are equally variable, and also differ quite appreciably in the average from the Fort Crook specimens. No. 1958 has the dorsal surface, including the tail, exactly as in a common dark phase SCIURID^— SC1URUS HUDSONIUS VAR. DOUGLASSI. 679 of var. hudsonius, — for instance, like No. 2043, from Mount Joy, Pa., and quite a number of others from New York, Massachusetts, and Maine. The lower surface, however, is rich buff. Other specimens are somewhat similar, differing in being darker above and paler below. Specimens from Puget's Sound are profusely annulated below with black, while this feature is absent in California specimens. The tail differs as widely in different speci- mens as it does in typical examples respectively of varieties hudsonius and fremonti, in some examples being gray and black, edged with white, in others deep rufous and black, edged with pale yellow. As will be further noticed under var. fremonti, some of the Fort Crook specimens are almost exactly like Colorado examples of fremonti, while others are intermediate between these and the usual southern phase of var. douglassi. In resjiect to the dorsal surface, varieties douglassi and richardsoni are often indistinguishable, the fulvous color of the lower surface in douglassi being the only feature that serves to separate them. No. 8777, from the Lower Kwichpak, is exactly intermediate between them, while other speci- mens still further show a gradual intergradation. Var. douglassi is merely var. richardsoni with the under parts tawny instead of white. This varies, as already noted, in specimens taken at the same locality and season, bom pale buffy-gray to bright reddish-tawny or orange. In other specimens, the tawny is reduced to the faintest shade of fulvous, or is wholly replaced by pure white. The median dorsal band is sometimes wholly absent, though generally faintly traceable, and at other times is strongly developed. The color of the tail varies with the intensity of the tawny of the lower surface of the body. In those with a pale shade of tawny below, the hairs of the tail are yellowish- gray at the base and tipped with white. In those otter- yellow below, the tail-hairs are strongly yellowish at base and tipped with yellowish-white. The light ring surrounding the eye similarly varies from yellowish-white to tawny. In winter, the pelage is much softer and fuller than in summer; the ears are then tufted, and the soles densely furred. In summer, the ears are gen- erally tuftless, and the soles are more or less naked. Var. FREMONTI. FremonCs Chickaree. Varietal Chars. — Length of head and body 7.75; tail to end of vertebrae 4.75; tail to end of hairs 6.50. Above dusky yellowish-gray; beneath pure white G80 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. or grayish-white, rarely with faint annulations of black. In summer speci- mens, there is generally a more or less distinct black lateral line; in many, it is, however, nearly obsolete, and is sometimes wholly absent, as it appears to be generally in winter specimens. The tail is black, edged with gray; the terminal third, however, often wholly black. The tail-hairs are at the base generally gray, but sometimes more or less fulvous, and even rufous. In this variety, the middle of the back is not generally redder than the rest of the dorsal surface; the reddish dorsal baud, so characteristic of the other varieties, being absent. The general color above is hence nearly uniform gray, more or less strongly tinged with yellowish- or reddish-brown. The tail generally has also no fulvous or rufous at the base of the hairs which are gray at base and tipped with whitish. These are the two principal features of distinction between the present variety and vars. richardaoni and douglassi. Specimens, however, from various localities, have more or less red or fulvous at the base of the tail-hairs, and, in some specimens, the tail is washed with pale yellowish instead of white. In the extreme phase of this species, the tail is centrally above pure light gray, sometimes tinged slightly with yel- lowish or rufous. No. 11679, from Fort Garland, Colo, has the tail centrally reddish-yellow to the end of the vertebra?, and edged with pale yellowish-white. The general color varies from pale fulvous, varied minutely with black, to strong yellowish-rufous. The sides are usually paler than the back, but there is never a well defined dorsal band. The feet and outer side of the limbs are frequently golden. Var. fremonti ranges from the eastern base of the middle portion of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific (some of the specimens from Fort Crook, Cal., being undistinguishable from Colorado ones) and from New Mexico to Southern Montana and Idaho. Specimens from Bear Creek, Oregon, and from the Uintah Mountains are typically of this variety; Fort Bridger specimens are nearly so. Farther northward, it. passes into var. richardsoni, and in California merges imperceptibly into var. douglasci. Several of the California specimens (Nos 3848 and 3846, from Fort Crook) have the under parts pure white, the tail centrally gray and washed with white, and the upper surface uniformly colored; hence closely resembling var. fremonti. Others (Nos. 3316 and 4664), from the same locality, arc strongly fulvous beneath, like some (No. 1160, for example) of the specimens from the Upper Des Chutes Valley, and even more strongly so than Nos. 1956 and 1420, SCIURIDiE— SCIURUS EUUSONIUS VAR. FREMONTI. 681 respectively from Forts Steilacoom and Vancouver, which unquestionably rep- resent var. douglassi. No. 4665 (from Fort Crook) is less fulvous than Nos. 3316 and 4664, while in No. 3847 this tint is barely traceable, thus forming the passage to Nos. 3 848 and 3846, which are wholly white below. In No. 3847, the dorsal surface is quite strongly red, especially mesially, this tint being continued into the tail ; but the lower parts show no trace of fulvous. Other specimens have the middle of the back faintly rufous. In these speci- mens, the pelage is fine and soft, and the gray of the upper surface is gener- ally less fulvous than in Colorado specimens. Specimens from the Wind River Mountain region of Northwestern Wy- oming present a peculiar combination of the characters of the three varieties {fremonti, hudsonius, and richardsoni) whose habitats there meet, very few of the specimens typically representing either variety, while not a few of them are almost as well referable to one variety as to the other. As already noticed, in the region of the Black Hills var. hudsonius loses much of its redness; the dorsal band becomes less distinct; the middle of the tail is paler; and the edging of the tail is yellowish-gray, instead of bright fulvous, or yellowish-red, as is the case in eastern specimens. In specimens from the sources of the Yellowstone River, particularly in those from the head of the Gros Ventres Fork, the Geyser region of the Yellowstone, etc., we have generally a strong approach to var. richardsoni, combined with some of the features of hudsonius, as the indistinct darkening of the middle of the dorsal region, the increase of black in the tail, and a deepening of the rufous of the base of the tail-hairs to dull reddish-chestnut. In other specimens, the dor- sal surface is like the dorsal surface in var. fremonti, with the tail presenting a combination of the characters of vars. richardsoni and hudsonius. No. 9823, from Yellowstone Lake, has the dorsal surface as in Black Hills specimens of var. hudsonius, and also as in very fulvous specimens of var. fremonti, while the rufous of the tail is that of var. richardsoni, but accompanied with much less black than is seen in typical examples of the latter. Other specimens have the color of the dorsal surface exactly as in average specimens of var. fremonti, with the characters of the tail variously intermediate between vars. hudsonius and richardsoni, perhaps on the whole more resembling hudsonius. Wind River Valley specimens are much more reddish above, with a tendency to a well defined dorsal band, while in some there is scarcely more black in the tail than in average examples of var. hudsonius, the rufous of which, how- G82 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ever, is much browner. Specimens without the dorsal band, and with more black in the tail, also so approach var. fremonti as to lie as well referable to this as to var. hudsonius. .Some of the Uintah .Mountain specimens also pre- sent a decided approach toward var. richardsoni. GENERAL REMARKS RESPECTING SCIURUS HUDSONIUS AND ITS VARIETIES. Differential characters and affinities.— The four subspecies of Sci- urus hudsonius, namely, hudsonius,richardsoni.douglassi, and fremonti, are gener- ally readily distinguishable by their coloration, especially by the markings of the tail. In respect to size, var. hudsonius, as represented in the United States, is rather smaller than either of the others, but examples from Alaska and British North America equal the largest specimens of the other varieties. Vars. richardsoni, douglassi, and fremonti do not differ materially in size. All the varieties except fremonti have usually a more or less distinct reddish band along the middle of the back, which extends from the top of the head nearly to the end of the tail. This, in var. hudsonius, is yellowish-red; in vars. richardsoni and fremonti, it is of a much darker tint, generally dark brownish- red. All are white or grayish-white below, except var. douglassi, which has the ventral surface fulvous or huffy. The northern representatives of the three northern varieties {hudsonius, richardsoni, and douglassi) are generally finely annulated on the ventral surface with black; in their southern repre- sentatives and in var. fremonti, these annulations are generally absent. The dorsal surface in all is finely annulated with black, the general color varying from fulvous to rufous-gray. A conspicuous black lateral line is more or less prevalent in all, especially in summer, and particularly among young specimens of var. hudsonius. In winter, it is frequently, if not generally, absent in all, and in var. hudsonius almost invariably so; late in autumn, it is generally obscure. Var. hudsonius is distinguished by its lighter and more fulvous tints, being above generally pale yellowish-gray or grayish-fulvous, finely annulated with black, with generally a rather broad dorsal stripe of yellowish-red. The middle of the tail dorsally is of the same color as the middle of the back ; the central reddish portion is bounded with black, the latter being fringed with pale yellow. Var. richardsoni differs mainly from var. hudsonius in the general color of the upper surface being darker or more rufous, with the dorsal stripe SCIUltlDiE— SCIURDS HUDSONIDS AND VARS. 683 brownish-red, and in 1 he central portion of the tail being also dark brownish- red, with the enclosing black bar much broader and purer black and more narrowly fringed with yellowish. Often the terminal half of the tail is almost wholly black. Var. douglassi generally differs little in the general color of the dorsal surface from var. richardsoni, being, on the whole, rather darker or more fuscous. The tail, however, is less black, and is more broadly fringed with yellowish-white. The central portion (dorsally) is generally less strongly ferruginous, varying sometimes to gray. The ventral surface of the body, however, is tawny, thus furnishing, in typical examples, a very obvious distinctive feature. Var. fremonti generally lacks the central dorsal stripe, and the fulvous of the upper surface inclines more strongly to yellow. The tail is generally gray centrally above (sometimes more or less fulvous or rufous), with a broad enclosing zone of black, broadly fringed with pure white. These varieties, in their extreme phases, appear very distinct, yet wherever their respective habitats meet their characters become very much blended. Thus, as already noted, in Northwestern Wyoming, where meet the habitats of varieties hudsonius, richardsoni, and fremonti, a considerable proportion of the specimens received from this region can scarcely be referred to one of the varieties rather than to another. Many of the specimens present distinctly traces of the leading characteristics of the three forms ; others, while present- ing considerable resemblance to hudsonius, incline most strongly to var. richardsoni; others, again, toward fremonti. Others still, both from this region and from localities much farther westward, combine the leading features of vars. richardsoni and fremonti. Specimens from the region where the habitats of richardsoni and douglassi meet are again variously intermediate between these two forms, being generally distinguishable only by the color of the ventral surface. In California, where the habitats of douglassi and fie- monti meet, the same localities furnish typical examples of each form, with others variously intermediate between them. Professor Baird, in 1857, with far less material before him than has passed under the examination of the present writer, in referring to the gray-tailed specimens from California, says: — "In this condition the tail exactly resembles, in every respect, that of S. fremonti, and the two [$. douglassi and S. fremonti], comparing Nos. 1160 [S. douglassi from the Upper Des Chutes] and 520 [S. fremonti from Sawatch Pass, G84 MOXOGRAPIIS OF KOUTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. Rocky Mountains], could not be distinguished from each other, except by the white belly of the latter. I consider it quite possible, if not very probable, that these may be two varieties of color of the same species."* Geographical distribution. — The habitat of Sciurus hudsonius (includ- ing under this term its several varieties) embraces the greater part of the North American continent, extending northward to the limit of forest vegeta- tion and southward over the northern two-thirds of the United States. The eastern variety (subspecies hudsonius) has a far more extensive range than all of the others together; its habitat embracing nearly all of North America (north of about lat. 34°) east of the Rocky Mountains, and extending north- westward over most of Alaska. Its southern limit in the United States is quite irregular, terminating on the Atlantic coast near the Delaware Bay, but occupying the highlands of the interior as far southward as Northern Georgia and Northern Alabama, while one specimen in the collection of the National Museum is labelled as coming from as far south as Monticello, Miss. In the vicinity of Washington, D. C., it is occasionally found : I have lately seen a specimen from this locality, regarded as a rarity by the local collectors. In the Mississippi Valley, it is not common south of Central Illi- nois and Northern Missouri. ■ Woodhouse, however, notes its occurrence in the Indian Territory. Northward, it is reported from Labrador and the region about Hudson's Bay, and specimens are in the collection from as far north as Fort Anderson, the Yukon River, and Nulato. It extends westward to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Subspecies richardsoni inhabits the Rocky Mountain region of Western Montana and Northern Idaho, ranging thence westward to the Cascade Range and northward considerably into British America, but to what distance is thus far not definitely known. Subspecies douglassi occupies the Pacific coast from Central California northward to British Columbia, but is confined mainly to the narrow belt west of the Coast Ranges. Its northern limit is not yet known, but it ranges northward to Sitka, and probably to Southern Alaska. Subspecies fiemonti occupies the more southern portion of the Rocky Mountains, from Southern Wyoming to New Mexico, and thence westward over Utah, Southern Idaho, and Nevada to California. It is quite abundant in the mountains of Colorado, and there are also specimens in the collection from the Uintah Mountains. * Mcimm. N. Auier. p. 277. SCIURID.E— SCIURUS OUDSON1US AND VARS. 685 Geographical variation. — Subspecies hudsonius, as already noted, varies considerably in size and color with locality. As a rule, northern specimens are considerably larger than southern ones; but, on the other hand, New England specimens are much smaller than those from Central Pennsyl- vania or than those from localities farther west having the same latitude as New England Specimens from Minnesota and thence westward are among the largest examined. Northern specimens, as also those from the Black Hills, arc paler or more fulvous than specimens from the eastern portions of the United States; they are, at the same time, more distinctly annulated below with black. Specimens from the Eastern and Middle States are hence more intensely white below and more rufous above than those from more northern localities. Var. richardsoni appears to attain its greatest degree of special- ization in the Bitter Root Range, near the eastern boundary of Idaho Terri- tory, ranging more toward the hudsonius phase farther eastward, and toward fremonti and douglassi respectively southward and westward. Var. douglassi varies quite markedly with the latitude, southern specimens being smaller than northern ones, and somewhat differently colored, especially in being less annulated with black below. Var. fremonti appears to be more constant in its coloration than either of the others, and the differences presented by different specimens appear to be more individual than geographical. Synonymy and nomenclature. — Neither of the varieties of Sciurus hudsonius has any very prominent synonyms. The eastern form was at first referred by Forster to the Sciurus vulgaris of Europe. Erxleben, in 1777, likewise referred it to S. vulgaris, but distinguished it as var. hudsonicus. The following year it was described by Pallas under the name Sciurus hud- sonius, by which name it has ever since been currently known. Ord (accord- ing to Baird), in 1815, applied to it the name carolinus. The name rubro- lineatus of Desmarest is the name of a nominal species, recognized by only a few writers, referable to hudsonius. Following the strict rule of priority, the name should probably be written hudsonicus (from Erxleben), this being the first distinctive appellation given to this form, it having apparently a pri- ority of one year over hudsonius. The next form designated by a systematic name is var. douglassi, first named by Gray in 1836, and first described by Bachman in 1838. It is the "Small Brown Squirrel" of Lewis and Clarke, and the "Sciurus hudsonius var. /?" of Richardson, based on Lewis and Clarke's description. Gray G86 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMKRIOAN RODBNTIA. renamed (lie same form hlchcri in 1842, and Baird, in 1855, distinguished Sciurus suckleyi, which two years later, alter the reception of additional specimens, he himself referred to douglassi. The S. lanuginosus of Bach- man is based on a white-bellied, light-colored specimen, said by Townsend to have been collected at Sitka. It agrees very well with the light-colored, white-bellied phase of douglassi from Fort Crook, Cal, and I have little doubt is referable to douglassi. Professor Baird, however, regarded it, after an examination of the specimen, as an albinistic example of S. richardsoni, admitting, however, that it is possibly referable to douglassi, which view the locality, if correctly stated, certainly favors. To this variety is also refera- ble the S. mollipilosus of Audubon and Bachman, based on a specimen from the "northern parts of California", in which the lower parts were cinereous, slightly tinged in places with rufous. The form next specifically distinguished was the & richardsoni of Bach- man, based on a small specimen from the "high range of the Rocky Mount- ains, west of the great chain" (probably the Bitter Root Range). It is not the same, however, as the *S. hudsonius var. /? of Richardson, as supposed by Bachman. This is the origin of the name richardsoni, which appears to have no synonyms. Var. fre.monti was first described by Audubon and Bachman, in 1853, from a specimen collected by Fremont in the vicinity of the South Pass. A second specimen, from Sawatch Pass, was described by Baird in 1857, at which time these two were the only specimens known. This form is also fortunately without synonyms. Gray, in 1867, regarded it as a variety of S. douglassi. Since 1857, when Professor Baird treated each of these forms as dis- tinct species, the material available for their study has vastly increased. The specimens of var. frcmonti have increased from the two then known to upward of fifty. The five specimens of var. richardsoni have increased to upward of forty. Many additional examples of var. douglassi have also come to hand, together with a large series from Northwestern "Wyoming, collected under the auspices of the present Survey, illustrating the unquestionable intergradation of the Rocky Mountain forms with the eastern or hudsonius type. While this additional material places beyond reasonable doubt the complete intergradation of these diverse geographical forms, the exact boundaries of their respective habitats remain yet to be determined, as well SCIURIDiE— SCIURUS HUDSONIUS VAR. HUDSONIUS. 687 as the peculiar phases of intergradation occurring over considerable areas where adjoining varieties presumably interblend. Not less important is the large scries of the hudsonius type from Arctic America, which, under a slightly modified phase, is found to range throughout the great northern inte- rior of the continent and northwestward over the larger portion of Alaska to Norton Sound. Table VI. — Measurements of thirty-four specimens of Sciukus hudsonius far. hudsonius." Locality. From tip of n096 to — Tail to end of— Length of- Keraarke. 144!) 4431 44.Ju 44'JI 834 I07o 3807 3806 3729 803 603 3536 594 92b 3721 37i6 3723 3735 3719 3725 905 3720 1.102 14'J 3755 3754 3573 867 14J 160 2427 2428 2429 843 34 389 Nulato, Alaska. Fort Simpson, H. 15. T. .. do G't Slave Lake, H. B. T. Lake Winnipeg Minneapolis, Min Grand Meuan . ..do Lake Richard son, Me. ...do .do Gardiner, Me .. Norway, Me ... ...do Amherst, N. H ...do ...do ...do ...do , ...do ..do ...do ...do Coucord, Mass Woburn, Mass ...do Cambridge, Mass Lynn, Mass.. . Maiden, Mass .. Springfield, Mas: Carlisle, Pa ...do Monticello, Miss Elizabeth, N.Y 0.77 1.05 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.73 0.79 0.80 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.82 0.85 0.85 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.77 0.83 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.75 0.77 o.eo 0.80 0.80 o.eo 1.55 1.72 1.43 1.55 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.43 1.50 1.45 1.50 1.48 1.45 1.50 1.57 1.40 1.42 1.42 1.50 1.42 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.60 1.4! 1.40 1.53 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.98 2.05 2.05 2.00 2.00 1.90 1.83 1.90 1.85 1.85 1.82 1.90 1.80 1.85 1.88 1.85 1.92 l.ro 1.98 1.78 l.ro 1.90 1.88 1.90 1.90 l.ro 2.01 1.90 1.93 1.90 2.00 1.85 1.83 2. CO 7.75 7.80 7.eo 7.65 7.00 8.50 6.75 6.00 6.00 6. CO 6.80 6.65 0.50 7.00 6.78 6.45 6.10 6.80 7.00 6.45 6.33 6.25 6.60 0.80 6.75 6. 75 7.25 6.60 6. 55 7.50 7.25 7.00 6.25 7.25 4.70 0.30 4.90 4.70 4.75 5.10 3.95 3.90 4.50 4.00 4.40 4.50 3.6J 4.45 4.50 5.00 4.75 3.50 5.00 4.45 4.57 4.35 4.70 4.50 4.70 3.50 4.45 4.70 4.30 5.00 5.00 5. 00 3.50 5.00 0.80 7.30 7.00 0.70 5.40 7.00 5.75 5.30 5.40 6.00 5.25 6.50 5. 43 5.95 0.70 6.70 6. CO 5.48 6.15 5.37 6.30 6.10 1.17 1.35 6.25 6.43 5.10 6.50 6.60 5.60 6.65 6.50 6.25 4.25 6.75 1. 15 1.17 1.03 1.12 1.15 1.15 1. 13 1.15 1.08 1. 17 1.20 1.20 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.14 1. i.'0 1.25 1.23 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.10 0.80 1.93 1.80 1.85 0.52 0.68 0.70 Fresh . ...do. do . .do. 1.80 1.80 1.65 1.70 1.80 1.75 1.65 1.75 1.20 1.65 1.75 1.88 1.87 1.78 1.78 1.70 1.82 1.83 1.86 1.82 1.80 1.82 1.87 1.75 1.77 1.82 1.80 1.75 1.30 0.55 0.57 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.50 0.63 0.65 0.53 0.65 0.60 0.C0 0.55 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.62 0.60 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.67 Alcoholic ...do .... ...do .... .. do .... ....do.... ..do . ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do . ..do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ..do . ..do. ...do. ...do . ...do ...do . ...do . ...do. Collector's meas- urements. do. do. ...do. ...do . Fresh. From B a i r d ' Ma mm. N.Am p. 270 do. do. Collector's meas- urements. * All fully adult specimens; tho females in nearly every case give evidence of having suckled young. The first four are from tha Nalionnl Museum; the ethers are from the Muteum of Comparative Zoology, C.'.mbrid^e. Mass. <;.ss MONOGRAPHS OF XOBTII AMERICAN BODESTIA. Tablk VII. — Measurements of thirty six skulls of SCICItl'S UDDSONIUS tar. UUD60KHT8. i u e •a a - i 6 c a* C9 i .= 1- s u 0 u P p ►3 i-i 4376 Fort Sinipeou, U. B. T cf 1.90 1.08 0.65 0.57 0.16 O.CO 0.93 0.35 0.16 0.33 O.CO 1. 10 0.60 | 4277 do -f 1.80 1.07 0.64 0.53 0.15 0.56 0.90 0.34 0.17 O.3.! 0.31 1.07 0.60 4350 do 9 cf 1.84 1.09 0.65 0.55 0.15 0.55 0.95 0.33 0.19 1.07 O.CO 4231 do 1.88 1.10 0.62 0.56 0.14 0.60 0.92 0.35 0.16 0.?2 0.22 1.08 O.fO 4283 do cf 1. -;> 1.05 0.62 0.57 0.13 0.57 0.91 0.32 0.15 0.32 0. 21 1.05 O.CO 4284 4286 do 9 rf 1.84 1.85 1.10 1.08 0.53 0.53 0.15 0.17 0. 55 0.55 o ro 0.92 1.06 O.CO do do 4 0 15 1 07 4288 do 1. el 1.00 0.52 0.15 0.55 0.95 1.01 0.10 4290 do cf 1.86 1.08 0.57 0.13 0.58 0.93 1.08 o.co 6168 cf 1.76 1.03 0.70 0.16 0.52 0.85 0.27 o. n 0.2$ 1.C0 0.57 6109 6171 6172 6173 6175 6176 6178 cf 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.80 1. E0 1.75 1.8.1 1.05 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.08 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.58 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.53 0 '0 0.92 0.91 O.CO 0.90 O.CO 0.85 0.90 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.18 0.18 O.CO 0.£8 0.30 o.so 0.22 0.22 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 1.02 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.55 0.56 cf 9 rf cf 9 1 : 0.53 6179 1.84 I. OS 0.53 0. 16 0.56 0.91 6180 do 9 1.60 1.02 0.55 0.16 0.58 0.91 1.00 0.53 908 Upton, Oxford Co, Me... 1.75 0.97 0 65 0 53 0.18 0.52 0.85 0.98 0.55 909 1.70 0.98 0.62 0.50 0.15 0.51 0.83 0.90 0.53 912 do cf 1.70 1.00 0.58 0.50 0.17 0.50 0.83 0.95 0.55 915 917 *° cf cf 1.70 1.70 1.05 0.98 0.58 0.00 0.50 0.53 0.15 0.14 0.51 0.53 0.87 0.87 1.00 0. 97 0.57 0.55 919 do cf 1.69 0.98 0.57 0.48 0.13 0.52 0.87 0.98 0.57 924 do cf 1.67 0.97 0.58 0.47 0.15 0.49 0.82 0.93 0.52 918 do 9 1.72 0.98 0.62 0.50 0.14 0.52 0.87 1.00 O.CO 925 do 9 1.77 1.02 0.08 0.52 0.10 0.53 0. ro 922 do ? 9 1.75 1.02 0.60 0.52 0. 13 0.52 0.87 0.97 0.55 921 do 1.75 1.02 o.co 0.55 0.13 0.55 0.90 1.02 0.58 920 do 9 1.73 1.00 0.57 0.47 0.15 0.52 0.85 935 935 933 1.80 1.77 1.77 1.04 1.08 1.02 0.61 0.00 0.60 0.57 0.48 0.53 0.14 0.15 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.90 0.90 0.89 1.02 1. CO 0.90 0.00 0.57 0.55 1986 1.S0 1.02 0.64 0.50 0.18 0.55 0.90 SCIURIDiE— SCIURUS HUDSONIUS VAR. RICHARDSONI. 689 Table VIIT. — Measurements of thirteen specimen* of Sciurus hudsonius vnr. richardsoni. % = a & 3 to o u © .3 a 3 a "rt a '5c 5 Locality. © From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— Leu^thof- u © o to a a 9 a '3 © CO '*- o © Cm 3 eg to Eeraarks. © >> m 3 P. '1 o i 8 i- £> e u > X u 'h w o © U o 6 o & 3 11984 11983 214 215 213 5874 4134 4142 4145 .4190 4185 4175 4188 4585 4595 991 558 78G 782 700 789 Chie/MtLakc n' parallel. ...do St. Mary's, E. Mts 0. FO 0.80 1.60 1.60 2.00 2.10 7.25 7.50 9.00 8.50 7.90 8.50 7.66 8.10 7.25 7.30 7.25 7.75 7.60 5.90 5.90 6.00 5.10 5.65 4. 6=. 4.50 4.50 3.20 4.00 7.00 7.75 8.00 7.15 l.ao 1.20 2.00 1.95 1.83 1.60 1.87 1.83 1.85 1.83 1.85 1.80 1.82 0.50 0.55 0.57 0.50 0.50 Fresh. ..do... Skin.. ..do ... ..do ... do ... ..do ... ..do... ..do ... ..do ... ..do... ..do ... Collector's meas- ure uieuta. do. ... do Eocky Mts., 49th par. Camp Kootenay .... Bitter Root Valley ...do ..-.do Hell Gate, E. Mts. . ...do do 0.88 1.44 ? ? 9 0.90 0. 85 0.88 0.75 0.83 0.85 0.94 0.90 1.75 1.00 1.70 1.45 1.52 1. GO 1.45 1.55 2.00 2.10 6. r.o 6.40 6.00 5.00 5.80 1.15 1.10 1.10 ....do ..do... Table IX. — Measurements of three skulls of Sciurus hudsonius rar. richardsoni. o 0 . T3 £ ® M la o o« s u © -d a •3 a £ a "Si a t» -3 fl B a Locality. A £ * 3 5 g (-1 en a .2 © 43 60 if O ■3 6 5 fe i a o o a o5 a u 3fl a ;j o "9 "3 Is "rt 2L *» S..2 !» © © © © & t3 0 ►J c-l 1184 1.87 0.57 0.15 0.57 0.98 0.33 0.21 1.10 o.eo 3663 Camp Skagit, W. T 1.90 1.10 0.58 0.15 0.57 0.95 0.32 0.23 1.12 0.61 3305 1.92 1.15 0.58 0.15 0.60 0.95 0.30 0.26 .... 44 M 690 MONOGKAPDS OF NOIiTII AMKKICAN IIODENTIA. Table X. — Measurements of fifteen specimens of Sciunrs nuiisoxn.s rar. douglassi. c © S p a & a o 73 "S o u s .o S B a ■3 a •5 c o Locality. X l'roui tip of doso to — Tail to CDd of- Length of— u © o .tJD a a a 5 "o © z. 00 c © Remarka © u a - 3 O. *S u O 1 a .a - © > 00 u a o o © ■S a 5 2124 272 273 2423 2425 2420 218 1265 1160 1184 ■J II'!' 2403 2410 2411 2412 Fort Steilacoom, W. T. ... do cf 0.80 1.65 L98 7. 50 n. on 8.50 8.00 7.50 6.50 7.50 7.50 8.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.25 1. 20 1.50 4.25 6.50 6.00 6.00 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.10 1.25 1.20 1.30 1.25 1.20 1. 95 1.80 1.80 2.00 2.00 1.80 1.83 1.90 2.00 1.90 1.90 2.00 1.85 1.70 2.00 0.64 0.50 0.50 Alcobolic . Skin ....do Meas'meDtafrom Boird's Mainm. N. Anicr..p. 278, do. do ...do ...do ...do ...do CliickwnsB.W. T. Upper DeB Chutes, Columbia R. .. do 9 cf 0.90 0.90 0.80 1.70 1.70 1.50 1.90 2.00 1.80 5. 00 4.50 4.50 3. 75 4.00 4.00 5.25 5.25 5.00 4. 7.'. 5.50 6.00 5.25 6.25 5.95 5.60 5.60 6.90 7.00 7.00 5.25 7.00 ...do .... ...do Skin .. do. do. do. ...do... ...do .... do do. do. do. ...do 206 Petaluuin, Cal.. . ...do ... do 9 cf cf e 0.80 0.80 0.90 0.80 0.85 1.70 1.60 1.70 1.50 1.70 1.90 1.S0 1.90 1.75 1.90 do. do. do do. do. do. . do . do ...do ....do Tablk XI. — Measurements of five xkirfls of Sciur.r^ hudsonius var. douglassi. o -o a 05 •a 13 a o 43 6 a © © G a « to a .a 5 o s5 IS t © a S3 £ J3 a 3 Locality. fl •3 g tT to o 5 « or! 90 (- © *s © ei E ,a '5 Q H "c ~ o c= fc S © o ei ■-S •*-» o "3 3 ei © m 7? 11 © © Eh S © O H O P « fc D P P t> hi ►J 2001 1.83 l. 08 0. C6 0.52 0.17 0. CO 0.94 0.33 0.24 1 05 1883 1.80 1.03 0. 52 0.17 0.53 0.89 1.05 0.53 2229 1.90 1.08 0.53 0.18 0.57 0.94 2414 6885 1.81 1.78 1.03 1.02 0.58 0.55 0.17 0.17 0.50 0.55 0.88 0.90 1.00 0.52 .SCIUHID^— SCIURUS HUDSONIUS VAR. HUDSONIUS. 691 Table XII. — Measurements of eight specimens of Sciurus HUD8ONID8 rar. FREMONTI. 3 3 a a a to o 6 SI a 3 a *& a o Locality. From tip of nose to— Tail to end of- Length of— OS © C 49 M '£ W a o a "5 CO ft to O g .2* "o O o 8 « CQ > 09 H w .o © 1 *-> O S3 *2U65 •2666 11504 11679 718 721 857 246 1.05 0.93 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.90 1.62 1.77 1.65 1. 55 1.72 I. SO 1.57 1.70 2.07 2.10 1.95 1.90 2.00 1.97 2.05 7.95 7.75 7.50 8. no 7.75 7.75 8.25 4. 60 4. 85 4.70 5.25 5.10 5.20 6. :» 6.50 6.50 6.90 0.80 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.95 1.10 1.90 1.75 1.78 2.00 2.00 2.00 Fresh. .. do. ...do. do do Skiu. ...do. cf . do 0.65 0.73 0.73 Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. . do do * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Table XIII — List of specimens examined of Sciunus hudsonius tar. hudsonius. 8932 8934 8939 8938 8941 8777 8105 8106 4460 4461 4463 44G4 4475 4478 4481 7027 4491 1 196 1449 595 809 520 710 38 27 22 20 35 33 1102 203 Locality. Nulato, R. Am.. .. do ...do ...do Woolysatuks, R. Am. Koyoukuk.lt. Ail Lower Kvichpak Fort Anderson, Arctic Coast. Yukon, mouth of Porcupine. Fort Simpson, Mackenzie R. do When collected. Jan. 31, 1867 Apr. 25, 1867 Apr. 3,1867 . do . ..do . ..do . ..do . ..do . .do . ..do . ,1,, Aug. , 186! May 9. 1860 Apr. -.9, I860 Mar. 19, 1860 Mar. 17, 1860 Mar. 19, 1860 Apr. 6, I860 Mar. 31, 1860 From whom re- ceived. W. H. Dall.... .. do ...do ...do ...do do Collected by- W. H. Dall . ...do ..do ...do .. do .do . 0. de Bendele- ben. 11. R. Ross . . . .. do ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do R. Keonicott . ..do .. do J. Lockbardt . B. R. Ross . . . ...do .. do ...do ...do ..do ...do R. Kennicott . ..do ...do Alcoholic. Skin ..do .... ...do .... ...do .... ...do. ...do . .do . .do Skin and skull Skin Skin and skull Skin ...do ...do ...do ... do ...do Skin and skull Remarks. Nearly indistin- guishable from averageeaslern skins. The red a little paler and tin- ihu k aonulations a little broader andrathermoie black in the tail. Ears conspicu- ously tufted. In color almost indiatinguisha. ble from Red River skins. G92 MOXOCKAIMIS OF NORTH AMERICAS K< HU'.NTIA. Table XIII. — IA»t of tpeotmen* examined of Scicrus iudsumi - rur, •hudsonius — Continned. o - a & 3 U . s = 5 " u a 3 3 U . = 3= §3 T : - - E a c — ■~ u 0 a a o u 3 rs 3 3 y. ? d rf 9 9 rf d- 9 9 c? rf a 1 *922 •923 *9->4 *925 *988 "989 "990 *991 RedRiver.H.BT Princeton, Minn Grosse Isle, Mich ...do ...do Cleveland, Ohio ....do D.Gnnn O. E. Garrison C. Fox do ...do Dr. Kirtland . . ..do .. D.Gunn O. E. Garrison C. Fox Skin ...do ...do May — , 1852 ...do ...do ...do ....do Dr. Kirtland ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Halifax.N.S... ....do ...do Dr. J. B. GilpiD do ..do ...do ...do do Dr. J. B. Gilpin ...do do ...do do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Montreal,Cauada Lake Winnipeg Minneapolis, Min Lawn Ridge, 111 n. y. Port Jarvia, N.Y. Grand Menanlal ...do XJmbagog Lake, Me. Lake Richardson, Me. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do S. H. Scudder.. II. Mann, jr ... H. Butler X. S. Shaler . . A.E.Verrill... ...do S. H. Scudder. H. Butler J.S.Foley... N. S. Shaler . . . A.E.Verrill... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Gray Fund A. E. Verrill . . ...do .. J. G. Rich . . ...do A.E.Vorrill.. ...do ...do ...do Gray Fund .. ...do J.G.Rich ...do ...do ...do do ...do Skull ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do do ...do ...do .. do ...do .. do .. do ...do ...do ...do . do ...do .. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do . ...do .. do ...do do ...do do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ... ...do ...do . do ....do ...dj ..do do ...do ... do ...do .. do ...do .. do do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do do .. do .. do ...do L. Agassiz . . I!. 1). Verri 1 . . do . d i L. A'iassiz Gray Fund do Alcoholic ...do ...do Norway, Mo. .. ....do do ...do .. do ...do ...do do do ...do ' Iii t.li o Mnscum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge^ Mass. (394 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTB AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XIII. — Lint of upecimenn examined of Scicrus hudsonii s var. hcdboxius — Continued. 0 fa % i tl . a c 2 3 u s be . 3 -^ 0 O 1 3 a "Q : tc « -3 3 s L«".tlilv. When oollected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— a 3 a *3 Pi ■ Cm O O § Remarks. •003 -1002 •3719 •3729 •3721 •3722 •372IS •3724 •3725 •3726 •3743 •3744 •1099 •1100 •1002 *970 •an •3103 •3104 •3103 •3106 •3733 •3792 •3793 •3794 •3834 •2S20 •1710 •1711 •1712 •1713 •24!ll ■8493 •2493 •2494 •2496 ♦2497 *■-*»■>- •2495 •1404 •I4C5 •1466, •1467 •1468 •1469 931 •93S Gray Fund ... ...do A. E. Vcrrill . . ....do Skull ilu ....do ? 9 Miss A. M. Ed- mans. ...do Miss A. M.Ed- mans. ...do Alcoholic ,lo ...do ....do ...do ...do ....do ....do ...do ...-.do ....do ..do ...do ....do ....do 9 ...do ... ...do .. ....do ...do ...do .. .. do ....do ...do 9 9 ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do W. H. Melendj W. H. Melendy ....do ....do ...do .. .. do -653 •954 •955 do . .. do . ....do Skull .. ...do ...do ...do ...do do ...do Milford, N. H... S. Tenney do S. Tenney ...do Skin ...do ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do -..do ....do .. do ....do ...do . . do ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do ...do ...do ....do ....do ..do ....do ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do .'. ...do .. ...do ... . L. Agassiz L. Agassiz ... ...do ....do ....do ....do ...do ...d) ...do ....do 350 14 44 72 7H 153 114 152 113 95 94 93 175 9 rf 9 rf 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 o ■= u JO a s a '& 'u O © a a « M go m Locality. When collected. Prom whom re- ceived. Collected by— d S a "o 9 04 09 O CD U 3 a Hemarks. ♦1470 •1471 ♦1472 •1473 ♦1474 ♦1475 ♦1470 ♦1477 •1478 ♦1479 •1480 •1481 •156-2 •1489 •1490 •1491 ♦1492 ♦149 ♦150 ♦1£1 •152 •987 ♦866 •867 ♦868 ♦3754 •3755 ♦1416 ♦158 ♦159 ♦160 noil ♦936 ♦898 ♦143 ♦1098 ♦3744 ♦1097 •3573 4215 4216 850 840 1501 2043 2044 L. Agassiz ...do L. Agassiz ...do Skin ...do With the later- I al black lines very strong. do do ...do ...do .. do do ...do ...do ...do do ...do ...do ...do do ....do ..do ...do do ...do ...do ...do do . . do ...do ...do do ...do ...do do do ...do .. do ..do do ....do ... do ...do do ....do ....do ....do do ...do ....do ....do ♦932 •933 ♦934 do ....do ...do Skull ...do ...do ...do do S. Jillson , , . do ...do ...do S. Jillson ...do Skin do ...do do ....do ....do ...do do ....do ...do ....do H. ManD.jr ...do H. Mann.jr ..do ....do .. do do ...do ...do ....do do ... do ...do ...do S. Jillson ....do S. Jillson ...do ...do do ....do do ... do ...do ...do do ...do ...do ...do ♦936 do do ...do Skull Woburn, Mass .. do J. G. Shute . . . . do J. G. Shute ....do ....do Springfield, Mas* ...do . J. A. Allen . . . ....do J. A. Allen . . . ....do ...do ....do ..do ... do ...do ....do ...do ...do ....do ....do D. Higgins . . . ... do D. Higgins . . ....do ....do . do .. ....do do ...do ...do ....do do do ...do ....do do ...do ....do ...do ...do ....do ....do ....do •935 •956 do ....do ....do Skull ...do ....do ....do ....do Cambridge, Mas ...do .. M. Fowler L. Agassiz . . . Dr. E. Coues . ...do M. Fowler L. Agassiz . . . Dr. E. Coues. . do Alcoholic ....do 4211 4212 Portsmouth, N.E do . Skin and skull ....do ... Saranac, N. Y . . Elizabeth, N. Y. Essex Co., N. Y. ..do Sept 6, 1855 Aug. 14, 1855 D. Welsh S. F. Baird . . . Dr. S. E. Hale ...do D.Welsh S. F. Baird.... Dr. S. E. Hale ....do Skin and sknll ....do ....do Skull 1904 2394 2177 Mt. Joy, Pa . . J. Slauffer do J. Slauffer ...do Skin do .. ....do 1 In the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cambridge, Mass. 090 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN ROIH.NTIA. T.Mii.i'. XIII.— Ttelof specimens examined of Sciurub Hcnsoxias tar. Buosoircus — Continued. 3 U o ,a a 3 P it 3 K . C 3 2 2 a * o S 5 •5 H l*s E t 0 •= « .3 5 3 a a *S o fct re •a a « Locality. When collected I'rom whom re- ceived. Collected by— g a V c. O o K< marks. 8310 8003 1673 11141 2439 oica 0169 lillO U171 0I7S 6173 0174 6175 i 176 i m 0178 G179 0180 0181 59 4-<41 4-4: 4843 727 2495 23 288 3914 cf J 9 d1 d1 9 cf cf J 9 9 c? R. L.Walker.. J. K.Townsend ...do R. L. Walker.. J. K.Townsend do Skin Rod above atrong bri; chestnut. Pennsylvania - . Greensburg. Pa ilo Mar. — , 1842 ...do Skull ...do do . do ...do .. ...do . do ..do ...do do ...do ... do .. do do ...do ...do ..do do ...do ..do ..do ..do ...do ' do ...do ..do 1 do .. do ...do a jht do .do ..do ...do do ...do ...do ...do dn ...do ..do ...do ....do do ...do ...do ...do Carlisle, Pa ...do ...do ...do . do S. F. Baird E.Mkhuer... ...do S. F. Baird E. Michner . . ..do ..do ...do do . do ...do ...do ...do Carlisle, Pa do .. S F. Baird .... ...do S. F. Baird ...do ...do Skin and skull Skull .. do ...do ...do do ...do ...do ...do Washington, D.C C. Drexltr . . Dr. Jones Miss Tennison C. Drexler — Dr. Jones Miss Tennison Skin Skull Monticello, Miss Alcoholic SCIUEIDJ3— SC1UEUS HDDSONIUS VAU. UICIIAIiDSONI. 097 Table XIV. — List of specimens examined of Sciukus hudsonius var. RicnAliDSONi. U .3 3 a o tc . S a « '" a " y 4134 4135 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4143 4144 4145 4146 4180 a s 5 P t- U QJ a ■= O e a a a O Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by- Nature of specimen. Lieut. J. Mullan ....do John Poarsall ...do Skin. ....do. G77 698 do do ....do do ... do. do . ....do ...do ....do. 563 ....do ....do do. do ....do ....do ....do. 699 560 559 558 556 do ....do ....do ....do. do ....do ....do ....do. do ....do ....do ....do. ....do ....do ....do. ....do ... do ....do. do ....do ...do ....do. do ....do ...do ....do. do . . ....do ....do ....do. 4175 4183 418C 4187 4189 4190 4192 4194 5876 5873 5874 5375 £15 213 214 223 216 3803 5955 790 782 785 788 783 786 781 787 91 398 458 459 ....do ...do ....do. do ....do ...do ....do. ....do ...do ....do. ....do ....do ....do. ....do ...do ....do. do ...do ....do ....do. ...do ....do ....do. do ....do ....do ....do. Bitter Koot Eiver Chiloweyuck Depot Aug. 30, 1860 July 14,1800 Aug. 30, 1860 Aug. 30, 1860 Oct. 1,1853 Oct. 1, 1853 Oct. 1, 1853 A.Campbell ....do ...do ....do. Dr.C.B.R. Kennedy ....do ...do. ... do. ...do ... do ....do. St. Mary's, Kocky Mts do Gov. I. L Stevens — ...do ....do. 1184 1185 ....do Skin and skull. ....do. do ... do ...do ...do ...do Skin. ... do. do do 3862 5043 A. Campbell Dr. C. B. R. Kennedy SkrJL ....do. • 698 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODKNTIA. Table XV. — List qf specimens examiiied of ScmnVB HUDSON1D6 rar. dotjglasbi. O 5 J= a 9 a o 9 U . O 9 u i 9 9 Ml . is is « o ® u a 9 9 a 'tc 'C o « -a 9 « H to Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— 9* 9 a OJ c. be CM O © u Remarks. 4665 4666 5895 2409 210 360 272 273 274 1956 1957 1958 1961 658 359 1420 202 811 88 3316 43 Fort Crook, Cal . . . do .. Oct. 24,1860 Oct. 15,1860 D.F.Parkinson ....do D.F.Parkinson .. do Skin i .. do . ) Nearly white bo- low. "Sc. sucklcyi." "Sc. suckleyi." "Sc. sucklcyi." 4786 4754 2414 1181 1274 do . ...do ....do ... Skin and skull, do do .. » ....do ...do E. Samuels Gov. I. I. Ste- vens. ...do .. do Fort Steilacoom, W. T. do Dr. Geo. Suck- ley. ....do ...do ....do .... 9 June 15, 1854 June 15, 1854 June 24, 1854 June 24, 1854 Mar. — , 1856 Mar. — , 1856 Mar. — , 1856 Mar. — , 1856 . do ....do ....do .. ..do . ...do ...do . . ...do 17 19 78 76 . L. Parkinson ... John Feilner ...do ...do Clarence King . . . Dr. F.V. Hayden. ..do ..do ...do ..do ...do ...do Lieut. Ryan ..do ....do .do Capt.E.G.Beckwitk Dr. F. V. Hayden . . ...do ...do ...do .. do ..do ..do ...do ...do ..do ...do ..do Chicago Acad. Sci . Dr.F. V. HaydeD. .. do ...do ....do ... do ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do Lt. G. M. Wheeler ...do ...do ...do ... do ...do ...do Rocky Mt. Exped ....do' ....do Capt.Chas. Bendire ...do ...do D. L. Parkinson John Feilner . . . ...do .. do R. Ridgway H. D. Schmidt . . ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do ...do C. S. McCarthy . .. do ...do . do Mr. Kreutzfeldt J. Stevenson ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do Dr. E.B. McCagg. J.H. Batty ...do .. do .. do ...do ...do ..do .. do .. do ...do Dr. J. T. Rothrock .. do ...do H. W. Heoshaw . . .. do .. do ...do Allen and Bennett ...do ...do '<•> Skin .. ..do ... ..do ... ..do... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... ..do... ..do ... ..do ... ..do ... . .do . . ..do ... ..do .. ..do .. ..do ... .do ... .do ... .do.. .do .. .do .. .do .. .do .. .do .. .do .. .do .. .do .. .do.. .do.. ..do . . ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. ..do . . ..do .. ..do.. ..do.. ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. -do . ..do .. ..do .. ..do .. .do.. ..do.. ..do .. ..do.. Remarks. < Slightly approach- ing var. hiidson- ins. In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Too MONOCKAI'IIS OK NOUTII AMERICAN UODENTIA. Table XVII. — List of spcoimena of SciURna nuDSOtnus, grading ./Vow tar. budsonics info varieties 1:1011- VIIKSHXI, 1 1M-.MONTI, mill l>OI c.I 18SI. u 0 .a E s 0 & 0 3 0 3 a a a 73 a 'Ei ■z 0 it a 3 3 M © to Locality. \VI„n collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — o a '3 u a to <*- o © u S •a Remarks. 1-73 Kit 4375 i27« 4377 9319 9818 9833 982-1 9817 3083 9703 11U17 11108 11109 11113 3064 3034 3063 5896 3802 3803 86 Head Gros Ventres Fork ...do Juno 4, 1860 May 31, I860 Juno 3, 1860 May 30, 1860 Juno 2, 1800 May 30, 18G0 July — , 1871 Jnly — , 1871 July — , 1871 July -.1871 July — , 1871 Dr. F. V. Hayden.. do Dr. F. V. Hayden.. do Skin .. do 1 Variously inter- mediate between ■ vara, hudsonius, richardsoni, ami fremonti. ) \ Intermediate be- \ tweeu vara, frc- 1 monti and doug- * lansL 58 35 53 45 22 21 24 25 29 .. do ...do ...do . do . ....do ...do do ...do ..do ...do ...do . do ... do ...do ...do . do do Yrllowstono Lake ...do F.J. Huse ...do ..do ... ..do . . . do ...do ...do ...do ..do . ...do ...do ...do .do ....do ...do ...do ..do do do 306 23 30 31 51 386 100 366 54 291 ? 9 9 Pacific Creek, Mont. Henry's Fork. FireholeRiver,W. T. do F.J. Huse? do Aug. 8, 1872 Aug. 17. 1872 Aug. 20, 1873 Sept. 17, 1872 Aug. 11, 1837 Aug. 1(1, 1857 Jnly 31,1837 Nov. 3, I860 ...do ...do ...do C. H. Merriman . . . ...do ...do ..do.. ..di .. do cf Black Hills. Nebr... ...do ...do do .. Lieut. F.T.Bryan. . do ' W. S. Wool ..do .. ...do Dr. W. A. Hammond W. S. Wood D. F. ParkinaoD Dr.C.B.R.Kouni'rly ..do .. ..do .. do ..do ... do 9 O 9 Fort Crook, Cal . . . Skagit Valley ...do D. F. Parkinson... A. Campbell ...do ... ...do SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin. Gray Squirrel. Var. leucotis. Northern Gray Squirrel. Sciuru* cinerem SCHREBER, Siiuget. iv, 1792, 760, pi. cexii (nee S. ciiwreus Linn. 1758).— Harlan, Faun. Anier. 1825, 173.— H. Smith, Griffith's Cuvier, v, 1827, 254.— Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1829, 352.— Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 45— Maximilian, Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1861, 66. Sciurus penmylvaniciiH Ord, "Guthrie's Geogr. (2d Am. ed.) ii, 1S15, 292" (dusky phase). Sciurus niger Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 133 (melanistic phase) (nee S.uiger Linn. 1758). — Rich- ardson, Farm. Ut.r. Aiuer. i, H29, 191.— Gapper, Zo61. Journ. v, 1830, 206.— Bachman, Troe. Zool. 6oc. Lond. 1838,96; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839,335; Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxxii, 1839, ::U7. — Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 67.— DeKay, New York Zool. i, 1842,60, pi. xvii.fig. 1.— Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 45.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 172.— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 9.— AUDUBON &, Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 261, pi. xxxiv.— Maximilian, Wiegm. Arch. f. Natnrgesch. 1861, 76.— Hall, Canad. Nat. and (Jeol. 1861, 301. Sciurus leucotis Gapper, Zool. Journ. v, 1830, 208, pi. xi (based on Canada specimens).— Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 96; Charlesworth's .Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 335; Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 298.— EMMONS, Quad. .Mass. 1*40, 66.— DeKay, New York Zool. i, 1842, 57, pi, xviii, tig. 1.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1813, 160.— SCHINZ, Synop. Maui, ii, 1845, -. SCIURIDJ3— SUIURUS CAUOLINENSIS VAR. LEUCOTtS. 701 Sciurus vulpiuua DeKay, N. V. Zool. i, 184-2, 59 (winter pelage). Sciurus migratorius Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 18-19, '205, pi. xxxv.— Krnnicott, U. S. Pat- ent Office Eep. Agricul. for 1856, 1857, 62, pi. vi. — Adams, Field ami Fores;t Rambles, 1873, 296 (western and southwestern parts of New Brunswick). Sciurus earolinensis Godman, Amfer. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 131.— Doughty, Cab. Nat. Hist, ii, 1832, 240, pi. xxi.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 1857, 256, pi. xlv, fig. 2 (skull) (in part; "larger northern" and "black and dusky" varieties only).— Thomas, Trans. 111. State Agricult. Soc. iv, I860, 656.— Hall, Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1861, 301— Hayden, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. xii, 1863,144. — Allen, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. i, 1869,222 (Massachusetts); Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. 1870, 188 (Iowa).— Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 426 (vars. "major" el " niger"). Sciurus earolinensis var. leucotis Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1874, 287. tMacroxus melania Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 425. Var. CAROLINENSIS. Southern Gray Squirrel. Sciurus earolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 148 (based on Pennant's Lesser Gray Squirrel from Carolina).— M'Murtrie, M'Murtrie's Cuvier (Am. ed.) i, 1831, 333.— Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1838, 94; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 330; Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 304.— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 8.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 55, pi. vii. — ?Woodhouse, Sitgreaves's Col. and Zuni Riv. Exped. 1853, 52 (Ind. Ter. and Texas).— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 256 (" small southern variety " only).— Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1861. 3 (Mexico).— Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 282 (Guatemala).— Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 42(5 (var. "minor "only).— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii, 1871. 176 (Florida).— Maynard, Bull. Essex Inst, iv, 1872, 145 (Florida). Sciurus earolinensis f f, Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 263 (Santa Catarina, New Loon, Mex.) Sciurus earolinensis var. earolinensis Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 287. Sciurus fuliginosus Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1838, 96 (dusky phase) ; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 300.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1842, 176— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 9.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, 240, pi. cxlix, fig. 2. f Sciurus deppei Peters, Monatsb. Konigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863 (1864), 654. Lesser Gray Squirrel, Pennant, Synop. Quad. 1771, 283. JScureuil gris de la Carolina, F. Cuvier, Hist, des Mamm.'i, livr. — , 1819 (plate and text). Var. leucotis. Northern Gray Squirrel. Varietal chars. — Length of body about 10.50 inches, varying from 9 to 11.50; tail-vertebrse 8, varying from 7 to 9; tail to end of hairs 11.50, varying from about 10 to 12.50. Above, whitish-gray, with a dirsal area and a lateral line brownish-yellow, and with a more or less strong fulvous suffu- sion beneath the surface of the pelage, generally more or less apparent through the surface-tints; beneath, white. Varies through dusky and annulated phases to intense glossy black ; rarely, in the dusky phases, with areas of yellowish-brown below, more or less strongly annulated with black. Tail with the hairs yellowish-brown basally, with narrow black annulations, and a broad, conspicuous, subterminal black bar, the hairs all broadly tipped with white, giving a white surface-tint, through which the yellowish-brown and black bars are seen beneath. Ears not tufted, with or without a conspicuous woolly tuft of white at the base posteriorly. 702 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMKUIUAN KODENTIA. The Northern Gray Squirrel varies greatly, aside from its melanistic phases, in specimens from the same locality, mainly in respect to the amount of the fulvous suffusion in the pelage of I In- dorsal aspect. The general color above is a fine mixture of white, black, and fulvous, variable in respect to the relative prevalence of these three tints. The general effect is that of a whitish-gray tint, especially northward and in winter specimens. There is generally a well-marked yellowish-brown area, almost unmixed with whitish, along the middle of the back, sometimes continuous from the nape to the rump, but generally restricted to the middle of the dorsal region. This is often wholly obsolete, but generally occupies an area of two or three inches in length, with a breadth of rather less than an inch. The hairs of the dor- sal surface are generally ringed with white, black, and fulvous, but some are wholly black and others wholly fulvous. The fulvous under-color generally shows more or less strongly through the superficial tints, especially on the sides of the shoulders, where it sometimes inclines to rufous. There is gen- erally a well-developed yellowish lateral line separating the white of the lower parts from the gray of the upper surface. This varies in intensity, and, although present as a rule, I find no trace of it in many New England speci- mens. The head is often of the same yellowish-brown as the middle of the back, but more commonly less strongly brownish ; the sides of the nose and cheeks vary from grayish, with a faint wash of fulvous, to strongly yellowish- brown. The upper surface of the feet also varies in the same manner from whitish-gray to bright fulvous. The yellowish-brown at the base of the tail- hairs also varies from pale fulvous-brown to yellowish-rusty. Specimens in which there is a large, conspicuous, brownish area on the middle of the back have usually the yellowish lateral line strongly developed, with fulvous feet, face, and ears. The ears are generally fulvous-tipped, with a white or yel- lowish-white woolly patch at the base, generally far more strongly developed in winter than at other seasons, it being often quite absent in summer. This white fluffy ear-patch is most conspicuous in winter specimens from Fort Des Moines, Iowa. In these also, the pelage is the softest and fullest. The dusky phases of this variety are local in their occurrence, being often wholly unknown over wide areas. They are found in South- western New Brunswick, in portions of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, both the Canadas, in all of the Lake States, and in Iowa, but more frequently near the lakes than further southward. 'TfkO SCIURID^E— SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS VAR. LBUCOTIS. 70 Professor Baird says they are rare in Eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. At localities where the pure black phase occurs can usually be found every intermediate stage between the intensely glossy black individuals and those which scarcely differ from the ordinary type. In Western New York and Northeastern Illinois, where I have had the opportunity of observ- ing the two phases in life, I found that those representing the dusky, annulated phase of coloration were young animals, while all the intensely black ones were evidently aged. I felt at the time strongly inclined to the opinion that only the fully mature become intensely black, — in other words, that the intensity of the black increased with age, and that the black Squirrels when young were all more or less annulated with rusty. A series before me presents a gradual transition from the usual gray type to the pure black phase. No. 1130 (Fort Des Moines, Iowa, Dec, 1855) differs but little above from the usual gray form, except in having a rather stronger suffusion of rufous and less white; the sides are more strongly reddish-fulvous, and the white area of the ventral surface is narrow and of a rather dingy white, with the breast strongly ochraceous. No. 1136 (9, same locality and season) has still less gray above, the brownish suffusion is still stronger, and the white of the ventral surface is restricted to a few irregular patches, more or less confluent. There are dusky areas around the teats; the throat and upper part of the breast are mixed yellowish-brown and black; the inside of the limbs and lower part of the breast are washed with yellow- ish-rufous or gamboge, strongest on the inside of the thighs. No. 1636 (Coll. M. C. Z., from Wayne County, 111., Sept., 1867) differs from the last mainly in having the middle of the belly grayish-white, mixed along the median line with pale rufous hairs annulated with dusky; the breast and sides of the abdomen are washed with dingy yellowish-brown. No. 970 (West Northfield, 111., Sept., 1855) has the lower parts with a small whitish area divided medially by bright yellowish-brown, the rest of the lower sur- face being gamboge-yellow. The sides of the back from the middle of the body posteriorly are strongly whitish-gray, in strong contrast with the rest of the dorsal surface, while the chin, lips, and edges of the fore feet are deep reddish-chestnut mixed with blackish. Next come a considerable series of specimens, obtained in 1847 by Professor Agassiz from the Boston markets, and probably killed either in New England or New York, that show various stages of intrrgradation between the three specimens last described and those 704 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. thai are purr glossy black throughout. No. 1499 (Coll. M. C. Z.) lias the upper surface dusky, varied with pale yellowish-brown, especially anteriorly and on the sides; beneath, yellowish-rufous, more or less varied with Mack. No. 1496 (Coll. M. C. Z.) is blacker above, with Ihe lower parts dusky, annu- lated with yellowish-brown, the two colors being in about equal proportions. Several other specimens from the same lot differ only in being sometimes more and sometimes less varied with pale yellowish-brown above, and in the greater or less amount of dusky below. Other specimens, from Wayne County, New York, and from Cook County, Illinois, are almost precisely simi- lar, though each, on close inspection, is found to vary more or less, in some feature or another, from all of the others. No. 1057 (Cook Co., 111., Nov., 1855) is glossy black above, sparsely7 varied with gamboge on the sides and below, forming the last stage in the transition to those which are glossy black throughout. Var. CAROLINENSIS. Southern Gray Squirrel. Varietal chars — Length of body about 9.50 inches, ranging from 8.50 to 10.25 ; tail-vertebrae about 8.00, ranging from 7.50 to 8.75 ; tail to end of hairs about 10.50, ranging from 9.00 to 11.50. Above, brownish-yellow, varied with black, with generally the sides of the neck, shoulders, and thighs mixed with whitish ; beneath, white. Differs from var. leucotis in its smaller size, and in the general color of the dorsal surface being yellowish-brown instead of whitish-gray. In the majority of specimens, the white-tipped hairs that in var. leucotis give a whitish aspect to the whole dorsal surface (excepting over a restricted central area) are either wholly wanting in var. carolinensis or give merely a faint grayish cast to the sides of the neck, the shoulders, and thighs. In other words, the fulvous suffusion that pervades the pelage beneath the surface in var. leucotis reaches the surface in var. carolinensis, thereby dis- placing the superficial white tint seen in var. leucotis. The transition in color is evidently effected by the extension of the limited brownish dorsal area usually seen in var. leucotis till it occupies the whole of the dorsal surface, accompanied with an increase in the intensity of the tint. The general color above of var. carolinensis is mixed yellowish- brown and black, instead of white, Mack, and yellowish-brown, with white for the prevalent tint, as in leucotis. SCIUEID^E— SCIUKUS CAROLINENSIS VAR. YUCATANENSIS. 705 The form above characterized as var. carolinensis is typically represented by Florida specimens. Specimens from Louisiana, however, are hardly dis- tinguishable from Florida ones. A specimen from Salt Creek, Kansas (No. 30G1, May 29, 1857), is not appreciably different. Specimens from the Carolinas, and as far north even on the coast as Washington, and as far north in the Mississippi Valley as Saint Louis, are nearer the southern form than they are to the northern. Var. YUCATANENSIS, H. V. Yucatan Gray Squirrel. Varietal chars. — Size small ; tail with hairs shorter than head and body. Intermediate in size between 8. carolinensis (var. carolinensis) and S. hudsonius. Head and body 10.00; tail-vertebra? 8.00; tail to end of hairs y.75. Ears narrow and pointed, in winter somewhat tufted. Pelage coarse and harsh. Above, gray, with the middle of the back brownish ; beneath, white ; hairs of the tail ringed with white and black. The four specimens of this variety before me are all from Merida, Yucatan, and were collected by Dr. A. Schott in March, 18G5. They present a remarkable degree of uniformity in coloration. Three are adult, the other about half-grown. Their general aspect is widely different from that of any form of S. carolinensis from the United States, but differs less from the New Leon specimens, referred doubtfully by Baird, in 1857, to S. carolinensis. The pelage is very coarse, harsh, and stiff; the sides are clear ashy-gray, unvaried with any shade of fulvous or rufous. The middle of the dorsal region is black and light yellowish-brown, the hairs being black at base and tip, with a broad subterminal bar of wood-brown. The tail is centrally white below, with a well-defined line of black on either side of the median line, traversing the middle of the basal white band; on either side of the central white area is a broad bar of black, succeeded by a broad terminal bar of white Each hair is thus white, with an inner narrow bar of black and a broader outer one of the same color, with no shade of fulvous or rufous. The ears are much narrower and higher than in any United States form of carolinensis, and, with the coarse pelage, ashy-gray tints of the sides, and blackish hue of the back, varied with pale yellowish-brown, together with the small size, convey the impression of an animal specifically distinct from any other species of Sciurus, and I am far from sure that it should not be so 45 m 706 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA. regarded. Tin' measurements given beyond are taken from the skins, and seem to indicate a form nearly as large as the S. carolinensis from I lie South Atlantic and Gulf States; yet, on comparison of specimens, the feet of the Merida specimens prove to he much smaller, the head narrower and every way smaller, showing in reality a much smaller animal, not much exceeding in size S. hudsonius. The New Leon specimens, however, are fairly inter- mediate, lacking the fulvous tint of the sides seen in northern specimens, and in general color and character of the pelage considerably approach the Merida examples. De Saussure describes S. carolinensis as a Mexican species, and Tomes gives it as inhabiting Guatemala. De Saussure's description indicates an animal not very different from the northern S. carolinensis, including the fulvescent sides and centrally rufous tail. The "cauda corpore vix brevior" and the size show the animal is not referable to S. colliai. This seems to indicate the extension southward of the habitat of S. carolineiisis throughout Mexico to Yucatan and Guatemala, its range southward being thus coexten- sive with that of Lepus sylvaticus, L. ]mlustris, and L. aquaticus. GENERAL REMARKS ON SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS AND ITS VARIETIES. Differential characters. — Vars. leucotis and carolinensis cannot of course be trenchantly defined On comparing specimens from New England with olhers from Florida, representing, of course, the extremes of variation, the differences between the two, both in color and size, are very striking; but, in passing southward from Massachusetts to Florida, this wide difference is found to be effected by gradual and imperceptible steps. In New England specimens, a large proportion are wholly without a central dorsal area of brown; in Penn- sylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa specimens, it is a pretty constant feature, varying greatly, however, in extent with different individuals. In Eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland specimens, this brownish dorsal area becomes more extended, but the sides of the body, and generally the rump, are still strongly washed with whitish. Carolina specimens, especially from the coast region, strongly approach the Florida ones. The few specimens before me from the Gulf States render it probable that the form existing there differs little from the extreme phase of carolinensis as developed in Florida. The variation in size is equally gradual, consisting of a decrease in size southward. The dividing line between the habitats of the two forms may perhaps be SCIUEID^E— SCIUEES CAEOLINENSIS AND VARIETIES. 707 considered as the vicinity of the Potomac River on the Atlantic coast. Probably var. leucotis occurs southward in the mountains to Georgia, while again, in the Mississippi Valley, the southern boundary of its habitat sweeps northward as far as Southern Illinois. Along the Atlantic coast, no melanistic phase of var. carolinensis has as yet been reported, but in Louisiana and northward along the Mississippi a melanistic phase has been said to occur, forming the S. fuliginosus of Bachman. Geographical distribution — The present species ranges eastward along the Atlantic coast to New Brunswick, and is found thence westward over the southern half of Maine, most parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, and New York, most of the Saint Lawrence Valley, the southern portions of Canada, Michigan,* Wisconsin, Iowa, and up the Missouri, at least to the mouth of the Platte, and thence everywhere southward to the Gulf coast. It ranges westward to the eastern border of the Plains, from Nebraska to Texas, and apparently far into Mexico. Its northern limit of distribution coincides very nearly witli the northern boundary of the Alleghanian fauna, and hence very nearly with the isotherm of 44° F. Variety leucotis may be considered as ranging southward over both the Alleghanian and Carolinian faunae, or about to the isotherm of 56° F., where wars, leucotis and carolinensis become not readily distinguishable. Var. carolinensis occupies the region thence southward, in the United States, to the Gulf coast, and also far into Mexico, and even apparently to Guatemala. In the United States, it has not been reported from any locality west of the eastern edge of the Plains or west of Texas. The specimens from New Leon, Mexico, are the most southern I have seen, and depart somewhat from any of the forms met with in the United States. The descriptions of 8. carolinensis, from Mexican specimens, seem unquestionably referable to this species, and seem to indicate that the form met with in Central and Southern Mexico is not greatly different from the form occurring in the middle portions of the United States, though referred to as smaller and more fulvous. The form I have characterized above as var. yucatanensis is possibly specifically distinct, but, if so, has very close affinities with the New Leon type of S. carolinensis. The four specimens of this form in the collection are all from Merida, Yucatan. I have met with no description that is at all referable to this form, and can hence add nothing further respecting its range. * Richardson refers to the occurrence of the black form on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and gives its range as extending northward to the fiftieth parallel. — (Faun. Bor.-Amtr. vol. i, 1823, p. 191.) 708 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENT1A. Geographical variation. — The principal features of geographical vari- ation presented by this species have already been described in characterizing Hie three varieties leucotis, carolinensis, and yucatanensis, they consisting mainly in decrease in size southward and an increase in intensity of coloration, the whitish tips of the hairs of the dorsal surface seen in northern specimens being replaced by yellowish-brown in the southern ones, except in the case of var. yucatanensis. As happens, however, in numerous other instances, the largest size is not reached on the Atlantic coast, but far in the interior, toward the Upper Missouri country. Although not ranging much above the Platte, the same influences are present, generally in less degree, in Wisconsin and Iowa. Thus, a series of seven specimens from Fort Des Moines, Iowa, average 11 inches in length of body, while a similar series from the vicinity of Chicago, 111., fall below 10.50. A series of eleven from the vicinity of Washing- ton scarcely reach 10.00, while Florida specimens average only about 9 50. In respect to the Atlantic coast region, few adult skulls from north of Wash- ington, D. C, fall below 2.40 in length, ranging from 2.35 to 2.52, while of six skulls from the Gulf States, only, one reaches 2.30, the average being about 2.25. Aside from the variation in color with locality already mentioned, speci- mens from New England and Pennsylvania can generally be easily distin- guished from those from west of the Alleghanies, especially from Ohio, Illi- nois, and Iowa specimens, the former being of a clearer or whiter gray than those from corresponding latitudes in the West. Specimens from North- eastern Mexico are less suffused with fulvous than United States specimens, while a still grayer type occurs in Yucatan. As already noted, in Southern Mexico the species maintains the feature of excessive fulvous suffusion met with in the United States. Synonymy and nomenclature. — The earliest available specific name for this species is carolinensis, given by Gmelin, in 1788, to Pennant's ''Lesser Gray Squirrel" of Carolina. Pennant's "Quadrupeds" is the only work cited, and the habitat is distinctly given as Carolina. In separating the spe- cies into northern and southern races, carolinensis must of course be retained as the varietal name of the southern form. In 1792, Schreber renamed the species cinercus, his description being based on specimens from New York, hence referring to the northern variety. The name, however, was preoccu- pied, having been previously given by Linnaeus to the Fox Squirrel. Many SCIURIDiE— SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS— SYNONYMY. 709 writers have, notwithstanding, applied the name cinereus to the present spe- cies. According to Professor Baird, Ord, in 1815, gave the name pennsyl- vanicus to the black variety of the Gray Squirrel, though Godman* and subse- quent authors have often applied to it the name niger, long previously given by Linnaeus to the black phase of the Fox Squirrel. Gapper, in 1830, gave the name leucotis to Canadian specimens of the common gray form. This name I adopt for the northern variety, from its being exclusively applicable to the northern form. While pennsylvanicus of Ord has fifteen years' priority over this name, it was given to specimens from the Middle Atlantic States, and hence from a locality bordering upon the habitat of the southern form, and con- sequently the name is not strictly applicable to the northern type as devel- oped in the Northern and Northeastern States and the Canadas. Audubon and Bachman, not liking the name leucotis of Gapper, proposed, some twenty years later, to substitute for it the name migratorius as being one far more appropriate for the Northern Gray Squirrel. Dr. Bachman had previously regarded the Northern and Southern Gray Squirrels as distinct species, restricting the name carolinensis to the# southern form. The name fuliginosus of Bachman apparently refers to a dusky phase of the southern form, sup- posed by him to be more or less common along the lower part of the Mis- sissippi, especially in Louisiana, I have met thus far with no melanistic specimens of the Gra}^ Squirrel from any point south of Pennsylvania, nor have I found any other reference to anything that can be considered as a melanistic phase of the southern variety. The specimens from New Leon, Mexico, referred very doubtfully by Professor Baird to Sciurus carolinensis, seem not to be varietally distinguishable from the southern form of this spe- cies, and are hence here identified as referable to var. carolinensis. The Sciurus carolinensis of De Saussure from Mexico seems not to differ materially from S. carolinensis of the United States. "Cauda corpore vix brevior. Supra fuscus, flavo dense tessellatus; dorso medio obscuriore, lateribus flavescentibus", etc., applies unequivocally to S. carolinensis, and to no other species thus far known to me. Tomes gives it from Dueilas, Guate- * Richardson (Faun.-Bor. Amer. i, 191) cites " Sciurus niger Say, Long's Expedition, vol. i, p. 262", probably from the English edition, which is the one he elsewhere says he usually quotes. In the Amer- ican edition, in the " Catalogue of the Names of Animals " met with at and on the journey to Engiueer Cantonment (vol. i, p. 37G), occurs " Sciurus nigra— Black Squirrel", but with no further remarks, and hence nothing to indicate the locality of its occurrence, or whether the " Black Squirrel" here referred to is S. carolinensis or a melanistic phase of one of the Fox Squirrels. In the same manner are mentioned " Sciurus capislratus " and " Sciurus cinereus ". 710 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. mala, remarking that the Guatemala specimens "differ from the ordinary specimens of u '2 n 4» O a CD t~ Z 43 o .o 1 1 - 1 1326 1227 1130 1131 1134 1135 1276 334 256 072 1057 720 721 970 178 181 Fort Des Moines, Iowa do do do 9 11.25 11.00 10.50 11.50 11.00 11. CO 10.50 11.00 10. 00 10.00 10. 25 a oo 10.25 10.50 10.00 11.00 10.00 10. 25 9.00 10.50 10.50 9.00 10.00 10. 50 11.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 7.00 3.00 7.00 11.50 10. SO 11.00 9.50 2.70 2.70 2.45 2.70 2.80 2.50 2.65 2.40 2.65 2.65 2.40 2.60 2.75 2.50 2.55 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.65 2.60 2.50 2.30 2.60 2.50 2.55 2.50 2.50 Skin .. do ... do ...do ...do ...do ...do . . . do . ....do .... ..do ... do.... ....do .... ...do ... do.... ....do ....do ... ....do .... ....do ... Dry skin.. . . do ... . ... do . .. ...do ...do AIco. skin - Measnrem 'ts from Baird's Malum. N. America, pp. 262,263. 1 J 7.00 8.25 7.50 8.00 7.00 9.25 9.00 8.00 9.00 9.50 7.50 8.50 10.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 12. 25 12.50 11.00 11.00 12.00 10.50 11.33 1.75 1.75 do do Wist Northfield, 111.. do do 9 do do ? 9 Washington, D. O ... do 1.17 2.17 2.63 2.50 485 4?G sua 907 1293 1873 ■X\~ 1 375 23-1 do do do do do do do cf cf cf cf 2.50 2.40 2.50 2.70 2.35 8.00 8.00 10.00 11.00 8.00 8.00 11.00 11.25 10.75 10.50 do Alcoholic . ....do... do SCIURID.E— SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS VAR. YUCATANENSIS. 711 Tablk XIX. — Measurements of thirty-six specimens of SciUROS carolinensis rar. carolinensis.* u o ,0 a a a s & 1 0 CO ft 0 <2 0 J 0 a 5 2455 2454 2453 2040 2041 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 206C 2067 2068 203 206 207 351 352 221 222 365 366 367 368 369 370 377 378 379 380 381 382 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 3J2 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 cf ? 9 9 cf 9 cf cf 9 cf ■3 9 cf cf 9 9 9 9 cf cf cf 9 cf cf cf cf d cf cf 9 cf cf cf cf 9 cf 2,50 2.40 2.45 2.45 2.55 2.40 2.42 2.33 2.50 2.45 2.35 2.45 2.30 2.35 2.45 2.50 2.35 2.40 2.35 2.40 2.40 2.38 2.40 2.50 2.40 2.40 2.50 2.40 9.00 9.00 8.45 9.50 10.50 9.50 10. 20 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 9.15 10.15 9.50 9.25 8.25 9.25 8.75 8.90 9.00 9.50 8.50 9.00 10.00 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.00 9.15 9.25 9.00 9.75 9.00 8.75 10.15 8.90 8.00 7.75 7.50 7.50 7.50 8.15 8.00 8.25 8.75 8.40 7.50 7.60 9.60 8.00 8.00 8.75 8.00 7.60 7.80 7.60 0.75 8.00 8.50 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.05 7.50 7.85 8.15 7.90 8.15 7.75 7.95 7.85 7. 3.'. 11.00 10.45 10.25 10.00 10.00 10.50 10.56 11.00 11. 50 9.00 10.00 9.85 11.35 10.50 9.25 11.00 9.75 10.00 10.60 10.00 9.00 10.00 10.75 10.50 11.00 10.25 9.75 9.50 10.10 10.75 10.50 10.25 10.25 9.60 10. 35 10.10 1.35 1.45 2.45 2.35 2.45 Fresh. ...do. ...do. .. do. do do do do .. do 1.60 1.35 2.56 2.40 ...do. ...do. ..do. ...do. do ...do. do. ...do. do do do. ...do. 1.50 1.60 1.35 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.42 1.45 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.40 1.55 1.05 1.60 2.15 2.23 2.22 2.20 S.25 2.05 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.20 2.37 9.25 2. 22 2.30 2.32 2.22 2.20 2.40 2.35 2.30 2.20 2.45 2.15 ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .. do. ..do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do .do .do do do .do do do do do ...do ...do do do do do do * The measurements given in this table were all taken from specimens in the flesh and were nearly all made by myself in the field. They are here quoted from my " Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida". (See Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. vol. ii, p. 177.) Table XX. — Measurements of three specimens of Sciurus carolinesis var. yucatanensis. e a a a 0 & 0 3 a O u o s> S 3 a % Z. O Locality. M s> to From tip of nose to— Tail to end of- Length of— u es s O ,4 "3 n a u s *3 0 Pi ■a bm O © a «5 u 01 & 1 O '5 H 8 (H CD > 00 *3 M 0 E 0 a a 5 . * 0.83 1.65 1.95 10.00 7.25 9.25 1.25 2.05 0.50 Skin. 8505 508 do 0.80 1.70 2.00 9.00 7.50 9.50 1.25 1.95 0.62 ..do. 8503 229 do 9 0.80 1.80 2.05 10.50 8.50 10.50 1.20 2. 10 0.50 ..do. 712 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XKI.— Measurements of eighteen skulls of Sciuruk carounenbis rar. leocotis. 1 o a © e •H ^ • ,S © pfi X 15 a ? f 5 JS i rt u '«- e iS • a © .a a 1 O u .5 a *© to a © -5 .a a D a Locality. * © © 06 © 00 U a 00 '3 . 00 c G ** « . of a ft" oj St a 3 oo o a Q a o 6 o ll - e- S ■- o o £ a "3 — 4 ■fe ^ ■ 1 c ES O u a e: n •3 tx tu a a a Locality. 'i .0 no" © a SB 9 50 o 9 o 'S Is S a © it © s o a M 1 d 4) a si LB OS *5 (X K o. a - a e..S 0- & y © I © © CO H c p fc ft 0 & P 0 P P h3 J 120G 2.22 1.32 0.75 0.72 0.20 0.73 1.15 0.43 0.20 0.40 0.27 1.30 0.72 1207 do 2.25 1.30 0.74 0. 'JO 1.27 0.76 0.73 0.20 1.26 0.73 8339 rf 2.3l 1.30 0.77 0. 18 1.31 0.72 r'lin do 9 2.25 1.30 0.75 0.20 1.30 0.72 SCIUEID.E— SCIUEUS CAROLINENSIS VAE. LEUCOTIS. 713 Table XXIII. — List of specimens examined of Sciunus carolinensis var. leucotis. CM C t. V j= B 3 P o d to . c a S ^ a • a a W _: .5 a ■3 j; Q as 3 * o ® = c a c 9 tr n a H V Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— Nature of specimen. Ileniarks. -1101 "1494 *38B6 •1312 ♦3881 •1313 •1314 '1315 -1316 •1317 •1318 •1319 ♦1320 •1321 •1322 •1323 1324 •1325 '1326 -1327 •1328 ■1329 •1496 •1497 •1498 •2490 •2542 *148 *203 *951 956 1437 96 1672 7237 4674 S.H.Mellendy G.A.Bonrdnian S.n.Mellcndy G.A.BoardmnL do J.G.Rich.... B D.Verrill.. Alcoholic. . . Skin ...do Alcoholic Skin ...do .. do ...do ...do .. do ..do .. do ...do Blackish. Black, annulated below. ....do J. G. Rich B. D.Verrill... ...do L. Agassiz . . . L. Agassiz . . ....do do ..do ...do ...do ..do ...do do ....do ...do ... ...do ...do do ...do ... do ... do .. do ... do ... do .. do ....do ...do ...do ...do 6160 6101 6162 6163 6104 6165 6166 6167 A<\- 1838 610 2494 3150 9 9 9 cC ...do .. do .. do ..do ...do ...do ...do ....do .. do do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do '. ...do ...do ....do . do ...do ...do do ...do ...do ..do . ...do .. do Watcrtown, Mass Newtonville, Mass. Concord, Mass Wortbington, Mass Saint Lawrence County, N. T. Middleboro1, Mass ...do June 24, 1803 C. J. Maynard .do .. C. J. Maynard . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do . . do W.H. Miles... J.S.Foley.... J. W. P. Jenks . do 11. Mann W. H. Miles . . J. S. Foley... J.W. P. Jenks .. do Oct. 27, 1855 Spring, 1856 ...do S. F. Baird... ....do R. L. Walker . Maj. Le Conte F. Cowan ...do S. F. Baird... ...do ...do ...do ...do Allegheny Co., Pa Pennsylvania ? . . . Greeusbnrg, Pa . ....do Sept. 5,1856 R. L. Walker Maj. Le Crnte. ...do do ...do do do ...do do Dr.E.Michner .. do S. F. Baird ....do ... ...do Skull .. do ...do .do ...do . .do ...do do . do do do .. ...do .. do ...do do .. do .. do . do Chester Co., Pa ...do Carlisle, Pa ...do Dr.E.Michner. do S. F. Baird... . do .. do ...do do ..do ...do do ...do ... do .. do do . ...do " In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 714 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. TaBLK. XXIII. — List of specimen* rjiimiiinl of SCIUKU8 c.uioi.inknsis var. LEUCOTJ6— Continued. 5 u a a © 3 . c = a * - a g ■ - - z a "a •.i 5 X a a M © Locality. When eoHected From whom re- ceived. Collected by— B a '5 V P. . o e s « >5 Remarks. 987 485 486 1293 5812 5816 380 5794 182 181 180 8116 969 970 972 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 1057 1391 177 183 17G 984 1276 256 257 357 330 331 1126 1127 112S 4734 1953 Nat'l Gallery S. F. Baird . . ... do ..do ..do s v. Baird .. do ...do .. do C. Dreiler J. K. Town send M. McDonald. . Skull Black. Dusky, annul above and low. Dusky. ...do. Black. ited be- cf cf Washington, D. C .. do . do Oct. 22, 1855 Jan. 31, 1855 Jan. 31, 1855 Winter, 1856 Skin and skull Skin ..do 2095 •• .. do . do Skin and skull cf ...do ...do ...do .. do .. do Nov. — , 1854 ...do 1626 1627 2237 7097 .... ... ...do ..do S. F. Baird... ...do do S. F. Baird . . do ..do .do Skull .. do ...do ...do ...do do ...do J. P. Kirtland do J P Kirtland do do R. Kennicott . . ...do Skin ...do ...do do ...do Mount Carroll, 111 Union County, 111 WestNortb6eld,IH ...do .do Oct. 26,1864 Sept. — , 1855 Sept. 25, 1855 Sept. — , 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 Spring, 1855 R. Kennicott .. ...do ...do ...do ...do 607 do . .. do do . . do ...do ..do do ...do do ...do ...do ...do ...do do do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do .. do ..do ..do Sknll Skin ...do ... do do ...do do ..do ..do do do ..do ...do .. do do do ..do ...do ..do ...do ...do do .. do S. F. Baird... R. Kennicott . . S. F. Uaird... R. Kennicott . . 1266 ? ..do ....do Gray. Black. Black. C. Fox C. Fox ...do Skin and skull Skin ...do .. do do do . Dr. P. R. Hoy., do Dr. P. R. Hoy., do ...do ....do ...do ....do do do ... ...do ...do do . do ....do ..do ....do ...do do do ....do ..do 1208 1209 1250 1251 d 9 9 ...do do do ...do S. F. Baird... S. F. Baird .. do Skull . ...do ..do ....do A. C. Barry .. do A.C.Barry do .do ...do . . do Fort Des Moines, Iowa. .. do — , 1855 —.1855 —.1855 W. E.Moore.. do .. W.E.Moore.. ...do ...do . . do ....do ....do ...do SCIURID^E— SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS VAR. CAROLINENSIS. 715 Table XXIII. — List of specimens examined of Sciuros carolinensis var. LEUCOTis — Continued. e a s a i a WD . — 9 o S 0 a M-i .2 9 -a ,m a co 2 «M H cs u © a 0 a !s a -e o to 13 a rt M « 03 Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — a 1 Q l.— Baird, Mam. N. Am. ia57, 251.—! Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 281 (Costa Rica).— Hayden, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. xii, 1803, 144.— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 18(39, 188. Sciurus hidovicianua var. alroivntris Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, i, 1859, 329 (melanistic). Sciurus cincrcus var. liidovivianus Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 287. Macroxus ludoricianus Gray, Ann. aud Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 426. Sciurus rufiventer " GEOFFROY, Mub. Par."; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x, 103.— Desmarest, Mam. ii, 1822, 332.— Harlan, Faun. Amer. 1825, 176 (New Orleans).— Lesson, Man. de Mam. 1827, 233.— Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1829, 351.— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845,6 (specimen from Mis- souri).— Maximilian, Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1861, 70. Sciurus macroura Say, Long's Exped. R. Mts. i, 1823, 115 (Kansas). Sciurus maerourut Doughty, Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, 265, pi. xxiii.— " F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon's Hist. Nat. i, Mam. 1831, 297." Sciurus macroureus Godman, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 134— Woodhouse, Sitgreavos's Col. and Zuni Riv- ers, 1853, 53. Sciurus magnicaudatus Harlan, Faun Amer. 1825, 178.— H. Smith, Griffith's Cuvier's An. King. 1827, 255. — Lesson, Man. de Mam. 1827, 235.— Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1829, 351.— Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838,88; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 156; Silliman's Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 296.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 166.— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 11.— Kennicott, U. S. Pat. Off. Rep. Agr. 1856 (1857), 56, pi. vi. Sciurus subauratus Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 87; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 155; Silliman's Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 295. — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 164.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 67, lviii. Sciurus auduboni Bachman, Proc. Zi 51. Soc. Lond. vi, 1838, 97 (Louisiana ; dusky variety) ; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 378.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 182.— Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 12.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. iii, 1854, 26Q, pi. clii, fig. 2. Sciurus occidetitalis Audubon & Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1842, 317. Sciurus rubicaudatus Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 30, pi. lv. Sciurus sayi Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 274, pi. lxxxix. Sciurus limitis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 331 ; Mam. N. Am. 1857, 256 (Texas ; immature). Var. cinereus. Northern Fox Squirrel. Varietal chars. — Length of body 12 to 13 inches, varying from 11 to 14 or more ; tail-vertebra? about 10, varying from 9 to 11 ; tail to end of hairs 12, varying from 1 1 to 14. Color variable, but with the nose and ears generally con- color with the dorsal surface Commonly whitish-gray above, yellowish-white below, with the edges and under surface of the tail fulvous, varying to rufous. Often with a fulvous or rufous cast above, and strongly fulvous or rufous below. Varies to dusky above, with the ventral surface, legs, and feet blackish or black. Maryland and Virginia specimens are rather larger, grading into var. niger, with generally the tail more ferruginous. Of this variety, called by them the Cat Squirrel, Audubon and Bachman & SCIURIDJE— SCIURUS NIGER VAR. NIGER. 719 say: — "Perhaps none of our Squirrels are subject to greater varieties of color than the present; we have seen specimens in (formerly) Peale's Museum, of every tint, from light-gray almost to black. Two others that came under our observation were nearly white We have represented in the plate three of these Squirrels, all of different colors, but the varieties of tint to be observed in different specimens of the Cat Squirrel are so great that among fifty or more perhaps, we never could find two exactly alike; for which reason we selected for our drawing an orange-colored one, a gray one, and one nearly black."* In general, var. cinereus is smaller than var. niger, and may be distin- guished from it by the absence of a distinctly white nose and white ears. This, however, is an arbitrary character, since specimens, particularly from Maryland and Virginia, have the nose and ears only grayish rather than whitish, with sometimes the ears not lighter than the surrounding surface. Florida specimens of var. niger, on the other hand, have the nose merely grayish, and the ears not lighter than the back, while the grayish nose-patch is small, and sometimes almost wholly restricted to the sides of the nose. Habitut. — Atlantic States from Virginia northward to Southern New York and Southern New England ; ranges farther southward in the Allegha- nies, perhaps to Georgia. Var. niger. Southern Fox Squirrel. Varietal chars. — Larger; length of body generally about 13.50, ranging from 12 to 15. Tail-vertebrae about 11, ranging from 10.25 to 12.50; tail to end of hairs 14, ranging from 14 to 16. Color variable, but with the nose and ears whitish, usually in strong contrast with the rest of the dorsal surface. Color generally gray above (rather darker than in var. cinereus), whitish beneath, with the tail whitish beneath and on the edges. Varies to more or less fulvous and rufous phases, but more frequently to dusky and black. Often with only the feet, legs, and lower surface black. In the dusky varieties, the head (except the nose and ears) is often intense black. Sometimes with the under parts rufous, and often with the whole pelage mixed dusky and rufous, or with the limbs and head black, and a narrow black dorsal and ventral band. Equally variable in color with the preceding, from which it is to be commonly * Quadrupeds of North America, vol. i, pp. 146, 147. 720 MONOGRAPHS OF NOItTIT AMERICAN RODENTIA. distinguished by its white or whitish nose and ears. Of the dozen or more specimens before me, each differs widely from any of the others. Habitat. — South Atlantic and Gulf States, from Maryland to Louisiana. Var. LUDOVICIANUS. Western Fox Squirrel. Varietal chars. — Smaller than the preceding, about equaling in size var. cinereus; length of body 12 to 13, ranging from 11 to 14 or more; tail-vertebrae 9.75, ranging from 8.50 to 10.50; tail to end of hairs 12.50, ranging from 11 to 13.50. Color less variable than in vars. cinereus and niger. Above, dusky- gray, with a strong rufous suffusion ; ears, feet, and ventral surface fulvous, varying to bright ferrugineous. The whole under parts are occasionally black or mixed black and rufous, the hairs being annulated with these colors. Never apparently wholly black, nor with the under surface pure white. This variety is much more constant in its coloration than either of the two preceding, the principal variations being to dusky, annulated with rusty beneath, or with the whole ventral surface black. The ears are generally rufous, in strong contrast with the color of the dorsal surface; the feet and whole lower parts are generally rufous, varying somewhat in intensity in dif- ferent individuals from the same locality. The upper parts vary from a dusky ferrugineous-gray to a lighter gray, scarcely distinguishable from that of the reddish-gray type of var. cinereus from Pennsylvania. There is, however, a considerable amount of geographical variation in color, mainly through a great increase in the intensity of the rufous coloring of the ventral surface southward. The palest specimens are from the eastern edge of the Plains, — Fort Randall, Dak. Ter. ; Kiowa Agency, Ind. Ter. ; Guadeloupe and Fort Chad- bourne, Tex., — some of which are nearly white below and much lighter above than examples from other localities. The most rufous come from the Missis- sippi Valley, particularly from the southern portion. The specimens from Ohio are rather lighter than those from Illinois, while the series from Fort Des Moines, Iowa, inclines strongly toward the more southern type of coloration. No. 7768, from the Republican Fork, is white below, with merely a faint tinge of fulvous, which becomes somewhat stronger on the chin and throat. The upper parts are about as in specimens from the upper part of the Missis- sippi Valley. No. 11348, from Fort Randall, is also nearly white over the SCIURID^E— SCIURUS NIGER AND VARIETIES. 721 ventral surface, passing into fulvous anteriorly, and is also much lighter above than specimens from Northern Illinois. No. 7773, from Sioux City, Iowa, is also pale whitish-fulvous below and light above. Specimens from Northern Illinois are also very pale fulvous beneath, lighter gray above. Fort Des Moines specimens are considerably brighter below than are those from North- eastern Illinois and adjoining portions of Michigan, more approaching the southern type of coloration. In a large series of specimens from Saint Louis, Mo., the ventral surface is strongly rufous, and the dorsal surface is of a darker gray. In others, from Prairie Mer Rouge, La., the under parts are deep orange, with a perceptible further darkening of the color above. We have hence a gradual transition in the color of the under parts from pale yellowish- white, through pale fulvous, deep fulvous, and ferrugineous, to bright reddish- orange, in passing from the Plains and the more northern localities to the swampy region of the Lower Red River in Louisiana. While the upper parts show a less striking change in depth of color, there is a correspondent darkening of the dorsal surface through the larger amount of black and the brighter tint of rufous. Habitat. — The whole region drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries, and that bordering the Missouri as far northward as Southern Dakota, extending westward along the wooded streams into the Plains. In other words, from the Alleghanies on the east (where it meets the range of vars. cinereus and niger) to the eastern portion of the Plains on the west, and from the Great Lakes, Minnesota, and Dakota on the north, to the Gulf coast and the highlands of Mexico on the south. Its habitat is hence far more extended than that of either cinereus or niger, and includes a far greater range of climatic conditions. GENERAL REMARKS ON SCIURUS NIGER AND ITS VARIETIES. Differential characters. — As already stated, var. cinereus differs from var. niger mainly in being rather smaller, and in having, as a rule, the nose and ears not white, or not strongly contrasting in color with the rest of the dorsal surface. Audubon and Bachman, and also Professor Baird, refer to the longer and more pointed ears of var. niger, but, judging from the specimens before me, this is not a very appreciable character. That such should be the case would be only in accordance with the law of the enlargement of periph- eral parts southward, so often exemplified in other Mammals. The more 46 M 722 MONOGRAPHS OT NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. trustworthy character of white nose and ears in var. niger, though open to many exceptions, is the one mainly to be relied upon in distinguishing the two varieties. There is apparently a gradual and quite marked increase in size southward in these two forms, so that size alone tails to he distinctive, especially in the central portion of the. Atlantic States, or wherever their habitats meet. Var. ludovicianus is generally readily separable by its coloration from either var. cinereus or var. niger. The rusty-bellied style of var. cinereus, however, is often quite inseparable from specimens of var. ludovicianus from northern localities. Particularly is this the case when Pennsylvania speci- mens of the rufous type are compared with Ohio examples of var. ludovici- anus. There are, for instance, two specimens before me without labels, and hence from unknown localities, which I cannot positively refer to one of these varieties rather than to the other. There is little, if any, difference in size between vars. cinereus and ludovicianus, although the latter is pretty constantly appreciably smaller than var. niger, as shown by a comparison of the forego- ing diagnoses of the three varieties. The external measurements are, unfor- tunately, nearly all from skins, and are hence not very trustworthy. Taking the skulls as a standard of comparison, var. niger averages appreciably the larger, four skulls of niger averaging 2.75 against 2.58 in both vars. ludovici- anus (eight skulls) and cinereus (three skulls). Geographical variation. — In varieties cinereus and niger, the only appreciable feature of geographical variation is the before-noted gradual increase in size southward. A large series of specimens, from numerous localities, might show that other variations correlate with differences of locality. My material illustrative of these two forms is unsatisfactorily scanty. Var. ludovicianus, on the other hand (thanks to more abundant material), shows strongly marked geographical variations in color, but I tail to notice any well-marked geographical variation in size. Judging from the skulls, the northern specimens are rather the larger, yet the largest skull of the series is from Brookhaven, Miss. The measurements taken from the skins show also a rather greater size northward, the largest specimens being from Ohio and Fort Randall, Dakota, if length of body be taken as the standard; if, on the other hand, the length of the hind foot be adopted, in consequence of being less susceptible to variation resulting from taxidermy, the southern specimens average nearly or quite as Lirge as the SCIURIDiE-SCIURUS NIGER AND VARIETIES. 723 northern. Judged by this standard, the specimens from Saint Louis, Mo., must be regarded as fully as large as those from farther north, if not, indeed, a little larger. The geographical variation in color in var. ludovicianus consists, as already noticed, in an increasing pallor northward and toward the dryer por- tions of the plains, and, in the country immediately bordering the Missis- sippi, in a strongly marked increase in color southward. Geographical distribution. — Vars. cinereus and niger occupy the Atlan- tic slope from New York southward, var. niger being found westward in the Gulf States as far as Eastern Louisiana. Var. cinereus has been reported as common on Long Island, and as occurring as far eastward as Massachusetts, but, if ever found in the last-named locality, can occur there only very rarely. Both var. cinereus and var. niger occur in Maryland and Virginia, where their habitats overlap, and the two forms interblend. Probably var. cinereus ranges farther southward along the mountains of the interior than along the coast. Var. ludovicianus appears to occupy nearly the whole region drained by the Mississippi and its eastern tributaries, and extends up the Missouri to above Fort Randall, and occurs along the Arkansas, the Red, and the other princi- pal rivers that come down from the Plains as far as they are regularly bor- dered with timber. The westernmost localities represented by the specimens before me are the Republican Fork and the vicinity of Fort Cobb, Indian Territory. It is found throughout a large part of Texas, and doubtless ranges far into Mexico. It has even been reported as occurring as far south as Guatemala,* but I think the identification in all probability erroneous. Synonymy and nomenclature. — The earliest available name for the specific designation of the Fox Squirrels is doubtless niger, used by Catesby in 1743, and adopted by Linnseus in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae (1758), based on the Large Black Squirrel of Catesby, which unquestionably refers to the dark phase of the Southern Fox Squirrel. Immediately follow- ing it, on the same page of this edition, is the name cinereus, generally con- sidered as referring to the Northern Fox Squirrel, the Cat Squirrel of Bachman. The only objection to niger as applicable to the whole group is that it refers to only a single phase of coloration, and not to the most prevalent one, though a very common one. In view of the great frequency of the black and dusky phases of coloration, the objection is one of no great importance, and I hence • Tonics, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, p. 281. 724 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODIiNTIA. adopl niger as the specific name of the group. Thenexl mo6l prominent name (il the Southern Fox Squirrel, and next in date, is vulpinus of Gmclin, which Professor Baird adopted for this form in place of 1 lie later one, capistratus, of Bosc. The latter, however, has been often employed for its designation by both American and foreign authors, and is the name adopted by Bachman. The Northern Fox Squirrel has commonly borne the name cine reus, which is unquestionably the name to be adopted for its varietal designation, although it has been also applied by various authors to S. carolinensis. Aside from vulpinus- of Schreber (nee Gmelin), it has no very prominent synonyms. The Western Fox Squirrel was first described by Custis, in 1806, under the name ludovicianus. In consequence of the great variability in color this form presents, it was subsequently redescribed under eight or ten different specific designations, several of which have been at times more or less current for particular phases of coloration, generally supposed to rep- resent forms specifically distinct from ludovicianus of Custis. The more prominent among them are rujiventer of Geoffrey, used by Desmarest and Harlan, the latter referring to it a specimen from New Orleans; macroura of Say, applied to examples from Eastern Kansas, which name, being preoccu- pied, was changed by Harlan to magnicaudatus, and adopted by Bachman and others in place of ludovicianus. Bachman applied the name subauratus to specimens received from Louisiana, and auduboni to black-bellied speci- mens from the same State. Audubon and Bachman gave the name sayl to specimens from the Missouri River, rubicaudus to Illinois and Kentucky specimens, and occidentalis to dusky specimens supposed to have come from the Pacific coast, but which these authors later referred to their S. auduboni. Baird gave the name limitis to the pale form of the Plains from Western Texas, based partly at least on small size resulting from immaturity, as shown by his types. More recently, Dr. Engelmann has described melanistic speci- mens from Saint Louis under the varietal name atroventris. The S. variegatus of Erxleben has generally been applied to some of the Mexican species, it being based partly on the Quahtecallotlquapachtli aut Cotztiocotequallin* of Fernandez, and partly upon the Coquallin of Buffon.f The latter, as first pointed out by M. F. Cuvier, is certainly the Southern Fox Squirrel (S. niger var. /tiger), as shown by its white nose and white • Nov. Hisp. p. 8. tHist. Nat. vol. xiii, p. 109, pi. xiii. SOIURIMD— SCIURUS NIGER AND VARIETIES. 725 ears, as represented in BulTon's plate, and hence S. variegatus is clearly ref- erable in part (and I think mainly) to the Southern Fox Squirrel of the present article. The animal described very imperfectly under the above- cited names by Fernandez is apparently referable to the S. hypopyrrhits of Wagler, § as claimed by the last-mentioned author. Table XXVI. — Measurements of ten specimens of Sciurus niger var. cink'IEUS. 345 294 295 290 339 2380 223H LocaHty. Carlisle, Pa . .do . Prince George's Co., Hd do do Washington, D. C do Clarke County, Va Pennsylvania? Pennsylvania. From tip of nose tc— 2.70 3.20 11.00 12.20 3. 00 13. 00 Tail to end of- 9.00 9.40 8.90 10.00 11.00 10.00 10.80 7.50 11.00 13.20 11.00 11.40 13.00 13.50 14.75 11.50 Length of — 2.90 2.90 2.W 2.75 2. eo 2.90 2.95 2.80 Nature of specimen. Measurements from Baird's Mamm. N. Amer. p. 250. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Measurements from And. and Bach. Qd. N. Am. i, p. 1 15. do. Table XXVII. — Measurements of eight specimens of Sciurus nigeu var. niger. s a s> a o Locality. From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— Lonpth of— Nature of specimen. "G a O "3 8 o t~ CD > w o <8 u o +3 o o a £ 1-280 344 05 1633 1634 *2050 *2069 3.00 -2.60 2.70 15.00 13.66 14.50 13. 50 10.75 11.25 12.00 11.50 10. 25 12. 25 10. 50 12.00 14.50 15.25 1ft 00 15.00 14.00 15.16 12 50 10.50 1.75 2. 65 3.00 3.00 3.20 3.00 •:. 02 3.00 Mrjifturements from Baird's Mamm. N. Amor. p. 248. do. do. .... do. .... do. Measurements from Aud. aud Bach. Qd. N. Am. ii.p. 132. Measured Iresb. do. ... do 14.50 12. 75 13.00 Hawkinsville, Fla. . 1.60 2.75 3.17 * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. $ See Isis, 1831, p. 510. 726 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTEI AMERICAN KODENTIA. Table XXVIII. — Measurements of twenty-nine speeiuu na of Sciurus Niger far. LUDOVICIANUS. 174 175 2351 170 179 1151 •s.m 719 718 1983 781 237-2 1125 1121 2353 616 017 1201 1202 1346 1495 1821 253 32'.i 2296 2297 2298 2302 2354 Locality. Port Cliuton, Obio . do Anu Arbor, Mich Milwaukee, Wis Racine, Wis do West Northtiold, 111 do do do Fremont, 111 Jackson, 111 Fort D.s Moines, Iowa. do do Saint Louis, Mo do do do do Lexington, Mo Fort Randall, Dak Prairie Mer Rouge, La . do .do . .do. .do . .do Guadelupe Bottom (near iDdianola), Tex. From tip of n.OS€ to— 2.60 2.75 2.60 2.50 2.40 2.75 2.40 2.60 2.00 2.60 2.50 14.50 12.50 13.00 13.50 n.oo 11.00 11.00 12.1:0 9.50 12.00 11. 50 11.50 12. 00 12.50 13.00 11.25 14. CO 11.20 11.00 12.50 12.00 12.00 10.20 11.00 Tail to end of - 9.50 10.00 9.80 10.00 9.45 8. 50 10.00 10.50 10.00 8.50 10.00 10.00 7.75 7.00 8.25 9.25 8.65 7.80 8.90 8.00 12. 00 1X50 12. 00 12.00 11.00 12.00 11.00 10. 45 13.00 14.75 9.00 12.00 8.20 11.00 7. CO 13.50 13.25 12.20 13.00 13.00 13.00 12. CO 9.80 12.00 12.50 12. 00 11.50 12.00 11.50 2.68 2.90 2.85 2.85 2.80 2.88 2.90 2.70 2.80 2.85 2.80 2.70 2.60 2.80 2.80 2.88 2.68 2.90 2.eo 2.38 2.60 2.40 2.75 2.75 2.50 2.55 Skin ..do . ..do . ..do . ..do. ..do. ..do ..do . ..do ..do. .do . ..do . ..do . ..do . ..do . ..do. ..do . ..do . ..do. do . ..do. ..do . ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. Ronialks. Measurements from Baird's Mamm. N. Aiuer. p. 256. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Table XXIX.— Measurements of three skulls of Sciurus NIGER rar. cinereus. T3 © o o ^ 6 09 a 03 © .2 •fl a a ' *~a _j a £ © A & a <- P, A £ bl J a o a Ml E o a * a "© * 3 to a 09 to ''B J 5 bD B a a © Locality. J3 a -5 '5 00 4> £> 09 o 09 00 o a a GO « a o % V a o 00 U O '5 a « 3 u OS — O 00 "3 .5 ■x ^ '5 M ■** a 00 03 . 2 5 S -a 00 03 a £ d 09 J3 o 15 1 el a +3 73 la "rt ll 11 u © ft © © ft fc S & cd © CD © a 3S 3 Cfl o H O Q ' 125 6 fe p P P P p P r-} r-1 P55 East'n Shore of Maryland 2.50 0.87 0.85 0.20 0.40 0.80 1.32 0.33 0.25 0.47 0.33 1.50 0.70 932 ■Washington, D.C. ,, market) 2.70 1.55 0.90 0.68 0.26 0.44 0.87 1.35 0.35 0.25 0.45 0.34 1.50 0.87 756 Carlisle, Pa 2.55 1.52 0.90 0.86 0.26 0.44 0.77 1.32 0.42 0.25 0.47 0.32 1.46 0.90 SCIURIDJ3— SCIURUS NIGER AND VARS. 727' Table XXX. — Measurements of four skulls of Sciurus Niger var. Niger. . "3 a 3 u o a o *J © .3 a © eq © © a © -d si ,3 3 2 C ■a fcC T3 t(j "£ © Vc a © 3 Locality. pd ■5 d © © 43 © of rs in en (H o =3 a o £ -a oi" O - *3 a © CO 3 to S3 — _tc "3 .33 be £ ^ tI £ a o g 3 is 3 © +j © o o o a en a t- .9 a ^ a ri "-» "3 "« rt 09 '3 "rt © 3 & — ft S t/. a is is ed O. +3 o H o P fc * tzi p P & P P P Hi hi 31104 3903 7032 Georgia ....do Natchez, Miss a 77 2.75 2.75 i.6a 1.07 1.55 1.00 1.00 1.(0 1.(3 0.07 0.98 0.27 0.30 0.25 0.44 0.85 0.00 0.85 1.40 1.45 1. 40 0.52 0.54 0.50 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.51 0. 53 0.51 0.35 0.35 1.54 0.90 *947 2.75 1.60 0.98 1.00 0.25 0.43 0.87 1.45 0.53 0.27 0.52 0.38 1.53 0.9O * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Table XXXI. — Measurements of nine skulls of Sciubus NIGER var. LUDOVICIANDS. 3 a 3 a o 3 o *? aj =3 ■s £ s a* £ ° 5 it ,a X3 « +j aj -« be a © ej -d © * © a S CO T3 © o a to a £ T3 a p '3 .a 'E^ a © 4* S3 a s Locality. •a "Si g © * « £ M M O © I- to co" ^© CD a i* ,fl © cd 31 03 03 o a '3 '3 « «3 . "3 fe £ a ja 00 o "3 % "3 A *e5 "rt 8.1 S a S ° CD s © p. & •u © S © ft & s. O is rt P. c, ii o H o n & ft P 0 1= P P P 1-1 2488 1765 2.63 2.60 1.60 1.52 0.94 0.88 0.00 0.89 0.22 0.21 0.78 0.80 1.33 1.30 0.46 0.45 0.28 0.25 0.48 0.48 0.33 0.32 1.50 1.48 0. 87 0.85 Saint Louis, Mo 1879 West Northtiold, 111 •160 1.50 0.88 0.90 0.23 0.80 1.30 0.52 0.25 0.50 0.29 1.47 0.85 3131 2.55 0.87 0.21 0.80 1.25 0.44 1.45 3132 2.53 1.50 0.80 0.23 0.80 1.30 1.45 1205 4348 do . 2.53 2.48 0.84 0.82 0.22 0.20 0.78 0.75 1.25 1.27 1.45 Fort Riley, Kana. 1.42 *12fi5 2.25 1.31 0.77 0.21 0.67 1.16 1.27 tfi336 2.68 1.55 0.94 0.22 0.87 1.37 1.58 0.90 • Type of S. "limitis"; not fully adult. t Perbaps var. niyer. 728 MONOGRAMS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. TABLE XXXII. — List of specimens examined of Sciurus niger var. cinereus. 1 Catalogue-number of akin. § 9 a u - Is £ S 3-° u Locality. From whom received. Collected by — d O a 9 a « o © M 3 1 •1500 •1561 *2t2 22 345 294 295 4043 39 2588 •4873 J. T. Eothrock do J. T. Rotbroek .... do . Skin. . do ...do 756 009 4840 Beaufort, N. C Carlisle, Pa ilo A. S. Bickmoro S.F. Baird do A. S Bickmore S. F. Baird do Alcoholic. Skull. do do do do .. do. do do do Skin. Skull. Skin. . do. 855 do do ...do Mr. Plumiuer do do do ...do do do : ....do. 933 S. F. Baird S. F. Baird Skull. Skin. . do. do Washington, D. C. (market) Dr. C. B. R.Kennerly.. J.A.Allen Dr. C. B. It. Kennedy P. L.Jouy do. Skiu and skull. * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridgo, Mass. Table XXXIII. — List of specimens examined of Sciurus Niger var. niger. o u 3 .o a 3 a 3 M . — 5 3 2 a " O 3 a a «_; •3 ,33 a » 3 , ?3 © £. h © O Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — a" a | 3 a Pi (0 Cm O a u 1 Remarks. 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1280 95 344 1483 •2150 •2169 Tarboro', N. C ...do J. L. Bridger ....do J. L. Bridger do Skin ....do .... Head nearly black. Head wholly black ex- cept nose and ears. do . ..do do ....do ...do ...do ....do ....do ...<.. do ...do do do ...do ...do ...At ....do Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ....do do ....do 3903 3904 7032 3249 I Dr. Gesner Dr. Jones do Dr. Gesner ...do ...do Skull ....do ...do Natchez, Miss F. J. R. Keenan . F. J. R. Keenan . ....do ....do Hawkinsville, Fla . . Fob. 1, 1869 Mar. 12, 1869 Florida Exped .. ....do Allen & Marcy . ....do Alcoiiolic - * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. SCIURIDvE— SCIURUS NIGER VAR. LUDOVICIANUS. 729 Table XXXIV. — List of specimens examined of Sciuitus Niger var. ludovicianus. "3 a a b 3 o a 2 3 « " a '3018 '1633 - 1630 '1037 '1638 '1030 1640 "1641 •1044 "3623 '1607 "1608 M642 •1643 ♦200 *198 *199 174 175 725 724 719 718 1983 7042 8115 781 171 179 172 2351 7773 2353 1124 1125 2352 2695 1822 1821 11348 7041 4597 4598 9269 9268 9270 9271 3 M _: 3 v. o ~* 0) a "E O -3 a M 4) ■J2 Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— d 9 a '3 04 Ti 9 B fa Remarks. ' " Evanston, 111 Marion, Ogle Co., 111. ...do ...do ...do ...do June 26, 1867 Sept. 30, 1807 Sept. 30, 1807 Sept. 30, 1867 Sept. 30, 1867 Sept. 30, 1807 Sept. 30, 1867 Sept. 30, 1867 May 28, 1867 Aug. 22, 1867 Aug. 22, 1807 Aug. 22, 1867 Aug. 22, 1867 J.A.Allen... do .. O. Marcy . , . J.A.Allen... ...do Alcoholic Skin ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Belly black. Belly black. Belly blael . ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do Jasper Co., Iowa . . . Redtield, Iowa ...do . . do H. W. Parker J.A.Allen... ...do ..do do H. W. Parker J.A.Allen... ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Alcoholic . . . ...do W.J. Beal .. do W. J. Beal . . . do do ... ...do . do do ...do Skin ...do Cleveland, Ohio Port Clinton, Ohio.. West Northfield, 111 ...do ...do Dr. Kirtland . . do . Dr. Kirtland . ...do R. Kennicott.. .. do .. R. Kennicott. ...do ...do 1879 6848 4349 4350 4348 r\ K. C IB .. do ...do J. Feilnor. . .. J. G. Cooper . . .. do .. do ...do .. do ...do ..do .. do . . do Skull uSciurus mtrg- nitaudatus." ....do. ...do. do. do. do. do. do. do. • do. Dusky. May 25, 1861 May 22, 1864 May 22, 1864 May 5, 1864 Juno — , 1857 June 27, 1857 June 30, 1857 Sliin ...do ...do . 6600 3325 90 o" Mouth of Vermil- lion. Missouri R. Independence, Mo. . ...do ...do do .. J. G. Cooper . ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do Skin and skull Skin ...do '.... 3354 3684 1240 241 Western Missouri . ...do Skull ...do ...do ...do .. do . do .. do ...do do ...do .... Skin Brookhaven, Mo ... Saint Louis, Mo ...do Apr. 9, 1855 Apr. 9, 1855 Dec. -,1855 Nov. — , 1835 Nov. — , 1855 Nov. — , 1855 Winter, 1855 ...do .. F. J. R.Kecnan Dr. Geo. Engel- ruann. ..do ..do ...do ...do ...do .. do ..do ..do ...do F. J. R.Keenai Dr.Gco. Engel maun. ...do .. do ...do do .. do ...do do ...do ...do Lt G K.Warrei Lt. D.N. Coucl Lt Jas. Faiiie ...do ..do • cf 9 9 0* ■ ■■• ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. ...do 1765 ...do Skull Skin 9 Fort Leavenworth, Kans. Prairie Mer Rouge, La. ....do Nov. 27, ie54 June 25, 1852 Lt. Jas. Fairie ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do June 25, 1855 ...do ...do ... do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do do ... .. do do .. ...do ...do . . ...do ..do ...do ...do do ...do ...do ....do ...do 1243 1204 1205 1248 3132 3131 ...do ...do .. do ...do Skull ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do .. ...do ...do ...do . do . do do ...do do do Skin and skull, do ...do .. do do ...do ...do do Skin St. Charles Col- lege. St. Charles Col lege. do .. do do ...do do ...do ..do .. do ...do do do do Cexaa Capt. J. Pope. Capt. J. Pope ...do ' Belly black. SOIURIDiE— SCIURUS FOSSOE. 731 Table XXXIV. — List of specimens examined of Sciurtus niger vizr. ludovicianus — Continued. o u O a a a & . S a 2 3 n " U a 3 a to . a — 3 3 a "5 a . S-o ?■> u \* © s * o u o .3 a a B H a 'Si O o ti P M a; Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— a s a 'o p. o «> u 3 rt S3 Remarks. 2355 1G50 2354 351 1415 1554 Capt. J. Tope.. Dr. G. C. Shu. mard. Dr. Swift Skin " Sciurus Km- His." do. Ft. Chadbourno, Tex Guadalupe Bottom, Tex. San Pedro, R i o Graude, Tex. do .. Apr. 6, 1856 Capt. J. Pope.. J.H.Clark ...do .. do .. Col. J. D. Gra- ham. ..do ...do . do 2258 1265 75C1 336 ....do ...do ...do Skull do ....do do ...do Washington Co., Tex do .... Lt. D. K. Couch Lt. D. N. Couch Skin and skull. SCIURUS FOSSOR Peale. California Gray Squirrel. Sciurus fossor Peale, Mam. and Birds, U. S. Ex. Exp. 1848, 55. — Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Aru. iii, 1854, 264, pi. cliii, fig. 2.— Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 264.— Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii.— Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 426.— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 287. Sciurus heermanni Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vi, 1852, 149. Sciurus leporinns Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Ch. Engineers for 1876, App. JJ, 310 (probably not S. leporinus Bachman). Specific chars. — Length of body 11 to 12 inches. Tail-vertebrpe about 11, ranging from 10.50 to 12.50; tail to end of hairs 14 50, ranging from 14 to 15.50, hence much longer than the body. Above, clear plumbeous-gray; beneath, pure white; no lateral line; hairs of the tail gray at base, with a broad subterminalband of black, and broadly tipped with white; posterior surface of ears brownish, particularly toward the base. This species is remarkable for the constancy of its coloration. Among some thirty specimens before me, only two depart much from the normal phase, as above described. One is No. 2463, from near San Francisco, which is faintly washed above with pale reddish-brown. The other is No. 3633, from Fort Tejon, which is evidently in an abnormal condition of pelage. This has the back brownish, and an unsymmetrical, irregularly-shaped spot of brownish-yellow on the top of the head. Professor Baird also refers to a specimen from San Francisco with a brownish back. There is a slight varia- tion in color with locality, specimens from northern localities being of a 732 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. darker purer gray than chose from the more desert region southward; Fort Tejon specimens, as compared with others from Oregon, presenting a bleached or faded appearance. The skulls show no appreciable difference in size with locality; southern specimens are certainly not smaller than north- ern ones. This species differs from the Eastern Gray Squirrel (S. carolinensis) in its larger size, relatively much longer tail, and in the gray of the upper parts wholly lacking the fulvous suffusion seen in that species, and in being purer white below. S. fossor much more resembles the wholly gray phase of S. aberti, the two species being of about the same size. S. aberti, however, has a shorter and whiter tail, especially beneath, and has usually a dark reddish- brown area on the back and a very distinct black lateral line. It is further distinguished, especially in winter, by the presence of long conspicuous ear- tufts, as well as by the much larger size of the ears themselves. S. fossor is apparently wholly restricted to the Pacific slope, no speci- mens having been reported as occurring east of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of mountains. Specimens are in the collection from as far north as Fort Dalles, Oreg., and from intermediate localities thence southward to Fort Tejon, much beyond which, in either direction, its occurrence has not been reported. Its habitat is hence quite restricted. Its nearest ally is to be found in S. colliaii " of Mexico, with which it agrees in. size and in the relative length of the tail, differing from it, however, greatly in coloration. Melanistic phases of coloration are thus far unknown in this species; but since they occur in all the other North American Sciuri, they are to be looked for also in this. The Sciurus leporinus of Bachman, doubtfully referred by Professor Baird to S. fossor, agrees much better with S. collixci than with S. fossor. It may, however, have been based on an abnormal specimen of S. fossor. A specimen in abnormal pelage, collected by Mr. H. "W. Henshaw in Southern California in 1875, I at first identified as satisfactorily meeting the require- ments of Audubon and Bach man's S. leporinus, but a reexamination of the subject convinces me that their description of S. leporinus better agrees with certain phases of S. collicci than with any known phase of S. fossor, and that the locality of the specimen was Western Mexico instead of "Northern Cali- fornia", as supposed. SCIDRID^— SCIURUS FOSSOR. 733 Table XXXV. — Measurements of nine specimens of Sciurus fossou. B 3 a s bO « ed E-" 3 3 a a o Locality. K CO SI From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— Length of— R CD a u B '3 w & i © © 2430 San Francisco Mts., N. Mex » 2.80 2.50 11.00 10.50 9.50 11.00 11.00 10.25 10.25 10.50 10.75 8.00 9.00 9.00 8.50 9.50 8.75 9.50 12.00 11.60 11.50 10.25 11.50 11.00 12.00 1.75 1.80 1.60 1.70 1.50 1.50 1.65 1.65 1.50 2.70 2.75 2.70 2.76 2.65 2.75 2.75 2.60 2.50 2.60 1.CB Skin.* Alcoholic. Skin. .. do. 1.00 2.00 11876 11873 11096 7817 11874 122 9549 9553 659 B57 A 504 1? rf 1.10 2.00 2.50 .. do. .. do Mt. Taylor, N. Hex O ©"•2 *-" p, XL — 00 ■5 &fi 3 ■d 0 t=> h~ ri 1107 Copper Mines, N. Mex 2.35 1.33 0.82 0.22 0.67 1.16 0.33 0.23 0.40 0.27 1.35 0.68 1108 do S. 25 1.30 0.75 0.78 0.20 0.60 1.10 0.37 0.21 0.42 0.28 1.33 0.63 47 M 738 MONOGRAPHS OF NOttTII AMERICAN RODENTfA. TABLR XL. — List of xpeeimena examined of SCIHRUS ABERTI. — 9 £ 3 3 3 £> 3 ZL . JZ c 5 * 3 " 5 3 a •x _• 3 — "2 J* - i 5. T 91 « S l_ - - O S "3 6 -' u K f. Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— d 3 a *3 e. ■ O g a "5 'A M a a 11608 'i i53 9554 9549 9550 9551 955i 4586 3518 9610 J Colorado City, Colo — do Oct 1, 1873 Dr. F.V. Haydcn. ...do ...do W. L. Coulter Skin ...do Black. do. ...do ...do do . do ...do ...do ...do .do. :C> miles north of Santa Fc., N. Mex. do Between Taos and Santa Fe , N. Mex. ...do Kurt Union, N. Mex Bill Williams's Mountain X. Mex. Sierra Bits., N. Mex Copper- Mines, X. Mex . Camp Apache, Ariz San Francisco Mts., Ariz do t ...do ...do ...do ...do do. ...do ...do do ...do... Black. 4 9 • ...do Dr.W.W.Andenoi Dr. Smthworth . . . Dr. E. Palmer .... LtG.M. Wheeler Col. J. D. Graham .. do Lt G. M. Wheeler Capt. L Sitgreaves ...do ...do Dr. W.W.Anderson Dr. Southwortb .. Dr. E. Palmer Dr. J. T. Eothrock T.H. Clark ...do Dr.O. Loew Dr. E. Cones Dr. S. W. Wood- house. ...do . .. ...do ...do Alcoholic Skin and skull, do ... Skin ...do ...do ...do.... Oct. 23, 1873 Winter, 1837 Sept. 1,1673 July 2o, 186-1 132 11096 7819 2430 7182 L187G 11875 11874 L1873 1103 1107 659 t>97 17 108 Apache Mountains, Ariz ...do Sept. 1, 1873 Sept. 4.1873 July 5, 1873 Oct 3, 1873 Lt G. M. Wheeler ...do ...do ...do H. W. Henshaw . . . ...do Dr. C. G. Newberry ...do ...do do .... ...do ...do Mount Taylor, N. Mex .. Camp Brown, Ariz II. — Species inhabiting Mexico, Central and South America. SCIURUS COLLLEI Richardson. Collie's Squirrel. Sciurus collUei RicnARDSON, Zool. of the Blossom, 1839,8, pi. i.— Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 95 (without description) ; Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 334 ; Amer. Jouru. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 307.— Wagner, Snppl. Schreber's Sauget. iii, 1845, 174— Audu- nos & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, pi. civ.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 280. Macroxus eollhci Gray, Ann. aud Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 421 (in part). t Sciurus leporinns Audubon & Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1841, 101 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, 1842, 314 ; Quad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 329, pi. xliii.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 281. Sciurus oeiilaius Peters, Monateb. K. P. Akad. d. Wisseusch. zu Berlin, 1863 (1864), 653. Sciurus arizonensis COUES, Amer. Nat. i, 1867, 357; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 134. — Coues & YARROW, Wheeler's Expl. and Surv. West lUOth Merid. v, Zo61. 1876, 116. Specific chars. — Length from the end of the nose to the base of the tail about 12.50; tail to end of the vertebrae 11.00; tail to end of hairs 14.00. Above, except the middle of the dorsal region, clear gray, without rufous or fulvous suffusion beneath the surface ; a broad mesial band extending from the head to the tail mixed yellowish-brown and black ; lower parts (usually?) SCIURID.E— SCIURUS COLLI2EI. 739 pure white; no lateral line. Tail long and very broad, vertebra? alone nearly equal in length to the length of head and body; above, deep black, broadly edged with whitish or mixed white, black, and pale fulvous ; beneath with or without a broad central area of bright tawny, bordered by a broad subterminal band of deep black, and broadly edged with white. Sometimes the central bright tawny zone can be faintly seen through the hairs of the dorsal surface, as in the Arizona specimens ; again it is merely pale ful- vous, striped with narrow lines of dusky, the central fulvous area being visi- ble only from the lower surface. This species is thoroughly distinct from 8. carolincnsis, which it some- what resembles in color, as it also apparently is from every other North American species of Sciurus. It was described by Richardson, in 1839, from a specimen from San Bias, on the west coast of Mexico, in latitude 21° 34', where Mr. Collie found it common. My Mazatlan specimens are from near the same locality (about one hundred miles farther north), and agree with Richardson's original description. Dr. Gray's S. collicei, "var. 2", with bright rufous sides and limbs and white belly, I refer with little hesitation to S. boo/hie, while his "var. 1'', from the west coast of South America, with "the under surface yellow", he considers the same as Ogilby's S.variegatoides and his 8. griseocaudatus, both of which I refer to the S. hypojiyrrhus of Wagler. The " Macroxus collicei'1'' of Gray seems to be only in small part referable to the S. collicei of Richardson. I refer to this species also the S. arizonensis of Coues, described origin- ally from a single specimen obtained at Fort Whipple, Ariz. Two other specimens from Arizona, collected later by Mr. F. Bischoff, agree essentially with Dr. Coues's specimen, except that they are somewhat larger. One of them, however, has the brownish dorsal area less strongly developed than in the others, and has the lower surface considerably varied with irregular patches and streaks of pale yellowish-rufous, thus showing a tendency to the acquisition of a rufous belly, so common a feature among the Squirrels of Mexico and Central and South America. Dr. Coues's specimen, though killed in December, was evidently not full-grown, being, as described by him, of about the size of S. carolinensis. The other specimens, one of them a female that had recently nourished young, are much larger, and indicate a species fully as large as 8. aberti, if not even larger. The coloration of & collicei, at first sight, seems to bear a close resem- 740 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. blance lo that of northern specimens of S. carolinensis, particularly to those with a large brownish dorsal area. A careful comparison, however, shows the absence of the fulvous suffusion below the surface of the pelage seen in that species, and the absence of any tawny lateral line. The tail also is much longer, and more than one-third fuller and broader, with quite different col- oration, being distinctly tricolored below, with the three colors strongly con- trasted and sharply defined, — centrally a broad band of bright tawny, nearly two inches wide, with indications of two narrow bars of black within it on each side of the vertebra;; outside of this is a band of deep black, one-half to one inch wide, with, beyond this, a broad clear white margin. The hairs are, many of them, fully three inches in length, so that the tail, measured across the middle from point to point of the outstretched hairs, has a breadth of six inches. The Mazatlan specimens have the tail rather less full, and the bright tawny central area is simply pale fulvous, — a difference of no great importance, in view of the differences in this respect presented by specimens of S. carolinensis from even a single locality. The ears are low, broad, and round, not half as large as in S. aberti, and less pointed, shorter, and broader than in S. fossor. This species is further distinguished from S. fossor by its shorter tail, more brownish-gray color of the upper surface, and by the presence of a yellowish-brown dorsal area, covering nearly all of the back. S. collicei is distinguishable from S. aberti not only through the great difference in the size and form of the ears and the absence of ear-tufts, but by lacking the black lateral line, and by the dorsal brownish area being pale yellowish-brown instead of reddish-brown or chestnut. The S, leporinus of Audubon and Bachman, from "California", greatly resembles jS. colliai in color, size, and form, and is, I have little doubt referable to this species. Its supposed locality is doubtless wrong, being not the present State of California, but from some point farther southward. I have seen, however, a specimen of 8. fossor, in an evidently abnormal con- dition of pelage, corresponding quite well with the description of S. leporinvs. The description of Sciurus oculatus of Peters, in respect to size, colora- tion, relative length of the tail, etc., agrees with the usual phase of S. collicd. SCIURLLXE— SCIURUS BOOTUIyE. 741 Table XLI. — Measurements of eight specimens of Sciurtjs coiXLEI. a a © s tt o 'a la Locality. H O to From tip of nose to— Tail to end of— Length of— 3 V •** e 4a § s w c o S pi OS t*4 e a a a Keuiarks. u 49 "3 O "5 H 8 f~ .a « I'- n &- "3 a o u o 6* O s !I0(»4 9063 8475 11145 11146 1434 2700 Maxatlan, Mex ....do Fort Whipple, Ariz. Arizona ...do ...do 9 cf ? ? ? 1.12 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.08 2.15 2.00 2.35 12.00 12.00 10.50 9.50 13.00 12.50 12.60 10.60 ll. 7S 11 00 8.50 8.50 10.75 9.00 14.00 14.00 1L00 iaoo 14.00 12.00 13.80 14.55 1.40 1.40 1.75 1.50 1.65 1.55 1.60 1.60 2.40 2.33 2.33 2.30 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.60 0.G2 0.55 a €5 0.70 afi5 0.60 a 77 0.72 Skin.. .do... Skin.. ..do ... ..do ... Measurements quoted from Richardson (1. c.) Measurements quoted from Coues (I.e.). Measurements quoted from Peters (1. c). . 2.05 '.'. 05 2.70 2.50 Table XLII. — List of specimen* examined of SciURUS colli.ei. o .0 a a & 3 *« U Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by— d o a "3 S A 05 ■m O ears the tlate " 1792 " on Ibo title-page. 742 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ifaeroxut boolliim Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ?d ser. xx, 1867, 424. Macroxas nicoyana Shay, Ann. and Mag. Nat. lli«t. 3d Ber. xx, 1867, 423 (Costa Rica). gut collicei Gkay, Ann. ami Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 421 (vara. I and 2 only). •■ .S'ciuJHS ifltenncdiua VeRUEAVX " ( MS. name '.; see Gray, 1. <■. 421). Sciurus riijidus PETERS, Muuatsb. Kiiuigl. Preuss. Akad. Wissensoh. zu Iiorliu, 18GJ (18G4), 052. Specific chars. — Form rather stout; muzzle short and broad; ears nil her small ; tail narrow, rather longer than head and body ; pelage full, coarse, and long. Length of head and body 12.50; of tail-vertebrae 9.75 ; of tail to end of hairs 12.75. Above, dark brown, mixed with yellowish-gray or black, varied witli fulvous; often paler on the sides, where there is a tendency, in many specimens, to a broad, grayish, sub-lateral band ; beneath, deep brownish-red, frequently with unsymmetrical patches of pure white. Tail below tricolored, centrally rufous, then black, with a border of white ; the rufous in the middle variable in amount and in tint, sometimes obsolete, sometimes forming a broad central band of bright rufous, at other times pale rufous. This species is so variable in coloration as to be hard to characterize. The above diagnosis indicates a condition intermediate between the extremes, as well as apparently the most common phase. Of eighteen Costa Eican specimens, about half present a quite uniform style of coloration, while of the remainder, no two are very nearly alike. Eleven agree quite nearly in having the general color above black, varied more or less with reddish-brown, the proportion of the two colors varying with each specimen. The ventral sur- face in all, including the inner side of limbs, is dark reddish-orange. The pelage above is black at base, with a broad subterminal band of fulvous- or rufous-brown, the hairs all broadly tipped with glossy black. The sides of the bead, nose, and chin are grayish-brown ; the ears have a rufous spot at the base posteriorly. The hairs of the tail are fulvous (in some specimens rufous) at base, ringed with black, then crossed by a broad band of black and narrowly tipped with white. The color of the central portion of the lower surface varies from fulvous to dark brownish-red. Another specimen (No. 11410) is similar to these, but has less black above, and the rufous of the ventral surface is paler ; the tail is rufous centrally near the base and toward the tip. No. 113G4 has still less black above,. and the lower surface is irreg- ularly marked with large patches of pure white. The tail is also much more broadly edged with white, and the ear-patches are also white, as they arc in the majority of the specimens before me. No. 9306 differs little from the last, except in having rather less black above, and in a tendency to a pale band SCIUEIDJ3— SCIURDS BOOTIILE. 743 along the sides, midway between the edge of the ventral surface and the middle of the back, and in having rather less white below. In No. 11412, the color of the middle of the back is nearly uniform blackish-brown, with a quite well-marked grayish subdorsal band ; the ear-patches are pure white, and there are large areas of white on the ventral surface. In No. 11411, the upper parts are dull faded reddish-brown instead of blackish-brown ; the light lateral band is still better marked, and the white below is restricted to a spot at each arm-pit. Four other specimens are similar to the last, except that the lateral band is more or less whitish, and the tail is more broadly edged with white. Tlie white of the lower surface is sometimes confined wholly to tlie throat and breast, and sometimes forms a narrow, more or less interrupted, mesial line, widening over the posterior part of the ventral surface. In No. 11421, the lower surface is rusty-yellow, with the upper parts paler than in any of the preceding. No. 8506 (from Nicaragua) is wholly pale yellowish- brown above and rusty-yellow below, with white arm-pits. The above- mentioned pale-grayish lateral band is placed high up on the sides, and' does not correspond in position with the usual "lateral line" which marks the division of the ventral from the dorsal surface. As would be expected, these phases of coloration have given rise to numerous synonyms. Lesson's Macroxus adolphei and M. pyladei seem bolli referable here, the former agreeing with No. 11364, described above, except that the entire lower parts are white instead of having the white restricted to irregular large patches; the latter (M. pyladei,) agrees closely with (he usual Costa Rican phase of this species, in which the ear-patches and the whole lower surface are rufous.* Both were described from Central American * Lesson's above*cited work beiDg rare in Araericau libraries, I append an exact transcript of his descriptions, kindly furnished me by Dr. E. J. Nol:\n, Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from the copy of Lesson's work contained in the Academy's library, the only copy in this country of which I have knowledge: — " 19. L'Ecureuil d'Adoithe. " (Macroxus Adolphei, Lesson) "Cet ccurouil, par son faeies, rappelle l'eeureoil du Fi/lade, et cepetidant sa coloration estdiffe'rente. Le male et la femelle ont etc' tuCs par mou l'rere, Adolphe Lesson, dans les forets qni avoisineut Realcjo, dans la province de Nicaragua, du centre-Ame'iique. Est-ce une varied du suivant? "Plus fort que lo pylade, l'eeureuii d'Adolphe a la queue de la longueur du corps, et cette partic a la mcnie nature de poils et la nteme coloration que le pylade, excepts son sommet, qui a une touffe noire et un bouquet blanc terminal. Les poils de cette queue sont roux endessus, ond.es denoiret termiues de blanc. Lo blanc est plus apparent sur les portions laterales et en dessous. " Le male a le dessus de la (etc brun tiquet6 de gris, le dessus du corps vari<5 de noir luisant et de roux vif par ondulatious; le dessus des membres est egalement varie' de roux et de brun; niais les ex- trciuites en dessus sont brnues tiquetees de gris-rojix. Deux grosses touflcs blanc-neigenx, placees der- liere les oreilles, trancheut sur le pelage, et le pylade a deux plaques de nieine forme, rouge chamois • 74-i MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. specimens. Dr. Gray's Macroxus collicei "var. 2" from Guatemala corre- sponds with the above-described specimens, having a white throat and breast, and more or less white along the middle of the belly. Similar speci- mens, with perhaps less white below, seem to unquestionably represent the same author's Macroxus nicoyana from Costa Rica. Tin! earliest name applicable beyond question to this species is Gray's Sciurus boothia (zz. S. richardsoni Gray nee Bachman = S. fuscovariegatus Schinz), which represents the dark phase, with the middle of the belly white, as in several of the Costa Rican specimens. The S. variegatus of Erxleben is probably in part referable to this species, combined perhaps with other Mexican species, but also refers, certainly in part, to the S. niger var. niger of the United States, and is thus clearly untenable for any species of Sciurus. It probably refers fully as well to S. hypopyrrhus as to the present species. The S. variegatus of De Saussure apparently refers mainly, but not exclusively, to this species. The account of S. rigidus of Peters is a good description of the common Costa Rican phase. This species differs from both S. hypopyrrhus and S. aureigaster in its stouter form, smaller ears, shorter tail, and short broad muzzle, as well as in coloration. They all agree in possessing narrow tails, rather longer than the toutes lea parties inferieures, le dedans des membres, a partir du menton jusqu'a l'anns, sont d'un blauc par; les joues sont grieatres, les dents incisives orangees, la peau nue des pattes noire. '• La femelle est aussi forte que la male ; le dessus dn corps a dn uoir sur la ligne mfidiane, et le reste tire au gris-brun, et memo passe sur les flancs an gris franc. " 20. L'ficUREUIL DU Pylade. " (Macroxus Pyladei, Lesson) " Les dcnrcuils de la Califomie, du Mexique et du Texas, ont entre enx la pins grande analogic do taille, de forme et de coloration. L'espece que nons decrivons, rapportee, en 1842, des cfites de la Mer du Sud par le docteur Adolpbe Lesson, cbirurgien-major du brick le Pylade, vient encore ajouter a la diffi- culty de distingner les diverses esp&ces admises, et cependant elle est bien distincte, a en juger par les descriptions ou les figures que nous possedons. " Cet e'cureuil a etc" tuc dans les arbres do San-Carlos, dans la province de San-Salvador, au centre- AmcYique. Sa taille est le double de notre e'cureuil de France. Sa queue ne depasse pas les deux tiers du corps; elle est tontine, couverte de longs poils, ceux du dessus noirs, terniiues de blanc pur; cenx du dessoDS mux, puis noirs, et enfiu terminus de blanc-ueigeux, ce qui lui donne nn aspect c'ujaille' noir et blanc. Le pelage Bur le corps est vatic de uoir profoud, melange^ par places de poils roux; le dessus de la tele est gris avec du noir sur l'occiput ; les oreilles sont bordces de noir; une tache ronde, d'un ricbo chamois, occape le derriero de l'oreille; tout le dessous du corps, les qnatre membres sont de la nuance mux-chamois la plus intense, except*: Us teslicules, fort gros, qui sont grisaties et le pourtonr de l'anns, i|iii est blanc; les parties dc'nudces des extre"mite's sont couleur de chair, les ongles Bont blanchatn s, ]<■ menton et les joues sont grisatrcs, les dents incisives orangees; les moustaches sont longues et noires. .Ic n'ai vu qu'un scnl individu de cctte espece, et e'etait un male, dont l'analogie avec l'ccurenil de la Califomie de P. Cuvier fitait fort grande. "Cist a Realejo, sur la cote de Nicaragua, dans 1'Amerique du centre, que vit cet eenrenil." — ( Description il, Mammift res 1 1 d'Oiseattx >m mmenl decouverls, precidee d'un Tuhlcav, sur lea lluccs Humaines, par M. Lesson, Paris, 1547, pp. 141-1430 SCIUKID.E— SCIURUS BOOTHLE. 745 body; but in this species the form is stouter than in either of the others. Though so variable in color, the character of the coloration is quite different in the three forms, as is the nature of the pelage. Possibly additional mate- rial will show that some of them (possibly all) intergrade, but the consider-, able number of specimens before me leave me strongly impressed with their distinctness. The character of the pelage is widely different in each, being soft, and full in S. aureigaster, longer and coarser in S. boot hire, and coarser still, sparse, stiff and shining in S. hypopyrrhus. S. lujpopyrrhus is further distinguished by the great length and narrowness of the ears. Table XLIII. — Measurements of nineteen specimens of Sciurus boothi.e. i. 5 to c *« 6 9 3 a a o Locality. - From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— Length of— eg o .23 to w ca a a B3 Cm O V U 'A u a 13 *S u o "3 s > E '3 H 1 it O o & a 5 II 308 11701 11365 11413 11411 11364 eiu 11702 11414 11412 12054 12018 12019 12040 12047 11420 11419 .-: cf cf cf cf 0.98 1.00 1.05 1.85 2.00 1.90 2.20 2.30 12.30 12.50 12.50 12. 50 11.00 10.50 11.25 9.25 9. 75 10.75 3.00 9.75 10.75 12.25 13.75 12.75 12. 00 1.35 1.37 1. 45 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.45 1.37 1.35 1.35 Skin, .do. do. do. .do. do. do. da .do. do. do. do. do. do. .da da do. do. ..do. do do .do 2. 35 2.30 2.27 2. 23 2.15 2.25 2.10 2.25 2.22 2.05 2.30 2.37 2.30 2.33 2.45 2.30 2.45 0. 55 0.57 0. 50 O.CO o.eo 0. 57 0.60 0.55 0. 55 0.62 0.05 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.70 1.00 0.96 0.90 0.98 1.05 0.06 0.94 1.03 1.03 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.88 1.98 1. to 2.00 2.07 1.86 1.80 1.95 2.00 1.85 1.85 2.00 2.10 1.85 2.17 2. 12 2.05 2.15 1.90 2.00 2.35 2.20 2.30 2.05 2.15 2. 30 2.40 2.20 102 91 83 87 do do cf cf do do 13.50 10.75 10.75 11.00 11.50 12. 50 13.25 12.00 9.25 12. CO do do do do 9 do cf 9.00 12.50 9.50 10.00 11.25 14.00 12. 50 12.75 1.37 1.55 1.45 1.50 do do V'est Coast of Central America. . . cf cf 74(3 iMONOC.KAI'US OF NOKTU AMERICAN KODENTIA. TABLE XLIV. — List of specimens examined of Sciurus BOOTni.fi. UJ6* 9036 11411 11413 11413 11414 11417 8414 11701 11703 12044 13046 12047 1-204- 12049 12054 LI364 1 1 1 19 11120 1 1 121 8,'Oli 45 88 87 102 91 Locality. Costa Rioa do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do San .Jnan West Coast of Central America . do do Nicaragua From whom received. J. C. Zdedon do do J. Carmiol do do do do do do Prof. Wm. Gaub Talmanca Expedition . do .do . .do. .do . .do. Dr. A. von Frantzius Capt. J. M. Dow do do James rTepburne Collected by- J.C. Zelednn do do J. Carmiol do do do do do do Prof. Win. Gabb . do .do. .do . .do . do do. Dr. A. von Frantzius Capt. J. M. Dow do do James Hepburne Skin, .do. do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. .do. ..do. do. do. ..do. ..do. .do. ..do. ..do. do. ..do. do. ..do. SCIURUS HYPOPYRRIIUS Wagler. Fire-Bellied Squirrel. Sciurua liypopyrrhus Wagler, Isis, 1831, 510.— "Wagner, Miiuchen. gel. Anzeig. vii, 20"; Suppl. Schre- ber's Sauget. iii, 1843, 167, pi ccxiii C— Schixz, Syrj. Mam. ii, 1845, 20.— Baird, Maui. N. Ainer. 1857, 282.— De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. do Zool. 1861, 4. Sciurua nigrescent Behhett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud, i, 1833, 41 (a melanistic form).— Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud, vi, 1838, 96; Cbarles worth's Mag. Nit. Hist, iii, 1839, 334; Silliman's Aincr. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 306.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Sanget. iii, 1843, 174.— Sciiinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 19.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. iii, 1854, 74, pi. cxvii. — Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1857,280. Murrains nigrescent Ghat, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 424. Sciurua variegatoides Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1839, 117 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, v, 1840, 62. Sciurus griscocaudatiis Gray, Zool. Voy. Sulpbur, 1844, 34, pi. xiii, fig. 2 (animal), and pi. xviii, figs. 7-12 (skull and teeth). Sciurua dorsalis Gray, Proc. Zool. S c, Loud. 1848, 138, pi. vii (white, with a broad black dorsal stripe).— Scbater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, 670. Macroxus colliai " var. t " GRAY, Auu. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 421. Macroxus dorsalis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 422. Macroxus maurus (iit.vv, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 425 (Oaxaca, Mex.). Macroxua melanin Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 425. Specific chars. — Size large; form rather slender; ears high and nar- row; tail very long, the tail-vertebra alone equalling the length of the head and body. Length of body 10.50 to 12.50; tail-vertebrae the same; tail to SCIUMDJ3— SCIURUS HYrOPYERQUS. 747 1 end of hairs 12.75 to 1G.00. Color variable, tending strongly to both albi- nistic and melanistic phases. Pelage coarse and stiff. Of the eleven specimens examined, two are almost wholly black ; three are black, varied with fulvous, gray, and small unsymmetrical spots of white; four others are black above, strongly varied with pale yellowish-brown, the hairs being black at base and tip, with a broad ring of pale yellowish-brown. The whole lower surface, including the inner side of the limbs, is rusty- yellow. These vary little in color, mainly in respect to the brighter or paler tint of the lower surface and amount of black above. The three specimens mottled with white (all from Guyaquil, Ecuador) present a very peculiar appearance. One of them (No. 9014) has the pelage everywhere black or dusky at the base, each hair generally with a long silvery white tip, except on the lower part of the back, basal portion of the tail, and hind limbs, where the white of the tips is replaced by yellowish-rusty. The sides of the neck, the fore limbs, and portions of the ventral surface are more faintly washed with a paler tint of the same. The ears and upper surface of the head and of all the feet black, the head and feet faintly varied with rusty. Cheeks, chin, and throat pale dusky yellowish-brown. Tail, except basal sixth, black, with the hairs broadly white-tipped; at the base, the hairs are rufous-tipped. Top of the head, anterior half of the dorsal surface, and left fore leg with small pencil-like tufts of lengthened white hairs, showing a tendency toward albinism. No. 9093 differs only in being blacker below, with the rufous of the lower part of the back and basal portion of the tail darker and more extended, and with more rufous below, and in having the • . tufts of white hair more numerous, nearly conlluent over the shoulders, and appearing also on the breast, throat, and hind limbs. No. 9392 differs from the last in lacking white patches on the head, in their larger size on the middle of the back, in the right fore limb being wholly white from the elbow to the toes, the latter being black only at the end, and in the rufous on the rump and base of the tail being bright chestnut, or a little stronger even than in No. 9093. No. 7019, from La Union, Central America, and three others from Obispo, Panama, differ from all the preceding in being wholly pale yellowish-rufous below and black above, where the hairs have a yellowish- white subterminal zone, the general effect above being black, conspicuously varied with yellowish-white. The posterior surface of the ears and the whole feet and inner sides of limbs are like the ventral surface. The upper sur- face of the head is yellowish-gray, sprinkled with black; the cheeks, chin, 718 MONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN UODENTIA. and throat pale fulvous. The tail has also the hairs of the lower surface pale yellowish at the base, thru black, broadly tipped with white. These speci- mens, judging from De Saussure's description, are the more common or normal phase of the species. No. 8495, from Nicaragua, is white, except a broad dorsal band, extending from the occiput to the tail, which is intense brownish- black. The hairs of the lower surface of the tail are white at base, then black, broadly tipped with white, giving a wholly pure white surface to the tail throughout. No. 8628, from Costa Rica (about half-grown), lias the whole body pale yellow or yellowish-white, with an indistinct brownish dor- sal band. The hairs of the tail are wholly black at base, broadly tipped with whitish. Two other specimens, from Southern Mexico, are almost wholly black, being only slightly varied with gray above and on the tail. This species differs from most other American species in its slenderness, the great length and narrowness of the ears, and the excessive length of the tail, which, with the hairs, is one-fifth to one-fourth longer than the head and body. Dr. Gray's S. dor salts agrees perfectly with the white, black-backed specimen (No. 8495) above described. The Macroxus melania of the same author corresponds with the black phase of this species, and his M. maurus with the black phase which has the under parts more rufous. De Saussure, in his paper on the Mexican Squirrels (as above cited), describes this species as being usually ferrugineous beneath,* but gives the following phases of col- oration under the head of three unnamed varieties: — a, wholly black, with the hairs more or less fulvous at the base; b, blackish, with the ventral sur- face gray, fulvescent, or dusky; c, body wholly black. The original description of Wagler refers to a phase with the lower parts strongly rufous. The length is given as 12 inches from the nose to the end of the tail; the tail (vertebra; only ?) as 11.75. Wagner gives the length from nose to base of tail as 12 inches; of the tail-vertebrae 12.09; tail to end of hairs 14.75. I am quite confident that the Sciurus nigrescens of Bennett, described in 1833 as "from that part of California that adjoins Mexico", is referable to the dark phase of the present species. The great length of the tail as com- pared with the body f renders it almost certain that it can refer to no other *'• Subtus rufo-ferrugiueus, frequenter pilis nigris intemiixlis, meuto uigrescente." — (Bee. H Mag. dcZoot. 1861, p. .r,.) t According to Bennett, head and body 10.50; tail-vertebnr 10.50; tail to end of hairs 14.00 ; or, according to Bachinan's measurements of the saute specimen, head and body 12.37; tail to end of hairs 15.37. SCIURIM3— SCIURUS IIYPOrYRRIIUS. 749 known species, the tail being about three inches longer than the body, — a proportion found in no other Mexican Squirrel. The general size, as well as the narrowness of the tail, gives further evidence of its correct reference being here. There are, furthermore, two specimens in the collection that agree fully with Bennett's description, which I have no hesitation in referring to this species. The Sciurus variegatoides of Ogilby and the Sciurus griseocaudatus of Gray, from the "west coast of South America", I am convinced are both referable to this species, and hence also Gray's "var. 1" of Gray's Macroxus collicei. They agree closely with the specimens from Panama and La Union. The Sciurus varius and S. socialis of Wagner were referred by Wiegmann to this species, as I think, incorrectly. The former seems to more nearly agree with S. boothia, while the latter I am unable to identify. This seems to be a common species in Southern Mexico and Central America southward to Ecuador, and presents, as noted above, widely varying phases of coloration. In several specimens of this species, in which the dentition could be examined, there were generally found two upper premolars, but two out of four alcoholic examples had only one. Table XLV. — Measurements of eleven specimens of Sciurus hypopyrrhus. Locality. I 9392 9393 9014 7019 8495 6628 7205 '4260 3640 3045 3043 Guayaquil, Ecuador do do La Union, Central America . Nicaragua San Jos6, Co8ta Rica Goazaeoalcos, Moxico Mexico (Gulf coast) Obispo, Panama .do . .do . From tip of nose to- « 1.10 0.93 1.10 1.18 1.13 1.00 1.20 1.05 0.95 1.13 H 2.00 1.80 1.98 1.98 2.20 2.10 2.20 2.00 1.90 2.07 2.42 2.38 2.52 2.45 3.65 2.57 2.45 2.47 12.50 12.25 12.50 12.25 12.00 9.00 13.00 11.25 10.40 10.25 10.25 Tail to end of- 12.00 13.75 11.00 12.25 11.00 9.75 11.25 10.40 10. 00 10.35 w 14. 25 16.25 13.50 15.20 13.75 12.00 12.65 12.85 12. tiO Length of- 1.50 1.50 1.45 1.55 1.75 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.55 1.65 w 2.30 2.35 2.35 2.40 2.55 2.25 2.45 2.40 2.50 2.43 2.47 w 0.85 1.00 0.80 0.76 0.70 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.95 fe Skin. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. ...do. ' In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 750 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTn AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table XLVL— List of specimens examined of SCIDRUS HYPOPYItltHl S. r ti B B B 0 a c 3 U & a T a a K V ? cT O d" Locality. From whom received. Collected hy — c CD a 'S « o 9 a e yA 9302 U303 0014 M38 B 195 7019 7:0j ■ 1 CO •3C46 •:uu;, *3tM3 Skin. do do do do 47 7 9 1.10 1.85 11.50 8.50 12. 00 1.55 2.50 O.CO 7203 UA do 0.95 1.75 10.00 K23 11.03 1.53 2.25 0.64 0 P p P >J h5 2.44 2.06 1.38 1.35 0.80 0.73 1.68 0.24 0.18 0.70 0.65 1.15 1.07 0.46 0.38 0.30 1.40 1.22 o.so 0.C7 do O 8985 Santa EfigeDia, Tehuantcpec 2.43 1.40 0.80 0.24 0.78 1.25 0.45 0.30 1.45 0.80 1 Rather young. SCICriilDJE— SCJURTJS LEUCOPS. 7^ 753 Table XLIX. — List of specimens examined of SCIURUS aureigaster. o u £ 3 a o bC . S a 2 3 s " o 3 u to .a 5 9 3 tO — ■i"3 u 9 .3 S a a % c To 'u O ■a a c3 X 9 Locality. •a 9 a 9 o o a 9 From whom received. Collected by — B O S 'o 9 04 CO «m O 9 U S 7203 7204 7847 7848 M.->:i 8489 *392l 3523 3202 0352 6354 0355 1150 0952 0953 8985 I4A 14 7 8 O 9 Prof. F. Suruichrast . . do Prof. F. Sumiehrast do Skin. ...do. do do do do ...do. ...do ... ...do . do ...do. ...do ... . do .. .. do Skull. ...do. do do do do do ..do. ..do .. do Skin. .. do. 30 4 MoxoGHArns or nortit American rodentia. In the third (No. 0433), the nape-patch is strongly colored, but is more extended and not sharply defined ; the rump-patch, as in the others, is partly hidden by the gray tips of the hairs. These all have the hairs of the tail orange-yellow at base, with a broad subterminal zone of black, and broadly tipped with white. The yellow of the base is traversed by a narrow line of black. Three other specimens, from the Sierre Mad re Mountains, Durango, have each the chestnut nape and rump patches sharply defined, the latter very large. The general color above is pure dark gray, and that of the ventral surface pure white. The pelage of the dorsal surface is generally ringed suL- terminally with rufous, but there are many rufous hairs intermixed with the gray. In two of these specimens, the tail presents no yellow, the hairs being banded with black and white. In one (No. 7176), the hairs of the tail have a faint wash of yellow at the base. This specimen very closely resembles the right- hand figure of GeofFroy's Plate X in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Venus. No. 9434, from Tehuantepec, corresponds with the other figure of the same plate, while No. 9433 might apparently have served as the original of the figure given in Plate XI of the same work. This species was first described in 1835 by Is. GeofTroy, from specimens obtained at Monterey by the naturalist of the Venus, but erroneously referred to the S. aurmgaster of F. Cuvier. Geoffroy, in his article on this species, refers to its great variability in color, some of the specimens examined by him being clear white beneath, others grayish-white, while others had the same parts varied with rufous and white. Dr. Gray's Macroxus griseqflavus and his M. leucops are unquestionably, I think, referable to this species. The M. leucops agrees well with GeofFroy's figures and description of his M h w W fc 94:14 33 Tohuan tepee, Mexico 7,433. SCIUIUDJi— SCIURUS ^ESTCJANS. 757 Sciurus gilvigulm is Natterer, MS.— Wagner, Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. 1813, ii, 43, 1845, i, 148 ; Abband. d. K.-B. Akad. d. Wissensch. v, 1850, 279 (from near the mouth of the Rio Madeira, Brazil).— Giebel, Siiuget. 1855, 653 (from Wagner). Sciurus guerlingus Castelnau, MS. (= Macroxus leucogaster Gray ; see Gray, 1. c). Macroxus leucogaster Gray, Anu. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 430. Macroxus flaviventer Castelnau, MS.— Gray, Anu. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 432. Macroxus kuhlii Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 433 (= Sciurus leueoHs Castelnau, MS.) Mgoxus guerlingus Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 171, pi. 156. Brazilian Squirrel, Pennant, Quad. 1771,286. Le Grand Guerlinguet, Bufeon, Hist. Nat. Suppl. vii, 1789, 261, pi. lxv. l.c Petit Guerlinguet, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Suppl. vii, 1789, 63, pi. xlvi. Guerlinguet, Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 171. Cochin gclti, Vulgo. Var. RUFONIGER. Sciurus rufoniger PucnERAN, Rev. de Zool. 1845, 336 (Santa Fe de Bogota^. Sciurus chrgsuros Pucheran, Rev. de Zool. 1845, 337 (Santa F<5 de Bogotii). Sciurus cestuans var. hoffmanni Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1863(1864), 654 (Costa Rica). Sciurus hyporrhodiis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 419. M,i. roxus irroralm Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 431 (" Upper Ucayali, Brazil "). Macroxus griseogena Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 429 (Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Santa F6 do Bogota) ; ib. 4th ser. xi, 1873, 469. Var. .ESTUANS. Varietal chars. — Length of head and body 7.00 to 8.00 inches; of tail- vertebra a little less (about 6.75 to 7.50); to end of hairs about 9.00 to 9.50. Ears of medium size, rounded ; tail narrow, distichous till near the end, where it is more cylindrical. Pelage soft, short. General color above dark olivaceous - brown, minutely varied with fulvous or pale rufous; below, including inside of the limbs, generally reddish-yellow, varying from pale rufous to yellowish- gray. Sometimes with the yellow restricted to the breast and the middle of the anterior half of the lower surface; or the whole lower surface is whitish, wasbed with fulvous. Above, with the middle of the back, sometimes darker than the rest of the dorsal surface. Tail yellowish-brown, ringed with black (the subterminal black bar very broad), and washed with pale grayish-yellow. The general color of the tail is blackish, washed with pale whitish-yellow. The outer surface of the feet is usually colored like the back. The ears are generally reddish ; the eye is ringed with brownish-yellow. The sides of the muzzle, the chin, and throat are yellowish-white. This variety presents no very striking variations in color, and seems to vary but little with locality. I have noticed no tendency to melanism, and no melanistic specimens appear to have been met with by previous authors. The subjoined table of measurements of fifteen specimens, nearly all (thirteen) taken from alcoholic examples, shows only a very moderate range of varia- tion. The specimens are nearly all from Southern Brazil, and are cpiite uni- 758 MONOGRAPHS OF NOBTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. form in coloration, varying mainly in respect to the tint of the lower surface, which ranges from yellowish-white to reddish-yellow. The upper surface, though presenting a small amount of variation in comparison to that shown by (he Central American and Mexican species, varies considerably in respect to the general tone of the color. The hairs are generally plumbeous or dusky at base, ringed first with yellowish-brown and then with black, with yellowish tips. The hairs are thus twice ringed with black and yellowish. The gen- eral color varies from mixed yellowish-gray and black to mixed reddish-brown and black, with sometimes the middle of the back distinctly darker than the sides. Var. RUFONIGER. Varietal chars. — Larger than var. ostiums. Length of body about 8.75 ; of tail-vertebrae ahout 7.00 to 7.75; of tail to end of hairs 9.00 to 9.75. Scarcely different in coloration from \ar.astuans, except that the dorsal surface is rather darker and redder and the lower parts rather lighter ; the tail is also washed with yellowish-red instead of very pale yellow, while the black rings are broader and darker. In respect to the general coloration of the body, these two forms are sometimes quite indistinguishable, but the coloration of the tail is generally strikingly different; the size of the northern form seems also to be uniformly larger. Occasionally, specimens of var. cestuans are of just the same tint above as var. rufoniger, but generally var. rufoniger is redder and darker, the middle of the back being frequently quite blackish, the hairs being ringed with red- dish-yellow and black instead of pale or grayish-yellow and black, with the subterminal black ring broader. Among the twenty-five or more specimens of var. rufoniger in the col- lection (nearly all from Costa Rica), the range of color-variation is very lim- ited, the dorsal surface varying only in respect to the amount and intensity of the rufous, and in respect to whether the middle of the dorsal region is concolor with the rest of the dorsal surface, or more or less darker. The lower surface varies from dull pale reddish-fulvous to deep bright orange. The tail varies only in respect to the tint of the reddish edging, which is sometimes yellowish-red, but generally reddish-orange, and not unfrequently dark reddish-brown. The very small inconspicuous ear-patch varies from white or yellowish-white to reddish-fulvous. The outside of the limbs and the upper surface of the feet are generally colored like the dorsal surface; SCIURID^}— SCIURUS ^STDAXS AND VARIETIES. 759 the inner side of the limbs like the belly; sometimes, however, the feet are colored like the belly, the color of the ventral surface also sometimes invad- ing the outer surface of the limbs. The sides of the face and chin vary from grayish-brown to deep yellow or orange. Specimens from Venezuela are smaller, and are undistinguishable from var. cestuans above, but still retain the bright- red edging of the tail, which is, how- ever, lighter or more golden than in Costa Rica specimens. This form appears to extend, with very slight modifications, southward througb New Granada to Eastern Peru. GENERAL REMARKS UPON SCIURUS MSTUANS AND ITS VARIETIES. Differential characters. — The two varieties of Sciurus cestuans differ in the larger size and more reddish coloration of the northern form, and especially in respect to the color of the tail. Var. rufoniger averages fully an inch longer than var. cestuans; the color is much more rufous, the tail broadly edged with red instead of narrowly edged with pale yellow, and the ventral surface is deep reddish-orange instead of reddish-yellow. In the tables of measurements, the tail appears to be relatively the shorter in. var. rufoniger, but the difference is not real. In the case of var. cestuans, the measurements were taken from specimens preserved in alcohol, while the measurements of var. rufoniger were taken from skins, from the tails of which the vertebra? had generally been removed, leaving merely the shrunken distorted skin. Synonymy and nomenclature. — Linnaius's description of Sciurus cestu- ans was based on specimens from Surinam, and is the same animal as the S. brasiliensis of Marcgrave and Brisson. The name cestuans is the one by which the Brazilian Squirrel has generally been recognized by authors. Fur a long time, the only prominent synonym was pusi/lus, a MS. name given by Geoffroy to young specimens from Cayenne, in the Paris Museum, which name appears to have been first published by Desmarest in 1817. This is also the origin of Buffon's "Petit Guerlinguet" , and the Ecureuil nain of other French authors. For many years, these names all uniformly referred to the original example in the Paris Museum.* Gray, in 1867, referred to a second specimen, "four and a half inches long" (head and body), as being in the British Museum, from "Tropical America". I have before me another, from Brazil, which I believe to be only a very young example of S. cestuans, * '• II se trouve a Cayenne; c'est de la que Lafoorde envoya a BntFon le seul individn qui, jusqu'ik pre'seut, ait 6t6 ddcrit." — (F. Cuvier, Did. dea Sciences Xat. torn, xiv, 1819, p. 248.) 760 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. although in size and coloration it. agrees perfectly with the descriptions of N. pusillus* The next synonym of the Brazilian Squirrel (var. cestuans) is the & gil- vigularis (Nat trier, MS.), a species first described by Wagner in 1813, based on specimens from the mouth of the Rio Madeira, having the chin and throat ochre-yellow. This form he regarded as the northern representative of the S. cestuans of Southern Brazil. In 18G3, Peters gave the varietal name guianensis to specimens from British Guiana, also immature, though much larger than the S. pusillus of Geoffroy. Two of the numerous nominal species (1. 'scribed by Dr. Gray, namely, S. Jlaviventer and i>I. torn, vii, p. 204. ) It seems certain tbat a species of Squirrel no remarkable as Ibis could not so long remain unknown in a region whose zoology is now so well known as that of Cayoune and Eastern Brazil. SCIURIDiE— SCIURUS ^STUANS. 761 ties, ranges from Southern Brazil northward to Costa Rica, and from the Atlantic coast westward to the eastern base of the great Andean chain. Var. cestuans ranges throughout Brazil, extending westward to Eastern Bolivia and northward to Guiana, but it seems to be nowhere common. Var. rufonlger extends over the northern states of South America, including Venezuela, New Granada, and probably portions of Ecuador, and thence southward to Eastern Peru. In Costa Rica, it seems to be one of the most abundant of the Sciuri. Table LII. — Measurements of eighteen specimens of Sciurus .estuans var. .estuans. Locality. 4060 406-2 4061 4059 4003 3850 410-2 3960 3133 1446 1247 1250 4235 4230 42:17 4238 1833 '0048 Canta ecimens examined of Sciuijus .estuans var. .estcaxs. u A 3 := Q O a js O 1633 40G0 4061 4UG2 4059 4UGJ 4103 39G0 I24G 1247 1343 1349 1250 3933 4235 4236 4237 4238 •9043 e ■a a S3 *■ 9 JO Locality. From whom received. Collected by— s cu "3 at ■ o ID u « 'A > 3 ft "3 o O '5 ! 0 h o > O a o o O « a 5 9 J 9 ? 0.95 0.97 0.93 0.97 0.85 0.87 0.80 1.80 1. 75 1.83 1.90 1.75 1.65 1.65 2.00 2.10 2.20 8.50 9.20 8.75 9.25 9.00 8.60 8.50 7.00 9.00 l. :o 1.35 1.22 1.40 1.30 1.25 1.20 2.03 2. 05 1.95 2.05 1.93 2. (10 1. .-0 0.52 O.CO 0.62 0.00 13 1 do 7.25 9.00 do 7.50 9.00 Table LVII. — List of specimens examined of Sciurus tephrogaster. u 9 a p a 6 a bo "S u o ,a a P a a if <= Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by- 0) a 3 £> ft (O a a u 2 « H490 8491 7-206 7-1 i 3-2i ;i 3922 8*20 27 28 13 1 d 9 9 rf do April—, 1865 do .. Prof. F. Sumichrast do Prof. F. Sumichrast Skin. ...do. do ...do. do Nov. 1, 1864 do .do. .. do. do H. de Saussure ...d<». ... do. Central Guatemala ...do. 7G6 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTrT AMERICAN RODENTIA. SCIURUS GERRARDI Gray. Gcrrard's Squirrel. Sciurus gerrardi GiiAY, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 92, pi. xiv (New Granada). Macroxua gerrardi Gkay, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 430. Macroxut brunneo-niger Castki.nait, MS.— Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 429 (Brazil). Macroxut santhotus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 429 (Costa Rica). t Macroxua iyniius GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 429 (Bolivia). Specific chars. — Intermediate in size between Sciurus variabilis and Sciurus 7 ratlier darker above and less varied with yellow. The other (No. 3647, a breeding female) is more varied above with reddish-yellow than either of the others, and rather paler below. The tail, as in the others, is partly black and partly red. This species has essentially the same style of coloration as Sciurus vari- abilis, but differs from it in its smaller size and much smaller ears. Like that species, it probably runs into phases in which the ventral surface is white. It differs from Sciurus cestuans in being much larger and in colora- tion, it much exceeding in size even its larger northern variety, and being much redder. The Nercua specimens, however, much resemble it 'in coloration. Dr. Gray's description and figure of his Macroxus gerrardi from New Granada agree very well with the specimens above described, differing only in his S. gerrardi being white below. As, however, one of the Panama specimens is very pale below (nearly white), and the allied species all present white-bellied phases, I adopt the name gerrardi for this species. Gray's later description of his M. xantlwtus from Veragua agrees well with the speci- mens from Nercua; and I also refer more doubtfully to this species his M. bruneo-niger from Brazil and his M. ignitus from Bolivia, not feeling sure, however, that both the latter may not be referable to S. cestuans var. rufo- niger. Assuming, however, that these supposed species are referable to the species here called S. gerrardi, we should have the habitat of the latter extending from Costa Rica to Bolivia. Table LVIII.— Measurements of seven specimens of Sciurus gerrardi. t+ Tail to end a a .3 u From tip of nose to- of Length of— a J3 u a it ex _o a S a a "es a "5 Locality. & CS a at m V O m Cm O ® .2" si eg 00 o <0 o O O Hi o ss H > n o » a ft 3303 3301 234 ? 10.50 7. 25 9.25 1.40 2.20 Skin. 9.50 7.25 9.25 1.40 2. 25 ..do. do ? « a s H H « 10. CO 10.00 11.25 1.50 10. H 11. OS 11.00 1.00 9.83 12, 00 1.03 11.75 13.00 1.00 11.25 10.16 13. ig 1.00 12.34 11.00 13. 50 1.08 12. 17 10.00 11.00 Quoted from- Tsrliinti. W.l^IIIT. Brandt. U'l^Inr. .. do. ..do. TBchndi. Eydoux. My single specimen (a mounted example) from Manaos, Brazil, exceeds the largest of these measurements by nearly an inch (English scale), but agrees in coloration with Wagner's S. pyrrhonotus. As, however, the meas- urements given in the table are in the larger German inches, the difference is more apparent than real. The whole range of variation in size and color is not greater than usually occurs among the Sciuri, and is even for less than is often met with. There is the same style of coloration in all; the same short, thin, stiff pelage and long, pointed ears. The coloration of the lower parts in all is sharply separated from that of the upper surface of the bod}r, reference to which is made by almost every author in describing these several supposed species. The lower surface varies only in the amount of rufous, being, in some specimens, only pale soiled or yellowish-white, in others bright rust, with numerous intermediate stages in others. The dorsa surface varies in respect to the greater or less prevalence of black or red, and in the tint of the red, which is sometimes yellowish-red, sometimes dark rust- red. The anterior half of the body is generally lighter than the posterior half, the color generally increasing in intensity posteriorly. All have the tail more or less red at Ihe base, passing into yellowish-red or deeper red posteriorly. According to Tschudi, only S. " stramineus" occurs west of the Andes, this species having been obtained by the naturalists of the "Bonite" at ( hnatope, in Northwestern Peru, near Payta. S. variabilis he gives as ranging chiefly in the upper forest region, east of the main Andean chain, and as not often occurring below 2,000 feet. Between 9° and 12° south latitude, it is SCIURUXE— SCIURUS NEBOUXi. 773 frequently to be met with.* D'Orbigny and Gervais report the occurrence of S. igniventris from Chiquetos, Bolivia, and Wagner from the Rio Negro. The same author gives L. langsdorffi from Cuyaba, Matlo Grosso, and 8. pyr- rhonolus from the mouth of the Rio Madeira. This would give a habitat extending from the eastern slope of the Andes to or below the mouth of the Rio Madeira, and from Southeastern Bolivia and Southern Matto Grosso northward to New Granada, nearly reaching (he coast in Northwestern Peru III. — Notice of doubtful species. 1. — Sciurus nebouxi Is. GeofTr. Sciurus vebouxii Is. Geoffkoy, Voy. de la Vcdus, Zool. 1855, 165, pi. xit. The specimen from which this species was described and figured is said to have been obtained by Dr. Neboux at Payta, Peru. It came doubt- less not from the immediate vicinity of Payta, but from the neighboring forest-region of the interior. Geoffroy gives a colored figure of the animal, two-thirds the natural size, with two views of the skull (natural size), and a figure of the upper molar teeth, as seen from above. Geoffroy states that there is no trace of the small anterior upper premolar so often present among the true Squirrels. According to Geoffroy, this specimen measured 10.60 (270,nm) from the end of the nose to the base of the tail. "La couleur gene'rale du pelage est le gris. Cette couleur, plus on moins modifiee, est en effet celle de l'animal entier, moins les oreilles, les moustaches et les quatre pattes qui sont noires, et une tache blanche, com- posed de poils beaucoup plus longs que les autres, et situe'e sur le col, a peu de distance de la base des oreilles. "Le gris est d'une nuance pure et qui rappelle la couleur du Capistrate [Sciurus niger var. niger], sur la plus grande partie du dos et sur la face externe des membres anterieurs ; mais il passe au noir tiquete* sur la tete, et au fauve sur la partie poste'rieure du dos, la croupe et les faces exteVieure et posterieure des membres, ainsi que sur la base de la queue. Daiis la portion qui est d'un gris pur, les poils sont noirs avec leur extremite" [gris?] ; dans la portion roussatre, ils sont de mdme noirs, mais avec 1'extrdmite fauve. * " Zuerst erscheiut daselbst Sc. variabilis scbou au der untern Giiinze dei C'ejaregiou bei 5000' ii. M. ; iu der obern Waldregion ist sein Haiiptverbreitiingsbeziik ; wir haben ibn zwischcn 9-12° .-. 6. sebr haafig getroflun. Es scbeint, dass er tiefer als 2000' uicbt mebr getrofi'en, sondern daselbst durch Sc. tri- color und Sc. mutilans vertreton wird. Ersteren fand Hr. Prof. Poeppig nur in den feucbten Urwiildern des liefer gelegeneu Tbeiles von Maynas, also ganz im nordostlichen Peru. Sein weiterer Verbreitungs- beziik is noch ganz unbekannt, doeb bat or uaeb Siideu \ielleicbt aucb erst bei 14-10° S. B. seine Griinze." — (Fauna Peruana, Therolog'c, p. 1G0.) 774 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH A.MBRIOAN RODENTIA. "Les parties infc'rieures du corps et les parties internes des membres, ainsi que le tour de la bouclie, sont d'ltn gris clair legerement teinte de jaune. Les poils des cotes iln ventre ont les deux memes couleurs que les poils du dos, niais sont beaucoup plus courts. Les poils plus courts qui couvrent le milieu du ventre et de la poitrine, presentent aussi les deux meraes couleurs; raais avec cette difference que le blanc ou le fauve occupe la plus grande partie de leur 6* tend us. "La queue, ronde et non distiquc, est, sauf sa base dont la couleur a ele* plus haut indiquee, d'un gris blanchatre, les poils t'tant noirs dans leur pre- miere portion, puis blanc vers leur extre'mite'. De plus, parmi eux, sont entremelds quelques poils entierement blancs." In comparing this species with his S. " aureogaster" (jrzleucops, necaureo- gaster F. Cuv.), described and figured in the same work, he dwells particularly upon the differences in dentition that exist between them, not only in respect to the form of the teeth, but in respect to the presence in S. nebouxi of only a single upper premolar instead of two. This species, here given provisionally, seems quite different from any other hitherto described ; it may, however, be merely a gray phase of some other well-known species, possibly of Sciurus hypopyrrhus. 2.— Sciurus dimidiatus Waterh. Sciurus dimidiatus Waterhousk, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 21. ■ Macroxus dimidiatus Ghay, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hint. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 434. This species, described originally by Waterhouse as probably South American, I am unable to identify with any American species. It is thus far known only from Waterhouse's original specimen from an unknown locality. As Dr. Gray has suggested, it is more likely of African origin. Mr. Water- house's description is as follows: — " Sciurus dimidiatus. Sci. supra griseus fulvo lavatus, subtus flavus ; capite, corpore ad latera pedibusque rufuscentibus ; cauda fere corporis longi- tudinem ;equante, induta pilis nigris, flavis atque fulvis commixtis. nnc. tin. "Longitude ab apice costri ad cauUee basin - 10 0 " cauda:, feift 7 0 " ab apico rostri ad basin auris 1 11 " tarsi diijitorumquc 2 3 " auris 0 8 "Hab. South America? "This curiously-colored species of Squirrel was purchased at a sale, and SCTDRID^— SCIDEUS BOTTiE. 775 in the same lot were specimens of Sciurus cestuans and Sc. laugsdorffi, well- known South American species ; it is probable, therefore, it may be an inhab- itant of the same country. Its fur is very short for a Squirrel, rather harsh, and less loose than in the generality of Squirrels: the back is gray, or what might be termed an iron-gray, having a rusty hue; on the upper part of the head the rust-like tint prevails, and the muzzle is almost entirely of a rich rust color; the sides of the head and neck are of a golden-yellow tint, and the under parts of the body are yellow : a bright rust-colored line rrns along each side of the body, and separates the yellow coloring of the under parts from the iron-gray of the upper ; on the outer sides of the limbs, and on the feet, a rich deep golden-yellow hue prevails The tail is apparently cylindri- cal, and not bushy ; the prevailing hue of the h^iirs is deep rust color, but they are for the most part more or less broadly annulated with black in the middle. The ears are slightly pointed, and well clothed with golden-yellow hairs; those on the outer side are of a bright rust color; they have no pencil of hairs at the tip. The hairs of the moustaches are numerous, long, and of a black color. The incisors of both upper and under jaws are deep orange." Gray's description of Waterhouse's original specimen is as follows: — "Fur rather harsh, abundant, reddish iron-gray; hairs short, close, black at the base, with a broad pale-brown ring, a dark-brown subterminal ring, and a white tip; upper part of head, shoulders, legs, thighs, and feet, and a streak along each side of the body rufous; sides of the head, chin, and beneath yel- low: tail reddish, black-varied; hairs reddish-brown, with a broad black sub- terminal ring and reddish end, and gray base." Dr. Gray adds, — "This specimen was purchased at a sale with some South American Squirrels; but it has much more the appearance of an African Squirrel. No other specimen of this Squirrel has occurred to me; so the true habitat is still doubtful." 3. SciURUS BOTTLE LeSS. Sciuius bolter Lesson, Cent. Zool. 1832, 221, pi. lxxvi ; "Dcsc. des Mamm. ot Oie. 1847, 140 ".— Wagnei: Suppl. Schreber'H Siinget. iii, 184", 1843, 172 (from Lesson).— SCHINZ, Synop. Mamm. ii, 1845 10 (1'rom Lesson). See also Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. 1857, 281. The Sciurus botta, described by Lesson from a specimen said to have come from California, agrees well with nothing I have as yet met with, and is certainly in some respects unlike any animal at present known from either the California of to-day or the California of fifty years ago. It is evi- 776 MONOGRAPHS OF NOIITH AMERICAN RQDENTIA. deutly a true Sciurus, and in many points recalls S. huchonius var. dovglassi, as in the proportional length of the tail to the body, the form and color of the ears, the color of the ventral surface, and somewhat in the color of the dorsal surface. It differs, however, in being larger, in the pelage being rather harsh, in the tail being rounded (though somewhat distichous), and somewhat in coloration. The length of the body, being ten inches, is fully an inch greater than in large specimens of var. dovglassi. The hairs of the latter are not, however, colored, "par portions presque egales, de blanc, de brun, de blanc fauve et de roux", although the general tint of the dorsal surface — "d'un roux-fauve clair, varie de uoir" — is occasionally not greatly different. If the locality is correctly indicated, it can, however, scarcely be anything else. According to Professor Baird, Dr. J. E. Gray believed it referable to Spermo- philus beecheyi, but this, as suggested by Professor Baird, is highly improbable. Lesson's description in full is as follows: — "L'ECUREUIL DE BOTTA. "Sciurus bottce Less. "Cet ecureuil, rapporte* de la Californie par le docteur Botta, nous a iti communique par M. Florent Prerost. 11 a de longueur totale seize pouces, et dans ces dimensions la tete entre pour deux pouces et la queue pour six pouces six lignes Les membres anterieurs ont deux pouces et demi de hauteur, et les posterieurs trois et demi. "Cette espece a la queue arrondie, a. pods mediocrement distiques, et sa forme est le"geremetit poiutue k Texti-emite par 1'ainincissement successif, depuis la naissance des vertebres coccygiennes jusqu'a leur terminaison. "Les moustaches sont compose'es de poils fins, greles, assez nombreux et noirs. Les oreilles sont pointues, garnies en dedans de poils tres-courts, qui s'alongent an sommet en un petit pinceau grele et mince. Tous les doigts sont revetus jusqu'aux ongles, en dessus et sur les cotes, de poils ras et serres. Le dedans des mains et des pieds est nu, a partir des surfaces palmaires et plantaires. Le pouce de la main est completement rudimentaire; eelui du pied est assez robuste, bien que plus court que le doigt externe. Les trois doigts moyens sont an pied a peu pres de meme longueur. "Le pelage de cet e"cureuil est partout mediocre, serre*, assez dense et peu rude. Les poils s'alongent sur les lombes et sur les fesses, et principale- ment sur hi queue. Chaque poil est colore, par portions presque e"gales, de SCIUKIDiE— SCIURUS CLAJRKEI. 777 blanc, de brun, de blanc fauve et de roux. II en resulte line teinte ge"ne"rale fauve, oiid^e de roux et surtout de noir sur toutes les parties superieures et externes. Le dessous du corps, au contraire, est en entier, k partir du men- ton jusqu'a l'anus, d'un fanve clair, tirant au blanchatre. Ainsi le sommet de le tete parait roux, les joues et les cote's du cou sont gris, le milieu du dos et les flancs, le haut des membres en dehors, sont d'un roux-fauve clair, varid de noir. La queue est de la nuance fauve et brune, chaque poil se trouvant ter- mini de fauve tres-clair. Les pieds et les mains en dessus sont fauve clair. Les ongles sont corne"s, petits, peu robustes et assez aigus. Les parties nues sont couleur de chair. "Les oreilles de cet ecureuil sont remarquables en dessus par le noir qui les colore, et qui s'affaiblit sur le bord posteYieur, en prenant de l'mtensite" au sommet. "L' ecureuil de Botta rappellera les voyages d'un jeune me'decin qui a enrichi les sciences natu relies et provient de la Californie, contre'e neuve et curieuse, encore tres-mal connue. On ignore quelles sont ses habitudes." — (Centurie zoologique, par R. P. Lesson, Paris, 1832, pp. 221, 222.) 4. — Sciurus clarkli Ham. -Smith. Sciurus clarkli Hamilton-Smith, Griffith's Cuvier's An. King, iii, 1827, 189 (with a plate) ; ib. v, 1827. Sciurus clarkli and Spcrmophllus clarkii of numerous compilers ; see also Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 279. This species, figured by Major Hamilton-Smith from a specimen in the old Peale's Museum of Philadelphia, said to have been "brought there by the American Missouri travellers, Messrs. Lewis and Clarke", agrees strictly with no known American species of Sciurus. No indication is given of the size of the animal, but, judging by the colored figure, the proportions recall more strongly Sciurus carolinensis than any other North American Squirrel. Professor Baird thought it reasonable to suppose that there "is some error in the locality given, since Lewis and Clarke make no mention of such an animal, in their very full notices of the zoology of the regions explored by them'-. He adds, — "This animal has, by some, been referred to as a Spermophile, but with no definite reason. I know of no permanent variety of Squirrel resem- bling this description at all. It has much the characters, in part, of an albino. At any rate, there is little doubt that no such animal inhabits western North America as a distinct and true species.''* The "slight ochery tint" of the belly, it seems to me, is the only discrepancy of importance between the described characters of " SciT/rus clarki" and the light whitisk-gray phase pf * Mam. N. Amer. pp. 279, 280. 778 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA. Sciurus carolinensis. It* the specimen came really from North America, it. is far more likely referable to tins species than to any other. Hamilton-Smith's description in full is as follows: — '"Clarke's Squirrel has the hack, upper part of the head and neck, cheeks ami tail, of a delicate silver-gra} colour; the shoulders, flanks, belly, and posterior extremities, both within and without, are white, with a slight ochery tint; on the sides of the nose ami fore arms this tint deepens in intensity: the head is rather flattened and thick, the ears small and round; the eyes black, and situate on the sides of the head very far distant from each other, leaving a wide expanse of fore- head ; the nostrils are semilunar in shape ; the upper lip is cleft, and there is a hlack spot on the chin; the tail, which is flat and spreading, is very beau- tiful, not so full near its insertion as toward the middle, and again diminishing in breadth till it terminates in a point," — (Griffith's Cuvier's Animal King- dom, vol. iii, pp. 189, 190.) 5. — Sciurus socialis Wagner. Sciurus socialis Wagner, Abh. der matb.-pbys. Klasse der K. Bayer. Akad. d. Wisseusch. ii, 1837, 504, pi. v ; Suppl. Scbreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 171. In 1837, Wagner described two species of Mexican Squirrels under the names S. albipes (subsequently changed to 8. varius) and S. socialis, neither of which I can satisfactorily determine. The first I have doubtfully referred to Sciurus boothiee (see antea, p. 741), to some phases of which it seems to have a close resemblance. The S. socialis, in its small size (length 8.50) and short tail (somewhat shorter than the head and body), differs from anything as vet known to me. It is perhaps based on an immature specimen, in which case its small size would be readily accounted for. I have met with no description of a species of this size from Mexico or Central America, except S. tephrogastcr and S. astuans var. rufonigcr, from which it differs widely in coloration. Its short tail and small size suggest Sciurus carolinensis, but its rusty-yellow lower surface and tail rusty-red below, bordered with black and edged with white, render its proper reference here wholly improbable. Pos- sibly it may have been described from an immature example of S. aureigaster (F. Cuv.=:S.ferruginiveritris Aud. and Bach.), to which I have been strongly inclined to refer it. Its short tail is here the chief point of discrepancy. Wagner's later description is as follows: — "Sc. socialis Wagn. Da* geselligc Eichhorn. " Sc. supra ex albo, cinereo et flavescente mixtns, subtus pallide flavus, auriculus fulvis, pedibus albidis, vellere molli." .... SCIURIDiE— TAMIAS. 779 "Von rair nach einem Exemplare, das Herr von Karwinski aus Mexiko mitbrachte, aufgestellt. Kleiner als Sc. vaiius, der Pelz, ungleich feiner, weicher und milder als bei diesem, sonst ihm in Form und zum Theil in der Farbung abnlich. Die Haare sind ebenfalls meistentheils aus drei Farben geringelt, namlich hell ockergelb, schwarzlich und weiss, wodurch eine ge- sprenkelte Zeichnung entsteht, und zwar in der "Weise, dass auf der Sclmautze die schwarz und lichtgelbe Farbe erscheint, welche letztere auf dem Hin- terkopf, Nacken und Ohren lebhaft rostgelb vvird und fiber das Schwarz vorherrscht. Auf dem Rficken hat die weisse und schwarze Sprenkelung die Oherhand, zwischen der hie und da das Lichtgelb durchschimmert, das auf dem Kreuz und der Schwanzwurzel starker hervortritt. Auf dem iibrigen Schweifrficken erscheint fast bios die schwarze und weisse Farbe, wahrend auf der Unterseite das Rostroth zum Vorschein kommt, das beiderseits schwarz und dann weiss eingefasst ist. Am Hintergrunde der Ohren steht ein Biischel schneeweisser Haare; die Augen sind von einem hellern Ringe umgeben ; die Schneidezaime licht gelblich angeflogen, die untern und seit- lichen Theile des Kopfes weisslich, die Schnurren schwarz. Der gauze Unterleib licht und zart rostgelb, ebenso die Innenseite der Gliedmassen, wahrend ihre Aussenseite weiss und aschgrau gesprenkelt ist; die 4 Pfoten sind oben ganz weisslich, die Krallen dunkel hornfarben. — La'nge 8i'', des Schwanzes etwas weniger. Die Heimath des Thieres sind, nach Herrn von Karwinski, die heissen Striche von Tehuantepec an der Siidseekiiste im Staate von Oaxaca, wo es in grossen Truppen gesellig sich zusammenhalt und nicht aus der Tierra caliente ins Gebirg iibergeht.'' — (Suppl. Schreber's Sauget. iii, pp. 170, 171.) Genus TAMIAS 111. Sciurus, in part, of most early authors. Tamias Illiger, Syst. Mam. et Avium, 1811, 88 (type "Sciurus striates Lin.") Tenotis Rafinksque, Amer. Month. Mag. i, 1817, 362. Generic chars. — Skull narrowed anteriorly ; postorbital processes long, very slender, directed downward and backward; plane of malar bone more oblique and the zygomatic process of the maxillary more expanded and depressed than in Sciurus, but rather less so than in Spcrmophum; anteor- bital foramen oval, situated in the base of the zygomatic process of the maxillary; upper premolars two or one; when two are present, the first is generally minute; ears of medium size or small, well clothed, but never tufted; cheek-pouches large ; pollex with a well-developed nail ; tail shorter than the body, flattened and rather broad, shorter and much narrower than 780 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. in Sciurus; pelage generally full and sofl ; dorsal surface generally with two (sometimes four) longitudinal whitish stripes, bordered on each side with a stripe of black, and with (excepl in one species) a central dorsal stripe of black. As already stated (anted, p. 639), Tamias bears a strong resemblance to some of the smaller species of Spermophilus, the two groups being in fact not sharply separable. The more important differences are the following: — In Tamias, there is sometimes but a single upper premolar, and when two arc present the first is very minute, scarcely larger than in Sciurus hudsonius; in Spermophilus, two are always present, and the first is functionally devel- oped, being from one-fourth to one-half the size of the second. In Tamias, (lie, whole dentition is weaker and the teeth relatively smaller ; the ante- orbital foramen is oval (sometimes quite narrow), and the outer and lower border is not generally developed into a projecting bony rim, culminating in a tubercle, as in Spermophilus. The notch in the posterior border of the zygo- matic maxillary process is situated more anteriorly than in Spermophilus. The skull is much more delicate and papery than in Spermophili of corre- sponding size, and shows no traces of the muscular ridges often seen in old skulls in the genus Spermophilus. The tail is usually also more flattened, and the general form of the animal is more Sciurine. Tamias differs from Sciurus in the form and position of the anteorbital foramen ; in the greater obliquity of the plane of the zygoma and its more gentle downward deflection ; in the more regularly oval, flattened, and depressed form of the skull, and especially in the skull being more narrowed anteriorly and in the nasal portion being more produced; in the molar series being divergent anteriorly instead of parallel; in the form of the lower jaw, which is slenderer, with the coronoid process longer, narrower, and more curved; in the possession of capacious cheek-pouches, and shorter and narrower tail. As above diagnosed, Tami'is includes two species referred by Professor Baird to Spermophilus, and hence members of the two commonly recognized "subfamilies" of the Sciuridw,! These species arc Spermophilus harrisi and Spermophilus lateralis. The latter makes a considerably nearer approach to the Spermophiles than docs the former, but in all essential features they both much more; nearly agree; with the species usually referred to Tamias than with any of the Spermophiles. In respect to the skull, T. harrisi scarcely differs in any feature from T. asiaticus (—quadrivittatus et pallasi auct.) var. townser/di, and could scarcely with certainty be distinguished from it except that the skull of T. harrisi is rather the larger. The first premolar is as SC1URID2B— TAMIAS. 781 small as it is in T. asiaticus, and is sometimes wholly wanting, as in skull No. 4239, from Cape Saint Lucas. In T. lateralis, the fust of the two upper premolars is as large as in some of the Spermopkili, the dentition is heavier than in the other Tamice, and in other cranial features this species is about as well referable to the one group as to the other. T. asiaticus has, as already intimated, two upper premolars, but the first is very small and slender. T. striatus has but a single upper premolar, and the muzzle is narrower and more pointed than in either of the other species. The coloration of T. lateralis is quite similar in pattern to that of T. striatus and T. asiaticus, namely, an alternation of dark and light longi- tudinal stripes on the dorsal surface. T. harrisi, however, has only the white stripes. In respect to pattern of coloration, we have the following transition from T. harrisi to T. asiaticus: — T. harrisi has simply a single longitudinal white stripe on each side of the median line of the back ; T. lateralis has the same stripes in the same position, but they are bordered on each side by a stripe of black, that on the outer side being usually much the broader; T. striatus has the two white stripes, bordered on each side by a broad line of black, the outer of which is the wider, with, in addition, a narrow median line of black. There are thus five black stripes and two white ones, the spaces between the inner black lines being gray. In T. asiaticus, these spaces are white or whitish, thus making in this species four white stripes, instead of two, which alternate with black ones of about the same width. The number of stripes thus increases from simply two white ones in T. harrisi to four white ones and five black ones in T. asiaticus. None of the true Spermopkili are thus marked, although some have interrupted lines of white, as 8. tridecemlineatus and S. mexicanus. In all the species of Tamias, the general color of the dorsal surface is gray, with the sides and sometimes the rump washed with rufous. In both T. harrisi and T. lateralis, the tail is much shorter than in the other forms of Tamias, while T. harrisi differs from all the others in its much smaller ears. Externally, however, there is not only a general similarity in the pattern of coloration, but also in general form, while in cranial charac- ters there is also a strong degree of similarity, these species agreeing in cer- tain common cranial features, by which they are distinguished from the restricted Spermopkili* * Tamias lateralis is, however, almost an exception, its cranial characters perhaps rather better agreeing with one of the sections of Spermophilus than with Tamias. 782 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF TAMIAS. I. Premolars 1 : 1. Doreal surface with two white Stripes and live black ones; ramp rufous; tail (with tin- hairs) three- ton ri lis ot' tin- length Hi' the head and bod; striatus. II. Premolars t : 2. Dorsal surface with four white (or grayish-white) stripes and five black ones; rump grayish; tail (with the hairs) equal to the head and body ASIATICOS. a. Sides of body fulvous; dorsal stripes distinct, the white ones more or less mixed with grayish, the dark ones black var. boreal is. i. Sides of body bright rusty or gohleu ; white of the dorsal stripes purer ; the dark stripes strong, varying from dark chestnut to black var. quadrivittalus. c. Merely a faint wash of fulvous on the sides of the body ; the dark stripes of the dorsal surface very pale chestnut or dark browu rather than black; rump and nape pale whitish-gray; size small var. pallidas. d. Colors everywhere pale ; the dorsal stripes obsolete, or nearly so, the medial only being very prominent var. dorsal is. e. General color above dull yellowish-brown; the light stripes scarcely lighter than the geueral color of the dorsal surface; the dark stripes black and strong; size large .var. townsendi. 3. Above gray, with two broad stripes of white; sides reddish-gray ; tail (with the hairs) rather more than half the length of the head and body, with the central portion white beneath ; ears small iiarkisi. 4. Above gray, with two white stripes, each bordered on both sides with black, the outer black stripe much broader than the inner; tail (with the hairs) about one-half the length of the head and body later alis. Tamias as above defined includes four species, one of which runs into several localized races, or subspecies. All are represented in North America; three of the species (T. striatus, T. harrisi, and T. lateralis) are not found elsewhere, while the fourth ( T. asiaticus), in some of its forms, ranges over not only the western half of North America, but over a large portion of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. TAMIAS STRIATUS (Linn.) Baird. Striped Squirrel ; Common Chipmunk. Sciurus striatus Catesby, Carol, ii, 1731, 75, pi. lxxv. — Linnjeus, Mns. Adolph. Frid. Regis, i, 1754,8 (based wholly on an American specimen; cites only Catesby and Edwards); Syst. Nat. i, 1758, 64 (same as the preceding) ; ib. 1706, 87 (almost wholly, but includes references to the Siberian animal). — Schrebeh, Siiuget. iv, 1791,791 (in part; "B. Das amerikanische" and its synonyms only). — Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, 426 (refers almost exclusively to the American "Ground" Squirrel of the Eastern United States). — Desmarest, Mam. 1822, 339 (in part). — Harlan, Fauu. Amer. 1825, 183 (in part). — Godman, ii, 1826, 142. — Emmons, Quad. Mass, 1840, 68.— Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 46.— De Kay, New York Zcol. i, 1842, 62, pi. xvi, tig. 2. M iiD s us striatus Bodd^ert, Elenchus Animal, i, 1784, 122. Sciurus striatus, (3 amerieanus G.melin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 150. — Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1829, 348. Tamias americaua KriiL, Beitiiigc zur Zoologie, 1820, 69. — Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, l-r.7, 436 (= T. striatus Baird). Sciurus amerieanus FISCHER, Synop. 1829, 349 (= T. americaua Kuhl). Tamias striatus Baiiid, 11th Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1857, 55, foot-uote ; Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 292, pi. xlvi, fig. 2.— Kennicott, Rep. U. S. Pat. Off. Agric. for 1856 (1857), 70, pi. viii.— Thomas, Trans III. State Agr. Soe. iv, 1860,657. — GlLPIN, Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sei. ii, pt. 3, 1870, 15 (Nova Scotia).— Allen. Bull. Mns. Com)). Zool. i, 1869, 225; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 189. SCIURII)^— TAMIAS STRIATES. 783 Sciurus (lamas) striates Hall, Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1861, 2C0. — Adams, Field and Forest Rambles, 1873, 100 (New Brunswick). Sciurus carolwensis Brisson, Quad. 1756, 135. Sciurus (Tamias) lysleri Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 181, pi. xv.— Doughty's Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, 169, pi. xv. Tamias hjsleri Wagner, Sirppl. Scbreber's Sanget. iii, 1843, 232, pis. ccxiv, cexix. — Schinz, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 47.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 65, pi. viii.— Giebel, Siiuget. 1855, 639. — Maximilian, Arebiv f. Naturgeseb. 1861, 79. Ground Squirrel, Lawson, Nat. Hist. Carol. 1718, 124— Brickell, Nortb Carol. 1737, 129.— Catesby, Carol, ii, 1743, 75, pi. lxxv. — Edwards, Birds, iii, 1751, 181, pi. clxxxi. — Pennant, Synop. Quad. 1771, 288 (in part).— Kalm, Travels (Forster's transl.), i, 1770, 322, pi. i. Eourev.il Suisse, Sagaed-Thf.odat, Hist, du Canada, 1636, v, 746. — Denys, Descrip. de l'Aujer. Sept. ii, 1672, 331.— La Hontan, Voy. dans l'Am&. ii, 1709, 43. Le Suisse, Charlevoix, Journ. d'un Voy. dans 1'AnieT. Sept. v, 1744, 198.— Du Pratz, Hist. Louis, ii, 1758, 98.— Buefon, Hist. Nat. x, 1763, 126, pi. xxviii. Erdeichhorn and Eossehcisslar, Kaj.m, Reiseu (German edit.), ii, 1757, 462. American Ground Squirrel, Gilpin, Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci. ii, pt. 3, 1870, 15. Striped Squirrel, C nipping Squirrel, Ground Squirrel, Chipmunk, Le Suisse, Hackee, Vulgo. Specific chars. — Length (head and body) 5.75; tail to end of verte- brae 3.65 ; to end of hairs 4.25. Middle of the dorsal region gray, passing into rufous posteriorly, with five longitudinal narrow stripes of black, the two outer on either side separated by a line of white ; sides washed with yellowish ; head above brownish; whole lower surface of the body white; tail blackish above, edged with white, centrally below yellowish-rufous, bordered with black and edged with white. A light superciliary line extends from the nose nearly to the ear, which immediately above the eye is nearly pure white; a less distinct light line below the eye, which on the lower eyelid is nearly white; below this a faint stripe of reddish-brown, and another somewhat darker behind the eye. Nose whitish ; feet like the sides of the body. The color varies somewhat in different specimens from the same locality, especially in respect to the brightness of the yellowish wash on the sides of the body, and of the rufous of the posterior portion of the back, and also in the color and size of the dorsal stripes. The light stripes are generally yel- lowish- or creamy-white, but are sometimes nearly pure white. The black stripes are generally distinctly bordered with dark rufous or chestnut, and vary in respect to width and longitudinal extension. The middle one begins at the occiput as a narrow, often indistinct line of dark rufous, generally mixed more or less with black. At the shoulders, it expands, and passes thence posteriorly as a narrow black stripe bordered with rufous to within a short distance of the base of the tail. The two lateral black stripes are rather broader, but much shorter than the middle one, extending only from the posterior edge of the shoulder to the hip. The outer on either side is 7S4 MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTIl AMERICAN RODENIIA. rather broader and shorter than the inner. The inner is narrowly edged on the inner side with chestnut, as is the outer on the outer side. They are separated by a rather broad stripe of yellowish-white, which extends rather further both anteriorly and posteriorly than its enclosing stripes of black. The light stripes begin at a point directly above the shoulder, and are often faintly traceable to within half an inch of the base of the tail. The space between the dorsal line and the first lateral line on either side is gray, as is the region over the shoulders. The top of the head is more brownish; the sides of the head, neck, and body are yellowish, brightest on the sides of the neck. The extreme basal portion of the tail and the posterior fifth of the dorsal region and sides are dark reddish-brown or chestnut, generally with no indication of stripes. The hairs of the tail above are yellowish- white at the base, with a broad subterminal bar of black, and tipped with white. The middle of the lower surface of the tail is generally fulvous or even bright golden. The ears, which are well developed and pointed, are clothed internally and on the anterior surface with short yellowish- or reddish- brown hairs ; the posterior border is narrowly edged with whitish, and there is a white spot at the base of the ear postero-internally. The very large number of specimens before me indicate that the present species preserves great constancy of coloration. The variation exhibited by marly a hundred New England skins consists merely in the more or less grayer cast of the upper surface in some than in others, in the sides being more strongly yellowish, and the rump of a darker or lighter shade of chest- nut; the stripes vary somewhat in breadth and in the purity of their color. In a few specimens, the light stripes on the sides are nearly pure white (some- times quite so anteriorly); in others, they are strongly yellowish or deep cream-color. The dark stripes are, in some specimens, twice as broad as in others. In No. 1568 (Coll. M. C. Z.), from Maine, the stripes are all very obscure, almost as pale as in the T. "dorsalis" of authors, and presents an exactly parallel phase of coloration. Melanistic examples are rare in this species. No. 1592 (Coll. M. C. Z.), however, from Norway, Me., is intensely black throughout, excepting a narrow white streak on the breast. Dr. Adams,* however, states that he has met with several instances of melanism in this animal in New Brunswick. Specimens from southern localities are considerably brighter-colored * Field and Forest Rambles, p. 100. SCIURID.E— TAMIAS STIUATUS. 785 than tliose from more northern sections, and average a little smaller. The difference, however, in either respect, is not very great. This species is easily distinguished from its congeners by its coloration, as well as by other characters. Its nearest ally is the T. asiaticus; from the others (T. harrisi and T. lateralis), it is too distinct to require a comparison with them. The northern and eastern varieties of T. asiaiicus (vars. borealis, pallidus, and quadrivittatus) differ from T. striatus in their considerably smaller size, in having the tail relatively longer (with the hairs as long as the head and body, instead of one-fourth shorter), and in having the markings on the sides of the head much stronger, and the black stripe of the dorsal sur- face broader (nearly or quite equalling the interspaces, instead of very much narrower), and continued much further, both anteriorly and posteriorly, the three middle ones reaching the base of the tail instead of terminating con- siderably in front of it. The inner light stripes are also not only much nar- rower but much lighter-colored than in T. striatus. The Columbia River variety of T. asiaticus (var. townsendt) is about equal in size to T. striatus, but differs from it in proportions in the same way as, do the other varieties of T. asiaticus. The coloration, however, is still more widely different through the much browner coloration of var. townsendi. T. striatus differs from all the other members of the genus in possessing only one upper pre- molar instead of two, and in its more elongated and narrower muzzle. Synonymy and nomenclature. — This species was first described and figured by Catesby (though previously mentioned by Sagard-Thdodat and other early writers*), in 1743, f under the name Sciurus striatus. This * These early accounts are of especial interest from tbeir giving the origin of the name Suisse, so generally applied to this and the following species by the French settlers of Canada and their descend- ants, even to the present time. Iu describing the Squirrels of Canada, Sagard-Th6odat says : — " La se- conde espece qu'ils appelent Ohihoiu, & nous Suisse, ft cause de leur begarure, sout ceux qui sont rayez & barrez universellement par tout lo corps, d'une raye blanche, puis d'une rousse, grize & noiraste, qui les rendent tres-beaux & agreables, mais qui mordent commo perdus, s'ils no sont apprivoisez, on que l'on ue s'en donue de garde." — (Histoire du Canada, tome v, p. 740.) Denys, iu his " Description do l'Amfiriquo Septentrionale " (tome ii, pp. 3131), published in 1G"2, says of the same species : — " . . . . il y en a uno espece un pue plus petite qui so uomme Suisse parce qu'ils sont tous rayez de la teste a la queue parrayes blanche, rousse & noire toutes d'une mesmo larguer d'envirou la lnoitie" d'un travers de doigt." La Hontan also says : — " Les iicureuils Suisses, sont de petite animaux comme de petits rats. On les appellent Suisses parce qu'ils ont sur le corps un poil ray6 de noir & de blauc, qui ressemble fl un pour- point de Suisse, & que ces memes rayes faisant un rond sur chaque cuisse ont beaucoup de raport a la calote d'un Suisse." — (Nouv. Yoy. dans VAmdr. tome ii, p. 43.) Charlevoix, writing somewhat later, says, iu his account of the Squirrels of Canada: — " On en distiugue de trois especes ; les rouges, qui ne diffe- rent point des nOtres ; les Suisses, qui sont un peu plus petits, &- qu'on a aiusi nouim&j. parce que leur poil est ray6 en longueur de rouge, de blauc & de noir, a peu pres comme les Suisses do la Garde du Pape." — (Journ. Hist, d'un Yoy. de VAmir. Sept. p. 198.) tThe description and figure given by Seba, in 1734, of his "Sciurus, Getulus, ex Nova Bispanid" (Thesau. i, 70, pi. xlvii, fig. 3), is doubtless to be referrod to one of the species of Tamias, but whether to 50M 7SI5 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. name was adopted by Linnaeus in 1754, who describes the species and cites the descriptions and figures of both Catesby and Edwards, and refers tn no others.* In the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae (1758), Linnaeus again describes his Sciurus striatus, of which he says, "Habitat in America septentrionali sub terra", and cites only Catesby, Edwards, and Kalm. His diagnosis is changed to read "S.Jlavus striis", etc., instead of "Sciurus pallidas striis", etc. In the twelfth edition of the same work, he gives its range as including Siberia, but his first reference is to his original descrip- tion of Sciurus striatus (now further emended to read " S. Jlavus striis quinque fuscis longitudinalibus"), already cited ; his second is to G. Gmelin's Sciurus minor rirgatus,\ which refers to a Siberian animal, Gmelin under this head giving the first description of the Europeo-Asiatic form of T. asiaticus. His other references are to Catesby, Edwards, and Kalm, whose descriptions refer exclusively to the Striped or Ground Squirrel of the Atlantic States. Pallas, in 1778, described the Siberian animal under the same name (Sciurus striatus). Although his description is based wholly on Siberian specimens, he also refers to S. striatus the American species, which he states he had not seen and knew only from authors, but from their accounts of it he considered it as evidently the same animal. Thus two dis- tinct species became thoroughly confounded under the same name. Gmelin, in 1788, made the first division of the group, separating the Asiatic and American animals as varieties. The former is his Sciurus striatus, a. asiati- cus =z Sciurus striatus Pallas, exclusive of ' his synonyms; the latter is his Sciurus striatus, ft. americanus— Sciurus driatus of Catesby and Linnaeus (Mus. Ad. Frid. and 10th ed. Syst. Nat.). In respect to the distribution of these forms, he says: — "Habitat, a) in omni Asia boreali ad fluvios europasos Dwina et Kama usque, /?) in America septentrionali magis orientali minusque frigida ad novam Hispaniam usque.'' The references to the Siberian animal are properly brought together under the head of asiaticus, and the references S. striatum or to S. asiaticus var. quadrivittatus caunot well be determined. From the length of the tail, it would seem more likely to be the latter. * The account in full is as follows: — " Sciurus striatus. "Sciurus pallidas striis quatuor fuscis longitudinalibus. " Sciurus slrir.tus Cat«sb. Car. 2. p. 75. (. 75. E ■o - ?, x ^ a. J £i o a © .a ti a x\ -5 .a a 9 o "3 □ x\ to XI fcfi a Locality. — E i* ta r, ~t as h F o £ « * a o a 03 a o XI ? ® 09 9 01 01 o J=> c 3 J 33 M 3 o © 0B "oi 03 « * £ a £ 11 u p. p. U 3. Xi (y £- * * a Id a) Is u 00 H O H 'A fc ft p P U U & ' Hi ri 6183 1.52 0.83 0.41 0.50 0.12 0.26 0.49 0.78 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.84 0.38 1)183 0181 do do 1.45 1.58 0.77 0.00 0.40 0.43 0.50 0.55 0.49 0.55 0.71 0.79 0. 19 0.20 0. 11 0. 14 0.25 0.2:5 0. tO 0.90 0.37 0.40 0.15 0.30 6185 6186 do 9 1.54 1.59 0.85 0.87 0.44 0.42 0.55 0.55 0.52 0. 50 0.80 0.82 0.20 0.22 0. 15 0. 10 0.24 II. S3 0.88 0.90 0. 40 0.43 6187 6141 do .... i.5n 1.30 0.87 0.85 0.45 0.42 0.51 0.52 o. :>o 0.52 0.77 0. 22 0.15 0.C5 0.23 0.25 11.^0 0.87 0.92 0.41 0.38 0.44 4844 Chester Comity, I'a 1. 57 0.93 0.43 0. 55 0. 60 0 22 0.16 4r<45 3843 do 1.56 1.45 0.00 0.77 0. 41 0.41 0. 53 0.50 0.51 0.47 0.80 0.72 0.25 0.24 0.88 ii B0 0.41 0.40 0.18 0.13 "Mr. R. R. McLeod, of Houlton, Me., also writes ine that it is very numerous in Sholbouine, Kind's, and Queen's Counties in Nova Scotia. SCIUKIDiE— TAMIAS STEiATUS 789 Table LXI. — Measurements of twenty-seven specimens of Tamias striatus. *icns •1090 *1C91 *I6!I2 1693 • 1694 •2519 "1099 -no •1701 *I702 •2520 '1704 •1705 t2478 t2479 t2480 (2481 t24S2 t2483 t2481 t2485 t2480 t2487 t2488 tl755 Locality. Ipswich, Mass . Newton, Mass . do .do . ..lo . .do .do. .do . .do. .do . .do . .do. .do . .do .do Oneida County, N. T Nichols, Tioga County, N. Y. do .do . .do . .do . .do . .do. .do. do do Racine, Wis. From tip of nose to — W 0.67 0.65 0.74 0.65 0.61 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.66 0.72 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.64 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.68 0.66 0.80 0.60 0.70 W 1.32 1.26 1.35 1. 35 1.32 1.45 1.40 1.33 1.37 1.32 1.40 1.27 1.40 1.42 1. 35 1.40 1.40 1.27 1.35 1.40 1.38 1.40 1.28 1.25 1.50 1.20 1.30 1.65 1.60 1. to 1.75 1.72 1.79 1.66 1.60 1.75 1.65 1. 75 1.70 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.80 l.fO 1.55 1.69 1.74 1.69 1.75 1.57 1.60 1.78 1.50 1.60 5. CO 5.55 0.21 5. 06 5. 75 5.95 6.00 6.10 6.00 5.50 5.40 5.37 5.70 5.60 5.89 6.08 5.60 4.70 5.20 5.50 5.10 5.60 5.70 5.70 5.63 4.80 6.00 Tail to end of- 3.85 3.44 3.94 3. 10 3.32 3. 58 3.60 3.75 3.90 3.42 3.65 3.86 3.73 3.40 3. 15 3.62 3.28 3.10 3.40 3.88 3.30 3.78 3.00 3.36 3.34 3.35 3.30 K 4.72 3.94 4.84 4.00 4.04 4.26 4.38 4.40 4.20 4.41 3.80 3.85 4.30 3.84 3.75 3.95 4.39 4.23 3.75 4.10 3.80 3.90 Length of— h 0.85 0.75 0.77 0.75 0.7J 0.80 0.75 0.77 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.77 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.78 0.88 0.70 0.83 0.80 0.75 0.78 0.75 0.80 0.74 0.68 0.80 w 1.40 1.31 1.36 1.30 1.36 1.37 1.30 1.45 1.35 1.20 1.30 1.25 1.40 1.36 1.40 1.40 1.32 1.41 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.35 1.35 1.38 1.32 1.38 "s a s a Fresh. ...do. ...do. ..do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Alcoholic. ...do. * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Camhridge, Maes. t From Baird, Mam. N. Amer. p. 296. Table LXIL— List of rpecimens examined of Tamias STRIATUS.* en O u > H 0 .2" p o *3 H CD ■e « M o 3 © o *s o :' nose to— Tail to end Of— Longthof— Q 3 « V Q, m «— 0 9 j s 3 W a o. '3 u O '3 H a 1 S u "3 w o u o % s. a 5 2470 2471 2472 2473 649 2475 2476 1008 1907 1910 1919 0.50 0.00 0.55 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.10 1. 10 1.35 1.30 1.26 1.39 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.50 4.05 4.10 4.20 4.00 4.20 4.30 5.00 5.36 5.00 2.95 a io 3.00 3.10 3.50 3.35 3.59 3.25 2.90 3.25 3.25 4.10 1.00 4.50 4.50 4.40 4.50 3.25 4.25 4.00 0.61 0.55 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.55 0.50 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.20 1.15 1.15 Alcoholic. ....do. ....do. ....do. Skin. Alcoholic. ...do. Skin. ...do. ....do. ....do. do do Fort Sarpy, Yellowstone River do Black Hills d > W B _£. '3 5 O '3 H £ X. o l> 10 U '3 n © u O a a 9 t. a 3 ■a 1802 Cape Flattery, Wash. Ter 9 0.65 1.35 I. CO 5.30 4.70 5.50 0.80 1.45 Alcoholic. 2414 ? 0.70 1.30 1.60 5. 30 4.00 0.70 1.50 ...do. 2415 do 9 0.70 1.30 1. 60 5.20 4.11 4.90 0.70 1.30 ...do. 2416 do 9 0.70 1.35 1.60 5.40 4.30 5.00 0.90 1.40 ...do. 2417 do 9 1.35 1.60 5. CO 4.20 4.90 0.80 1.35 ... do. 2418 9 0.65 1.35 1.60 5.30 0.80 1.35 ...do. 2419 9 0. 63 1.30 1.50 5.10 4.20 4.70 0.80 1.40 ...do. 2420 2421 9 9 1.30 1.55 5 10 0.80 1.40 ...do. 0.65 1.30 1.60 5.20 4.20 5.00 0.50 1.40 ...do. 2422 t 0.60 1.30 1.50 4: 50 3.85 4.70 0.80 1.30 ...do. 1582 2177 ■■ 1.80 5.25 4.08 5.16 Skin. 0.73 1.52 1. to 5.60 4.60 5.40 0.82 1.50 Alcoholic. * Compiled from Baird's Mam. N. Amer. p. 303. SCIUPJD2E— TAMIAS ASIATICUS AND VARIETIES. 805 Table LXV1II. — Measurements of three skulls of Tamias asiaticus rar. TOWNSENDI. 1 DO a o "a o '^5 ]o a ,o £ £ "3 a* Jd ±d P J 0J a o 6 J .a a "3 '► © a .j Locality. ,d CD Q CD ? •-3 CO i3 a 2 'g to" do" « jji f3 CD to" bo a '53 a 6 "E 00 5 at CO O CO CD « *3 S '5 I § cd 'o *^ a cj a ,a CD o n rt P •r* b* u « 3 eS e? CD 3 00 rt a'l S..S CD & E: iy- © © t> C3 03 O H o p fc fa fa fc> b t= P 0 1-5 1-3 2409 (1891 1.60 1.52 0.89 0.85 0. 3G 0.37 0.50 0.48 0.16 0 13 0.24 0.26 0.54 0.50 0.80 0.76 0.26 0.25 0.86 0.85 0.44 0.38 0.34 0.16 222G Cap6 Flattery, Wash. Tor 1.46 0.80 0.34 0.4G 0.16 0.23 0.44 0.74 0.20 0.13 0.26 0.81 0.40 Table LXIX. — List of specimens examined of Tamias asiaticus var. borealis. 1463 1971 3032 3031 4564 4135 6509 7066 7067 7068 5637 6506 6508 11542 "1567 *1575 11985 11987 11993 11988 H990 11994 11991 11995 11986 11989 11992 1307 650 1086 1084 2843 4567 4517 4566 4565 4610 4518 4596 4613 4583 4582 4612 Locality. S.beria Eastern Siberia Nelson River, H. B. T do Fort Simpson Oregon 1 Fort Resolution do do Fort Rac Mackenzie River Fort Ligxd Salt Rivor, H. B. T Pembina, Dak, Tor Lake Superior do Bear's Paw Mountains, Mont. Ter. . Chief Mountain Lake, R. Mts., 49°. do .do. -do . .do . .do . .do .do .do. .do "When collected. May 8, Sept. 20, 1862 Sept. 20", 1862 Sept. 20, 1862 Juno—, 1873 July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 25, 1874 19, 1874 22, 1874 22, 1874 25, 1874 19,1874 24, 1874 26, 1874 23, 1874 2 •, 1874 £•."., 1874 From whom received. Dr. G. Hartlanb.. Imp. Mus. St.Petcrsb Donald Gunn ...do B.R.Ross Lieut. John Mullan . A. McKenzie J. Lockbart ...do L.C.Clark R. McFarlane W. L. Hardisty B.R.Robs A. Campbell L. Agassiz ...do A.Campbell ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do ... do ...do ...do Collected by- Donald Gunn ...do BR. Ross Lieut. John Mullan A. McKenzio J. Lockbart ...do L.C.Clark R McFarlane W. L. Hardisty B.RRoss Dr. E. Coues L. Agassiz ...do Dr. E. Coues ...do .do. .do . .do. .do. .do do . .do . .do . do. 'A Skin. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. . do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. sue, MONOGliAPUS UP NOETII AMERICAN UODENT1A. Table LXX. — List of specimen* examined of Tamias asiaticus var. quadrivittatus. Locality. When collected. From whom re- coived. Collected by— Remarks. 11482 11183 11484 11485 3703 3235 323C 3237 3338 9312 3037 303C 3070 3073 3340 3341 334: 334 I 3314 334.) 33411 11112 urn mio 9827 9814 9813 981C 9824 11330 11328 11331 11329 11150 E468 4130 4131 4132 •2733 •2734 •2735 •3736 ■27.17 12128 12427 13426 Colorado ...do ...do.... ... do Fort Maasachuaetta. ,1873 , 1873 ,1873 ,1873 Dr. F.V. Ilayden ....do ....do ....do J. II. Batty . ...do ...do ...do Wyoming Torritory ?. ...do ...do ...do ...do Black Hills Aug. 10, 1857 ...do ...do Medicine BowMta.. Fort Bridger ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Upper Geysor Basin ...do ...do Montana Territory. . Aog. 10, July 10, July 27, Apr. 11, Apr. 11, May 31, Nov. 18, June *■, Apr. 11, Apr. 0, Oct. 2, Oct. 2, Sept. 17, 1857 1857 1857 1858 i 1858 j 1858 1 1858 I 1858 1858 | 1858 1872 1872 1872 Dr.F.V.Hayden ....do ....do ...do ...do Dr. W. A. Ham- mond. ....do ...do Lt F. T. Bryan . . W. M. F. Ma- graw. ....do do ...do ...do ...do ...do Dr.F.V.Hayden ....do ....do ...do Pleaaant Valley Mta . . Virginia City Mts. . Yellowstone Lake. . June 29, July 6, July 6, 1371 1871 1871 I ...do. Utah . July 0,1871 ...do ...do ...do Cbevaeler Sangredel CristoPaaa. IiilterRoot Mountains ..do ...do... Beed'a Mills, Park Co., Co'o. ....do ...do ...do Fairpl.iy, ParkC ty, Colo. July 7, 1871 July July July 8. 1871 8, 1871 2, 1871 July 18, 1871 do . ... do. ....do. ... do Lt.G.M.Whoeler .do do . .do. .do. John Xantua.. Lt, John Mullnn. ....do ...do Rocky Mountain Expedition. ..do ..do ...do ...do Dr.F.V.Hayden ...do ... do .-..do ...do Dr. W. A. Ham- mond. ....do ...do W.S.Wood C. Drexler ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do C. H. Merriman ...do ...do F. J.Huae do .do do ...do H. W. Henshaw ...do ...do ...do F. Bischoff. John Xantns John Pearsall . . . ...do ....do Allen, BeDnott, and Blisa. ...do ...do .. do ...do Skin do do do do ..do ..do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do .1,. Ralher atrongly colored. Approaching var pallidus. ....do. ....do. ... do. ...do. ....do. ....do. Very bright. ...do. ...do. Exceedingly strong- ly colored. ... do. ...do. Extremely strong- ly colored. ...do. Very atrongly col ored. ...do. ...do. ..do. Pale, but (he black stripes very strong. * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ctmbmlge, Mass- SCIURID2E— TAMIAS ASIATICUS AND VARIETIES. 807 Table LXX.— List of specimens examined of Tamias asiaticus far. quadmvittatus— Contiuned. Cm o m a .a a d a it a tc . O H 1 5 o a .2 73 ■a jj - j c ^ IB w 0/ (- M . a ~ g « 8- = * t- o -a a d a a '5) O it eg a 03 M - Locality. When collected. From whoni.re- ceived. Collected by— a 4- .2 * p. CO CO a 2 O « 3) 1 £ '5 S O GO '3 .2 -^ a: . a a to o "a V IS 5 o o o 9 go a u '" fl s i "-a tffl *2 "efl Q GO *3 'a & eo S.1 cd a S3 u CO Pi 0* p. fe — +3 CD U H o S fc fc K P P 0 P p ►j ►5 4239 Cape St Lucas, L. Cal 9 1.67 0.95 0.40 0.48 0.12 0.22 0.55 0.85 0.23 0.14 0.26 0.92 0.47 42i2 ilo 9 1.60 0.90 0.40 0.47 0.15 0.24 0.52 0.85 0.25 0.16 0.28 0.93 0.47 4146 4147 4136 9 9 1.60 1.53 1.62 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.37 0.33 0.40 0.49 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.25 0.16 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.89 0.89 0. 69 0.45 0.46 0.45 0.25 0.16 * Dr. Coues informs mc that ho has inspected a drawing of a specimen secured at Pyramid Lake, Nevada. t Ann. Eep. Chief Engineers for 1876, App. JJ, p. 311. SOIURIDiE— TAMIAS HARRISI. 813 Table LXXVII. — Measurements of six specimens of Tamias HAHMSI. li o X a 9 a & 3 t£ o "ea O X a 3 a *3 a •a ■B O Locality. From tip of uose to— Tail to end of— Length of — u OS « O X tt '5 w d © a u © Is © o H C&" s fc fc fc t= P P (3 P h5 hi 132G6 13267 1.75 1. 63 1.12 0.42 0.40 0.60 0.57 0.17 0.15 0.28 0.24 0.68 0.47 0.84 0.25 0.24 0.20 0.15 0.33 0.33 1.07 0.93 0.47 0.40 1 3208 d0 1.63 1.20 0.40 0.55 0.15 0.28 0.58 0.85 0.25 0.18 0.32 1.00 0.47 Table LXXX. — Measurement* of thirteen specimens of Tamias lateralis. . c t. a -=> s a Sj fl c; SI a O 11982 451G 2745 629 2740 630 2747 631 2748 858 2750 968 2 3 5 6 7 1272 Locality. Chief Mountain Lake, 40°. Park CoUDty, Colo do .do . .do . .do. Fort Garland, Colo . Twin Lakes, Colo . . do do do do Upper Des Chutes, Greg . From tip of nose to — H 0.95 0.85 0.97 0.95 0.80 0.93 0.75 0.75 0.78 0.70 0.75 H 1.60 1.55 1.70 1.55 1.45 1.75 1.55 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.60 2.00 1.75 1.97 1.92 1.95 2.00 1.82 1.75 1.85 1.80 1.90 1.90 9.00 6.00 8.00 7.60 6.65 8.00 8.00 7.25 7.40 7.75 6.80 7.25 7.50 Tail to end of— 3.50 3.00 3.25 3.25 3.50 3.25 3.35 3.25 3.30 2.95 3.15 3.00 w 4.50 3.50 3.85 4.25 4.25 4.30 4.55 4.75 4.75 4.00 4. 45 4.25 Length of— & 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 0.95 1.17 1.05 1.00 1. 05 1.05 1.07 1.03 1.42 w 1.60 1.50 1.05 1.60 1.55 1.75 1.60 1.55 1.68 1.65 1.65 1.B0 1.63 0.55 0.48 0.53 0.52 0.53 fc Fresh. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. ..do. ...do. ...do. Skin. Table LXXXI. — List of specimens examined of Tamias lateralis. o h a 3 a <£ s tu . o a s S o a d a ■s? p.- u S a 0 a a 6 ex « a to Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by— a a © © p. © © u a rt to 5872 3797 1272 3183 9320 11678 11082 11683 11C95 3896 383 250 175 175 209 73 9 Sinyakwiteen Depot, W. T. . Siinilkameen, W. T Upper DesChutes, Oreg. Ter Fort Massachusetts, N. Mex Carson City, Nev Fort Garland, Colo do Twin Lakes, Colo Sierra Nevada Mountains. . . July 5,1860 Sept. 24, 1855 A.Campbell ....do Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly .. do Skin. do. ..do. do. do. ..do. do. Lt. R. S. Williamson Dr. D. C. Peters .... Clarence King Lt, G. M. Wheeler .. ...do ...do ... do Dr. J. S. Newberry . . Dr. D. C. Peters .... H. W. Uonsbaw Dr.J. T. Kotbrock .. ...do .'.. Mar. — , 1868 June — , 1873 Aug. — , 1873 Aug. — , 1873 Aug. — , 1673 June 18, 1859 do do. Capt. J. H. Simpson C. S. McCarthy . do. rw M sis MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table LXXXI. — List of specimen* examined 0/ Tamiab lateralis — Continued 0 V .3 S a 3 i 3 u . = a 2 3 3 » - s g 3 ec _; .£3 "H ■* 3 ■ .ility. When collected. From whom received. Collected by— 3 s S '0 n 3. 0 p u 3 Skin. ..do. J319 11149 11983 3003 1911 11486 11^7 114S8 11410 1 1 189 42-4 9835 U826 9820 11103 9571 9572 0573 9574 9575 0576 0577 9579 9580 958 1 9582 0583 9584 9578 9585 9586 9587 9588 9589 9590 959] 9592 0593 9595 9.-.00 9597 9599 9698 251 451G 304 221 Humboldt Mountains, Nev. . CMef Mt. Lake, Mont. Tor.. Black Hills, Dak. Ter Sept. — , 1869 June SO, 1872 Aug. 19, 1874 July 31, 1859 Aug. 7, 1850 Clarence King LtG. M.Wheeler... A. Campbell R. Ridgway F.Bischoff ..do. W.S.Wood .. do ..do. -do. Dr. F.V. Hayden... ....do J.H. Batty ..do. 13206 13267 13268 44 26 28 23 25 — do ...do Skin and skull. ..do. .. do ...do ...do do ... ....do ...do ..da ...do ...do ..do Skin. do. ..do. Black Hills Juno 1,1857 July —,1871 July — , 1871 July — , 1871 Aug. 10, 1872 July 17,1869 July 16, 1869 July 16, 1869 I.t G. K. Warren . . Dr. F.V. Hayden .. ....do Dr. F. V. Hayden F. J.Hnse do ....do ..do. do . do ...do do. Henry's Lake, Idaho Idaho City. Colo ....do ...do ...do ..do. ..do. do ....do -do. do ...do ...do ..do. do ...do ...do ..do. do July 16, 1869 July 16, 1869 July 27, 1869 July 27. 1869 Jnly 27, 1869 July 27, 1869 July 27, 1869 July 27, 1869 July 17, 1869 July 17, 1869 July 17, 1869 Jnly 16, 1809 July 16, 1869 July 16,1669 July 16, 1869 Jnly 17, lc69 July 10, 1869 July 16, 1869 July 17, 1869 July 17, 1809 July 16, I860 July 16, 1869 July 16, 1869 July 16,186") July 25, 1873 Aug. -, 1873 July 18, 1873 July 18,1873 July 18, 1873 July 8,1871 July 8,1871 .. do ...do ..de. do .... ....do ... ....do . do. Near Bet thoud's Pass, Colo. . do ...do ... ...do do. ....do ...do ...do ..do. do ....do ..do. do .. ....do .. ....do do. do ...do ...do ..do. do ...do .. ...do . do. ...do ...do ..do. do do .. ....do do do . do . . ....do do do ....do do. do do ...do do. do do ...do do. do ...do .. ...do do. do. do ...do .. ....do do ...do do do. do do do. de do do do. do ...do .. do. do do ...do . do. do do ...do do. do do .. do do. do do .. do do. 0 3 5 6 7 629 630 Lt. G.M. Wheeler. . .. do Dr. J. T. Rothrock . . ..do . Alcoholic ..do. do do .. do ...do ... ..do. do ...do ... .. do .. ..do. do ...do . do ..do. •2745 •2740 Rocky Mountain Ex- pedition. do ... Allen, Bennett, and Bliss. .. do .. Skin. ..do. do * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. S0IURIM3— SPERMOPniLUS. 819 TABLE LXXXI. — List of specimens examined of Tamias lateralis — Continued. o u © .3 3 3 a £> 3 tD . — .5 S « o 3 3 a fcl . a ^ « 5 o " CD O o o a B a a tj) 6 ID M OS a M M CO to Locality. "When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by- d CD a *s CD p. CO cw 5 CD U a •s *2747 ♦2748 •2749 •2750 •2751 •5317 631 858 965 969 1008 .... Park County, Colo do July 8,1871 July 21, 1871 July 20, 1871 July 20, 1871 July 29, 1871 Aug. 21. 1870 Rocky Mountain Ex- pedition. ...do Allen, Bennett, and Bliss. Skin. ... . do ....do ....do ..do. do ...do ....do ..do. do ....do ..do. Capt. Chas. Beudire. Capt Chas. Bendire. ..do. 1 In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Maaa. Genus SPERMOPHILUS F. Cuv. Spermophilua F. Cuvieu, Me"ni. du Mas. ix, If 22, 293; Dents des Mamm. 1825, 1G1.255, pi. lv (type "Mus citillus, Linn."). Spermophila Richardson, Parry's Second Voyage, App. 1825, 313 (— Spermophilus F. Cuv.). Spermatophilus Waaler, Syst. Avium, 1830, 22 (accredited to F. Cuvier). Citillus Lichtenstein, Darst. neuer Oder wenig bekannt. Siiuget. 1827-34 [1830?], pi. xxxi, fig. 2 (not paged). Colobotis Brandt, Bull. Classe Physico-math. de l'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St. P<5tersb. ii, 1844, 360. Otocolobus Brandt, Bull. Classe Physico-math. de l'Acad. Imp. des Sci. do St. P6tersb. ii, 1844, 382 (= Colobotis). Otospermophilus Brandt, Bull. Classe Physico-math. de l'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St. Pe'tersb. ii, 1844, 379. Generic chars. — Skull very variable in form, being either narrow and elongate or short and broad, with the dorsal outline moderately or strongly convex, and the zygomatic arches greatly or only moderately expanded ; post- orbital processes generally triangular, strong, and directed downward; zygo- matic processes of the maxillary greatly depressed and expanded ; plane of the malar turned outward, sometimes anteriorly nearly horizontally flattened; zygomatic arches spreading; position of the anteorbital foramina more for- ward than in Tamias, subtriangular, with a strongly developed tubercle at the outer lower corner ; upper premolars always two, the first variable in size, generally much larger than in Sciurus or Tamias, and sometimes nearly as large as in Cynomys; grinding-teeth variable in strength and size; cheek- pouches well developed ; body slender or thick-set ; tail long, moderate, or short, cylindrical or flattened; ears large, of medium size, or rudimentary, never tufted ; nail of pollex generally undeveloped ; character of the pelage and pattern of coloration variable. As previously stated, the genus Spermophilus, as commonly recognized, 820 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. is ;i heterogeneous group, embracing quite diverse species, some of which strongly approach Sciviits, while others foreshadow Cynotnys, and others still grade byalraosl insensible stages into Tamias. The group was first dis- membered* by Brand! in 1844, who divided il into two "subgenera", namely, Colobotis (also written later in the same paper " Otocolobus") and Otospermo- philus. To the firsl he referred all Ihe Old World species known to him, and also three of ihe North American species; the latter is exclusively American. These two groups are based on slight peculiarities of dentition (particularly in respect to the size and form of the first upper premolar), the size of the ear, and the length of the tail. The Old World species of Colobotis are all short-tailed, with small or rudimentary ears, the tail with the hairs exceeding a length ot two inches in only one species (S. eversmaimi), being generally considerably less than one-fourth of the length of the head and body. Oidy one (S. richardsoni) of the three American species referred by Brandt to this group really belongs here, the others (S. "hoodi" — tridecemlineatvs, and S. franklini) having few characters in common with the others. Otospermophi- lus is a much more natural division, but. was made to include S. mexicanus, which, as will be shown later, belongs to a wholly different division. The other species referred to Otospcrmophilus were S. grammurus (with its varie- ties and synonyms) and S. lateralis; the affinities of the last named are divided between this group and Tamias, with a preponderance toward the latter. Brandt divided the Old World representatives of Colobotis into three sections ("A", "B", and "C"), based wholly on the seasonal and valueless character of the pilosity of the soles, which he appears to have supposed to be a constant character in adults. His section "B" (consisting of S. cvers- inaiuii and S. parry I) he says resembles Otospermophilus in the length and structure of the tail. This is also true of other characters; it hence forms a natural and well-marked subdivision of his subgenus Colobotis. In 1855, Brandt's divisions and subdivisions were adopted by Giebel. Baird, in 1857, while pointing out the worthlessness of any distinctions based on the pilosity of the soles, thought Brandt's subgenus Otospermophilus enti- tled to permanent recognition, and adopted it with merely the removal there- from of S. mexicanus to Colobotis, under which latter group Professor Baird * Lichtenstein, however, about 1H30, proposed the name CiUlhts for certain species, but without giving for the group any tangible diagnosis. The first species described under this name was S. mexi- caniix, tint lie also described two Old World species (C.fulvus and C. miigosaricux) that differ widely from 8. mexicanus, belonging in fact to an entirely different section of the genus, lirandt makes, and quite properly, as it seems to me, Citillus merely a synonym of Spermojpl'ilus. SCIUUIDyE— SPEKMOPUILUS. 821 arranged all the other American Sp'rmophili. He also recognized the highly Sciurine character of the Otospermophili, which he regarded as "only distin- guishable externally by the cheek-pouches" from the true Squirrels. Colo- botis, however, as thus left, embraced very diverse types. While, as already stated, it is impossible to subdivide the American Spermophili into sharply definable groups, they admit of arrangement in three sections, of which the extreme phases of differentiation are as wide asunder as are most allied modern genera, but which still thoroughly inoscu- late through variously intermediate specific forms. If their most differentiated specific representatives stood alone, even the generic distinctness of these groups would be unquestioned. As already intimated, one of these deviating lines is in the direction of Cynomys, another in the direction of Tamias, and the third tends strongly toward Sciurus. Provisionally recognizing these sections as subgenera, they may be characterized as follows: — Subgenus Otospermophilus Brandt (emend.). Ears large, nigh, pointed (larger and more pointed than in some species of Sciurus) ; tail long, full, ami broad, with the hairs two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the head and body; general form of the skull, and the dentition, strongly Sciurine. Species, S. grammurus, S. annulatust. Subgenus Colobotis Brandt (emend.). Ears small, sometimes marginiform ; tail short, flattened, with the hairs one-third to one-half Ihe length of the body ; skull short and broad, the zygomatic arches broad, generally greatly widened pos- teriorly ; dentition heavy, and the first upper premolar generally large. Species, .S'. richardsani, S. empelra, — c. ^3 tt J3 CD o d a •5 j a p c c; a "3 -a 1 * ^3 s a Locality. a 49 ■•3 c .a © on « a af © 00 O © '3 a £ o S a t. 03 (-1 © 09 '3 si a © m « . a j © on «H Q © *rt c3 CD cd *-> EB a CO eo eo a "rt g o a^3 E- 3 & © © — 2 a H o « fc £ & fc> t=i p P 1= hi j 1831 2.40 1. 50 0.55 0.85 0.25 0.42 o.eo 1.35 0.36 0.27 0.50 1.52 0.05 4189 Fort Crook, Cal 2.31 1.45 0.60 0.7G 0.22 0.40 0.80 1.23 0.37 0.25 0.42 1.44 0.62 4804 Fort Uropqua, Orog 2.15 L30 0.50 0.72 0.22 0.32 0.70 1.20 0.34 0.25 0.45 1.32 0.55 Table LXXXV. — Measurements of six specimens of Spermophilus grammurus var, grammurus. © 5 a « bC O 'is O CD 1 B a a '£ O Locality. o HI From \ ip of noso to — Tail to end of— Length of — • © o .£? '3 w © a *3 © ft CO O © "£ © >> a *5 © O H g .© © u '3 H o o © u o U o «e n s *2638 ■125 126 11-77 525 706 626 Fort Stanton, N. Mex 13. CO 10.50 •2.75 12.50 11.00 11.50 7.87 8. CO 8.50 8.10 7.00 7.50 8. 7.1 2.30 Skin, do. Fort Webster, N. Mex <3 ? 1.10 2.20 2.70 10.30 0.80 9.00 9. :o 1.40 J. 45 1.42 1.37 2.35 2.30 2.15 2.17 0.65 0.60 ...do. ...do. do. ...do. do do * From Baird, Mam. N. Amer. p. 311. Table LXXXVI. —Measurements of eight specimens of Spermophilus gkammuiivs var. beecheyi. u . 318. f These citations, rendered by Pallas into Latiu, are as follows: — "Marmota quehekana Pennant, Syn. p. 270. Sp. 199, tal>. 24, f. 2, bona. Fobstek, Act. angl. vol. LXII, p. 378." ; Pallas's description, from the specimen in the Ley den Museum, is as follows: — " Magnitude) Caviio Pncse, sen inter Marmotam & Citillnm media ; habitus plane Marmota* vel Arctomyos; longitudo circiter pedal is. Caput reinsum, supra fusco-nigrescens, lateribus albicans. Denies primores magni, nudati ut in Marmota, Dec antice fulvi. Auricula parvas, sabundse, rotundataj, vis pilo Iongiores. Verruca plures sparsao, Buperciliares bisetas, paroticae bisetas, pilis albidis distinctra, gnlaris nniseta. Corpus subtus totinn artnsqne rofo-ferraginea : Bupra corpus fuscum, extremis piloram <■ gryseo-albicautibns ondulato Debalosam. Pedes extremi brnuneo nigri, unguibus fuscis ; paJnue sine vestigio pollicis. Cauda bipolli- i mi., in ill lio, dorso concolor, apicc uigrescens." — (Nin: Spec. (Hires, p. 7f>.) SOIURID.E— SPERMOPHILUS EMPETRA. • 843 genus Arctomys. The only point of discrepancy is the " palmae sine vestigio pollicis", which is almost equally valid against the reference of Pallas's Mus empetra to any American species of Arctomys. While it is difficult to satis- factorily make out what Pennant's original Quebec Marmot is, the statement "larger than a Rabbit" shows it was not A. parry i* It was in all proba- bility based on a northern example of Arctomys monax. Sabine, in 1822, while citing Mus empetra of Pallas, and all the reference subsequently, to that time, based on it, as well as Pennant's and Forster's Quebec Marmot, was the first to describe a specimen of the northern form of Arctomys monax under the specific name empetra. Sabine himself, however, noticed the dis- crepancies between Forster's account of his Quebec Marmot and his own Arctomys empetra, and also refers to the want of agreement between Pallas's account of Mus empetra and his own specimen. He says : — " But that speci- men [Forster's] was only eleven inches, and the tail three inches long; it could not therefore have been fully grown. Pallas described the animal from a specimen in theLeyden Museum, and gave it the name Empetra; this did not exceed a foot in length, and its tail was only two inches and a half long. .... The chestnut color of the head is mentioned by Forster, and there- fore is probably to be found in some instances, though on the specimen I have seen there is no such appearance." — {Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, 1822, pp. 585, 586.) Richardson, in 1825, in describing Arctomys parryi, distinctly identifies Forster's Quebec Marmot with his A. parryi.f but makes no refer- ence to the Mus empetra of Pallas, nor to the empetra of Schreber, Ginelin, and other early systematic authors. Excepting Pallas's unfortunate reference to Pennant's almost unrecognizable Quebec Marmot, the whole account of his Mus empetra relates unquestionably to the animal subsequently known as Parry's Marmot, and it hence becomes necessary to adopt the name empetra in place of parryi for that species. Parry, in 1825, barely alludes to his meeting with an animal he termed * The Quebec Marmot of Pennant's first edition of his Synopsis of Quadrupeds (1771) is uot by any means the Quebec Marmot of the second edition of his Arctic Zoology (17S2). In the latter, the descrip- tion is so far modified as to also cover the Mus empetra of Pallas and the Quebec Marmot of Forster. He says :— " The specimen which I formerly saw at Mr. Brook's, alive, appeared larger than a Rabbit ; but the specimen in the Royal Society's Museum [Forster's specimen] was only eleven inches long from the nose to the tail, and the tail three inches. This probably was a young one." — {Arctic Zoology, vol. i, 179:>, p. 128.) t" Forster, in the Philosophical Transactions, describes a specimen of the A. parryi procured from Churchill, under the name of the Quebec Marmot, at the same time expressing his doubts of its identity with that animal." — (RICHARDSON, Parry's Second Voy. App. p. 318.) 84 I MONOC.KAI'IIS OF N0KTI1 AMERICAN EODENTIA. •• Wctomys alpina", which Richardson says Is the same as his Arctomys parryi, probably from knowing personally the specimens referred to, since Parry's allusion gives no clue, furl her than the significance of the name, to the char- acter of the animal to which he refers. Richardson, the same year (1825), gave a detailed account of the species, including much relating to its habits and distribution, and bestowed upon it the specific name by which it has since been currently known. In 1829, it was again described by the same author, at which time he characterized and named two additional varieties, namely, erythrogluteia and phceognatha. Of the latter, Richardson says: — " It is characterized chiefly by a well-defined, deep, chestnut-colored mark under the eye." It was based on a specimen in the Museum of the Zoolog- ical Society of London, brought from Hudson's Bay ; the particular district, however, not being stated. In one of my specimens of var. erythroglutceus, there is also a well-defined chestnut-colored line beneath the eye, and a similar mark is faintly indicated in quite a number of the examples of var. empetra. It hence seems probable that Richardson's " var. phceognatha" may be based merely on a specimen of var. empetra in which this mark was develoj^d with unusual distinctness. The species was redescribed by Baird in 1857, who directed attention to its close resemblance to S. eversmanni. In 1861, Mr. B. R. Ross gave to it the name "Arctomys Icennicottii'1, under the impression that it had not been previously described.* In 1874, in my Synopsis of the North American Sci- urida, I briefly characterized the variety /iodiaca/sis. Geographical distribution. — According to Richardson, "This Spermo- phile inhabits the Barren Grounds skirting the sea-coast from Churchill in Hudson's Bay round by Melville Peninsula, and the whole northern extremity ot the continent to Behring's Straits, where specimens precisely similar were procured by Captain Beechey. It abounds in the neighborhood of Fort Enterprise, near the southern verge of the Barren Grounds, in latitude G5°, and is plentiful on Cape Parry, one of the most northern parts of the conti- nent. It is found generally'', he adds, "in stony districts, but seems to delight chiefly in sandy hillocks amongst rocks, where burrows, inhabited by different individuals, may be often observed crowded together. One of the • I liml no farther description of the .1. kennicottii than the following : — "Arctomys K< imioottii (Ross). This I consider to be: w Bpecies; but 1 may he wrong. It is of small size, and inhabits the North- ernmost ranges of the Rocky Mountains." — (B. R. Boss, Nat. Hist. Buoiew, 1862, p. 274.) As shown by specimens ilms labelled by him in the National Museum, his A. kenvicottii is the. true S. empetra (<=& parryi anil. . SCIURID^E— SPERMOPHILUS EMPETRA. 845 society is generally observed sitting erect on the summit of the hillock, whilst the others are feeding in the neighborhood. Upon the approach of danger, he gives the alarm, and they instantly betake themselves to their holes, remain- ing chattering, however, at the entrances until the advance of the enemy obliges them to retire to the bottom."* It extends southward in the interior at least to Fort Yukon. Mr. B. R. Ross, in notes sent with specimens (labelled "Arctomys kennicottii'') to the Smithsonian Institution, says it is "numerous in the Barren Grounds, as well as along the Arctic Coast, and by no means scarce along the Anderson and Lockhart Rivers ; also numerous below Good Hope, on the Mackenzie; they burrow in considerable numbers, one always acting as sentinel while the others feed and otherwise disport themselves". Most of the specimens in the collection are from the vicinity of Forts Anderson and Yukon. It also extends considerably to the south- westward along the Yukon River ; and Dr. Richardson also gives it as rang- ing on the Pacific coast from British Columbia (formerly New Caledonia) to the Icy Cape.f It also occurs on the Asiatic side of Behring's Strait, and also, according to authors, in Kamtschatka. To the southwestward it passes into the smaller, darker, and longer-tailed var. erythroglutceus, which extends southward to the forty-ninth parallel. Table XCI. — Measurements of six skulls of Spermophilus empetha var. empetra. o 1 90 .9 © a o o ,2 .o CD .a 3 JS CD £ « »• ja n3 U J3 o a to -B s a © £ ° '3 .3 "EC'S to a CD £ t a 3 3 Locality. i r3 a CD 05 of CD GO M O CO '5 = S ■11 CD o 09 *© 1 I "3 H B O no a © .B B u e A ft ft -p. £ 3> - 2 CD 1 W i H a Q fc fe fc fc> U 0 0 P -> * 6.M6 Fort Yukon 3.40 1.55 0.58 0.83 0.28 0.44 0.74 1.29 0.33 0.25 o.S!» 1.60 0.04 6247 6243 do 2. 20 2.23 1.50 1.45 0.47 0.48 0.76 0.75 0.26 0.25 0.42 0.40 0.70 0.65 1.31 1.23 0.35' 0.31 0.25 0.23 0.55 0.53 1.51 1.37 0.65 0.65 0248 do 2.17 1. 45 0.47 0.75 0.25 0.36 0.62 1.23 0.32 0.26 0.55 1.50 0.63 6251 do 2.13 1.43 0.45 0.75 0.25 0.40 0.62 1.20 0.22 0.54 1.40 0.65 4805 2.27 0.55 0.85 0.25 0.3G 0.70 1.35 0.31 0.24 0.58 1.53 0.07 * Fauna Boreali-Amerieana, vol. i, p. 158, 1829. t Zo61. Beechey's Voy. Mam. p. 7, 1839. 846 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. i m-.i ; SCI1 \feasuremmt oj thra >/, «'N o/ Spsrmopbiixs empetra hot. erytbuoglut.xus. a CD c s . «3 ® Q | tt — a p = ■3 ^ .c v. rt , 43 J <- P- •a •■' ,4 4) C a m ti. a 3 2 & s ._ 5 © CD S tt s CS v. tt a - Locality. 5 ti ft 1 S a erf a <£ u c 00 g .£ E S I 00 s i co" 3 .3 = • s 4a 00 ^ .5 c .□ O x = u .2 a ~ •^ "•-» u £ i M 5 (9 5 a 3 rt — - c E .- .5 o ft & ik CS 39 eO a ft-= ft ft 4- — - CO H O P & fe >« t> P fc> t=> t= J J 4800 Kooteuay Kiver $ 2.05 1.30 0.44 o. 7i 0.20 0.33 0.50 1. 10 0.30 0.22 0.50 1. 3S 0.60 4801 do rf 2.05 1.S5 0.42 0. 73 0.22 0.40 0.57 1.07 0.28 0.20 0.50 1.26 0.J.8 H--7 Bead of Flat Head River .. 0 1. 72 1.12 0.35 0.60 0.20 0.32 0.40 0.97 0.24 0.20 0.45 1.02 0.55 TABLE XCIII— Measurements of four specimens of Spermophilus empetra var. EUvmnoGLL'T^EUS. — 5195 4782 .-.'•11 112-7 Locality. Washington Territory. do Kooteuay River, "Wash. Ter. Head of Plover Bay From tip of nose to- I Tail to end I of- W H 0.82 0.78 0.75 1.00 1.70 1.50 1.50 2.05 2.05 1.85 2-30 9.25 7.00 9.50 9.50 3.30 2.50 3.50 3.80 w 4.70 3.55 5.25 5.00 Length uf- 1.20 1.10 1.35 1.50 w 1.87 1.55 1.85 2.10 0.30 0 30 0.35 a Alcoholic. ...do. ..do. ...do. Table XCIV. — List r,f specimens examined of Spermophilus empetha var. empetra. 3 ■- u — 9 3 a to . 3 3 2 S a * O B a a u s - - u o-° o ti — S s a *3 a en "C o a> tt <3 •3 a CS M © CO Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by— □ a "3 o §• ■M o 63 June 5,1863 June 5, 1863 ...do ...do do do do do. do ...do . .do do ...do .. do do do ...do ...do do do .. do do do 6245 6246 6247 6248 6252 298 1321 1320 1200 1173 1575 1511 1238 1495 1512 1582 1516 1236 1530 1531 1533 1532 1529 1510 1514 1235 1583 1534 1535 1527 1520 cf cf cf ? 9 do June 26, 1863 Aug. 9, 1863 Aug. 8,1863 June 8,1861 June 5, 1861 June 5,1861 June 5, 1861 May — , 1861 Aug. 1, 1861 June —,1861 July — , 1861 June — , 1861 May -, 1861 do do . do. .do. do. do. do do do ...do do do do do do do do ..do do do ...do .do do do ...do do do do do do . do. do do do do ...do do do .. do do . do do ..do do do do ...do do Skull, do do ...do .. do do ...do do do. do ..do . do do do do do do Yukon River, mouth of Por- cupine River, Ft. Yukon. do Juue— , 1861 June — , 1861 May — , 1861 ...do do Skin, do. ...do .. d»> do ...do .. do do do 200 miles S. W. of Yukon . . . do do ...do .. do . do. ....do ...do do. do . do do. do June — , 1861 Jnne— , 1861 May — , 1861 May — , 1861 ..do .. do do do do do. .. do do do. do ..do do do. ' Black. 848 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN BODENTIA. Table XCV. — List of specimens examined of Ahctomys empe-iha rar. kodiacensis. 9361 ] 9J08 9242 Locality, Kodiak . do . do do . do do . do . do. do . When collected. Sept. 12, lBGb s,-pt. 12, 1868 Sept Ki, 186* Sept. 13, 1868 Sept. 11, 1868 Sept IS, 1868 Sept. 12, 1808 Sept 13, 1808 Jane — , le68 From whom reoel F. Biscboff . do .... do ... do .... do.... .do do. .do . .do . Collected by- F. Biscboff. . do do do do do do do do .... K Skiu. . do. . do. . do. . do. . do. . do. .do. . do. Taule XCVI. — List of specimens examined of Speemophilus EMPETRA rar. erythkogi.it j: vs. o u 1 6 p li e * y a s a - X f = u V .3 g a a = ti O a cj M O Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by — Nature of specimen. 58TJ 5880 5149 .VJ44 11287 6888 6887 4800 4801 400 461 ? ? cf Head of Flat Head R do Kootenay River do . Sept, 7, I860 Sept. 7,1860 Jnly — , 1860 Jnly — , ie00 do Dr. C. B. R. Kenuerly Skin and skull do do do. do do do. Upper end Plover Bay . Capt. C. M. Scammon Cnpt. C. M. Scammon Alcoholic. SPERMOPHILUS RICHARDSONI (Sabine) Rich. Richardson's Spcrmophile. Var. RICHARDSONI. Arctomys richardsoni Sabine, Trims. Linn. Soc. xiii, 1622, 089, pi. xxviii ; Narrative Franklin's Journey, 1822, 662. — Harlan, Faun. Am. 1825, 168 (from Sabine). — Godman, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 111 (from Sabine).— H. Smith, Griffith's Cuvier's Anim. King, v, 1827, 246 (from Sabine).— Wagner, Schreber's Siiuget. v, pi. ccx, B (no text). Arctomys (Spermophilus) richardsoni Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Am. i, 1829, 164, pi. xi. Spcrmophilus richardsoni " F. Cuvier, Suppl. BulFon, i, Malum. 1831, 321 ". — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Sauget. iii, 1843, 243 (compiled).— Aud. & Bach. Quad. N. Am. i, 1843, 377, pi. ).— Brandt, Bull. Classe Physico-math. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pelersb. ii, 1844, 279. — Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 68. — Giebel, Sauget. 1855, 636 (compiled). — Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 325. — Allen, Bull. Essex Institute, vi, 1874, 61 (Western Wyoming). — Grinnell, Ludlow's Black Hills of Dakota, 1875, 81. — Coues, Amer. Nat. ix, 1875, 148 (biographical). Spcrmophilus richardsoni var. richardsoni Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 292. Var. TOWNSENDI. Townsend's Spermophile. Arctomys (Spermojjlulus) guttatus? Richardson, Fauu. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 162; Zool. Beechey's Voy. Mam. 1839, 8 (banks of the Columbia, and New Caledonia, on the mountains).— Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 66 (" Rocky Mountains"!). SCIURID^E— SPERMOPHILUS RICBARDSONI. 849 Spermophilus guttatvs Gikbel, Siiuget. 1855, G34 (in part; ODly the Americau references). Spermophilus townsendi BachmaN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1839, 61 ; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 316.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, 226, pi. cxlvii, fig. 1. — Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 326.— Hayden, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. xii, 1863, 145.— Merkiam, U. S. Geo). Surv. Terrs. 6th Ann. Rep. 1873, 664. Spermophilus townsendi var. townsendi Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 293. Spermophilus elegans Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 158. — Coopeb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, 1869, 4 (Salt Lake, Utah, to Johnson's Pass, Sierra Nevadas). Spermophilus riehardsoni var. elegans Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat Hist, xvi, 1874, 292. Spermophilus armatus Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 158. Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 7.00 to 9.50 ; of tail-vertebrce 2.25 to 3.5l> ; of tail to end of hairs 3.50 to 4.59. General color above, yel- lowish-brown, varying on the one hand to grayish and on the other to dusky, with or without rather distinct small light and dark snots; sides fulvous, varying to brownish; beneath, grayish-white, washed faintly with fulvous, varying to strong rust-yellow or tawny. Tail above darker than the back, edged with whitish; beneath, generally brownish-yellow, with a partly con- cealed subterminal black band. Ears small, pointed, one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch high. Tail short, flattened, generally more or less bush}', but sometimes quite terete ; nose short and broad ; general form rather thick and stout ; pelage fine and soft. Varies in size and color with locality, becoming smaller and darker southward, with larger ears. Var. RICHARDSONI. Ricliarchon's Spermophile. Varietal chars. — Length of head and body 8.50 to 9.00, ranging from about 8.00 to 9.50 ; of tail to end of vertebra 3.00 to about 3.50; of tail to end of hairs 3.75 to about 4 50. Above, light yellowish-hrown, varied witli dusky, generally indistinctly mottled with pale tawny and dusky ; sides of the body, nose, outer side of limbs, and buttocks pale rusty-yellow ; beneath, yel- lowish-white, varying from white, faintly washed with pale fulvous, to deep tawny ; paler on the throat and middle of the breast. Tail gray, varied with black above, bright tawny or brownish-yellow below, with a partly concealed bar of black near the end, edged both above and below with yellowish-white. The hairs of the sides of the tail are crossed by a single broad bar of black, which increases in width toward the end of the tail. There is also usually a narrow bar of black at the extreme base of the hairs. A series of nearly sixty specimens of this variety, collected in summei (July and August) by Dr. Cones at different points along the 49ih parallel, 54 M 850 MONOGRAPHS OP Noi.Tli AMERICAN RODENTIA. between Pembina and the Rocky Mountains, shows a considerable range of color variation, ll is, however, mainly individual, the variation occurring at the same locality, covering nearly the whole range of variation presented by the whole series. The differences consist mainly in the distinctness of the mottling above and in the amount: of fulvous pervading the general colora- tion. In No. 1 195G. from Frenchman's River, the general color above is gray, the light spots being almost white; the sides, especially posteriorly, incline to brownish; the lower surface is grayish-white, with a very slight but dis- tinct tinge of fulvous. Another (No. 119G3), from the same locality, is still whiter below, with a rather browner cast above, wholly unvaried by spotting. Still anol her (No. 1 1 954), also from the same locality as the others, is decidedly reddish-brown, more varied with dusky above, while otherwise not different from the last. Others differ from these in being strongly fulvous beneath, with a more yellowish cast above. These can all be nearly matched by others from the Milk River series, collected some two hundred miles further west. The specimens most strongly suffused with tawny are from the Two Forks of Milk River and the Three Buttes, these averaging more fulvous than speci- mens from further eastward. Nos. 11975 (Three Buttes), 11953 (Two Forks of Milk River), and 11945 (Milk River at 49°) present a strong contrast with the pale phase already described, the lower surface being quite bright rusty- yellow. Between these extremes there is, however, almost every conceivable intermediate stage. Var. TOWNSENDI. TownsencPs Spermophile. Varietal chars. — Smaller than var. richardsoni, with larger ears and much darker coloration. Length of head and body 6 75 to 8.50; of tail to end of vertebras 2.10 to 3.50; to end of hairs 3.35 to 4.60. Above, finely varied with yellowish-gray and black, with generally a slight wash of dark reddish-brown along the middle of the back and very indistinctly mottled; below, grayish-white, tinged more or less with brownish-yellow. Top of the n >se, ears, outer side of the fore and bind limbs, and buttocks reddish-brown, often in striking contrast with the general coloration ; tail mostly black above, edged with yellowish-white. The hairs individually, especially the lateral ones, are barred successively with black, the outer bar being very broad and edged with yellowish- while. This variety is also represented by a large suite of specimens from aeon- S0IURID2E— SPEKMOPHILUS RICHARDSONI. 851 siderable number of localities, through which its complete intergradation with the larger, paler, and more fulvous form of the north is clearly shown. In its extreme phase, var. townsendi is widely different in color from var. richardsoni, yet the extreme phases of differentiation are intimately and insep- arably connected. There is, likewise, a wide range of individual variation, as shown by the Camp Carling and Fort Bridger series, not only in respect to coloration, but in the size of the ears and the length of the tail, as is also the case in var. richardsoni. In No. 3378, from Fort Bridger, the general color above is decidedly blackish, varied with pale yellowish-brown. No. 3374 is less black, and is strongly washed with pale reddish-brown. No. 3370 is more grayish, but still largely varied with black and more faintly washed with pale reddish- brown. The darkest phase represents the S. armatus of Kennicott, while the lighter is his S. elegans, as shown by his types. Others, from the same localities as the above, showing a tendency to small indistinct quadrate spots, are his S. townsendi. Between these is every possible shade of intergradation. With the greater duskiness of the general color of the dorsal surface, the prevailing color of the tail is black, both above and below. There is gener- ally a distinct basal bar of black in addition to the broad outer one, which, in the northern form, is but faintly indicated. The darkest specimen is one from Soda Springs, Oreg., which is nearly black above, profusely and finely mottled with yellowish-gray. The tail is dark ochrey-brovvn and black, edged with whitish-gcay. The skull is not different in size or other characters from average adult examples from other localities further eastward. In both this variety and var. richardsoni, the tail-vertebrae alone vary fully an inch in length. In the table of measurements, the northern form appears to have much the longer tail ; but the series of over sixty specimens of var. richardsoni shows that in the average there is no material difference in respect to this character in the two forms. Many of the northern specimens have tails as short as any of the southern examples, while some of the southern specimens have tails as long as the longest northern-tailed examples. A part of the apparent difference in respect to the length of the tail as given in the tables is perhaps due to different methods of measurement. GENERAL REMARKS RESPECTING SPERMOPH1LUS RICHARDSONI AKD ITS VARIETIES. Differential characters and affinities. — Spermophilus richardsoni approaches quite nearly in size to S. franklini, but, in color, proportions, and 852 iMONOC.KAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTFA. texture of the pelage, the two are entirely distinct, and, as respects the form of the skull, arc almost at the opposite extremes of the genus. In coloration, S. richardsoni, as represented in some phases of var. townsendi, makes a close approach to S. mollis, so that half-grown specimens of the former, in a bad stale of preservation, might l>e distinguished with difficulty from S. mollis. The two species are, however (as will be shown later), radically different. N. richardsoni hence has no very intimately allied American affine. Its rela- tionship to some of the Spermophiles of the Old World seems to be somewhat closer than to any American species. The coloration of the mottled phase of var. townsendi somewhat resembles that of S. guttatus, to which it was referred by Richardson and subsequently by other authors, on the ground of Richard- sou's description. Audubon and Bachman state that they compared a speci- men of their S. townsendi with specimens of S. gvttatus in the Berlin Museum, and found that though there was "a general resemblance" between them, they were "scarcely more alike than the Red Squirrel of Europe (Sciurus vulgaris) and the Red Squirrel of America (Sciurus hudsonius)" . They add : — "They may be distinguished from each other at a glance hy the large rounded spots on the back of the Russian animal, compared with the white and irregular specks in the American species." Two examples of S. guttatus now before me seem to fully bear out this latter statement. t' the Rocky Mountains, obtained by Mr. Douglass. As late as 1839, he had not satisfied himself of its distinctness from the Old World 8. guttatus, at which date lie referred to it as inhabiting the "banks of the Col bia and New Caledonia, on the mountains".* In 1839, Bach- nian described his SpermophUus toionsendi from specimens obtained "near Walla- Walla" in Oregon, by Mr. Townsend, Bachman at this time regarding it as distinct from both 8. richardsoni and Richardson's guttatus. In 1853, however, he considered it as identical with the guttatus of Richardson, which he had satisfied himself was distinct from the Siberian guttatus of Pallas and Temminck, S. townsendi was redescribed by Baird in 1857, from one of Bachman's specimens, under the same name. In 1858, Mr. Drexler collected a suite of some thirty specimens in the vicinity of Fort Bridgerj Utah. These Mr. Robert Kennicott later referred in part to S. townsendi and in part to his S. elegans and S. armatus, described by hi in as new species in 18Go. Since this date, a large number of specimens have been brought in by different collectors from various localities in Wyo- ming, Montana, and Dakota, which serve to throw much light upon the rela- tionship of these several supposed species, and show beyond question that all are specifically referable to S. richardsoni, though differing, as already shown, quite widely from the northern type of this animal, as described by Sabine and Richardscn. As already detailed, S. richardsoni, as represented in the United States, within and to the westward of the Rocky Mountains, is smaller, much darker colored, and otherwise different from the S. richard- soni of Sabine. The abundant material now at command (embracing nearly one hundred and fifty specimens) shows also a wide range of individual vari- ation, and that the S. "elegans", S. "armatus", and S. "townsendi" refer respectively merely to the light, dark, and mottled phases of one and the same animal, all of which occur at the same locality. Three years since, I was myself led by immature specimens from near the original locality of S. toionsendi to confound S. townsendi with the smaller and entirely distinct S. mollis.^ * Zoo!, of Beecbey's Voy. p. 7. t That Bachman's S. townsendi is not the S. mollis of Kennicott is evident from its larye size, Hach- inan giving tbe length of bis S. townsendi as 8.75, exclusive of the -tail. I have recently received from Captain Charles Beudire a specimen of a Spermophile, from near Camp Harney, that agrees in size and coloration with Bachman's S. townsendi. The corresponding measurements of two specimens of Rich- ardson's " gntlntusf" are 8.50 and 9.50. These authors both refer to the very small size of the ear in their SCIQRID^;— SPERMOrniLUS RICHARDSONI. 855 Geographical distribution. — The exact limits of the range of S. rich- ardsoni still remain unknown. Richardson gives its range as not extending beyond latitude 55°,* and as being a common inhabitant of the plains between the north and south branches of the Saskatchewan River. Along the forty- ninth parallel, it occurs, according to Dr. Coues, abundantly as far eastward as the Pembina Mountains,! and is common thence westward to the Rocky Mountains. It occurs southward along the James River to its sources, and probably throughout the more northern portions of the Territories to the westward. J There are numerous specimens in the National Museum from various localities in Western Montana, Western Wyoming, Northern Utah, and Eastern Oregon. It is also reported by Richardson from the western slope of the Rocky Mountains north of the forty-ninth parallel. The most southern localities represented are the Laramie Plains and the Medicine Bow Mountains. Var. richardsoni is quite typically represented for some distance south of the forty-ninth parallel, in Dakota and Montana; but more to the southward and westward, including Southern Montana, Western Wyoming, and thence westward, it gives place to var. townseridi. examples, an apparent objection to referring these names to any form of w Ph W a fc 5957 9 d 0.72 1.32 1.75 7.25 2.50 3.57 1.00 1.50 0.24 "S.eleganj." ....do. 5951 do 0.80 1.42 1.68 7.25 2.35 3.40 1.05 1.53 0.30 ...do 5953 do d 0.75 1.32 1.05 7.00 2.30 3.35 1.05 1.53 0.20 ...do .. do. 5956 do d 0.72 1.35 1.75 6.70 2.10 0.97 1.55 0.24 ...do ....do. 5952 5958 do do d 9 0.61 0.75 1.40 1.50 1.65 1.78 6 75 7.50 2.50 2.30 0.20 0.20 ...do ..do .. do. "S.armatus." 3.35 1.02 1. (30 5050 do 9 0.80 I. CO 2.10 8.25 2.25 3.50 1.10 1.C0 0.25 ...do ...do. 5960 do 9 0.83 1.50 1. 85 7.80 2.15 1. 05 1.58 0.25 ...do ...do. SCIUKID^E— SPERMOPHILUS EICLIALiDSONI AND VA1JS. 857 Table XCIX. — Measurements of aire skulls of Spermopiiilu.h richardsoni var.. richardsoni. o a «j a S> St of CD a | go O £ ° <*- a * *E1 c £ o — a. P © _- n » - S3 fcn a ti © 2 u '3 /a a bl * ^0 CD a © O ■s a '3 "3 V fs Is e a o so © « 3 O o a o 3= .S £ © ~ — * CD 11 a a a t-. ** o © a 5 •■-5 u © u © ed 03 e. S p. « O O (/: H a P fc fc fc P p P E> P t-l 6630 Source of James R . . 1. 75 1. 10 0. 40 o.eo' 0.15 0.52 0.95 0.28 0.15 0.40 1.08 0.48 063 1 do i.eo 1.15 0.42 0. CO 0.18 0.50 0.95 0.30 0.17 0.45 1.10 0.50 6632 do 1.82 1. 15 o. -a o.co 0.51 0.28 0.18 1.10 3208 75 miles west of Pembina Mts. a 1.90 1.27 0. 4G 0. 07 0.20 0.32 0.57 1.00 0.25 0.19 0.48 1.16 0.53 3310 do ? 1.78 0.40 0. 65 0.17 0.30 0.51 0.97 0.45 1.08 0.49 ...... 3741 La Riviere Lac a 1.78 1.17 0.40 0.02 0.20 0.32 0.50 0.98 0.27 0.18 0.40 1.06 0.55 3345 3311 Turtle Mt 1.86 1.82 0.37 0.3G 0.G7 0.17 0.30 0.55 1.03 0.26 0.20 0.45 1.15 1.08 0.50 0.49 25 miles east of Tur- tle Mt. 3112 do s MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMEIUCAN RODENT1A. Tuu.i CI. — Li»i of tpccimena examined of .Sri.i.'Miiriin.rs kiciiakdsoni var. uicuardsoni. 3 u IS a a i 5 . c = s p S-'S t •- c — a a a a Tt o « CD OB ■a a 3 K w Locality. When collected. Prom w li"ui re- ceh I'd. Collected by — a ib a c (B O o 3 11905 11945 11966 11961 11946 1 1953 11943 11955 11 '.154 11950 11 '.157 11960 1 1959 119 - 11963 11986 11946 11952 11940 1 1961 119(14 11527 11530 11531 11594 »5."9 11528 11525 11520 U5S3 11970 11979 11941 11968 11 169 11938 11962 11980 11977 11968 11 '.151 11973 111171 11949 11976 111171 11978 11937 11030 11947 11944 .... 1285 1284 4282 4257 4258 4226 4225 4201 4203 4205 4174 4206 4202 4175 4178 4205 4212 4204 4100 cf 9 d 9 9 9 9 cf 9 d cf 9 9 Milk Rivor.ai 49 , Mont do do July 25,1874 Jul- 25,1874 July 25, 1874 July 21, 1874 July 21, 1874 July 15,1874 July 15, 1674 July 12, 1874 July 10, 1874 July 10, 1874 July 8,1874 July 10, 1874 July 10, 1874 July 8, 1874 July 9, 1874 July 10, 1874 July 10, 1674 July 10, 1874 June 30, 1874 July 28, 1874 Aug. 28, 1874 July 17, 1873 July 17, 1873 July 17, 1873 July 18, 1873 July 18, 1873 July 18, 1873 July 22, 1873 July 23, 1873 Sept. 13, 1873 Aug. 12, 1874 Aug. C, 1874 Aug. 12, 1374 Aug. 12, 1874 Aug. 12, 1874 An.'. 12, 1874 Aug. 9, 1*74 Aug. 12, 1871 Aug. 12, 1871 Aug. 12,1874 Aug. 9,1874 Aug. 10, 1874 Aug. 12, 1874 Aug. 12, 1*74 Aug. 0, 1874 Aug. 8,1874 Aug. 12,1874 Aug. 12, 1874 Aug. 10,1874 Aug. 12, 1874 Aug. 12, 1874 Aug 1 ■:, 1*7 1 A. Campbell ....do ...do ....do ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do ....do ... do ...do . ..do .. do Dr.E.Coucs.... ...do ...do .. do Skin. ..do. do. do. Two Forks, Milk River, Moot. do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do do. do. do. ..do. do. do. do. do. . do. do do Frenchman's River, Mont do do do do do do ...do . .. do. ilo ...do ...do ...do ..do .. do ... do do. do. do. do. do. . .do. ...do. Skinnndakull. do do ilo do Near mouth of Milk Kiver Wolf Kiver, Mont .... 41122 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3345 3357 3749 4212 4326 4407 4420 4418 4408 4374 4406 1421 4420 4375 4391 1410 1416 1325 13 16 44111 4411 4390 II"'' 4417 4415 cf cf cf 9 cf cf cf cf cf • •• d" , f cf .■ cf cf cf 9 c? c* 9 ? cf cf 9 9 Chief Mountain, 49° N 75 milea west of Pembina Mts do ....do ...do do ...do ...do ...do .... do ...do ...do . do ...do ...do .. do do. ...do. do. do. ...do. 25 miles east of Turtle Mt do do ...do ...do ... do ...do Turtle Mountain, Dak do ...do .. do ...do ....do do. do. Skin. do La Riviere Lac, Dak Three Buttes, Mout ...do .... ... do do ...do ...do ...do do ... do do ...do ...do. ..do . do. do do ilo . do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do do . do ...do do .. do ...do do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do do do do do . do do ...do ...do ...do .. ...do ..do do .... do do do ..do do ...do do do do ..do do do do do .. . do. do do ..do ...do ...do. do do do. do. do. do ...do ... do .. do ...do do SCIUPJD^— SPERMOPHILUS KICIIARDSONI AND VARS. 859 Table CI. — List of specimens examined of Spermopiulus richardsoni var. richardsoni — Continued. u B 3 a 01 s to . o c u 3 3 fl X — U 1 3 a a « 'E O Si R •a Q 03 M V CO Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — B 01 3 lit o •A 11950 11975 8423 8425 8424 8426 0631 0630 6632 4413 4414 385 383 389 386 ? o d Aug. 12, 1874 Aug. 12, 1874 July 26, 1865 July 20, 1865 July 27, 1865 July 27, 1865 A. Campbell ...do Dr. E. Cones.... ...do Skin. .. do. do Sources of the James It., Dak. .. do General Sully . . . ....do ....do ...do S.M.lvOtbbammer ...do Skin and skull. ...do. .. do ...do . . do. .. do .. ....do Skin. Table CII. — List of specimens examined of Spermophilus richardsoni var. townsendi. c = 2 3 a » 3721 5318 3775 3368 3369 3372 3373 3379 3380 3360 3363 3304 3360 3307 33:0 3372 3370 3378 3381 4221 5957 5951 5952 5953 5954 5955 5956 5957 5958 5960 11104 11105 11116 11115 9834 4810 4803 4809 H259 13200 152 108 169 ICO 233 40 454 728 010 261 455 107 223 140 375 Locality. Walla- Walla, Oreg... Soda Springs, Oreg. .. Camp Floyd, Utah T.. Fort Bridger, Utah T. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do ... do .....do .... do do do Teton Canon do do Henry's Fork Pleasant Valley, Utah When collected. Aug. 23, 1870 Mar. 9, 1859 Apr. 11,1858 Apr. 11, 1858 Apr. 11, 1858 Apr. 11,1858 Apr. 17,1858 Apr. 14, 1858 , 1858 June 25, 1808 June 10, 1868 May 2, 1868 May 20, 1868 Apr. 11, 1808 Apr. 15, 1868 Apr. 2, 1868 May 19, 1808 Oct. 20, 1808 July 29, 1872 Aug. 1,1872 Aug. 1, lr-7-J Aug. 9, 1672 June 29, 1871 From whom rccoived U. S. Ex. Exped Capt. Cbas. Bendire Capt. J. H.Simpson W. M. F. Magraw . . . do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Dr. F. V. Hoyden.. .... do do do do Collected by — T. E. Teele Capt. Cbas. Bendire C. S. McCarthy C. Drexler do ...do. ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do . ...do . ...do. ...do . ...do. ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do . ...do. ...do . ...do . ...do . ...d» . do C. II. Meniani do •.. do do F.J. Hose .... Skin. Skin and skull Skin. Skin and skull. Skin. Skin and skull Skin. Skin and skull. Skin. Skin and skull, ..do. Skin. ..do. ..do. . .do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. Skin aud skull. Alcoholic. ..do. ..do. ..do. . do. . do. .do. . do. ..do. ..do. Skin and skull. ..do. Skin. ..do. . do. 660 .MONOGKAl'llS OF SOUTH AMERICAN UODENTIA. Table CH.—Listof specimens examined of Spehmopuilts hichardsoni var. towksendi — Continued. - 5 u V a s i a tx . o = ~E 3 o S e - u — a — ■ - E ! o ^ - O = s R "3 a « "E O & :t es •3 a - I.OC.l'lt J When colleoted. I'lnui u hom received Collected by — a 3 s DD <— O CD 3 tf 'A 10 J ■■-- 4283 4293 1280 4291 1280 5830 9640 9f,41 90 12 9643 9639 3043 1003 1 4295 307D :o:4 3078 3077 7011 3070 43-.J8 3831 3882 4281 9831 9630 9832 1325" 4814 35 48 84 B7 5 39 24 38 89 3 Pleasant Valloy, Utah Wind River Mountains ilo Dr. I'. V. Hayden.... do Dr. F. V. iiayden.... do Skin, do. do. June 1, I860 June 4, I860 June 4, 18C0 Juue 1, 1860 May 31, 1860 June—, 1860 do 9 do do do do do do do do do ...do. do ...do. do do Camp Carling, Mont T do do do ...do. ...do do .. do. do W. T. Schmidt ...do. ...do do .. do. do do do do. do. do. . . . do. ...do. do do do do do July 23, 1857 Dr.W. A. Hammond W. M. F. Mitgraw . . do Dr.W. A. Hammond do Medicine Row Mts — North Platte, Wyo. T do July 24, 1857 July 28, 1857 do Skin and skull. Skin. Skin and skull. ...do. Gov. L I. Stevens LtF.T. Bryan ...do Dr. Geo. Suckley — W. S. Wood Xllir. 3303 3304 343 352 do do do do. Skin. Skull. Skin. ..do. ...do. 364 365 323 3:4 0* ■ 9 do July 30, 1857 do . do . do do Medicine Bow Mts. . . North Platte, Wyo. T. Head of Twenty-five- Mile River, Nebr. July 25, 1657 Aug. 3. 1857 July 1,1860 .. do do do J.H.Crook Gov. I. J. Stevens do do J. H. Crook ...do. do do ..do. 13257 94 17 15 10 11 Smith's Fork, Mont. T Fort Ellis, Mont. T.... ..do July 7, 1860 July 11, 1860 July 11, 1871 July 1, 1871 July 1,1871 Dr. F. V. Hayden... do do Dr. F. V. Hayden ...do. ...do. do Skin and skull. Skin. ...do. 20 miles south of Vir- giniaCity, Mont. T. CO utiles sonth of Vir- ginia City, Mont. T. do .. do ...do . do SPERMOPHILUS MOLLIS Kennicott. Short tailed Spermophile. Spcrmophilus moW* KENNICOTT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 157. SpermophUus townsendi var. mollis Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 290. Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 6.00 to 6.50; of tail to end of vertebrae about 1.75; to end of hairs about 2.50. Above, finely variegated pale yellowish-brown and dusky ; lower parts gray, washed with pale creamy- yellow. Eyelids yellowish-white ; sides of face and neck yellowish-brown ; tail above, likelhe back, edged with whitish, and with a very indistinct dusky SCIURID^E— SPERMOPHILUS MOLLIS. 861 subterminal band ; tail below brownish-yellow, edged with whitish. Ears nearly obsolete ; muzzle much compressed ; tail very short, flattened. Pelage very soft and furry. In coloration, tliis species somewhat resembles S. spilosoma, but shows no tendency to spotting. It differs from it also in its fine, soft, instead of coarse, harsh pelage, in having a very much shorter and more flattened tail, and in being rather smaller. The muzzle is also much narrower, and the auditory bullae are much, less inflated. The anterior half of the dorsal surface in S. mollis is uniform yellowish-brown, faintly varied with gray and dusky, with no tendency to differentiation into spots; more posteriorly, the dorsal surface tends to a mottled appearance, but the light spots are very small and indistinct. In coloration, S. mollis approaches very closely to some phases of S. richardsoni var. townsendi, particularly as seen in the types of Mr. Kenni- cott's S. uelegans", but it is on the whole more yellowish, especially over the shoulders; it lacks also the brownish nose-patch, and the tendency to differ- entiation into spots is less marked. It differs further from var. toitnsendi in being nearly one-half smaller, in having smaller ears, a narrower and less bushy tail, and in its strongly compressed muzzle. There are also well- marked cranial differences aside from those resulting from size. Full-grown skulls of S. mollis give a length of only 1.45 against a length, in correspond- ing skulls of var. townsendi, of 1.85 ; widtli of the former 0.95 ; of the latter 1.20. The skulls of S. mollis have a relatively much greater interorbital breadth, while the facial portion of the skull is relatively much the narrower, with narrower and longer nasals. The zygomatic arches are also much less expanded posteriorly, giving to the skull quite a different lateral outline. This form appears to have been first described (as above indicated) by Mr. Kennicott, in 1SG3, from specimens collected at Camp Floyd, Utah, and other neighboring localities. Other specimens have since been obtained in Nevada and Utah. Its exact geographical range remains unknown. It is evidently a species very distinct from its nearest allies, though it strongly resembles in coloration some phases of S. richardsoni var. toivnsendi, from young examples of which, as represented by badly prepared skins, it is not readily distinguishable. In my preliminary notice of these forms, I provis- ionally referred 8. mollis to S. townsendi, but a re-examination of the subject, aided by additional material, has shown this reference to be erroneous. 862 MONOCKAI'lIK OF NORTH AMERICAN UODENTIA. T.mii.k CHI. — Measurements of four specimens of SPBBMOFHILUS mollis. M a a a © U o 1 Locality. M a* to From tip of no.so to — Tail to end of— Length of— a © o -a "© w P e 1 £ s. 09 o 69 □ 43 rt © N u rt w A O '3 H V Pi V B M '3 s p c 5 4793 4193 5948 4953 9 o 9 0. 58 0.70 0.G0 0.52 1.20 L30 1.15 1.15 1.43 1.52 1.40 1.45 .MO 6.50 4.50 6.10 1.15 1.20 0.92 1. 80 1.05 2.10 1.60 2.52 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.72 1.75 1.10 1.12 1.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.07 Alcoholic. ....do. ... do. ... do. do Rocky Mountains Table CIV. — Measurements of two skulls of Spermofiiilus mollis. »c © o +5 s i -a a 3 M 9 .3 5 o a © -a -a 5 O a o £ 5 if a a «3 '© — a, > * ■ "5 ■P a © £ -p P Locality. .3 fc 9 CO GO M o £ tii © £ CO M o .2 & (- 03 R © i tc E "5 . o £ © © H .5 * g Si fe t= O p p ^ — t- O "3 © 13 a © 03 GO rt 03 CO 03 11 S..S p.-p b GO P. a £ © p © © 6Jj A C D. +a © © U . H O 5 fc ft B p P P P P iJ i-5 4953 ? 1.45 0.95 0. 35 0.53 0. 13 0.26 0.44 0.80 0.22 0,14 0.30 0.91 0.40 4793 1.45 0.98 0.31 0.50 0.44 0.77 0.33 o.co Table CV. — List of specimens-examined of Sfermophilus mollis. Cm O u s -p 5 s a © to . S c a *3 3 St „• a x 5 v. 1" = B -a © -P a a a "rt a 3 u o 9 « a es n a. CO Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by— □ o a *© © ft GO c © M a a ft 3777 3775 189 9322 4952 4953 11134 4792 4793 5940 4798 5012 161 152 71 9 9 Camp Floyd, Utah — do Mar. 18, 1859 Mar. 9, 1859 May 9, 1859 June — , 1808 Capt. J. H. Simpson do C.S. McCarthy do Skin and sknll. Skin. do. . . . do. Goehoot Mountains... Carson Desert, Ncv . . . do do Skin and (jknlL Alcoholic. Skin. Alcoholic, ...do. do 6 Ross's Fi.rk, Idaho Tor Siuyakwatum Depot. Sept. 3, 1872 Dr. F. V. Hayden ... do C. N. Merriam Dr. C. B. R. Kennedy do do ...do .. .. do. SCIURIDyE— SPERMOPHILUS TEBETIOAUDUS. 863 SPERMOPHILUS TERETICAUDUS Baird. Fort Yuma Spermophile. Spermophilus tereticaudus Baikd, Mam. N. Amer. 18">7, 315; U. S. and Mex. Bouud. Survey, ii, pt. ii, 1859, 3H, pi. vii, fig. 2, bead and feet; pi. xxii, fig. 4, skull. — Allen, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist. xvi, 187*4, 291. Specific chars. — Length of head and body about G.00 ; of tail to end of vertebras 3.60 to 4.40 ; to end of hairs about 4.75. Above, finely varied with yellowish-brown and gray, without distinct spots; beneath, pale brown- ish-white. Tail above, concolor with the back, with indistinct annulations, and a faint, subterminal, dusky bar; color below like that of the ventral surface of the body. Ears very small, nearly obsolete. Tail slender, not appreciably flattened, the vertebrae alone rather more than half the length of the head and body. Soles and muzzle densely pilose. Differs very little in general proportions from S. mexicanus, but is considerably smaller, its size being nearer that of »S'. spilosoma, which it almost exactly resembles in cranial characters. It differs from it radically in coloration and in its much longer and more slender tail. The peculiar combination of characters presented by this species renders it very distinct from its nearest allies, S. mexicanus and S. spilosoma. It wholly lacks the reddish coloration and distinct white spots that characterize these species, while its tail is more terete and the general form of the body perhaps rather more slender. It is known as yet only from the specimens described by Professor Baird in his original account of the species, published twenty years ago. These were all collected at Fort Yuma, Cal., by Maj. G. H. Thomas. They consist of one skin and a skull and three examples in alco- hol, all in rather bad condition. Table CVI. — Measurements of three specimens of Spermophilus tep.eticaudus. u 4) a s 0 p O O Locality. ■A a From tip of nose to — Tail to end of— LeD^thof— h O a ft a P. o o H 8 ■a u ■D > CO o •s © C o o <2 -a a n 2490 138; 1584 o cf 0.55 0.08 1.11 1.28 1.10 1.38 1.60 4. 10 6.08 5.25 2.80 :!. CO 4.42 3.27 4.84 0.75 0.90 1.20 1.30 1.36 0.10 Alcoholic. ....do. do do ....do. si; 4 MOMN.K.M'IIS OF NORTH AMERICAN KOMONTIA. Table CVIL— Measurements of tiro skulls of Spermophilus tereticaddus. c o . -c d *j J3 a Locality. J= O a V & — ' □ ft .2 •a a p a 09 c * - & E <- a c £ a J3 ffl — u si 3 a B ti a 2a "5 3 ,- -3 «" O g s c AS — f U f ^ a aj o 1 6 CJ c t. % s* a y ja o m Of o ,3 — ^ i. a ,ri * t- a> «-3 ►! 3 - 3 efl *5 rt £'2 S..S ^- £ s.y © © O es e. - i. H O Q fc fc fc 1= P P P 0 t-S hS 2419 Fort Yuma, Cal d 1.42 0.85 0.32 0. 45 0.12 0.20 0.38 0.74 o.so 0.15 0.30 0.80 0.45 1 : 85 .. do a — e St o '9 O CO H a P fc £ P P P £• 0 rl £ 1123 1131 El Paso, Tex 9 1.S5 1.45 0.97 0.95 0.35 0.33 0.46 0.46 0.17 0.16 0.43 0.40 0.78 0.75 0.35 0.30 0.15 0.14 0.31 0.30 0.87 0.83 0.42 0.38 do 1651 1.55 0.33 0.50 0.41 0. 75 0.85 0.42 Table CX. — Measurements of fire specimens of Spekmopiiilus spilosoma. a> ■3 a. s a g, o *3 o Locality. M W O o 03 o a CM o ft ■5 li Tail to end of- o <2 o ti s s a a '3 o B. IB o Amer. p. 322. do El Paso 9 do Table CXI. — List of specimens examined of Spf.rmophilus spilosoma. 9 U 3 £t a U ■ a 3S © £ B& — — •^ a gl 01 M o O ta [059 •JltlJ 1651 1043 3316 3619 143 1134 141 1123 9 Locality. Chihuahua .do Janos, Sonora Fort Stanton, N. Mex. El Paso, Tex .do When collected. Apr. — , 1855 — , 1855 — , 1852 — , 1852 From whom received. J.Potts ...do Maj. W. H. Emory . ...do ...do ...do Collected by— J.Potta ...do Dr.C.B.R. Kennedy Dr. T. C. Henry J.H.Clark ...do Skin. Skin and skull. do. Skin. Skin and skull. do. . SPERMOPHILUS OBSOLETUS Kennicott. Kemiicott's Spermophile. Spermophilus obsohlus Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 157. Spermqphilus spilosoma var. obsoletus Allen, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 291. Specific chaks.— Size and form of S. spilosoma. Length 5.80 to 6.50; tail to end of vertebrae 2.25 to 2.50 ; to end of hairs 3.00 to 3.50. Above, dull yellowish-brown, indistinctly spotted with lighter, especially posteriorly, SCIURID/E— SPERMOPHILUS OBSOLETUS. 807 and in the younger specimens ; beneath, strongly yellowish-white. The spots on the back are bordered posteriorly with black. The tail is terete toward the base, broader and tufted at the end ; above, basally colored like the back, toward the end varied with black, and with a subterminal black border edged with yellowish-white. Ears nearly obsolete; soles either naked or hairy, according to the season ; nails long, slender, and moderately curved. This form is closely related to S. spilosoma, to which I formerly referred it as a variety, and I am still far from sure that such is not its true relation- ship. The two forms, in their extreme phases of differentiation, are quite widely different in coloration, but in the younger stages they are almost inseparable. The skull of S. obsoletus is rather narrower in proportion to its length than that of jS. spilosoma, and the nasals are longer. In size, proportions, form of the tail, and markings, the two are identical, but the tone of the coloration is quite different. In S. spilosoma, the general color above is light reddish- brown or cinnamon ; in S. obsoletus, pale yellowish-brown. Some of the younger specimens of obsoletus, as No. 3223, from the Laramie Plains, show a decided cast of reddish, and are scarcely distinguishable from examples of spilosoma from Texas. Its recognition as specifically distinct from S. spilo- soma is merely provisional and made with much doubt. S. obsoletus was first described by Mr. Kennicott, in 1863, from speci- mens collected in Southern Wyoming, Dakota, and Utah, in 1857 and 1858. The subjoined list of specimens shows it to range from the Black Hills and Fort Kearney westward to Utah. Nothing further is known respecting its distribution, and none of the recent expeditions to this region have apparently met with it. It is to be hoped that future explorers will be able to add to our knowledge of its history. Table CXII. — Measurements of three skulls of Spermophilus obsoletus. o © T3 «a CD to 2 o a « ,9 CD C s o _ Q- ~ CM □ CD S to a Locality. *» •o S= & P P P (J S 1441 Laredo, Tex 1. 7.1 1.00 n. 35 0. 55 0.18 0.30 0.55 0. 95 0.21 0.17 0.35 1.00 0.46 1G54 203 Pesquiera Grande, Mexico 1.05 0.93 0.35 0.57 0.17 O.M 0.50 0.8? 0.25 0.15 0.30 0.90 0.46 ' Thesaurus, vol. i, p. 7(5, pi. xlvii, fig. 2, 1734. SCIUIUD^E— SPERM0PI1I.LUS TPIDEOEMLINEATUS. 871 Table CXVI. — Measurements of eight specimens of Spermopiiilus mexicanus. © a a © 3 o "5 o Locality. w From tip of nose to- Tail to end of- Length of — u rt o ■a .2° w a © a o Ot BQ O ffi u ei m ea S u O rt H e > 03 'rt w a © o o S S 2498 2499 2500 135 139 352 1719 2656 cT 9 9 0.80 0.85 0.85 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.85 1.85 1.90 8.00 7.25 7. 15 8.50 8.S5 8.50 e.so 7.00 4.00 4.25 4.25 4.50 4.50 5.90 5.20 l.OO 0.95 0.90 1.60 1.55 1.55 1.50 1.25 1.82 1.65 0.23 0.25 0.20 Alcoholic. ...do. ...do. Skin. .. do do do do 5.75 5.95 1.10 .. do. ...do. Fort Bliss, N. Mex 9 0.70 1.50 1.80 0.17 Alcoholic. Table CXVII. — List of specimens examined of Spermophilus mexicanus. o s .B s B a © 3 M . o a rt * O a 3 B M . B — « 3 o OT B, <•- » o S * o to a 3 B "3 a o « to rt B rt M ermophitus tridecemlineatus Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 294, pi. xxxix.— Hoy, Pat. Off. Kep. Agr. 1853 (1854), 68 (habits).— Kennicott, ib. 1856 (1857), 74, pi. viii (general history). — Baihd. Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 316 (in part). — Thomas, Trans. 111. Slate Agr. Soo. iv, 1860, 657.— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1870, 189 (Iowa). Spermophilus tridecemlineatus var. tridecemlineatus Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 291. 872 MONOGEAPHS OF NORTH AMEBIOAN EODENTIA. imi/a hoodi Sabine, Trans, Linn. Soc. xiii, 1822, 590, pi. xxix : Franklin's Journal, 1823,663 (Carlton Bona I i-' her, Synop. Main. 1829, 544 (from Sabine).— Wagner, Schrebor's Saugot. pL ccxe (name "ii plate). j,. tomyt (Spermophilus) hoodi Richardson, Faun. I!or.-Amcr. i, 1829, 177, pi. xiv. SpermophUus hoodi "F.CuviER, Suppl. Buffon, i, Mainni. 1331, 337".— Maximilian, Reiso in d. innere Nord-Amer. i, 1839, 149; Arch. f. Naturgesch. 1861, B4.— Wagner, Snppl. Schrebor's Siitiget. iii, 1843, 251.— Brandt, Bull. Fhysico-matb. Classe Acad. St. Pctersb. ii, 1844, 379.— Schinz, Syn. Main, ii, 1845, 69. — Giebel, Siiuget. 1855, 636. Federation Squirrel, Mitch ill, I.e. Leopard Ground Squirrel, Schoolcraft, Travels, 1821, 331 (name in indox). 1 1 nn mi i{ In Federation, Desmarest, 1. c. Striped American Marmot, Sabine, I. o. Striped mid Spotted Ground Squirrel, Say, Long's Exped. ii, 1823, 174.— Kennicott, I.e. SpernwphiU rayf, F. Cuvier, Hist, des Mamm. livr. xlvi, 1824. Hood's Marmot, GoDMAN.l. c. Leopard Marmot, Richardson, I.e. I in- Leoparden-Ziesel, Wagner, I.e. Leopard-Spermophile, Audubon & Bachman, 1. c. Striped Gopher, or Prairie Ground Squirrel, Hoy, 1. c. Striped Prairie Squirrel, Baird, 1. c. Var. pallidus. Pale Striped Spcrmophilc. Spermophilus trideeemlineatus WOODHOUSE, Sitgreaves's ZuSi and Colorado River Exped. 1853, 52 (Ind. Terr.).— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 316 (in part).— Suckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. pt. iii, 1859,98 (in part).— Hayden, Trans. Amor. Phil. Soc. Fhila.xii, 1863, 147— Allen, Bull. Essex Inst, vi, 1874, 49, 57.— Coues & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. West of 100th Merid. v, Zool. 1875, 120.— Grinnell, Ludlow's Black Hills of Dakota, 1875, 82. Spermophilus trideeemlineatus var. pallidus Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xri, 1874, 291. Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 5.50 to 8.50 ; of tail-vertebrae 2.75 to 4.00 ; of tail to end of hairs 3.75 to 5.50. Above dark chestnut- brown, varying with locality from pale chestnut-brown through reddish- chestnut to nearly black, with seven nearly uninterrupted lines of yellowish- white, extending from the forehead to the tail, and alternating with six lon- gitudinal rows of subquadrate yellowish-white spots ; below yellowish-white, varying to tawny, strongest on the sides; buttocks more ferrugineous ; eye- ring yellowish-white; upper surface of muzzle gray, sides and front yellow- ish ; tail narrow, black both above and below, varied somewhat with chestnut, and whitish-edged. The hairs are reddish-yellow basally, crossed by a broad band of black, and light-tipped. General form slender and Musteline ; ears very small, in the dried skin the auricle being little more than a slightly pro- jecting rim ; tail, with the hairs, generally rather more than half the length of tin' head and body. Var. tridecemlineatus. Varietal chars. — Length to base of tail 7.25 to 8.50; of tail-vertebrae 3.40 to 4.00; of tail to end of hairs 3.40 to 4.'5. Above deep chestnut- SCIURID2E— SPEKMOPIIILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS. 873 brown, varying to nearly black ; the white lines rather narrow, about one- third the width of the*interspaces ; sides strongly yellowish, varying to yellowish-rufous. The specimens referred to var. tridecemlineatus arc from the prairie region of the Mississippi Valley and northward, and differ from those referred to var. pallidus in being much larger and darker. The dark portion of the dor- sal surface is decidedly blackish, mixed generally more or less with very dark chestnut, but sometimes is clear, quite intense black, as in No. 11545, from Turtle Mountain, 49th parallel, and others from Pembina, Dak., Racine, Wis., and Northern Illinois. Others, however, from the same localities, show considerably more chestnut, some being clear dark chestnut, with very little black. The color of the lower surface also varies from pale yellowish-white to pale rufous. In No. 98G, from Racine, the sides of the neck, shoulders, and the breast are sirongly yellowish-rufous, and the buttocks brownish- rufous. There are generally three and sometimes four narrow but distinct and continuous yellowish-white stripes on each side of the median line, alter- nating with five broad dark ones, which are from three to four times the width of the light stripes. The middle of each dark space is traversed by an interrupted line of squarish, sharply-defined, yellowish-white spots, usually separated from each other by a dark interval about equalling their own length. Along the median line, especially anteriorly, they frequently tend to form a continuous narrow light line. Lower down on the sides of the body are one to two other shorter light stripes, more suffused with yellow, and separated by a dark space of about their own width, generally without light spots. Anteriorly, over the shoulders, the light spots in the dark spaces tend to become confluent, forming nearly unbroken light lines, alternating with dark ones of about the same width. In such cases, the second light line from the middle of the back, on either side, disappears at the shoulder, where the interrupted line ceases to be a continuous stripe. Hence, over the shoulders thepictura is resolved into seven continuous light stripes separated by broader dark ones. In about one specimen in thirty, the markings are irregular and the lines all broken and somewhat indistinct. Var. PALLIDUS. Vakietal chars. — Length to base of tail 5.75 to 6.75; of tail- vertebrae 2.75 to 3.50; of tail to end of hairs 3.50 to 4.25. Smaller; above paler, 874 monographs of north American rodentia. with the light stripes whiter, and wider, nearly equalling the interspaces; also mud) paler on Ihe sides and whiter below. * Specimens from different localities vary somewhat in color, the varia- tions being similar to those in var. tridecemlineatus, but less marked, The light stripes are generally grayish-white, sometimes suffused a little with vcllowish, and the dark interspaces are generally pale chestnut, varying to more dusky. The light stripes are generally more than half the width of the dark interspaces, and sometimes equal them. Among the palest and smallest examples are the specimens from Fort Union and the Yellowstone and Platte Rivers, an especially pale and small phase characterizing the Mauvaises Torres of the Upper Missouri region. GENERAL REMARKS UPON SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS AND ITS VARIETIES. Differential characters and affinities. — In pattern of coloration, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus quite strongly resembles S. mexicanus, but differs from it in having the ground-color of the dorsal surface much darker, and in the possession of continuous light stripes, alternating with interrupted lines of detached light spots, S. mexicanus having merely longitudinal rows of disconnected white spots, which cease at the occiput, instead of continuing over the top of the head to the forehead. S. mexicanus is also smaller, and has a longer tail, and differs in the characters of the skull, as already shown. In general form, and especially in the form of the skull, S. tridecemline- alus resembles S. franklini, but it is much smaller, with a much narrower tail and entirely different pattern of coloration. It hence has no very near American ally, and is still more distinct from any of the Old World Spermo- philes. The two varieties of S. tridecemlineatus, in their extreme phases, quite widely differ in respect to size and color, but agree in every detail of form, proportion, and pattern of coloration; var. pallidas being mereby a bleached, depanperate, desert form of tridecemlineatus. In var. pallidus, the tints are not only paler, but the light spots and stripes increase in breadtli at the expense of the darker ground-color. Var. pallidus reaches its extreme phase of differentiation in the driest portions of the plains and the desert regions more to the westward ; var. tridecemlineatus is most specialized over the fer- tile prairies of the Mississippi Valley and thence northward along the Red River and the region to the westward of Lake Winnipeg. Specimens from SCIUELDiE— SrEKMOrniLUS TEIDECEMLINEATCTS. 875 the eastern edge of the plains are intermediate in color and size between the two varieties ; those from Eastern Kansas and Eastern Nebraska, from as far west as Topeka and Fort Riley, are still referable to the eastern rather than the western race, but those from Western Nebraska, Western Kansas, and Colorado are distinctly referable to var. pallidus. In Fort Riley and Topeka specimens, the dark ground-color is more rufous, especially on the sides, and the light markings are of a clearer grayish-white. Synonymy and nomenclature. — The present species was first described by Dr. Mitchill in June, 1821, as Sclurus tridecemlineatus, from specimens collected during the summer of 1820, on the Upper Mississippi, by Professor Douglass of the United States Military Academy. It was redescribed by Sabine,* about eight months later, under the name of Arctomys hoodi, from specimens collected near Carlton House in May, 1820. While tridecemli- neatus has been almost universally adopted by American writers as the name of t his species of Spermophile, Sabine's later name of hoodi has been as uniformly adopted by English and European writers. The species has thus far escaped other synonyms. It has, however, been burdened with a great number of vernacular names, scarcely two authors having adopted the same vernacular appellation. In 1874, I briefly characterized the pale desert race as var. pallidus. Nuttall was probably the first naturalist who observed this animal, who, some years prior to its discovery at other localities, met with it at the Mandan village on the Upper Missouri, and, according to Say,f sent specimens of it to "several of his scientific friends in London" as early as 1814. It appears, however, to have been first described, as above stated, by Dr. Mitchill in 1821. Dr. Hoy and Mr. Kcnnicott have made interesting contributions to its biog- raphy, I he former noting especially its carnivorous, Weasel-like propensities. Geographical distribution. — The most northerly point at which this species has been observed seems to be the vicinity of Carlton House on the Saskatchewan, where Richardson states he found it quite common. It is abundant at the Red River Settlements and in the neighborhood of Pembina, and is doubtless common at all favorable localities between these points and the Saskatchewan River. In the United States, it has been met with at fre- * Dr. Sabine's paper was read before the Royal Society of London "Jan. 15, 1822", and was not published till some months later. Dr. Mitchill's description appeared in June, 1821. t Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, vol. ii, p. 174 (apparently quoted by Ilarlau without credit to the original authority). 876 MONOGRAPHS OF XOHTU AMERICAN UODENTIA. queni intervals from Minnesota westward to the Rocky Mountains and south- ward to Missouri and Western Texas. As shown by the subjoined lists of specimens, it has been taken at Eagle Pass (Texas), Fort Garland (Southern Colorado), Southwestern Wyoming, and Fort Bridger, Utah. Woodhouse also met with it on the prairies of the Cherokee Nation. It is abundant throughout the prairie region east of the Mississippi, from Minnesota and Wisconsin eastward to Northern Ohio. Kennicott states that its range in Illinois does not extend southward beyond latitude 39°. Table CXVIII. — Measurements of six skulls of Sr. tridecemlineatus var. tridecemlineatus. 0 « u o a n 3 5 CD 1 ■3 o a 1 a o 3 o J* it .2 be "3 -a CO ^3 cd ._ M T1 -a - « a CD a CD g ! a Locality. -»a % fc= ■f IS f, "ft co" t E a a 43 CO CO to O o £ o £ * U J£ >q & tt is J3 o ■s a o « £ tt i E3 43 CD S £ CD o 13 K "e3 C8 3 t- 1 CO i 03 '3 CO cS to « & S & a CD ft ft II a. ** 5* ° f-i CD u : If t_> to H o P fc fc fc P & (=1 o t h) ►J 1204 RaciDe, "Wis .... 1.57 0.90 0.30 0.50 0.19 0.26 0.49 0.79 0.25 0 17 0.29 0.92 0.37 13277 Pembina, D. T 9 d 9 d d 1.75 1.00 0.35 0.60 0.53 0.78 1327B 13275 I3j$76 13270 do do do do 1.60 1.67 1.72 1.83 0.98 1.10 1.12 0.33 0.30 0.35 0.37 0.60 0.55 0.56 0.60 0.19 0.49 0.52 0.52 0.60 0.32 0.31 0.3S 0.32 0.90 0.91 1.00 1.03 0.42 0.13 0.45 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.20 0.22 0.28 0.25 0.19 Table CXIX. — Measurements of two skulls of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus rar. pallidus. CD 43 .9 CD a o Si E rt & CD ti CD IS a s h B o *2 ■a tt 'S J3 F co "6 p CD 3 B a « Locality. .a CD — CD CO CO CD of CD 5 DO 1 3 a O CO "S o *- a w CD u a j3 CD CD o "5 ?. rt a 3 "b "3 *3 co 8.1 S a p. o CD ft S M CD CD CS 3 0 ft ft *^ &*> O H o w & & £ P f 0 t= M 1-1 3310 West of Laramie, Wyo. Ter 1.43 0.85 0.28 0.58 0.12 0.24 0.45 0.78 0.22 0.16 0.26 6591 Snatch Creek 1.68 1.02 0.35 0.60 0.20 0.28 0.60 0.93 0.26 0.20 0.30 0.95 0.45 SCIURID^— SPERMOPIIILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS. 877 Table CXX. — Measurements of twelve specimens of Sp. tridecemlineatus rar. tridecemlineatus. © ■a a s ■•} 09 H 'rt m o a a o B a n it . H 5* o o •= O 03 .= s a a A a th '£ O D bo rt •a a ea X ® Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by- a a *s c e © u a rt *2657 *2658 *2659 ■MA) *26G1 *26li2 11491 11687 UG88 11674 4[i7 51G 1411 747 749 989 99G 997 998 ... Park County, Colo do July 14, 1871 July 15,1871 July 26, 1871 July 26, 1871 July 28, 1871 July 28, 1871 Rocky Mt. Exped... do Allen and Bennett . . do Skin. ...do. or do do do ...do. ...do .... do do ...do. do do do ...do. do do do ...do. Dr. F.V.Hayden ... Lieut. G. M. Wheeler do J.H. Batty ...do. 141 100 207 280 South Park, Colo Dr. J. T. Rothrock . . do Alcoholic. Skin. ...do. do do H. W. Henshaw do Dr. J. T. Rothrock . . Mr. Kreutzfeldt do Alcoholic. Skin. ...do. Capt. E. G. Beckwith do A. Schott . . A. Schott ...do. * In Miisenm of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. SPERMOPHILUS FRANKLINI (Sabine) Lesson. Franklin's Spermophile; Gray beaded Spermophile. Arctomys franklini Sabine, Traus. Linn. Soc. xiii, 1822, 587, pi. xxvii; ibid. Narr. Franklin's Joum. 1822, 662 (Fort Enterprise and Cumberland House). — Harlan, Faun. Am. 1825, 167.— Godman, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 109.— Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1829, 343. Arctomys (Spermojihilus) franklini Riciiardson, Faun. Bor.-Am. i, 1829, 168, pi. xii. Spermophilm franklini Lesson, Man. de Mam. 1827. 244. — " F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, i, 1831, Mamm. 328." — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 244, pi. ccx, A ('' Arctomys Franklini Sabine" on plate).— Brandt, Bull. Physico-math. Classe Acad. St. P6torsb. ii, 1844, 379.— Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 248, pi. lxxxiv\ — Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 67. — Kenni- Cott, Patent Office Rep. 1856, Agricult. (1857), 79, pi. ix— Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 314, pi. xlvi, fig. 4 (skull).— Thomas, Trans. 111. State Agr. Soc. iv, 1881, 657.— Hayden, Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. xii, 1863, 145.— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1870, 189 (Iowa); xvi, 1874, 291. — Bishop, Forest and Stream, vii, 1877, 342 (its introduction into New Jersey). Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 9.00 to 10.50 ; of tail to end of vertebras 5.00 to 6.50 ; to end of hairs 6.25 to 8.50. Above, yellowish- brown, varied with black, the black chiefly in the form of small squarish spots ; eyelids white ; front and sides of head and neck, the thighs, and but- tocks pure gray ; top of head gray, sometimes varied more or less with yellowish-brown; below, grayish-white; tail grayish-white, with three lines of black, the outer quite broad and broadly edged with white. Ear small, about 0.20 high; tail-vertebrae about one-half the length of the head and body; tail distichous, hairs long and abundant; form rather slender; pelage harsh, consisting of coarse stiff hairs, without under fur. 56 m 882 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Different specimens vary in respect to the purity and darkness of the gray on the head and buttocks and in the depth of the yellowish-brown of the upper surface, which latter ranges from pale yellowish-brown to ocbry- brown. The Pembina specimens average considerably larger and paler than those from Illinois and Wisconsin and Southern Minnesota. While the southern specimens do not exceed 9.00 in length, the Pembina specimens range generally above 10.00. This species is one of the most strongly marked of the genus, and can- not, by any possibility, be confounded with any other. It was first described by Sabine in 1822, and subsequently by Richardson, Kennicott, and Baird. Though a common animal of the prairies of Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, it was unknown even to Audubon and Bachman, as late as 1851, except from Sabine's and Richardson's descriptions, and a specimen brought in by Town- send and supposed to have been taken "near the Columbia River". All the earlier descriptions were based wholly on the accounts given by Sabine and Richardson. It has hence fortunately escaped synonyms. It is confined to a narrow belt of country, and specimens are still of rather rare occurrence in collections. Mr. Kennicott, in the Agricultural Report of the Patent Office, has given an excellent and very detailed account of its habits. It was first described from specimens collected at Fort Enterprise, in about latitude 64°. Sabine also gives it as occurring at Cumberland House. Richardson states that he met with it only in the neighborhood of Carlton House; "where it lives in burrows dug in the sandy soil, amongst the little thickets of brushwood that skirt the plains". He states that it awakens from its winter's sleep about three weeks later than does S. richardsoni, which he thinks may be due to the snow lying longer on the shady places it frequents than on the open plains inhabited by the latter. Mr. Donald Grunn, in notes transmitted with specimens to the Smith- sonian Institution, states that its range does not extend much to the eastward of Lake Winnipeg, but that it is numerous to the westward of the lake, where it does considerable injury in the wheat-fields, hoarding up the grain in its burrows for winter use. He says it begins to hibernate about the first of November, and does not reappear till the snow is off in the spring. Dr. ( 'ones found it abundant in the vicinity of Pembina; it also occurs in Minne- sota and over the prairie regions of Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa. Mr. Kennicott also states that 1 )r. Hoy met with it in Eastern Kansas, and tiiat it is found much further south in Illinois and Missouri than S. fridecem- SCIDRID^— SPERMOPHILUS FRANKLINI. 883 lineatus. It is met with, however, in for less numbers than the latter, and has a greater preference for thickets, low bushes, and borders of timber. It does not appear to extend westward beyond the eastern edge of the great plains, and is hence confined to a rather narrow belt of country, extending from Northern Missouri northward to considerably beyond Great Slave Lake. Audubon and Bach man refer to a specimen obtained by Mr. Townsend, and give the species, on Mr. Townsend's authority, as an inhabitant of Oregon. This is doubtless a mistake, 8. frankllni not having been met with by other observers much to the westward of the Missouri River. This species also occurs in New Jersey, where it is rapidly increasing in numbers. I learned of its introduction there through Mr. Samuel Jillson, who first wrote me about it some three or four years since. Writing him recently for further information respecting the date .and manner of its intro- duction, as well as for information respecting its present numbers and the area of its range, he has kindly replied as follows, under date of " Tuck- erton, New Jersey, May 6, 1877": — " The date of its introduction is May, 1867, when a single pair was brought here by Mr. Sylvester Mathis, from Illinois. This pair soon gnawed out of their cage and escaped. This was in the village of Tuckerton. They are now found in Manahawken, nine miles north of Tuckerton, and also four miles south of Tuckerton, and very likely farther. They are very common on all the farms about here, three miles from the village [of Tuckerton]. They seem to always keep in the fields, as I have never seen them in the woods. I find very little dirt at the mouth of their burrows, sometimes none. From one to two buckets of water poured into their holes will bring them out. We kill all we can on our farm. They destroy young chickens and turkeys, and the dogs dig large holes in our fields in trying to get at the Gophers. I once found one in a salt-hay stack, in spring, dead, coiled up in the smallest ball possible. I also found one dead in my barn-well. I think many of them winter in stacks and under outbuildings, for I could never drown out any late in the fall, in the flat fields. They are never seen here in winter, and no doubt are then dormant. Please excuse my not answering your inquiries sooner, for I wanted to find out the exact date of their introduction." I am also indebted to Dr. Coues for calling my attention to an article on this subject by Mr. N. H. Bishop, of Lake George, Warren County, New York, dated December, 1876, and published in the Forest and Stream newspaper in its issue of January 4, 1877. The facts presented by Mr. Bishop respecting their SS| RIONOOKAPIIS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENT! A. introduction and increase in New Jersey are given mainly on the authority <»!' Mr. Jillson, and are fully covered by Mr. Jillson's later and more detailed account already quoted. From the foregoing, it will be seen that from the single pair introduced accidentally to the fields about Tuckerton in 1867 — only ten years ago — the species has spread over a belt of country some thirteen miles in length and probably several miles in breadth, and that its numbers already render it a farm pest, which evidently cannot be soon, if ever, wholly eradicated. It shows, furthermore, that the species is capable of multiplying in a region quite different from its original habitat. Whether the changed conditions will ultimately modify materially its habits and structure remains an inter- esting question for later investigators. TABLE CXXIV — Measurements of seven skulls of Spermopiiilus franklini. o o >o o *t ^ % u 3 1 J3 a s % Locality. m 3 t. o a a cfi o .3 c O a - a a J: 'cJ cs 3 *« a rt &1 — a So p. p. & S." s fe si « C3 5 D. « J^S © CO H a fi fc k » 0 & 0 fc> p Hi H) Pembina, D. T J 2.00 1.17 0.50 0.70 0.25 0.40 0.67 1.07 0.24 0.20 0.37 1.18 0.51 ! 1338! do 2.02 1.17 0.47 0.08 0.37 0.36 0.62 1.08 0.28 0.22 0.41 1.18 0. 53 132.-7, 327. Sciurus riifobraehiatum MURRAY, Geog. Distr. Mam m. 1866, 354 (not Sciurus rufobrachiatum Waterhouse). TSciiirus Jewiti H.-S.mitii, Griffith's Cuvicr's An. King, iii, 1827, UK), anil plate. Specific chars. — Length of head and body 9.50; of tail to end of vertebrae 6.50; to end of hairs 9.00: hind foot 2.10; fore foot 1.15; height of ear 0.50. Above, coarsely varied with yellowish-brown and black ; top of head black, varied slightly with yellowish-brown ; sides of the head, neck, shoulders, outer surface of fore limbs, and upper surface of hind feet dark reddish-brown or chestnut ; sides of the nose and a ring around the eyes light brownish-yellow; beneath, pale straw-yellow, more brownish anteriorly and on the edges of the thighs. The color of the dorsal surface extends low down on the sides of the body, the blackish tint involving the basal portion of the hairs even on the abdomen. Lower surface of the tail nearly uniform reddish-cinnamon, with an interrupted narrow black border edged with yel- lowish ; upper surface banded transversely with black and yellowish-white, the black bars rather the wider and about fifteen in number, becoming indis- tinct on the basal portion of the tail. The general form of the body is highly Sciurine. The ears are broad, fully half an inch high, and well rounded above. The tail with the hairs is nearly as long as the body, flat and distichous, but rather narrow. Claws short, strong, and more highly curved than in any other of the American Spermo- philes (except perhaps S. grammurus), having nearly the form seen in Sciurus. The pelage is sparse, coarse and stiff, and without under fur. The hairs of the dorsal surface are grooved above, black, ringed once near the tip with pale yellowish-brown. The oidy specimen of this animal that I have seen is a skin, in excellent condition, of an adult female, in summer pelage, collected on the Plains of Colima, Western Mexico, in 1863, by Mr. John Xantus.* Judging from the characters afforded by the skin, this species belongs to the subgenus Oto- syjermophilus, but in some features is rather more Sciurine than even S. gram- munis, its nearest ally. The ears, though large, are less pointed than in that species, and the tail less bushy; the claws are short, deep, and much * It bears the National Museum number 7018 ; original number 134. SCIURIM3— srERMorniLus ANNULATUS. 887 curved. The pelage is coarser, much harsher and stiffer even than in Sper- mophilus grammwrus, and the hairs are, in like manner, conspicuously grooved above. The transverse barring of the tail distinguishes this species among all the American Sciurida. This species was first described by Audubon and Bach man, in 1842, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. These authors republished their description, with a figure, in their Quadrupeds of North America, in 1851. The single specimen that served as the basis for their description and figure was presented to them by Professor Baird, respect- ing which these authors say: — "The specimen we have described was obtained on the western prairies ; the locality was not particularly stated. It was politely presented to us by Mr. Spencer F. Baird, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania."* In republishing this account nine years later, they add, after the word prairies, "we believe on the east of the Mississippi River".f Professor Baird, in alluding to this species in 1857, says: — "The animal described under this name [Spermophilus annulatus'] by Audubon and Bachman was purchased by me from a dealer many years ago and presented to Mr. Audubon. It was supposed to have been brought from the west, and, as such, was described by the above authors. I have, however, little doubt that it is an African species of Sciurus, and, in tact, it resembles closely, if it be not identical with, the Sciurus rufobrachiatus of Fraser, in Zoologia Typica, said by him to be closely related to the Sciurus annulatus of Western Africa. In any event, it must be eliminated from the list of North American Spermophiles."J Andrew Murray, in 1866, referred this species to Sciurus rufobrachiatum of Waterhouse, and speaks of it as follows : — "Dr. Baird says that Audubon and Bachman had been deceived in the locality of the species which they described under this name \Spermophilus annulatus], supposing it to have been an American Spermophile, while, in fact, it was a West African Squirrel." § Here, at last, it is positively asserted to be a West African species, and is referred to the genus Sciurus. It is, however, not only a true Spermophile, but proves to be beyond question an inhabitant of the Plains of Western Mexico. The original type of the species appears to have been lost. From Audubon and Bachman's very careful description and figure of it, there can * Journ. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. vol. viii, p. 2i3. J Mum. N. Amer. p. 327. t Quad. N. Amer. vol. ii, p. 215. $ Geog. Distr. Mam. p. 334. 888 mono<;i:ai'iis of north American rodentia. be no doubt of its identity with Mr. Xantus's specimen above described. The only discrepancies consist in Audubon and Bachnaan's specimen being a little smaller than I lie preseni one, and (he (ail is represented as being relatively a Little longer and the color of the ventral surface of the body a little lighter, but in every other detail of structure and coloration there is the closest agreement. Although evidently a true Spermophile, in all probability ref- erable to the subgenus Otospcrmophilus, the absence of the skull renders it impossible to refer it to any particular section of the genus Spermophilus. In 1827, Major Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith's Cuvier's Animal Kingdom (vol. iii, p. 190), described and figured a " Sciurus lewisii", said to have been based on a specimen in " Mr. Peal's Museum in Philadelphia brought there by the American Missouri travellers, Messrs. Lewis and Clarke", the name being given in honor of Captain Lewis. The figure and description strongly recall the present species.* The tail is similarly barred transversely (but the bars are fewer and broader), and the general color seems to resem- ble that of the Spermophilus annulatus of Audubon and Bach'man. Professor Baird has very doubtfully referred the Sciurus lewisito Sciurus "ludovicianusy, supposing that the barring of the tail might have been due to a twisting of that member. He expresses himself as at a loss to account for the absence of red in the tail, but says that unless it be assignable to this species he can- not refer it to any known North American species. If, however, Hamilton- Smith's figure he considered as at all trustworthy, his " Lewis's Squirrel" bears a much nearer resemblance to the Spermophilus annulatus than to any other known species of Sciurida. If really to be referred to this, the speci- men was probably not "brought to Philadelphia" by Lewis and Clarke, hut was doubtless derived from some wholly different source. Hamilton-Smith traces a resemblance between his animal and the Sciurus annulatus described in 1822 by Destnarest from a specimen in the Paris * The description is as follows : — " Lnvh'a Squirrel has the upper part of the head, neck, shoulders, fore arms, to the articulation of the arm, backs flanks [sic], the posterior moiety of the thighs, and a band round the belly, of ochre; gray colour ; all the under parts, the inside of the limbs, and the pans are pure ochrey ; tin- ears an- small, round, and far back ; the eyes are black and surrounded with the same colour as the back ; tin- nostrils open at the extremity of the muzzle, forming a denuded black snout, tin- upper lip is white, and the whiskers very long ; (he tail is very beautiful, extremely thick 01 bushy, cylindrical and annotated, with seven black and six white bauds, with tho termination black." They add. — " This appears to be the x 1 (description), 498 (villages).— Harlan, Faun. Am. 1825, 160— Godman, Am. Nat. lli-t. ii. 1-Jii. 111. -II. Smith, Griffith's Cuvicr's An. King, iii, 1827, 198 (with an original but very erroneous figure from Lewis and Clarke's specimen) ; v, 1827, 247. — Prince Max., Raise in d. in. Nord-Amer. i, is:!9, 365.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843,261.— SCHINZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 1*45, 64.— STAKSBUKY, Salt Lake Exped. 1852, 37. Bpermophilus ludovicianus LESSON, Man.de Mam. 1827,244. — "F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon's Hist. Nat. i, Mamm. 1831, 316."— AUDUBON & BaCHMAN, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851,319, pi. xcix.— Marcy, Bed Eivei Exped. 1853, 46. — WOODHOUSE, Sitgreaves's Expl.Zuiii and Colorado Rivers, 1853, 52— KENNICOTT, U. B. Pat. Off. Rep. Agricul. 1856 (1857), 81, pi. ix. Cynomys ludoricianus BaIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 331, pi. xlvii (skull and dentition); U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, 1859, pt. iii, 39.— Sucki.ey, Aat. Hist. Wash. Ter. pt. iii, 1859, 99, 123.— Thomas, Traus. 111. State Agr. Soc. iv, 1860, 657 (Illinois [?]).— Maximilian, Arch. f. Natur- gexch. 1861, 88.— Ha yden, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. xii, 1863, 145.— Stevenson, Hayden's Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Wyom. 1.-71, 462.— Ai.len, Bull. Essex Institute, vi, 1674, 49 (bio- graphical); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 294; xvii, 1874, 43. — Grinnell, Ludlow's Ree. Black Hills of Dakota, 1875, 82. — Merrill, Forest and Stream, vi, 1876, 369 (habits). — "Plume del Rosa", ib. vii, 1876, 52 (domestication). Cynomys socialis Raitnesq.ue, Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1817, 45 (= " Barking Squirrel ", Lewis and Clarke). Cynomyn grisea RAFINESQUE, Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1817, 45 (= " Petit Chien", Lewis and Clarke). Arotomys griseus Fischer, Syn. Mam. 1829. 345 (from Ratinesque). Arctomys missouriensis Warden, Descrip. Etats-Unis, v, 1820, 627 (= " VVishtonwish ", Pike). — Desmarest, Mam. L822, 329 (from Warden). Arclomys latrans Harlan, Faun. Amer. 1825 306 (== " Barking Squirrel", Lewis aud Clarke). — Fischer, Syn. Mam. 1829, 345 (from Harlan). Petit Chien, Lewis & Clarke, Travels, 1st Am. ed. i, 1815, 68. Prairie Dog, Lewis & Clarke, Travels, i, 1815, 67.— Kendall, Nar. Santa F6 Exped. i, 1844, 188. — Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, ii, 1845, 228. Harking Squirrel, Lewis & Clarke, Travels, 1st. Am. ed. ii, 1815,175; 4to Lond.ed. 1815, 469; 8vo Lond. ed. iii, 1815, 38. Wishtonwish, or I'rairic Squirrel, Pike, Travels, 1810, 156, 180. Miirmotle dii Missouri, Warden, 1. o. Louisiana Marmot, Say, 1. c. I'rairic Marmot, Godman, 1. c. • Wistonwish, Richardson, 1. c. Missouri Prairie Dog, Baird, 1. c. Specific chars. — Length of head and body 11.50 to 12.50, ranging from about 11.00 to 13.00; tail to end of vertebrae 3.00 to 4.00; tail to end of hairs 4.00 to 5.00. Above reddish-brown, varied with gray, and with a few hairs wholly black; below yellowish- or brownish-white. Tail short, flattened, basally above like the back, and brownish-black toward the end, the dusky hairs more or less whitish at base. Ears very small, rounded, about one-fifth of an inch high. Claws long and strong, but little curved ; that of the thumb well developed. The character of the pelage varies consider- ably with the season, being much finer and softer in winter than in summer. In specimens taken in June and July, the pelage is quite short, some- SCIURID.E— CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS. 893 what harsh, and rather stiff, with very little under fur, particularly at the south- ward. Autumnal specimens (including some taken as early as August 23), on the other hand, have a very full, soft pelage, with an abundance of whitish, very fine, silky under fur. The hairs of the dorsal surface are generally black at the extreme base, then very broadly ringed with whitish or grayish-white, followed by a broad zone of reddish-brown, with the extreme tips of the hairs whitish. There are also intermixed, sometimes sparsely, sometimes abun- dantly, longer hairs, generally wholly black to the base. These are some- times so abundant as to give a blackish cast to the dorsal surface, particularly on the top and sides of the head and sides of the neck. The color also varies somewhat with season, specimens taken late in autumn being more hoary above and more fulvous on the sides and below than those taken in early summer. Between specimens in winter pelage from the north (Fort Ran- dall) and those in summer pelage from the south (Kansas, Colorado, and Texas), the difference in the color and texture of the pelage is very striking. In the northern specimens, the pelage is full, very soft and silky, yellowish- brown, rather strongly varied with dusky; in the southern specimens, the pelage is shorter and harsher, brownish-red, varied with intense shining black. In some examples (as No. 1051, from Fort Chadbourne, Texas, and No. 9557, from Soda Springs, Colo.), the color is nearly brick-red. There is also con- siderable variation in size with locality, there being a strongly marked decline southward, as shown by the subjoined tables of measurements. The present species differs from Cynoiiujs columbianus in its more red- dish coloration, longer and differently colored tail, tmd larger size. In respect to the skulls, aside from the difference of size, the nasals, as a rule, extend further back in C. ludovicianus than in C. columbianus, and the zygoma is thicker and narrower, in strong contrast with the broad, thin plate seen in C. columbianus. By size alone, large skulls of C. columbianus cannot be cer- tainly distinguished from small skulls of C. ludovicianus. This species, like the following, was first brought to the notice of nat- uralists by Lewis and Clarke, who met with it on the plains of the Upper Missouri during their journey from Saint Louis to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, in 1804, 1805, and 1806. In the first volume of the '-Rid- dle-Allen" Narrative of Lewis and Clarke's Expedition* published in 1815, *See Dr. Elliott Coues's '• Au Account of the various publications relating to ibe Travels of Lewis and Clarke, with a Commentary on the Zoological Results of their Expedition " (Bull. U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey of the Terr. 2d ser. No. 6, Feb. 8, 1876) for an exhaustive aud useful descriptive summary of the various narratives of the Lewis and Clarke expedition, Q94 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. it is variously referred to incidentally as the " Petit Chien", "Prairie Dog", "Barking Squirrel'', and "Burrowing Squirrel", and is described at length in volume ii (p. 175) under the name "Barking Squirrel''. In Gass's Narra- tive of the same expedition, published in 1807, it is briefly referred to as the '• Prairie Dog". Pike, in his account of his travels on the Missouri and Arkansas Rivers, in 1805 and 180G (published in 1810), also refers to it as the " Wishtonwish", or "Prairie Squirrel", and gives much information respecting its habits. To the animal described under the name " Barking Squirrel", in the second volume of the "Biddle-Allen" narrative of the Lewis and Clarke expedition, Ord, in 1815, gave the name Arctomys ludovicianus, basing the name on Lewis and Clarke's description. Say, in 1823, under the same name, gave a somewhat fuller account of its habits, and described the species from a specimen brought from the Upper Missouri, many years before, by Lewis and Clarke. In the mean time, Rafinesque, in 1817, renamed the Barking Squirrel of Lewis and Clarke (—Arctomys ludovicianus of Ord and Say) Cynomys socialis, basing both the genus and the species on Lewis and Clarke's description. Rafinesque, in the same paper, also gave the name " Cynomys? grisea" to Lewis and Clarke's "Petit Chien'' of the Upper Missouri, which is identical with their "Prairie Dog" and "Barking Squirrel". Later, in 1825, Harlan, while recognizing the Arctomys ludovicia- nus of Ord and Say, and referring to it the Prairie Dog of Lewis and Clarke, gave the name Arctomys latrans to Lewis and Clarke's Barking Squirrel of "the plains of the Missouri", thus adding another nominal species to the two introduced by Rafinesque. Neither Rafinesque's names nor that proposed by Harlan have received recognition except in the works of a few foreign compilers. As already shown, this species was first met with by Lewis and Clarke, during their journey up the Missouri River in 1804, while Pike met with it the following year on the Arkansas River. The first published reference to it appears to have been made by Gass, in 1807, who gives, however, no information of importance respecting it. Pike, in 1810, gave a more detailed account of its habits, while Say, in 1823, further contributed to its biography and gave of it the first formal scientific description. It has since been well described by various authors, and may be considered as one of the best known of our smaller Mammals. It figures largely in the accounts of all SCIURID^}— CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS. 895 travellers across the Plains, from the time of Pike down to the present day. Among the more noteworthy notices are those of Kendall,* Gregg,f Stans- hury, J and Marcy.§ Many of these popular accounts are more or less mixed with error, owing to the natural tendency, especially among unscientific writers, to exaggerate whatever borders on the marvellous. Errors, how- ever, have crept into the accounts of even scientific observers, the very names of "Prairie Dog'', "Petit Chien", etc., being grossly misleading. These terms, together with those of "Dog-towns", "Prairie Dog villages", etc., as applied to the colonies of these animals, can doubtless never be eradicated from vernacular parlance. As long since noted by Say, the "absurd and inappropriate name of Prairie-dog'' was given to this animal "from a fancied resemblance of its warning cry to the hurried barking of a small dog". Its " bark", however, is strictly that of a Squirrel, bearing really little resem- blance to that of any species of Canis. The absurd theory, so widely cur- rent, that it harmoniously shares its burrow with the rattlesnake and dwl,|| * Narrative of tbe Texan Santa Y6 Expedition, vol. i, p. 188 (1844). A very sensible, amusing, ami graphic account. t Commerce of tbe Prairies, vol. ii, p. 228 (1845). 1 Salt Lake Exped. p. 37 (1852). § Red River Exped. pp. 46-48. A very good account of its habits. || Pike, apparently the first to make reference to this matter, says: — " Strange as it may appear, I have seen the ' Wishtonwish'j the rattle-snake, the horn frog, of which tbe prairie abounds, aud a land tortoise all take refuge in the same hole. I do not pretend to assert, that it was their com- mon place of resort, but I have witnessed the above facts more than in one instance." — (Journal of a Voyage to the Arkansaw, etc. 1810, p. 156, foot-note.) Lewis and Clarke, in their account of the "Petit Chien", also state:—" we discovered, however, two frogs in the hole, and near it we killed a dark rattlesnake, which had swallowed a small prairie dog : we were also informed, though we never witnessed the fact, that a sort of lizard, and a snake, live habitually with these animals." — (Travels, 1st Am. ed. vol. i, p. 68,1815.) Among the many references to this subject, see further the articles cited in the preceding foot- notes; also my own article on this species in Proc. Essex Institute (vol vi, pp. 49-52), and the fol- lowing: Maj. J. W. Merrill, in Forest and Stream (newspaper), issue of July 13, 1876; "Plume del Rosa", in the same (issue of August 31, 1876) ; and Lieut. C. A. H. McCauley , in Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. vol. iii. 1877, pp. 680-682. It may be well, however, to add that the Praiiie Owls (Speotyto cunicularia var. hi/pogcea) are merely occupants of deserted burrows, which offer them a convenient home. While their food consists largely of insects ("grasshoppers") and crawfishes, some have supposed that they also prey upon the youug dogs, but I have met with no proof that such is the case. On the other band, the Rattle- snakes (Crotalophorus confluentus) bring terror to these little Marmots whenever they appear, upon which tbey largely subsist. They usually, however, make their home in one particular burrow, from which they may have driven the rightful owner, but doubtless enter others in search of food. The holes occu- pied by the Marmots, the Owls, aud tbe Rattlesnakes are, respectively, readily distinguishable by evident external signs. (See further, Bull. Essex Inst. vol. vi, pp. 49-51.) The "Prairie Dog" is readily susceptible of domestication, aud makes an agreeable and amusing, though sometimes a rather mischievous, pet. None of the animals in the Zoological Gardens of Phila- delphia probably after I greater pleasure or are of greater interest to visitors than the considerable colony of these animals there successfully domesticated. (On the " Prairie Dog " as a pet, see the article by "Plume del Rosa" in the Forest and Stream (newspaper) of August 31, 1876.) 896 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENT1A. though discredited 1 > \ S;iy and every naturalist since his time who has had the opportunity of becoming personally familiar with the animal on its native plains, is hardly less difficult to eradicate from the popular mind than the idea that it is in reality a sort of small dog; as its common vernacular name implies.* The habitat of the present species is confined to the dryer portion of the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, where it is found from Western Texas northward to the forty-ninth parallel. The eastern limit of its range is near the ninety-eighth meridian. Specimens are in the collection from Fort Chadbourne, the Staked Plains, and other localities in Western Texas, and from near the Pecos River in Southeastern New Mexico. It ranges over the western half of Kansas and thence westward in Colorado to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, beyond which I have been unable to trace it, it being immediately replaced in the Parks to the westward by C. columbianus. In Wyoming, it ranges westward over the Laramie Plains, and even to the sources of the North Platte. Further northward, it likewise appears to uni- formly reach the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, beyond which the species apparently does not extend. It is found, according to Dr. Hay- den, as far down the Missouri as the mouth of the White River (in about latitude 43° 40'), near which point it was first met with by Audubon in his ascent of that river in 1843. It occurs thence northward and west- ward over the plains of the Yellowstone and Missouri, but over large areas of the more barren portions its settlements occur only at infrequent inter- vals. At more favorable localities, they occupy the country continuously over hundreds of square miles. It has been met with by both Dr. Suckley and Dr. Coues on the Milk River. Respecting the northern limit of its range Dr. Coues kindly adds the following: — - " I have no personal knowledge of the Prairie-dog beyond 49°, the northern boundary of Montana, and Richardson speaks of it as restricted to the Missouri Basin. During my connection with the U. S. Northern Boundary Commission, in 1873-4, when I passed along the parallel of 49° from the Red River of the North to the Rocky Mountains, I observed no • The highest absurdity of misrepresentation is reached in Hamilton-Smith's "original figure", in Griffith's Cuvier's Animal Kingdom (vol. iii, plate facing p. 198), drawn (it is said) irom tho specimen drought to Philadelphia by Lewis and Clarke. In this figure is represented tho muzzle of a pug-nosed dog, between the half-open lips of which are seen an uninterrupted row of teeth, resembling those of a carnivorous animal ! SCIUUIDJ3— CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS. 897 'Dogs' in any portion of the Red River Basin, and the probability is that the animal has made little if any settlement so far eastward in this latitude. I found some small colonies, however, at various points in the Milk River region, which may really be the limit of dispersion to the northward. The most extensive establishment was in a tolerably fertile depression of the prairie just east of Frenchman's or White Earth River, about lat. 48° 30', and not far from the mouth of Milk River. The owls, Speotyto hypogtea, rattlesnakes, Crotalus conjluentus, and horned frogs, Plirynosoma douglassi, m are also inhabitants of the same area, though never seen in the Red River water-shed. These four animals, and the Sage Cock, Centrocercus urophasi- anus, are almost diagnostic of the Missouri Basin as distinguished from that of the Red River." At the southward, according to Lieutenant Abert, as quoted by Audubon and Bachman, this animal " does not hibernate, but is out all winter, as lively and as pert as on any summer day". Gregg also states that he had good authority for the statement that they are always abroad in winter during fine weather. According to Lewis and Clarke, however, " as soon as the frost commences, they shut themselves up in their caverns, and continue till the spring opens''. Say also says that " they pass the winter in a lethargic sleep", defending themselves from the inclemency of the season " by accurately closing up the entrance of the burrow". This is doubtless a mistake, as, in January, 1872, I met with them in Northwestern Kansas as active on bright sunny days as in summer, they oidy retiring for a few days at a time during the severest weather. Further northward, where the climate is more severe, they are doubtless less active in winter than further southward, retiring to their burrows for longer periods. 57 If 898 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Taisle CXXVIL— Measurements of thirty-one specimens of t'i N'OMYfi ludovicianus.' 11934 181 I81C 1-17 1803 1803 1812 1814 I" I I'M I I DOS 3727 !728 2730 8731 2732 2719 2720 2721 2722 27-23 2721 ■c O 4126 548 533 1213 1214 1117:1 417 30R 503 510 511 512 513 514 Locality. Near month of Milk River Fcllowatone liiver, Mont .. do do Fori Randall, Dat Ter do do .... do do do .... do do Republican River. Kans .. do .do Cheyenne, Wyo. Tor do Garden of the Gods, Colo. Fort Hays, Kans do ..do . ..do ..do . ..do . ..do ..do . From tip of QOQO to- - C n 0 1.25 2. 25 2. 75 1.13 2.38 290 1. 25 2.03 3.25 1. 13 « 1.40 2. 75 1.4:1 3.00 3.50 1.23 2. 50 3.50 1.25 2.50 3.50 1.13 2. 25 3.25 1. 13 2. 2.7 3.25 1. 13 2. 2.'. 3.25 1. 13 2. 25 3. 25 1. 11 2. 25 3.25 1. 25 2.50 3.25 1. 13 2.25 3 25 3. CO 4.00 2.12 1. 12 2.35 2.75 1.48 2.50 2.82 1.35 2. 35 2.80 1.35 2.40 2.70 1.311 2.43 2.72 1.17 2. 05 2.30 1. 50 2.40 2.05 1.45 2. 45 2.55 1.50 2. 40 2. 05 1.23 2.20 2. 40 1.50 2. 25 2.00 1. 30 2.00 2. 35 1.25 2.20 2.35 12.75 11.00 13.00 11.00 13.25 13.00 12,50 12.50 12.00 12.23 12. 25 11.25 13.00 12. 00 11.00 11.50 11.00 11.40 12.20 11.75 11.75 10. 55 7. 75 11.75 12.25 12.40 10.80 11.25 9.00 9.40 Tail to in.l of— 3. 25 2.63 3.00 2. 75 3. 03 4.00 4 00 3.25 3.00 3.13 3.13 3.00 3. 25 3. 25 3.00 3.25 2.75 4.00 3.05 3.25 3.10 3.30 2.00 2.65 2.90 2.00 2 00 3.55 2.75 2.30 w 4. 25 2.38 3.88 3. 75 4.00 5.00 4.75 4.25 4.(0 4.13 4.13 3.00 4.25 4.00 3.75 4.50 3.25 5.10 3.80 4.00 4.00 3.45 2. 55 3.65 3.75 3. 60 3.70 4.35 3.35 3.10 Length of — 2.00 2.00 2.13 2. 00 2 00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.50 1.75 2.00 1.85 1.95 1.55 1.60 1. 45 1.62 1.70 1.83 1. 80 1.70 1.85 1.00 1.05 2. 25 2.25 2. 38 2.38 225 2.25 2.13 2.13 2.00 2.25 2. 25 2.95 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.40 2 28 1.96 225 2. 27 2.30 2.25 2.25 2. 07 2. 20 Fresh, .do . . do . do . do . do. do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . do . .do . .do . .do . .do. .do. .do. .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do . .do. do . .do .do. Remarks. From Baird, Mam. N. Amer. p. 334. * Measurements all taken by collectors in the field from fresh specimens. SCIUftlD.E— CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS. 899 Table CXXVIII. — Measurements of nineteen skulls of Cynomvs ludovicianus. •3 ® a o © fit s -a s — a u 0 a 3 a it Locality. >5 '(* c C V CD g - 3 CU £ to" ej J3 of P a p 00 3 n 3 « ■i| 'cD 71 3 I I Z n tc a of 3 . ■n <- ft 3 f Tt .a S* 3 .3 u u « 2 rt 33 CO a cs s. £ 3. c 3.." 3. £- *= £ " ED o n O cfi H o n y- X V< p u U U Ij l-H >J 2149 2150 Upper Miaaouri do 2. 42 3.60 1.75 1.88 0.55 0.05 0.80 0.90 0.24 0.07 0. 75 1.35 1. 41 1.07 0.95 6304 Mo 2.45 1. 75 0.55 0.85 0. '-4 0.G3 1 38 1.00 0.88 834 2.45 1.7(1 0. CO 0.90 0.68 1.38 1.00 0.8" 17118 do 2. 47 1.80 0. 57 0.90 0.24 0 52 0.07 1.40 0.42 0. 25 0.66 1.10 0.88 3290 Platte Eivor rf 2.47 1.10 0.70 0.90 0.27 0.70 1. 42 1.03 0.95 4263 4365 Deer Creek . - do 2.35 2.33 1.70 1.7. 0.53 0.90 0.82 0.20 0.61 0.70 1.30 1.35 1.55 1. 50 0.83 0. FC 3301 9 rf rf 2.45 1 75 0.98 3302 3303 do. do 2.40 2.00 1.70 1. fO 0.60 0. 00 0. 85 0. ro 0.25 0. 25 0.73 0.74 1.37 1.44 1.60 1.62 0.85 0.87 3297 do rf 2.00 1.85 0.00 C.97 0.27 0 50 0.74 1.41 0.45 0.25 0.63 1.67 0.94 3298 do ? 2.50 1.75 0.02 0.97 0.25 0 48 0.70 1.37 0. 50 0.25 0.05 1.60 0.87 3299 do ¥ 2.42 1.75 0.55 0.90 0.24 0 52 0.07 1.40 0.42 0.25 0.00 1.00 0.88 1349 rf rf 2.00 1. 90 0 01 0. 95 0.24 n 50 0.75 1 50 0.25 1.05 0 90 1350 do 2.50 1.75 0.55 0.87 0.25 n 48 0.70 1.40 0.50 0.25 0.05 1.05 0.90 1144 1098 Liuipeo Mountains, Tex.. Presidio del Norte, Tex . . . ■B.50 2.40 1.08 0.00 0. 58 0. 05 0.85 0.27 0. 25 0.7.1 0.05 1.50 1. 35 1.75 1.53 0. ! 7 ... 0.82 1256 Jornado del Muerto, N. M ■- 2. 55 1.85 0.02 0.95 O.iO 0.73 1.50 1.75 0.97 Table CXXIX. — List of specimens examined of Cynomys ludovicianus. 0 u CD a 3 a 6 3 =c . .2 = 5 S a » O S 3 3 .5 B ■5 ■* 3 50 %? = « t- 6* (C .3 a a 5 (4 Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by — a CD a '5 c*. o CD i- 3 "5 11934 219 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1530 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 4121 rf Near mouth Milk River July 3,1874 Skin. do. ...do. do Dr. George Suckley . Dr. F. V. Hayden... do W. F. Kaynolds .... . do do do do . do .. do ...do .. do. .. do .. do do .. do . . .do do •• do do do ...do do ... do .. do ...do. do ...do ....do ....do. do do do do do do do do do ... do. do do do ...do. do ,),, do ... do. do do .. do . . . .do. do .. do . do ...do. do do do ...do. do do .. do ....do. ill XI MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN CODKNTfA. Table CXXIX. List of tpeei m »J examined 0/ Cynomys i.udovicianus — Continued. -- 0 b . •A a p a V & . = = 2 s a • U 1545 1546 190 10013 11101:1 llll'.U 10015 1815 1810 515 778 aoo 047 3390 3391 3392 3394 339.') 3390 3397 3398 3399 3400 3081 499 3082 9652 9653 9711 1800 1808 1809 Irll 18 IS 1813 1814 1807 1 111 1802 1803 1-111 ltO.1 1800 1 - 1 :, 1816 a a Si 5 3 - - 0 ■= 0 fc.' r. 24, I85fi Oct. 16, 1856 Capt. John Pope Lieut. F. T. Bryan ... Maj. W. n. Emory... ...do do. 109d IMI I «:ir, l-J.-.n 225 9 W.S.Wood J. H. Clark ... do. Skull. Skin and skull. do. ....do ...do ...do Capt. A.W. Whipple do Dr. C. B. K. Kenuerly ...do ....do. Skin. do. do . do ... Capt. L. Sitgreaves.. Dr. 15. F. Shuruard.. Dr. E.Swift Dr. S.W. Woodhouse. Dr. B. F. Skuniard.. Dr. E. Swift do. Skull. Skin, do. iii.ii o" Fort Chadbourne, Tex. Fort Larned, Ind. Ter May 31, 1864 Pr.E. Coues CYNOMYS COLUMBIANUS (Onl) Allen. Western Barking Squirrel; Western "Prairie Dog". Arctomyn columbianus "Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. ii, 1815, 292, 302" (= "Burrowing Squirrel", Lewis aod Clarke). — Allen, r'roc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 294; Bull. Essex Inst, vi, 1874, 57, 66 (Colorado). — Coues & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. and Surv. W. of 100th Merid. v, Zo.il. 1875, 122 (Middle Utah). Anisonyx brachiura Rafinesque, Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1817, 45 (= "Burrowing Squirrel", Lewis and Clarke).— Desmarest, Mam. 1822, :!29 (from Rafiuesque). Arctomys brachyurua Harlan, Fauna Araer. 1825,304 (= "Burrowing Squirrel", Lewis and Clarke). — FISCHER, Synop. Mam. 1829, 345 (from Harlan). — Richardson, Zoiil. Beecliey's Voy. 1839, 7 (from the same). — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 261 (from the same). — Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 02 (from the same). Arclomys lewisi Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. iii, 1853, 32, pi. cvii (from specimen in Mus. Zoiil. Soc. Loud, from "Columbia River"). See also Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 347. Cynomys gunnisoni BaIKD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 334; Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 335, pi, iv, fig. 2, animal ; pi. xlvii, tig. 4, skull. — Coues, Amer. Nat. i, 18ti7, 362; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 135 (Arzona). — Stevenson, Hayden's Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Wyom. 1871, 462. Burrowing Squirrel, Lewis & Clarke, Travels, 1st Am. ed. ii, 1815, 173. Lewis's Marmot, Audubon a. Bachman, 1. c. Short-taikd Prairie Dog, Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 335. Specific chahs. — Length to base of tail about 10.25, ranging from 9.50 to 11.50; of tail to end of vertebra' about 2.00 (1.70 to 2.25); to end of hairs 2. DO to 2.50. Above, dark yellowish-brown, sometimes inclining to red- dish, varied with black; beneath, yellowish-white, varying to pale yellowish- brown. Tail very short, flattened, generally wholly pure white (sometimes yellowish-white) for the terminal half, the basal portion being above like the SCIUEIDyE— CYNOMYS COLUMBIANUS. 903 back ami below like the ventral surface. Ears and general proportions as in C. ludovicianus, except that the tail is shorter. Different specimens, even from the same locality, vary considerably in respect to color, the dorsal surface being in some pale reddish, as strong as in very pale specimens of C. ludovicianus, and in others with only a slight tinge of rufous. The proportion of black hairs also varies greatly, being sometimes so abundant as to give a decidedly dusky shade to the whole dorsal surface, with the head quite blackish and the tail strongly mixed with black, with a narrow, partly concealed, subterminal bar of dusky within the terminal white area. The extremes of variation in color thus give rise to widely diverse phases, but a large series presents every possible stage of inter- gradation between these extremes. The lower surface varies from pale yellowish-white to bright yellowish-brown or tawny. Although occasionally specimens of C. columbianus are met with that present almost exactly the shade of coloration sometimes seen in C. ludovici- anus, as a rule the two species are readily distinguishable by coloration alone. In C. columbianus, the general color above is yellowish-brown rather than reddish-brown, with a greater admixture of blackish. C columbianus also averages considerably smaller (nearly two inches shorter in head and body length), and has relatively a very much shorter and differently colored tail, it being only about one-half as long as in C. ludovicianus. As already stated, this species, like the preceding, was first discovered by Lewis and Clarke, and was first named by Ord, in 1815, from the descrip- tion of it given in the "Biddle-AUen" i:arrative of their journey. Rafinesque, two years later, founded his genus Anisonyx on a misinterpretation of Lewis and Clarke's description, and renamed the species Anisonyx brachiura. Ord's prior name was either overlooked or ignored by subsequent authors (Harlan, Richardson, and several foreign compilers), who, however, while adopting Rafiuesque's specific appellation, referred the species to Arctomys. Their accounts are either simply a quotation of, or a compilation from, Lewis and Clarke's description. Audubon and Bachman, in 1853, renamed the species Arctomys leivisi, basing their description on a specimen in the Museum of the Zoological Society of London labelled " Arctomys brachyura? Harlan", and said to have come from the Plains of the Columbia. Audubon and Bachman found, as they thought, sufficient discrepancies between the specimen described by them and Lewis and Clarke's description to warrant them in 1)04 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. considering tin- hitler as probably referable "to some species of Spermophile — probably Spermophilm townsendi". They were led to this belief by finding thai Lewis and Clarke "refer to an aniinal whose whole contour resembles that of the Squirrel, the thumbs being remarkably short and equipped wilh blunt nails, and the hair of the tail thickly inserted on the sides only, which gives it a Hat appearance, whereas the animal of this article [Arctomys lewisi\ does not resemble a squirrel in its whole contour ; its thumbs, instead of being remarkably short and equipped with blunt nails, have long nails nearly the length of those on the other toes, and the tail, instead of being flat with the hairs inserted on the sides, is quite round. It differs also so widely in several other particulars that we deem it unnecessary to institute a more minute com- parison."* Audubon and Bach man were, however, misled in regard to the character of the tail, which is not "quite round", but has "a flat appearance, and a long oval form", as described by Lewis and Clarke. They have, in other particulars, evidently placed a forced construction upon Lewis and ( 'larke's description. As the whole synonymy of the species turns upon Lewis and Clarke's description, I quote it in full. "There is also a species of squirrel", say these authors, "evidently distinct [from those they had just described], which we have denominated the burrowing squirrel. He inhabits these plains [of the Columbia], and somewhat resembles those found on the Missouri;! he meas- ures one foot and five inches in length, of which the tail comprises two and a half inches only : the neck and legs are short ; the ears are likewise short, obtusely pointed, and lie close to the head, and the aperture larger than will generally be found among burrowing animals. The eyes are of a moderate size, the pupil black, and the iris of a dark sooty brown: the whiskers are full, long, and black: the teeth, and, indeed, the whole contour, resemble those of the squirrel : each foot has five toes ; the two inner ones of the fore feel [meaning, evidently, the inner toe of each foot] are remarkably short, and are equipped with blunt nails: the remaining toes on the front feet are long, black, slightly curved, and sharply pointed: the hair of the tail is thickly inserted on the sides only, which gives it a flat appearance, and a long oval form: the tips of the hair forming the outer edges of the tail are white, the other extremity of a fox red: the under part of the tail resembles an iron * Quad. N. Amur, iii, p. 34. t Theii "Barking Squirrel", ■= Cynomya ludovicianus. SCIURlDiE— CYNOMYS GOLUMBIANUS. 905 gray ; tlie upper is of a reddish brown : the lower part of the jaws, the under part of ihe neck, legs and feet, from the body and belly downwards, are of a light brick-red : Ihe nose and eyes-are of a darker shade, of the same colour: the upper part of Ihe head, neck, and body arc of a curious brown gray, with a slight tinge of brick red: the longer hairs of Ihese parts are of a-reddish white color at their extremities, and falling together give this animal a speckled appearance. These animals form in large companies, like those on the Mis- souri, occupying with their burrows sometimes two hundred acres of land : the burrows are separate, and each possesses, perhaps, ten or twelve of these inhabitants. There is a little mound in front of the hole, formed of the earth thrown out of the burrow, and frequently there are three or four distinct holes, forming one burrow, with these entrances around the base of these little mounds. These mounds, sometimes about two feet in height and four in diameter, are occupied as watch-towers by the inhabitants of these little com- munities. The squirrels, one or more, are irregularly distributed on the tract they thus ocupy, at the distance of ten, twenty, or sometimes from thirty to forty yards. When any one approaches, they make a shrill whistling sound, somewhat resembling tweet, tweet, tweet, the signal for their party to take the alarm, and to retire into their intrenchments. They feed on the roots of grass, &c."* In this account, there is nothing respecting the external features of the animal that is not strictly applicable to the present species, as illustrated by the large suite of specimens before me, though the color of neither the dorsal or ventral surface is quite so red as one would naturally infer from their description of it.f Many specimens are, however, decidedly reddish above and rusty-yellow below, which is the "light brick red" of the above account. There is certainly a "slight tinge of brick red" in the coloration of the upper surface. The description of the feet, so far as it goes, is strictly correct, the inner toe of the fore feet being "remarkably short" as compared with the other toes, and equipped with a "blunt nail", not a "long nail, nearly the length of those of the other toes", as stated by Audubon and Bachman, but still much longer than in the true Spermophiles and Squirrels, as is also the "Lewis and Clarke's Travels, 1st Amer. ed. vol. ii, pp. 173. 174. t In respect to their account of the color of this animal, it may be noted that they describe their "Barking Squirrel " of the plains of the Upper Missouri as being of "a uniform bright brick-red and gray", the former predominating, with the lower parts lighter, indicating that the redness is much stronger in the Missouri animal, as it really is. 906 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODBNTIA. thumb. Lewis and < ilarke's account of their mode of living in communities, of the character of their burrows, and of their habits, is truthful in all its details, as I can affirm from personal observation. On the other hand, then' is nothing in the account of the external characters of these animals that very strongly recalls Spermophilus townsendi, while the size and the relative length of the tail at once show the impossibility of referring the "Burrowing Squirrel" of Lewis and Clarke 50 the Spermophilus townsendi of Audubon and Bachman. In 1855, Professor Bairn* gave to this species the name gunnisoni, based on a single specimen collected by Mr. Kreutzfeldt, in the Cooachitope Pass, Rocky Mountains. In 1*57, in redescribing the species in his Mammals of North America, he very doubtfully referred the Burrowing Squirrel of Lewis and Clarke, together with the systematic names based thereon by Ord and Rafinesque, to his C. gunnisoni, but noted some discrepancies between Lewis and Clarke's description and his specimens, of which he had at this time three, — the original one from Cooachitope Pass and one each from Pole Creek and Medicine Bow Creek. As the two latter differ from the first, he though! it possible that they represented two species, while the Arctomys lewisi of Audubon ami Bachman he deemed might form a third, all different from C. ludovicianus. Later, he thought it quite possible that the Arctomys lewisi might prove to be the same as Lewis and Clarke's animal, explaining how some of the discrepancies between the accounts given by Lewis and Clarke and by Audubon and Bachman might be presumably explained. On the whole, he was inclined to consider " the Arctomys lewisi rather as a ( 'ynomys [than an Arctomys], and quite possibly the same with the Burrowing Squirrel id' Lewis and Clarke, called Arctomys columbianus by Ord, and Anisonyx brachyura by Rafinesque". Tlie large number of specimens since received renders unquestionable the reference of all iUrsr. names to the Burrowing Squirrel of Lewis and Clarke, for which the name columbianus of Ord becomes the only tenable specific designation. This species, as already stated, was first met with on the Plains of the Columbia by Lewis and Clarke, in 1806". As shown by the subjoined list of specimens, i! has been since met with on the Ogden River and about Fort, Bridger in Northern Utah, and as far eastward as the Medicine Bow and Wind River Mountains. Purl her southward, it ranges throughout the Parks SUIUHIDJ5— UYNOMYS COLUMBIAN US. 907 of Central Colorado, and has been met with at Fort Massachusetts, New Mexico, near the sources of the Arkansas (Cooachitope Pass), and the San Francisco Mountains in Arizona. It has also been reported by Drs. Cones and Yarrow from Panquitch Lake and Dog Valley, Middle Utah. I have reason to believe that it occurs at irregular intervals throughout the Great Basin to the Sierra Nevada Mountains. I have seen no reference to its occurrence to the eastward of the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. I found it, in 1871, in South Park, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet, and thence eastward nearly to the edge of the Plains, where it is immedi- ately replaced by C. luclovkianits In Colorado, I found the last named common on the plains at the very base of the foot-hills from Colorado City to Denver, and C. columbianus common at all favorable points from South Park eastward to the base of Pike's Peak. It differs quite notably in habits and in the character of its burrows from the species of the Plains, its burrows being unprotected by a raised funnel-shaped entrance, so characteristic of those of the latter. The best account of its habits thus far published is con- tained in the short notice given by Lewis and Clarke, already quoted. Table CXXX. — Measurements of eighteen specimens of Cynomys columbianus." c o a 3 a o s to o 3 h o a 3 a *3 a 5 Locality. M « CO From tip of nose to — Tail to end of- Length of— a CD s "3 CO Pc CO o CD 3 d H u m 3 P. '5 CD O '3 H g CD u CD > u w o o =W CD U o o 07011 2707 2708 2709 2710 2705 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2704 2718 981 982 984 985 986 987 988 1011 1012 1013 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 d 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.40 1.17 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.20 2.00 2.04 2.00 2.04 2.20 2.20 2.32 1.95 2.25 2.15 2.05 1.85 2.C8 2.20 2.15 2.2:. 2.12 2. 45 2.45 2 45 2.35 2. 35 2. JO 2.60 2.35 2.55 2.50 2.40 2.15 2. 43 2.50 2.45 2.55 2.50 9.75 10.00 8.70 9.85 9.50 9.65 11.50 8.40 10.15 10.50 10.00 9.35 8.75 9.50 10.90 10. -o 11.20 10.50 2.00 1.85 2.10 2.15 1.70 2.05 1.80 1.60 2.25 1.95 2.00 1.75 2.00 1.90 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.90 2.45 2. 25 2.55 2. 50 2.00 2.45 2.30 1.85 2.85 2.20 2.50 2.30 2. 50 2.40 2.50 2.30 2.10 2.40 1.60 1.67 1.40 1.60 1.70 1.67 1.78 1.45 1.60 1.53 1.60 1.43 1.55 1. 75 1.55 1.55 1.65 1.70 2.12 2.20 2.25 2.15 2.00 2.25 3.20 2.05 2.15 2.15 2.30 2. 20 2.07 2.30 2.25 2.10 2.20 2.05 Fresh. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do. do do do do do ? d1 do do do do do do do do do do ? 1 Measurements all taken by myself in tin' held from specimens iu the tlesh. 908 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMERICAN KODENTIA. Tabu CXXXI. Measurements of ten skulls of Cynomys columbianus. o © . a T3 a» ^ ** 6 -=, 0) 2 2 SI es o 4a _ 00 e3 o a A J a a c bb is v be *; 5 a Locality. a to •i V ,5 M a i3 00 01 13 DC a a 00 cd £a a. P. £•£ 5 s 3 It u H o R fc & fc p 0 t> D & (3 l-l I "it Massachusetts,!?. Mex ... 2.24 1.02 0. 50 0.75 0.23 0.40 0.70 1.23 0.40 0.23 0.55 1.45 0.83 1G ;< 1.55 0.57 0.82 0. 22 0.40 0.58 1.25 0.32 0.23 0.60 1.40 0.78 San Francisco Mountains, Ariz. 2. tS 1.50 0.82 0.23 0.38 O.CO 1.20 0.34 0.22 0.53 1.40 0.70 194 2.25 1.05 0.52 0.23 0.63 1.27 0.60 1.40 0.78 195 ....do 2.30 1.07 0.50 0.83 0.25 0.38 0.65 1.25 0. I'd 1.50 0.83 1% .lo 2.35 1.70 0.55 0.82 0. 25 0.40 0.67 1.37 0.59 1.52 0.85 1117 .... do 2.40 1.70 0.54 0.82 0.26 0.40 0.67 1.28 n. 56 1.40 0.88 198 do 2.28 1.G3 0.52 0.78 0.27 0.40 0.63 1.24 0.58 1.40 0.82 ] ...do 2.33 1.75 0.55 0.78 0.23 0.40 0.67 1.27 0.57 1.50 II. M 200 ',0 2.45 1.85 0.57 o.co 0. 23 0.40 0. 70 1. 31 0.63 1.67 0.92 Table CXXXII. — List of specimens examined of Cynomys columbianus. 9 h a .a a 0 a « 3 3 ° « »• a 3 a tt . a ~ §2 © u 6 •= o & a 3 a Ic a W) "E o «1 Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — a © a 01 5< u © CD 9712 9713 :i-; 1 1 '.1715 9716 9717 9718 9719 97S0 9731 1300 336 404 512 569 570 571 573 574 575 593 Big Sandy, Wyo. T Ayden River, U. T Fort Bridgcr, U. T do Sept 7,1870 Sept 8,1870 Sept. 27, 1870 Sept. 27, 1870 Sept 27, 1870 Sept. 27, 1870 Sept. 27, 1870 Sept. 27, 1870 Sept. 30, 1870 Sept. 30, 1870 Dr. F. V. Hayden.. do H. D Schmidt ... do Skin. ...do. do ...do ...do. . do ....do ....do. (lo . do ....do ....do. . . . do do ....do ...do. do : do do do .. do do ... do ...do. do ... do ....do. do ...do ....do. do .. do ...do. C. DrexloE Dr. F. V. Hayden . . d ....do. Wind Hiver Mountains .. do May 18,1800 Dr. F. V. Hayden ...do do. ....do. 54 4591 »501 H903 30! 0 3089 3088 3504 IS98 9722 11447 11448 mi!) n i j) ii i ,i Dr. W.W. Anderson Lt E. G. Beckwith. Lt. F.T.Bryan.... do Dr.W.W. AndersoD C. Kreutzt'eldt W.S.Wood ... do ....do. Skin and skull. Skin. Skin and sknll. 1636 3303 3302 d1 i '< oachetope Pass, R. Mts July 30,1856 July 23, 1857 July 23, 1857 July 27, 1857 Aug. 15, 1858 Oct. 20, 1859 '.. ii Medicine How Mts do do ,1,. do ...do Skin. ....do. C. Drexler Dr. F.V. Hayden.. ...do C. Drexler Red Buttesof Platte Dr. F. V. Hayden ,1. II. Batty ...do do. do. ...da 594 -• do do do do ...do. do . do ... do ...do. .... .... do do ....do. do do . ....do. 1 il t vj.fi of "C. gxam \ " 0- gunnisonV SCIUEID.E— ARCTOMYS. 909 Table CXXXII. — List of specimens examined of Cynomys columbianus — Continued. o f-l V a j p « 0 5 d CC CD U a 3 a .2 "5 a co p. ^3 CO w 01 fc- ^ a t- — o O u o a p s g O Locality. When collected. From whom re- ceived. Collected by — 1 u o a e .1. mOnax, SCIURID^— ARCTOMYS MONAX. Oil Spermophilus, differing scarcely mure from Sciurus than do (lie Otospermo- philine forms of Spermophilus. On the other hand, it is in these features that Cynomys is highly specialized. The skull of Arctomys, viewed in its totality, differs from the Sciurine forms of Spermophilus mainly in its very much larger size, and in its much straighter dorsal outline. This, in part, results from the depression of the interorbital region, and in part from the great development of the occipital crests, naturally correlating with the large size and heavier form of the animal. The triturating surface of the molar teeth in Arctomys presents two deep transverse grooves, extending from the outer edge to the middle of the tooth, instead of three, as in Cynomys, agreeing in this respect with Spermophilus, Tamias, and Sciurus. The first upper premolar is relatively not larger than it usually is in Spermophilus, and is smaller, absolutely as well as relatively, than in Cynomys. The genus Arctomys embraces the largest members of the Sciurulcr, and, excepting Castor, the largest of the existing North American Rodent ia. The group is represented throughout the northern and middle portions of the northern hemisphere, and is not found elsewhere. In the present paper, three species are provisionally recognized as North American and as distinct from their nearest Old World allies. ARCTOMYS MONAX (Linn.) Schreber. Woodchuck. Mas monax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. lOtli ed. i, 1758, 00; 12th ed. i, 81 (based wholly on Edwards's descrip- tion anil figure of a specimen from Maryland).— Pallas, Nov. Spec. Glires, 1778 (in part only). — Bodd^rt, "Elench. Anim. i, 1784, 105." Glis monax Erxleben, Syst. Anim. 1777, 361 (in part only). Arctomys monax Schreber, Siiuget. iv, 737. — Shaw, Gen. Zoiil. ii, 1808, 117. — F. Cuvier, Diet, des Sci. Nat. xxix, 1823, 162.— Warden, Descrip. des Etats-Unis, v, 1820, 627.— Desmarest, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xix, 1818, 314 ; Mam. 1822, 328 (in part only).— Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, 1822, 582.— Harlan, FauD. Amer. 1825, 158— Godman, Amer. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 100 — I. Geoefroy, Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. x, 1827, 186. — Hamilton-Smith, Griffith's Cuvier's An. King, iii, 1827, 170 (with plate); v, 1827, 244.— Richardson, Fann. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 153 (compiled, chiefly from Godman). — Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1829, 342. — Emmons, Quad. Mass. 1840, 64. — De Kay, New York Zoiil. i, 1842, 6*, pi. xxi, fig. 4. — Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1842, 44.— Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843,259 (in part).— Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 01.— Audibon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 17, pi. ii. — Giebel, Siiuget. 1855,629 (iu part ouly ; includes all the American species). — Kennicott, Trans. III. State Agr. Soc. i, 18E5, ."79; U. S. Pat. Off. Rep. Agr. 1856 (1857), 82, pi. x.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 339, pi. xlix, lig. 1 (skull ). — Thomas, Trans. 111. State Agr. Soc. iv, 1860, 657. — Ross, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xiii, 1801, 162; Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1861, 434; Nat. Hist. Rev. 1862, 274. — Maximilian, Arch, f Naturgesch. 1861, 93.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil. i, 1869, 226 (Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1870, 190 (Iowa) ; xvi, 1874, 294.— Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. xi, 1869, 173 (fossil; bone-caves, Virginia).— Gil- pin, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci. ii, pt. iii, 1870, 16. — Adams, Field and For- est Rambles, 1873, 100, 296 (New Brunswick). 912 MONOGEAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. .1/,,, i Arctomys) monax Hall, Can. Nat and Geol. 1800, 302. I rxlkbkn, Syst Anim. 1/77,363 (in ]>ni t only: _• Quebec Marmot, Pennant -f Quebec Marmot, forstei I. Mat empetra Pallas, Nov. Spec. Glires, 1778, 74 (=Arotomyt parryi Richardson, excepting reference to Pennant's Quebec Marmot).— Bodd^RT, "Elench. Anim. i, 1784, 10,">." Arctomys empetra Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii, 182-2, 5>4 (the description ouly; not the synonymy ; not Ma* empetra Pallas, nor (he Arctomys empetra Sehreber, Gmelin, and previous authors gener- ally); fFranklin'a Journ. 1823, 662.— Harlan, Faun. Amer. 1825, 160 (in small part only; = empi (roof Pallas, Gmelin, etc.).— RICHARDSON, Parry's Voy. App. 1825, 315 ; Faun. Hor.-Am. i. 1829, 1 IT, pi. i\ ( - empetra Sabine, and heuce mainly A. monax).— Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1 -J.i, 343 (in part only).— SCHINZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 61 (iu part only).— Gray, " Knowsley's Menag. 1846, pi. vii." Mux (Arctomys) empetra Hall, Can. Nat. and Geol. 1860, 302. Arctomys melanopus Kim., Beitra>e, 1820, 64 (Canada). Arctomys empetra, < melanopui Fischer, Syn. Mam. 1829, 343 (= melanopus Kuhl). Irotomye marmota canadensis Kuhl, Beitrage, 1820, 64 (Canada). T Stereodectes tortus COPE!, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1869, 3 ; Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1869, 172, pi. iii (fossil ; bone-caves, Virginia; probably based on an abnormal incisor of Arctomys monax). "t Arctomys " LEIDY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii. 1869, 404 (= Stereodcctes tortus Cope). !eur, La Hontan, Voy, dans I'Amer. i, 17H3, 233. Monax, CaTESBY, Nat. Hist. Car. App. 174.'., xxviii. Monax or Marmotte of America, Edwards, Birds, ii, 1745, 104, pi. civ (specimen from Maryland). Ulis marmotla, amtricanus, Klein, Quad. 1751, 56.— Bisisson, Beg. Anim. 1756, 164. La Marmotli iVAmirique, Brisso.N", 1. c. Maryland Marmot, Pennant, Syn. Quad. 1771, 270 ; Arctic Zodl. i, 1784, 111 ; ib. 2d ed. 1792, 128 (iu part only ; mixed with a species of Capromys t Quebec Marmot, Pennant, 1. c. (probably A. monax,. Monax gris, P. Cuvibr, Hist, des Mam. livr. xxxvii. 1822. Woodchuck, Ground-hog, vulgo. Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 14.50, varying from 13.00 to 15.50; of tail-vertebrse about 4.50 ; of tail to end of hairs about 6.75. Color above generally mixed fulvous, brownish-black, and gray ; below, yellowish- rufous, varying to brownish-rufous. Top of head, upper surface of all the feet, and the tail usually black or brownish-black; nose and chin gray; sides of the head (below the eyes) and throat yellowish-white ; fore limbs and region all round their insertion usually lively rust-red. Varies to wholly brownish-black, varied slightly with pure gray or rusty-gray, and even to nearly uniform intense black. The ears are large, rounded, thinly haired, generally gray, hut varying in the darker specimens to brownish-gray, passing into black at their extremities. Tail full, round, and bushy, with the hairs generally considerably less than half the length of the head and body. Specimens from the same locality vary greatly in color, the gray of the upper parts varying from whitish-gray to yellowish-gray, the black from brownish-black to pure black, and the fulvous from pale fulvous to yellowish. The abundant soft under fur is black or dusky at base, then fulvous, passing into brownish-fulvous. The basal dusky zone occupies from one-third lo two- thirds of the whole length of the under fur, the remainder being fulvous, the SCIURID.33— ARCTOMYS MONAX. 913 proportions of the two colors greatly varying in different specimens, and prob- ably in the same individual at different seasons. The long, coarser, overlying hairs are colored basally like the under fur; the portion of the hairs project ing beyond the under fur is thicker than the basal portion, generally intense black, with the tips clear white, grayish-white, or yellowish-white. The mixed color of the surface results from the fulvous zone being more or less visible through the gray and black surface tints. The ventral surface is thinly haired, and generally almost without under fur. The hairs are here two- colored, being black basally, with the terminal half fulvous or rufous. The tail-hairs are generally wholly black or brownish-black to the base, with gen- erally gray tips, and sometimes an admixture of brownish. The anterior half of the dorsal surface of the body is generally much grayer than the pos- terior half, the gray sometimes forming a strongly marked gray shoulder- mantle. In No. 1571, from Essex County, New York, the middle and posterior part of the back is black, with the sides of the shoulders gray, presenting nearly the pattern of coloration seen in Spermophilus grammurus var. beecheyi. In the large series of New England specimens before me are some almost wholly black throughout, with the sides of the nose and chin gray and the long hairs of the body slightly gray-tipped. Others are brownish-black and more varied with gray; others still are strongly brownish-black posteriorly, and more varied with gray anteriorly and on the sides. In some that present the usual or more general phase of coloration, the top of the head is deep black ; in others, brownish-black ; in others still, it is scarcely darker than the rest of the dorsal surface. In some, the under fur is pale whitish-fulvous ; in others, simply fulvous, varying in still others to rusty-yellow. In the latter, the sides of the breast and the region surrounding the point of insertion of the fore limbs are bright reddish-chestnut, and the whole lower surface is strongly ferrugineous, with the hairs lighter-tipped over the middle of the belly. In all the specimens, the feet are all either intense black or deep brownish-black. In one specimen, from Nelson's River, H. B. T., the whole ventral surface is bright reddish-chestnut. There is also a specimen in the collection from the Hudson's Bay Territory wholly black. Young specimens, one-third to two-thirds grown, are usually much lighter colored than the adults. In these, the under fur is either wholly gray, or gray with a faint tinge of pale fulvous, and the white tips of the hairs are much longer than in older specimens. The pelage is generally thinner, with a peculiar aspect of immaturity. 58 m 914 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTE AMERICAN EODENTIA. Arctomys monax differs from A. Jlaviventer, its nearest ally, in its smaller size, relatively much shorter tail, larger cats, and quite different coloration. The style of coloration is nearly the same in the two species, both being grizzled above, through the gray tipping of the hairs, and more or less varied with fulvous. A. Jlaviventer is characterized by a more golden hue and by the subterminal bar of the long hairs being reddish-brown instead of* black. A. monax lacks t lie pale yellow color of the buttocks seen in A. Jlaviventer, and the whitish-yellow area on the sides of the neck. The feet and tail are also black instead of yellow or yellowish-brown. The difference in size is quite marked, A. monax averaging about three inches shorter in the head and body length, while the tail is also three inches shorter than that of A. Jlavi- venter, and hence relatively much shorter. Still more strongly marked differ- ences are seen in the skulls. In A. monax, as compared with A. Jlaviventer, the palate is broader, the molar series farther apart and strictly parallel, the teeth themselves larger, and the palatal surface smooth ; whereas in the latter the molar series are slightly convergent posteriorly, the palatal surface is nar- rower, absolutely as well as relatively, with a rather deep groove on each side, extending usually from the maxillo-intermaxillary suture to the last premolar, and sometimes considerably beyond this point; the posterior nasal opening is also narrower, and the pterygoid processes more convergent. In A. monax, the skull is broader in proportion to its length, the nasals are longer, and the frontals extend further forward, resulting in a much smaller exposure of the maxillary in view from above. The anterior face of the zygomatic process of the maxillary is also much narrower than in A. Jlaviventer. As compared with A. pruinosas, all the differences, both cranial and external, are far greater than between A. mor.ax and A. Jlaviventer, rendering a detailed com- parison unnecessary. In respect to size, A. pruinosus must be an animal of twice the bulk and weight of A. monax. As may be inferred from the foregoing remarks, A. monax presents a wide range of individual variation in color. It also varies greatly in respect to the characters of the skull, particularly in respect to the length and form of the nasal bones, and the breadth and posterior extension of the premaxil- laries. When the nasals are greatly narrowed posteriorly,, the intermaxillary becomes proport ionally widened, its width opposite the zygomatic process of t he maxillary being fully twice as great in some specimens as in others. The adult skull, among specimens from the same locality, varies in length from SCIURIDJ5— ARCTOMYS MONAX. 915 about 3.20 lo 3.60, and in width from 2.15 to 2.48. Specimens from the United States average about 3.40 in length of skull, and rarely exceed 3.50. The habitat of Arctomys monax extends from the Carolinas northward to Hudson's Bay and Liard River, and westward from the Atlantic coast to Western Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. There are specimens in the collec- tion from Nelson's River, H. B. T., James's Bay, Fort Simpson, Fort Che- pevvyan (Athabasca District), Fort Liard, and Peale's River, that scarcely differ from specimens from New York and New England. Some of them are rather more rufous than the usual phase met with in the United States, but are not apparently otherwise different. According to Mr. B. R. Ross, it ranges north- ward to latitude 6'2°. He speaks of obtaining specimens at Lake Athabasca and Salt River, but adds that he thinks its range does not extend beyond Fort Simpson.* Audubon and Bachman state that it exists sparingly in the mount- ainous districts of North and South Carolina, but add that it is not found in the maritime districts of either of those States.f Although the present species has very few synonyms, technically speak- ing, it has a very complicated history. The specific name monax was first given to this animal in 1758 by Linnaeus, who based it on the description of the "Monax, or Marmotte of America,'' of Edwards, whose description and figure were published in 1747, Edwards's work being the only one quoted by Linnaeus in either the tenth or the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. Edwards's figure was drawn from a living specimen in the possession of Sir Hans Sloane, brought from Maryland. Thus the name monax is unequivocally applicable to the Marmot, "Ground Hog", or "Woodchuck" of the Atlantic States. Somewhat before this date, however, Catesby, in his Natural History of Caro- lina (published 1731 to 1743), described and figured an animal called by him the "Bahama Coney"; in the appendix of the same work he described the "Monax". The former belongs to a family wholly unrepresented in the United States, being referable to some species of Capromys; perhaps to the C. fournieri, as was first suggested by Audubon and Bachman. The latter is the common Marmot of the Atlantic States, the Arctomys monax of authors.}: * MS. notes iu Smithsonian Institution. t Their reference to its occurrence on the Upper Missouri and iu the Rocky Mountains to Texas relates of course to A: flaviventer. } As Catesby's vague and unsatisfactory descriptions of these animals have an important historical bearing, I subjoin them iu full : — "CUNICULUS BAIIAMENSIS. "The Banama Coney. " This Creature is a little less than the common Wild Rabbit, aud of a brown Colour, with a Mix- ture of gray Hairs. Its Ears, Feet and Tail resemble those of a Rat, in other Parts it is Bomewhat like 916 MONOGRAPHS OF NOBTB AMERICAN RODENTIA. Yel Pennant, in 1771, in his Synopsis of Quadrupeds (as also in all of his subsequent accounts of thai animal), referred both of these to his "Maryland Marmol ", as he did also the "Monax" of Edwards, the uGlis marmotta, ame- ricanus," of Klein, the "Glis (marmota americana)" of Brisson, and the Mus monax of Linnaeus, without apparently having any personal acquaintance with either of them. Although his first reference is to the "Bahama Coney", his description relates mainly to Hie Maryland Marmot, but in his account of its distribution and habits he includes the "Bahama Coney". Erxleben, in 1777, followed Pennant in referring Catesby's Bahama Coney, and all the subse- quent names of Klein, Brisson, and others based thereon, to his Glis monax, as well as the "Monax" of Catesby and Edwards, supposing, as did Pennant, that all were referable to the same animal. Erxleben was followed by Gme- lin and nearly all systematic writers down to Audubon and Bachman, who appear to have been the first to call attention to the total distinctness of Catesby's two species. Thus the confusion created by Pennant in 1771 con- tinued for fully three-fourths of a century. As late as 1822, Sabine attri- buted to Erxleben the "credit" of uniting the references of his predecessors, based on Pennant's Monax and Bahama Coney, and of thus correcting their error of regarding them as distinct, while in reality he only greatly empha- sized the confusion that originated six years earlier with Pennant, by lending it 1 lie authority of his name. As shown in the references given at the head of the present article, Schreber is almost the only one among the early gen- eral systematic writers who escaped the error of uniting Catesby's Monax and Bahama Coney. The only prominent synonym of the Arctomys monax is empetra, a name originating with Pallas, and based by him on a specimen of Sjiermoplulus "parryi",* but in his references he cites the Quebec Marmot of both Pennant a Rabbit. They feed wholly ou wild Fruit and other Vegetables : When surpriz'd by Hunters they retreat to Holes in Rocks. Their Flesh is esteemed very good, it has more the Taste of a Pig than that of a Rabbit. I take it to be nearly of the Kind of the Mus Alpinus, or Marmot. Iiaii Syn. Quad. p. 221." — (Catesby, Nat. Hist, of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, vol. ii, 1743, p. 79, pi. lxxix.) " Makmota Americana. " The Monax. "This Animal is about the Bigness of a wild Rabbet; and of a brown Colour, the Head also resembles most that of a Rabbet, except that the Ears are short, like those of a Squirrel ; the Feet are like those of a Rat, the Tail is like that of a Squirrel, but much less hairy. It feeds ou Bread, Fruit aud other Vegetable Diet. At certain Times they retire to their subterraneous Lodgings, and sleep continually a Mouth or lunger together: They are Inhabitants of Maryland, Pennsylvania fc. Their Flesh is esteemed good Meat."— (CATESBY, Xat. Hist, of Carolina, Florida, and flic Bahama Islands, App. p. xxviii.) ■ farther the discussion of tho synonymy of Spermophilus empetra (= S. parryi auct.), anted, p. 842. SCIURID.E— ARCTOMYS MONAX. 917 and Forster.* While the "Quebec Marmot" of the latter is also certainly referable to Spermophilus parryi, the "Quebec Marmot" of Pennant is in all probability to be assigned to Arctomys monax, although the only really tangi- ble character given is, "rather larger than a Rabbet". The Arctomys empetra of Schreber is strictly the Mus empetra of Pallas, Schreber not only quoting Pallas's diagnosis and references, but also giving a figure of Pallas's Mus em- petra, furnished him by Pallas himself, and he based his account of the animal mainly on Pallas's description. He, however, eked out the history of the spe- cies by a summary of Pennant and Forster's descriptions of their "Quebec Marmot". Thus, with the exception of the reference to Pennant, the Mus empetra of Pallas is the Spermophilus parryi of later writers. Sabine, however, in 1822, described a specimen of Arctomys monax, from Hudson's Bay, under the name Arctomys empetra, to which he referred the Quebec Marmot of Pen- nant and Forster, and the several names based thereon, together with the Mus empetra of Pallas. The Arctomys empetra of Sabine is properly the A. empetra of most subsequent authors down to Audubon and Bachman, who correctly referred the A. empetra, as at that time understood, to A. monax, after having seen Hudson's Bay specimens of the former in England, and becoming con- vinced that they were identical. As already stated (see antea, p. 843), Sabine noticed the discrepancies between the various accounts of the Arctomys empetra of authors, both among themselves and with his specimen, especially the shortness of the tail, as described by Pallas and figured by Schreber. These discrepancies were also referred to by Richardson in 1825.f The Glis canadensis of Erxleben (1777) is based wholly on the Quebec Marmot of Pennant and Forster, and thus certainly refers mainly to the Arc- tomys parryi of Richardson, and (through the reference to Pennant) in part also to the A. empetra of Sabine. The Arctomys ine.lanopus of Kuhl was based on a specimen of A. monax, and is thus strictly and exclusively a synonym of that species. The " Marmota quebekana Pennant", cited by Pallas, is merely a citation in Latin of Pennant's English name. * "Marmota quebekana Pennant Syn. p. 270. Sp. 199. tab. 24. f. 2. bona. Forster Act. aDgl. vol. LXII. p. 378." t Parry's Second Voy. App. p. 315. 018 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Table CXXXII1. — Measurements of six specimens of Arctomys monax. Locality. Essex County, N. Y do Ipswich, Mass , do do Needhani, Mass From tip of noso to — © >> W fa 3 B & u O I.S7 3.00 3.60 1.50 2.10 3.50 1.17 2.17 1.50 2.95 3.20 1.57 2.80 3. 4.1 1.33 2.94 3.45 14.50 14.00 9.45 13.00 15.50 15.25 Tail to end of— 4.75 5.08 2.50 4.48 4.50 5.45 (175 7.08 4.50 6.00 6.75 7.60 Length of— 3.33 3.42 2.10 1.95 2.05 W 3.04 3.14 2.55 3.10 2.80 2.95 Fresh ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do .. .do .. Kctnarks. > From Baird, Mam > N. Amer. p. 343. Table CXXXIV. — Measurements of fourteen skulls of Akctomys monax. 6 o s . +» as CD a h o .0 a Locality. .a 43 3 o a dp -a to a © J3 © .3 * «2 M p 3 1 DQ si I- IS ja M '© ja tn J3 TO - m u '3 w c n H 3 *27G9 •2170 947 949 ? cf 3.45 4.00 17.75 0.50 9.00 2.40 3.05 1.95 3.20 3.65 17.00 C.85 8.20 2.15 3.35 ..do. *2766 950 cT 1.92 3.50 4.00 18.50 6.50 9.30 2.50 3.30 ..do. *2767 9S1 9 a io 3.65 4.10 19.25 7.30 10.00 8.45 3.20 ..do. •2708 952 0 1.30 2.40 2.90 10. UO 4.40 5.75 1.80 2.55 ..do. ? 14.75 4.50 6.50 2.80 ..do. U525 22.00 8.00 10.00 Skin. * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. t " Much stretched." Table CXXXVII.— Measurements of eight skulls of Arctomys flwiventer. o o •a * *-s M H ~ a u o ■a .p S sS w> 3 'n "c5 5 CO a) CD a! 09 03 a a P. -- 3. — S M 3 3 tj H e n fc fc fe p P P a ►J 2372 12406 11497 11498 •178 Black Hills 3.55 3.15 3.52 3.65 3.45 2.43 2.00 2.57 2.32 1.05 0.82 0.90 0.92 0.90 1.50 1.25 0.38 0.37 0.74 0.G8 1.20 0.97 1 17 2.05 1.72 1.90 0.77 0.78 2.32 2.00 1.25 1.10 1.40 1.37 0.38 0.35 0.76 0.70 Montgomery, Park County, Colo 1.08 1.92 0.80 2.13 1.10 *177 3.45 2.25 C.80 1.47 0.35 0.60 1.12 2.05 0.77 2. 22 1.23 *175 3.65 2.33 0.87 1.60 0.36 0.65 1.27 2.05 0.78 2.35 1.30 *176 d° 3.17 2.10 0.77 1.30 0.37 0.60 1.00 1.85 0.80 2.05 1.16 • In Mueeum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 924 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA. Tu.i i: <\ XX VIII. — List of specimens examined of Arctomys ixavivknter. e 1 a a a 6 s u . C o £ 2 S ■ u a a a «_: fl 5 X 6 o H - o u o s> S □ a "3 a 'ii O - -i a — - .- i Loculity. When collected. From whom received. Collected by— £ .§ a a p. « O . F. Parkinson Dr. F.V.Hayden ... do J. 11. Batty do Skin. do. ..do. do. ■ Middle Park, Colo July 28, 1869 do J. Stevenson ■T. II. Batty O do ... Fort Ellis, Mont. Ter.. do W.B. Piatt F. J. Huse ...do. do. 36 36 60 do Lieut. G.M. Wheeler do Dr. J. T. Rnthrock do do. do. do .. 9 Fort Dalles, Oreg - Wind River Mts May 2,1855 Gov. 1. 1. Stevens Dr. F. V. Hayden . . . do Dr. F. Y7 Hayden do do. do. Skin and skull ...do. ...do. do. 1525 4326 •8J69 •2770 •2766 •S767 »2768 2372 4271 178 176 177 175 Bluet Hills, Nebr G.N.Trook Rocky Mt. Exped... do G.N.Trook Allen, Bennett, and Bliss. do 947 949 950 951 952 9 o" d1 9 o Colo, do . . do do do do. do. . do do do do do do * In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Maes. ARCTOMYS PRUINOSUS Grmelin. Unary Marmot. Arctomys prninosus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1786, 144 (= Hoary Marmot, Pennant). — Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 181 (same). — Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, 1822, 586 (same). — Harlan, Faun. Amer. 1825, 169 (same). — Richardson, Zool. Journ. iii, 1628, 518; Faun. Bor.-Anier. i, 1829, 150. — Fischer, Syn. Mam. 1829, 343.— Audubon & Baciiman, Quad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, 17, pi. ciii. — BaiBd, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 345. Arctomys caligatus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, ii, 1829, 1, pi. vi. — Richardson, Zool. Beecbey's Voy. 1839, 7, 12* (from Eschscholtz). — Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siinget. iii, 1843, 260 (from the same). — Schinz, Syn. Mannii, 1845, 63 (from the same). — Ross, Ediub. New Phil. Journ. xiii, 1861, 162 ; Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1861, 434 ; Nat. Hist. Rev. 1862,274 (north to Arctic Circle).— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 294. Arctomys oJcanaganus King, Nar. Back's Journ. ii, 1836, 236, pi. ii. Arctomys monax Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 260 (in part). — Middendouff, Sibirische Reise, ii, 1853, 85 (in part). — (Jassin, U. S. Expl. Exped. Mamm. 1858, 35 (Fort Okanagan, Oregon). Hoary Marmot, Pennant, Hist. Quad, ii, 1781, 130: Arct. Zoul. i, 1784, 112; 2d ed. 1792, 129. Jhm bereifte Murmelthier, Sciiheber, Saugot. iv, 745 (from Pennant). Whistler, Harmon, Journ. 1820, 427. Specific chars. — Length of head and body 23.00 to 25.00 ; of tail to end of vertebra? G.50 to 7.75 ; to end of hairs 9.25 to 10.50. Above, anteri- orly, clear grayish-white, varied with black ; posteriorly grayish-fulvous and SCIURID.E— ARCTOMYS PRUINOSUS. 925 black; below clear whitish-gray. A small occipital area and tlie feet black Head anteriorly, with the sides of the muzzle and the chin, white or grayish- white, and the top of the nose generally black. Ears quite small, well clothed, and nearly concealed by the surrounding pelage. Tail full and round, with the hairs rather less than one-half of the length of the head and body. The hairs are yellowish-white externally, slightly varied with black, and dark reddish-brown basally. Different specimens vary in the amount of black mixed with the gray and in the intensity of the fulvous suffusion posteriorly. The anterior two- thirds of the dorsal surface is often nearly white, with a slight admixture of black-tipped hairs ; at other times, the black and white are present in nearly equal proportions, while again the black predominates. The posterior third of the dorsal surface, together with the tail, is generally more or less suffused with pale whitish-fulvous, sometimes varying to deep fulvous. The pelage is very soft and full, and the under fur very abundant and long. Anteriorly it is brownish-black at base, and clear white apically, or with a slight tinge of yellowish ; posteriorly the basal zone is more strongly brownish, with the apical zone pale whitish -yellow. Many of the longer overlying hairs are wholly clear white; others are colored basally like the under fur, with the tips pure black. The lower surface is rather thinly haired, with, however, more or less under fur. The hairs are mostly pure white to the base: the scanty under fur is brownish, and shows to a greater or less extent through the surface hairs, giving a dingy brownish-white appearance to the ventral surface. Some of the long hairs are wholly black, and others are black- tipped. Occasionally the ventral surface is quite strongly tinged with rufous. In a half-grown specimen, the ventral surface is much more thickly clothed than in the adults. One specimen from Fort Yukon (collector's No. 258) has the hinder part of the back spotted with black and dark chestnut, arranged in large irregular patches. In this specimen, the whole upper surface of the head is black, mixed slightly with gray; the nose and the edge of the chin are also black. The muzzle and chin are usually white, and the top of the head black, but the black area is of irregular outline and of variable extent. The white area on the nose is sometimes very restricted, and again extends posteri- orly to a point opposite the eyes, extending back laterally so as to form a broad band over each eye ; in other specimens, the black area reaches later- 926 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. ally in ilic eves. Generally i he feet are wholly intense black, but are some- times more or less mixed with gray. In one specimen (No. 5603), the fore Feel are about one-hall gray and one-half black, the gray and black being intermixed in irregular patches; the hind feet of the same specimen are mostly black. In other respects than those above noted, the series of eleven specimens before me is quite uniformly colored. A. pruinosus differs from the other American species of Arctomys in being much larger than either, and in its wholly different coloration. In respect to cranial characters, it differs from A. monax not only greatly in the size of the skull but in the posterior convergence of the molar series, in this latter respect agreeing with A.Jlaviventcr. It differs, however, quite markedly from both A. monax and A.Jlaviventer in respect to the form of the anterior border of the frontals. The suture separating the frontals from the nasals, intermaxillaries, and maxillaries forms a nearly straight line in A. pruinosus, while in both A. monax and A.Jlaviventer the nasals extend considerably beyond the intermaxillaries, while the latter also extend beyond the maxilla- ries. Hence, in A. pruinosus, the frontals terminate more anteriorly and in a nearly straight line, instead of being deeply and irregularly hollowed, as in A. monax and A.Jlaviventer, in which only an angular portion extends for- ward laterally between the intermaxillaries and nasals and the edge of the orbits. In size and coloration, A. pruinosus bears a much closer resemblance to the A. marmota of Europe than to either of the other American species, especially in coloration. A. pruinosus, however, has, like the other American species, a rudimentary thumb, with a small but distinct flat nail, which is wholly wanting in A. marmota. A. pruinosus has, however, rather the longer tail, and is larger. The skulls of the two also present several points of resem- blance, particularly in the straight or nearly straight suture between the frontals and the nasals, intermaxillaries, and maxillaries. The Hoary Marmot was first described by Pennant* in 1781, from a specimen (as Richardson tells us) in the Leverian Museum, said to have been brought from Hudson's Bay. "That specimen", adds Richardson, "is now ' " Marmot. With the tip of tbe nose black : ears short, ami oval ; cheeks whitish : crown dusky and tawny : hair in all parts rude and long; on the back, sides, and belly, cinereous at the bottoms, I'l i. k in the middle, and tipped with white, so as to spread a hoariness over the whole: legs black: claws dusky: tail lull of hair, black and ferruginous. Size of the preceding [Maryland Marmot]. Inhabits the northern parts of North America." SOIUKIDjE— ARCTOMYS PRUINOSUS. 927 ]osl, ami t lie species does not appear to have come under the notice of any other naturalist." Graelin's name Arctomys pruinosus was based wholly on Pennant's description of the Hoary Marmot, as are all subsequent references to this species down to 1829, when Richardson added some further informa- tion to the history of the species. He identified with it the Whistler of Harmon, and says, if this reference is correctly made, "we may soon hope to know more of it, for the traders who annually cross the Rocky Mountains from Hudson's Bay to the Columbia and New Caledonia are well acquainted with it." He later adds that "Mr. Macpherson describes one killed in the month of May on the south branch of the Mackenzie as follows: — 'It was 27£ inches long, of which the head 2|, and the tail 8£. It is, I think, of the same genus with the Quebec Marmot. In the fore-teeth, and in the shape of the head and body, it resembles a beaver. The hair, especially about the neck and shoulders, is rough and strong. The breast and shoulders, down to the middle of the body, is of a silver-gray colour ; the rest of the body and the brush are of a dirty yellowish or brown. The head and legs arc small and short in proportion to the body.' "Mr. Harmon represents them as about the size of a badger, covered wilh a beautiful long silver-gray hair, and having long bushy tails. Mr. Drum- niond says they resemble the badger of the plains (Meles Labradoria) in colour, but are of rather smaller size."* The animal thus indicated is rep- resented by a considerable series of specimens in the collection of the National Museum, mostly from Arctic America. The Arctomys pruinosus of the present article is unquestionably the Arctomys pruinosus ot Richardson, and there seems to me to be no reason to question the reference of the Hoary Marmot of Pennant, and hence the Arctomys pruinosus of Gmelin, to the same species. In 1829, the year following the publication of Richardson's first notice of his Arctomys pruinosus, Eschscholtz figured and described an Arctomys caHgatus from specimens obtained near Bristol Bay, on the northwest coast, which is unquestionably referable to the Arctomys jrruinosus of Richardson. Richardson himself, in 1839, notes the great resemblance between the two animals. In 1836, King, in the Narrative of Captain Back's Overland Expe- dition to the Arctic Sea, redescribed the species as Arctomys okanoganus. Of this species Richardson says, in the Zoology of Beechey's Voyage (p. 12*), * Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. i, 1829, pp. 150, 151. See also Zool. Journ. vol. iii, 1823, p. 518. 928 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMKKICAN KODENTIA. under the head of A. caligatus: — "There is a living animal of this species now in the Zoological Gardens. It was brought to England by Mr. King, Surgeon to Captain Back's overland Expedition, and is figured and described in his recent work under the appellation of Arctomys ochanaganus, derived from the riser upon whose banks it was caught. The Arctomys pruinosus of Pennant is perhaps the same with caligatus, but the brief account of it in Arctic Zoology is insufficient to determine." This specimen, as Audubon and Bach- man inform us, is also the original of their Arctomys pruinosus, to which they likewise refer the A. caligatus of Eschscholtz. Middendorff, in 1851, partly from a comparison of descriptions and fig- ures and partly upon theoretical grounds, considered the large Marmot of Kamtschatka as specihcally identical with the A. pruinosus of Audubon and Bachman, both of which (including also the A. empetra of authors and the A. melanopus of Kulil) he considered as identical with A. monax. Hence he strangely employs this name for the designation of the Kamtschatkan species, previously named A. camtschatica by Brandt. At the same time, he was inclined to regard the A. caligatus, owing mainly to differences of color, as dis- tinct from the Kamtschatkan Marmot and from the A. monax of North America. Dr. Richardson, apparently on the authority of Harmon and the fur traders, gave the range of A. pruinosus as extending from latitude 46° to 62° in the Rocky Mountains. Pennant's specimen is said to have come from Hudson's Bay, and there are specimens in the present collection from Wash- ington Territory, Forts Good Hope, Liard, and Yukon, in the Mackenzie River District, and from Fort Henry, Alaska. Ross gives its range as extend- ing northward to the Arctic Circle. It hence probably ranges from the Columbia River northward, west of the Rocky Mountains to the Barren Grounds, thence eastward to Lake Athabasca, and possibly to Hudson's Bay. All the specimens in the collection of the National Museum, however, from the region about Hudson's Bay, belong to A. monax. Table CXXXIX. — Measurements of three specimens of Arctomys rmilNOSUS. u B From tip of bosc to— Tail to end of- Length of— a a 5 6 a s 0 Locality. & Oh S .j g o a ,fi .2 « & ^ 3 CD o O H O H > a h w 5 DC 10 5G03 5C03 1050 to - 1051 24.00 25.50 23. 50 6.75 7.75 t!.50 9.25 10.50 9.25 a so 3.75 Skin. . do. do do 1.85 4. SO 2.30 3.85 ...do. SCIUKIDyE— AECTOMYS PRUINOSUS. 929 Table CXL. — Measurements of seven skulls of Arctomys PRUINOSUS. © © © •3 o ■*2 © © © 5 a « -a "6 12 © © .a a o a o 5 rt O _: d •— © o £ a .2° "3 of g Si a © *5d a 3 a Locality. 3 © Q of © u o 03 A •3 a CO © "3 3 ti s © '3 M a © no" "= Si 0) ea ••-a 3 .3 a to o © 00 CD U o O o a (O 5 ^ a S 3 ■>-a "o ca a OS +3 « "« « £a S.1 © S ® - © s •« © 5 =3 O OS « e3 a. -a c a. 5 a -S H O P fc fe fc t= 0 p P & >-l hi 6870 4.15 2.75 1.25 1.75 0.40 0.80 1.40 2.50 0.80 0.62 1.00 2.80 1.47 6862 do 3.95 2.52 1. 22 1.66 0.37 0.80 1.33 2.26 0.75 0.60 0.85 2.55 1.33 3676 ... do . 4.05 2.55 1.17 0.36 0.60 1.37 2.40 1.C0 2.65 1.34 3677 3675 6H61 do ...do 1 24 1.65 0.40 0.85 1.34 2.30 0.92 0.30 1.25 2.17 0.90 2.56 1.25 1.56 0.30 1.22 2.05 0.78 2.40 1.30 4750 do 1.03 1.65 0.30 1.28 2.10 0.77 2.35 1.35 Table CXLI.— List of specimens examined of Arctomys pruinosus. "© © a a a © hD . -2 .9 o o U © a 3 a fc£ — * 6 © a 3 a 3 '& °C O © Locality. When collected. From whom received. Collected by— 3 © a '© Pi en (w 0 © 3 55 5728 9493 5010 5609 5608 5603 5611 9 Oct. —,1864 May 16, 1869 C.P.Gaudet F. Bischoff B.K.EOS8 do F. Bischoff Skin. ...do. .... 1059 1058 1051 530 1053 168 170 W. L. Hardisty do ...do. ...do. do do do ...do. do do ...do. do do W.h. Hardisty ..do. .... Camp Chiloweyuck, W. T Frazer'a River, W. T Sept. 18, 1858 Sept. 18, 1858 A. Campbell do Dr. C. B. R. Kennedy do ...do. ..do. TV. L. Hardisty ...do. .. do Sept. 18, If 58 Dec. 20, 1861 Dec. 20, 1861 do do ...do. 259 258 .... Fort Yukoa .. do do ...do. 173 do do ...do. Camp Chiloweyuck, TV. T ... do Dr. C. B. E. Kennerly do ...do. SkulL ...do. 3673 3675 3676 3677 3678 6872 6870 6861 6862 do do do . do . do do ... do do do do ...do. do do do .. do. ...do do do. ...do. do . do do do do do .. do. do ...do do ...do. EXTINCT AMERICAN SCIURID^. Many species of extinct Rodents have recently been made known by Dr. Leidy and Professors Marsh and Cope from the Tertiary deposits of 59 M 930 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTB AMERICAN RODENTIA. Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, as well as from bone ca\cs and Quaternary deposits of the East,. Within the last six years, more than fifty species have been named, but very few of them can be said to have Keen characterized, owing to the imperfect nature of the mate- rials from which they have been made known. In 1873, Dr. Leidy described and figured remains of six species in his great work entitled "Contributions to I he Extincl Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories",* of which four were referred to the Sciuridce and two doubtfully to the Muridce. Professor Marsh, in 1871 and 1872, gave preliminary descriptions, without figures, of ten or twelve species, in the American Journal of Science and Arts (vols, ii and iv, ;')d series), of which a large part are doubtless referable to the Sciuridce, but in many instances no conjecture is offered respecting their affinities. In nearly every case, the species were described from one or two imperfect jaw fragments, containing one or more molar teeth, but in one or two instances merely from isolated molars. Professor Cope, in various papers, has described a still larger number, making altogether about fifty-four species, and six- teen genera, all more or less imperfectly indicated. In many cases, owing to the fragmentary and extremely unsatisfactory nature of the remains on which the diagnoses have necessarily been based, the affinities of many of the genera can scarcely be even conjectured. Some are positively referable to the Muridce, others to the Casloridce, Leporidce, and Hystricidce, while many others are unquestionably referable to the Sciuridce. Other remains belong to families unrepresented in the existing fauna, as the Ischyromyidie and ( 'asloroididce. Remains of Glires have been found in great variety in the Tertiary (Eocene) deposits of the Upper Green River and its tributaries, and in portions of Col- orado, Dakota, and Nebraska. Other remains, in part referable to species still existing, but mainly to extinct species of existing genera, have been found in the caves of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and in the crevices of the lead- bearing rocks of Illinois and Wisconsin in deposits of Quaternary age. In a few instances, as in the case of Palcwlagus in Colorado, large numbers of specimens of the same species have been found, but generally the species are known as yet from merely a few imperfect fragments of jaws. In respect to the Sciuridce, the bone-caverns of Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia have afforded remains of extinct species of Tamias and Sciurus, but, • final Reports of tlie U. S. Geol, Surv. Terr. vol. i, Fossil Vertebrates, part i, 1873. SCIUEIDiE— EXTINCT SrECIES. 931 with possibly one exception,* the remains from the Tertiary deposits of the West belong to wholly extinct genera. The genera of this family, most abun- dant in the Eocene deposits, and which may be unquestionably referred to the Sciuridce, are Paramys and Sciuravus, which are not apparently very dis- tantly related. The remains referred to these genera indicate species ranging in size from animals smaller than Sciurus hudsonius to those one-fourth larger than Arciomys monax. Other apparently Sci urine forms are the genera Tax- ymys Marsh, Tillomys Marsh, Heliscomys Cope, and possibly Colonomys Marsh, and some of the species referred to Gymnoptychus Cope. Gymno- ptychus chrysodon is said to lack postorbital processes, which at once excludes it from the Sciuridce, although the genus has been referred by its author to this family, together with Ischyromys Leidy.f As the majority of the extinct species of Sciuridai have been described from merely lower-jaw fragments, it is not unlikely that, if they ever become better known, some of the larger genera, as Paramys, Sciuravus, and Gym- noptychus, will be found to embrace species not strictly congeneric ; it being presumable from analogy that species ranging in size from the size of a large Mouse to that of a large Marmot will hardly prove to be referable to the same genera. The subjoined account of the extinct forms of Sciuridce is necessarily, from the circumstances of the case, merely a compilation from the original authorities. All that is aimed at is to give a connected synopsis of the sub- ject, embracing the leading characteristics of the described forms, with their localities of occurrence, their approximate size, a notice of the data on which our knowledge of them at present rests, and references to the original papers in which they have been described or noticed. This, owing to the scattered state of the literature of the subject, it has been thought might prove useful to the general student and also to specialists. SCIURUS CALYCINUS Cope. Sciurus calycinus Cope, Proc. Amer. Pbil. Soc. xii, 1871, 86. Described from "two imperfect rami of the lower jaw, with the incisor and first, second, and third inferior molars in situ", found in the Port Ken- * Professor Cope refers one species from Colorado, described first as a Paramys, to Sciurus, remark- ing that the remains thus referred do "not differ in any degree from corresponding parts of the existing Squirrels".— {Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr! for 1873 (1874), p. 475.) t Ibid. p. 474. 932 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. in >dy bone-cave, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. These remains indicate a species much larger than S. panolius Cope, and agreeing in size with S. hudsonius, to which it seems not unlikely referable. SCIURUS PANOLIUS Cope. Returns panolivB Cope, Proc. Am.i Phil. Sue. xi, 1869, 1T4, pi. iii, fig. 5. This species is based on a portion of a mandibular ramus "containing two molar teeth, and the included portion of the incisor, the coronoid and vertical ramus being lost". It is from the caves of Wythe County, Virginia. This fragment indicates a species about two>-thirds the size of Sciurus hud- sonius, and appears to differ considerably in other respects from the corre- sponding portion of the lower jaw of 8. hudsonius. While its size is that of Turn ins striatus, it is a true Sciurus, and the smallest species of the genus thus far known from North America. SCIURUS RELICTUS Cope. " Varamys nUctus Cope. Synop. New Vert, of Colorado, 1873, 3." Sciurua relietus Cope, Aun. Rep. U. S. Geo). Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 475. "Size that of the Chickaree (Sciurus hudsonius)? Described from "two left mandibular rami, with all the teeth complete". Said to "not differ in any degree from corresponding parts of the existing Squirrels". Found in the "Tertiary of Colorado", the exact locality not being given. TAMIAS L^EVIDENS Cope. Tamias lavidene Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi, 1669, 174. This species, described from "the distal half of a mandibular ramus", with the first molar teeth in place, is too imperfectly known to enable one to say much respecting its character or affinities. Its size seems to have been that of T. striatus, from which species it, however, differs in several important particulars. In T. lavidens, the first lower molar has two anterior cusps, as in T. lateralis and T. asiaticus var. quadrivittatus, instead of the single one seen in T. striatus and T. harrisi. The portion of the ramus anterior to the molars is also slenderer than in T. striatus, and the incisors lack the fine stri- atums of the anterior surface seen in the last-named species, but have "three narrow grooves on the outer longitudinal angle". From the bone breccias of caves, Wythe County, Virginia. SCIUMM3— EXTINCT SrECIES. 933 ARCTOMYS VETUS Marsh. Arctomys vetus Maksii, Airier. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. ii, 1871, 121. About one-third as large as Arctomys monax. Described from a nearly perfect lower jaw and other remains. Lower incisors with a shallow median groove on the anterior surface. Loup Fork, Northern Nebraska; Pliocene. Genus PARAMYS Leidy. Paramys Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, 231 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 357 ; Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1873, 109. Although half a dozen or more species of Paramys have been de- scribed, the genus is thus far known only from more or less imperfect mandibular rami. It was first described by Dr. Leidy, in 1871, from remains discovered by Dr. Carter in Tertiary deposits near Fort Bridger, Utah, who recognized three species from as many fragments of lower jaws. Professor Marsh and Professor Cope have each since described a single additional species from the Tertiary of Western Wyoming and Colorado. The largest of these species {Paramys robustus Marsh) exceeds in size the common Marmot {Arctomys nwnax), while the smallest {Paramys relictus Cope, per- haps not strictly referable to this genus) is not larger than the common Chick- aree {Sciurus hudsonius). As in all the other genera of the Sciuridee, the lower grinding teeth are four in number on each side, with short, square, tuberculate, enameled crowns, with the same concave surface and tuberculate corners as in other genera. "The lower jaw is proportionally shorter and deeper than in most known Rodents, the reduction in length being mainly due to a less development of that part of the bone in advance of the molars. To compensate for differ- ence in length, and to make room to accommodate the incisors, these teeth reach farther back than usual. In Squirrels and Marmots their posterior extremity reaches a short distance behind and beneath the last molar. In Paramys it reached further backward, upward, and externally to a level with the crown of the last molar. The jaw in advance of the molars is not only short compared with the usual condition in most known Rodents, but the acute edge of the hiatus between the molars and incisors is almost on a level with the alveoli of the teeth, instead of forming a deep concave notch, so conspicuous a feature of the jarw of the Gnawers generally. The ridge defining the muscular fossa on the back part of the jaw is strongly pronounced, indicating powerful masticatory muscles.'' — {Leidy.) ;i.;| MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. PARAMYS ROBUSTUS Marsh. ]•„,,. ■ m ,i~ii. Am. i. Journ. Sci. and Arte, iv, 1872, 218. One of the largesl of the known species of Paramys, bring "somewhat larger than the common Woodchuck {Arctomys monax Gmel.)". Described by Professor Marsh from "two lower molars" and "other less important remains". Lower Tertiary deposits of Grizzly Buttes and Henry's Fork, Wyoming. PARAMYS LEPTODUS Cope. Paramyt Irplcdus Corr, Pal. Bull. no. 12, 1873, 3. '•About the size of "P. delicatus Leidy, and P. robustus Marsh, bid with smaller ineisors, which have little more than half the diameter of the same tooth in those species. The molars have two anterior separate, and three posterior contiguous cones, the median smallest. The anterior and posterior of both sides separated by a deep excavation. The anterior tooth is peculiar in its greater compression. The posterior tubercles are not separated, and the anterior inner situate behind the outer, and connected with the posterior inner by a concave ridge." Length of the molar series 221mm; antero-pos- terior diameter 38mm ; transverse 24"™. Described from a right mandibular ramus with all the teetli preserved. South Bitter Creek, Wyoming. PARAMYS DELICATUS Leidy. Paramyt delicatus l.i idt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1871, 231 ; ADn. Rep. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 357 ; Extinct Vert. Fauna (Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Smv. Terr. vol. i), 1873, 110, 335, pi. vi, figs. 23-25.— Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 12, 1873, 4. Size about one-fourth less than Arctomys monax. Length of the lower molar series 0.75 of an inch ; antero-posterior diameter of the lower incisor i >. 1 7 : t ransverse diameter 0.13. Eocene beds near Fort Bridger {Leidy), and Blacks Fork, Southwestern Wyoming {Cope). Described and figured by Dr. Leidy (/. c.) from two specimens sent to him by Dr. Carter, "consisting of portions of the right and left sides of the lower jaw, containing most of the molars and portions of the incisors". PARAMYS DELICATIOR Leidy. Paramyt deltcatior Ll idy, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. 1871,231; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for is? 1 1872), 357; Extincl Vert. Fauna, 1873, 110,335, pi. vi, figs. 2(1, 27. pi. xxvii, figs. 16-18.— Cope, Pal. Bull. do. 12, I-:::, I Rather smaller than the preceding, and collected by Dr. Carter from the same locality. Length of the lower molar series 0.62 of an inch ; antero- SCIURIDJE— EXTINCT SPECIES. 935 posterior diameter of lower incisor 0.17; transverse 0.125. Described and figured by Dr. Leidy (I. c.) from the greater portion of a left mandibular ramus and several detached molar teeth. From Fort Bridger, Utah, and also reported by Professor Cope (I. c.) from Cottonwood Creek and Black's Fork, Southwestern Wyoming. PARAMYS DELICATISSIMUS Leidy. Paramys delkalissimm Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1871, 231 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 357; Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1873, 112, 335, pi. vi, figs. 28, 29.— Cope, Pal. Bull, no. 12, 1873, 4. Smaller than either of the preceding, and from the same localities. Length of the lower molar series 0.50 of an inch ; antero-posterior diameter of the lower incisor 0.125 ; transverse 0.083. Described and figured by Dr. Leidy (/. c.) from " the greater portion of the. right ramus of a lower jaw, containing all the molars, and a second specimen consisting of a small frag- ment of another lower jaw containing the second molar''. Fort Bridger (Leidy) and Black's Fork {Cope). Genus SCIURAVUS Marsh. Sciurarus Marsh, Amer. Jouru. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. ii, 1871, 122. Upper molars with two pairs of tubercles, and a minute intermediate cone on the outer edge. The lower incisors extend below the entire molar series. SCIURAVUS NITIDUS Marsh. Seiuravus nitidus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. 3d ser. ii, 1871. 122. — Leidy, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 358. "About the size of the Brown Rat (Mus decumanus). ^ Described from a portion of an upper jaw containing the last three molars. Found at Grizzly Bultes, near Fort Bridger, Wyoming. SCIURAVUS UNDANS Marsh. Sciuravm undans Marsh, Atuer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. ii, 1871, 122. — Leidy, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 358. Paramys undans Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 12, 1873, 4. Rather larger than the Brown Rat (Mus decumanus) ; smaller than Paramys delicatksimus Leidy. Described by Professor Marsh (I. c.) from a portion of a lower jaw containing the incisors and the first three molars, from 936 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTB AMERICAN RODENTIA. ( i rizzly Buttes, Wyoming. Cited by Professor Cope as also occurring on the Upper Green River. Professor Cope considers this species as genetically identical in dentition with Paramys, to which genus he refers it, as above cited. SCIURAVUS PARVIDENS Marsh. Sciuravus parvidens Marsh, Amor. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, 220, Half the size of Sciuravus u ndans, with the lower incisor more convex in front titan in that species. Described from a "lower jaw containing the third molar, and part of an upper jaw with the penultimate molar, and sev- eral isolated teeth". From Henry's Fork and Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. \ SCIURAVUS Leidy. ? Sciuravus Leidy, Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1873, 113, 335, pi. vi, fig. 30. Size of the last. Described and figured by Dr. Leidy (7. c.) from part of a mandibular ramus, containing the third molar and the alveoli of the sec- ond and fourth molars, from Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. Referred doubtfully to this genus by Dr. Leidy, it being considered by him as not referable to Paramys. Genus IIEL1SC0MYS Cope. Beliswmys Cope, " Synop. New Vert Colorado, 1873,3"; Ann. Eep. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 475. "Inferior molars four; the crowns supporting four isolated cones in pairs. This genus is only known from mandibular rami. These resemble in their dental structure some of the Muridce, but the number of molars is more, as in Sciuridce." HELISCOMYS VETUS Cope. Heliscomys veins CorE, "Synop. Now Vert. Colorado, 1873,4"; Ann. Rep. Ceol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 475. Smaller than Sciurus hudsonius. " The least mammal of the fauna to which it pertains." "First molar with only three cones ; all the molars except the first with a broad continuous cingulum on the external side. Ramus rather stout; incisor-teeth very slender, elongate, slightly compressed, with parallel sides and convex anterior surface." From the "Tertiary of Colorado". Genus MYSOPS Leidy. . Sci. Phila. 1871, 332; Ann. Rep. U. S. Fauna, 1-7:!, 111. The jaw in its form, proportions, and construction, and the number of Mysopt Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, 232; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 357; Extinct Vort. Fauna, 1873,111. SCIUltlD^— EXTINCT SPECIES. 937 teeth and their relative position, agree with the conditions in Paramys, but the form of the molars is sufficiently different to refer the specimen to a dif- ferent genus, for which the above name has been proposed. The [lower] molar teeth, as in Paramys, are four in number, inserted each by a pair of fangs. The crowns arc quadrate and invested with enamel. The triturating surface, instead of being constructed like that of the Squirrels, is more like that of the Rats The crown of the third molar exhibits two trans- verse lobes, or ridges, joined by an intermediate narrow ridge, and the inner surface of the lobes include a trilateral tubercle The last molar ex- hibits three transverse ridges or lobes, of which the anterior is the thickest, the middle one the thinnest, and the posterior the shortest The anterior molar of Mysops, like the last one, is more elongated fore and aft than the two succeeding molars, but is proportionally of less size than in the Rats, and has not three fangs, as in these animals The jaw is proportionately deep and short, compared with that of the Rat. The masseteric fossa is deep, and defined by a rectangle, the apex of which reaches as far forward as the posi- tion of the third molar tooth. The border of the jaw at the hiatus in advance of the molars extends nearly on a level from their alveoli to that of the inci- sor.'' The skull remains unknown. Described from remains found by Dr. Carter at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. Animals of small size, scarcely larger than the common Mouse (Mus mu sculus). This genus was doubtfully referred by Dr. Leidy, in 1873, to the Muridce, but its affinities are apparently more Sciurinc than Murine. MYSOPS FRATERNUS Leidy. Mysops fraternus Leidy, Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1873, 112, 336, pi. xxvii, figs. 14, 15. Size of the common Mouse (Mus ?nusculus). Described from a portion of a right ramus of a lower jaw containing the last three molars. Length of the molar series about 0.26 of an inch ; depth of the jaw at the third molar 0.21. Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. MYSOPS MINUTUS Leidy. Mysops minutus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1871, 232; Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 357; Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1873, 111, 336, pi. vi, figs. 31, 32. Size of the last. Described from a ramus of the lower jaw, containing two molars. Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. 938 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENT1A. Genus COLOXYMVS Marsh. omys Marsh, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts. 3d ser. iv, 1872, 220. Known only from several isolated molar teeth of an apparently Sciurinc character. COLONYMYS CELER Marsh. Colonomys ccUr Marsh, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, 220. Alionl hall' the size of the Brown Rat (Mus decumanus). Known, like the genus, only from a few detached molar teeth, from the Tertiary deposits of Henry's Fork, Wyoming. Genus TAXYMYS Marsh. Taxymys Marsh, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, 219. Apparently allied to the true Squirrels, but too imperfectly known to admit of characterization. TAXYMYS LUCARIS Marsh. Taxymys luearis MARSH, Amer. Joum. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, 219. Rather smaller than the Flying Squirrel (Sciuropterus volucella). De- scribed from a portion of an upper jaw, with the first two molars in place, and from a vertebra supposed to belong to the same animal. First upper premolar very small, as in the Arboreal, Flying, and Ground Squirrels, with a similar conformation of the triturating surface. From Tertiary deposits, Henry's Fork, Wyoming. Genus TILLOMYS Marsh. Tillomys Marsh, Amer. Joiirn. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, 219. Two species, differing mainly in size, are referred to this genus, described from very unsatisfactory fragments of lower jaws. Very little is known respecting the characters of the group. TILLOMYS SENEX Marsh. Tillomys stnex Marsh, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, 219. "About the size of a rat.'' Length of the lower molar series llmm; depth of the lower jaw at the second molar 5mm. Described from a lower- jaw fragment, having the second molar in place. The jaw is described as SCIUKIDJ3— EXTINCT SPECIES. 939 slender, with the tubercle at the anterior margin of the masseteric fossa under the centre of the second molar. The crown of the tooth has an anterior transverse crest and a pair of posterior tubercles. From the lower Tertiary deposits, Henry's Fork, Wyoming. TILLOMYS PARVUS Marsh. TiUomijs parvus Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, 219. Considerably smaller than the preceding. Length of lower molar series 7.1mm. Described from a similar imperfect lower-jaw fragment containing the second molar, from Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. No. XII.-APPENDICES. App. A.-By J. j±. .A.LLEDNT. A^-p-p. B.-By T. GILL and E. COTTES. 941 APPENDIX A. SYNOPTICAL LIST OF THE EXTINCT RODENTIA OF NORTH AMERICA. By J. A. Allen. The following list is intended to include all of the extinct Eodentia of North America described prior to 1877. The Scinromorphs, Hystricomorphs, and Leporidse, having been nearly all noticed at some length in the preceding pages of the present series of monographs, it is deemed sufficient in the present connection to cite the earlier pages of the present work, wherein they are more fully noticed. In respect to the others, references are here given to the papers and works wherein they were originally described or subsequently noticed, together with short notices of their lead- ing characteristics so far as they are at present known. With our present imperfect knowledge of the extinct forms here enumerated, it is impracticable to attempt any- thing more than a compilation of the species as described by authors. GLI11ES SIMPL1CIDENTATI. SCIUROMORPHA. SCIUKLDiE. SCIURUS CALYCINUS Cope. See anted,, p. 931. SCIURUS PANOLIUS Cope. See anted,, p. 932. SCIURUS RELICTUS Cope. See anted,, p. 932. TAMIAS L^VIDENS Cope. See anted, p. 932. ARCTOMYS VETUS Marsh. See anted, p. 933. PARAMYS ROBUSTUS Marsh. See anted, p. 934. PARAMYS LEPTODUS Cope. See anted, p. 934. PARAMYS DELICATUS Leidy. See anted, p. 934. PARAMYS DELICATIOR Leidy. See anted, p. 934. PARAMYS DELICATISSIMUS Leidy. See anted, p. 935. 943 Q4 1 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. SCI1 RAVU8 NITIDUS Marsh. See anted, p. 935. S( [UBAVUS CNDANS Marsh. See anted, p. 935. SI n RAVI S PABVIDENS Marsh. See anted, p. 936. [UBAVUS Leidy. See anted, p. 936. Incertw sedis. BELISCOMYS VETUS Cope. See anted, p. 936. MYSI )PS FBATEENUS Leidy. See anted, p. 937. MYSOPS M1NUTUS Leidy. See anted, p. 9:37. COLONYMYS CELEB Marsh. See anted, p. 938. TAXYMYS LUCARIS Maish. See anted, p. 938. TILLOMYS SENEX Marsh. See an ted, p. 938. TILLOMYS PAEVUS Marsh. See an ltd, p. 939. CASTORID^E. EUCASTOE TORTUS Leidy. See anted, p. 451. 8TENEOFJBEE NEBEASCENSIS Leidy. See anhd, p. 453. STENEOFIBER PANSUS Cope. See anted, p. 455. ISCHYROMYID^E. The family Ischyromyidce was recently proposed by Mr. E. R. Alston * for the recep- tion of Dr. Leidy's genus Ischyromys. Mr. Alston's diagnosis of the group, based on Dr. Leidy's figures and descriptions of his Ishchyromys typus, is as follows : — "Dentition as in Sciuridce. Skull resembling Castor idee, but with the infraorbital opening large, a sagittal crest, no postorbital processes, palate broad, basioccipital keeled ".t Genus ISCHYEOMYS Leidy. Ischyromys Leidy, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 89. ISCHYROMYS TYPUS Leidy. Ischyromys typus Leidy, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 89; 1857, 89; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2d ser. vii, 1869, 335, 405, pi. xxvi, figs. 1-6. About the size of a Muskrat (Fiber zibethicus). Form of the skull somewhat resembling that of the Beaver (Castor fiber), but the interparietal region is greatly narrowed, more even than in the Muskrat, with the frontal relatively wider. The infra- orbital opening was apparently as large as in the Muskrat. Upper grindiug teeth five, "constructed after the plan of those of the Squirrel family". The lower grinders, four in number, also resemble those of the Sciuridce, and the lower jaw fragments are described as resembling the corresponding portions of the jaw of a Squirrel ; "but the impression of the masseter is comparatively feeble, and only reaches as far forward as the position of the back part of the second molar tooth". • Proc. Zool. Soo. Loud. 1876, 78. • Mr. Alston adds in a foot-note: — '• It seems probable that rseudomys Cope [ = Pseudotomus Copo] (Proc Amer. Phil. Soo. 1872,467), from the Eocene of North America, may belong to this family.'' (Alston, '. c.) PAL.EONTOLOGICAL APPENDIX— EXTINCT RODENTIA. 945 The species was described from the greater portion of a skull and several fragments of lower jaws, discovered by Dr. Haydeu in the Mauvaises Terres of Bear Creek (a tributary of the Sheyeuue River) and White Eiver, in beds ot Miocene age. The genus has been referred by Dr. Leidy and Professor Cope to the Sduridce, but evidently pertains to a distinct family, as shown by the large infraorbital foramina, the absence of postorbital processes, the great interparietal constriction of the skull, etc. Incertw s.edis* Genus GTMNOPTYCDUS Cope. Gijmmptychws Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 16, 1873, 5 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, lor 1873 (1874), 476. "The essential features are, dentition ; I. A; C. g; M. f ; the molars with two cres- ceuts on the inner side above, each of which gives rise to a cross-ridge to the outer margin. In the mandibular series the crests and crescents have a reversed relation. No cementum." Gymnoptychiis chrysodon, the first species referred to this genus by its describer, is said to have no postorbital processes. The skull is said to be broad and stout, but not depressed, with the muzzle broad aud short, and "the front'' (frontal region !) moderately contracted. While its dentition is somewhat Seiuriue, the absence of postorbital processes renders its reference to the Sciuridce quite doubtful, although it has beeu thus referred by Professor Cope.t Several species of this genus have been described by Professor Cope from the " Tertiary of the Plains"; but their exact locality of occurrence is not indicated. £ GYMNOPTYCHUS CRYSODON Cope. Gymnoptychiis crysodon Cope, Pall. Bull. uo. 16, 1873, 5. " First upper molar a single cone. Incisors quite compressed. First inferior molar a broad oblong, the cusps opposite, the anterior close together. The two posterior cross crests do not form a V, the anterior being interrupted at the cusp. There is a delicate tubercle between the outer cusps of the three last molars. The incisor is com- pressed, the anterior and outer faces being separated by an angle." GYMNOPTYCHUS NASUTUS Cope. Gymnoptychtu nasutus Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 16, 1873, 6. Muzzle much compressed; nasal bones flat, extending beyond the upper incisors. Much smaller than the last, with the first molar narrower. Inferior molars with two cross-crests aud two cingulse from the exterior cones, each posterior crest terminating in an interior cone. GYMNOPTYCHUS TRIUOPHUS Cope. Gymnoptychiis trilophus Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 16, 1873, 6; Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 476 Intermediate in size between the two preceding. Molars with two cross-crests, not connected by ciugula. GYMNOPTYCHUS M1NUTUS Cope. Gymnoptychiis minutus Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 16, 1873, 6 ; Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Suvv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 476. Very small, scarcely larger than a House Mouse [Mm musculus), and differs from the others somewhat in dentition. * The genera next following (Gymnoptychiis and Pseudotomus) are evidently Scinromorphs, and may both be referable to the family Ischyromyidce. t Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geo;,'. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 474. i Piofessor Cope, in his second notice of this genus (1. a), says, "Two species are known, a larger and a smaller"; and then follow notices of G. Irilophus and G. minutus, with no reference whatever to G. crysodon and G. najutus, described by him at the same time G. triloph us aud G. minutus were described! 60 M .Hi; MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Genus PSBUDOTOMUS Cope. Pteudotomut Cope, Proo. Amer. Phil. Boo. 187a, 467; U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 6th Ann. Rep. (for 1872), l-?:;, 610. Skull depressed; zygomata considerably expanded; muzzle broad, but little ele- vated, with the nasal meatus between the alveoli of the upper incisors; frontals very short, the superciliary margin and orbits small, and without postorbital processes; temporal fossa- large, converging posteriorly, aud greatly contracting the brain case behind the orbits; infraorbital foramen rather small, circular, and placed low dowu near the alveolar border; upper incisors relatively small, in form much as in Arctomys, but more widely separated; molars probably f. This genus was first referred by its describer to the order Edentata, but later was considered as "allied to, if not actually a member of, the Schtridw". The breadth and depression of the skull are said to remind one of Arctomys, from which, however, it differs in the contraction of the skull between the orbits, in this respect more resembling Fiber. It seems also in this and in other respects to strongly recall Ischyromys. The lateral separation of the iucisors, both superior aud inferior, is referred to as a marked peculiarity. Known from a single imperfect skull aud one or two mandibular fragments from the Bad Lands of Cottonwood Creek. PSE1 DOTOMDS HIANS Cope. I'm udotomus Mans Cope, Proc. Auier. Phil. Soc. 1S72, 467 ; U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Oth Ann. Rep. (for 1872), 1873, 611. The siugle imperfect skull from which the present species is known is said to indi- cate an animal of "about the size of an Agouti". From the Fort Bridger Eocene. MYOMORPHA. MURIDJE. Genus EDMYS Leidy. Eumya Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 90. EUMYS ELEGANS Leidy. Eumya elegant Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 90; 1857, 89; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 2d ser. vii, 1869, 342, 407, pi. xxvi, tigs. 12, 13.— Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. aud Geog. Surv. Terr, for 1873, 1874,474. The genus aud species were described by Dr. Leidy from a specimen discovered by Dr. Haydeu in the Bad Lauds of Bear Creek, "consisting of a portion of the left side of a lower jaw". This jaw-fragment is said to indicate "an animal approaching in size the Brown Rat (Mus naniD .HISCELLANEOCS PUBLICATIONS. 1551.— Gesner, C. — Conr. Gesneri historian animalinm lib. i de qnadrnpedibas viviparis. Folio. Ti- gori, 1551. 1669— Gesner, C. — Allgemeines Thierbnoh, durch Conr. Gesnertitu in Iateinischer Sprache beschriebcn, ilnicli Com-. Forernin ins Dentsohe llbersetzt. Folio. Frank!'. 1669. 1693.— Ray, J. Synopsis methodica animalinm qnadrnpcdum et serpentini generis. Vulgarian) notas charaoteristicaa, rariornm descriptioncs integras exhibens: cum historiis & observationibne anatomicia perquam cnriosis. Pruemittuntur nonnnila do animalinm in genere, Bensu, genera- tione, divisions, &c. 8°. 8 p. 1., 336 pp., with portrait opposite title. London: impensis S. Smith & B. Walford, 1093. 1704. — Tyson, E. A new division of terrestrial brute animals, particularly of those that have their feet formed like bands. <^ Pbilos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, xxiv, 1704, pp. 1566-1573. 1734-65.— Seba, A. Locupletissimi rernm natnralinra thesaurus accurata descriptio et iconibns artificiosissimis expressio, per nniversam physices historian). 4 vols. Folio. 1734-65. 1735. — Linnceus, C. Caroli Linnaei, Svoci, Doctoris MedieiuaB, Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematica proposita per classes, ordiues, genera & species. O Jehova! qnam ampla sunt optra Tua ! Quani ea omnia sapienter fecisti! Quam plena est terra possessione Tna! Psalm. civ. 'J I. Lugduni Balavorum, apud Tbeodorum Haak, 1735. Ex typograpbiaJoamris Wilholmi de (iroot. Folio. 7 I. unnumbered and unpaged. [The only copy of the original edition the existence of which in the United States is known to us is in the library "t .1. i tarson Brevoorfc, esq., of Brooklyn. The 3d ed., published in Latin and German, by J J. Lnnge, at Halle, in 1740, is a reprint of the first. (See beyond for the other editions, under their respective dates.) A textual reprint of the first edition was also pnblished iu 8°, at Paris, in 1830, by Fee, q. v.] ANALYSIS. 1. Qoadrupedia : — 33 genera. I. Anthropomorpha. — Homo, Simia, Bradypus, 3. II. FertB. — Ursns, Leo, Tigris, Felis, Mustela, Didelphis, Lutra, Odobaenus, Pboca, Hyaena, Canis, Meles, Talpa, Erinaceus, Vespertilio, 15. III. Glires.— Hystrix, Sciurus, Castor, Mns, Lepns, Sorex, G. IV. Jumenta. — Equus, Hippotamus, Elepbas, Sus, 4. V. Pecora. — Camelus, Cervus, Capra, Ovis, Bos, 5. 1740. — Linnaeus, C. — Caroli Liunoei Naturte Curiosoruui Dioscoridis Secttndi Systema naturae in quo natnrae regna tria, sccnndum.[!] Classes, ordines, genera, species, systematice proponontnr. Editio secuuda. auctior. Stockholmia?., apud Gottfr. Kiesewetter, 1740. 8°. 2 p. I., 80 pp. [Tho 5th ed. is a reprint of the 2d, and was pnblished by M. G. Agnethler, at Halle, in 1747 (8°, 88 pp). It contains the German names.] ANALYSIS. 1. Quadrupedia : — 32 genera. I. Anthropomorpha. — Homo, Simia, Bradypus, Myrmecophaga [not iu 1st ed.], 4. II. Vera. — Ursns, Leo, Tigris, Felis, Mustela, Didelphis, Lntra, Pboca, Canis, Meles, Erinaceus, Talpa, Vespertilio, 13. [Odobaenus and Hyreua suppressed.] HI. Glires. — Hystrix, Lepns, Sciurus, Castor, Mns, 5. [Sorex removed to Jumenta.] IV. Jumenta. — Elepbas, Hippopotamus. Sorex !, Eqvus, Sus, 5. V. Pecora. — Camelns, Cervus, Capra, Ovis, Bos, 5. [Two penera suppressed; one added.] 1743.— Klein, J. T. Snmina dubiorum circa classes qnadrupednin et ampbibiotnm in Celebris domini Carol. Linnaei systemate naturae; sive naturalis quadrupedum historian promoveudae prodro- mus com praaludio de crustatis. Adjccti discursus : I. De ruminantibue. II. De periodo vita liumaiia- collato cum bruiis. Gedani et Lipsisa, 1743. Gleditsch. 4°. C2pp., 2pl. 1743-51.- Edwards, G. A natural history of uncommon birds and of some other rare and nndescribed animals In 4 parts. I . London, 1743-51. [Pt. 1,1)11. 1-52 •. pt. ii.pll. 53-105; pt.iii, pll. lo«-ir.1 -, pt.iv.pll. 158-211.— French transl., 1745.1 BIBLlOGlt. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 953 1744. — Linnaeus, C. Caroli Liunoei Medic. & Botan. in Acad. Upsalieusi Professoris Acad. Imperials, Upsaliensis, Stockholmensis & Monspeliensis Soc. Systema naturae in quo proponuntur naturae regni tria secuudum classes, ordiues, genera & species. Editio quarta ab auctore emendata & aucta. Accesserunt nomiua Gallica. Parisiis, snmptibus Michaelis-Antonii David, bibliopolae, via Jacobea, sub signo Calami aurei, 1744. Cum privilegio regis. 8°. 3 p. 1. [Fuudamenta Botanica], xxvii, [1], 108 pp., tab. [This is said, by Linn6, to have been edited by B. Jussieu, and to be the same as tbe 2d ed. (" per B. Jnssieum. Adjecta nomina Gallica. idem cum 2"). It contains, however, in addition to the "Fnndamenta Botanica", a special introduction (by himself), which concludes with the remark that it is the tth ed., revised and enlarged (jam quartam castigatam iterutu auctamque Lectori offero Benevolo.— p. 3).] 1747.— Linnaeus, C Systema naturae. ... 8°. 88 pp. Halle, M. G. Agnethler, 1747. [The 5th ed., a reprint of the 2d, with the German names. Mamm. pp. 42-51. The genera are exactly the same as in the 2d ed., but spelled with v instead of u. See under 1740.1 1748.— Linnaeus, C. Caroli Linnasi Arcbiatr. Reg. Med. et Bot. Profess. UpsaT. Systema naturae sis- tena regua tria naturae, in classes et ordiues genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata. Cum privilegio S. R. M. Svecicse & S. R. M. Polonieae ac Electoris Saxon. Editio sexta, emeudata et aucta. Stockholmiae, impensis Godofr. Kiesewetteri, 1748. 8°. iv, 224 pp.,- 2 p. 1., 14 1.,7pll. [The 7th ed., published at Leipzig (Lipsiffl) in 1748, is a textual reprint of the 6th (secundum sextam Stockhob mieuseni emendatam & auctam editionem), by the same publisher, but with the German popular names instead of Swedish. Tho 8th ed. contains the vegetable kingdom only.) 1751. — Klein, J. T. Iacobi Tbeodori Klein . . . qvadrvpedvm dispositio brevisque histovia natvralis. Lipsiae, a[>vd Ionam Scbmidt, bibl. Lvbec, 1751. 4°. 2 p. 1., 127+1 pp., 5 pll. folded. Steller, G. W. De bestils mariuis. < Nov. Comment. Acad. Petropol. ii, 1749 (1751), pp. 289- 298, 3 pll. 1752. — Anon. Scbauplatz (Systematischer) aller eiubeimiscben und ausliindischen vierfussigen Thiore. Niirnberg, 1752. Hill, J. Au bistory of animals. Folio. London, 1752. 1754.— Brisson, M. J. Systeme naturel du regne animal, par classes, families ou ordres, genres et especes. Avee uue notice de tous les animaux ; les noms grecs, latins & vulgaires, que les naturalistes leur out donnas; les citations des auteurs qui en out e"crit; nne table pour cbaque classe, qui d8. In conclusion, it may !><■ m:»i.i that the original editions recognized by Linne. as completely revised ones were the 1st (1735), tho 2d (17-tO), the 6th (174S), tho 10th (I75S), and the 12th (1766-68). BIBLIOGK, APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 955 The first was reprinted at Halle in 1740, and the reprint recognized as the 3d, and again at Paris in 1830. The second was reprinted at Paris in 1744 (with modifications), as the 4th edition ; and at Hallo in 1747, and the reissue was subioriuently recognized as the 5th edition. The Gth edition was reissued at Leipzig, and subsequently known as the 7th ; and closely followed in t.ho edition of Leipzig, recognized as the 0th. The 8th edition did not contain the Animal Kingdom. The 10th edition was reproduced at Hallo in 1760 (not recognized), and at Leipzig in 1762, the last being acknowledged as the 11th. The 12th edition was reprinted at Vienna in 1767-70, and entitled tho 13th, but is not esteemed as one of the regular current editions. The later 13th edition, in which Gmelin brought together descriptions of species unrecognized by Linne and unknown to him, is noticed under the editor's name (1788).) 1768. — Bomaie, V. de. — Dictiouuaire raisonnd universel d'histoire naturelle. 4°. Paris, 1768. 1771. — Pennant, T. Synopsis of quadrupeds. 8°. xxv, 382 pp., HI pi. Chester, printed hy J. Monk, 1771. 1771-75. — Alessandri, I., and Scataglia, P. Animali quadruped) tolti dal naturalo dissegnati, incisi e iuiniati co i lor veri colori da lunoc. Alessandri e Pietro Scataglia, in Venez. i-iv. Folio. 1771-75. 1772 srq.— Buffon, Gr. L. le Clei'c. Naturgeschichte dcr vierfiissigen Thiere, rnit Vermehrungen, atiB dem Franziisischen iibersetzt. 8°. Berlin, 1772 seq. 1773-76. — Miiller, P. L. S Des Ritters Carl vou Linne" vollstiindiges Natursystem. Ausgefertiget von Phil. Ludw. Stat. Miiller. i-vi uud suppl. 8D. Niiruberg, 1773-76. 1774. — M[urr], C. G. v. Herrn. C. G. v. M. Nachricht von den verschiedenen Methoden,die vierfiissi- gen Thiere zn classificiren. < Der Naturforscher, St. i, 1774, pp. 277-283. Vicq d'Azyr, P. Mdmoire sur les rapports qui se trouvent entre les usages et la structure des quatres extrdoiite's dans Fhotunie et dans les quadrupedes. <^ Mdm. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1774, pp. 254-270. 1775. — Blumenbach, J. P. Vorsuch natilrlicher Ordnungen der Siiugethiere. < Giittingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen unter der Aufsichfc der Kijoigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1775, ii, pp. 1257-1259. 1775 seq. — Schreber, J. C. D. von. Die | Saugtbiere | in | Abbildungen nach der Natur | mit Beschrti- bungen. | Erster Theil. | Der Mensch. | Der Affe. Der Maki. | Die Fledermause. | — | Erlangen | verlegts Wolfgang Walther | 1775.— [2 p. 1., pp. 1-I90,pll. (133) 1-62 + frontisp. and 1 B, 1 C, 1C«,2B, 2C,3E,4B,5B,6B, 6 C, 6 C C, 8 B,8 C, 8D, 9 B, 10 B, 10C, 10 D, 11 B, 11 C, 13 B, 14 B, 14 C, 15 B, 16 B, 19 A, 19 B, 19 C, 22 B, 22 C, 23 B, 24 A, 25 B, 25 C, 25 D, 25 E, 26 A, 26 B, 26 C, 26 D, 23 F, 27 B, 30 A, 31 B, 31 C, 32 A, 32 B, 33 A, 33 B, 33 C, 38*, 38 B, 38 C, 38 D, 38 E, 39 B, 39 C, 39 D, 40 B, 40 C, 40 D, 42 A, 46 B, 55 A, 55 B, 58 B, 59 B, 61 A, 62 A, 62 B.] Zweiter Theil. | Das Faulthier. | Der Ameisenfresser. | Das Schuppenthier. Das Giirtel- thier. | Das Nashorn. | Der Elefant. Das Wallroes. | — | Erlangen | verlegts Wolfgang Walther. | 1775.— [(Incl. title) pp. 191-280, pll. (26) 63-80 + 63 A, 63 B,63 C, 64 A, 69 A, 71 B, 76 A, 77 B.J Dritter Theil. | Der Robbe. Der Huud. | Die Katze. Das Stinkthier. Der Otter. Die Marder. | Der Bar. Das Beutelthier. | Der Maulwurf. Die Spitztnaus. | Der Igel. | — | Erlan- gen | verlegts Wolfgang Walter. | 1778.— [Title, pp. 281-590, pll. 81-165 + 83 B, 85 A, 87 A, 87 B, 91 A, 91 B, 92 A, 92 B, 92 C, 92 D, 93*, 92 E, 93 A, 96 A a, 96 B, 96 C, 97 B, 97 C, 98 A, 100 A, 100 B, 101 A, 101 B, 101 C, 103 A, 103 B, 104 B, 105 A, 105 B, 107 B, 107 C, 107 D, 109 A, 110 B, 110 C, 112 B, 113 A, 114 B, 115 B, 116 B, 116 C, 116 D, 116 E, 116 E E, 116 F, 116 G, 117 B, 121", 121 A, 125 B, 125 C, 125 C C, 125 D, 126 B, 127 B, 128', 133 A, 133 B, 135 B, 137 B, 141*, 141 B, 141 B*, 141 C, 141 D, 141 D D, 141 E, 141 F, 142 B, 142 B*, 142 C, 143 A, 143 B, 143 C, 143 D, 144'. 144 A, 144B, 144 C, 145*, 146 B. 149 A, 152 B a, 152B 6, 152 B c, 152 B d, 152 Be, 154 A, 154 B, 155 Aa, 155 A b, 155 A c, 155 A d, 155 B, 156 A, 158*, 159 B, 159 C, 159 D, 160 A, 160 B, 161 B, 165*, 165 A.] VierterTheil. | Das Stachelthi r. DieCavie. Der Biber. | Die Maus. DasMurmelthier. Das Eiehhorn. Der Schliifer. | Der Springer.— Der Hase. | Der Klippschliefer. | — | Erlangen | ver- legts Wolfgaug Walther. | 1792.— [Title, pp. 591-936 [by err. typ.636], pll. 166-240+168 A, 170 B, 171 B, 172 A, 172 B, 172 C, 173 A, 176 An, 176 A, 176 B, 180 A, 181 A, 182 B, 183 B, 190 B, 191 A, 191 B, 192 A, 195 B, 198 Ii, 204 B, 206 A, 206 A a, 206 B, 210 A, 210 B, 210 C, 210 U, 210 E, 211 B, 212 B, 213 B, 213 C,213 D,214 A, 214 B, 214 C, 215*, 215 B, 215 C, 215 D, 215 D (7,210 A.217 B, 956 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODEISTIA. 217 i ' 21fi A, 222 B, 224 B, 224 (', 224 D, 225 B.227 A, 231 B, 232 A, 233 B, 233 C. 233 I), 233 E, 233 | \ 233 G, 234 B, 235 B, 235 I !, 235 D, 236 B, 23G C, 239 A, 239 B, 239 ( , 239 D, 239 E, 240 B, 240 C] Die | Siiugethiere | in | AbbildungennachderNatur \ niitBcschreibungen | von | Dr.Jobano Christian Daniel von Sohreber | .... | und von | Dr. August Goldfuss, | .... | — | Forgesetzl | von | Dr. Johann Andreas Wagner | — | Fiiofter Theil. I ErsterBand. | Mosohnsthier. Hirscb. Giraffe. | Antilope. Ziege. Scbaf. | — \, i,M Xafel -Ml bis 294 D*. Erlangen, | in der Expedition des Sclireber'sehen Saugetbier- und dea Esper'scben Sobmetterlingswerkes, | und in Commission der Palm'scbeu Verlagsbncb- handlnng, I 1836.— [pp. i-vi (incl. title), 937-1172, pll. 241-294 + 242 B.245 B, 246 B,24GC,24GD, 246 o, -'17 B, 217 D, 247 E. 217 1", 217 G, 247 II, 248 B, 248 C, 248 D, 248 E.249 B.252 B.254 B, 255*, 256 B.257 A, 257 B.258 B,260 B.263 B.270 B.277 B,279»,279 A, 281 B.281 C, 281 D, 281 E, 286 B, 287 A-G, 288 A, 288 B, 290 B, 291 B, 294 B, 294 C, 294 D, 294 D ». ] Fiini'tci Theil. | Zweiter Band. | Rind. Kameel. Lama. | - | Nebst Tafel295bis307 A. | = | Erlangen. | in der Expedition des Scbreber'scben Saugetbier- und des Esper'scben Schmetter- lingawerkes, | und in Commission der Palm'schen Verlagsbuchhandlung, | 1838.— [pp. i-iv (incl. title), 1473-1 839, pll. 295-307+295 a, 295 6, 297 a, 297 b, 297 c, 297 d, 298 a, 299 a, 300 b, 302 a, 302 b, 306 a, 307 a, 307 b, 307 c, 307 d, 307 e.] Sechster Tlieil. | Unifassend die seebste und siebento Abtbeilnpg, oder die Ein- und Viel- hnfer. | Das Pferd. Der Elephant. Das Nashorn. | Das Flusspferd. Der Tapir. Das Sehwein, | __ | Nebst Tal'el 308 bis 328. | — | Erlangen, | in der Expedition des Scbreber'scben Siiuge- thier- und des EsperVlien Srbmetterlingswerkes, | und in Commission der Palm'schen VerlagS- buchhandlung, | 1835. [pp. i-xvi (incl. title), 1-520, tab. 308-328+316 A, 317 A, 317 B, 317 C 317 D, 317 D D.317 F.,317 F,317 G.317 H.319 A, 319 B.324 A, 325 A, 325 B, 325 B (bis), 326 A.] Siebenter Theil. | Die Ruderfusser und Fischzitzthiere. | = | Erlangen, | in der Expedition des Sehreber'schon Saugetbier- und des Esper'scben Schiuetterlingswerkes, | und in Commis- sion der Palm'schen Vcilagsbuchkandluog, | 1846. [pp. i-viii (incl. title), 1-427, tab. 329-385+ 336 B, 337 B, 338 B.] [The uumber of Bpecies described in the preceding volumes, according to Wagner (vol. 7, p. v) , is 1446, viz : Alien 1J8 .. 244 446 30 6 Ruderfusser 20 42 65 200 87 ___ 27 . . . 1446 .... 145 The original work was published in fasciculi, and the dates on the titles are apparently thosi of the comple- tion of each Theil. Thus, it appears by contemporary evidence, that the first portion of Theil III was published several years prior to the date on the till* -page, and such is doubtless the case with other portions of the work See, also, 1840.— Wagxeu, J A. The Supplementband, erste Abth. (pp. vi, vi, 551), contains the quadrumana and chiroptera, and dates 1840; zweite Abth. (pp. viii, 058), camivora, dates 1841; dritte Abth. (pp. xiv, 614), marsupials and part of the rodents, 1643; vierte Abth. (pp. xii, 523), the rest of the rodents, the edentates, rumi- nants, etc., 1844. There is a fifth part or volume, date 1855, q. v.) 1777. — Erxleben, J. C. P. Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates, cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I, Mammalia. 8°. xlvii, 636 pp., 3 1. Lipsia<, impensibus Weygandiams, 1777. [Introd. dated 1776.] [There is question of actual priority in many cases between this work and Sehreber's fr-'iiugethiere.] Zirnmermann, E. A. W. Specimen zoologije geographical, qnadrupedum domicilia et migra- tiones sistens. Dedit, tabulamque mundi zoograpbicam adjunxit Eberh. Aug. Guilielm. Zim- mermann, .... Lugdtini Batavorum, apud Theodorum Haak et Socios, mdcclxxvii. 4°. xxiv. 686 pp., l map folded. 1778. — Gravmann, D. P. B. C. ... Brevis introdvetio in historiam natvralem animalivm mamma- livni in vsvni avditorvin, cvi accedit nomenclatvra omnivm hvivs classis civivm, vuo cvm charactero generico et specifico, denominatione germauica, ac designatione iconvm. 16°. 5 p. I., 90 pp., 1 1. Rostocbii, apvd lohannem Christianvm Koppivm, 1778. 1778-83. — Zimmermann, E. A. W. Gengrapbische Geschichto der Menschen und der vieriussigen Thiere. 8°. 3 vols. 1776-83. 1780.— Storr, G. C. C. Prodromus methodi mamnialiiim. ... 4°. 43 pp., 4 tab. TUbingen, 1780. (.So- i; ii.i , Hull. Philos. Soc. of Washington for Oct. 1874.] 1781.— Pennant, T. \ history of quadrupeds. 2 vols. 4°, lsted., London, 1781 ; 2d ed., 1792; 3d cd., BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 957 1783.— Hermann, J. Tabula affinitatum animalium olini acadetnico speciniine edita nunc uberiare commentario illustrate cum aunotationibus ad bistoriam naturalem aniuialiuui augeudaui faci- entibus. 4°. 2 p. 1., 370 pp., 1 1., 3 tab. Argentorati, iinpeusis Job. Georgii Treuttel, biblio- polae, 1783. [Hanrni. p. 115.] 1784. — Berchem, J. P. B. van. Tableau des anirnaux quadrupedes, ranges suivant l'ordre de leura rapports; et explication raisonuee de ce tableau. .] [The "Addenda " in this ed. (and probably in the earlier one), pp. 323-3*29, presumed to be by S. L. Mitrhill, consist of Grizzly Bear, p. 383, Hamster of Georgia, p. 326, Mammoth of New York, p. 327, and Viviparous Shark of Long Island, p. 328.] 1805. — Church, J. A cabinet of quadrupeds; consisting of highly finished engravings, by James Tookey, from drawings by Julius lbbetsson ; with historical aud scientific descriptions. 2 vols. 4°. 124 11. with 45 pll. ; 104 11. with 39 pll. London, 1805. Schmidt, F. A. Do mammaliuui cesophago atque ventriculo. Specimen inaug. medicum. 8°. 28 pp. Halas, ex offic. Bath, 1805. 1806. — Dumeril, A. M. C. Zoologie analytique, on me"tbode naturelle de classification des animaux, rendne plus facile h l'aido de tableaux synoptiques, 8". 341 pp. Paris, Allais, libraire, 1806. Illiger, C. Einige Bemerkuugen iiber Cuvier's Einthcilung der Siiugethiere. <' Unto passu, quo natura, in inaiunialiuni classe ab una specie ad alteram quasi progreditur. <[ Ana. Acad. Groningen, 1816-17, pp. 87-125. 1817— Cmrier, G. Le regno animal. 4 vols. 8°. Paris, 1817. Fischer, G. De systemate mammalium et de mammalium geueribtis. < Me"m. Soc. Nat. Mos- cii. v, 1-17. pp. 368-446. Jager. G. von. Einige Bemerkungen Uber die Koth- und Haruausleerung bei neugebornen Siiu- ge^hieren. . hen. < Meokel'a Deatscfa. Arch. f. d. Physiol, iii, 1817, pp. 1-84, 2 pi. Rafmesque. C. S. Now species of mammifers noticed in the Tableau Me5thodique des Mam- miferes, by Desmarest. <^ Ainer. Monthly Mag. i, 1817, pp. 361-363. 1818.— Blainville, M. H. D. de. Mammiferes. (Organisation.) Bcriptio Bcopo facta, at illorum differentiis .... siuiul cum reliquis notis characteristicis stalnliaiit ur classes ac ordinea ad qnos auimalia ilia vertebrata (mammalia) pertinent. <[ Ann. Acad. Gandav. 1821-22. BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— A. GENELIAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 9G1 1822. — Fleming, J. Philosophy of zoology, or a general view of the structure, functions, and classifi- cation of animals. 2 vols. 8°. Edinburgh, 1822. Saint-Vincent, B. de. Dictionuairo classique d'histoire naturelle, par Messieurs Audouin, Isid. Bourdon, Ad. Brouguiart, De Candolle, Daudebard de Fdrussac, A. Desnioulius, Drapiez, Ed- wards, Flourens, Geoffroy de Saiut-Hilaire, A. De Jussieu, Kuuth, G. De Lafosse, Lamouroux, Latreille, Lucas Cls, Presle-Duplessis, C. Pr6vost, A. Eichard, Thiebaut de Berneaud, et Bory de Saint-Vincent. Ouvrage dirig<5 par ce dernier collaborateur, et diius lequel on u ajoutd, pour le porter au niveau de la science, uu grand uombre de mots qui n'avaient pu faire partie de la plupart des dictionuaires anterieurs. Tome premier. Paris, Key et Gravier, libraires- e'diteurs, Qnai des Augustins, no. 55; Baudouin, freres, libraires-e\liteurs, imprimeurs de la So- cifite" d'Histoire Naturelle, Eue de Vaugirard, no. 36, 1822. 8°. xvi, 604 pp., 2 folded tables. 1823.— Oken, L. Das Zahnsystem der SUugethiere. < Isis, 1823, Lit. Anz. pp. 274-350, mit Abbildgn. Piedagnel, — . Eecherches sur l'organisation et le ddveloppement de l'oreille externe chez quelques animaux. < Mageudie's Journ. de Physiol, iii, 1823, pp. 29-35. Wilbrand, J. B. Ueber die Familien der Siiugethiere und der Vbgel, insbesoudere iiber das gegenseitige Verhalten dieser Familien. < Schrift. d. Gesellsch. z. Befbrd. d. ges. Naturw,iss. zu Marburg, Bd. i, 1823, pp. 188-220; F6russ. Bull. Sci. Nat. tome 3, 1824, pp. 222-224. 1824. — Bailly, E. M. Memoire sur l'usago des comes dans quelques animaux et particulierement dans le buffle. < Ann. Sci. Nat. tome ii, 1824, pp. 369-386, avec planches. Kuhl, H., and Hasselt, J. C. van. Sur plusieurs animaux vert6brds. < Bull. Sci. Nat. (Feius- sac), ii, 1824, pp. 277-280. Latreille, P. A. Esquisse d'une distribution g^n^rale du regne animal. 8°. 22 pp. Paris, de 1'imprimerie de mme. veuve Agasse, 1824. Prevost, C, and Dumas, J. A. De la gdndration dans les mammiferes, et des premiers indices du deVeloppemeut de l'embryon. <^ Ann. Sci. Nat. iii, 1824, pp. 113-138, 3 pi.; Fror. Not. ix, no. 188, 1825, pp. 177-186, 198-201. Ritgen, F. F. A. Natiirlicho Eintheihmg der Siiugethiere. 8°. Giessen, Miiller, 1824. 1825. — Blumenbach, J. F. A manual of the elements of natural history. Translated from the tenth German edition, by E. T. Gore. London, printed for W. Simpkin & E. Marshall, 1825. 8°. 5 p. 1., 2 pll., 415, xiv pp. Cuvier, F. Des dents des mammiferes, consideie'es comme caractcres zoologiques. F. G. Le- vrault, e"diteur, a Strasbourg, . . . 1825. 1 vol. 8°. pp. lv., 258, 1 1., pll. 117 (1-94, 96-103, + 3 bis, 11 bis, 22 bis, 23 A, 23 B, 23 C, 34 bis, 38 A, 38 B, 39 A, 39 B, 43, 86 bis, 91 bis, 93 bis). Cuvier, F. Sur la domesticitd des mamiuiferes, precede; do considerations . ur les divers (Stats des animaux, dans lesquels il nous est possible d'e'tudier leurs actions. < Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, xiii, 1825, pp. 405-455; Ann. Sci. Nat. ix, 1826, pp. 279-329; Edinb. Phil. Journ. iii, 1827, pp. 303-308; iv, 1827, pp. 45-60, 292-298; Fror. Not. xvi, 1827, col. 180-186, 193-200, 209-216. Gray, J. E. Au outline of an attempt at the disposition of mammalia into tribes and families, with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe. is a general synopsis of mammals. J Lesson, R.-P. Mannel de mammalogie, ou histoire uaturello des mammiferes. 18°. xv, 441, (1) pp. : 1 atlas, 80 pll. Paris, Eoret, 1827. Pastre, T. Expose succinct des opinions cruises jnsqn'ioi sur la cause de l'engourdissement periodique qu'epronvent les animaux appeles hiberuans. < Mi5iu. de la Soc. Linu. de Paris, vi, 1827, pp. 121-138. Ritgen, F. F. A. Classification des mammiferes. ale et particuliere de Buffon. Tome i, Mam- miferes. 8°. Paris, 1831. Linz, H. O. Naturgescbicbte der Saugethiere, nach Cuvier's Systeme bearbeitet. 8°. xii, 324 pp. Gotha, Becker'scho Buchhandlung, 1831. McMurtrie, H. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. By the Baron Cuvier, and translated from the Freuch, with notes and additions, by H. McMurtrie, M. D. 4 vols. 8°. New York, Carvill, 1831. [Vol. i contains the Mammals aud Birds.l Meyraux, D. M. Compeudio di mammalogia o di storia naturale de' maramiferi contenente, i carattere' distintivi, l'organizzazione, le abitudinie la classificazione di questi animali, ecc, pre- ciduto da una introduzione storica, sequito da una biografia, da una bibliografia e da nn vocabu- lario di termini tecnici. 24 pp. Milauo, 1831. 1832. — Cuvier, F. Histoire naturelle des mamraiferes, par F. Cuvier, .... et le docteur Dumezille. Tome premier [et second]. 18°. 108 pp., 2 pll. ; 1 title, 100 pp., 4 pit Paris, 1832. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, I. Etudes zoologiques, compreuant l'histoire et la description d'un grand nombre d'animaux receniment de'couvert, et des observations nouvelles sur plusieurs genres deja connus. 8°. Paris, 1832. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, I. Recherches zoologiques et physiologiques sur les variations de la taille chez les animaux et dans les races humaines. < M<5in. pie's, a l'Acad. d. Sci. Paris, Sci. Math, et Phys. iii, 1832, pp. 503-572 ; Fror. Not. Bd. xxxvi, no. 775, 1833, pp. 65-73 ; no. 776, pp. 81-89. Lyell, C. Geographische Vertheilung der vierfiissigen Thiere. < Fror. Not. xxxiv, no. 734, 1832, pp. 113-121. Wagler, J. Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Siiugetbiere und Vogol. < Isis von Oken, xxv, 1832, col. 1218-1235. 1833.— Coste, P. Sur le deVeloppeinent des raammiferes. < Institut, i, no. 24, 1833, pp. 202, 203, 217. Coste, P, and Delpech, — . Recherches sur la formation des embryons. < Ann. Sci. Nat. xxviii, 1833, pp. 158-180. 1834. — Cuvier, G. Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, oil Ton rdtablit les caracteres de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ontdtStniit les espfeces. 4me<5d. Tome premier. Paris, Edmond D'Ocagne, editeur, 1834. mi; I MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. 1834.-- Duveruoy, G. L. Tableaux des ordres, des families, des genres de la classes des matnmiferes. Institut, ii, 1834, pp. 261-262; Ann. Sci. Nat. ix, 1838, pp. 375-376. Geoffroy St -Hilaire, E. Histoire naturelle il.s matnmiferes, comprenant quelques vues prfr- liminaires de philosophic naturelle el L'bistoire dos singes, des makis, des cbauve-souris, et de lataope. Conrs professe" par M. Geoflfroy St.-Hilaire 8°. 47 pp. + (lelecon)20pp.,(2e) 24 pp., ::.) 3] pp.,(4e) 30 pp., (5e) 31 pp., (6e) 27 pp.,(7e) 39 pp., (He) 32 pp., (9e) 36 pp.,(10e) 36 pp., (lie) 42 pp.,(12e) 38 pp.,(13e) 35 pp., (14e) 47 pp.,(15e) 40 pp., (ICe) 40 pp.,(17e) 1 p.l. 18 pp., | I8e) -ID pp., | I9e) ID pp.. :'. pll. Paris, Librairiedes Sciences Mddicalcs de Just Kouvicr et E. l.e Bouvier, 1*34. [See above, same autbor, date 1829.] Kaup, J. J. Classification der Siiugethiere uud Vogel. 8°. 144 pp., 2 pll. Darmstadt, C. W. Leake, 1834. Kaup, J. J. Versuch eiuer Eintbeilung der Siiugethiere in Sechs Stiimme und der Auipbibien in Sechs Ordnungen. n the progress of science contain many important notices of American mammals, e. g. 1836,231; 1837,356; 1838,45; 1842,306; 1843,38,341; 1845, 148.] 1836.— Cuvier, P. De l'bistoire naturelle des col aces, ou rccueil et examen des faits dont se compose l'bistoire naturelle de ces animaux ; avec un atlas de 22 planches. 8°. Paris, 1836. Owen, R. ( Reference to Hunters opinion respecting the productive powers of hybrids.] <^ PrOO. Zool. Sue. London, iv, 1836, p. 85. Vigors, N. A. [ Remarks upon the productive powers of female hybrids.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. I. on, |, in, iv, 1836, pp. 84-85. BIBLIOGE. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 965 1837. — Gray, J. E. Descriptions of some new or little known mammalia, principally in the British Museum collection. < Charlsw. Mag. Nat. Hist, i, 1837, pp. 077-587; Arch, fur Naturg. v, 1839, pp. 181-194. Reichert, C. B. Ueber die Visceralbogon tier Wirbelthiero im Allgomeineu unci deren Meta- morpbosen bei den Vogelu und Siiugetbieren. <[ Arcbiv Anat. (Miiller's), 1837, pp. 120-122. Wilson, J. The natural history of quadrupeds and whales; being the article "Mammalia" from the 7th ed. of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. With above 150 illustrations. 4°. 2 p. 1., pp. 73-192, pll. cccxxviii-cccxliv. Edinburgh, Adam & Charles Black, 1837. 1837-38. — Breschet, G., und Gluge, — . Eecherches sur la structure des membranes de l'ueuf des mam- miferes. < Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, vi, 1838, pp. 79-82 (avec planches) ; Iustitut, vi, no. 224, 1838, pp. 43-44 (avec figures) ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2e s<5r. Zool. viii, 1837, pp. 224-228 ; Fror. Not. Bd. v, no. 106,1838, pp. 277,278. 1838. — Bonaparte, C.L. Nouvelle classification des animaux vertiSbres. < Eevue Zoologique, i, 1838, pp. 208-217. Bonaparte, C. L. Synopsis vertebratoruru systematis. Tome 3e, contenaut la philosophic chiinique et la philosophie biologiquo, 1838, 556 pp. Leuret, F. Anatomic compared du systeme nerveux consid^rde dans ses rapports avec l'intelli- geuce. 8°. 2 vols. Taris, J -B. Bailliere et tils, 1838-57. Ogilby, W. Observations on " Eulos for nomenclature ". < Mag. Nat. Hist, ii, 1838, pp. 150- 157, 275-284. 1838-39. — Duges, A. Trait6 de physiologie comparee de l'homme et des animaux. Avec planches lithographices. 3 vols. Montpellier, chez Louis Castel, 1838-39. Tome ler, xviii, 526 pp., frontispiece, table, 6 pll., 1838. Tome 2e, x, 636 pp., 12 pll., 1838. Tome 3e, viii, 494 pp., with portrait, 1839. [Vertebrates named sous-rt'gne des Hominiaires (i, 15) ; mammals, classe des Hoministes (i, 18).J Lesson, R. -P., and Garuot, P. Mastologiemdtbodique. < Eevue Zool. Dec. 1838, Mars 1839. Owen, R. On the structure of teeth and the resemblance .of ivory to bone, as illustrated by microscopical examination of the teeth of man and of various existing and extinct animals. < Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1838, pt. 2, pp. 135-150; Fror. Notizen, viii, 1838, col. 65-73, 86-89; Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxv, 1839, p. 507. 1839. — Bachman, J. Observations on the changes of colour in birds and quadrupeds. < Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila, vi, 1839, art. iv, pp. 197-239. Bonaparte, C. L. Prodomus systematis mastozoologia) Caroli Luciani Bonaparte Muxiniani principis. < Annali Medico-chirurgici del Dott. Telemaco Metaxa, Eoma, ii, 1839, pp. 221-227, 280-286 (fide B. S.) ; Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali, anno ii, tomo iii, Bologna, 1840, pp. 300-312; Isis von Oken, 1841, col. 589-597. [The diagnoses of the orders and including groups ore repeated from the earlier article (1838) ; but interca- lated therewith, and forming an unbroken series, are the diagnoses of the families and subfamilies, which are the same as those enumerated in the " Index familiarum et suhfamiharum " of the earlier article. The groups Placentaiia and Implacentalia are, however, designated "series" instead of "subclasses", and the Edncabilia and Ineducabiria "subclasses" instead of "sections"; the subfamilies 15 and 16. 23 and 25, and 53 and 54, are severally reversed in position with respect to each other.] Cuvier, F. Considerations sur l'dtudo des actions des animaux suivies d'un programme d'un cours sur la nature des animaux et sur leur Education. <^Auu. Sci. Nat. xii (Zool.), 1839, pp. 141-147 ; Froriep, Notizen, xiv, 1840, 337-344. Gray, J. E. On soni« new or little known mammalia. <[ Ann. Nat. Hist, ii, 1839, pp. 284-287. 966 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTII AMERICAN RODENTIA. 1839.— A mm. Rifttoire oaturelle dee anitnaux leH plus reniarqnables de la rlussr des mammiferes (qna- dropenee «i cltaces); par an naturalists da museum; ornee de soixante figures d'auiniaux, dessindes et gravfies par C. Franc, peintre d'histoire nature-He. 12°. 2 p.L, viii, 232 pp., 12 pll. Paris, .'. Samson, 1839. [Recognizes "souaclasse dea Ornithodelphia p vii, ami " DidelpbeB cleutberodactyles" ]i.SI3,o( "D.syn- ,i,l( [\ lea p 215, and adopts class, *>\ Blainville p, vi\. 1839-57— Leuret, F., and Gratiolet, P. Anatomic compares du syateme n erven x consider^ dans sea rapports aveo ^intelligence. 3 vols. Paris, J. -II. Bailliere et iils, 1839-57. [Atlas .1. 33 planohcs ddaainees d'aprea nature et grav6es. Paris, J. -B. Bailliere et fils, 1839-57. Folio, pp 60 , pll. 30.] 1839-64.— Blainville, H. M. D. de. Oateographie ou description icouographique compared du sqnelette et du Bysteme dentaire des mammiferes re'eents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la ge'ologie par H. M. Ducrotay de Blainville. . . . Ouvrage accompagne" do 323 plant-Ins Lithograph idea sous sa direction par M. J. C. Werner, peintre du Museum d'Histoire Nat m tile de Taris, precede d'uuu 6tn.de but la vie et les travaux de M. de Blainville, par M. P. Pieard. Text, 4°, 4 v. ; atlas, fol., 4 v. Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1339-64. [Publisbed in twenty-six fascicules; the first twenty-five under the title : " OstOographie ; ou, description LoonogTHphlque comp*re-e du squelette et du systenie dentaire dea cinq classes d'aniniaux vertebres recents et fossiles, pour servir do base X la zoologie et a la geologie par M. H. M. Ducrotay de Blainville .... Onv- rage aocompague de planches lithographiees sous sa direction par M. J. C. Werner .... Paris, Artbus lWrtrand, . . . . " [1839-55]. The twenty-sixth and last fascicule was issued with the special title above given, titles for the four volume*] of text ami four of platew, table of contents and index, by the Baillieres, in 1864. The culpable neglect of the publishers to give the dates of publication of the several fascicules has doubt- less devolved upon many investigators, as upon the writer, much trouble aud annoyance in ascertaining them, and to save to others similar trouble, a collation is here presented, the dates having chiefly been ascertained from Wagner's annual reports in the *' Arehiv fur Naturgeschiohte". The appearance of successive fascicules has not beeu noticed in the " Bibliographic de la France". The titles of the respective monographs given below are those at the upper fourth of the first page of each monograph, and which are the only special titles published. The work is more remarkable as a methodical repertory of facts respecting superficial osteological details than as a digeBt exhibiting acute appreciation of the value and subordination of characters and their taxonomi- cal application, or orthodox views respecting classification and the geological succession of animals— the con- current views of the most recent and approved investigators being the standard. The "genera", it must bo remembered, are genorally about equal iu extent to the families now generally adopted.] CONTENTS. Tome premier | Primates— Secnndales | Avec atlas de 59 planches. [7 pp -f 9 parts,* as below : — ] Atlas — Tome premier | compose de 59 planches [ Primates — Secundates. |2 p. 1. + 5 parts, viz: — ] [A title-page with the more general title (see above) and the addition : — "Mammiferes — Tome premier" was issued with the first fascicule in " 1839 ", and another with the modification "Mammiferes. — Primates: Pithecus. Cebus. Lemur." in "1641", but both are superseded by the special title issued for the first vol- ume with the twenty-sixth fascicule ] (Etude aur la vie et les travaux de M. de Blainville, par M. P. Nicard.) [1864. — cexxiii. pp. < F. xxvi.] ([4.] De l'osteographie en general. < Oateographie des mammiferes, pp. 19-47.) [1839. — 47 pp. < F. i.] ([B.) Oateographie des Primates.— Sur les primates en general et aur les singes (Pithecus) en particulier.) [1639.— 52 pp. 11 pi. < F. i. {+ pi. 1 bis and 5 bis. < F. xxv, 1855.)] (A secondary general title for the Primates was issued as the first pages (p. 1=1, 1) of the preceding, viz: "Oateographie des mammiferes de l'ordre dea Primates, snivie de reeherches sur l'histoire de la science k leur 6gard, les principea de leur classification, leur distribution geographique actuelle et leux anciennete a la earface de la terre."] (fC] Oslfiograpbie des Primates— Sapajons (Cebus).) [1839.— 31 pp. 9 pl.=F. ii.] <[/>.] OatGographie des Primates — Makia (Lemur).) [1839.— 48 pp. 11 pi. < F. iii.) ([E } Meraoire bdi la veritable place de l'Aye-Aye dans la Eerie des mammiferes. Lu a la Socio? e philoma- tique, le 16 mai 1816.) [1839.— 40 pp. < F. iii.— Plate < F. iii.— Plate=pl. 5 < D.\ ([P.] 1>< 1 an. i'linelt- des Primates a la surface de la terre.) 68 pp. [1839.] < F. iv. — Sans planches.] ([G.] Oateographie dea Cbeiropterea (Vespertilio, L.).) [1839.— 104 pp. 15 pi. < F. v.j ([//.] Osteograpbie des Mammiferes insectivores (Talpa, Sorex et Piinaceus, L.).) [1840. — 115 pp. 11 pl. = F. vi 1 Tome deuxieme | Secundatea | Avec atlas de 117 planches, [viii. pp. -j- 9 parts ] Atlas— Tome deuxieme j compose de 1 17 planches | Secundates. [2 p. 1. -f 8 parts, viz : — ] ([/.J Oateographie dea Carnassiera. [1840.-^85 pp. < F. vii.] [A secondary till, for Ibe Carnassiera (I— Q) was issued as the first pages (p. 1 = 1. 1) of the preceding, viz: "Oateographie dea Carnassiera, precede-e de considerations sur l'histoire de la science a leur egard, les principea de leur classification, bur distribution geographique actuelle, et suivie de reeherches sur leur anciennete a la surface de la terre."] ([./.] Dea Phoquea (O. Phoea, L I » [1840.— 51 pp. 10 pi. < F. vii.] ' '1 !'• ' parts Is each monograph or series distinguished by a special and complete pagination or numeration of plates. BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 9(57 ([K ] Des Ours (G. Ursus).) [1841.— 94 pp. 18 pi. =F. viii. ) ([£.] Des Petit-ours (G. Subursus).) [1341.— 123 pp. 16 pi. = F. ix. (+ pi. 17 < F. x, 1842. ] [With this fascicule was issued a general title limited thus: " Mamtnifores. — Carnassiers : | Vesportilio Talpa. Sorex. Erinaceus. Phoca. TJrsus. Suhnrsns 1841." ([M.\ DesMustelas (G. Mustela, L. ). ) [1842.— 83 pp. 15 pi. = F.x.J {[N.) Des Viverras. ) [1842.— 100 pp. 13 pi. = F. xi.] ([O. ] Des Felis. ) 1 1843.— 196 pp. 1 folded tah. 19 pi. = F. xii. (+ pi. 20 < F. xxv., 1858).] ([P.] DeaCanis. ) [1843.-160 pp. 16 pi. =F.xiii. ] ([<2. ) Des Hjenes. ) [1844.— 84 pp. 8 pL = F. xiv. ] Tome troisieme | Quaternates | Avec atlas de 54 planches, [viii pp. ■+ 5 parts] Atlas — Tome troisieme | compose do 54 planches | Quaternates. [2 p. 1. -|- 5 parts, viz : — ] ([E.orS.] Dos Elephants. ) [1845.— 367 pp. 18 pi. = F. xvi.J ([S. or T. ] Du Dinotherium.) [1845.— 64 pp. 3 pi. = F. xvii.] ([T. or 7J.J Des Lamautius (Buffon), (Manatus, Scopoli), ou Gravigrados aquatiques.) [1844.— 140 pp. 11 pl. = F. xv.J ([ F. ] Des Damans (Buffon), (Jlijrax).) [1845.— 47 pp. 3 pi. = F. xviii.] ([ V. or X. ] Des Rhinoceros (Button), (. Zool. tome ii, 1^44, pp. 104-164. Bonaparte, C. L. Spechio generate del sistema masto-zoologico. . iii, 1851, pp. 65-71, 120-128, 161-168. 1851-52. — Girard, C. On the classification of mammalia. < Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. vi, 1851-52, 319-335 pp., 2 tables. 1852. — Agassiz, L. [On the allautois.] <^ Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. iii, 1852, pp. 15-10. Browne, P. A. Trichologia mammalium ; or a treatise on the organization, properties and uses of hair and wool; together with an essay upon the raising and breeding of sheep. Published under the patronage of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. With illustrations. 4°. 188 pp. Philadelphia, 1852. Burnett, W. J. [Formation and junction of the allautois.] <[ Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. iii, 1852, pp. 12-15. Dareste, C. Mdmoire sur les circonvolntions du cerveau cbez les mammiferes. <[ Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii (Zool.), 1852, pp. 34-54. Dareste, C. Rdponse aux observations de M. Gratiolet, au sujet d'un mdmoire sur les circon- volntions du cerveau. < Comptes Rendus Paris, xxxiv, 1852, pp. 324-327. Girard, C. On the classification of mammalia. < Pr. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci. vi, 1852, pp. 319-335. Gratiolet, P. Observations sur les propositions que M. Dareste a soumise a l'Acade'mie des Sciences, toucbant les circonvolntions du cerveau. < Rev. et Mag. Zool. iv, 1852, pp. 97-113. Gray, J. E. Catalogue of tbo specimens of mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. Part iii. Ungulata furcipeda 12°. London, printed by order of the trustees, 1852. pp. xvi, 286, pll. 37. Joly, H., and Lavocat, A. Etude d'anatomie philosophique sur la main et le pied de l'homme et sur les extr<5rnites des mammiferes, rameudes au type pentadactyle. <^ Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, xxxv, 1852, pp. 388-392. Laclimann, A. Die Pelztbiere. Ein Haudbucb fiir Kiirschner u. Ranch waareuhiiudler. Ent- balt. naturbistor. Schilderungen derjenigen Thiere von douen die Pelze im Rauchwaarou- bandel vorkomuien, mit Angabe der Eigenschaften der Letzern uud dereu Verweudung in der Kiirscbuerei. 8°. vi, 378 pp. Leipzig, Baumgartner, 1852. Mayer, C. Ueber den Bau des Organs der Stirame bei dem Menschen, den Siingethieren und einigen grosseren Vogeln, nebst pbysiologischen Bemerkungen. <^ Nova Acta Acad. Loop. Carol. Nat. Cur. xxiii, pt. ii, 1852, pp. 659-766, pll. 28. Peters, W. Naturwisseuscbaftlicbe Reise uach Mossambique auf Befebl seiner Majestiit des Konigs Friedrich Wilbelm IV in den Jabren 1842 bis 1848 ausgefiibrt von Wilhelm C. H. Peters, Mitglied der konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zoologie. — I. Siiugetbiere. Folio. xvi, 202 pp., 46 col. pll. Berlin, Druck uud Verlag von Georg Reimer, 1852. 1853. — Browne, P. A. Trichologia mammalium; or, a treatise on the organization, properties and uses of hair aud wool ; together with an es-ay upon the raising and breeding of sheep. "Dncit amor patrise." 4°. viii, 7-179 pp., 1 1., with 10 pll. Published under the patronage of the Commonwealth of Pouniwlvania : Philadelphia, J. II. Jones, printer, 1853. [Title duplicated 1 date in question : see 1852, ISuowne, P. A.) 972 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN HODENTIA. 1853.— Burnett, W. I. Researches upon the origin, mode of development, and nature of the sper- matic panic Irs among the fonr classes of vertebrated animals. <(Mura. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. v, 1853, art. ni. pu. 29-46, 1 pi. Darestc, C. Deuxic-mo mtSmoire sur les oirconvolutions .• 29G. Girard, C. [Classification of mammals.] f England. 2 vols. Loudon, printed by Taylor & Francis, 1803. Vol. i. Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Marsupialia. xlv, pp. 1-350. Vol. ii. Mammalia Placentalia. pp. 351-914. Saint-Martin, P. de. D6couverte d'un cinquieme os de la chalno tympanique chez quol- ques auimaux. <[ Soc. Philoui. Extr. Proccs Verb. 1853, pp. 86-88; Institut, xxi, no. 1020, 1853, p. 244. SchmardA, L. K. Die geographisohe Verbreituug der Tkiere. 8°. Wien, 1853. 1853-57. — Pictet, F. J. Traite de palcontologie ou bistoire natnrellc des auimaux fossiles considdres dans leurs rapports zoologiques et g<5ologiqnes. 2e e"d., revue, corrigee, considerablement augmentee, accoinpagnee d'un atlas de 110 planches grand in-4,J. b°, 4 vols. ; 4°, atlas. Paris, chez J.-B. Bailliere, 1853-57. 1854.— Owen, R. The principal forms of the skeleton and the teeth. 8°. pp. xv, 329, figg. 76. Phila- delpbia, Blanohard & Lea, 1854. [From London edition, which formed part of the aeries entitled "Orr's Circle of the Sciences".! Peters, W., ami Liechtenstein, H. Leber neue merkwiirdige Siiugethiere des Kouiglichen Zoologischen Museums: 1. Ueber die Gattung Centurio, Gray, und eine neue Art derselben von Cuba (C. flavogularis). 2. Ueber Hyonycteiis, cine neue Gattnng von Fledertbieren aus Puerto Cabello (II. discifera). 3. Ueber Antilope lencotis, eiuo neue Art aus deni nordostli- chen Africa. <[Abhandl. K. Akad. Wis. Berlin, 1854, pp. 81-90; Bericht, Berlin, 1854, pp. 334-337. Reissner, E. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Haare des Menschen und der Siiugethiere. Mit 2 lithogr. Taf. - . 75 pp. Breslan, Trewent u. Granies, 1854. 1854-55.— G3rvai3, P. Histoire natnrelle des mammiferes avec Vindication de leurs rnocurs, et de leurs rapports aveo les arts, le commerce etl'agriculture 8°. 2 vols. Ire part ii*. [Introduction, Primates, Cheiropteres, Insectivorcs, Rongeurs.] .... Paiis, L. Curuier, .... 1854. xxiv, 418 pp., 1 I., 18 col. pll., 14 uncol. pll. 2o partie. [Carnivores, Proboscidiens, Jnmentes, Bisalqnes, Edentds, Marsupiaux, Mono- troiues, Phoques, Sirdnides et Cetaccs. Paris, L. Curmer, .... 1855. 2 p. 1., 344 pp., 40 col. pll., 29 uncol. pll. 1855. — Dareste, C. Troisie-me memoire snr les circouvolutious du cerveau chez les niarnrniferes. < Ann. Sci. Nat. ii, 1855 (Zool.), pp. 65-111 ; Comptes Rendns, Paris, xl, 1855, pp. 683-686. Fitziuser, L. J. Wissenschaftlich-populare Naturgescbiclite der Siiugethiere iu ibren satnmtli- clien Hauptformen. Nobst einer Einleitung in der Naturgescbichte iiberhanpt und in die Lelne von ilen Thieren insbesondere. Ein HUlfsbneli liir Lebrer, auch beim Uuterricbt der Blinden. - . viii, 499 pp. Wien, 1855. (Leipzig, Brockbaus.) Giebel, C. G. Artenzabl der I. ber der Siiugethiere. < Zeitscbr. gesammt. Naturw. Halle, vi, L855, [ip. 24 29 Giebel, C. G. Die Siiugcthiorc in zoologischer, anatomischer nnd palaontologischer Bezie- hung, umfassend dargestellt. - . xii, 1108 pp. Leipzig, Verlag von Ambrosius Abel, 1855. I'l'ln- date assigned is (hat of the completion of the work, which was published iu numbers, beginning several years b< fore 1855. BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX- A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 973 1855. — Gratiolet, P. Sur quelques differences que presente l'organisation du cerveau dans les aui- maux mammiieres. <^ Iustitut, xxiii, 1835, pp. 429-432. Kneeland, S , jr. [On the sterility of hybrid races.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1855, pp. 220-225. Pucheran, J. Note sur l'dquateur zoologique. < Gov. et Mag. Zool. vii, 1855, pp. 304-308. Reichenbach, A. B. l'raktische Naturgeschichte des Menschen uud der Siiugethiere. Fiir Gebildete aller Stande. Mit in Stahl gestocheneu uud uatnrgetreu colorirten Abbiklgu. auf 91 Taf. Neue Ausg. (mit neuem Titel). 4°. 807 pp. Leipzig, Gebhardt & Reislaod, (1845- 50) 1855. Wagner, J. A. Die Siiugethiere iu Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Boschreibungen von . . . . Fortgesetzt von Dr. Johanu Andreas Wagner. . . . Supplementband. Fiiufte Abtheilung : Die Affeu, Zabnliicker, Beutelthiere, Hausthiere, Insektenfresser uud Handfliigler. 4°. xxvi, pp. 337-810, with pi!. 22-51. Leipzig, Verlag von T. D. Weigel, 1855. [Completing a work began in 1775. See that date, Schkebek, J. C. D. v., and 1840, Wagneh, J. A.] 1855-56.— Hensel, R. Beitrage zur Kenntniss fossiler Siiugethiere, Insectenfreeser uud Nagethiere der Diluvialformation. < Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell. vii, 1855, pp. 458-501; viii, 1856, pp. 279-290, 6G0-7O3. 1356. — Agassiz, L. [On the geueral characters of orders in the classification of the animal kingdom.] < Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. iii, 1656, p. 346. Briinl, C. B. Osteologisckes aus dem Pariser Pflanzeugarteu. Mit 11 Tafeln vom Verf. nach der Natur gezeichuet uud auf Stein radirt. 4°. pp. xiv, 76, xliii. Wien, 1856. (Leipzig, Brockhaus in Comm.) Burnett, W. I. Ou the blood-corpuscle-holding cells, and their relation to the spleen. < Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. vii, 1856, pp. 224-230. Burnett, W. I. On the formation and functions of the allantois. <[ Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. vii, 1856, pp. 200-203. Burnett, W. I. On the formation and mode of development of the renal organs in vertebrata. , pp. 1-37. Owen, R. t >ti the classification of the mammalia. n the red corpuscles of the blood of vertebrata, and on the zoological import of the nucleus, with plans of their structure, form, and size (on a uniform scab'), in many of the different orders. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, pp. 91-103. BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 975 1862.— Jager, G. Ueher die Sprache der Thiere. < Der Zool. Garten, iii, 1862, pp. 245-248, 266-?68. 1863. — Brehm, — . Hluatrirtes Thierleben. Hildburghauseu, 1803. Dana, J. D. On cephalization, and on megasthenes and microstheues, in classification. No. i. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xxxvi, 1863, art. i, pp. 1-10, art. xxix, pp. 321-354. (Appendix, pp. 440-442.) [Prof. Dana's views of cephalization were first applied to the classification of the mammals in a foot-note of his excellent " Manual of Geology ". and in a special memoir on the classification of the mammals, printed enbaequently hut published previously to the manual.] Dana, J. D. On the higher subdivisions in the classification of mammals. 7-186. Murie, J. Notes on some diseased dental conditions in animals. <^ Proc. Odontolog. Soc. Great Britain, 1869, pp. 37-69, with woodcuts. 1870. — Coues, E. Antero-posterior symmetry, with special reference to the muscles of the limbs. < N. Y. Med. Record, vol.—, nos. for June-Sept. 1870, pp. 149-152, 193-195, 222-224, 273-274, 297-299, 370-372, 390, 391, 438-440. Figuier, L. Mammalia. Their various orders and habits popularly illustrated by typical spe- cies. With 207 engravings, by MM. A. Mesnel, A. de Neuville, aud E. Rion. 8°. xi, 000 pp. (with 207 iigg.), frontispiece. London, Chapman &, Hall, 1^70. Flower, W. H. An introduction | to the osteology of the mammalia: | being the substance of the course of lectures | delivered at | the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1870. | .... | With numerous illustrations. | Loudon, | Macmillan & Co. | 1870. 1C°. xii, 344 pp. with 126 figg. Gill, T. i>n the relations of the orders of mammals. <^Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1870, pp. 267-270; Am. Nat. v, pp. — . Gray, J. E. Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum. H'-J. viii, 137 pp. London, printed by order of the trustees, 1870. Hasae, C. Anatomische Stndien. ErstesHeft. 8°. 892 pp., with 319 woodcuts. Leipzig, 1870. Jeffries, B.J [Ou accommodation in the eye.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1870, p. 208. BIBLIOGE. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 97'.) 1870. — Murie, J. On some abnormal and diseased dental conditions iu animals. No. ii. <[Tran8. Odontol. Soc. Gr. Brit, ii, 1870, pp. 237-297, with 1 pi. (mouth of hippopotamus) and woodcuts. Nuhn, A. Ueber dio Magenformen der Wirbelthiere. <[ Arcuiv Auat. Phys. 1870, pp. 333-345, 2 pll. Stieda, L. Studien iiber das cenlraie Nervensystem der Wirbelthiere. <[Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxi, 1870, pp. 273-456, pll. 17-20. Winiwarter, A. v. Untersucbungeu iiber die Gehortscbnecke der Saugethiere. 6brales propres a. dirBSrents groupes de mammiferes. < Journ. de Zool. i. 1872, pp. 425-469, pi. 20-23. [A memoir on the cerebral i'urms of Toxodon, Pteropodidse, G-aleopithecua, Erinaeeida, Tnpaia, Centetea, Eri- culna, Macroacelia, Typotherium, Tragulus, Hyremoachua, Oreodon, Cainotherium, Hyrax, Ondatra, Sciuropterua, Dipus, Spalax, Arctom^a, Pedetes, Hyopotainus, Synetherea, Lagoatomua, Hyatrix, Ccelogenya, Daayprocta, Hy- drochcerua, and Cavia.] Gill, T. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 230. Arrangement of the families of mam- mals. With analytical tables. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: pub- lished by the Smithsonian Institution. November, 1872. 8°. pp. i-vi, 1-98. Houzeau, J. C. Etudes sur les facultes mentales des animaux coinparees a celles de l'homme. 8°. 2 vols. 364 pp. ; 644 pp. Mons, 1872. Morrell, G. H. The student's manual of comparative anatomy and guide to dissection. De- signed for the use of schools and of junior students in the universities. Part 1. Mammalia (anatomy and dissection). 8°. vii, 269 pp., 2 tables. London, Longman &. Co.; Oxford, Thos. Sbrimptou & Sou, 1872. 1873. — Agassiz, L. The structure and growth of domesticated animals. Vol. II, Chap. VII, "A general description of the beasts, birds, and plants, &c. found by the party in this expedition ", pp. 148-201.) [This is the original ed. of the authentic narrative ; there are many others later, q. v. See especially Cones, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. no. 6, 2d ser. 187li, pp. 417-444, for an account of these books, aud of numerous spurious or collateral publications relating to the travels of these explorers. Contains passim, and particularly at the place above specially indicated, an account of numerous mammals observed in the region traversed ; none under binomial names ; some of the accounts are our original notices of species. The mammalogical matter is important, as the basis of various binominal species, especially of Ord and Raiinesque.J Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. Travels | to the | source of the Missouri River | and across the American continent | to the | Pacific Ocean. | Performed | by order of the government of the United States, | in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806. | — | By Captains Lewis and Clarke. | — | Published from the official report, | and | illustrated by a map of the route, | and other maps. | — | London : | printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, | Paternoster- Row, | — | 1814. One vol. 4°. i-xxiv, 1-663 pp., 1 folding and 2 full-page maps. (> Chap. XXIV, " A general description of the beasts, birds, and plants, &c, found by the party in tnis ex- pedition", pp. 450-489.) [Nearly identical, except in form, with the orig. ed. of Bame date, q. v.] 1815, -Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. Travels | to the source of | the Missouri River | and across the I American contiueut | to | the Pacific Ocean. | Performed by order of | the government of ' the United States, | in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806. | — | By Captains Lewis and Clarke. | — | Published from the official report, | and illustrated by a map of the route, | aud other maps. | — | A new edition, in three volumes. | Vol. I, [II, III]. | — | London: | printed for Lougman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, | Paternoster-Row, | 1815. 3 vols. 8°. Vol. I, pp. i-xxvi, 1 1. not paged, 1-411, maps 3. Vol. II, pp. i-xii, 1-434, maps 3. Vol. Ill, pp. i-xii, 1-394. (> Vol. Ill, Chap. XXIV, " A general description of the beasts, birds, plants, &c, found by the party in this expedition", pp. 1-73.) [Except in form, and in some minor details of typography incident to resetting of tho typo, this is identical with the 4° edition of 1814, q. v. It was reissued, 1817.] Lewis, M., ond Clarke, W. "Tagebuch e. Entdeckungsreise dnrch Nord-Amerika in d. Jahreu 1804-6. Aus d. Engl. v. Weyland. Mit 1 Karte." Vol. ii, Appendix, "Further enumeration ami desoripth 1 tin- qoadrapeds, lords, fishes, unci plants noticed during the expedition", pp. 330-373.) M> moraml.i of iln dates "I tl;o successive issues, most of which consisted of '25(1 copies: — September, 1h4'^ ; January, 1843; May, 1843; Januar\ , 1844; .Inly, 1845; April, 1847; May, 1850; August, 1851 ; June, 1855; April, l-.- November, 1860 ; February, 1888; March, 1871 (vol. ii) ; April, 1H7J (vol. il ; February, 1874 (vol. ii) ; De- cember. 1875 (vol. i) ; in all fourteen issues of the whole work, under s'xteen different dates This is an editorial abridgment, or digest, oi* the original of 1814, g. v., faithfully and, on the whole, judi- ciously executed. The natural-history chapter, besides being relegated to an appendix, is transposed as to its botanical and zoological portions. It is furthermore abridged at the editor's discretion, the omissions being indicated by asterisks. A new feature is foot-note references to the pages of tbo body of the work on which the various species wert' before mentioned. This is a valuable set of crofts-reforences, for the narrative ac- counts scattered through the work are often no less important than the formal notices themselves.] 1843. — Harlan, R. Remarks on Prof. Owen's letter. [About Harlan's notice of new fossil mammalia.] < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xlv, 1843, pp. 208-211. 1843-45. — Gray, J. E. Zoology of tlie voyage of II. M. S. Sulphur, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher Parts i, ii. Mammalia. By J. E. Gray. 4°. London, 1843-45. 1844. — Gregg, J. Commerce of tlie prairies. 2 vols. 12°. Philadelphia, 1844. [Contains interesting notices of some of the larger mammals of the plains: — bison, elk, deer, bear, wolves, prairie-dogs, etc.] Schubert, G. H. Mittheilung von Correspondenzen aus Labrador [iiber seine Landsilugethiere, YVasscr, Land- und Strandvogel]. < Miinchen. Bull. Akad. 1844, col. 121-126, 129-133; Milnchen. Gelehrte Auz. xviii, 1844, col. 418-423. 1845. — Pucheran, J. Description do quelques mammiferes am^ricaius. < Revue Zool. viii, 1845, pp. 335-337, 369-373. 1846. — Carpenter, W. M. Remarks on some fossil bones recently brought to New Orleans from Tennessee and from Texas. <^ Am. Journ. Sci. and Aits (2), i, 184(i, art. xii, pp. 244-250, wilh 4 ti.g. Falconer, H , and Cantley, P. T. Fauna antiqua sivalensis, being the fossil zoology of tbo Sewalib Hills, in the north of India [Edited by Hugh Falconer.] Letterpress.— Part i. Proboscidea. 8°. 64 pp. Loudon, Smith, Elder & Co., 65 Cornhill, 1846. Goclman, J. D. American natural history To which is added his last work, The ram- bles of a naturalist, with a biographical sketch of the author. In 2 volumes. 3d ed. Phila- delphia, Uriah Hunt & Son, 1846. Vol. i, eng. title, 345 pp. (xiii -(- 332), 27 pll. Vol. ii, eug. title, 337 pp., 22 pll. HaUowell, E. [Description of the locality whence a collection of fossil bones presented to the academy by Mr. Wm. Paucoast had been obtained, and an enumeration of the same.] <^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, 1846, p. 130. Owen, R. Observations on certain fossils from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, 1846, pp. 93-96. 1846-54. — Audubon, J. J., and Bachman, J. The viviparous quadrupeds of North America New York, 1846-54. 3 vols. Roy. 8°. Vol. i, pub. by J. J. Audubon, 1846, pp. xi v, 1, 389, pll. 1-50. Vol. ii, pith, by V. G. Audubon, 1851, title, pp. 334, 1 1., pll. 51-100. Vol. iii, pub. by same, 1853-54 (entitled " The quadrupeds of North America ", date 1854 on title-page), 1 p. 1., pp. v, 348, pll. 101-155. [The X'lates of this work are said to have been originally published in numbers, in oblong folio, without text, beginning as far back as 1840. The plates in the edition above given are in roy. 8=, intercalated with the text. Another edition or reprint, in roy. 8°, p'atcs intercalated, appears, pub. by V. G. Audubon, iu numbers, 1851-54, designed to be bound iu 3 vo's. The copy examined is as follows: — "The quadrupeds of North Amer- ica ... . Vol. i, New York, published by V. G. Audubon, 18J1 ", pp. i-viii, 1-384, pll. 1-50. 5 Vol. ii (no title-page), pp. 1-334, 1 1,, pll 51-100. Vol. iii, 1854, 1 p 1 , pp. i-v, 1-348, pll. 101-155. Vols, ii and iii thus seem to be identical with the originals. Though vol. iii is dated 1854, pp. 1-254 are said to have appeared iu 1853, the remainder in 1854. These anthers treat, of 197 species, of which ahont 100 are figured. Few are here described as new, tho original descriptions having mostly appeared elsowhere. Seo&o;. under dates 1839 anil 1841. The technical portions Of the work are supposed tube mainly attributable to Hachinan, tin4 other author having attended to the illustrations ami portions of the biographical matter. Many of the plates were drawn by J. W. Audubon.] BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— B. FAUNAL PUBLICATIONS. 989 1847. — Nilsson, S. Skandinavisk fauna Forsta deleu : Diiggdjuren. Andra omarbetade npplagan. 8°. 1 p. 1., xviii, 656 pp. Lund, tryckt pa Bokkamllaren C. W. K. GleerupsForlag, nti Berlingska Boktryckeriet, 1847. Owen, R. Observations on certain fossil bones from the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2), i, 1847, art. iii, pp. 18-20, pi. G. 1847-48. — Wagner, J. A. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Saugethiere Amerika's. Abth. i, 3pll. < Ab- haudl. d. matk.-pkys. CI. d. K. Bayr. Akad. v, Abth. 1, 1847, pp. 119-208 ; 2. Abth. 3 pll. ibid, v, Abth. 2, 1848, pp. 2G9-332 ; 3. Abth. 1 pi. ibid, v, Abth. 2, 1848, pp. 405-480. 1848. — Le Conte, J. L. Notice of five new species of fossil mammalia from Illinois. <£ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), v, 1848, art. xvi, pp. 102-116, with 3 figg. Peale, T. R. Uuited States | exploring expedition. | During the years | 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. | Under the command of | Charles Wilkes, U. S.N. | — | Vol. viii. | — | Mammalia and or- nithology. | By | Titian R. Peale, | one of the naturalists of the expedition, | member of the American Philosophical Society, of the Academy of | Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, etc. etc. | — | Philadelphia: | printed by C. Sherman. | 1848. Text, 8°, xxvi, 17-338pp.,20 woodcc; "atlas, folio, Ixxxiv pll.", but the atlas does not seem to have appeared. [See 1858, Cassin, J.] 1849. — Holbrook, J. E. [Catalogue of the mammals of the State of Georgia.] < Statistics of the State of Georgia. Savannah, W. Thorne Williams, 1849. (Catalogue of the fauna and tlora of the State of Georgia. Prepared for this work by eminent naturalists.) Roemer F. Texas. 8°. Bonn, 1849. [Contains a liat of mammals (26 spp., pp. 4G2— 464) and other notes in the general test.] 1850. — Baird, S. F. Ou the bone caves of Pennsylvania. Appen- dix F. Zoology. Mammals. By Captain R. B. Marcy. 1855. — Baird, S. F. Characteristics of some new species of North American mammalia, collected chiefly in connection with the U. S. surveys of a railroad route to the Pacific. <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, pp. 333-336. Baird, S. F. Characteristics of some new species of mammalia collected by the U. S. and Mexican boundary survey, Major VV. H. Emory, U. S. A., commissioner. <^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, pp. 331-333. Baird, S. F. The U. S. naval astronomical expedition to the southern hemisphere, during the years 1849-'50-'51-'52. Lieut. J. M. Gilliss, superintendent Washington, A. O. P. Nicholson, printer, mdccclv. 4°. ^> Appendix F. Zoology. Mammals. By S. F. Baird. pp. 153-171, pi. xi. (Includes a synoDj'matic liat of mammals found in Chili, pp. 163-171, and plate of Chlamyphoru8 truncatua.] Brandt, J. F. Beitriige zur niihern Kenutniss der S;iugethiero Russia ud's. Von J. F. Brandt. <^M6m. Acad. St. Pe'tersb. 6e sdrie, Sciences mathematiqnes, physiques, et naturelles, t. ix, 2e partie, Sciences naturelles, t. vii, .... 1855, Zoologie et physiologic, pp. 1-365. INHALT : 1. Abhandlung: Selbstatandige Mittheilungen iiberden auasern Ban t\fBZobe\»(MustelazibellinaYiiT. asiatica uud americana) im Vergleich mit dem des Bauni- und Steiuniarders. (Mit 4 Taf.) p. 2. 2. Abhaudluug : Die Handlliigler des Europaischen und Asiatiachou Rutland's, mit besonderer Beziebung auf die Geachichte ibrer Entdeckung, ibre Synonymic und geographische Verbreituug. p. 25. 3. Abbandlung: Beitriige zur niihern Iv nntuiss der Gattuug Castor. 1. Aufsatz: Unteraucbung der Frage, ob der Biber Amerika's von dem dea Europaiach-Aaiatischen Con- tinents specifiscb verschieden sei? (Mit 3 Taf.) p. 43. 2. Aufsatz: Ueber die Variation einzelner Knocben dea Biberscbiidele, als scblagendes Beispiel der zuweilen sehr betriicbtlichen, individuellen gestaltlichen Abweichung der Scbiidelknocben einzelner Thierarten. p. 67. 4. Abhandlung: Blickeauf die allmiiligen Fortschrittein derGruppirungder Nager mit apeciellerBeziehnng auf die Geachichte der Gattung Castor, bcsonders des altweltlicben Bibers. p. 71. 5. Abbandlung : Untersnchuugen iiber die craniologiachen Entwickelungsstufeu und die davon berzuleitenden Verwandtschaften und Classificationen der Nager der Jetztzeit, mit besonderer Beziebung auf die Gattung Castor. (Mit 12 lithograpbirteu Tafeln.) p. 123. 1. Theil : Craniologiache Charaktel iatik der Ordnuug der Nager. p. 129. 2. Theil: Craniologische Cbarakteristik der einzelnen Nagergruppen. p. 138. 6. Abhandlung: Bemerkuugen iiber die Bezeichnung dea altweltlicben Bibers und Caatoriums bei verscbie- denen Volkss! amnion, p. 337. 7. Abhandlung: Beitriige zur Konntniss dea Bibers bei den Araborn. p. 343. 8. Abhandlung: Mittheilungen iiber den Biber, wohl richtiger die Fiach- und Meerotter, ana chinesiachen Schriftatellern nach Stanislaus Julieu. p. 357. Nachtriige. p. 361. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, I. Voyage autour du monde sur la frigate La Ve'nus, commande'e par Abeldu Petit Thouars. Zoologie. Vertebrata. Mammiferes, parM. Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire. lvol. 8°. Paris, Gideet J. Baudry, 1855. [Folio atlas previously published.] Head, J. F. Some remarks on the natural history of the country about Fort Ripley, Minne- sota. < 9th Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1855, pp. 291-293. Kennicott, R. Catalogue of animals observed in Cook County, Illinois. < Trans. 111. State Agric. Soc. i, for 1853-54, 1855, pp. 577-580. ["48 species.] Strang, J. J. Some remarks on the natural history of Beaver Islands, Michigan. <9th Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1855, pp. 282-288. 992 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. 1856- Burmeister, H. Erltinternngen zur fauna Brasiliens, enthaltend Abbilduugen and ansfiihr- licbe Beschreibnngen aeueroder ungeniigend bekannter Thierarten von Dr. Herm. Burmeister. 1 vol. Folio. Berlin, 1856. Jones, J. Investigations, chemical and physiological, relative to certain American vertehrata. Philadelphia, lrtr.G. 4°. xi, 138 pp. = Smiths. Cont. to Knowledge, viii, art. 5. Leidy, J. Description of some remains of extinct mammalia. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. (2d ser.), ii, 1856, art. xiv, pp. 166-171, pll. 15-17. Leidy, J. Notices of extinct vertebrata, discovered by F. V. Hayden, during the expedition to tbe Sioux country, under the command of Lieut. 0 K. Warren. < Proc. Acad. Nat. .Sci. Pbila. viii, 1856, pp. 311,312. Leidy, J. Notices of remains of extinct mammalia, discovered by F. V. Hayden, in Nebraska Territory. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1856, pp. 88-00. Leidy, J. Notices of remains of extinct vertebrated animals, discovered by Prof. E. Emmons. i which are figured either on plates "I i Im- whole animal "t of ,1. taila of external form, or of skulls. These plates aftorward formed pari of the illustrations "i Baird's Uammale "t North America. J Baird, S. F., and Kennerly, C B. R. Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean .... Vol. x. 4°. Washington, 1859. [Contains the following articles on mammals* — Baird, S. F. Report of Limt. E. G. Beckwith .... Zoological Report, No. 1. Report on mammals collected by the survey, pp. 5-9, with 3 pll. This article belongs to the report in vol. ii. Kennkbly, C. B. R. Report .... by Lieut. A. W. Whipple. Part vi. Zoological Report. No. 2. Report on mammals collected on the survey, pp. 11-18, with 0 pll. Baird, S. F. Report .... by Lieut. R. S. Williamson. Part iv. Zoological Report. No. 3. Report on mammals of the route, pp. 81-82. These reports are rather of aperfunctory character, as officialities of the publication, chiefly valuable for the plates. The niake-up of this tenth volume of the Pacific Railroad Reports is such that it might be styled " Tho Bibliographer's Despair"; it contains about 20 different title-pages, and a corresponding number of different paginations.] Holmes, F. S. Debris d'anituaox domestiques melanges avec des fossiles post-pliocenes dans la Caroline du Sud. (Transl.) < Bibl. Univ. Archives, v, 1859, pp. 37-44. Leidy, J. [On extinct vertebrates of Nebraska.] < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. vii, 1859, pp. 10, 11. Leidy, J. [Remarks on Dromatherium sylvestre and other fossils from Chatham County, N. C] Sclater, P. L. The mammals of Soutb America. < Quart. Jour. Sei. Oct. 1865, pp. 605-G21, with a lithogr. sketch. Wyman, J. [on fossil mammalia from the Andes of Peru.] <[ Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, x, 1865, pp. 105-107. 1866— Gilpin, J. B. On the mammalia of Nova Scotia, No. iii. < Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. Nat. Soi. Halifax, ii, 1656, art i, pp. 8-16. Lord, J. K. The naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. 2 vols. b°. 358 pp.; :!?."> pp. London, 1876. Weiz, S. List of vertebrates observed at Okak, Labrador, by Rev. Samuel Weiz, with anno- tations by A. S. Packard, jr. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, x, 1866, pp. 264-269. [Mammalia, pp. 265,266, 260-272.] 1867— Cope, E. D. An addition to the vertebrate fauna of the miocene period of the United States. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, pp. 138-156. Cope, B. D. [Remarks on four species of extinct miocene mammalia.] <^Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. l'hila. 1867, pp. 131-132. Cope, E. D. [Remarks on the contents of caves of Southwestern Virginia.] <[ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1807, pp. 137-138. Coues, E. Notes ou a collection of mammals from Arizona. <[ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, pp. 133-136. Coues, E. The quadrupeds of Arizona. < Am. Nat. i, 1867, pp. 281-292, 351-363, 393-400, 531-541. Gundlach, J. Revista y catalogo de los mamiferos Cubanos. <^Repert. Fis.-Nat. de Cuba, ii, 1867 ?, pp. 40-56. Hall, A. Ou the mammals and birds of the District of Montreal. <[ Can. Nat. and Geol. vi, 1867 ?. art. xxii, pp. 284-316. Hensel, R. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Thierwelt Brasiliens. <^ Zool. Gart. 1867, pp. 290-293, 361-374. Jerdon, T. C. The mammals of India; a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India. 8°. 319 pp. Roorkee, 1867. Middendorff, A. von. Sibirische Reise. Band iv. Uebersicht der Natur Nord- nndOst-Sibiriens Theil ii, erste Lieferuog. Die Thierwelt Sibiriens. 4°. 785-1094 pp. St. Petersburg, 1867. Sumner, C. [On furs and the fur trade of Alaska.] < Speech on the cession of Russian America to the United States. 8°. Washington, 1867. (p. 37.) 1868. — Abbott, C. C. Catalogue of vertebrate animals of New Jersey < Geology of New Jersey. By authority of the legislature. George H. Cook, State geologist, . . . 1868 — Ap- pendix E, or pp. 751-830. Bickmore.A S. [On mammals from Buru. Babirussa affiuis, Cervus moluccensis, and Anox deprtssicornis.J <^ Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xii, 1868, pp. 217,218. Brown, R.— On the mammalian fauna of Greenland. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, pp. 330- 362, pll. 30-31. Cooper. J. G. The fauna of Montana Territory. < Am. Nat. ii, 1868, pp. 528-538. Cope, E. D. [observations ou the living inhabitants of caves in Southwestern Virginia.] <.Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, pp. 85-86. [Neotoma observed ] Cope, E. D. [Observations on some vertebrata from Lower California and Nevada.] <^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, p. 2. [ Aivicola ourtata, D. ep., described ; Lagomys princeps found near lat. 32°.] Ernst, A. [Synopsis of the mammalia of Venezuela.] < Boletin de la Sociedad de Ciencias Fisicas y Naturales de Caracas, 1868, p. 33. Gilpin, J. B. Ou the mammalia of Nova Scotia, No. iv. <^Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian lust. Nat. 3ei. Halifax, ii, 1868, art. vii, pp. 58-69. BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— 13. FAUNAL PUBLICATIONS. 997 1868. — Leidy, J. Notice of some vertebrate remains from Hardin County, Texas. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1808, pp. 174-171). Muller, J. W. Systeinatisches Verzeichniss der Wirbeltbiero Mexico's. 109 pp. Paez, R. Travels and adventures in South and Central America. New York, 1808. (See pp. 71, '222,202.) Quennerstedt, — . Anteckniuger on Djurlifvet i Isbavet mellan Spitzbergou ocb Gronland. [Memoir on the animal life of the polar sea between Spitsbergen and Greenland.] < Kong. Svenska Vet. Akad. Haudlingar, vii, 1808. Sproat, — . Scenes and studies of savage life. London, 1868. [Chapter on the chase in Van- couver Island.] 1869. — Allen, J. A. Catalogue of the mammals of Massachusetts, with a critical revision of the species. f Northern Colorado. <^ Bull. I". S. Qeol. Surv. no. 7, first series, pp. 9 28. Pub. Jan. 21, 1874. [Hippoibcriam paaicoao, Protobippaa labrosus, P. Bejanctas, Prooa-melus august idcus, P. hoterodontus, Mery- codus genunifer, Meimtle-ii nu (s-n.) lemunnum, llvportr.igulu, trioostatas, Elotherlum ramosam, spp. nn.] Cops, E. D. Review of the vcrtebrata of the cretac is period found west of the Mississippi River. < Dull. U. S. Geol. Snrv, no. 2, first .series, 1874, pp. 3-51. Cope, E. D. The. succession of life in North America. < Ann. Mag. N. II. 4th ser. xiii, 1874, pp. 326-3:11. [Reprinted from tbeFena Monthly, Feb. 1874.] Deane, R. The fauna of the Caroliuas two hundred years ago. < Am. Sports. Sept. 19, 1874. [Extracts l'rom Lawson's Nat. Ilist. of the Caroliuas.] Gundlaoh, J. Catalogue des iuammiferes de Tile de Cuba. (El Artista, t. ii, livr. 2; Me- morias sobre la Hist. Nat. do la isla do Cuba, t. i, p. 30 ; Ann. de la Soc. Esp. de Hietoria Nat. de Madrid, t. i, p. 231. 1873.) < Journ. de Zool. iii. 1874, art. xliv, p. 231. Hittell, J. S. The resources of California, comprising the society, climate, salubrity, scenery, commerce, ami industry of the State. . . . Gth ed., rewritten. 12°. xxix, (1), 443 pp. San Francisco, A. Roman & Co., 1874. [Mammals, pp. 375-394. J Lockiugton, W. N. Not ice of a communication from .... containing notes on the mammals and birds of California. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 129. Scammon, C. M. The mariue mammals of the north-western coast of North America, described aud illustrated ; together with an account of the American whale lishory. By Charles M. Scammou, captain U. S. revenue marine. 4°. 319, v pp., 27 pll. San Fraucisco, John H. Carmany & Co. ; New York, G. P. Pu tnam's Sons, 1874. (Treats chiefly of cetacea, but includes seals and sea otter. 1 Anon. Game animals of Color ado. [Prom Denver (Colorado) Times.] <(Am. Sports. Jan. 7, 1874. Anon. The hunter naturalist in Canada. <^ Forest and Stream of 22, 1874. [Extended notes on Die mammals.) Anon. Newfoundland— its beasts, birds, aud fishes. < Forest aud Stream, May 21, 1874. 1875. — Brown, R. On the mammalian fauna of Greenland. < Man. Nat. Hist. ... of Greenland, . . . 1H75, pp. 1-34. (8°. London.) 1 Reprinted from Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 28, 1868, with corrections and annotations by the author.) Coues, E., aiirf Yarrow, H. C. Engineer Department, United States Army. | — | Report | upon I geographical aud geological | explorations and surveys | west of the one hundredth meri- dian, ] in charge of | First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler, | Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, | under the direction of | Brig.-Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. | Published by authority of Hou. W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, | in accordance with act of Congress of June 23, 1874, and February 15, 1875. | In six volumes, accompanied by one topographical and one | geological atlas. | — | Vol. v. — Zoology. | — | Washington: | Government Printiug Office. | 1875. 4°. 1021 pp., xlv pll. [Chapter i. — Notes upon geographical distribution and variation with regard to the zoology of the "Western United States as relates more particularly to mammals and birds. By Dr. II. C. Yarrow, pp. 10-34. Chapter ii. — Report upon the collections of mammals made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, daring the years 1st I. 1872, 1873, and 1874. By Dr. Elliott Coues aud Dr. II. C. Yarrow, pp. 35-129. The whole volume was not published until the year following the ostensible date, the first issue of copies from the printing-office having been made in September, 1876. Chap, ii consists of a general treatise upon the mammals of the southwestern portions of the United States, including many not collected by the Survey, and embraces also a monograph of the Chiroptera of North America. Prominence is given throughout the article to synonvmatic lists of the species, these being more extensive than any previously collated. The text relates mainly to the habits aud geographical distribution of the species, but the characters of the species and higher groups of the Bats are given, mainly upon the basis of Harrison Allen's memoir.] Elliott, H. W. A report upon the condition of affairs in the Territory of Alaska. By Henry W.Elliott. B°. 277 pp. Washington, Government Printiug Office, 1875. [A modified reprint of his oblong 4:' report, which is practically inaccessible. Chap, v, on the Sea Otter; chap. vii. on th > I'm Seal j both very Important contributions to the knowledge of the subject.] Grinnell, G. B. Engineer Department, U. S. Army. | — | Report | of a | reconnaissance j of the | Block Hills of Dakota, | made in the summer of 1874. | By William Ludlow, | [etc.] Washington, Government Printing Office, 1875. | 1 vol. 4°. 121pp. > Zoological Report. By George Bird < Irinnell, Chapter i. Mammals, pp. 79-84. [Field-notes on 34 spp.J BIBLIOGK, APPENDIX— C. PRIMATES. 1001 1875. — Giinther, A. Instructions for making observations on, and collecting specimens of, the mam- malia [not including cetacea] of Greenland. <[ Instr. for Use of Sci. Exped. to Arct. Regions, 1875, pp. 36-39. (8°. London.) Osburn, W. Mammals of the Kansas plains. < Observor of Nature (newspaper published at Lawrence, Kansas) of Mar. 24, 1875. [Annotated list of 14 spp.] Reinhardt, J. Note on additional mammals of Greenland. . . . <[ Man. Nat. Hist. ... of Greenland, . . . 1875, p. 34. 1876. — Allen, J. A. Description of some remains of an extinct species of wolf and an extinct species of deer from the lead region of the Upper Mississippi. < Amcr. Jouru. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. xi, no. 61, Jan. 1876, pp. 47-51. [Cania roississippiensia, Cervus wbitneyi, spp. nn., p. 49.] Allen, J. A. Geographical variation among North American mammals, especially in respect to size. < Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. vol. ii, no. 4, pp. 309-344. (Pub. Aug. 4, 1876.) [An important contribution to tho subject.] Allen, J. A. Geographical variation among North American mammals, especially in respect to size. <[ Amer. Nat. x, 1876, pp. 625-627. [Abstract froni Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Ter. vol. ii, no. 4, pp. 309-344 1 Carpenter, W. L. Field notes on the natural history of the Big Horn Mountains [Montana]. < Forest and Stream, Nov. 2, 1876, Cones, E. An accouut of the various publications relating to the travels of Lewis and Clarke, with a commentary on the zoological results of their expedition. <[ Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. no. 6, 2d ser. pp. 417-444 (8°, Washington, Government Printing Office, Feb- ruary 8, 1876). [Tho mammals and birds describod by theae authors are discussed and identified aa far as practicable.] Gibson, W. H. Tho complete American trapper, or tho tricks of trapping and trap-making. A trapper's repository, .... 1 vol. Sq. 16°. 1 p. ]., 1-6, i-xvi, 1-300 pp. Profusely illus- trated by the author, au artist by profession. New York, James Miller, publisher, 1874. [ A very attractive and useful treatise, of popular character.] Henshaw, H. W. Notes on the mammals taken and observed in California in 1875 by H. W. Henshaw. < Ann. Eep. of Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, for 1876, Appendix JJ (pp. 305-312 of separate is sue). (Washington, Government Printing Office, "1876"; probably not published till 1877.) [An annotated list of 30 spp., containing many interesting observations on the habits of the mammals of Southern California and adjacent islands.] Jordan, D. S. Manual of the vertebrates of the northern United States, including the district east of the Mississippi River and' north of North Carolina and Tennessee, exclusive of marine species. 12°. 342 pp. Chicago, Jauseu, McClurg & Co., 1876. [Marumals, pp. 5-35.] Anon. Pending extermination of large game in America. < Rod and Gun, Dec. 30, 1876. [From The London Field.] 1877.- Couper, W. Notes on mammals of Canada. < Forest and Stream, June 14, 1877. Murphy, J. M. Tho hunting fields of Wyoming. < Rod and Gun, Dec. 30, 1877. [Stockwell, G. A.] The fauna of Michigan, [psatdon. "Archer ".] na and Proteles | by | Lieut.-Col. Charles Hamil- ton Smith | . . . . Vol. ii. | Illustrated by thirty-eight coloured plates, with | portrait and me- moir of Don Felix D'Azara | W. H. Lizars, Kdiuburgh ; | Armour and Ramsey, Montreal ; | Ram- sey, Armour and Co., Kingston ; and Ramsey and M. Kendrick, Hamilton. 16°. 1840. 299 pp., 41 pll. Gen. title and spec, title, 11-299 pp., 2 11. Smith, C. H. The naturalist's library. Edited by Sir William Jardiue, Bart. Vols, xxv, xxviii. Mammalia, Dogs. Vol. i [vol. ii]. Eug. title, 4 p. 1., 17-267 pp., with portrait of Pallas, 31 col. pll. Edinburgh, W. H. Lizars, 1839 and 1840. 2 vols. 18°. Waterhouse, G. R. On certain characters in the crania and dentition of carnivora which may serve to distinguish the subdivisions of that order. < Ann. Nat. Hist, v, 1840, pp. 25-27. 1841. — Charles-worth, E. [On the habits of Bassaris astuta, Licht., and of Ascomys mexicauus, Licht.] Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1841, p. 60. Morton, S. G. [Ou au albino raccoon.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1841, p. 121. Waterhouse, G. R. On the skull of the North American badger, Meles labradoria of authors. < Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ii, 1841, pp. 343-348, pi. 59. 1842.— De Blainville, M. H. D. de. Osteographie et odoutographie des mustelas. do qiiolques remarques sur la place systematique du chat domestique. <[ Bull. S ic. Imp.Natur. Moscou, xxx, 1857, ii, pp. 458-469. [Billings, E.] The common weasel (Putorius ermiuea). [anon.] < Can. Nat. and Geol. ii, 1857, art. xl, pp. 455-462, with 1 fig. [Billings, E.] Natural history of the raccoon (Procyon lotor). [anon.] < Can. Nat. and Geol. i, 1857, art. xli, pp. 253-260. [Billings, E.] Natural history of the wolf (Canis lupus), and its varieties, [anon.] K NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA. 3858.- Lcidy, J. | Remarks on the stomach of a mink (Mustela visou) containing a luige number of worms.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. x, 1858, p. 25. 1859. — Coinde. J. P. De la subdivision (lis niainmili its carnassiers digitigrades. < Congrfes Scien- tifique, France, xxiv, 1859, pp. 462, 4t53. Leidy, J. [On skull of (Irene americunus from the drift, Claiborne, Miss.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu. 1859, p. 111. 1860. — Bartlett, A. D. Note on some hybrid bears bred in the Gardens of the Zoological Society. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xxviii, 1800, pp. 130, 131. [i Ibaervations on young hybrid between IT. americonua (cf ) and U. arctos ( 9 J.) Bennett, G. Notes on the habits of the brown coati (Nasua fusca, Desm.). ine tooth] as probably belonging to the hyjena."J 1868.— Dieck, R. Die Hautmuskelu des Fuchs-Kopfes. < Zeitschr. ges. Naturwiss. xxxi, 1868, pp. 218-223. Gray, J. E. Notes on the skulls of the species of dogs, wolves, and foxes (Canidie) [and hyamas (Hysenidaa)] iu the collection of the British Museum. <[ Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, pp. 492-525. [Packard, A. S., jr.] Habits of the common red fox. (anon.) < Am. Nat. ii, 1868, p. 494. Rolleston, G. On the cat of the ancient Greeks. <^ Journ. Anat. and Phys. ii, 1868, pp. 437, 438. . Sclater, P. L. [Remarks upon a bear [U. nasutns] recently added to the society's menagerie.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1868, pp. 71-73 (with 2 tigg.), pi. 8. S[tauley], D. D. The wolverene [Gulo luscus]. < Am. Nat. ii, 1868, p. 215. [Depredations of the animal on beavers.] Wright, C. Bears and bear-hunting. < Am. Nat. ii, 1868, pp. 121-124. 1868-69. — Fitzinger, L. J. Revision der zur uaturlichen Fauiilie der Katzen (Feles) gehorigen Formen. < Sitz. math.-nat. CI. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Abth. i, lviii, 1868, pp. 421-519 ; Abth. ii, lix, 1869, pp. 211-279 ; Abth. iii, lix, 1869, pp. 629-716 ; Abth. iv, lix, 1869, pp. 173-262. 1869.— Bannister, H. M. The Esquimaux dog. < Am. Nat. iii, 1869, pp. 522-530. Dall, W. H. [The distribution of marine animals.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1869, p. 164. [Refers U> polar bear and seals.] Dall, W. H. Alaska and its resources. 8°. Boston, Lee & Shepard, 1869. [Notes on mammals, pasitim, chapter on fur trade, and a formal list.] Droste-Hiilshoff, M. von. [Summaries of sales of pelts of North American fur-hearing animals, 1769-1868, etc. ] < Zool Gart. 1869, p. 317. Flower, W. H. On the anatomy of the Proteles, Proteles cristatus (Sparrman). < Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1869, pp. 474-496, pi. 36. Flower, W. H. On the value of the characters of the base of the cranium in tbe classification of the order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and other disputed forms . . . < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1869, pp. 4-37. Frantzius, A. von. [Lntra canadensis ?) in Costa Rica.] < Arch. f. Naturg. 1869, p. 289. Gray, J. E. Note on the varieties of dogs. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ii, 1869, pp. 236-240. Hamilton, E. On a variety of the Canis vnlpes (Vnlpea vulgaris, Brisson) found in the Forest of tbe Ardennes, Belgium. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, pp. 247-248, with 3 figg. on p. 2 16. 11114 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. 1069. -Putnam, F. W , and Packard, A. S., jr On the polar ami other species of bears. < Boll. Essex lust, i, 1869, pp. 13*, 139. V. (Mr*.). Familiarity of a weasel. <[ Am. Nat. iii, 1-69, p. 279. 1070. — Colvin, V. Narral ive of a bear-hunt in the Adirondack^. < Albany Inst, vi, 1H70, pp. 227-210. Ccues, E. Disposal of the placenta [of dog], <[ Am. Nat. iv, 1870, p. 56. Gervais, P. Mdmoire sur les formes cerebrales propres aux carnivores vivants ct fossiles, suivi de remarqnes but la classification do ces animaux t. Sei. Phila. viii, 1850, p. 265. [Mtooano: Phoca wvtnani, VirginiA; P. debilis, South Carolina.] 1859.— Gray, J. E. On tbe sea bear of Forster, (he Ursns marinus of Steller, Arctocephalns ursiuus of authors. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xxvii, 1859, pp. 102, 103. Gray, J. E. On the sea-lions, or lobos niarinos of the .Spaniards, on the coast of California. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudou, xxvii, 1859, pp. 357-361, pi. 72. Sundevall, C. J. Om walrosseu. < Ofversi^t K. Vet. Akad. Forb. (Stockholm), xvi, 1859, pp. 441-447; (Ubersetzt) Zeitsehr. gesamint. Naturw. Halle, xv, 18U0, pp. 270-275. 1860. — Leidy, J. Notice of remains of tho walrus discovered on the coast of the United States. < Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. n. s. xi, 1860, art. v, pp. 83-80, pi. 45. 1862.— Gray, J. E. Note on the size of a seal [C. fcetidus] at the time of birth. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, p. 202. 1863.— Gray, J. E. [On Phoca fastida.] < Ann. Nat. Hist, xi, 1863, p. 309. Malmgren, A. J. Ueber den Zahubau des Odobavnus rosmarus. < Ofv. Kongl. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1863, p. 505. 1864. — Gray, J. E. Notes on seals (Phocidae), including the description of a new seal (Halicyon rich- ardii), from the west coast of North America. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, pp. 27-34. Malmgren, A. J. Om tandbyggnaden hos hvalrossen (Odontobajnus rosmarus, L.), och tan- dombytct hos bans ofiidda uuge. <03fvers. Svensk. Veteusk. Akad. Fbrbaudl. 18C4, pp. 505- 522 ?, with 1 pi. Peters, W. Ueber das Milchgebiss des Wallrosses. < Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berl. Dec, 12, 1864, pp. 685-687, with 1 pi. 1865. — Cope, E. D. [Observations on a species of seal (Cystophora), and on cetaceans.] <[ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, pp. 273,274. [A list of east coast cetaceans is given.] Reinhardt, J. Om Klapmydsens [Cystophora cristata] ufodto Uuge og dens Melketandsast. < Vid. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjobnh. for 1864, 1865, pp. 248-264, with 1 woodcut. [On the fcBtus of Cystophora and its milk-teeth.] Steenstrup, J. Yderligere Bemarkninger om Miilketandsiittet hos Remmesiilen (Phoca bar- bata). < Vid. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjobnh. for 1864, 1865, pp. 269-274. 1866. — Gill, T. Prodrome of a monograph of the pinnipedes. < Proc. Essex Inst, v, April 7, 1866, pp. 1-13. Gray, J. E. Catalogue of seals [Pinnipedia] and whales [Cete] iu the British Museum 2d ed. 8°. vii, 402 pp. London, printed by order of the trustees, 1866. Gray, J. E. Notes on the skulls of sea-bears and sea-lions (Otariadse) in the British Museum. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii, 1866, pp. 228-237. Peters, W. Ueber die Ohrenrobben, Otariae, insbesondere iiber die in den Sammlungen zu Berlin befindlichen Arten. < Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, May 17, 1866, pp. 261-281, with 4 pll. Peters, W. Nachtrag zu der Abhandluug iiber die Ohrenrobben (Otaria1). . < Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Nov. 1, 1866, pp 665-672, with 1 pi. 1067.— Hayes, I. I. [A walrus hunt.] < Tbe open polar sea. A narrative of a voyage of discovery towards the north pole. Loudon, 1867. p. 404. Murie, J. On tbe cause of death of the sea-bear (Otaria hooked) lately living in the society's gardens. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, pp. 243,244. 1867 ?— Gray, J. E. Observations on the " Prodrome of a monograph of the Pinnipedes, by Theodore Gill ". < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1867 f , pp. 444-443. 1868— Abbott, C. C. On the seals of the Falkland Islands. Communicated, with notes, by P. L. Si later. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, pp. 189-192. Bartlett, A. D. Notes upon the birth of a ringed seal in tho society's gardens. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, pp. 402-400. Brown, R. Notes on the history and geographical relations of the Pinnipedia frequenting the Spitsbergen and Greenland Seas. sciagrapbia, rupicapramm cornna peren- nia. < Ephem. Acad. Nat. Cur. Dec 2. Ann. 1. 1682 (1683), pp. 207-211. 1685— Micrander (J.) praes., resp. Petr. O. Graan, Diss, delineatiouein rangiferi exhibens. 4°. 22 pp. Upsalise, 1685. Peyer, J. C. Merycologia sive ruminantibus et ruminatione commentatio qua primum expo- nunter ruminantinm species et differentiae, per omnia animalinm genera; deinde organornm rumiuantioui iuserventium admiranda structura detegitur et iconibns aeri incisis ante oculos ponitnr: denique de ruminatione ipsa ejusque causis ac utilitate disseritur. 4°. viii, 288 pp., 34 pp. index, 6 copperplates. Basileas, J. L. Konig et J. Brandmyller, 1685. 1G88— Volckamer, J. G., ./««. Auatomia cervse. < Ephem. Acad. Nat, Cur. Dec. 2. Ann. 6. 1687 (1688), pp. 459-465, 5 pll. Wepfer, J.J. Genitalia cervi. < Ephem. Acad. Nat. Cur. Dec. 2. Ann. 6. 1687 (1688), pp. 241, 242. 1695-96 — Nebel, D. De glandula lacbiymali Harderiana uon tantum in eervis, sed otiam aliis diversi generis animalibns reperta. •- Ephem, Acad. Nat. Cm. Dec. :s. Aun.3. et 1. 1695-96, pp. 291 293 (witli illustrations). BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— F. 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Paris, xv, 1842, pp. 270-278, 304-314; 483-491 ; Dentsch. Naturf. Versamml. Berichte, 1842, pp. 225, 226 ; France, Congres Scient. 1842, pp. 189-191 ; Mem. pres. a FAcad. des Sci. Paris, Sci. Math, et Phys. is, 1846, pp. 333-432, 4 pll. Sundevall, C.J. Om slagtet Sorex, med n&gra nya alters beskrilning. < K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. (Stockholm), 1842, pp. 163-188. Temminck, C. J. Description d'nu nouveau genre de mannuiferes [Urotrichus]. < Mag. de Zool. 1842, pp. — , pi. 5. 1843 — Duvernoy, G. L. Deuxieiue supplement an memoire sur les dents des musaraigues et autres mammiferes. <[ Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, svii, 1843, pp. 98-103. 1846. — Peters, W. Neue Saugetbiergattungen aus den Insektenfresseru und Kagem. <[ Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1846, pp. 257-259. 1848. — Fomel, A. Etudes sur les carnassiers insectivores. (Extrait.) 1 1 the placental structures of the tenrec (Centetes ecaudatus), and those of certain other mammalia ; with remai ks on the value of tbe placental system of classification. < Trans. Zool. Soc. London, v. 1866, pp. 285-316, pi. 50. BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— N. KODENTJA. 1061 1867. — Bate, C. S. P. On the dentition of the common mole (Talpa europsea). <[ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xix, 1867, pp. 377-381, pi.; and (in full) Trans. Odontolog. Soc. v, 1807, pp. 261-294, 6 nil. FitziDger, L. J. Die natiirliche Familie der Igel (Eriuauei) uach dem gogenwartigeu Staude dor Wisseusehaft. . 285, pi. 21 ; L. virginiauns, Hail., p. 301 ; L. aquaticus, n. sp., p. 319, pi. 22, low. fig. ; L. anicrieanue, p. 320, pi. 1G bis, figg. 3, 4 ; L. palustris, p. 330, pll. " 1C" (t. c. 15) and 16 bis, figg. I, 2 (deecr. orig. at p. 194, same vol.) ; L. nuttallii, n. sp., p. 345, pi. 22, up. fig. ; L. campestris, n. sp., p. 349; L. (Lagornys) princeps, p. 354—8 spp., 2 new. See antca, p. 259.] Cuvier, F. Du genre eligmoudoute, et de l'eligmodonte de Buenos-Aj res, Eligmodontia typus. < Ann. Sci. Nat. 2e ser. Zool. t, vii, 1837, pp. 168-171, 2 pll.; Arch. f. Natnrg. Bd. i. 1837, p. 407. 1838. — Bachman, J. D. [Mouography of the species of squirrels inhabiting North America.] <^Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, vi, 1838, pp. 85-103. [Spp. nn. texianua, p. 8G; subauratus, p. 87 ; auduboni, fuliginosus, n. 07; ricbardsoni, p. 100; lannginosns, 1>. 101. A full abstract of bis monograph of the genns Scinrns, etc., \\ Iiich was published the following year, 7. p.] Waterhouse, G. R. [On a new species of bare — Lepns bachmani — from North America.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, vi, 1838, pp. 103-105. 1839. — Bachman, J. Additional remarks on the genus Lepus, with corrections of a former paper and descriptions of other species of quadrupeds found in North America, [i. (..additional specii 9 to the list of Mr. Townsend's quadrupeds]. . Bachman, J. Monograph of the genus Sciurus, with descriptions of new species and their varieties as existing iu North America. < Charlcsw. Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, Mar.-Aug. 1839, pp. 113-123, 154-102, 220-227, 330-337, 378-390. [An elaborate monograph of the then known North American Sciuri, embracing detailed notices of habits and distribntion, as weil as descriptions. Scinrns capistratus, pp. 117-123; S. texianus, p. 154 ; S. subauratus, p. 155; S. magnicaudatns, p. 156; S. aureogaster, p. 158; S. cinerenej pp. 159-162 ; S. leucotis, pp. 220-227; S. carolinensis, pp. 330-333; S. nigrescens, S. colliaei, p. 334 ; S. niger, pp. 335-337 ; S. auduboni, pp. 378-380 1 S. fuliginosus, p. 380; S. dooglassi, pp. 381-383 ; S. hudsouius, pp. 383-385; S. rieharilsoni, pp. 385-387 ; S. lanuginosns, pp. 367 389 17 spp.| Bachman, J. Abstract of a monograph of the genus Sciurus, with descriptions of several new Bpeciea and varieties. <[Amer. Jouru. Sci. and Aits, xxxvii, 1839, pp. -90-310. [An abridged reprint of the preceding] Waterhouse, G. R. Observations on the Undent ia, with a view to point out the groups as indi- cated I'\ tin- structure of the crania in this order of mammals. <[ Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, pp. 90-96, 184-188, 274-279, 593-600. [Compare 1842, same author.] Waterhouse, G. R. [On the geographical distribution of the Rodentia.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, vii. 1839, pp. 172-174. 1841.— Waguer, J. A. Gruppirong der Gattnngen der Nager in natiirlichen Fatnilien, neb.-t Beschrci- bnng einigei neuen * - j 1 < t »( n 1 Arten. -^ rongeurs it particnlierenieni Mir le cerveau 'In Cabiai. 4-J. [.See 1857, same author.] Giebel, C. G. Zur Osteologie der Stachelschweine [Hystrieidie]. . p. 223, pi. 1. Kennicott, R. Descriptions of four new species of Spermophilus in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution. < Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, pp. 157, 158. s> mollis, olegans, armatas, obsoletae.] Lord. J. K. Notes on two new species of mammals [Fiber osoyooscnie and Lagomys minimus]. '», p. 58. Hcffrnan, C. K., and Weyenbergh, H., jr. Die Osteologie and Myologie von Sciurus vulgaris L., verglichen mit der Anatomie der Lemuriden und des Cbiromys und iiber die Stellung des letzteren im natiuliclien Systeme, .... (Eine von dor Holliindiscben Gesellscbaft der Wis- seuschafteu in Haarlem mit Gold gekronte Abhandlung.) I . 2 p. 11., 136 pp., 4 pll. Haarlem, Loosjes Eiben, 1870. Hyrtl, C. J. Eine Spiralklappe in der Pfortader der Nagethiere. <^ Silz. matb.-uat. CI. K. Adad. Wiss. Wien (1), lx, 1870, pp.27-32, 1 pi. Jillson, B. C. Does the prairie dog require any water ? < Am. Nat. iv. 1870, p. 376. 1068 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN BODENTIA. 1870— Kirkland, J. P. Hybrid rabbit. < Am. Nat. iv, 1870, p. 375. Sayles, I. Habit oi the striped squirrel [Tamias striates]. < Am. Nat. iv, 1870, pp. 249, 250. Tenney, S. A wbite woodchuck. , pp. 1 17-156, and Rod and (Inn, Mar. 27, 1875. [Reprinted in a groat many papers under various .din. rial modifications.] Coues.E. Synonymy, description, history, distribution and habits ol the prairie hare (Lepus campcBtris). 7-270. 1828. — Wagner, R. Ueber die Thiere der Hohlen in America and die Megalonyx-Knochen der Miin- chener Sammlung. <[Kastner, Archiv Naturl. xv, 1828, pp. :il 35. 1830.— [Watertou, C] The sloth. < trycterotheriam oregoueusis, Harlan.] Perkins, H. C. [Ou some fossil bones of Orycterotbei iuru, supposed to be those of a megatberioid animal.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1842, pp. 56,57,62. 1843. -Lund, P. W. Conspectus Dasypodum. — Fortegnelse paa bffiltedyrene fra Rio das Velhas Flod- dal. < Oversigl K. Danske \ id. Selsk. Fork. (Copenhagen), 1st:',, pp. 711-83. Owen, R. Description d'une sqnelette d'nn paresseux gigantesqne fossile (le Mylodon robustus). suivie d'observationa sur lea quadrupedes megatherioides en general. < Ann. Sci. Nat. xix (Zool.), 1843, pp. 221-263; Froriep, Notizen, xxii, 1843, col. 65-72, 81-88, 97-104, 113-119; xxviii, 1843, col. 4-10. Owen, R. Zoological summary of the extinct and living animals of the order Edentata, < Edinb. New Philos, Journ. xxxv, 1843, pp. 353-361. 1846.— Alessandiini, A. Structura integumentorum armadili, Dasypus novemcinctns, 1>. < Nov. Comm. Aead. Bonon. ix, 1849, pp. 393-410, 2 pll. ; (Estr.) Nnov. Ann. delle Sci. Nat. Bologna, 2a ser. vi, L846 pp, 128-431. BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— O. EDENTATES. 1071 1846.— Fry, E. On the relation of the Edentata to the reptiles, especial]}- of the armadillos to the tortoises. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, xiv, 184(5, pp. 72-78. 1847. — Harlan, R. Bescbreibung der in der grossen Kuocbeu-Hohle, Tennessee (Nord America), gefuu- denen fossilen Knoehen des Megalonyx laqueatus. <[Bull. Soc. Nat. lloscou, xx (pte. 2), 1847, pp. 114-139. 1S47-48. — Meyer, G. H. Ueber den Bau der Haut von Dasypus und der Stachelu von Kaja. < Mit- theil. Naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, i, 1847-48, pp. 87-92. 1848 —Meyer, G. H. Ueber den Bau der Haut des Giirteltbieres [Dasypodidte]. < Archiv fiir Anat. 1848, pp. 226-232. 1850. — Wyman, J. [On the claws and teeth of Megalonyx from Memphis.] < Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1850, p. 281. 1851. — Turner, H. N. On the arrangement of the edentate mammalia. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xix, 1851, pp. 205-221. 1852.— Leidy, J. [Remarks on the fossil Edentata of North America.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, p. 117. Owen, R. Comparison of the modifications of the osseous structure of the Megatherium with that in other known existing and extinct species of the class mammalia, being an abstract of a memoir read by Professor Owen to the Royal Society of London. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xiv, 1852, art. xvii, pp. 91-97. [Cited from Jameson's Edinb. Journ. li, 350.] 1853. — Leidy, J. A memoir ou the extinct sloth tribe of North America. [Accepted for publication December, 1853.] 68 pp., 20 pll., -with 3 11. explau. <^ Smithsoniau Coutributions to Knowl- edge, vii, 1853. Thomas, W. H. B. [Notice of the discovery at Tuscumbia, Ala., of bones believed to be those of Megalonyx.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1853, p. 375. 1854. — Burmeister, H. Utber eiuige Dasypus-Arten. < Abhand. Nat. Gesell. Halle, ii (Sitzber.), 1854, pp. 12-14. 1856. — Alessandrini, A. Cenni sull'auatomia del dasipo minimo Desmarest, Dasypus 6 ductus et . 8 cinctus L. <[ Mem. Aecad. Sci. Bologna, vii, 1856, pp. 285-340, 7 pi!. Leidy, J. Remarks on the structure of the feet of Megalonyx. < Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. n. s. xi, 1856, art. ix, pp. 107-108, pi. 6, fig. 1. 1861.— Giebel, C. G. Zur Characteristik der Giivtelthiere [Dasypcdida;]. < Zeitschr. gesauiint. Naturw. Halle, xviii, 1861, pp. 93-111. 1863.— Agassiz, L. Note on the Megatherium. < Am. Journ. Sci. aud Arts (2), xxxvi, 1863, p. 300. 1864. — Peters, W. Ueber Deue Arten der Siingethier-Gattungeu Geomys, Haplodou uud Dasypus. < Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berlin, Mar. 17, 1864, pp. 177-180. Ward, — . Notice of the Megatherium en vieri, the fossil ground-sloth of South America, pre- sented to the Uuiversity of Rochester by Hiram Sibley. 2-502, a chapter on Mammals, by Charles Girard.] Girard, C. Outlines of general zoology. Mammals, by Charles Girard. Birds, by John Cassiu. Reptiles, by Spencer F. Baird. Fishes, by Spencer F. Baird. Invertebrates, by S. S. Haldemann. [Edited by Spencer Fullerton Baird.] Reprinted from the Iconographic Encyclopedia of Sci- ence, Literature, and Art. New York: Rudolph Garrigne, publisher, .... 1851. 8°. 2 p. 1., ix-xxi, 502, xvi pp. [A reprint of the "Zoology" of the p-< ceding volume with special title-page and introductory notice. The chap- ter on Mammals occupies 111 pp. (392-502).] Leidy, J. [On some fossils— i. e., Arctodon — from Nebraska.] <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 1851, p. 278. 1852. —Leidy, J. Remarks on a fossil vertebra — of Pontogenus priscus, n. sp.— from Ouachita, La. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852. p. 52. 1076 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AM Ki;i< 'AN KODENTIA. 1858— Chadbourne, P. A. List of mammals of tlio vicinity of Williamstown, Mass. < Williams Qnai tei l,\ . v, .1 nnc 1(358, ] > i » 356, 357. LA nominal list of 35 Bpeoies. 1 Emmons, E. | Fossil mammals of North Carolina. | • Rep. Geol. Survey North Carolina, 1858, pp. 196-212, 6gg. 18-34. [Equns, Sus, Mastod Blephas, Cervus, Balama, etc.] Hind, J. H. Catalogue of the animals of Rupert's Land. <_ Rep. of Exp], of Country between Lake Superior and Red Rivet Settlement, 1858, pp.' 406-409. 1859. — Winaus, E. W. Mephitis quaterlinearis [n. sp.]. — Win. — Four-striped skunk. < Unknown newspaper, date 1-.~>;i. [See Cones's Monngr. Mnstelid®, p.239.] I860.— Prout, H. A. [On a fossil tool h from Virginia.] < Trans. Acad. Sei. St. Louis, i, I860, pp. 699, 700. [Naned Leidyotherium (without Bpecifio name), aud referred near Xitanotherium.] 1861. — Ross, B. R. [Nominal list of the mammals of British America.] < Edinburgh New Philos. Journ. xiii, L861, pp.161 . 1862.— Wood, C. B. Remarks on the natural history of British Columbia and Vancouver. < Mayue's (R. C.) Four Years in British Columbia ami Vancouver Island. [Mammals, pp. 414-416.] 1864. — Editorial. Mesozoic mammals. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xxxviii, 18C4, p. 285. 1865. — Beneden, P. J. Van. Recherches sur les squalodous. < Me"m. Acad. Roy. Belgique, xxxv, 1865. 1867. — Seeley, H. E. The laws which have determined the distribution of life and rocks. <[Aun. and Maj;. Nat. Hist. (3), xx, 1867, pp. 404-415. 1868.— Leidy, J. Indication of an Elutberiuni [E. superhus, u. s.] in California. <[ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, p. 177. Leidy, J. Notice! of some remains of extinct pachyderms. <^ Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1868, pp. 230-233. Marsh, O. C. Notice of a new and diminutive species of fossil horse (Equus parvulusj from the tertiary of Nebraska. < Am. Journ. Sei. and Arts, 2d ser. xlvi, 1868, pp. 374, 375. 1368-74. — Milne-Edwards, H. and A. Recherches pour servir a l'histoire naturelle des mammiferes. . . . Paris: Victor Masson et fils, 1868-1874. 2 vols. 4°. Vol. i, 2p. 1., pp. 394; vol. ii, pp. viii, pll. 105, with 105 11. explanatory. [Compare defective title, anlea, p. 978.] 1869. — Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct mammalia of the cave formations in the I'uited States, with some observations on some Myriopoda found in and near the same, aud on some extinct mammals of the caves of Anguilla, W. I., and of other localities. < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. xi, 1869, pp. 171-192, pll. iii-v. [Twenty-seven species from caves of different parts of the United States, fourteen of them extinct and thir- teen still existing. The following extinct species are described as new : — Stereodectes tortus, Tamias lsevidene, Sciurus panolius, Mixophagus spelseus, Galera perdicida; also, Arablyihiza inundata and Loxoujylus longidene (gen. et spp. nu.) from Anguilla, W. I., and Anoplonassa forcipata, Hemicaulodon efludiens (gen. et spp. nn.), extinct marine species, the tirst allied to the Cetacea, from near Savannah, Ga., and the last a Sirenian, from Koyport, N". J.] 1870.— Brandt, J. F. Beitriige zur Naturgeschichte des Elends in Bezug auf seine morphelogischeu imil palseontologischen Verhliltnisse, sowie seine geographische Yerbreituug, nebst Bemer- kungen iiber die miocane Flora und Insecteufauua des Hochnordens. < Meiin. Acad. St. Pe"tersh. xvi, no. 5, 1870, pp. 84, with :', ell. Cope, E. D. Fourth contribution to the history of the fauna of the miocene aud eocene periods of the United States. n Dromatherinm silvestre: its apparent want of a mandibular condyle.] ont. Bull. no. 3, Aug. 7, 1872, pp. 1-4 ; < Proe. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. xii, 1872, pp. 469-472. [Mamm. (pp. 1,2), spp. nn. Stypolophus insectivorus, S. brevicolcaribus, Miacis (gen. nov.) parvivorus, Tomi- theiium (gen. nov.) rostratum.] Cope, E. D. Notices of new vertebrata from the upper waters of Bitter Creek, Wyoming Terri- tory. = Palseont. Bull. no. 6, Aug. 20, 1872, pp. 1-4; < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc Phila. xii, 1872, pp. 483-486. [Mam. spp. nn. Synoplotherium (gen. nov.) lanius, Eobasileus(geu. nov.) cornutus.] Cope, E. D. Second notice of extinct vetebrates from Bitter Creek, Wyoming. = Pa)aeont. Bull. uo. 7. Aug. 22, 1872, pp. 1,2; < Proe. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. xii, 1872, pp. 487,488. [Spp. nn. Palseosyops vallidens, Loxolophodon cornutus, L. furcatus, L. pressieoruis.] Cope, E. D. On Bathmodon, an extinct genus of ungulates. < Proc. Phil. Soc. Phila. xii, 1872 pp. 417-420. [Spp. nn. Bathmodon radians, B. semicinctus.] Cope, E. D. [On Bathmodon radians, n. sp.] nntaiu fossils. < I 'roc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. xii. 18751, pp. 578, 579. Marsh, O. C. Discovery of fossil Quadrumana in the eocene of Wyoming. <( Am. Journ. Sci. and Aris, 3d Ber. iv, 1872, pp. 105, 106. Marsh, O. C. Note on a new genus of carnivores from the tertiary of Wyoming. <^ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts. 3d ser. iv, 1872, p. 406. [Oreocyoc, t\ pe-specieaO. latidena Limnofelis latidena, Marah.] Marsh, O. C. Note on Tinoceras anceps. Tisocoraa, and Btated to be a Proboai id Ian. 1 Marsh, O. C. Notice of a new Bpeciea of Tinoceras. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, 1872, p. 323. [Tinoceras graudis. The peculiar group to which it belongs named Tinocerid®.] Marsh, O. C. Notice of some remarkable fossil mammals. a (nov. gen.) bellua, A. bellulus, Entomacodon anguatideua, Tria- eodon grandia, T. nanus, Euryacodon (nov. geu.) lepidna, l'alteacodon vagus] 1873. — Adams, A. L. Field and forest rambles, with notes and observations on the natural history of Eastern Canada. 6°. London, 1S73. [Liat of mammals, pp. 205, 206, and many valuable notes passim.] Cope, E. D. Second notice of extinct vertebrata from the tertiary of the plains. = Palseont. Bull. no. 15; Aug. 20, 3873, pp. 1-6. [Mamm. spp. nn. Pala'olagusagapetillus, Colotaxia cristatus, Hyracodon quadriplicatus, H. aoridena, Symbore- don tonus, bfiobasilens opbryaa, Alegaceratopa acer, M. heloceras.] Cope, E. D. Third notice of extinct vertebrata of the tertiary of the plains. =Palseont. Bull, no. 1(5, Aug. 20, 1873, pp. 1-8. [Spp. nn. Domina (gon. nov.) gradata, Herpetotnoriuin (gen. nov.) fuzax, Daptopbilus (gen. nov.) aqnalideua, Tomarctna (gen. nov.) breviroatria, Stibarae (gen. nov.) obtttailobus, Cania gregariua, Isacua (gen. nov.) canicu- Ina, PalfBolagns turgid aa, P. triplex. Tricinm (gen. nov.) avunculus, 'J', leporinnm, T. paniense, Gyrunonty* 1ms _' " i'"1 I chryaodon, G. oasatus, G. trilophns, G. minnlus, Ancliitherium cuneatnm, Leptaucbenia caloarata, L. minima, Trimerodua (gen. nov.) cedrenaia.] Cope, E. D. Fourth notice of extinct vertebrata from the Bridger and Green River tertiaries. Palaeont. Bull, no. 17, Oct. 25, L873, pp. 1-4. fSpp. nn. Eobaaileua galeatue, Archaanodon (gen. nov.) inaolens, Pbeuacodua (gen. nov.) primajvus, Orotho- rium index, i Cope, E. D. | On a supposed fossil skull of a bog.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, p. 207. Cope, E. D. On the short-footed Ungulata of the eocene of Wyoming, out. Bull. no. 11, Jan. 31, 187.5, pp. 2; < Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. xiii, 1873, pp. 35,36. [Spp. nn. Lyinuohyus laevideus, Palreosyops fontinaUs.] Cope, E. D. On some eocene mammals obtained by Hayden's geological survey of 1672. = Palajont. Bull. no. 12, March 8, 1873, pp. 1-6. [Spp. nn. Microsyops vicarius, Antiacodou furcatus, Oligotomus (sen. nov.j ductus, Paramys leptodus, Palreosyops diaconns, Hydachyus iwplicatus. References to 16 otber Bpecies. Cope, E. D. On the extinct vertebrata of the eocene of Wyoming, observed by the expedition of 1872, with notes on the geology. < Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, rp. 545-649, pll. i-vi. [Mammals, pp. 546-011 ; general review of the vertobrate fauna of the eocene of Wyoming, pp. 643-649.] Cope, E. D. [Remarks on mammalian remains from the miocone of Colorado.] <[ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, pp. 419, 420. Leidy, J. [Notice of fossil vertebrates from the miocene of Virginia.] < ' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, p. 15. Leidy, J. [Remarks ou the occurrence of an. extinct hog in America.] <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, p. 207. [Doubts the occurrence of Sua in America as an extinct animal. 1 Leidy, J. Department of the Interior. | — | Report | of the | United States geological survey | of | the Territories. | F. V. HaydeD, | United States geologist-iu-charge Volume i. | — | Fossil vertebrates. | Part i. | — | Contributions | to the | extinct vertebrate fauna | of | the Western Territories. | By | Prof. Joseph Leidy Washington : Government Printing Office. 1873. 4°. Tit,, 358 pp., pll. i-xxxvii, with 37 11. expl. [Contains "Extinct vertebrate fauna of the Bridger tertiary formation of Wyoming Territory " (mammals, pp. 27-125); "Description of remains of mammals from the tertiary formation of Sweetwater River, Wyoming" (pp. 198-208) ; "Description of vertebrate fossils from the tertiary formation of John Day's River, Oregon" (pp. 210- 223); " Description of remains of vertebrata from tertiary formations of different Siates and Territories west of the Mississippi River" (mammals, pp. 227-2C0) ; " SyDopsis of the extinct vertebrata described or noticed in the present work" (mammals, pp. 315-338).] Marsh, O. C. Additional observations ou the Dinocerata. <[ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser v, 1872, pp. 293-296. Marsh, O. C. New observations ou the Dinocerata. i>. 427-533, pll. i-viii (mammals). [Mammals jHWvm, and pp; 456-459, 4(11-510, 518-532, L xolophodon galeatus, Symborodon bypoceroa, Ann- tli- I lulu mil.-. Am llltln limn i-xok-tum, Bpp. un.] Cope, E. D. [Mastodon producing, Steneoiiber pansus, spp. mi.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. riiila. 187-1, pp. 221-223. Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the vertebrata of the mioeene of Cumberland County, New Jersey. <_ PriH1. Am. l'liilns. Sue. Pliila. xiv, 1-71. pp. 361-364. [List of mammals, p. 363— 6 specie | Gervais, P. Remarque an Btrjel iln syeteme dentaire de 1'ai. < Jonrn. de Zool. t.'J. Paris, 1874, pp. 434-436, pi. 18, Bgg. 1-2. Leidy, J. Notice of remains of Titanothcrium. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, pp. 165, 166, 223. Marsh, O. C. Fossil horses in America. .< Amer. Nat. viii, 1874, pp. 289.-294, ligg. 73-75. Marsh, O. C. On tbc structure and affinities of tin: Brontotberidae. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, :'.il ser. vii, 1874, pp. 81-86, pll. i, ii. [Sp. nov. Brontotherium iugons.] Marsh, O. C. Notice of Dew equine mammals from the tertiary formation. , 74 ascensis 79 outtalli 91 palnstris 113 parasiticus 98 polionotus 51 sonoriensis 7;i anus 51, 69 toltccus 36 Hoteromyina 491 Heteromj inae 191, 195 Hi i. romys 190, 194,495,497 adspersus 494 Heteromya albolimhatus 197 desmarestianus 497 irroratus 407 nielanoleucus 4'.'7. 510 I [oary Marmol 924 Holocbeilna 13, 16. (SeeunderSig- modon, in index, for iinpor- tant erratum.) Hood's Marmot 872 Hudson's Bay Lemming 246 Hudson's Kat 240 Hiipfmaus Qanadische 468 Kleinkopfige 468 Lahradorische 468 Hydrochcerus 420 Hydrolagus 282 aquaticus 364 palnstris 360 Hydromys 462 Hypudasus 43, 105,131,149,237 gapperi 142 gossypinus 76 leucogaster 105, 107, 108 riparius 156 Hyatricidae 379,948 Hystricomorpha 948 Hystrix 3S5, 386 cristata 397 dorsata 388 hudsonia 389 hudsonins 389 pilosus 389 venustus 397,948 Iaculus 465 Ictidouiys 821, 826 frauklini 826 mexicanus 826 pallidas 826 tereticaudus 826 tridecemliueatus 826 Isodelta speotheu 947 Ischyromidse 944 Ischyromys 944 typus 944 Ischyromyida? iucertaj sedis 945 Jackass Hare 350 Jaculidie 455 Jaculina 455 Jaculinae 455, 464 Jaculus 465 americanus 468 hudsonins 467 lahradorius 468 Jacvlvs 465 Jerboa Canadian 468 Labradoi 168 Jumping Mouse of Canada 168 JumpiDg or Labrador Mouse 468 Kennicott's Spormophili Kleinkopligc Hiipfmaus 40s Kiissrlw isslai i 33 Labrador Gerbil468 Jerboa 1IH Jumping Mouse 468 Bat 463 Lahradorische Hiipfmaus 463 Lagidium 422 Lagoruj idse 399 Lagpmya 107 minimus 407 princeps407,412,413 Lagostomus 420 Large Northern Meadow Mouse 204 Lemming, Hudson's Bay 246 Lemmus 7, 149, 237, 251,243 floridanus 15 hndsonius 246 ungulatus 24ii zibetbicus 204 Leopard Ground Squirrel 872 Marmot 872 Leopard Spermopbile 872 Leopardenziesel 872 Leporidaj 265, 267, 373, 949 Lepus 282 albus 288 americanus 283, 304, 323, 327 aquaticus 285, 364 arcticus 283, 288 arizonas 284, 332 artemisia 328 artemesiaeus 328 auduboui 284, 328 bachmaui 328 bairdi283,304 bennetti 357 borealia288,304 braBiliensis284,348 californicus 2-4, 357 callotis284,350,351 campestris283,297,304 canescens 288 cuniculus 361,367 donglassi 360, 364 flavigularis 350 gabbi 349 glacialis 288 graysoni 284, 347 bibernicus 288 hudsonins 304 longicaudatus 369 magellanicus 369 mexicanus 350 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME. 1087 Lepus nanus 304, 327 nigricaudatus 350 mittalli284,328,330 palnatria 285, 360 ricbardsoni 357 sylvaticus 284, 327, 340 tapeti 348 texensis 284 texianus 350, 351 timidus283,288 townsendi 297 trowbridgei 284, 344 variabilis 288, 297, 304 Virginian ns 283, 297, 304, 307 washingtoni 283, 304 Lesser Gray Squirrel 701 Lewis's Marmot 902 Lined-tailed Sperniopbile 826 Louisiana Marmot 892 Lunaguy 246 Little Chief Hare 407 Harvest Mouse 123 Northern Meadow Mouse 196, 197 Macrocolus 521 halticus 540 Macroxus 666 adolphei 741 astuaus 756 aureogaster 750 boothia? 742 brunneouiger 766 californicus 827 collicei 738 colliEei " var. 1 " 746 dimidiatus 773 dorsal is 746 flaviveuter 757 fraseri 763 fumigatus 768 gerrardi 766 griseoflavus 753 griseogena 757 guerlingus 757 ignitus 766 irroratus 757 knblii 757 leucogaster 757 leucops 753 ludoviciauns718 manrus 746 melania 701,746 middellinensis 763 morio 750 nicoyana 742 nigrescens 746 pusillus 756 Macroxus pyladei 741 tseuiurus 763 vulpiaus 717 xantbotus 7(iii Myoxus striatus782 Marmot Hoary 924 Hood's 872 Leopard 872 Lewis's 902 Louisiana 892 Maryland 912 Prairie 892 Quebec 912 Rocky Mountain 921 Striped American 872 Marmotte d'Amerique 912 du Missouri 892 Marmotte of America 912 Marsh Hare 360 Maryland Marmot 912 Massacus 255 Meadow Mouse 210 Chestnut-cheeked 197 Large Northern 204 Little Northern 196, 197. Oregon, 207 Pennsylvania 156 Townseud's 185 Wilson's 149, 156 Merione du Canada 468 Me'riones 465 Meriones 465 acadicus 468 americanus 468 canadensis 468 hudsonicus 467 labradorius 468 labradorus 468 microcephalus 468 nemoralis 468 Mexican Hare 350 Spermophile 868 Mexicanisehe Taschenmans 617 Michigan Mouse 94 Microtus 149 Misothermus 243 torquatus 246 Missouri Barking Squirrel 892 Mole-mouse 108 Prairie Dog 892 Marmotte du 892 Mole-mouse Arizona 109 Missouri 108 Monax 912 gris 912 Mouse American Field 50 American Wandering 50 Aztec 100 Black-eyed 102 Cotton 76 Golden 91 Hare-tailed 246 Little Harvest 123 Parasitic 98 Bed 91 Prairie Meadow 210 Red-backed 142 Rice-field 113 Western Prairie 79 White-footed 50 Mures 6 cunicularii 149 soporosi 909 Muridaj 1,464,946 Muriua) 1,2,3,4,6 Murmelthier, Bereifte 924 Mus 7, 43, 105, 111, 120, 149, 237, 243, 251, 465, 609, 909 agrarius 51 americanus 51 amphibius 149 arvalis 149 aureolus 91 bairdii 94 bursarius 612 califoruicus 98 canadensis 467 carolinensis 124 cinereus 24 decumanus 935 empetra 912, 839 floridauus 14 grcenlandicus 246 hudsonius 246 humilis 123 labradorius 468 lecontii 123 lemmus 149 lenensis 246 leucopus 51,79 lougipes 467 ludoviciauus 612 michiganensis 94 missouriensis 108 monax 911, 912 noveboracensis 51 palustris 113 rutilus 136 saccatus 612 sylvaticus var. 51 torquatus 246 1088 MONOGKAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAS RODENTIA. Mus tuza 615 p.ibethicua 254 Muscplus 4:'. I& leucopus 51 Musk Beaver 5J55 Mnskrat 255 Musquash 255 Mynomesl49, 153 pratensis 149. 153, 156 Myocastor 251 zibethicus 25 1 Myodea 131, 149,237,243 albogularis 241 cooperi 235 grceulandicua 246 belvolus .' ll hudsonrus246 obensis 241 torqnatus 246 trimucronatus 2 11 Myomorpba 940 Myononiea 152, 153 riparius 156. towns) ndi 185 xantbognatbua 197 My sups 936 fraternus937, '.'I I minutus 937, 944 Myoxus 7 drummondii 21 Neotoma 7, 45 Neotoma 45. (See under Sigmo- don, iu iudex, for important erratum.) cinerea 14, 24 drummondii 24 ferrngiDea 14, 22, 23 floridana 14,15, 1-. L9 fuscipes 14, 19,22 magieter 29, 946 mexicaua 15 micropus 15 dentalis 24 Neotoma, tossil 29 Ninth American Pika 107 Nortberu Chipmunk 793 Plying Squirrel 653,656 Fox Squirrel 718 Gray Squirrel 700, 701 Meadow-tn< use L96, 197 204 Varying Hare 304 Ochetodon 45, 120 Imiiiili^ i longicauda 126 • aims 128 ruoutauus 130 Ocotouia 1 03 Ondatra 251.2.",:. americana zibethicus ( in\ chomya 43, 45, 105 leucogaster 108 torridua 109 Oregon Ground Squirrel 823 Meadow-mouse 207 Orizaba Squirrel 763 ( irj ctolagua 282 Oryctomys 621 bott»626 Oryzomya 43, 45 ]i;i] list lis 113 Otocolobua 819 Otognosis 515 flava 516 loDgimembris 519 I it ospermophilus 819, 821 beecbeyi 825 douglassi 825 grammuru.s B25 Oxymicterus 43, 45 Quachil 019 Quadruped of Georgia, nude- scribed little 015 Quebec Marmot 839, 912 Qnimicbpatlan 65 Palajocastor 451 nebrascensie 451 PaJffiolagus 373 agapetellua 375, 949 haydeni 373,949 triplex 375,949 turgidus 373, 949 Pale Chipmunk 793, 795 Striped Spermopbile 872 Panolax 370 sanctae-fidei 376. 949 Paramya 933 delicatior 934,913 delicatissimua 935, 943 delicatus 934, 943 leptodns934, 943 relictus 933 robustus 934, 943 undans 935 Parasitic Mouse 98 Parry'a Sperinophile 839 Pecos Gopher 616 Pedetidae 462 Pedetin* 464 Pedomya 149, 152, 153,209 austerus 210 cinnamomeua 211 run at ns 215 haydeni 211 Pennsylvania, Mrad>w-inouse of 156 Perognathidinae 194, 195 Perognatb.ua 490, 495, 496 liiriiloi 515 fasciatus 500 ilavus 516 hispidue 513, 514 mollipilosus 509 monticola 509, 511 parvus 504,519 penicillatus 504 Phyllotia 43 Peruvian Squirrel 768 Petit Guerlinguet 757 Chieu 892 Pika, North American 407 Pinemys 149,218 pinetoruni 219 Pitymys 152,153,218 didelta 947 pinetoruni 136,149,219 quasiater 226 tetradelta947 Pocket Gopher 613 Pocket Mouse Fasciated 500 Hispid 513 Honduras 515 Least 519 Mountain 509 Tuft-tailed 504 Yellow 516 Polar Hare 288 Polatouche d'Anierique 655 Pore-epic 389 Porcupine Bear 389 Canada 388 Porcupines, North American 386 Pouched Eat 013 Canada 612 Southern 015 Prairie Dog 892 Missouri 892 Short-tailed 902 Western 902 Prairie Ground Squirrel 872 Hair 297 Marmot 892 Meadow- mouse 210 Squii n 1 -'.'-' Squirrel, striped 872 1'iaotlieiiuni 376 palatinum 377 1'sa imys 1 19, 218 pinetorum 219 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME. 1089 Pseudostonia 609, 611 borealis 624 bulbivorurn 626 bursarius 612 castanops 616 douglasii 626 floridana 615 fulvns 628 liispidum 619 inexicana 617 talpoides 623 umbrinus 628 Pseudostoine a bourse 612 Pseudostomidse 491, 609 Pseudotoinus 9-16 Pseudotomus bians946 Pteroniys 653 alpinus 655 hudsonius 655, 6T( , 682 oregonensis 655 sabrinus 655 volucella 655 Rabbit. See Hare European 367 Gray 327 Jackass 350 (name) 369 Wood 327 Eat Asb-colored, with hairy tall, of Rocky Mountains 24 Cauada 468, 612 Hudson's 246 Hare-tailed 246 Labrador 468 Musk 255 Musque' 255 Pouched 612 Southern Pouched 615 Red Mouse 91 Red-backed Mouse 142 Red-bellied Squirrel 750 Reithrodon 45, 118, 120, 121 carolinensis 124 chinchilloides 119 cuniculoides 119 humilis 123 lecontei 124 longicauda 126 megalotis 124 mexicanus 128 typicus 119 Rheithrosciurus 606 Rhinosciurus 666 Richardson's Chickaree 673, 677 Spermophile 848 Rice-field Mouse 113 69 M Rocky Mountain Chipmunk 793 Hairy-tailed Rat 24 Lined-tailed Spermophile 826 Marmot 921 Varying Hare 310 Saccomyida? 461, 492, 609 Saccomyina 488, 491, 609 Saccomyoidea 489, 493 Saccophorus 609, 611 albus 612 borealis 624 bursarius 612, 614 bottse 626 mexicanus 617 piueti 615 quachil 619 talpoides 623 Sage Hare 328, 330 Salamander 613, 615 Sand Rat 613 Say's Chipmunk 814 Scapteromys 43 Seinravus 935, 936, 944 nitidus 935, 944 parvidens 930, 944 uudaus 935, 944 Sciuridae 637, 943 incertae sedis 944 Sciuromorpha 943 Sciuropterus640,653 hudsouius 655, 656 volucella 653, 655, 656 Sciurospalaciui 609 Sciurospalacoides 609 Sciurus641, 653, 666,779 aberti671,73E,737,738 acrobates 655 SBStuaus 672, 756, 757, 759, 701, 762 albert.i 735 albipes 741 americanus 782 arizonensis 738 asiaticus 793 atroveutris 718 auduboni 718 aureigaster 671, 750, 752, 753 belcheri 673 boothiaj 671, 741, 745, 746 bottse 773, 776 brasiliensis 756 californicus 827 calycinus 931, 943 capistratus 717 carolinensis 671, 700, 701, 706, 712,715,716,783 carolinus 673 castanonotus 735 Sciurus castanotns 735 chrvsurus 757 cinereus 671,700,717,718 clarkii 777 colliaii 672,738,741 deppei 701 dimidiatus 773 dorsalis 746 douglassi 670, 673, 678 fenugiuiventiis 750 fossor 672, 731, 733, 734 Iremouti 670, 673, 679 fuliginosus701 fuscovariegatus 741 gerrardi 672, 766, 767, 768 gilvigularis 757 grammurus 826 griseocaudatus 746 guerlingns 757 guianensis 756 heermanui 7:11 hoffmauni 757 hudsonius 655, 670, 672, 673, 700 hypopyrrhus 672,746,749,750 hyporrliodus 757 igbiventris 768 intermedius 742 langsdorffi 768 lanuginosus 673 lateralis 814 leporinus 731, 738 leucogaster 750 leucops 671, 753, 756 leucotis 671, 700, 701 lewisi 886 limitis 718 ludoviciauus 671, 718,720 lysteri 783 macroura 718 macroureus 718 macrourus 718 magnicaudatus 718 mexicanus 868 migratorius 701 minor virgatus 793 mollipilosus 673 nebouxii 773 niger 671, 700, 717, 719, 721 nigrescens 746 occidentals 718 oculatus 738 panolius 932,943 pennsylvanicus 700 pusillus 756 pyrrhonotus768 quadririttatus 793 rarissimus, etc. 868 1090 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA. Sciurus reliotos 932,943 richardsoni 670, 673,689,697, 700,711 rigiilus 742 rubicaudatus 718 rubrolineatus i ruliv.nt. r 718 rufiventris 717 rnfobrachiatuni 686 rufoniger 672,757,758,762,763 sabriuus 655 sayi 718 ialis 778 stramiueoa 768 bus 782, 793 snbauratus 718 suckleyi 073 tauiaulipensie tepbrogaster 671,763,765 texianus 717 townsendi 673 tricolor 70^ ti idecemlineatus 871 nthensis 793 variabilis 07-2,768 variegatoides 746 voriegatus 717,741 varins 741 volans 655 volucella655 vulgaris 672 vulpinus 701,717 yucatanensis 671,705 Severn Flyiug Squirrel 655 Sewellel 557 Short-tailed Prairie-dog 902 Spermophile 860, 862 Showtl SifHeur 912 .Signiodi.il 31,33, 35, 39, 45 SigroodoD 31, 45. (Importanterra tnni on p.45. Transfer thi:- name and Neotoma to hit side of the vertical bar, and bring Holocbeilus to the right.) berlandieri 36 bispidus 36 Sigmodoutes 6, 7 Small Brown Squirrel 073 Gray Squirrel 073 Sonoran Sperniophilo 864 Southern Flying Squirrel 655, 656 Fox Squirrel 717, 719 Gray Squirrel 701, 704 Southern Pouched Sat 615 Varying Hare 304,307 Spalacopodidse 385 Spermatopbilus 819 Spermophila 819 Spermophile Annulated-tailed886 Beeohey'i < lalifornian Lined-taili d - .'■ Douglass's Liued-tailed 827 tern SI riped 871 Foil Viuna 863 Franklin's 881 Gray-headed 88J Line-tailed 826 Mexican 868 Pale Striped 872 Parry's 839 Raye B72 Richardson's 848 Rocky Mountain Lined-tailed . S27 Short-tailed 860 Sonoran 864 Stripe,! 871 Towusend's 848 SpermophiluB 641, 819, 889 aunulatus 821, 886 armatus 849 beecheyi 627,829 bnokleyi 827 clarkii 777 couchii827 douglassi 827, 829 elegans 849 empetra 821, 839, 843 ( Tythroglutieus 839, 841 frauklini 821, 881, 884 grammurus 821, 825, 820. 327, 830 guttatus'849 harrisi810 hoodi -72 kodiaoensis 839, 840 lateralis 614 ludovicianus 892 macrurus 827 mexieanus 821, 804, 668 mollis 821, B25, 860 obsoletus 821, 826, 866 pallid us 872 parryi 821,839, 841 phsenognatha 839 phajognatba 839 qnadrivittatus 793 riehardsoni 821, -25,848, 849, 851 spilosoma 621, 826, 864 Spermophilus tentieauillls -21, 803, -01 townsendi 848, 849, 850 tridecemlineatua 821,871 - 874, 870, 877 Squirrel Abert's, 73,") American Flying 655 American Ground 783 Barking 892 Black 717 Brazilian 756,757 Burrowing 902 California Gray 731 Chipping 783 Collie's 738 Federation 872 Fire-bellied 746 Flying 655 Fox 717 Golden-bellied 753 Gray 700 Greater Flyiug 655 Ground 783, 839 Prairie Ground 872 Leopard Ground 872 Lesser Gray 701 Missouri Barking 392 Northern Gray 700,7111 Northern Flying 655, 65 i Northern Fox 718 Orizaba 763 Peruvian 768 Prairie 892 Red-bellied 750 Severn River 655 Small Brown 673 Small Gray 673 Southern Flyiug 655,656 Southern Gray 701,704 Southern Fox 717,719 Striped 782, 783 Striped Prairie 872 Varied 741 Western Barking 902 Western Fox 718, 720 Yucatan Gray 705 Sphiggurus 388 Spbingurinae 385 Steneofiber 451 Steneofiber uebrascensis 451, 453, 944 Steneofiber pansus 453, 455, 944 Stereodectes tortus 912 Striped American Marmot 872 and Spotted Ground Squirrel 872 Gopher 872 INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME. 1091 Striped Prairie Squirrel 672 Spermophile 871 Sperniophile, Eastern 871 Spermophile, Pale 872 Squirrel 782, 783 Suisse 783 Swamp Rabbit 364 Sylvilagus 292 aiti-iiiisia 328 baebmaui 328 nanus M".i7 Synaptomye 228 cooperi 235 gossii 235 Synetherus 385, 387 Synctliei inSB 385 Tamia hmlsonia 673 Tamias 641,779 americana 782 asiaticus 782, 793, 797, 870 boreal is 782,793 cooperi 794 dorsalis 782, 794 harrisi 782, 810, 812, 813 hindsii 794 lateralis 762, 814, 817 lajvideus 932, 943 lystei i 783 oiinutus 793 pallasi 793 pallidas 782,793 qnadrimaeulatus 794 quadrivittatus 782, 793, 806, 807 rubrolineatus 673 striatus 762, 783, 788, 792, 793 townseudi 782,794 Tapeti 282, 348 brasilieusis 348 Tapeti brasiliensibus 348 Tasclienmaus 613 Mcxicanische 617 Taxymys 938 lucaiis 9:16,944 Tenotis779 Teonoma 7 Thomoruys 609, 621 borealis 624 bottae 626 bulbivorus 626,628 clusius 628 douglassii 626 fulvus 624, 628 laticeps 626 rufesceus 624 talpoides 623, 625, 626 umbiinus 628 Tillomys 938 parvus 939, 944 senex 938, 944 Tlamototli 868 Townser.d's Cbipmuuk 794, 796 Mi-adow-niouse 185 Spermopbile 848 Tricinm 373 auuje 373 avunculus 373 pauiense 375 Trogoutherium 431,450 obioeusis 423 Trowbridge's Hare 344 Tuca 617 Tucan of Hernandez 617 Tugan 617 Tuza 617 Undescribed little quadruped of Georgia 615 Ursou 369 Varied Squirrel 741 Varying Hare 304 Vesperimus 43,45 americanus 51 aureolus 91 aztecus 100 calif ornicus 98 eremicus 88 gossypipus 70 leucopus 50 melanophrys 102 ruicbiganensis 94 souorieusis 79 Virginie, Hamster de 615 Viscachas 421 Wandering Mouse, American 50 Wapiskooseesick 246 Water Hare 364 Western Barking Squirrel 902 Cbickaree 673, 678 Fox Squirrel 718, 720 Prairie Dog 902 Varying Hare 309 Whistler 924 White-footed Mouse 50 Wilson's Meadow-mouse 149, 156 Wishtonwish 892 Wood Hare 327 Wood Eat 14 Bushy-tailed 24 Dusky-footed 19 Woodchuck 911,912 Xerus 641 Yucatan Gray Squirrel 705 Zapodidse 455 Zapus 465 hudsnuins 467, 476, 47° Zibethratze 255 Note. — Wliolr vol. pub. Any. IS77. (No part previously issued*)