tin rnin Bev Mir nn HW Se Wh Ae TeateeANE) HAP ‘ r “~ ek nas as oto en te siae Se Seite eI ALN cE Ae SO te NRE GEN » s en DD SRE ENE EAE RN “age pe OY ETON ta HRN oR 4d Aart eciaed ae honrres inating = Neato SaaS ets BiG : sai We m IPN SGT 5S peor sees oti eK “ echo ee s ree PN hn ah aaa aoe rer eae ceoncpaptel a mime ni apnea pe. % é amie i. ~ . go hut 7 Sel 7 : x “4 et? mm > mn , a owen. pert ear wt A Pets SA alte Set ie rts ‘i _ _ a —- i ae : ta Pike ww ; 7: Th ’ : o oi a ve es in ated 1. tay : vs 2 f Soe ' _ L } L f 1? - a an | 7 cn a mi } ‘ - AY v u ty . : I = U — wy : ' 7 7 ~~ tb 7 7 =) 7 a J : _ : ry oe a 7 . ap... ; - - 1 a = i 7 ne = oa 2 ; . : : = . > z) 7 ip 4 _ Cai ; D ih 7 _ ~ “ -_- £ ty _ ‘at lf aT 7 7 i i 0) _ 1 a . i . HAWATI AN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENT STATION DIVe OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN 1 1905 f * a ed ares, ce doar | Oe} te ee D ft Ae i ' a f vie i if y, ‘ae u ¢ ' . Miles ey 7 tad Ta) te ae i ; , tig ty ij y J vi wil : i} 4 i 1 y va i i Li i uv) eae a y 7 . 4 i! 1 ’ , * ip 1 1 J i : A Sth . f 1 i] ine! 1 1 pur i U tai : i 2. . oe : i \ 15 H 1 i . t : . - i f i i ie : haan r i t 6 f : } a i ’ i) i} fe i i 7 i \ iy * i) m4 fh) (i fy i ) ; i 1. Vy hi i ey i) fi 1 : 1 : a0 ri TPA i i ih t in I ] orn ui ; 1 j : wal RUNG f | hear — Wl ai ¥ f me 1) fs If th i i i I : it | / | i * i , i i } i i | ' j ; a t i i ¢ ; Uy { 1 1 r i j f i / ; ; ot : i j Ae) a ‘ i r Me mL sae in bit ‘Nr ap : iNy f i A : i i in| oN P ; Ley Ny 1 hi i : \' ' i i 4 i 7 i J f | : 5 7 i | , ‘ [ i Va 6 i i ! f i h(i i} ' ? it f Tal aa) y | fi { ' f = | 1 i iit ‘oa F » 4) fi ‘ ‘ i ane | { 4 { il \ i y — lt : iy ae Prey, heal TOM Mery) ah yy Hi Mea : o ‘ Ae i Se eared DA Nea a ME RUNES amity Seay ae RL Me Ray ieee Mf ani we ae ie i i) (Cie Os eee he UA Ve) a ; mr Aida k ah) a: oe: ay $ i ¥ he , oe a eae 5 ARPS aus 1h) sla a, i rh ve an kN a es iG % il ny Pie tie: nao hes) /) ane Be L “Tir vA aL ea Pi ? c 7 || DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN No. 1 ae SE OR EAE + 9 > INTRODUCTION REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies ( INTRODUCTION ) ie | : By R. C. L. PERKINS | HONOLULU, H. T. is | 3 MAY 1, 1906 TRUSTEES FOR 1906 Plicw ies Bi epwin oo President E. F. Bisnop......... Vice-President _ W...(O...SMITH.. 3.22 Secretary- Treasurer 4 Ds TENNEY F, M. Swanzy W. PFOTENHAUER S. M. DAMON > Won. G. IRWIN ~ ? F. A, SCHAEFER EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE W. Be GIFFARD, Chairman | -E, D.. Tenney | 7 Bevis Paxton. EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF DIVISION OF ; Atel AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY Chlhehckart.; v.eucneseOIGeC tor ie * 5 BH. G:, Clarke............Agriculturist ~- ke eS Wi le S.S. ‘Peck... .:....... Assistant Chemist — - Bebo Firman Thompson...... Assistant Chemist > F. R. -Werthmueller’.... Assistant Chemist a A. E. Jordan........... Assistant Chemist T. Lougher...... fcc. 40.Field Foreman’ © DIVISION oF 3 ENTOMOLOGY - PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIO ou, Perkins. : puecten i Fr. aa a tuhe tails aah, Bete iets ek - Otto: H. Swezey.....Assistant Entomologist Se eg tae cn GENERAL f W. E. Chambers........[lustrator Cc. H. McBride..........Cashier DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN No. 1 SS LTD INTRODUCTION REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies ( INTRODUCTION ) BYR Go E PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T MAY I, 1906 197212 PS IANGENTT NU Be eS SRROLTAY, Ms LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Honolulu, 1. H., April 3rd, 1906. To the Committee on Experiment Station, H. S, P. A., Hono- rou ye eed pe os Gentlemen :—I herewith submit for publication the Introduc- tion to the Bulletin on ‘‘Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Ene- mies,” and also an index to this Bulletin. The latter has been prepared by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy. Although the material deal- ing with the subject of Leaf-Hoppers is far from being com- pletely worked out, and new material is from time to time being accumulated, yet I have thought it advisable to close Bulletin 1, which has now reached a length of more than 500 pages. At the same time, considerine the practical and scientific value oi such work, I hope that the subject will be continued in another 3ulletin. Yours obediently, RC. L. PERLERNS; Director, Division of Entomology. . oS ' : 7 ‘ a . | | ny é - : ri. F ‘ - . et : ( Ue ' _ f = i re te? (ote egret: fe A) TIMGAAS TAG SSE Tad oa _ ie ti =| i! hihi - -| sa 7 “aN S) Ai Tae iis (Tee? a (ab 78 4 cat) ~ 7 =} =| { yr! ‘icy sc il { wil pepretyt 5 hi 7; yi 1 i . - «< Ce reels i att Fibs Ath il-te hed fide jie i ein hay? veh | gee] sil fu arg a4 ney ripe et * ; PP PPE koe” SPOT Th bicoatt «Al = as Vay rats A at b fey Bl Asily 7 2 , : iy, FS 4° coed PAL a ; Pan nt AG Poe Mery ili - races} Thies) Geer ae tte f ipl! a) Agia Pre wills RE Te ret yt No) yy Sea t 1. ‘ : a mt, ; ‘ eae : ey ay eir sae ible POs WAL “ais ee —)> oy? “iy i Mitt qT). Lin Liga: : efi RE - A S e » 7? A) ASERRAN aarti ie : ae jae ; : c.? 1 wrt (*} | "yl ry { + a 1. ’ rts teetital Al to lane 4 ~~ ) i ( ' + a rye - > f é s c) = t : fe i aT * solu ” : Z ab : % f { a » ~s i { 3 4 ac . a >. ‘ 7 +s i TO ALBERT KOEBELE, THIS RECORD OF HIS RECENT FIELD-WORK, 1S DEDICATED BY HIS COLLEAGUES, THE AUTHORS. ft on = ¥ ’ on : . s _ mh _ . i : : 7 AY > ? : ' * ' , : aa i + F Saal "i i a - : : - : “a 5 ' H i i a : F . : : be - : ’ = j 1 i y ‘ : i 7 a a ) - : , 7 i te i. - . : - , sed a é j > =~ A 1 ) i cn fl A = 7 i 1? - < ; . A - > = - 1 : s ; - f =, A ir , ‘ a _ i A : 7 1 - iz > ao - Pa a - 7 A ‘ “} 9 ; a : _—o ’ ; or A TAARTON Tt .tA We . edi) = mi i : r p. 4 r : Fi iP NSN he rs! a9'\3 ove tA e 405 to aint i f s : a N : CUED eg By i) a: a : — oe WSN S252 ety a a + a = (GESEUN Deer re a = =o : , bb, 7 > ‘ * ; i ‘ nhs ; ‘ = : ba p - _ i 7 j . ~ ey : ve i : _ , 2 . + ’ — a) v 4 J = Py ' ’ - : i : ’ i - : - - ut itt ' - * acy ‘ ‘ - e > - . . i - r 7 - 7 om 7 > a ~ - = A - = = = > ; i j 7 = i : ’ ; 3 j . 7 J : 4 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF WORK DONE IN- AUSTRA- [Stee A a PEE UNE TE) SiLALeES: The material on which this Bulletin, entitled ‘“Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Enemies,” is based, has been derived from various localities and sources, which are herewith specified. (1). In 1903 Mr. Koebele made extensive observations on this subject in North America, chiefly in the states of Ohio and California, and sent a large amount of living material to the Hawatian Islands. (2). In 1904 Mr. Koebele accompanied by the writer visited Australia and a still larger collection of leaf-hoppers and their enemies was made in that country. (3). In the early months of 1905, after I returned to these islands, Mr. Koebele spent a short time in Fiji, continuing Aus- tralian studies. (4). For several years the sugar-cane and some other leaf- hoppers and their enemies have been under close observation in the Hawaiian Islands, and a collection of these has been made. T will now make some remarks on these various expeditions, showing what was achieved in each case. KOEBELE’S MISSION TO THE UNITED STATES. Mr. Koebele’s researches in Ohio in 1903 were primarily un- dertaken on information kindly given him by Dr. L. O. How- ard, of the Department of Agriculture. A short time previously Mr. Otto H. Swezey had discovered that certain leaf-hoppers in that State were attacked by Hymenopterous parasites, and Mr. Koebele was notified of this fact by the chief of the ento- mological staff at Washington. Mr. Koebele’s investigations resulted in the discovery of many such parasites, belonging to the family Dryinidae. The appearance of these parasites is well exemplified by the “Fairchild parasite” (Echthrodelphax fair- child) of the cane leaf-hopper, now so familiar to most Ha- walian cane-planters. In addition to these Dryinidae, the little Mymarid egg-para- site of Liburnia (Anagrus columbi) was discovered, and also the common presence of the minute Stylopids of the genus Elenchus and others. Finally there was procured a single puparium of a il Dipterous parasite, from which no mature insect was bred, but it unquestionably belonged to a species of Pipunculus. The immediate and actual results of Mr. Koebele’s consign- ments of North American insects were on the whole disap- pointing. Neither from a purely scientific point of view, how- ever, nor from a practical standpoint, was this material done justice to. I wish to lay particular stress on this point, because it shows at once the frequent value of work of a highly technical nature for practical purposes, even though it may be largely incomprehensible to any save an entomologist, and even to any save an advanced student of entomology. When Mr. Koebele’s living specimens came to hand, I was fairly well acquainted with -the published facts already known about these leaf-hopper para- sites. This published information, however, was of the most meagre description, apparently only three or four of the great numbers of known species having been bred or having had their habits studied. Further, of those which had been bred, in most cases only a few individuals had been reared and information as to diversity or uniformity of habits was almost wanting. In one case only, one of these parasites had been recorded as at- tacking two species of leaf-hopper, and those so utterly differ- ent in all points of structure, as to lead one to suppose that the Dryinidae might be indiscriminate in their choice of host. I refer to the case of Labeo typhlocybac and Dryinus ormenidis dis- cussed in this Bulletin on pp. 485 and 492. We now know that, in reality, these parasites generally are most particular as to their choice of host, and those which attack leaf-hoppers of the Delphacid group, to which our cane-hopper belongs, do not even extend their attacks to species outside this group, still less will they attack such different hoppers as are included in the great Jassid series. Now the living material sent to me by Koe- bele from North America included parasites of many small leaf- hoppers, belonging to most diverse groups, many of which would never have attacked our cane-hopper, as their structure plainly shows. It was not until I was in Australia and had leisure to examine Australian parasites with some care that I discovered the microscopic characters, which are always found in those species which attack leaf-hoppers of the Delphacid group, as opposed to those preying on Jassids. For want of this knowledge, Mr. Koebele’s material from North America was, as I have said, not done full justice to from a practical point of view; much time being wasted on parasites that never would have attacked our cane leaf-hopper. Still at least two il species of imported North American Dryinidae did attack our cane pest, and were reared on these in captivity, and their otf- spring liberated in the cane-fields, but neither of these has as yet shown up at large. That Mr. Koebele’s North American material has not been done justice to from a purely scientific point of view is due to the fact that the practical end in view, namely, to establish the parasites, naturally outweighed the former. There are ten North American species described or referred to in Pt. I of this Bulletin, but the number really collected and sent by Mr. Koe- bele was unquestionably considerably larger. With the excep- tion of one or two species sent in great numbers by him, no individuals were killed by me as ‘specimens for study. Some were turned loose in cane-fields, infested with leaf-hopper, and some were placed in large cages on growing cane plants simi- larly affected. The preserved material therefore chiefly con- sists of specimens that died a natural death in these cages, and which happened to be found subsequently, together with a few examples that emerged and died on the way to the islands, and, again, of a few examples collected and mounted by Koebele himself in Ohio and California. From another point of view Mr. Koebele’s work in Ohio and California was of great value, for it was extensive enough to show what kind of natural enemies of leaf-hopper might be looked for in other countries. In fact it was these prior inves- tigations in North America that led him at once to investigate the eggs of the cane leaf-hopper in Australia for internal para- sites and to at once discover their presence on this investiga- tion. MISSION OF KOEBELE AND PERKINS TO AUSTRALIA, We reached Sydney in May, the weather being cold and on our first arrival very wet, so that little entomological work was done there. Mr. Koebele, however, wished to visit some of the orange orchards in the vicinity, with which he had become well acquainted on some of his earlier missions. A number of spe- cies of living ladybirds were accordingly collected and shipped to Honolulu. Being too far south for cane, not much atten- tion was paid to leaf-hoppers, but the presence of hymenop- terous parasites was demonstrated by the discovery of Dryinid sacs on the larvae of common Jassids. Early in June we arrived at Brisbane, and on the first cane that we saw, a few plants in the public gardens, we at once ob- iv served the presence of the cane leaf-hopper. A short stay of about ten days gave ample proof of the existence in Australia of a considerable variety of Hymenopterous parasites of leaf- hoppers, of Dipterous parasites of the genus Pipunculus, and of Stylopid parasites of the genus Elenchus. giten At Bundaberg, about twelve hours by rail north of Brisbane, we spent another ten days in June. Here is an extensive cane district with our leaf-hopper everywhere present, but never in numbers such as we are accustomed to in these islands. In fact we never saw the hoppers nearly as numerous as they are on our least affected plantations. From eggs collected here Mr. Koe- bele soon bred out specimens of the Mymarid parasites he had felt so confident of finding. From our observations on the habits of the cane leaf-hopper in these islands, it seemed probable that in tropical Australia this species would be in its greatest numbers in the colder months, so after a brief stay in Bundaberg, we proceeded north to Cairns, which place we reached at the beginning of July. This plan seemed very expedient, for by retreating gradually towards the south, as the hot season advanced, we hoped to prolong the season during which natural enemies for the cane leaf-hopper could be obtained. It appeared likely that effective work could only be done at Cairns for a month or two, since without a reasonably large supply of hoppers, it was evident that the parasites could not be found in sufficient numbers for shipment. This indeed proved to be the case, and by the end of August, leaf-hoppers and their eggs had become so scarce in the cane-fields, that we came south again to Bundaberg. At Bundaberg we made a long stay on this occasion, regularly sending off consignments of parasites, until here too, owing partly to the season and partly to the harvesting of the crop, the locality became unprofitable. After a short stay in Bris- bane, at the end of the year, I returned to Honolulu, while Mr. Koebele proceeded to Sydney, where his attention was largely given to collecting beneficial insects for pests other than leaf- hopper. On the return journey Mr. Koebele spent one month in Fiji, the enemies of the cane-hopper in those islands being mostly similar to those already found in Australia. A fine con- signment of the Chalcid egg-parasite (Ootetrastichus) of leaf- hopper was most important, as it enabled us to establish that important species without any doubt. MODE OF SENDING OVER PARASITES. During the earlier part of our Australian trip all beneficial insects sent from Cairns were placed in cold storage. The fact that the coast steamers generally failed to make close connec- tion with those leaving | srisbane or Sydney for Honolulu, and the necessity for reshipment and removal from the cool cham- ber, made it a matter of great difficulty to get any insects over alive. Of some predaceous species, however, such as certain ladybirds and some others, a small percentage of some species survived their long journey. These were packed in the way usually adopted by Mr. Koebele, in specially made wooden boxes nearly filled with slightly damped Sphagnum moss. The sides and bottoms are dove-tailed and hold well together in spite of the great dampness of the cool chamber. These boxes are made in three sizes, nesting within each other, the largest 4x33 -x24 inches, the smaller 33x28x2k inches. When filled each is securely bound with strong string and the whole made up in one parcel for shipment, being Ww rapped in several sheets of stout packing paper. | With the very minute and delicate egg-parasites of the Eulo- phid and Mymarid families, which we were most anxious to get established in the islands, various methods were used. The cuttings of the midrib of cane-leaf containing eggs of leai-hop- per were made as short a time as possible before the steamer sailed. That they contained numerous parasites was certain from the samples we always retained to be sure on this point. Though these samples were always very small compared with the amount sent, yet we never failed to breed many parasites. Some of the cuttings were packed in the wooden boxes above described with moss, some in similar boxes with powdered char- coal, and some in tin boxes. It does not appear, however, that from the four consignments sent from Cairns, which must have included great numbers of parasitized eggs, that any of these parasites reached Honolulu alive. Our subsequent consignments, from Bundaberg, were more successful, as was natural, the ports of departure of the Hono- lulu steamers being so much nearer. Cuttings of cane leaves containing leaf-hopper eggs sent from here produced both Eulo- phid and Mymarid parasites on arrival in Honolulu, and in fact some individuals of most of the Bundaberg species, that we desired to establish, reached the islands alive. Thus two of the Dryinid parasites of Siphanta (a Paradryinus and a Neodryinus) vi were bred in numbers in Honolulu, and liberated for the pur- pose of attacking the introduced pest Siphanta acuta. Further, two of the small wingless species of the Dryinid family, belong- ing to the Gonatopus group, were likewise successfully imported, and one of these was successfully bred up in captivity on the cane leaf-hopper. A Proctotrupid parasite (Aphanomerus pusil- lus) that destroys the eggs of the Siphanta above mentioned, was also successfully imported, and is now well established at large in the islands and is already destroying a large percentage of the eggs of that leaf-hopper. All these were sent over from Bundaberg in cold-storage, the Dryinidae as larvae in the cocoon or pupae. Although eventually egg-parasites of the cane leaf-hopper were obtained from sections of leaf containing the eggs, sent in cold storage, yet it was, as has been shown, only after many attempts had proved unsuccessful. At one time it seemed as if the prolonged cold temperature of (supposedly) *from 40°-45° F. was fatal to every parasite, and so far as we know, it was so in the case of all those sent from Cairns, but not always to those from the less distant Bundaberg. This led me to suggest that we should have some special cages made, some- what similar to those Mr. Koebele had previously employed in shipping stylopized leaf-hoppers from North America, in which living cane could be grown and the cages themselves sent on the open deck, allowing the delicate egg-parasites to emerge and reproduce in transit. [or minute and delicate parasites, in- habitants only of tropical countries, there is very little doubt in my mind that this method of transportation surpasses all others. In fact the two first cages sent in this way, each stock- ed with a different species of Mymarid, both yielded parasites after their arrival in Honolulu. These cages were built very strongly and with considerable care, special precautions being taken by simple devices that everything fitted compactly and that light was entirely excluded at all joints and that escape of any insects would be impossible. The adjoining figure shows the construction. The top and front are both hinged, so as to be capable of being fully opened out; in the back and front are cut openings of 9 inches by 11; these openings being covered on the inside with fine strong white muslin fastened with shellac, and on the outside, as a protection, with a sheet of strongly per- forated zinc, which itself is still further protected by trans- verse wooden bars. Although in such a cage the light is neces- sarily largely cut off, yet grass or cane plants will grow therein for weeks, though the leaves may become chlorotic. As a mat- * A temperature of 28°-32° for two weeks was fatal to every egg of the leaf-hopper and to the parasites. ne Vii ter of fact, we chiefly used pieces of cane-stem planted in almost pure white sand, for these will root and the eyes sprout quite successfully under such conditions. A removable zinc tray fit- \\ AMUN ASS AI AX 16 inches-- ting the bottom of the cage holds the sand or soil. For the journey this tray was securely fastened down by a couple of small nails. HANDEING ©F BENEFICIAL INSECTS AFTER ARRIVAL. The successfyl handling of the various parasites and preda- ceous insects after their arrival was of course all important. The latter are generally of a much hardier nature than the former and any one at all accustomed to raising broods of insects can successfully propagate such creatures as ladybirds in captivity, provided that their proper food is procurable and climatic con- ditions permit. It is clear that for practical purposes the dis- covery of a parasite of an injurious insect counts for little (ex- cept for such scientific value as it may have) unless it can be viii transported alive to the country where it is needed, and again the discovery and successful transportation alike count for noth- ing economically, unless it can be established at large after its arrival. It is no doubt in many cases decidedly more easy to discover natural enemies of an insect pest than it is to establish them in a new and distant country. We have heard some, who profess to be in favor of the repression of injurious insects by means, of natural enemies, talk of the discovery of a parasite, as though the fact of this discovery were all important, whereas we must repeat that unless the parasite can be successfully in- troduced and established and duly performs its share of work in controlling the pest, the discovery is of insignificant impor- tance. Further, cases where a single natural enemy is alone sufficient to keep down an injurious insect are rare and excep- tional, and few pests are to be kept down in this way. As a rule, it is a complex of causes that keeps an insect in check, often the joint attack of various parasites and predators, and it may be various diseases and other conditions combined. Only exceptional cases can the economic entomologist hope to suc- ceed with a single parasite, as any practical field worker must ibs know. When beneficial insects, parasitic or predaceous, have been successfully imported, no methods by which they may be successfully established should be neglected. Predaceous in- sects are generally comparatively large and hardy, and can be safely liberated where their food ts abundant. Parasites on the other hand are often excessively minute and delicate and may require the most careful handling. As a rule should some spe- cies that it is desirable to establish be received in any num- oy % ‘ i: ey bers, it is always safer to divide them, and adopt various meth- ods. It may be safely said that in nearly all cases (unless climatic conditions are altogether unfavorable) half the specimens re- ceived should be at once liberated in a suitable locality. Some minute Chalcids and other parasites are very easily bred in captivity, but this is by no means always the case. In rearing insects in captivity in tropical countries, there is one absolute essential, which is perfect isolation from ants and other carni- vorous creatures. Several years ago, [ had built for this pur- pose a small house isolated from the ground, the supports rest- x ing in water or water covered with a layer of kerosene oil. Sim- ilar houses are in use at our Experimental Station (see fig. of exterior, page vill, and on page ix one corner of interior with cages). It is necessary to take care that grass and weeds do not grow up so as to form a connection with the house; and, as will be noticed in the figure, the steps are built separately, and do not actually touch the house. The sides of these houses are covered with copper wire and in stormy weather blinds of thick white canvas can be let down for shelter from the rain, or on other days as a screen from excessive sun. The wire-mesh is fine enough to prevent the escape of a moderate-sized lady-bird. The earth used for plants in these houses is soaked in boiling water to kill ants and other injurious insects that may be present in any stage, and the wooden tubs, in which the plants are grown, are similarly treated. These tubs of Japanese make (manufactured as containers of the Japanese drink “saki”’) often afford hiding places to centipedes, cockroaches, ants and other most undesir- able insects. On one occasion some years ago, in one night I lost a whole brood of about sixty individuals of a beneficial insect, that I wished, to establish, from the attack of a small centipede accidentally carried into a house in a saki-tub, that had not been treated with boiling water. These saki tubs, as shown in the adjoin- ing figure, are excellent for growing cane or other plants, which can be covered with a cap of fine muslin, fastened on a light bamboo-frame with shellac var- nish. Either by a small door or a mere ‘hole, which can be closed with a plug of cotton, the injuri- ous insects and their parasites can readily be turned into such a cage and allowed to breed there. Tn establishing the minute par- asites that destroy the eggs of leafhoppers the following pro- cedure was adopted. TI will take the case of Paranagrus optabilis, whose life-history T have de- X1 tailed in Pt. VI of this Bulletin, as the same treatment was given to all the other minute parasites. Eight examples of the Para- nagrus were bred from Queensland cage between January 17th and 30th. Four were liberated in the Experiment Station grounds, four were transferred to a glass-jar containing a young growing cane, in the leaves of w hich leaf-hopper eggs had pre- viously “been deposited. The jar used was a large glass battery- jar (the size is well shown in the adjoining figure by compari- son with an ordinary garden trowel lying against it) containing very young cane plants. Round the jar near the top is bound a band of cotton or other material, on which rests the cap formed of muslin fastened over a fine bam- boo framework with shellac. These caps are remarkably con- venient for handling delicate para- sites. When one wishes to collect from the jar, by wrapping the whole in a black cloth and leaving only the top of the cap uncovered, after first dislodging the parasites from the plants by striking the jar with the bare hand, these wil! at once fly to the top of the muslin cap. The cap is then removed and laid on its side, the closed end or top being held towards the lhght, and the parasites can be collected in glass tubes with the utmost ease as they seek to escape at that end. At the end of three weeks the first brood of parasites began to appear, and in all 47 individuals, all females, were obtained. Half of these were liberated, the rest being used to stock a num- ber of new breeding jars similar to the one described. From these a very large number of individuals were reared, and these were treated in various ways. Some were ‘sleeved’ out in the fields on growing cane much punctured with hopper. These muslin sleeves stretched on light bamboo framework are shown in the adjoining figures, the para- sites being introduced through a small hole at the lower end, by means of a glass tube. A plug of cotton closes the hole, after they have been turned in; while in wet weather a cap of water- xi proof cloth can be fastened over the upper part of the sleeve to afford shelter. In the breeding-houses large colonies were now raised on larger cane-plants in the saki tubs already mentioned ; and other still larger ones in the open field beneath light portable cages, which could be placed over several entire well-grown cane- plants, and were of sufficient size to allow one to enter and ex- amine the condition of affairs within, and to make cuttings for further distribution. These large light cages were further Xill screened on the windward side by a strip of heavy white can- vas, to break the force of the wind. All these methods were entirely successful, not only with the Mymarids, but also with the more sturdy egg-parasite of the genus Oofetrastichus. While the parasites were still comparatively scarce and not easily obtainable in numbers for distribution, they were sent out in colonies, in the glass battery-jars already figured, to such plantations as stood in most immediate need. To the various plantation agents was left the choice, as to which of their plan- tations should be first supplied. Subsequently as the cane in the experiment station became well stocked with parasites, it was only necessary to take cut- tings of the midribs of cane leaves well filled with eggs and send them to the plantations in a very simple form of cage. Prior experiments vad proved that from such leaves parasites woutd continue to emerge daily for at least two weeks after the cut- tings were made. All that it was necessary for the recipient to do was to hang the cage in a suitable spot, the large number of parasites that would emerge from each cage making it almost unpossible to fail in establishing them. The emergence of num- bers of individuals day after day rendered the occurrence of un- favorable weather (which is so frequently a cause of failure in establishing beneficial insects, when liberated at one time as adults) a matter of small account. xiv EFFECT OF VARIOUS NATURAL ENEMIES IN CON- TROLLING LEAF-HOPPER. Having dealt with the introduction, propagation and distribu- tion of the several parasites, we will now consider the practical effect of these and other natural enemies in diminishing the leaf- hopper pest. There are yet in Australia and Fiji, as can be seen by the student of the various Parts of this Bulletin, a num- ber of other natural enemies of leaf-hoppers, which, introduced, would certainly attack our cane leaf-hopper, though either we did not attempt to introduce these, or were unsuccessful in the attempt. I have already, in my last annual Report to the Com- mittee on the Experiment Station, stated what parasites we especially desired to import and the reasons for this, but for the sake of completeness, I here make some repetition. Thus in choosing what natural enemies it was desired to introduce, we had to consider: (1) their effectiveness or importance as de- stroyers of the pests; (2) the possibility of successful transporta- tion; (3) the probability of their thriving in a new country; (4) the rapidity of their increase, when established. On the first two heads, there is nothing special to remark, but the third was a matter of great importance. When one considers the excessive difference in climate between many of the plantations, the ex- tremes being shown by one where cane is grown on the wind- ward side at an elevation of about 1500 or more feet, with its ex- cessive rainfall, and one nearly at sea level on the dry leeward side, where cane can exist only by constant irrigation, it is ob- vious that comparatively few species of insects can be expected to thrive equally well under such diverse conditions. Conse- quently we had need primarily of parasites of wide-spread range in their own country, not such as were of local occurrence only. The fourth consideration, that is the rate of increase, was to us of the greatest importance, since we had to deal with a pest already established for years, and that had no doubt reached its average numerical maximum throughout the islands. In this the little Mymarid egg-parasites of the genera Anagrus and Paranagrus excel. They complete their life cycle in about three weeks in these islands, and apparently breed at the same rate, or nearly so, at all seasons of the year. Further they are largely parthenogenetic, the male sex being only produced at rare in- tervals. XV The Tetrastichine egg-parasite (Ootetrastichus) on the other hand is a comparatively slow breeder, taking fully twice as long as a Mymarid to complete its life-cycle or longer still. It how- ever probably produces twice as many egg’s as the other and is, so far as is known, entirely parthenogenetic, no male having ever been seen. If we judge the effectiveness of the two para- sites merely on rate of increase (reckoning the life cycles as 20 and 4o days respectively), and suppose that the Mymarid pro- duces 20, the Tetrastichine 40 female young, at the end of six months the latter will have produced four thousand and ninety-~ six million descendants, but the Mymarid in the same time will produce more by one million times. In reality no case is of this simple nature, the habits and constitution of the parasites have to be considered. Thus the Mymarid is much more delicate than the other, and liable to be decimated by storms, but it lays its eggs within a very short time of emergence, while in Ootetrastichus the period of egg-laying is extended over weeks. The latter, besides its robust nature, has this advantage, that each individual is bred at the expense of the whole contents of an egg-chamber of the leaf-hopper, while of the Mymarid each individual is bred at the expense of only a single egg. If we consider the effectiveness of the four egg-parasites, Paranagrus optabilis, P. perforator, Anagrus frequens, and Oote- trastichus beatus, in areas where all are well established, we must rate the first-named as at present by far the most effective. As I have previously pointed out, this species is capable by itself of destroying about 50 per cent of the cane-hopper’s eggs and Anagrus frequens and P. perforator, extraordinarily numerous as they appear, where seen alone, are but as isolated examples in the crowd, where all are well established in one spot. The Ootetrastichus slowly but steadily increases in numbers, and on many plantations I expect that it will ultimately be the most efficient of all parasites. | do not think that it can show its full value till 1908, for eAch harvesting of the cane crop is neces- sarily a very great setback to its natural increase. Anagrus frequens, under which name are probably more than one species, or at least one or two distinct races of a single species, although it appears at a disadvantage, when in company with Paranagrus optabilis, is nevertheless a most abundant parasite. In Part VI of this Bulletin I have compared the habits of the two and need not refer to the matter here, but I may say that as many as eighty or a hundred exit holes of the 4nagrus have been count- ed in a single cane-leaf, so that its great utility is unquestion- Xvi able. P. perforator, common in Fiji, attacking eggs of hopper laid in thick stems of grass, more rarely those in cane, will prob- ably gradually wander away from the cane-fields to attack the eggs of native hoppers, that are laid in stems and twigs, as it now chiefly attacks the cane-hopper eggs when these are laid in the stems. Nor must it be forgotten, what valuable aid these egg-para- sites receive in the control of leaf-hopper from other insects parasitic and predaceous, native or introduced. In fact, had there existed previously no restraint to the multiplication of the pest, no one who has paid the least attention to such matters can doubt that it would some time since have become impossible to raise any crop of sugar-cane in the islands. The reason why these natural enemies have not alone got the upper hand of the hopper is due to various causes. In the first place, a number of the parasites such as the Dryinid Echthrodelphax fairchildii and the parasitic flies of the genus Pipuncilus are of local occurrence, and in many places cannot (for climatic or other unknown rea- sons) maintain their existence. This was well shown by the behavior of the first-named, which was distributed in thousands by the entomologists and the Plantation managers themselves to all the districts in the islands, but in many places did not thrive. Such, too, is the case with the predaceous black earwig (Chelisoches morio) which, a natural immigrant to the islands and no doubt acclimatised centuries ago, is found on compara- tively few plantations. Other natural enemies are themselves periodically decimated by parasites, as is the case with the in- troduced green cricket (Xiphidium varipennc), which has its own ege-parasite (Paraphelinus). Other enemies like the common lady-bird (Coccinella repanda) introduced by Koebele years ago for other purposes, prey on young leaf-hoppers, in default of more favorite food, and this valuable predator too is itself sub- ject to parasitic attack by the common Braconid (Ceztistes). At present the whole number of parasites and predaceous insects that attack cane leaf-hopper to such an extent as to render their services worth noting is considerable, as the following sum- mary shows. The most valuable are the four egg-parasites, which there is every reason to hope will become still more effective with rea- sonable time, one (Ootctrastichus) having as yet had no chance to show its full effectiveness. The two Pipunculus flies (P. juvator and terry) are restricted to certain localities and are native species, which have trans- XV1i ferred their attacks from native Delphacids to the cane leat- hopper. The ubiquitous lady-bird (Céccinella repanda) is valuable as a destroyer of leaf-hopper, though originally imported by WKoe- bele to destroy Aphis. It is hoped that other lady-birds, espe- cially Verania strigula (=V. lincola of Pt. VII) may become es- tablished and do good work, as in Australia and Fiji, whence they were imported. The earwig Chelisoches morio is a local species, but no doubt useful where it exists in numbers. The green cricket (Niphidiwm varipenne) is very valuable, but is most unfortunately heavily attacked at certain seasons by an ege-parasite. The Dryinid Echthrodelphax fairchildii is locally valuable. At certain seasons in suitable, but limited, localities, it destroys a considerable percentage of hoppers. Its services are under- estimated, because for a large part of the year it lies as a dor- mant larva in the cocoon, and parasitized hoppers at such a time are naturally hardly to be found. There are many other natural enemies of more or less im- portance, e. g. the various predaceous Hemiptera, and the sey- eral lace-wing flies (Chrysopinae). In addition to these insect enemies, we must mention the two fungous diseases of hoppers (amounting locally and at certain seasons to epidemics) which, long previously known to kill the native leaf-hoppers, have become transferred to the introduced pest. We also found one or more fungous diseases attacking leaf-hopper eggs in Fiji and Australia in all localities. With material imported from these countries, | easily intected eggs of the cane leaf-hopper under cover, and subsequently estab- lished the fungus at large in the field. As it was most probable that parasitized and healthy hopper eggs would be affected alike by the disease, and consequently many of the egg-parasites would be destroyed, it became a subject of discussion whether we should attempt to establish the fungus or not. As, however, throughout Australia, the fungus and parasite both attacked the eggs, Mr. Koebele was of opinion that we should try and establish the same conditions here. Consequently with the first cages sent to the plantations the cane cuttings and the cane itself were well sprayed with water containing spores of the fun- gous disease, so that these would be certainly carried abroad by the emerging hoppers and parasites. I] imagine there is no doubt as to this disease becoming established in all suitable localities. XV1il The question that one will now ask is: Are these parasitic and predaceous enemies combined sufficient to prevent any fur- ther serious damage from leaf-hopper? Though a natural one, it is hardly yet a fair question. The leaf-hopper was in num- bers sufficiently great as to be injurious in 1900, and spread and increased greatly since that time. The distribution of im- ported natural enemies began about a year ago. Some of the best of these have been distributed much more recently still. To serve fifty or more plantations, many of great acreage and occupying many miles of country, with introduced parasites, must naturally take considerable time. One of our most impor- tant parasites, if it thrives here as in Fiji, as I have already pointed out, is at present hardly to be reckoned with. It should be of decided value next year, of much more the year after. It is merely a question of natural increase, for that it thrives here at large as well as in captivity is already proven. When one considers the enormous monetary loss, considering the size of these islands, that has been occasioned by the leaf- hopper, I do not think one should cease to seek natural enemies against the pest, until it is absolutely proven a pest no longer, however strong one’s hopes may be that the present enemies are sufficient to cope with it. I have been told on the best au- thority and by those most interested, that the loss to these islands caused ‘by the cane leaf-hopper since its first noticeable appearance in 1900 to the present time may be reckoned at mil- lions of dollars, and one is justified in taking every precaution, where so much is at stake. ON. THE NECESSITY @F. FURTHER DISTRIBU LION OF PARASITES IN’ GHEE CANE EE REDS: Owing to the manner in which cane is cultivated in these islands, the entomologist working along the lines that have been adopted to control the leaf-hopper pest, meets with a serious obstacle such as is not encountered in dealing with in- sects injurious to our other vegetation. I refer here to the universal custom of burning off ‘the trash’ over great acreages, after the crop has been harvested. I have been told that on the Colonial Sugar Refining Company’s estates in Australia no such burning off is allowed. If this is correct, it may help to account for the insignificant numbers of our cane-leaf hop- per there, as well as of several other insects of the same group, x1x which are fortunately not known in our cane fields. As, how- ever, burning of trash is an established fact here, it becomes necessary to see what steps can be taken to provide against this serious disadvantage. I will first show whereof this dis- advantage consists. The parasitic enemies of the leaf-hopper are mostly delicate and minute creatures, not accustomed to take prolonged flights. Their wings serve well to bear them from plant to plant, but for further distribution they are dependent on air-currents. If when a field of cane is cut the wind blows towards another cane field, no doubt some or many parasites will reach it, but if otherwise, probably none will do so. In burning over a field it is quite certain that almost every para- site yet present will be destroyed, but the adult leaf-hoppers on the other hand are well able to take care of themselves. When as an experiment, a patch of about nine acres of cane, so heay- ily attacked by leaf-hopper as to be useless, was set on fire all around to destroy these, it was noticed that the adult hoppers rose from the cane in a cloud and spread to other fields; so this plan for destroying them was of no value. I have in an earlier publication shown how quickly the leaf-hoppers spread to new fields of very young cane, and with what regularity they distribute themselves over the young plants. It cannot be hoped that the parasites will (except under rare and fortuitous circumstances, such as constant favorable winds) spread them- selves in like manner, and in the same time. Yet it is essen- tial that the parasites should be on the spot when the leaf- hopper begins to lay in order to secure proper control. Tf the supply of laying hoppers at the beginning of the great breeding season is very small, it means that there is not time for the attack to become serious before that season is over. It is when the hopper is least abundant, that one wants to be assured that it is being attacked by all possible enemies. When a field is already seriously injured and swarming with hoppers, not much immediate help can be given for obvious reasons. It will be easier to prevent such a condition than to find a remedy. If one could provide that in each large area of cleared land, ready for planting, there should be in the middle a small patch of some variety of cane most susceptible to the attack of leaf- hoppers, that this cane should be kept well stocked with these, and with a variety of parasites and predaceous insects, and itself be of sufficient growth to afford good shelter to all these, the condition from an entomological standpoint would be ideal. This patch of cane, being already of suitable age and growth XX and stocked as aforesaid, at the time the much younger cane of the rest of the field began to be infested with hoppers, would daily be distributing thousands of natural enemies, that should control these. Although such a plan or modification of it might be adopted on some plantations, on others (at least such as are under irrigation) it would either be difficult, or altogether 1m- practicable. Only in the case of some fields of long ratoons would the matter be very simple, when a small area of the original ratoon growth in each field could be left uncut, and if well supplied with hoppers and their natural enemies would serve later on to stock the rest of the field. Unfortunately, owing to the fact that ratoons are (except in unusual cases) not severely attacked as compared with plant-cane, this matter be- comes one of minor importance. Otherwise, in the majority of cases, owing to the clearing of large areas and the burning of trash, it is probable that new fields will have to be supplied by cages similar to Bie already used. Two things will be abso- lutely necessary: ) that the new fields be well supplied with parasites ; (2) that ae be stocked immediately the hoppers en- ter them and commence laying. This plan, though less satis- factory than would be the other method, is nevertheless simple, and does not call for much expenditure of time, nor for skilled labour. The one thing necessary to be positively ascertained is that the spot whence “the cuttings for distribution are taken is well supplied with al/ the kinds of parasites that it is desired to establish in new fields. It is now well known to us that a// these destroyers are not yet established im all parts of all plantations, and therefore at present unless an entomologist previously test samples from the spot, whence distribution is jtor-be made, it is quite likely that some of the most valuable parasites will not be taken to the new fields. If a sample be submitted to the entomologists, it can be passed as fit to supply all neces- sary parasites to new fields, or if not, cages of the deficient species can always be supplied from the cane in the grounds of the Experiment Station in Honolulu. As the parasites are con- tinually spreading and increasing, such expert examination will at the most be necessary for a year or two; for it is perfectly certain that by that time all the species will be so general that it will be quite impossible to take any extensive sample of cane- leaves that bear eggs of leaf-hopper, which will not contain all. Such in fact is now the case in the cane at the Experiment Sta- tion. To sum up, the clearing of all cang from large acreages is a decided obstacle to the complete success of natural enemies XX1 of leaf-hopper, and the burning of trash aggravates the difh- culty. As an offset to these conditions new fields should be supplied artificially with natural enemies, and they should be supplied as soon as any leaf-hoppers enter them. Of course future observation may prove this distribution unnecessary, but for the present it should be adopted. ISO Py MRASITES AND (iH ETR HOSTS Below are listed the parasites and hyperparasites treated of in detail in the various parts of this Bulletin. In many cases it is not possible at present to give the exact host of each para- site, even though the latter was bred. In the first place, of the great number of species of leaf-hoppers collected by us in Aus- tralia, only about half are yet described, and in the second, many of the parasites were obtained only from nymphs, which, in the present state of knowledge, even the special student of Homoptera will probably be at a loss to refer with certainty to their proper species. The name “Liburnia,” often cited below as a host, must be regarded in a very wide sense, somewhat as in Edwards’ “British Homoptera,” where it includes a number of recognized European genera. Applied to the Australian forms in the list below, it is likewise a composite genus, the compo- nents of which do not however, at feast as a rule, agree with those in the work just mentioned. In this list of hosts, the leaf-hoppers have mostly been determined by Mr. Wirkaldy, but for the reasons given, comparatively few are referred to speci- fically. Consequently it is not necessary, nor advisable, at pres- ent to make a second list, giving first place to the hosts, though I hope that this may be done, when the working out of the Homoptera is completed. In the case of the Dryinidae I have listed all the species dealt with in this Bulletin, since only seven of the 65 have not been bred, and attention is thus called to those species about which information is wanted. DY MENOPILEROUS “PARASITES: FAM. DRYINIDAE. Parasite Fost. Pseudogonatopus kurandae Liburnia sp. nymph and adult. juncetorum Liburnia and other Delphacids, nymphs and adults, Parasite palustris saccharetorum dichromus americanus Opacus stenocrani melanacrias kiefferi perkinst Haplogonatopus apicalis moestus brevicornis americanus vitiensis Paragonatopus nigricans Gonatopus australiae koebelei Neogonatopus ombrodes erythrodes obscurissimus pulcherrimus dubiosus brunnescens pallidiceps vitiensis Epigonatopus solitarius fallax Pachygonatopus melanias XXli Flost Various Delphacids allied to Liburnia, nymphs and adults. Perkinsiella saccharicida, nymph and adult. Liburnia spp. nymphs and adults. Liburnia sp. Liburnia sp. (near Chloriona). Stenocranus dorsalis, nymph, Delphacid near Stenocranus. Vanua vitiensis probably. Various Delphacids allied to Liburnia, nymphs, Liburnia and other Delphacids. Hadeodelphax, nymph. Liburnia sp. (near Chloriona). Liburnia spp. Delphacid near Stenocranus. Liburnia or allied forms. Deltocephalus and other Jassids, nymphs and adults. Athysanus sp. Deltocephalus sayi. Deltocephalus ? Deltocephalus ? Nephotettix plebeius adult. Deltocephalus, Nephotettix and other Jassids. Athysanus curtisi1. Athysanus sp. Euleimonios sp.; also from Deltocep- halus nymph. Not bred. Not bred. Euleimonios and Athysanus, adults. Parasite Chalcogonatopus gigas optabilis decoratus pseudochromus Echthrodelphax fairchildi nigricollis bifasciatus Dryinus ormenidis Neodryinus koebelei nelsoni raptor Paradryinus koebelei venator threnodes gigas leptias varipes Chlorodryinus pallidus pseudophanes Thaumatodryinus koebelei Eukoebeleia mirabilis XXHI Host Tartessus syrtidis, nymph. ~Deltocephalus, nymph, and Nephctct- tix, adult. Phrynophyes. Phlepsius. 2erkinsiella saccharicida, Aloha ipomoe- ae, etc., nymphs. Various small Delphacids, Hadeodel- phax, forms allied to Liburnia, etc., nymphs. 1 Liburnia and allied forms, nymphs. Ormenis pruinosa and_ septentrionalis, nymphs. Colgar peracutus nymph. Colgar peracutus nymph. Siphanta, Sephena, Aphanophantia, Pri- vesa, Scolypopa, Massila, Gaetulia, nymphs. Colgar, Siphanta, Massila, Aphanophan- tia (?) nymphs. Privesa, Massila and Siphanta nymphs. Siphanta and Colgar, nymphs. Not bred. Hasta hastata, nymph. Siphanta, nymph, Nymph of (probably) Siphanta. Not bred. Young nymph of Siphanta. Bruchomorpha, nymph, and both short and long-winged adult. Parasite Neochelogynus typicus nitidus leiosomus dimidiatus nigricornis destructor cognatus parvulus coriaceus pallidicornis ignotus Prosanteon chelogynoides melanostigmus Paranteon myrmecophilus A\phanomerus bicolor niger rufescens pusillus octonus australensis (;onatocerus cingulatus Alaptus immaturus Polynema reduvioli Anagrus frequens columbi Paranagrus optabilis perforator XXIV Fost Not bred. Eurinoscopus spp. Eurinoscopus sp. nymph. Eurinoscopus sp. nymph. utettix sp. nymph and adult. Iurinoscopus, nymph and adult. Idiocerus or Macropsis? nymph. Euleimonios? adult. Euleimonios adult. Deltocephalus ? nymph. Not bred. Tartessus (7) nymph. Not bred. Ipo spp, nymphs and adults. FAM. PLATYGASTERIDAE, Eges of Eurybrachyine Fulgorids. Eggs of Eurybrachyine Fulgorids, Eges of Siphanta or allied genera, Eees of Siphanta. FAM. MYMARIDAE. Kees of Tettigonia (albida or parthaon). Ho Keos of Tettigonia albida. Eggs of Psocid feeding on fungus grow- ing on honeydew excreted by leaf- hoppers. os of Reduviolus blackburn. Kgs Eggs of Liburnia or allied Delphacids, Eges of Liburnia. dD 4 “ges of Perkinsiella saccharicida. Kegs of various genera of Delphacids. Parasite Meniscocephalus eximius l-ulgoridicida dichroma Neocladia howard Echthrodryinus destructor Echthrobaccha injuriosa ctopiognatha minor major Echthrogonatopus exitiosus pachycephalus l{elegonatopus pseudophanes Chalcerinys eximia Saronotum -australiae americanum Cheiloneurus swezeyi gonatopodis chlorodryini Anastatus pipunculi XXV FAM. ENCYRTIDAE. Flost [urinoscopus sp. Eges of Eurybrachyine Fulgorid. Eurinoscopus sp., nymphs and adult. Neodryinus, Paradryinus, ete., larvae. Baccha siphanticida (puparium). s of Siphanta. Kees of Platybrachys ? Many species of the Gonatopus group of Dryinidae, larvae. One or more of the Gonatopus group of Dryinidae, larvae. One or more of the Gonatopus group of Dryinidae, larvae. Neogonatopus and probably — allied genera, larvae. Pseudogonatopus dichromus, larva. Pseudogonatopus, larva, Dryinus ormenidis, larva. Pseudogonatopus, Echthrodelphax, lar- vae. Chlorodryinus pallidus larva. Pipunculus cinerascens, also Paradryi- nus. XXVI FAM. EULOPHIDAE. Parasite flost Ootetrastichus beatus Eges of Perkinsiella saccharicida and vitiensis. Paraphelinus xiphidii Ikggs of Xiphidium varipenne, FAM. TRICHOGRAMMIDAE. Pterygogramma acuminata Eggs of Tartessus syrtidis. COLEOPTEROU S SRAIRA SITES: FAM. STYLOPIDAE, Halictophagus schwarzli Agallia (7) sp. adult. americanus Agallia 4-notata, adult. australensis Tettigonia parthaon; and a species, pos- sibly the same, attacks T. albida and others; adults. phaeodes Hecalus immaculatus, adult. stenodes Paradorydium menalus, adult. Megalechthrus tryoni Platybrachys or allied forms, adult. Elenchus tenuicornis Liburnia various species, also various other Delphacid genera e.g. Hadeo- delphax, nymphs and adults. Deinelenchus australensis Platybrachys or allied forms, adult. N. B. In Australia stylopized examples of Phlepsius?, Eutet- tix, and nymphs of Deltocephalus were also found, bearing male puparia of the parasite. DIPTEROUS. PARA SIMS: FAM. PIPUNCULIDAE. Pipunculus cruciator Hecalus immaculatus, mature and nymph, also Tartessus nymph. eucalypti Rhotidus sp. nymph. erinys Eurinoscopus nymph. Parasite hylaeus comitans cinerascens beneficiens helluo koebelei monas picrodes anthracias xanthocnemis synadelphus pseudophanes juvator oahuensis terryi Baccha siphanticida XxXvIil Flost Eurinoscopus adult and nymph. Athysanus. Probably on Privesa, nymph; the pu- paria of the parasite being found com- monly on trees affected by these hop- pers. Various common Jassids, adult and nymphal, Phrynophyes, Deltocepha- lus, Athysanus. Colgar peracutus nymph also nymphs of Gaetulia chrysepoides. Vhaumatoscopus and nymph. Deltocephalus (?) nymph. Tartessus sp. Thamnotettix (?), adult. Liburnia or allied form, adult. Deltocephalus nymph. Hecalus immaculatus. Aloha spp., Perkinsiella saccharicida. Aloha ipomoeae. Not bred, but in company with Perkin- siella, no doubt by transference from Aloha or some other native Delpha- cid. Vulturnus, FAM. SYRPHIDAE. Preying on nymphs of Colgar, Siphanta, and Jamella bEPIDOPTEROUS PARASITES. Heteropsyche poecilochroma melanochroma FAM. EPIPYROPIDAE. Eurybrachyine Fulgorid. Supposedly on many genera of Jassids and Fulgorids, but it is not certain that the moths were really all one species. XXVili Parasite Flost micromorpha Thanatodictya hebe. dyscrita Aphanophantia cuscuticida. stenomorpha See remarks under H. melanochroma above. Agamopsyche threnodes Stenocranus, Perkinsiella, and other Delphacid genera, leng and_ short- winged adults. Palaeopsyche melanias On a commonplace Agalline (7?) found on terminal shoots of a Terminalia. No examples of this hopper seem to have been kept apart. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS OE THIS: BULLETIN: In Parts I and X of this Bulletin the Dryinidae are discussed, their habits and structures being detailed. It is specially shown that those forms which attack Jassids, while often superficially 1esembling others parasitic on Delphacids, always differ essen- tially in the structure of the chelae from the latter. Conse- quently the same species or rather the same genus does not at- tack both of these indiscriminately. The nature of the larval sac 1s explained, and a similar sac is shown to exist outside the group in an anomalous insect (possibly allied to Lmbolemus) parasitic on Orthoptera. It may be added that this is also the case with some European Belytidae, which also form larval sacs on small Jassids. The economic value of Dryinidae is diseuss- ed, and the effect of hyperparasites on their utility. Some spe- cies reproduce parthenogenetically, though males occur. Sixty- two new species and fifteen new genera are described; the ma- jority being bred specimens. Part I] deals with the parasitic Lepidoptera of the Family Epipyropidae. Their habits are given and the remarkable form of the young larva is described. One species is parthenogenetic, and no male of this is known. Six new species are described in three new genera, all having been bred from larvae. : In Part III the Stylopidae are discussed, their habits, the effect of their attack on their hosts, the frequent occurrence of a parasitic fungus in connection with their attack, the structure KIX of larvae and adults, and their classification being detailed. “Two new genera and a subgenus (om, pracocc.) are described, and eight new species. Part 1V deals with the Pipunculidac; their habits, the form of the larvae and puparia, and the classification of the numerous species. Thirty-two new species are described ; the full descrip- tion of one species, however, is omitted and will be found in Pt. X. All belong to the genus Pipunculus, and half the whole num- ber of species‘were bred. In Part V, some predaceous enemies of leaf-hoppers are con- sidered. The complete life-history of the earwig Chelisoches morio, is given, and a detailed account of the lacewing-fly, Chrysopa microphya, its eggs, larvae and pupa case. Two re- markable leaf-hopper-eating Syrphidae are described as new species of the genus Baccha. Part VI gives an account of the Mymaridae, their habits (the life-history of Paranagrus optabilis being detailed) and_ their classification. In addition, some egg-parasites of the Procto- trupoid family Platygasteridae are dealt with. Parthenogenesis is shown to be usual in some Mymarids. Twelve new species and two new genera (one in each of the two families) are de- scribed, all being bred. In Part VII a variety of predaceous enemies of leaf-hoppers is considered, the life-history and habits of the Locustid Xip/hi- dium varipenne, being very fully given, as well as the variation in length of the tegmina. The life-histories and habits of the Coccinellidae, Callineda testudinaria, Coccinella repanda, Verania frenata and lV’. strigula (under the name I’. lincola) are detailed; also those of the Hemiptera Zelus peregrinus, Reduviolus black- burnt, Triphieps persequens and Physopleurclla mundulus, wholly or in part. NXiphidium varipenne is described as a new species. Part VIII deals with Chalcids of the families Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Trichogrammidae, and contains remarks on habits, classification and parthenogenesis. Thirteen new genera and nineteen new species are described, all bred, some being direct, others secondary parasites. Part IX is devoted to leaf-hoppers themselves; their habits, and what is known of their life-histories is referred to or de- scribed. The life-history of the sugar-cane leaf-hopper is given in detail, and the various stages are described. The varying condition of the flight-organs of leaf-hoppers is discussed at length. Their systematic position and classification is very fully dealt with, a survey of previous systems being given, and a criti- XXX cism of these systems follows. The external structure of Ho- moptera is discussed at length, particular attention being paid to neuration, a synonomy of the varied terms used by different authors being given. Two hundred and thirteen new species are described, and “eighty- -four new genera. Part X is supplementary to Pt. I and IV, and gives figures of structures, etc., discussed in Part I, which is without plates. CONCLUDING WE NEAR KGS: In the early part of this Bulletin I have referred to Mr. Koe- bele’s work in North America in the summer of 1903. As I have pointed out, he was successful in finding there at least two species of parasites, which readily attacked the cane leaf-hop- per in our cages, and broods were raised on these, and liberated in numbers in the cane fields. One of these was the species de- scribed by me as Hapflogonatopus americanus ; the other was rais- ed in smaller numbers and none were preserved, but it was almost certainly a Pseudogonatopus. A great deal of time was spent in a vain endeavour to establish the Stylopid, Elenchus, which would most likely have proved a useful parasite, and we are now again trying by every means to introduce it from Fiji, where it attacks the Vitian cane-hopper. As to the Dryinids above mentioned, I have hopes that they may yet prove to be established, for it cannot be expected that they would increase at nearly so rapid a rate as the Mymarid egg-parasites. Dur- ing the past fifteen vears I have paid great attention to the rate of increase of insects imported into these islands, and collected statistics on this subject. I find that even with very prolific insects, of which several or many individuals have been intro- duced, it is rarely that they can be found by an entomologist for at least three years. I] am now of course speaking of insects accidentally imported with plants, not those beneficial ones, which are specially reared under cover for economic purposes and distributed again and again in large numbers to many local- ities. I will take as an instance the Locustid, Niphidium vari- penne, because it is a species specially considered in this Bulletin, although it is not one of the several species, of which I know the exact date of importation. In November, 1892, a hard day's work produced two specimens of this cricket in the lower part of the Pauoa Valley; in 1893 and 1894 it was not seen. In 1895 I revisited the exact locality mentioned, and found a good many young crickets and a few old ones. In 1806 it had XXXI extended its range down into the gardens in Honolulu, but was still far from numerous. By 1900, however, it had spread all over Oahu and also reached parts of the other islands, and in many places was in incredible numbers. That is to say, a hardy and prolific insect introduced probably some years previously to 1892 took at least five years to spread over a limited area, and to become at all noticeable, but having reached this point, in the next three years it increased to such excessive numbers, that it attracted the attention of many who pay little attention to such matters, owing to the fact of its frequently swarming round the lights in houses. I have digressed to this extent to show how impossible it is to secure immediate results with every kind of imported beneficial insect, and also how important it 1s in choosing one’s species to consider which can most quickly produce visible results. From Australia and Fiji the following egg-parasites were imported: Anagrus (two species, or two races Of One species), Paranagrus optabilis and P. perforator (the latter possibly includ- ing two species or races), Ootetrastichus beatus. The two lady- birds (constant inhabitants of cane-fields in Australia) Merania strigula and lV’. frenata were raised in large numbers and widely distributed over the islands; so too was Callineda testudinaria, a ready devourer of leaf-hopper in captivity, but which, I fear, will forsake the cane-fields for forest trees. Pseudogonatopus dichromus though not yet established, no doubt could be, since it was bred on the cane leaf-hopper in captivity. Enemies of leaf-hopper that might have been established with good results but which failed (not, I think, because they could not under any circumstances be established, but merely from mischance) were the parasitic moth Agamopsyche, a specific enemy of the cane leaf-hopper, the predaceous Syrphid fly Baccha, and some other predaceous insects, which may after all prove to be estab- lished, the time since their liberation in my opinion being too short to allow of any certainty on this point. Although the prime object of the six months mission to Aus- tralia, undertaken by Koebele and myself, was the study of leaf- hoppers and their natural enemies, yet it must be remembered that while we were together a great deal of our time was given to various entomological studies, both to other insects injurious to cane and their natural enemies, and also to insects injurious to other vegetation. After my return to Honolulu, Mr. Koe- bele, I believe, turned his attention still more to pests other than leaf-hopper. Throughout the period of our Australian mission XXX large numbers of beneficial insects not mentioned at all in this Bulletin, were collected and sent to Honolulu for the benefit of general agriculture. To publish details of all this work in full would require much time and space, and in fact a Bulletin as large or larger than the present one. We already know that some of these beneficial insects, parasitic and predaceous, are successfully established, although as yet very little special in- vestigation of the matter has been made. I think that the intro- duction of almost any one of the species, that we know to have become established, would fully justify our mission, There remains the pleasant task of thanking all those who have assisted us in our endeavour to control one of the worst insect pests these islands have yet seen. QOur thanks are chiefly due to the Agents and Managers of Plantations in these islands, who have done everything possible to help us and taken much interest in our work. Especial thanks are due to Messrs. Wm. Gi tinwim & (Co.,Ltd. and “Eheo, HH. Wavies, & Co. idiwhojay their kind offices, as representatives of the steamship lines be- tween Honolulu and the Australian Colonies, and by letters to the officials of other steamship companies in Australia and Fiji, did much to secure for us a careful and successful transporta- tion of the living insects. To Dr. Kottman, of the Colonial Sugar Refining Co., who on previous missions also has aided Mr. Koebele, we were indebted for letters to the Managers or owners of many sugar estates throughout Queensland and in New South Wales, and we regret that from pressure of work we were able to visit so few of these. Mr. Alexander Craw, Superintendent of Entomology under the Board of Commis- sioners of Agriculture and Forestry of this Territory, has given us his assistance in the handling of the beneficial insects im- ported, a work in which he has had a very great experience. He also, previously, as Horticultural Quarantine officer and Deputy Commissioner of the State of California, took charge of and forwarded to us the living insects despatched from Ohio by Mr. Koebele in 1903, and assisted us in like manner on former occasions. Without his expert handling, it is probable that many of these insects would have died while awaiting ship- ment to Honolulu. To many others, whom it is impossible to name severally, we are indebted for aid rendered, both in Aus- tralia and the United States. BULLETIN No. 1 PART 1 ees REPORT OF WORK | i a : : EXPERIMENT STATION. ae t aie HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION ~ Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies — = Pr FE DRVINIDAE) = By R. C.-L. PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T. a a MAY. 27, 1905 ; LF oS Werniah HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION TRUSTEES FOR 1905 F. M. Swanzy, President ae |i H. P. BaLtpwin, Vice-President } W. O. SMiTH, Secretary-Treasurer E.: D.: TENNEY H. A. ISENBERG Gro. H. RogERTSON S. M. Damon | Wm. G. Irwin F. A. SCHAEFER | EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE W. M. GIFFARD, Chairman E. D. TENNEY : G. M. Ropu EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY C. F. Eckart, Director EK. G. Clarke, Agriculturist S. Peck, Assistant Chemist Firman Thompson, Assistant Chemist F. R. Werthmueller, Assistant Chemist A. EK. Jordan, Assistant Chemist T, Lougher, Field. Foreman an DIVISION OF DIVISION OF ; ENTOMOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY R. C. L. Perkins, Director N. A. Cobb, Director. A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. L. Lewton-Brain, Assistant Director Alex. Craw, Consulting Entomologist’ .......:.:....-.. Baa Os SEES } GoW. kirkaidy, Assistamt: Hntéomolosist:}. 3 sco eine ors ee es : ‘ : Incomplete, FEF. W. Terry, Assistant Entomologist ie | Otto H. Swezey, Assistant IM tOMOlOPISE so Fo ko ae ele Nees DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN No. 1 SS el AES aS PART 1 REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies (PT. I. DRYINIDAE ) By R. C. L. PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T. MAY, 1905 | nna re ce noma : i NR Pit ‘ ; ; eae ty: catty : LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To the Experiment Station Committee, Hawaiian Sugar Plant- ters’ Association. Honolulu, T. H., April 18, 1905. Gentlemen: I herewith submit for publication the first part of a bulletin entitled ‘““Leaf-hoppers and their natural enemies.” It will need about eight additional parts of varying length to complete this study. Yours obediently, R. C. L. PERKINS, Director, Division of Entomology. ee iy tig ee | hkl INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The parasites considered in this Bulletin all belong to the Dryinidae, a family of insects which, so far as is known, confine their attacks to certain groups of the Homopterous Rhynchota, popularly known as leaf-hoppers. The material which has been studied is chiefly from two sources: (1) the species observed and collected by Mr. Koebele and myself in Queensland from June till the end of December, 1904, and (2) some of the species sent to these islands from Ohio and California by Mr. Koebele in 1903; to which may be added two species peculiar to these isl- ands. With regard to the parasites sent from Ohio and Cali- fornia, those which I have described below by no means include all the species sent by Mr. Ikoebele, and probably few or none of the rarer ones are represented. This is due to the fact that un- less a considerable number of individuals were sent, I was un- willing to lose the chance of establishing a species in these isi- ands by killing specimens for purposes of study. 1 now regret this fact, as had I made a critical study of these insects at that time, I should have found out what I now know, that many of the parasites sent by Mr. Koebele would not have been the least likely to accomplish the object for which they were sent, that is to attack the sugar cane leaf-hopper, since their structure is in certain respects quite different from that of those which attack leaf-hoppers of that group. From want of this knowledge much time and trouble were wasted in attempting the impossible ; while several species sent, which were quite likely to attack the cane- hopper and to become established, suffered accordingly for want of attention, when this shoufd have been entirely centered on them. The material for study that has passed through my hands, dead or alive, has been very large. Mr. Koebele sent to Honolulu from Ohio and California (but far the greater part from the former State) some three thousand cocoons, which pro- duced several genera and many species. During the time these were being received, I bred many thousands of the Hawaiian Echthrodelphax for distribution in localities from which it was absent. In the six months spent in Australia, we reared a still greater number of species. Indeed when one considers that 4 Mr. Koebele’s work in the United States was practically con- fined to two small areas; that nearly all our material from Aus- tralia was secured in two limited areas in Queensland, while we know that the Dryinidae are common and generally distributed in the tropics and temperate regions alike, and even occur na- turally in Oceanic islands like Hawaii, it is clear that from an insignificant family with few species, this will in time become one ‘of importance, comprising many genera and hosts of species. Particularly in Australia would the student reap a rich harvest, for it must be remembered that we were investigating these in- sects only during six months, and of this time only a fraction was specially devoted to them. - Moreover, most of our work was done in cultivated districts, where cane is grown, or on land periodically burnt over, and greatly changed from its natural conditions, in fact such places as the entomologist bent on pure- ly scientific research would naturally avoid. — It is a remarkable fact that the student, and of course more particularly the col- lector of leaf-hoppers, should so rarely have noticed these para- sites. One would suppose it almost impossible to collect Ho- moptera for a single day and not notice the conspicuous presence of the larval sac of some of the Dryinidae. They are, too, so extremely easy to breed in confinement, even under most un- natural conditions, such as in a small glass vial, that it is sur- prising how few have been recorded as bred. A list of some of the later writings on this family is given be- low, but I have not thought it necessary to refer to those of Westwood, Walker and the old writers. References to these will be found in Ashmead’s Monograph of the North American Proctotrupidae. The latter work I have studied very carefully in drawing up the characters of my new genera, and since most of the North American genera are unknown to me, and Euro- pean material has not been procurable at all, I have been greatly indebted for information concerning these to the Monograph mentioned above, which includes most of the European genera. Since that work was published, Dr. Ashmead has entirely changed his views as to the systematic position of the Dryinidae, placing them now with the true wasps, and altogether apart from the Proctotrupids. I regret that I am not at all able to follow the learned American hymenopterist in his latest views on the classification of the wasps, nor with some of his views as to the structure of certain Dryinidae, nor with his conclusions as to the significance of their chelate tarsi. These points will be discuss- ed below. 5 Since the greater part of this Bulletin was written, we have received a recent paper on the raptorial front legs of the Dryini- dae by Dr. J. J. Kieffer, in which figures and descriptions of these are given. The figures illustrating the present Brlletin will be published later, with those illustrating other leaf-hopper parasites. Lovey Pup astm el TY oR TEND GREER ad vit, Oetry, boety Peer te if i haber GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DRYINIDAE. Pi ei StORY OF ACH LHRODEMPITAX AS. TYPI- GAY OE DTHES DRY INIDAR: When in 1903 for the purpose of distribution in the cane- fields many hundreds of Echthrodelphaxr were kept in a cage with glass sides and large enough to contain a fair-sized growing piant of sugar cane, on which large flocks of the larvae of the cane leaf-hopper were feeding, the habits of the parasite could be studied to great advantage. By having a cage thus well stocked with the parasites, one can insure the fact that at almost any time individuals may be seen in the act of catching their prey. In such a cage, on one occasion, I counted over thirty parasites on a single cane stem each one simultaneously engaged in stinging the young hopper it had seized. | When the hoppers were excreting an abundance of honey-dew, the parasites fed freely on this, but if not, some sweet liquid was supplied in place of it. Without liquid food, in a hot locality the parasites die very quickly, and the cage was freely sprinkled with water each day to advantage. Pairing of the sexes is of short dura- tion and after copulation the male frequently never moves again, and in general dies very quickly. To watch the female para- site stalking, catching and stinging its prey, is a most interesting sight. The prey is sought on foot, for while most of the Dryi- nidae are most active and rapid runners, they are but poor per- formers on the wing. In most of the winged forms, these or- gans are unduly short and in Echthrodelphax serve hardly more than to transport it from one cane plant to another as occasion cemands. As soon as the parasite becomes aware of the pres- ence of its prey, it usually comes to a standstill, while still at a short distance; it assumes a rigid attitude comparable with that af a dog pointing game; the antennae are laid back behind the head ; frequently it sidles round the hopper to gain a more ad- vantageous position for the attack. The hoppers often show manifest uneasiness on the approach of the parasite and they 38 hasten to remove themselves to a distance, as the latter comes toa point. In this case they are again followed up, and the per- formance may be repeated several times. In some cases through too great deliberation in attack the prey is entirely lost, as it moves away into concealment and the parasite fails to trace it up. Deliberate as it often is in making the attack, yet, when made, the stroke is marvelously rapid. So quickly indeed are the front legs thrown out and withdrawn that the hopper, which just now was at a distance, in an instant appears contiguous to the parasite, as if attracted by some unseen force. One pair of pincers usually grips the neck of the prey the other frequently clasps the pair of hind legs in the neighborhood of their long jumping spurs, or the abdomen towards the apex. _ If the hop- per is unusually large and strong compared with its enemy, it not rarely manages to make its leap, and both fall to the ground together. Never however was the latter seen to relinquish its hold on the former. Its prey firmly secured and frequently held more or less crosswise to itself, the parasite now curls round the abdomen and thrusts its sting into the side of the hop- per, beneath one of the wing lobes in the case of Echihrodel- phax, and in various other positions in the case of other para- sites, and the egg is deposited. The laying of the egg is again a very deliberate undertaking and the sting may remain inserted for a couple of minutes or more. Finally the sting is withdrawn, the front leg that grasps the hopper’s neck is extended, the chelae or pincers fly open and the hopper is sometimes roughly jerked to a distance, sometimes more gently deposited on the plant. While grasping the hopper and inserting the sting, the parasite has been seen in some cases to freely use its mandibles on the neck in process of malaxation. After the operation, the victim usually appears weak and dazed, sometimes even lying inert on the ground, but sooner or later and sometimes very quickly, it recovers and starts feeding as if nothing had happen- ed. Occasionally after capture, the prey is released without be- ing stung, and it is probable that hoppers so released have al- ready been stung by an earlier captor. Under unnatural con- ditions, such as in the confinement of a small jar or glass tube, and probably under pressure of hunger, the hoppers are fre- quently killed outright, and to some extent devoured. The posi- tion of insertion of the sting is apparently not always the same, this being sometimes inserted beneath the wing-lobe, and some- times in the ventral side of the body, but the larval sac in either case appears beneath the wing-lobe. After the egg has been 9 deposited, it is not for some time that the characteristic larval sac becomes evident externally. In the case of Hchthrodelphax, I could distinguish the larval sac, having the appearance of a minute transparent vesicle, at the end of four days with the naked eye In the case of a California species of Haplogonato- pus, the period was not less than a week. On ore occasion three cane leaf-hoppers were placed in a large glass jar with the Haplogonatopus, and two of them were seen to be quickly seized and stung. The next day the parasite was removed to another cage. At the end of six days, when the hoppers were examined, no sign of the larval parasite was noted, even with the aid of a weak lens, and it was supposed that they were unaffect- ed. However on the ninth day, when they were again examin- ed, the parasitic larvae were of considerable size, and obvious to the naked eye. The third hopper of the above produced no parasite and probably was not stung. As soon as the larval sac becomes visible, it is usually but a short time, a few days or a week before the larva becomes mature. The length of time no doubt varies somewhat according to the species, and according to climatic conditions. The larva of the Echthrodelphax fairchildii while still attached to the hopper, appears as a small, nearly circular, impressed, black object, adherent to the young leaf-hopper. The latter seems hardly to ‘be inconvenienced by the parasite, remaining as active and plump as the non-parasitized individuals. — It is always the immature hopper that is attacked and a single hopper may sus- tain one or two parasites. They are generally fixed beneath the lobes, which develop into the tegmina or upper wing's, one on each side of the body, if two be present; they are, however, sometimes found beneath the true wings. After a time, however, (always shortly before the full growth of the parasitic larva) the hopper becomes sluggish and then en- tirely stationary. This may happen either shortly before or not till some time after the black shell-like covering or larval sac of the parasite splits by a longitudinal (mediodorsal) fissure and exposes the back of the white maggot within. This tor- pidity of the leaf-hopper and the splitting of the covering of the parasite is the outward sign of a change of habits in the latter (being coincident with a moult and change of form of the para- site). From this time until the hopper dies and the maggot finally quits hold of its prey the sight as examined under a lens forms one of the most repulsive sights that natural history can afford. IO Soon after the splitting of the black covering and the exposure of the white maggot, a conspicuous change takes place in the color of the latter, it becoming pink or reddish. The maggot, which has hitherto fed delicately without doing any vital injury to its host, now proceeds to ingest the contents of the hopper in an indiscriminate manner, and the change in color is clearly due to this. If removed at this time from the hopper it is seen to have very mobile and hard (chitinized) mouth parts, while the thin and collapsed black covering still adheres some distance be- hind the head. Growth is extremely rapid and the simultaneous shrinking of the hopper, as its contents are absorbed by the para- site, enhances this effect. Thus when the splitting of the black covering takes place the hopper may be three or four times the size of the parasite, when the latter is full fed the proportions may be exactly reversed. The removal of the contents of the hopper can be easily seen through parts of the cuticle. Gen- erally early in the proceedings the soft contents of one or both eyes and of the head are seen to be in rapid motion, like a boiling fluid; suddenly all the pigment is removed from one eye (usually the one on the opposite side to the parasite) and it becomes an opaque white spot, then the other is often similarly destroyed, or sometimes both more or less simultaneously. Finally the maggot, when it has finished feeding, withdraws its head, and may then sometimes be seen busily engaged in applying sticky matter from its mouth to its body. Its surface is strongly adhesive and when it quits its prey, it is able (though of course quite legless) to crawl freely over any surface, however smooth. Soon it spins a neat white cocoon, from which it emerges as an active winged insect in about 18 days. GENERAL HABITS OF DigyiN Tp Aaa In Australia, the small apterous forms of the Gonatopus type are essentially attached to the Jassidae and Fulgoridae, that feed on grasses and low herbage, and this was also the case with the many American species sent to Hawai by Mr. Koebele. On the other hand, the Hawaiian apterous species are essentially arboreal, but it must be remembered that in Hawaii practically ali the native Homoptera are attached to forest trees, the few tnat live on grasses being Jassids or Fulgorids almost certainly introduced, the Hawaiian fauna being altogether of a special na- ture. Echthrodelphax is also connected with grass-eating Ful- gorids, or at least with those affecting low plants. The most ee minute species of Neochelogynus attack small graminivorous Jassids. The larval sac of these small robust insects is placed ven- trally on the hopper behind the posterior legs, or on the side of the neck. Most of the species of this genus, however, attack tree Jassids, and the larval sac is attached behind the posterior coxae on the ventral surface of the body. Naturally all these insects are at times met with in the adult state by sweeping grasses, but not in any considerable numbers. The apterous insects of the Gonatopus group can be found in some numbers by special searching about the roots of grasses in Australia, es- peciaily on sandy banks, similar to those on which I used to take Gonatopus. itself in some numbers twenty years ago in Eng- land. The tree-frequenting winged forms are only taken rare- ly and singly, by beating branches of trees or shrubs, even in places where the dryinized hoppers are quite abundant, and where the mature insects can be obtained in numbers by breed- ing. Paranteow no doubt has special habits; for the sluggish hopper, that it affects, forms flocks of greater or less extent, and excreting much honey -dew, is invariably covered with swarms of ants, ‘usually a moderate- eed species of the Formicidae. The Paranteon bears some slight resemblance to the ant in appear- ance, and this resemblance is enhanced by its actions. If a num- ber of the parasites be bred together in a glass vial, they may be seen gathered in pairs, standing sub-erect on their four hind legs, face to face, stroking one another, licking each other’s mouth, soliciting food. Now the ants, that attend the hoppers, themselves behave in similar fashion, and it is most probable that they actually feed the Paranteon, which unless it were on friend- ly terms with the ants could never approach the hoppers to lay its eggs inthese. It is only necessary to touch a twig on which a colony of the hoppers rest, to see how assiduous are the ants in protecting the colony from any interference. Further, it would be interesting to note what happens to the full-grown larva of the parasite, which must emerge from its sac amongst a swarm of carnivorous ants, that are always prepared to kill and carry off any weaker insect, that falls in their way. Most prob- abiy not only are the larvae not harmed by the ants, but they may be carried down by them to their underground nest, and pupate therein. In captivity the larva forms its cocoon well be- neath the soil. All the species of the Dryinidae, which have the front legs abnormally lengthened in the females, when resting, place these in a characteristic position. The knee-joints on either side rise I2 high above the pronotum and often are brought together so as to form a complete angular arch over the thorax. In walking, the abnormally developed claw of the chelae is always folded back on the fifth joint of the tarsus, and is not used except spe- cially for grasping its prey. In the comparatively slender, wing- ed insects of the genera Neodryinus, Paradryinus and Chloro- dryinus, the abdomen of the females is recurved or bent on its apical part, and is always kept in this position when the insects rest, and generally when hunting their prey; and this is also the case with the large apterous Chalcogonatopus. When at rest they have a most extraordinary appearance for they sit sub-erect on their tail (1. e. the recurved apex of the abdomen), supported otherwise by only the two hinder pair of legs, the front pair be- ing hela in the position already described, the tarsi usually some- what inclined, and free from the surface on which the others rest. On the other hand, the slender, winged Echthrodelphax, and the small wingless insects of the Gonatopus group, whether resting or running, hold the body segements straight, and only in the act of stinging their prey are these bent or recurved. The short-legged, stout insects with large stigma to the front wings naturally do not exhibit the peculiarities that are shown by the species of the above named genera. Many of them, moreover, seem to be better endowed with powers of flight, the sexual disparity is much less, the males are more hardy, and, in the case of Paranteon at least, copulation may take place many times, in striking contrast with the feeble male of Echthrodel- phax, which frequently drops dead within a few minutes after the act. Although in some cases a species of the Dryinidae will attack more than one species of leaf-hopper, and indeed sometimes parasitizes species of different genera, yet in the latter case these genera always belong to the same group of hoppers. In no case have we ever found one to attack a Jassid or Fulgorid indis- criminately. Indeed from a study of structure we should sup- pose such a case to be impossible. Riley however is said to have bred Labeo typhlocybae from a Typholocyba, whereas this species of which the female was described as Dryinus ormenidis, is well known to be a common parasite of the Fulgorid genus Ormenis, and it might be well to confirm Riley’s unique instance. Also in need of confirmation is Lichtenstein’s Gonatopus ptino- rum, said to be parasite on the beetle Ptinus fur. Like other parasitic Hymenoptera some of the Dryinidae are r3 able to reproduce their kind parthenogenetically, and probably frequently do so in a state of nature. In one case that was noticed, that of a species of Pseudogonatopus, of the offspring thus produced only one in forty was of the male sex. THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF DRYINIDAE. The parasites of the group now under consideration have un- til lately been considered as more or less rare insects, and there- fore it is of interest to consider the extent of their economic value. A fairly true estimate of this value can be made by carefully watching some common species of leaf-hopper, which is subject to their attacks, over a considerable period of time. It must be understood that the following remarks apply to species, which are found in countries where the winters are not cold enough to put a cessation to insect activity. If we keep watch on a species of hopper from the time when its numbers are at a minimum, it will usually be observed that the individuals become more and more numerous with each generation. At first the parasite is also very scarce, or for a time may not be observed at all, but it likewise increases in number with the increase of the hopper, so that both frequently attain their greatest abundance at the same time. In the case of a common Australian species of grass eating Liburnia and the Pseudogonatopus parasitic on it, which were observed for about three consecutive months, the visibly parasitized individuals, when the hoppers were most abundant, amounted to as high as. 50 per cent of the whole. Many individual hoppers carried two to four, some even six parasites. Adults and all the earlier instars were attacked alike. This statement however would give a very inaccurate idea of the true value of the parasite. Firstly, many of the apparently sound hoppers were affected by the parasite, which had not yet shown externally; secondly, an enormous proportion of them were in the young stages and incapable of breeding, and, for days or weeks to come; were liable to be parasitized before they could reach maturity. It will not therefore be surprising to learn that a few weeks after the parasites were at their maximum, the hoppers from their numerical maximum fell suddenly away to a minimum, being represented, in places where they had swarmed previously, by only scattered specimens. It might have been expected that now the parasite wou!'d have been swarming in the locality, where so many dryinized hoppers had lately existed, the more so as, on account of their 14 wingless condition, they would not be likely to stray far away from their birth place. This however was not the case, for just as the parasite reaches its maximum in numbers, at the same time as the hopper, so do the hyperparasites at the same time as the parasite. When the Pseudogonatopus was at its greaest tumbers, the hyperparasites were noticed in the field in con- siderably greater numbers still. Of course it must also be re- membered that in many cases the destruction done by the Dryi- rid parasite is supplemented by the work of other parasitic or predaceous insects. With the most successful hoppers (by which 1 mean those, which are most numerous in individuals), it would appear that at their numerical maximum, they exhibit signs of becoming a highly destructive pest, but just at this point (at any rate in normal seasons), they suddenly,/owing to the attacks of parasites or predators, fall away to about their numerical minimum, To take another instance, a common species of Siphanta was cbserved in numbers in Northern Queensland in various locali- ties, but not so numerously as a rule as to be considered injuri- cus to any considerable extent. On the other hand, under un- natural conditions, it showed itself capable of doing the greatest damage, for an isolated colony established on a bush in the town of Cairns where its natural enemies had little chance of finding it, had so injured the bush that the owner cut away and destroy- ed a large portion of it. At Townsville, on an isolated row of trees, the same species had evidently increased to great num- bers prior to our visit, as could be easily seen by the appearance of the affected trees, and the empty larval skins of the Siphanta. In this case, however, the parasites had already discovered their prey, and we saw few of the latter, but the cocoons, mostly empty, of a Neodryinus were so numerous, that as many as 32 were picked off a single fig-leaf! Egg parasites were also at work on the few patches of eggs that we found. Indeed in most cases, it will no doubt be found that the work of the Dryinidae, admirable as it is, to a greater or less extent is supplemented by that of other predaceous and parasitic insects. In fighting a leaf- hopper pest by the importation of parasites or predators, it will no doubt be generally found necessary to make a selection of carefully chosen enemies rather than to rely on a single specific enemy, though the latter might in some cases be perfectly suc- cessful, provided its hyperparasites be carefully excluded and that none likely to attack it already exist in the country to which it is imported. T5 How hardly the Dryinid parasites are at times pressed by their various hyperparasites, we often observed. To cite one instance, from about fifty cocoons of several species of parasites, obtained from grass-eating Liburniae at Redlynch near Cairns, one soli- tary male Echthrodelphax alone emerged, all the rest being ayperparasitized, and similar observations were made in several localities. In estimating the value of the Dryinidae we should note the fact that, so far as is known, a dryinized leaf-hopper may be counted as a dead hopper. In no case is it probable that it would be capable of reproduction after being stung by the para- site, and usually it dies at the moment of emergence of the larva cf the latter. In one instance a very large nymph of a Siphanta, bearing a larva of a Paradryinus, after the latter left it, had suff- cient strength to moult, and produced a crippled mature insect, which quickly died; but this case was quite unique. Nymphs of leaf-hoppers bearing a parasite never attempt to moult. On the other hand, where a Dryinid attacks mature leaf-hoppers, these niay of course have already deposited their eggs, but such cases are probably few. MATURE. LARVAE: OF: DRYINIDAE. On leaving the host, the full-grown larva* is of elongate-ovate form, pointed anteriorly when extended, the anterior segments being much narrower than the posterior, the head more or less retractile and like the mouth parts, usually very mobile. The cuticle is microscopically rugulose or corrugated, sometimes quite bare as in some Neodryinus and Paradryinus, but in Pseudo- gonatopus (at least in some species), there are several longitu- dinal rows of very short and widely separated bristles and a row of latero-subventral ones on each side are more developed, placed on tubercles more developed than the others. In Neoche- logynus destructor the segments are circularly ridged and the ridges set with minute tubercles placed close together, each tubercle bearing a longish hair. The chitinization of the head varies in different genera or species, but conspicuous always are the large mandibles. In some Neodryinus and Paradryinus these appear to have an oblique cutting edge, which is crenulate or denticulate. In Neochelogynus tley appear to be simple and simply pointed at *The larva of Gonatopus has been fully described by Mik (see bibliographic list. 16 the apex, and at rest the tips pass one another. The upper lip or labrum is very broadly rounded or truncate at the apex and there ciliated, and often the mandibles are largely concealed be- neath it. The lower lip apically is usually strongly bent upwards at an angle with the lower surface of the head. The mouth opening is large and only partially closed by the large mandibles and the maxillae, which lie beneath them. There is a single- jointed (faint indications of a secondary division may sometimes be noticed) maxillary palp, bearing a few microscopical hairs at its apex, Or sometimes One more conspicuous spinose hair and some shorter ones. The head is sparingly set with hairs or bristles which differ with the species, and these distinctions pos- sibly yield characters of generic importance. All the larvae known are very active and most of them crawl about quickly on their emergence from the sac, in search of a proper place for spinning their cocoons. Some however like Neodryinus pupate on, or close to, the spot at which they issue from the host. They show many differences in colour, according to the species, the majority being white or pinkish. Some how- ever are brown and others light green. It is noteworthy that a light green larva may issue from the sac on a brown coloured Jassid, while another species from a light green Jassid may not be green at all. These cotour distinctions are, [ believe, constant {Of a SPECIES. COCOONS OF DRYINIDAE. The larvae of all the known species spin a compact silken cocoon, which often consists of two parts, an inner adapted to the form of the larva and an outer and wider covering. The spe- cies of Neodryinus further elaborate this by fixing over it a roof, formed of the greater part of the larval sac. Many of the cocoons are highly characteristic of the genus or species, and though in some the details of shape, etc., are not absolutely constant, yet in many cases the species can be immediately distinguished by an examination of the cocoons, provided that these are formed on similar substances. When found on very different surfaces there may naturally be considerable difference exhibited by cocoons even of one species. The cocoon of Paradryinus is elongate and cylindrical and often found on the surface of green leaves. Un- der these conditions the cocoon of P. threnodes is densely stud- ded with round patches of epidermis stripped off from the leaf surface; that of P. koebelei is less densely covered, with more 17 elongated fragments; while P. venator also uses roundish frag- ments, but the cocoon is more carinated. The cocoon of Chlorodryinus is long, narrow and cylindrical and no fragments of leaf substance are woven into the surface. That of Neodryinus is ovate and the upper and lower walls of the marginal part are strengthened with great numbers of verti- cal pillars, In addition as above mentioned, the larger part of tlie ruptured larval sac is removed from the hopper and attached as a roof over the cocoon. This sac being of the usual circular form, when ruptured by the escaping larva, gapes open like a bivalve shell, as do those of all other Dryinidae known to us. These two valves are stretched wide open over its cocoon by the mature Neodryinus larva, and so fastened, the whole forming a subovate or subreniform roof over just so much of the whole cocoon as covers the insect within. Of what use to the genus this extra shelter may ‘be, we cannot conjecture. It certainly does not make the cocoon less conspicuous, as do the fragments from the surface on which it pupates that of Paradryinus, nor yet does it keep out the spores of fungi to which both genera and some others are very liable. All the known hyperparasites attack the larva before the cocoon is made and not afterwards, so they do not enter into the question. The cocoons of the short-legged genera, with large ovate stigma to the front wings are almost certainly under natural conditions subterranean. They are of shorter, wider form than those of the more highly evoluted group of genera; in fact, often nearly round, and are covered with particles of the soil or debris amongst which they are formed, so as to be most difficult to detect by sight. PARA SAC Ob. DRYLNIDAE, The larval sac of the Dryinidae is of circular form, the sides being more or less compressed according to the species. The colour is frequently uniform, but in some species it is more or less, or even conspicuously, variegated. Towards the point of attachment the surface is often nearly smooth and sometimes shining, but externally more or less rugulosely sculptured. This sculpture is sometimes so well-marked and the pattern so regu- lar, that under a strong lens the surface of the sac presents a really beautiful appearance. In some species the externai rugu- lose portion bears short, stiff, erect, bristles. The larval sac 1s formed of the skin of the curled up larva together with one or 18 more of the adherent skins of its earlier ecdyses. After a care- ful examination of the sacs of a large number of species, it would appear that the full number of larval moults is four (or possibly even five) but in some species the number may be reduced. At least in the case of a species of Neodryinus that was most closely investigated the number of ecdyses cannot be less than four (in- cluding that from larval to pupal condition) as is evident from an examination of the sac. In this genus the sac is partially removed to form a cover for the cocoon when the larva leaves its host. This cover is subovate or reniform and consists of two distinct larval skins attached to one another, longitudinally fis- sured at the moults and spread out valve-like, the smaller sur- rounded by the larger. Each of these skins is pierced by nine spiracles of which one (at the one end of the series) is indistinct in the larger skin. Besides these, one still smaller skin is left beneath the wing-lobe of the host and this is also distinctly pierced by a series of spiracles. It is possible that there is yet another smaller skin more internally placed, though this was not observed. Therefore there are at least four and possibly five moults in this species. POSTMON, OF VTE SEAR VAL SANG In dryinized Homoptera there is great diversity in the posi- tion of the larval sac. The position may vary in the case of ¢ single species, or in different species of a genus, or it may be absolutely constant, and not only in a species, but apparently in all the species of a genus. In most of the species of Neochelogynus the larval sac is ventral, and lies immediately behind the posterior coxa; in N. coriaceus, however, it is placed at the side of the neck. In Faranteon the larval sac is placed either dorsally or ventrally on any abdominal segment, as many as six or eight on a single indi- vidual; more rarely it has been found beneath the thorax, at the insertion of the hind coxae or on the prothorax laterally or be- neath. In Pseudogonatopus the sac is always dorsal or dorso- lateral on the abdomen and several sacs may be found on one Lelphacid. In P. stenocrani on the nymph of Stenocranus dor- salis the sac stands up erect like a wheel in the middle line be- tween the wing-pads, giving it a most extraordinary appearance. All the species of Echthrodelphax, Paradryinus, Thaumato- dryinus and Neodryinus have the larval sac placed beneath one 9 or the other wing lobe without variation. In Eukoebelcia, the sacs are abdominal, variously placed, often several on one host. ABNORMAL LENGTH: OF TIME SPENT IN. THE COCOON-: Considering the whole number of species of Dryinidae known to us, the average length of time spent from the period of spin- ning the cocoon to the emergence of the mature insect, would be from two to five weeks. Consequently as the egg state and the larval stages are known to be of short duration, many gen- erations can be produced in a year. There comes a time how- ever when, owing to the absence of the host in a suitable stage of development for the parasite that attacks it, or for other reasons, the Dryinid itself has to assume a lengthy resting period. So far as our observations go, this resting stage in the case of the parasite always takes place when the larva has spun its cocoon and before pupation. No doubt in countries witii cold winters many pass the winter months in this stage; and in warm countries this quiescent condition is liable to be assumed at any season. During the summer months in Hawaii, occa- sional larvae of Echthrodelphax assume this torpidity in the cocoon, remaining in this condition for months, though per- fectly healthy; and in some of the winter months the number that remain as larvae, when others (collected at the same time aud treated in the same manner) emerge after the usual period, Ivay amount to not less than 25 per cent. There is reason to sup- pose that not only a lowering of temperature, but that dryness even with increased temperature, may in some cases cause this torpidity. About 2,000 cocoons of Dryinus, sent to Hawaii from North America by Mr. Koebele, in the early part of November, produced in Honolulu two males a few weeks after arrival, and one male a month after these. The rest remained as torpid and shrunken larvae in the cocoons for five months after they had been collected. They were then taken to a cooler and damper locality, and all that were not killed by hyperparasites produced mature insects of both sexes in a short time. A number of curi- ous cases were noticed in Queensland. For example, a larva of a Paradryinus that spun up on Oct. Ist, was still in the larval state, and, as evidenced by occasional movement, alive on Dec. 12th, though much shrunken. It was then killed and preserved. Larvae of this same Paradryinus that formed their cocoons in 20 numbers on Noy, 22nd, had all emerged as perfect insects before Dec. 12th. The cause of the retardation in development is not clear in this case, but that it may under certain conditions be of an advantage to the species is evident. This would especially be the case in a country subject to long droughts, when vegeta- tion of many kinds is dried up for long periods together, during which the hosts of these parasites must almost cease to exist in a proper stage of development for their attack. It may also be of use against the attack of hyperparasites, if, as it appears, these have not the same habit of lying dormant, except of course dur- ing winter in cold countries. COMPARATIVE. STUDY (OF, GENERIC ChlAR ACT His OF DRYINIDAE. (a). The Mouth-parts. The mouth-parts have-been largely used in the classification of the Dryinidae by other writers, and they are largely employed in this paper for generic differentiation, as I am convinced ot their importance. Obviously the series of genera here consid- ered may be divided into two groups (1) those with short maxil- lary palpi, always less than 6-jointed, and two-jointed labial palpi; (2) those with long or moderately long 6-jointed maxillary palpi, aud with three-jointed labial palpi. If however, the number of joints of the palpi in several genera (not accessible to me) as given by Ashmead is correct, then this division will no longer be of the natural character it appears to be, when based on the species and genera herewith described. The only case where it niay be necessary to reconsider the generic value of the number of joints in the maxillary palpi is that of Gonatopus (if indeed my species is truly that genus) and Neogonatopus. Excepting in the number of these joints, G. australiae and N. dubiosus are practically identical, and might be the same species; but in all other cases, where I have used them to distinguish allied genera, the maxillary palpi are essentially different. The maxillary palpi in the Dryinidae are from two-jointed to six-jointed. In all the genera with narrow elongate stigma to the front wings and with perfectly chelate, long front legs, these palpi consist of a basal part and an apical, distinguished by a natural geniculation at their meeting. The basal part consists of one or two joints; it two-jointed, the first is extremely short and sometimes even 21 obscure. As however it is'so certainly homologous in all genera, tiough better developed in some than in others, it must certainly be counted in all where visibly present, or in none. It appears to me after a comparative study of the base of the palpi in other Hymenoptera, that what I here count as the basal jeint is sometimes considered a true joint by authors, sometimes as a ‘palpiger’ or process of the maxilla. In the Dryinidae in many forms there can be no doubt that it is a true moveable joint (as can easily be seen by watching a species under the microscope, as li recovers from narcosis), and I must repeat that it is obviously homologous throughout all those genera, in which it can be at all aistinguished. I have drawn the palpi of most of the genera with the aid of the camera lucida to show the basal joints, but owing to our isolation these figures cannot be reproduced before the final part of this Bulletin is completed. I may add that it does not appear that the validity of any of the genera described by me would be affected in any case. Thus it is true that leaving out this basal joint my Chalcogonatopus would have 5-jointed max- iilary palps, which is said to be the character of Gonatopus proper, but then the latter has 2-jointed, the former three-jointed labial palpi. In Paragonatopus, Haplogonatopus and Epigonatopus only, this short basal joint is apparently absent; and there is there- fore only a single joint before the geniculation in these genera; which also agree in having only a single elongate apical one Leyond the geniculation. The less specialized forms with large ovate stigma Paranteon, Prosanteon and Neochelogynus agree in having six-jointed max- illary palpi, as also do Neodryinus, Chlorodryinus and Paradryi- nus; and all these genera have three-jointed labial palpi. With these latter genera, and in my opinion related to Neodryinus, though apterous, and with the thoracic structure of Gonatopus, must be included Chalcogonatopus, with its similar labial and inaxillary palpi. On the other hand, Echthrodelphax with its short maxillary and labial palpi resembles Pseudogonatopus and is obviously allied to this. Indeed [ should consider that the latter and the allied apterous genera have been derived from some such form as the Australian Echthrodelphax, while Chal- cogonatopus has arrived at a similar general structure, quite independently, from some such form as the Australian Neodryi- nus; the apterous condition having been accompanied with simi- lar and remarkable changes in the thorax in each case. 22 The mandibles in all the species examined by me are triden- tate or quadridentate. The genera with largely stigmated wings have the mandibles 4-dentate in both sexes alike, but excepting the anomalous Eukocbeleia, all the others, where the sexes are known, have 4-dentate mandibles in the female, 3-dentate in the male. Tabulating these results, we find: A. Mandibles of male and female with four teeth; maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial palpi three-jointed............. Bashi oR Sa scoala 8) Neochelogynus, Prosanteon, Paranteon. B. Mandibles of male 3-dentate; of female 4-dentate, maxil- lary palpi, 6-jointed, labial three-jointed............. 5 aes AS be Sop tse eee Ae Neodryinus, Paradryinus, Chlorodry- imus (probably Thauwmatodryinus, and Chalcogonatopus. C. Mandibles of male 3-dentate; of female four-dentate; max- illary palpi less than six-jointed; labial palpi 2-jointed. SOc eir'ala. ey € pb tc ae Leet BARR AS ara nas ae Tine . Pseudo gona- topus, Paragonatopus, Haplogonatopus, Gonatopus, Neogonatopus, Pachygonatopus and Echthrodelphax So far as the Australian, American and Hawaiian material at my disposal is concerned, this is a quite natural division or classi- fication of the genera, but the characters given by Ashmead for others, which I have not seen, will, if correct, upset this most natural arrangement. Thus the largely-stigmated genera Anteon and Chelogynus would, one would have expected» have three- jointed labial palpi and 6-jointed maxillary. In Dryinus with its 6-jointed maxillary palpi one would look for 3-jointed labial palps, like Neodryinus; and in fact Dryinus ormenidis Ashm. has them so, as well as quadridentate mandibles, and therefore does not enter the genus Dryinus at all as characterized in the Monograph of the N. A. Proctotrypidae,. Unfortunately I have not been able to investigate the males of many genera, but all those examined by me resemble the females in the number of joints of the labial and maxillary palpi, though frequently differing somewhat in the character of these joints. Should it prove that the males in the difficult series of forms resembling Gonatopus always agree with their females in palpal characters, their separation will be greatly facilitated. (b). The thoracic segments. If we take one of the more primitive chelate forms such as Neochelogynus and Paranteon the thorax does not present any 23 striking peculiarities. The pronotum varies in length, but its hind angles always attain the tegulae; the usual divisions remain distinct, with well defined sutures. The thorax of the males throughout the whole family in general resembles that of these emales. That the males should remain in this comparatively primitive condition may“at first sight seem anomalous, but it is not really so, when one considers that the great modification ot parts in the females of the highly evoluted forms is obviously entirely in connection with the habit of seizing and holding their prey, and not in any way due to sexual causes, such as would influence the other sex. Turning to one of the most specialized winged forms, such as Neodryinus, we observe profound modifications of the tho:ax and of the front legs, the latter being lengthened in all their parts in a highly abnormal manner. The pronotum is remark- ably elongate and further extension forwards (even to an increase ci one-third the total length) is given by the development and dorsal position of other of the prothoracic elements. The prono- tum itself is much narrowed behind and unusually mobile, but in spite of its great length the posterolateral angles fail to reach. and are often very remote from the tegulae. In the apterous forms such as Pseudogonatopus the thoracic sclerites attain the greatest modification of all. Here the meso- notum is reduced to a small narrow bridge between the prono- tum and propodeum. Ashmead (Mon. Proct. p. 82) evidently inistook the pronotum of Gonatopus for the mesonotum, when he says “the latter’ (i. e. mesothorax) “elongate and humped at the middle and separated from the metathorax by a strong constriction.” This strong constriction is the mesonotum itself; and the great sclerite in front of it (often separated by an im- ression into two lobes) as is easily seen by comparing it with Neodryinus and other winged genera, is the mobile pronotum. The small, narrow, true mesonotum is usually without division, but in some forms of these apterous insects there is a very dis- tinct posterior or scutellar division; and in some cases the meso- notum and its scutellum can easily be removed entire from the pronotum and propodeum. In some of these apterous forms, tle lateral and sternal elements of the mesonotum become en- tirely fused with the propodeum, and no sutures at all remain by which the divisions may be distinguished. (c). The raptorial front legs. If we exclude a few genera of comparatively unspecialized, or 24 primitive form, the most striking character of the Dryinidae is the remarkable raptorial front tarsi of the females. These con- sist of the usual five joints, of which the fifth is always (and gen- erally very greatly )abnormal, and together with one of the claws, which is always extraordinarily developed, forms a seizing and kolding apparatus somewhat similar to that of a lobster’s ‘claw.’ In most of the forms one or two preceding joints are likewise somewhat modified, being more or less produced at the base be- neath into a lamellate process. In two of the genera here characterized) Prosanteon and Pa- ranteon, the chelae are in their least specialized form, and the fifth tarsal joint is hardly abnormal, except that at the base it extends beneath the short preceding joint, and that the vestiture is somewhat modified. The strongly curved claw is simple, ex- cept for a tooth or angulation at or near the base beneath, and at rest is folded back on the fifth joint. In all the genera with chelate tarsi the pulvillus is well-devel- oped, the second claw is either quite small, or apparently in many forms altogether wanting; the great chelar claw being always folded back on the fifth tarsal joint when the insect walks o: rests, and only extended when it is in the act of seizing the piey. In Neochelogynus the chelae have advanced a stage in devel- opment. Not only is the armature or vestiture of the fifth joint often more perfect, but the point of articulation of the fourth has advanced far along the fifth, to almost, or beyond, the mid- dle of the whole length of this joint. In consequence of this change in the point of articulation, the chelae are somewhat moveable, though still incapable of perfect forward extension. The claw of the chelae remains of the same form as in the just named genera. In the higher genera the chelae are far more perfect. The articulation of the fourth is pushed forward nearly to the apex of the greatly elongated fifth, which lies beneath it when at rest; or, expressed in another way, there may be said to be a long free basal backward process to the fifth, the extremity of which forms with the tip of the developed claw the apex of the chelae, when these are extended. Thus when the chelae are in action the apparent apex of the fifth tarsal joint is morphologically its extreme base. In all the higher forms dealt with in this paper the fifth tarsal joint, though differing in minor details, is in most respects simi- lar. It is bent and somewhat dilated at its basal free extremity 25 and there very densely armed with the curious lamellate denti- cles or spines, which are so striking a character of the chelae generally. Its articulation with the fourth is of such a character as to afford extreme mobility and there is also an extremely per- fect articulation between it and the great claw, allowing the most rapid closing and opening of this claw. The claw itself, forming the one-half of the chelae, is worthy of careful study. In Pseudogonatopus, Paragonatopus and Haplogonatopus, of the apterous forms, it is, except for the bent tip, nearly straight and sub-parallel-sided, and always well armed with the lamellate denticles beneath. It has always in addi- tion a minute, but quite distinct, tooth on its lower side, very close to the tip. In Gonatopus, Neogonatopus Epigonatopus, Pachygonato- pus and Chalcogonatopus on the other hand, this claw is more curved, subdilated basally, with its lower edge on that part sharp and slightly convexly curved and the lamellate denticles are alto- gether absent or very inconspicuous and ill-developed. Echthrodelphax, Neodryinus, Paradryinus, Chlorodryinus and Thaumatodryinus in all essential. respects resemble Pseudo- gonatopus and the two allied apterous genera. Thus the genera with chelate tarsi form three groups: (1). The chelae imperfectly extensile, the claw strong and nearly evenly curved, the lower edge nearly evenly concave; not armed beneath, except sometimes with a basal angulation or projection carrying a seta. The surface of the claw has a micros- copic, longitudinal rugulose sculpture. (2)) Lhe chelae are perfectly extensile, the claw is long, siender and less evenly curved, the curvature being chiefly on the apical third or half. The claw is subdilated basally, its lower edge not forming an even curve, but it is sightly convexly round- ed on the basal half; lamellate denticles are altogether wanting or are very few and ill developed and more like mere setae, and there is no distinct microscopic tooth close to the apex. An almost imperceptible angulation is sometimes seen further back from the apex of the claw under strong magnification. (3). The chelae are perfectly extensiice; the claw long and slender and well armed beneath with lamellate denticles and with a small but quite distinct tooth near the apex; it is nearly straight and parallel-sided except that the tip is bent, and its lower margin on the basal half is not at all convexly curved, nor is the claw on that part subdilated. Of the species considered in this paper the only real exception 26 to the above division is the remarkable new form called Eukoe- beleia. This might form a separate division, having the chelar claw more curved, and armed apparently rather with serrations beneath, than with the ordinary lamellate structures, while the modified fifth tarsal joint also utterly lacks the usual armature and instead of being dilated at the extremity of its process is here narrowed into a curved hook. As any one acquainted with the structure of the Dryimida- might guess from the abnormal character of this insect, its host is of a very special form, being none other than the anomalous Lruchomor pha. Returning to the three primary divisions, it should be remark- ed that under the first are included all the forms with short, stout front legs and with large ovate stigma to the front wings and all the many species bred are absolutely confined to leaf- hoppers of the Jassid family, whether arboreal or subterrestrial. Under the second are included only apterous species of Gona- topus and the four genera named above in connection with it, and all these are parasitic on Jassids, whether arboreal or sub- terrestrial. he third, comprises all the other genera, of all of which we lave bred species, and these are attached solely to Fulgorid leaf- hoppers either arboreal, or subterrestrial (i. e. eraminiyorous), It is interesting to note that the first division which consists of the most primitive forms of Dryinidae are attached only to the less specialized Jassidae, while the varied and highly evo- luted forms included under the third are restricted to the highly specialized Fulgoridae, the second section containing compara- tively a few hhiety evoluted but always apterous forms that stili remain attached to the Jassidae. Further it will be noted that\ the chelar claw of the first and second divisions comprising para- sites of Jassids only, is always of different form and differently armed from those of the third, which are parasites of lulgorids. and as far as our researches go, a Jassid parasite can immediately be distinguished from that of a Fulgorid by an examination of the claw alone. THE, NAFURAL POSITION OF THE DRYINIDAE. The Dryinidae are treated by Ashmead in his later classifica- tions as a sub-family of the Bethylidae, the latter being included in the super-family Vespoidea. In placing the insects in the Aculeate series he reverts to Haliday’s classification of 18309, 27 while in his Monograph of the North American Proctotrupidae (1893) he agreed with Westwood and Forster in placing them in the Proctotrupids, seeing a relationship with the Ceraphro- ninae, which are still left in the Proctotrupidae. The super-family Vespoidea of Ashmead appears to me an unnatural assemblage of forms, and by no means comparable with, or equivalent to, the very natural series comprised under the Apoidea and Sphegoidea. It is very doubtful whether the old classification into Anthophila, Fossores and Diploptera ts any way improved by the severance of one main division of the Fossores and by its addition to the Diploptera, to which are also added the Bethylidae, Dryinidae and Chrysididae, etc., to form a super-family. If we examine the characters laid down for the separation of the super-family Vespoidea, we find that this depends on the fact of the “pronotum extending back to the tegulae, or the lattemabsent. (Yet in great numbers of winged female Dryinids the pronotum does not extend back to these, and in great num- bers of the Chrysididae the hind angles of the pronotum not only do not attain, but are quite remarkably distant from, the tegulae. As therefore the Bethylidae (incl. Dryinidae) and the Chrysi- didae do not fall naturally into one great super-family with the Vespidae, and can only be placed therein by disregarding the characters assigned to the Vespoidea, it seems to me better to recognize this fact. Of course by employing alternatives, such as the character of the abdominal segments, etc., for the Chrysi- didae and the chelate tarsi of the Dryinidae, these families might be made to fit in the Vespoid series, or anywhere else for that matter, yet such a procedure will hardly carry conviction to the najority of hymenopterists. To me the Dryinidae together with the allied Bethylidae and the small and little known sub-family Emboleminae* of Ash- mead (which may probably be merged in one or other of these) constitute a natural group, synthetic between the old Fossorial series of the Aculeata and the true Proctotrupidae; while the Chrysididae also constitute a group apart, which cannot be rightly merged in the Bethylid series, nor yet in the Aculeata. Dr. Aeihinean considers the Dryinidae as “evidently an ancient phylogenetic type of the order, the chelate anterior tarsi in the * My knowledge of this sub-family is acquired from Ashmead ’s standard work on the Proctotrupids of North America, and from an undescribed insect which I refer to this group, though its structures will necessitate changes in the characters assigned to the Emboleminae. The larva is an external parasite of small crickets of the genus Trigonidium or allied forms, and like the Dryinidae leaves the several larval skins behind, as a ruptured sac, after the penultimate larval ecdysis. 28 females being found in no other group afong the Hymenoptera” (Mon. N. A. Proct. p. 81). I am unable to see in what possible way the remarkable and highly evoluted form of the front legs can in any way affect this matter, for, surely, it has no phyloge- netic significance, being in no way homologous with the chelate legs of other orders of insects. Moreover, in existing species oi the Dryinidae we can clearly see how the highly modified chelate tarsus of such a form as Dryinus or Gonatopus has arisen within the limits of the family from the simple non-chelate tarsus of such a form as Aphelopus. It is from these simple forms that the affinities of the Dryinidae must be judged, SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE DRYINIDAE. The following list comprises all the species specially consid- ered in this paper, and I may add that the species first described in each new genus is to ‘be considered as the type of that genus. It will be observed that the generic characters are all drawn up from female examples, although I have added a short table oi characters that distinguish the males in a considerable num- ber of genera. Similarly in only a few cases are the males of the various species described, in fact only in those cases, where there is no doubt whatever that they are rightly assigned to their partners. Where one sex only is described, it is always the female; where both sexes are described, that of the male always follows the description of the female. Had I cared to describe males, which cannot at present be certainly associated with their females, the list of new species would have been greatly increas- ed, but it would have served no useful purpose to do this, since in many cases the males of species, most distinct in the other sex, are hardly separable specifically. In the list, all species marked with an asterisk have had the mouth parts dissected and examined in balsam; others have had them, totally or partially dissected out, and examined dry; while some from their very close relationship to other species I have not thought it necessary to examine thus minutely. PSEUDOGONATOPUS, g. nov. P. -kurandae,’ sp: nov.” 6... P. americanus, sp. nov:* P. juncetorum, sp. nov. 7. 1 sOpaACS, SP. .HOV, P. palustris, sp. nov.* 8. P. stenocrani, sp. nov.* P. saccharetorum, sp. nov. var, dubiosus, var. nov, P. dichromus, sp. novy.* CaaS Conia 1: 22. 23. as a. 20. 27. 28. 30. 21. A ZZ, Z cones ZZ 29 HAREOGONATORUS, -s. -nov, apicalis, sp. nov.* It. H. americafius; sp. nov.” moestus, sp. nOv. PARAGONATOPUS, g. nov. . nigricans, sp. nov.* GONATOPUS Ljung. . australiae, sp. nov.* NEOGONATOPUS, g. nov. . ombrodes, sp. nov.* 18. N. dubiosus, sp. nov. . erythrodes, sp. nov.* 109. N. brunnescens, sp. nov. . obscurissimus, sp. nov. 20. 'N. pallidiceps, sp. nov. . pulcherrimus, sp. nov. EPIGONATOPUS, .¢. nov. . solitarius, sp. nov.* PACH YGONATOPUS,. gen.” nov: . melanias, sp. nov.* CHALEOGONALOPUS, :g. nov. . gigas, sp. nov.* 25. ©. decoratus; sp, nov. . optabilis, sp. nov.* EUGONATOPUS, subg. nov. . pseudochromus, sp. nov.* ECE ERODEILPHAX,, Perk. »fainchildit; Perk.* 29. E. bifasciatus, sp. nov. . nigricollis, sp. nov. AUMWALE 2 . koebelei, sp. nov.* 32. N. raptor, sp. nov. nelsoni, sp. nov. var. umbrata, var. nov. AO. Al. 52. 53: ae ilao} ino) ZZ ZZ A, rg ie 30 PARADE VEN S; se." 10. . koebelei, sp. nov.* 36. P. gigas, sp. nov. . venator, sp. nov.* 37. P. leptias, sp. nov. . threnodes, sp. nov. 38. P. varipes, sp. nov. CHLORODRYINUS, g. nov. . pallidus, sp. nov. THAUMATO-DRYINUS, g. nov. . koebelei, sp. nov. EFUKOEBELEIA, gen. nov. . mirabilis, sp. nov.* NE OCHELOGYNUSs 2. nove . typicus, sp. nov. Avs WN. destructor isp. mov.* . nitidus, sp. nov. 48. N. cognatus, sp. nov. . lelosomus, sp. nov. 49. N. parvulus, sp. nov. . dimidiatus, sp. nov. 50. N. coriaceus, sp. nov. . nigricornis, sp. nov.* 51. 'N. pallidicornis, sp. nov. PROSANTEON, 2) nom . chelogynoides, sp. nov.* PARANTEON, g¢: nov. myrmecophilus, sp. nov.* SYNOPSIS OF GENERATOR SDRYINEDAE, (41) Tarsi of front legs with the fifth joint always more or less modified and with one claw greatly developed and capable of closing back-on the fifth joint, so as (18) Mesonotum forming a narrow bridge or stalk between the large pronotum and propodeum. Species wing- Females. to form more or less perfect chelae or pincers. less. 31 (4) Maxillary palpi 5-jointed........ Gonatopus Ljungh. (3) Maxillary palpi not 5-jointed. (10) Chelar claw armed conspicuously with special denti- cles similar to those on the fifth tarsal joint be- neath, its lower margin nearly strai®@ht on the basal half, not with a sharp subconvex edge. 6. (9g) Pronotum with a conspicuous transverse impression before the middle, dividing it into a shorter anterior and longer posterior lobe. PE 7.31 (8))-Maxallary palpi.4-jointed. ......0% Pseudo gonatopus egy Maxillary palpr 2-jointed.. . ........340% Paragonato pus. g. (6) Pronotum without a distinct transverse impression (maxillary palpi 2-jointed)......- Haplogonatopus. 10. (5) Chelar claw more curved, usually with few or no denti- cles beneath, or at most with very inconspicuous ones, which are absent from the apical part, the lower edge on the more basal part slightly con- vexly curved, so that the claw is much less parallel- sided than that of the preceding three genera. (16) Maxillary palpi not 6-jointed. 12. (15) Anterior trochanters very long, with a longish thin basal stalk; head above very distinctly concave from eye to eye. ta: (14) 5-Maxillary, palpi 4-jointed.:..... 0... 025. Neogonatopus. ee(iaje Maxillary palpi 2=;OImted <6 cies, be Epigonatopus. 15. (12) Anterior trochanters stout, not very elongate, widen- ing from the base, so that there is no long narrow basal portion; head above not distinctly concave from eye to eye. (Maxillary palpi 3-jointed, the basal excessively small).......... Pachygonatopus. hows (tl) +, Maxillary palpi O-jomted:... 0.5... Chalco gonatopus. i7-a. (17-b.) A distinct suture or impression extending for- wards from the middle eoxae and dividing the pro- podeum from the mesothoracic elements......... aE eet OiD olee: athe ed ot i Chalcogonatopus s. s. 17-b. (17-a.) (b) No such suture visible, the propodeal and mesothoracic elements fused laterally............ Ceeickia ha os MUNG a cde yn, a ee a subg. Eugonatopus. 18. (2) Mesonotum of ordinary form, species fully winged or with rudimentary wings. 1g. (28) Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum not nearly attaining the tegulae. 20. 34- 35: yb ee (21) (20) (25) (24) (23) (22) (27) (26) (19) (32) (31) (30) (29) (36) (35) (34) 32 Maxillary palpi very short, 4-jointed, basal joint very small, the entire palpi capable of being concealed within the buccal cavity; parapsidal furrows very distinct, meeting posteriorly so as to enclose a nar- row elongate triangular area. ..Echthrodelphax P. Maxillary palpi long and conspicuous reaching back at least beyond the middle of the head, if laid at full léngth along the middle line, and generally reach- ing to its hind-margin or behind this. Vertex of head slightly concave or impressed, never convex. Labial palpi 2-jointed, mandibles 3-dentate, (sec. Ash- mead (Mon! Proctotryp)). 7 Uae): Dryinus Latr. Labial palpi 3-jointed, mandibles 4-dentate, parapsidal furrows entirely wanting............ .Neodryinus. Vertex of head not impressed or concave. Occipital concavity well and distinctly margined even at iilae, SKS. 67 oh. cle au. kyecute eaeheeees Pool .Paradryinus. Occipital concavity with a very faint margin behind the ocelli, which fails at the sides ..Chlorodryinus. Pronotum attaining the tegulae posteriorly. Stigma elongate and narrow, generally lanceolate, not wide and ovate, or the wings are abbreviated and rudimentary. Wings fully developed, antennae extremely long and thin, filiform, head short on the vertex, more than twice as wide as lone scene. Thaumatodryinus. Wings minute, rudimentary (mandibles 3-dentate, maxillary palpi 6-jointed, eyes conspicuously hairy) nso 6B, Bijele. aide bol nbc tsa PME RNRSRaR eG eeesva ts Eukocebeleia. Stigma large of ovate or subovate form, and the wings fully developed. Fourth joint of front tarsi elongate, much longer than the third, and articulated to the fifth at a distance from the true apex (or insertion of the pulvillus) of ¥% to % the length of the whole joint. Maxillary palpi 5-jointed; propodeum long, rounded posteriorly (sees: Ashmead Mon. /Proct:) -.2.....4 LA oHRS A ion Sees bases ....Chelogynus Hal. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed......... . Neochelogynus. 36. ies) N ao 40. 33 (33) Fourth joint of front tarsi small and short, not differ- ing much from the third, and articulated far from the true apex of the fifth, so that the latter is almost normal being only slightly produced beneath in front of its articulation with the fourth. (38) Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, labial palpi 2-jointed, man- dibles 3-dentate (sec. Ashmead Mon. Proct.)..... eS Re ac Nakata cys eke, oP taye REZ Anteon Jur. (37) Maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial palpi 3-jointed, man- dibles 4-dentate. (40) Antennal joints widening more or less towards the apex of the antennae; propodeum bounded by a raised line at the truncature and with a definite median area On its posterior face... ..Prosanteon. (39) Antennae simply filiform, not at all widening towards apex; propodeum without the above characters.... oe BS Soe ot Oe eee eee re se Paranteon. (1) Tarsi of front legs simple, not chelate. (43) Apterous; maxillary palpi 4-jointed (sec. Ashmead Mon Eroct:) <8 sy o8 sis oa .Mystrophorus Forst. (42) Winged; maxillary. palpi 5-jointed (sec. Ashmead INIT ae I RA SYC\E | meee gee ee RS Rare tea A phelopus Dalm Males, (14) Stigma not large and ovate or subovate, but narrow lanceolate; mandibles with three teeth. (5) Maxillary palpi very short and inconspicuous, labial palpi two-jointed. (4) Antennae sometimes long, but never extremely thin and filiform; the head not incrassate............. seid bik < Gonatopus (and most of the allied genera). (3) Antennae extremely thin and long, the head incras- Sahel Soaks MEU Oa) Bes ets Echthrodelphax. (2) Maxillary palpi long and conspicuous, reaching at least to the posterior margin of the head, if laid straight back; labial palpi three-jointed. (9) Ocelli in a slightly curved line on the vertex, the front ocellus, at most, a very little in front of the posterior pair. 34 7. (8) Basal cells not indicated by distinct nervures. : SS each as he outer ete Nees tear ener ae Nee Chalcogonatopus. 8. (7) Basal cells distinct, even though the neuration be pallid s (Koebele): HAPLOGONATOPUS; ‘een: nov. Mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, and the front legs prac- tically as in the preceding genus, but the pronotum is very dif- ferent, not being divided ne a transverse anterior and elevated posterior portion, being quite simply convex, and the head is much more deeply concave. Synopsis, of, species, of HAPLOGONATOPUS. (4) Thorax for the most part dark-coloured or black. 2. (3) Apical joint of the antennae and the mesonotum NGC yh PANS t ed ie 2 co bods fos ney eer eyays opnests FH. apicalis. 3. (2) Apical joint of the antennae and the mesonotum Ganka epee ite bs. c Gaal Ue H, moestus. 4. (1) Thorax ferruginous or testaceous, at most a little LIDMISCALAY othe MA eee, net a BLL HA, americanus. 1. Haplogonatopus apicalis, sp. nov. Black or more or less pitchy, the face on its lower half, the two basal, and sometimes the third antennal] joint more or less, the apical joint, and sometimes more or less of the preceding, the mesonotum for the most part, and the legs (which are, however, often largely brown), pale, yellow to testaceous. Pronotum and propodeum posteriorly sometimes brown. Antennae with the third joint long and slender, about twice as long as the second, the head above with scarcely visible sculp- ture. Pronotum very smooth, shining; mesonotum conspicu- ously pale; propodeum in front of the spiracles very finely trans- versely rugulose, behind these smooth and shining, posteriorly more or less distinctly transversely rugulose and without evident AO pilosity. Abdomen smooth, shining, glabrous. Length 2-2.5 mm. Hab. Bundaberg and Childers, Queensland; bred. 2. Haplogonatopus moestus, sp. nov. Apparently identical structurally with the preceding, but the apical joint of the antennae is not pale, nor does the mesonotum differ greatly from the rest of the thorax in colour, and conse- quently the two forms are very easily distinguished by colour characters, which appear to be of specific importance. Hab. The Mulgrave near Cairns, Queensland; bred. 3. Haplogonatopus americanus, sp. nov. Ferruginous to testaceous in colour ,the abdomen black, or obscurely pallid, changing much during life in some individuals. The antennae black, the apical joint and the two or three basal ones pale. Head generally brown on the vertex, parts of the thorax also sometimes more or less darkened. Head with scarcely visible sculpture; pronotum shining, the transverse impression just perceptible at least at the sides in some examples, very minutely, in fact hardly perceptibly, punc- tured; propodeum dull, with microscopic surface rugulosity, and not at all pilose. Abdomen smooth, glabrous. Length about 2.5 mm. Hab. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele and Swezey). Mr. Swezey was of the opinion that this species was Gonatopus bicolor Ashmead, but that species has the “metathorax smooth, polished.” I have bred about 150 females of H. americanus with- out apparent variation. PARAGONATOPUS, gen. nov. Head evidently, but only lightly, concave on the vertex; third joint of antennae very long (about twice as long as the fourth in the typical species). Mandibles 4-dentate, maxillary palpi only two-jointed, one elongate joint beyond the geniculation and ap- parently only one before this, the extremely short basal joint, that is present in allied genera, being apparently absent. Tro- chanters of front legs, as well as the tarsi and claw of chelae and the form of the pronotum, etc., as in the preceding genus. 4I Paragonatopus nigricans, sp. nov. Black, the face below the antennae pale, the vertex of the head usually brown, sometimes piceous or nearly black, two basal joints of the antennae entirely or largely, the third sometimes more or less, pale. Legs generally to a large extent obscure brown or piceous, all the tarsi and trochanters and the ee tibiae pale yellowish brown or testaceous, but the legs vary colour. Head above more or less shining, and hardly perceptibly sculptured; the antennae slender, the third joint thin and elon- gate, about three times as long as the second, and almost twice as long as the fourth. Pronotum shining, its posterior lobe finely punctured, the propodeum finely transversely rugose in front and posteriorly, between these parts smoother, and usually fineiy punctured, sometimes impunctate, not pilose. Abdomen smooth, ‘ shining, almost or quite glabrous. Length 2.5-3 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. ? GONATOPUS Ljungh. Mandibles 4-dentate, maxillary palpi five-jointed, the basal joint extremely short and with three joints beyond the genicu- lation, labial palpi two-jointed. Vertex of head deeply concave; antennae with the third joint long, slender, from one-third to one-half longer than the fourth, . Pronotum deeply impressed, so as to be divided into a trans- verse anterior and elongate narrow posterior lobe. Front legs with trochanters very long, clavate, with long thin basal stalk; fcurth tarsal joint very long, differing not much in length from the basal one, chelar claw bated: subdilated on its basal portion, and with the lower edge slightly convexly curved, and these armed at most with a few very inconspicuous denticles or spinose hairs. Gonatopus australiae, sp. nov. Black, the head, the thorax excepting the propodeum, brown or ferruginous. The face generally paler than the vertex of the head, the front lobe of the pronotum sometimes dark, propo- deum rarely more or less of an obscure reddish black. Scape of antennae in front quite pale, the following two joints, or one of them, sometimes more or less so, the apical joint black, the legs with pale tibiae and tarsi, the femora generally largely brown or dark, 42 Head very deeply concave above, smooth and shining and fringed behind with longish hairs; the antennae slender, with long thin third joint, about one and a half times as long as the fourth. Pronotum smooth and shining; mesonotum rugulose; propodeum shining, traversely rugose behind, and thinly clothed with long pale hairs. Abdomen smooth and shining, at the base with some erect pale hairs, elsewhere glabrous. Length 2-3 mm, Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. * NEOGONATOPUS, gen. nov. Differs from Gonatopus, as characterized above, only by the 4-jointed maxillary palpi, there being two not three joints beyond the geniculation. Synopsis of Species. 1. (4) Propodeum without hairs, and entirely black, 2. (3) Head, neck, and anterior margin of pronotum ferrugin- ous, or pale yellowish brown; rest of thorax and abdomen deep blades... sear in _.N. pallidiceps. 3. (2) Head above dark brown or blackish, or largely suffus- ed awith, dat nCOlOUt ce) qe eat. Sane ..N. ombrodes 4. (1) Propodeum with distinct erect hairs; sometimes fer- ruginous, wholly or in part. 5 (6) Whole thorax ferruginous; tip of antennae white...... Bee eye a Lee eee a ae OE ey . WV. pulcherrimus. 6. (5) Propodeum at least (and sometimes most of the thor- ax) more or less dark; tip of antennae not white. 7. (8) Propodeum dark brown, generally paler anteriorly; head above only lightly concave..-N. brunnescens. 8. (7) Propodeum black; head above strongly concave. g. (10) Whole pronotum and the neck in front of this clear ferruginous; propodeum dull, with very dense Sculptures. 2 aon sen eee ee N. erythrodes. 10. (9) Pronotum mostly black, piceous, or dark brown; if in part it is rather distinctly red or ferruginous, then the propodeum is polished and very shining. 11. (12) Abdomen on its basal face with conspicuous erect hairs; propodeum highly polished.. ..N. dubiosius 12. (11) Abdomen on its basal face without long erect hairs; propodeum not highly polished ..N. obscurissimus, 43 1. Neogonatopus ombrodes, sp. Black, the vertex of the head, and the pronotum (more or less) often piceous or brown; face and occiput yellow or ferruginous; basal two, and sometimes the third joint of the antennae more or less, pale; legs pale yellowish brown or testaceous, in parts cften dark brown, variable in colour. Head rather long, very much longer than half its width, and owing to a very eras puncturation or surface sculpture little, or not at all, shining hird joint of antennae long and Bieler: twice as long as the gee Pronotum with close and very fine punctures or surface sculpture; propodeum dull and very densely sculptured, appearing punctate, but probably with dense micros- copical reticulate sculpture of the surface, which is hairless, or almost on. Abdomen smooth, shining, glabrous, no longish hairs basally. Length 3-3.5 mm. Hab,. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele). 2. Neogonatopus erythrodes, sp. nov. Ferruginous, the propodeum black, the abdomen probably black when the insect first emerges, but becoming testaceous more or less suffused with black or brown, as it grows older; head above more or less dark, the antennae black, with the three basal joints pale. All the legs yellowish-brown, or testaceous. Head above somewhat shining, not nearly twice as wide as long; pronotum shining and with a very fine indefinite punctura- tion; propodeum dull, having the same dense sculpture as in the preceding species, but with the whole of the posterior face dis- tinctly transversely rugose, and bearing scanty but distinct, erect hairs. Abdomen smooth, shining, shortly pilose. Length about 3 mm. Hab. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele). 3. Neogonatopus obscurrissimus, sp. Nov. Black, in parts (especially the pronotum, mesonotum and some cf the leg joints) dark brown or piceous. Basal two and more or less of the third joint of the antennae, as well as all the tarsi, and more or less of the hind tibiae and femora, pale, yellowish or testaceous. Head shining and with a sparse fringe of hairs posteriorly; pro- notum smooth and shining, hardly perceptibly sculptured; pro- 44 podeum in some aspects somewhat shining in some parts, above with minute dense surface scultpure, and posteriorly finely trans- versely rugose, and bearing evident, longish, erect hairs. Abdo: men very smooth and shining, sparsely pilose, Length about 3 mim. Hab. Columbus, Ohio,,U. S.A. (Koebele). 4. Neogonatopus pulcherrimus, sp. nov. Ferruginous, the abdomen black. Antennae black with the three basal, and the fourth joint more or less, testaceous, the apical one white. Head above very smooth and shining, and fringed posteriorly ; the antennae thick, the joints from the fourth on being unusually short and wide. Pronotum very smooth, and shining, the meso- notum less narrow than usual; the propodeum smooth and shin- ing, very conspicuously pilose, and on the posterior face finely transversely rugose. Abdomen smooth, shining, at the base con- spicuously pilose. Length about 3 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. 5. Neogonatopus dubiosus, sp. nov. Black, shining, head above usually dark brown or brown, the face paler; basal or two basal antennal joints pale, as also the greater part of the legs; posterior lobe of the pronotum and the mesonotum nearly always dark, black or pitchy. Form, sculpture and clothing identical with that of Gonatopus australiae but with the pronotum and mesonotum nearly always, if not invariably, less red, and with only two joints beyond the geniculation of the maxillary palpi. Length 2.5-3 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. 6. N. brunnescens, sp. nov. Largely brown or yellowish-brown, the abdomen sometimes black or dark brown, sometimes sordid testaceous, variable, no doubt changing colour with age; propodeum posteriorly dark brown or pitchy. Basal two joints of the antennae and the third less clearly, as well as all the legs, pale-coloured. Head in front view very little concave on the vertex, smooth and shining above; propodeum more or less smooth and shining, sparsely clothed with erect and not very long, bristly hairs, which 45 extend on to the mesonotum, but are easily abraded. Abdo- men smooth, shining, sparsely pilose, if not abraded. Length 2.5-3 mm. The much less deeply concave head distinguishes this species from any other here described in this genus. Elgahs Ohio, US. Aj. (Koebele): bred: 7. N. pallidiceps, sp. nov. Head, apical margin of the pronotum, and the neck in front of it, the three basal antennal joints, and all the legs, pale, yellow or ferruginous, ; Head smooth, shining; pronotum also smooth and shining and extremely finely punctured; propodeum a little shining in some aspects, the whole dorsal surface with minute surface sculpture and with a few short microscopic hairs; posteriorly very finely transversely rugose. Abdomen deep black, smooth and shining. Length about 2.5 mm. Hab, Alameda, California, U.S. A.; bred. EPIGONATOPUS, gen. nov. Front legs and pronotum as in the two preceding genera, but the maxillary palpi quite different, two-jointed, one long acumin- ate joint beyond the geniculation. Epigonatopus solitarius, sp. nov. Thorax ferruginous, abdomen for the most part black, legs, two basal, and more or less of the third joint of the antennae, as well as-the whole face, pale, yellowish or testaceous. Front femora (except at the apex) at least, and sometimes other parts ot the legs, dark brown, black or piceous. Vertex of head dark. Head above, smooth and shining, and without definite sculp- ture. Pronotum smooth, minutely punctured, and more or less longitudinally rugulose; propodeum at most somewhat shining about, or before, the middle; in front with rugulose surface, and posteriorly quite distinctly, but finely transversely rugose, not pilose. Abdomen smooth, shining, without hairs. Length about 3 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; captured, not bred. PACIY GONATOPUS, ‘gen. ‘nov: Head with the vertex incrassate, a little impressed in the mid- 46 die; in front aspect not evidently concave from the one eye-mar- gin to the other; mandibles 4-dentate; maxillary palpi 3-jointed, the basal joint excessively short, a single elongate joint beyond the geniculation. Anterior trochanters not very elongate, clav- ate, thickening from close to the base, and not with a long slender stalk like all the preceding genera. Otherwise the front legs are much as in the three preceding genera, which this genus resembles also in other respects. Pachygonatopus melanias, sp. nov. Black, the face below the antennae, the two basal joints of teese (which are however darker above), all the tibiae and tarsi, but especially the front pair, pale. Head above, very shining, with some indefinite impressions, and a median distinct one extending forwards from the front ocellus; the face above the antennae dull and very densely and minutely sculptured. Pronotum very shining, and with indefinite puncturation; propodeum shining, the surface sculpture very delicate, appearing like dense minute puncturation, not trans- versely rugose, nor pilose posteriorly. Abdomen smooth and shining. Length 2-2.5 mm. Hab. Bundaberg and Rockhampton, Queensland; bred. CHALCOGONATOPUS; cen. “ney: Apterous, head concave above, the antennae slender and elon- gate, with long, thin third joint. Mandibles quadridentate; max- illary palpi with six joints, labial palpi three-jointed. Pronotum deeply, transversely impressed before the middle, to form a short wider anterior and a narrow, long, elevated, posterior division; the whole thorax in fact formed much as in Gonatopus and its allies. Fourth joint of anterior tarsi very long about equal to the basal one, chelar claw as in Gonatopus. Thorax laterally with a very distinct groove or suture running forwards from the middle coxae and marking off the propodeal and mesothoracic eiements. EUGONATOPUS subsens m0: A very distinct subgenus of the above, having the joints of the flagellum of the antennae less long and slender, and the propo- deal and mesothoracic elements, at the sides of the thorax pos- teriorly, completely fused. 47 1. Chalcogonatopus: gigas sp. nov. Black, slightly aeneous, especially the abdomen, the whole body and the legs clothed with conspicuous erect hairs. Clypeus, mandibles, two basal joints of the antennae, the front tarsi except the basal joint, the front coxae and trochanters, the middle and posterior tarsi, more or less pale, yellowish or testaceous. Some- times other parts of the legs are pale, the species being variab‘e. Antennae long and slender, the fourth joint much longer than the scape, the sixth three or four times as long as wide, the thiid conspicuously longer than the fourth. Head dull, with extremeiy dense, minute puncturation or surface rugulosity; the thorax with similar sculpture, the propodeum in front and posteriozly with transverse rugosity also. Abdomen very dull and with feeble scattered punctures, from which the erect hairs arise. Length 5-7 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. 2. Chalcogonatopus optabiliss sp. nov. Nigroaeneous, with white pubescence, the face below the antennae, the two basal joints of the antennae, the front trbiae and tarsi, and the posterior and intermediate tarsi more or less, pale-coloured, yellowish or testaceous. Head for the most part smooth and shining above, but near the hind-margin of the eye densely punctulate; the antennae long and slender, none of the flagellar joints being less than twice as long as wide, the scape hardly as long as the fourth antennal joint, and the third much longer than the latter. Thorax pubes- cent, dull, or hardly shining; the pronotum indefinitely punc- tured; the propodeum with excessively fine transverse rugulosity, when seen under a compound microscope, and visible with a strong lens. Abdomen with rather short, white, appressed hairs. Legs without erect hairs. Length 3-4 mm. Hab. Bunaaberg, Queensland; bred. 3. Chalcogonatopus decoratus, sp. nov. Like the preceding in the nigroaeneous colour, but with the antennae rather less slender, the scape, being as long as the fourth joint. The clothing is quite different, consisting of grey tomentosity, whereas in the preceding, especially on the abdo- men, the individual hairs are very apparent. The pronotum is red at the sides and posteriorly, and bears a distinct median 48 carina; the fine sculpture of the propodeum is extremely dense. The abdomen is extremely densely and minutely punctured. Length about 3 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. 4. Chalcogonatopus (Eugonatopus) pseudochromus, sp. nov. Ferruginous or more or less testaceous, the propodeum, and head above, black or dark; basal two joints of antennae quite pale, the following less clearly so, the rest black or fuscous. Antennae less slender than in any of the preceding, scape as long as the fourth joint, seventh, eighth and ninth not twice as long as wide. Head dull, appearing densely and minutely punc- tate, the pronotum with very similar sculpture; the propodeum in front and posteriorly finely transversely rugose, in the middle sculptured like the head, not pilose nor pubescent; at the sides without any suture or impression dividing off the mesopleural region. Abdomen smooth, without pubescence or pilosity, the base. black, and elsewhere more or less stained with fuscous. Legs neither pilose nor pubescent. Length about 4 mm. Hab. Columbus, Ohio. (Koebele). ECHTPARODELPHAX. P; (Bull. [., Div. Ent., Board Agr. & For., Territory of Hawaii). Head above concave or impressed, and the face in front view strongly transverse, of triangular shape, and very similar to that of Neodryinus. Ocelli in a triangle of very elongate isosceles form, the front one very distant from the two basal ones, which are near together. Maxillary palpi short, four-jointed, labiaf palpi two- sjoirited: Mandibles quadridentate. The mouth parts in fact are practically as in Pseudo-gonatopus: as also is the pronotum, which has a distinct transverse impression. Mesono- tum wider than the pronotum, shaped like that of Neodryinus, and with no resemblance to that of Gonatopus etc., the parap- sidal furrows quite distinct, enclosing a very narrow, median, elongate, triangular area. Wings fully developed, and with the usual neuration of the group. Front legs and chelae practically as in Pseudogonatopus. Male with the short palpi of Pseudogonatopus, etc. but the extremely long, thin, filiform antennae and the subincrassate head will easily distinguish it generically, as also from any of the other allied genera with apterous females. 49 fablevotespectes.on ACH EHRODELPHAX. 1. (4) Thorax entirely, or all but the pronotum, black; wings without transverse bands. Ze (3) seronotum: yellow.......... Mi Sele . .&. fairchildu P. Romi) = eronotunt black. 2).2255 2s: Moen we den NISTICOIMS. 4. (1) Thorax flavous or ferruginous; wings with two bands IN eee aera ss Mn Tg es ehe 5 eye Ld, SUN OSCIGIUS: 1. Echthrodelphax fairchildi P. Male. Black, the mandibles, the scape, and often the second joint of the antennae and the legs, pale. Antennae very long and thin, the third and fourth joints sub- equal, as also the following ones; scape about equal to the second joint, and these two together subequal to the third. Head with shining areas varying in different aspects. Mesonotum shining, feebly punctured, with distinct furrows enclosing a triangular space. Propodeum with reticulate rugulosity, the meshwork not very dense. Abdomen black or pitchy, shining and smooth, The female has already been sufficiently w ell described. Hab. Hawaiian Islands; formerly on Kauai and Oahu only, but has now been established on the other islands for economic reasons. 2. Echthrodelphax nigricollis sp. nov. Face, occiput, basal two and several apical joints of the an- tennae, a median abdominal band (often discoloured after death) and the legs, pale, yellow or testaceous. Form, size and sculp- ture almost as in E. fairchildii, but distinguished at a glance by the entirely black pronotum, and the reticulation of the propo- deum is apparently more dense. Length 2-2.5 mm. Hab. Cairns, Queensland; bred. 3. Echthrodelphax bifasciatus, sp. nov. Testaceous or ferruginous, abdomen black at the extreme base; wings with a transverse, dark, narrow band at the apex of the basal cells and a dark cloud or band beneath the basal por- tion of the radial nervure. Antennae less slender than in the two preceding species. Head above smooth and shining. Front lobe of pronotum smooth and shining, the posterior dull, and with excessively dense and minute microscopic sculptures; mesonotum smooth and shining; 50 propodeum dull, very densely rugulose in front and with regular transverse wrinkles behind. Abdomen smooth and_ shining. Length 2-2.5 mm. NOTE.—I have not been able to make dissections of the mouth- parts of this species, but I believe it has five-jointed maxil- lary palpi and does not properly belong to the genus Echthrodelphax. Hab. Bundaberg and Childers, Queensland; bred. NEODRYINUS gen. nov. Head in dorsal aspect strongly transverse, with the vertex more or less concave; in front view, of triangular shape and strongly transverse. Ocelli in an equilateral triangle. Mandibles auadridentate, the apical tooth much the longest, the two inner- most very small, the second distinctly larger than these. Maxil- lary palpi six-jointed, the basal joint very short, the third and fol- lowing joints elongate, the third thicker than the three slender joints that follow; when laid back along the middle line of the head beneath they extend at least more than half its length. Labial palpi three-jointed. Antennae with the five terminal joints somewhat thicker than the preceding ones, so as to be subclavate, the third joint much the longest, much longer than the fourth, and not less than twice as long as the scape. Prono- tum elongate, deeply transversely impressed before the middle, in front conspicuously emarginate, and with the posterior angles not nearly attaining the tegulae. Mesonotum without parapsidal furrows. Postscutellum exceedingly short in the middle. Pro- podeum very long, subequal in length to the mesothorax and scutellum together. Legs much as in Dryinus Latr. the front pair being much extended, with ‘the trochanters very elongate. many times longer than the intermediate ones, curved and clavate, the stalk long and thin; the fourth joint of the tarsi very long, third moderately long and with a basal lamella beneath, bearing spinose hairs (there are rudiments of these structures on the preceding joint); fifth, seen from above, from its basal articu- lation to the true apex (or point of attachment of the pulvillus) extremely short, subquadrate, but produced beneath basally into a long process, which at rest extends back to the base of the third joint, and is bent and dilated at the tip, the chelar claw greatly developed, about as long as the fifth joint with its basai prolongation, denticulate or spinulose beneath, and with a min- ute tooth near the apex. Front wings with two distinct basal cells and narrow elongate stigma. SI Synopsis of species of NEODRYINUS. Females, i (2) lead above more or less shining. -. «2... .J N. koebelei. 2. (1) Head above opaque. 3. (4) Antennae black or almost so, except the four apica’ joints, and the front of the scape......N. nelsomi. 4. (3) Antennae for the most, or a large part, pale, the sixth joint alone being somewhat infuscate in most ex- amples, sometimes those adjoining this also dark. 61d CLE IE Ine eee Soest eet feetstcetr gad Was PPL OWE 1. Neodryinus koebelei, sp. nov. é Black, apex of clypeus and mandibles on the apical half (ex- cepting the teeth) whitish or pale yellow, as also is the scape of the antennae beneath; the rest of the antennae clear testaceous. Fosterior and intermediate tarsi (except the dark claw-joint) and the anterior coxae and trochanters more or less testaceous; in- termediate tibiae, and front tibiae and tarsi often brown or testa- ceous; posterior tibiae sometimes brown or piceous; claw of chelae pale yellow or white. Face with silvery pubescence, head longitudinally rugose and more or less shining. Anterior and posterior divisions of the pronotum subobliquely or subconcentrically rugose. Mesono- tum not shining, densely reticulately rugose; the propodeum not shining, densely reticulately rugose; the propodeum strongly rugose, the numerous longitudinal wrinkles connected by trans- verse ones so as to form a network, not less dense than that of the mesonotum. Wings pale at the base, then with a transverse smoky band extending a little beyond the apex of the second basal cell; a second smoky transverse band, with its basal side cblique outwardly, is narrower, and on the upper side starts from about the middle of the stigma; between the two bands the wing is white; beyond the second apically, it is faintly smoky. Abdo- mien shining, black, impunctate. Length 4-6 mm. Male. Black, apex of mandibles and the two basal joints of the antennae beneath (more or less) ferruginous, or testaceous; front tibiae and tarsi and intermediate and posterior tarsi testa- ceous, apical joints of the latter more or less infuscate. Head in front, and mesonotum dull, with dense and minute surface sculpture, and clothed with short hairs; the latter still more finely 52 sculptured than the head, the surface appearing exceedingly min- utely granulated; postscutellum more or less shining in certain aspects; propodeum with close irregular or reticulate rugulosity. Abdomen smooth, shining, with very feeble indefinite punctures, and clothed with excessively short erect hairs. Stigma dark brown usually concolorous or nearly so, Hab. Bundaberg and Townsville, Queensland. Bred. 2. Neodryinus nelsoni, sp. nov. Rather like the preceding, but readily distinguished by the antennae, the flagellar joints being black, except the four apical ones. The front tarsi are black or piceous with the chelar claw pale, whitish. The legs generaily are darker, sometimes all black, or with posterior tarsi reddish. The bands of the wings are rather darker, and the sculpture of the pronotum different, the posterior division of the pronotum being excessively finely regulose, while the sculpture of the anterior division rather re- sembles that of the posterior division of N. koebelei. More over, the surface of the head is quite dull, not more or less shin- ing. Length as in the preceding. Hab. Nelson on the Mulgrave, Queensland. Bred. 3. Neodryinus raptor, sp. nov. Extremely close to N. nelsoni, but often superficially more like N. koebelei, since the antennae are often almost entirely pale, though shorter. The sixth joint however is never so clear as in the latter, and is often clouded or even black, as also fre- quently are some of the adjoining joints. Structurally the species resembles N. nelsoni and is abundantly distinct from N. koe- belei. Length 3.5-5 mm. Male. Differs from N. koebelei in the colour of the stigma, which is quite pale in the middle, this part contrasting very strongly with the dark margins; the intermediate and posterioy tarsi are paler, almost white on the basal joint, and therefore there is a stronger contrast between this part and the dark fus- cous or blackish apical joints. The basal joints of the antennae are darker beneath (or in front), being entirely black, or almost SO. N. raptor var wmbratus, var. nov. The second, third, and fourth antennal joints remain more or 53 less dull red; the middle of the third and apex of the fourth being dark, otherwise as above. This variety or species comes nearest te N. nelsoni. Hab. Bundaberg and Brisbane, Queensland. Bred. PARADRYINUS gen. nov. Head not concave on the vertex, and straightly (or nearly so) and distinctly margined behind the ocelli, the margin continued definitely downwards around the occipital concavity; in front view the head is triangular, and but little or not at all trans- verse, with the vertex slightly convex. The ocelli in a triangle, about equidistant one from another. Mandibles quadridentate, the apical tooth longest, the other three rather strong, decidedly better developed than those of Neodryinus. Maxillary palpi six- jointed, the four terminal joints elongated, the first of these stouter than the others and the tips reaching back to at least behind the middle and even as far as the hind margin of the head beneath. Labial palpi three-jointed. Antennae not much cifferent from those of Neodryinus, the third joint being very elongate, hardly less and sometimes more than twice as long as the fourth. Pronotum long, convex, transversely constricted at the base, as long or longer than the mesonotum, its hind angles not attaining the tegulae, its anterior margin subtruncate, never distinctly emarginate as in Neodryinus. Mesonotum extremely convex in profile, rising up strongly and abruptly from the pro- notum, in most species so strongly iongitudinally rugose as to render difficult the detection of the parapsidal furrows, which, however, are present, and widely separated even at the hind mar- gin of the mesonotum, when they are traced so far. Postscutel- lum of moderate length. Propodeum very long, about equal ui length to the mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum, Front legs as in Neodryinus but the trochanters somewhat less elon- gate, the basal joint of the front tarsi distinctly longer than the fourth, and the anteapical tooth of the chelar claw rather stronger. Synopsis of species of PARADRYINUS. Females. 1. (4) Middle and hind tibiae at the base, and the base of at least the basal joint of their tarsi, pale whitish. 2. (3) Head above, pronotum and mesonotum largely, fer- ruginous; sometimes however more or less cloud- ra ee SNe Lien! soled. k Deitel hie ante fon P.. koebelei. 54 3. (2) Head above, pronotum except laterally and posterior- ly, and the mesonotum, black or dark coloured... Ae i cee as en a ie Leeicews! oll COMUDES- 4. (1) Middle and hind tibiae without a pale whitish basai ring. 5. (6) Third joint of antennae uniformly ferruginous....... hi Sd SANE TRAE PLUG a Somers PE US VLEs I cena 6. (5) Third joint wholly or in part dark, 7. (8) Mesonotum between the parapsides much smoother and more shining than without these. ..P. leptias. 8. (7) Mesonotum uniformly sculptured, or almost so. g. (10) Antennae except the second joint and base of third almost wholly ferruginous; mesonotum irregularly TUGOSE, oar ence Eee yh PPR GY ces 8 15/0075: 10. (9) Antennae almost wholly black; mesonotum very regu- larly longitudinally rugose .......... P. threnodes, 1. Paradryinus koebelei, sp. nov. Female. Head and thorax ferruginous, more or less clouded with blackish or fuscous, propodeum usually entirely biack. Abdomen ferruginous, generally more or less largely obscured with brown, fuscous, or piceous suffusion. Legs ferruginous, tibiae sometimes dark brown or nearly black, the base of the in- termediate and posterior pair, and of one or two of their tarsa! joints, white. Antennae testaceous or ferruginous, more or iess infuscate, the scape white in front; apex of clypeus and the man- dibles more or less whitish. ‘Head with a very dense and distinct surface rugulosiiy or rugulose punctuation, and with a distinct median carina extend- ing about two-thirds of the distance from the front ocellus to the base of the clypeus; the latter emarginate at the apex. Prono- tum somewhat strongly subconcentrically rugose, the mesono- tum more strongly longitudinally rugose; propodeum reticulately rugose, Thorax with some sparse short hairs; abdomen smooth, shining, glabrous. Wings with a wide fuscous band across the middle of the basal cells, a narrow oblique one external to the transverse median and basal nervures and entering the apex of the first basal cell; these two bands connected below; a wide band with its inner margin oblique arises beneath the stigma and extends to near the apex of the marginal cell leaving the tip of the wings white. Length 4.5-6 mm. Male. Black, mandibles and legs testaceous or yellow. An- tennae with the scape, and some of the joints of the flagellum, 30 yellow; the true colour of these masked by the dark covering of short black hairs. Head and mesonotum dull, clothed with short erect hairs, and with a dense obscure rugulose or rugulosely punctate sculpture; propodeum irregularly or reticulately rugose. Abdomen shining, with a thin pubescence, and very indefinite, fine puncturation. Neuration mostly dark brown. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred in large numbers. 2. Paradryinus venator, sp. nov. The sculpture is similar to that of the preceding species, all the species of the genus, being subject to variability in intensity of sculpture. Black, the clypeus and mandibles more or less, the sides and posterior margin of the pronotum, ferruginous. Legs darker than in the preceding species, often largely blackish or piceous, and with no basal white rings to the hind and intermediate tibiae and tarsi. Abdomen black. Wings banded as in P. koebelet. Antennae with the three basal and the basal part of the fourth joint ferruginous, the rest black, except that the apical joint may be more or less pale. Length 9 mm. but variable. Male. Extremely like that of N. koebelei, but with the an- tennae slightly, but constantly, shorter and with only the two basal joints pale. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred in numbers. 3. Paradryinus threnodes. Extremely like the preceding in form and sculpture, but very distinct in general appearance, the clypeus and mandibles -being entirely dark, or only for a small part pale, the pronotum at most only obscurely pale at the sides, and black along the upturned hind margin; the legs black, the front tibiae in part piceous or ferruginous, posterior and intermediate tarsi more or less ferru- ginous. Antennae black, apical joint more or less pale, the scape generally pitchy beneath. Length about 5-6 mm. Hab. The Mulgrave near Cairns and Bundaberg, Queensland. Bred. 4. Paradryinus gigas, sp. nov. Apex of clypeus, a spot at the base of the scape of antennae beneath, the second and third joints of the posterior and middle tarsi as well as the chelar claw, more or less whitish or cream- coloured, 50 The scape, the apical part of the third and all the following antennal joints, the mandibles more or less, the legs, and the basal segment of the abdomen, ferruginous; the front coxae above, and the front femora posteriorly, dark. Of the dark bands on the wings, the apical one is more restricted and less definite apically t ehan that of the preceding species. Head finely, but distinctly, longitudinally rugose; the prono- tum with the subconcentric rugosity of N. koebelei, etc., DUE with the sculpture relatively finer, and the surface clothed witls grey pubescence; mesonotum with a dense, irregularly rugose sculpture, as also the scutellum; propodeum reticulately rugose. Abdomen with the two basal segments smooth and shining, the following grey with appressed uecoenee and densely and very finely punctate. Length about Io mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland. A single specimen captured. 5. Paradryinus leptias sp. nov. Black, the clypeus apically, the cheeks adjoining it and the mandibles, the front tibiae beneath, the front trochanters in front, the middle and hind tarsi (which however are largely infuscate) and the tip of abdomen, testaceous. Basal joint of antennae be- neath, as also the apical angles of the emarginate clypeus, whit- ish; the second joint, and a narrow ring at the junction of third and fourth, and of the fourth and fifth, and the whole of the four apical joints, testaceous. Wings banded as in the preceding species, but with the basal and median of the three transverse smoky bands more confluent. Head dull, very densely and minutely sculptured, appearing coriaceous, with very faint evidence of longitudinal rugulosity. Pronotum piceous or obscure ferruginous along its posterior margin, on the highly convex disc, shining, smooth, with hardly visible punctures; mesonotum dull, with dense surface sculpture, between the subparallel parapsidal furrows much smoother, and more or less shining; propodeum reticulately rugose. Abdomen smooth, shining, impunctate, second segment obscurely reddish at the sides. Length about 5 mm. Hab. Near Cairns, a single female bred. 6. Paradryinus varipes,-sp. nov. Black, the two basal joints of the antennae, the face below these, the lateral and posterior margins of the pronotum more By cr less pale, yellow, testaceous, or ferruginous; the rest of the antennae fuscous, somewhat testaceous in parts. Legs for the most part piceous, but the base of the middle and hind tibiae with a conspicuous white ring, and their tarsi white at the base. Abdomen piceous black. Sculpture of thorax very like that of Ff. koebelei, of a similar nature, but considerably finer through- out. Length about 5 mm. Male. Black, the two basal joints of antennae rufo-piceous, the legs pale, the posterior femora and tibiae largely dark, black- ish or piceous, the intermediate also obscured in a lesser degree, the tarsi nearly white, the base of hind ttbiae also pallid, Head with a very dense, minute, coriaceous sculpture; meso- notum somewhat shining in some aspects, with an excessively minute surface sculpture and some very ill-defined fine punct- ures, propodeum reticulately rugose. Abdomen piceous black, shining, Hab. On the Mulgrave near Cairns, Queensland. The maie was bred, but the female captured. I believe they are rightly mated, CHLORODRYINUS gen. nov. Like Paradryinus in most respects, but differs in the fact that the extremely delicate margin of the vertex posteriorly fails to- wards the sides, not being continued distinctly round the sides of the occipital concavity. The maxillary palpi are very long and extended back, when fully extended along the middle line, well behind the posterior margin of the head beneath. Pronotum in profile with evenly convex outline, not of the humped form of Paradryinus. The mesonotum is gently convex in profile, the parapsidal furrows are distinct, crenulate, subconvergent, and fail before attaining the hind margin. Basal joint of front tarsi longer than the fourth. Chlorodryinus pallidus, sp. nov. Testaceous, except a spot at the extreme base of the abdomen, The body is however subject to some post-mortem discoloration. Head dull, with extremely dense and minute sculpture, hardly perceptible, except under a very strong lens. Antennae very long and slender, the third joint about twice as long as the first and second together. Pronotum smooth and shining, the dorsal outline in profile forming a regular curve. Mesonotum dull, with very dense min- 58 ute coriaceous sculpture both between and outside the parap- sidal furrows; propodeum densely rugose. Abdomen smooth and shining, glabrous. Wings unbanded, nervures pale, yellow, stigma pallid. Length 4-5 mm. Male. Black, mandibles, two basal joints of antennae, and all the legs pale, yellow or ferruginous. Head exceedingly densely, minutely and evenly, punctulate or coriaceous; mesonotum with a similar, but less even, sculpture; propodeum irregularly or reticulately rugose; abdomen smooth, shining, with only indefin- ite puncturation. Stigma pallid. Hab. Kuranda and the Mulgrave, Queensland. Bred. THAUMATODRYINUS gen. nov. Agrees with Neodryinus and other genera in the structure of the front legs but differs greatly in otHer characters. Head in front view very strongly transverse, subquadrangular, the cheeks at the base of the mandibles sharply and prominently angled, the vertex strongly convex and subtumid. In dorsal aspect the head is very strongly transverse, more than twice as wide as long, the ocelli being placed in a nearly equilateral triangle. Mandibles with three strong teeth and a small inner one. Maxillary palpi extremely long, extending back far behind the head. Antennae filiform, very long and slender, as long or a little longer than the entire insect; third joint a little longer than the thick scape; fourth subequal to or a little longer than the third; fifth and sixth subequal, distinctly longer than the fourth, each of these two with a minute black tubercle before the middle, bearing a few very fine long hairs, quite different from the general pubes- cence; seventh with a similarly clothed tubercle at the middle; eighth much shorter than the seventh and with a simliar tubercle near the contracted apex; ninth as the preceding, but shorter; tenth with a tubercle at the middle and another at the apex and- strongly constricted after the first tubercle; all these tubercles bearing hairs as already described. Pronotum about as long as wide, or as the mesonotum, in profile rising strongly upwards, and this curve continued by the mesonotum, its hind angles at- taining the tegulae. Parapsidal furrows fine and feeble, but quite evident, subconvergent, but still widely separated at the base. Propodeum rather long, about as long as wide. Thaumatodryinus koebelei, sp. nov. Flavo-ferruginous, the petiole black, the fifth and all the fol- 59 lowing joints of the antennae dark. The stigma and base of radial nervure, fuscous. Head dull, with very dense and minute, coriaceous- sculpture, the clypeus smooth and shining; mesonotum dull or almost so, vith sculpture similar to that of the head; scuteilum somewhat shining and obscurely punctured; propodeum densely reticulately rugulose. Abdomen smooth, shining, without definite sculpture. Lensth about 4 mm. Hab. Near Cairns, Queensland. Bred. EUKOEBELEIA, gen. nov. Head large, convex on the vertex, the sides converging behind tlhe eyes, the latter hairy, the ocelli in a nearly equilateral trian- gle; the mandibles 3-dentate; the antennae with the third joint about twice as long as the second, and distinctly longer than the third. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial palpi 3-jointed. Prono- tum transverse, attaining the tegul!ae with its hind angles; meso- notum with fine, but distinct, parapsidal furrows, which are sub- convergent, but still widely separated at the hind margin; pro- rodeum short, about as long on the dorsum as the scutellum, sharply truncate, its posterior face twice as long as the dorsal. Front legs not very long, but perfectly chelate, the fourth tarsal joint very elongate, though shorter than the basal one; fifth joint with its free extremity, which forms with one claw the tip of the chelae, not dilated and armed in the usual manner, but forming a simple curved hook; the chelar claw beneath serrately dentate. Abdomen with distinct pedicel, which is longer than wide. Wings minute, rudimentary, reaching only to the base of the abdomen, pointed at the apex. Eukoebeleia nurabilis, sp. nov. Dull red, the abdomen, antennae except two or three basal joints, and the propodeum black. Mandibles and legs for the most part yellowish-brown or testaceous, abdominal pedicel also pale. Head and thorax excessively densely, minutely punctate, or coriaceous; the latter very distinctly pilose. The propodeum on the dorsal surface rugose; posteriorly, with the surface finely sculptured or granulated, and subareolate. Abdomen very smooth and shining. Length 2.5-3 mm. Hab. Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele); bred and captured. 60 NEOCHELOGYNUS gen. nov. Of robust form. Front legs with chelate anterior tarsi, but the chelae less perfect than those of any of the preceding genera, and the legs are short, not unusually lengthened, with the femora very stout and the trochanters short. Head subincrassate, convex, the ocelli in an isosceles triangle, much widest at the base; antennae becoming more or less wide tewards the apex. Maxillary palpi six-jointed, labial palpi three- jointed. Pronotum shorter than, or scarcely subequal in length to, the mesonotum, its hind angles attaining the tegulae; meso- notum without parapsidal furrows or with these only just visible at the extreme front; propodeum as wide as long, or still shorter. Anterior tarsi with the fourth joint longish, much longer than the preceding, and about equal in length to the fifth from its basal articulation to the pulvillus, the backward prolongation of the fifth longer than the length of this joint from its basal articu- lation to the apex; so that the articulation is situated at about one-third of the whole length of the joint. Front wings with the radius short and straight, terminated in a knob or small thick- ening, or bent near the extremity. Abdomen with the basal segment greatly raised from the petiole, the basal face being on a plane strongly inclined to the dorsal surface. Synopsis of species of NEOCHELOGYNUS. 1. (8) Wings with one or more dark clouds or bands, (3) Front wings with only one smoky cloud extending beneath the stigma and marginal cell...N. typicus 3. (2) Front wings with cloud or band as above, and with a second band at the apex of the basal cells. 4. (5) Propodeum for a large part smooth and shining pos- 155 STG) 6k Air UE FI ttre Wa Sie Sarge Bree N. leiosomus. (4) Propodeum posteriorly at most slightly shining, the surface everywhere rugulose or finely-rugose. 6. (7) Propodeum with the surface finely transversely and iS) regularly. rugose posteriorly........... N. nitidus, 7. (6) Propodeum with the posterior surface excessively fine- ly wugulOSey sciences eee N. dimidiatus. 8. (1) Wings without smoky bands or clouds. 8. 4y(10)s Antennae: black 75.0 eee: -...0V. nigricornis. to. (9) Antennae with the scape at least pale. It.+ (12) Antennae entirely alegre ssc N. pallidicornis. 12. (11) Antennae largely black or fuscous. 61 13. (16) Head in front with extremely dense minute sculpture appearing coriaceous or punctulate. 14. (15) Propodeum with posterior median area defined..... Me epyatiiele cnt meted’. teas 2 215,588. De wade PARCULUS, I5. (14) Propodeum with no definite median area........... BAP ONCE eter STY sk ohes ae save, ca Ese N. coriaceus. 16. (13) Head in front with reticulate rugose sculpture, prob- ably due to a very shallow coarse puncturation. 17. (18) Propodeum with posterior median area dull, coria- ceous; flagellum of antennae mostly black........ BM A od a Ns SERN ANE seavelads ha icnahe, ake N. destructor. 18. (17) Propodeum with the median area smoother, hardly opaque; flagellum of antennae paler, more fuscous 5d ae ROR eS er or mera N. cognatus. 1. Neochelogynus typicus, sp. nov. Black, all the legs, except the apical joint which is darker, the antennae except the three or four apical joints, and the mandi- bles, ferruginous. Head with sparse grey hairs, the face closely, shallowly rugosely punctured, on the vertex more sparsely. Mandibles strongly quadridentate. Ocelli placed more or less in foveae; third joint of antennae elongate, distinctly longer than the fourth, which is longer and much more slender than the 5th, the latter considerably longer than broad, as also are all the following: Pronotum with the hind margin smooth, in front of this with large shallow punctures; mesonotum very sparsely, finely punc- tured, smooth and shining, the parapsides indicated by exces- sively short consute lines near the anterior margin; scutellum and postscutellum impunctate or nearly. Propodeum, seen from in front, bounded by a raised line posteriorly, which is bent for- wards in the middle, the surface rugose; posteriorly with a median area evidently, though not strongly defined, by raised lines; this area being smooth and shiny except on its upper por- tion. Abdomen smooth, impunctate; basal tooth of the chelar claw with a very long seta reaching to the apex of the claw. Wings with the nervures strong, yellow, as also the stigma which is infuscate on its margins, the radius also dark. A vague trans- verse cloud lies beneath the stigma and marginal tell, occupying also part of the latter. Length about 4.5 mm. Hab. Bundaberg; one female captured. 62 2. Neochelogynus nitidus, sp. nov. Black, mandibles except the teeth, and the antennae except the four apical joints, which are nearly entirely dark, ferrugin- ous; the preceding joints more or less dark. Front legs brown- ish, paler in front, hind legs nearly entirely black or piceous. Head with the surface shining g, much narrowed behind the eyes to the occiput, the face closely, coarsely and shallowly rugose— punctate; the antennae with the scape about as long as the two following joints together, third joint distinctly longer than fourth, fourth much more slender than fifth, which is nearly twice as long as wide at the apex. Pronotum and mesonotum smooth, shining, sparsely and finely punctured. Propodeum rugose in front and with a raised line as in the preceding; its posterior face with the median area subobsoletely defined, the surface quite finely, transversely rugose. Abdomen smooth, shining, the basal segment very narrow, of elongate, triangular form. Wings with a large dark cloud, with the inner side oblique, occupying most of the apical portion of the wing, from near the base of the dark stigma; a second narrow dark band crosses the wing along the region of the apex of the basal cells. Length about 4 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; one female captured. 3. Neochelogynus leiosomus, sp. nov. Black, mandibles and five basal joints of the antennae ferru- ginous; front legs testaceous more or less brown, hind and mid- die legs nearly entirely black or piceous, Head shining, its sides strongly convergent behind the eyes, the face shining, with coarse but extremely shallow punctures, nearly effaced and more or less running into one another, so as to be rugose; median carina fine but distinct. Antennae almost as in N. nitidus. Pronotum for the most part, the mesonotum, scutel- lum and postscutellum shining and very smooth; the mesonotum very sparsely, finely punctured. Propodeum rugose, seen from in front with the raised line, which is produced forward in the middle, distinct; posteriorly for the most part smooth and shin- ing, the middle area distinguishable in certain aspects, but the raised lines, which bound it, are largely obsolete. Basal abdom- inal segment elongate-triangular. Wings with two dark bands similar to those of the preceding species, stigma brown. Length about 4 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; one female bred. ——— 63 4. Neochelogynus dimidiatus, sp. nov. Black, the mandibles and the antennae except the four ter- minal joints, ferruginous; two or three joints preceding the four terminal, more or less dark in part. Front legs testaceous, more or less brown posteriorly; middle and hind legs nearly black, ex- cept the apices of the tarsal joints. Head shining, and with coarse, shallow, subconfluent punct- liress: the antennae formed much as in the preceding species. Mesonotum very smooth and shining, with very sparse fine punctures; the pronotum in front with ill-defined, coarse, punct~ uration. Propodeum seen from in front with the usual raised line, which is however not very definite; in front of this line, finely rigose; on the posterior face still more finely sculptured, rugu- lose, a little shining in some aspects, the posterior median area not defined. Abdomen narrow, subcompressed, the basal seg- ment elongate triangular. Wings as in the preceding. Length 3.5 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; one female bred. 5. Neochelogynus nigricornis, sp. nov. Black, the front tibiae and all the tarsi testaceous, the rest ot the legs brown or darkish. Head dull or almost so, with very dense and fine rugose sculpture; antennae with the second joint long, about equal to the third, the joints becoming wider very gradually from the third, so that the fifth is not abruptly wider th 1an the fourth; 6th, 7th and 8th joints subequal, wide, but very evidently longer than broad. Pronotum in front sculptured like the head, posteriorly more or less smooth and shining; mesonotum with extremely fine microscopic rugulosity of the surface, which prevents it from being very shining, and with a few fine and feeble punctures; in very minute examples, sometimes quite smooth and impunctate. Propodeum in front rugose, the dorsal surface posteriorly bound- ed by the usual raised line, sometimes broken in the middle, and, not very distinct, owing to the general rugosity of the surface; posteriorly the surface ot eae and fine granular or rugulose sculpture, the median area not marked out by raised lines. Wings without dark bands, neuration and stigma pale, vellow. “Length 2-3.5 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. 64 6. Neochelogynus destructor, sp. nov. Black, the mandibles except the teeth, the two basal joints of the antennae and sometimes the third more or less, all the legs, excepting usually the front femora, ferruginous. Female. Head with reticulate, rugose sculpture, due probably to the confluence of coarse and very shallow punctures. An- tennae with the second joint fully as long as the third, fifth at its widest, much wider than the fourth, and like the sixth not much longer than its greatest width. Pronotum somewhat longi- tudinally rugose; the mesonotum very finely and indefinitely, sparsely punctate; propodeum with the dorsal surface short, rugose, well marked off posteriorly by a distinct raised line; pos- teriorly its surface dull, rugulose or granulate, the median area very distinctly marked by clear raised lines. Wings clear, neura- tion and stigma pale, yellow. Length 2.5-3.5 mm. Male. Black, legs, mandibles and one or more of the basai joints of the antennae, ferruginous; usually several joints of the flagellum are more or less pale, becoming from the first more o1 less darkened to the apical joints, which are quite black. Head in front with the sculpture as in the female, but much feebler and more obsolete; antennae with short, moniliform jcints of subsequal length, except the scape, which equals the two following together. Pronotum very short, entirely concealed, if the head be laid back; mesonotum smooth, hardly perceptibly punctured, or impunctate; propodeum finely rugose, the posterior median area, which is quite definite, coriaceous, dull. Postmar- ginal nervure dark and the stigma with dark margin. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. 7. Neochelogynus cognatus, sp. nov. Differs from the preceding as follows: The basal two joints of the antennae are clear ferruginous, the iollowing two or three more or less sordidly so and the rest fus- cous. All the legs entirely pale. The pronotum is to a large extent smooth and shining, the mesonotum very smooth with a few scattered punctures; the propodeum posteriorly within the mediary area is much smoother, and hardly opaque. Length about 3 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. 65 8. Neochelogynus parvulus, sp. nov. Black, the legs, mandibles, except the teeth, basal two joints o1 antennae, ferruginous or testaceous; the rest of the antennal joints fuscous or blackish; the middle and posterior femora more or less brown. Head in front extremely finely and closely punctulate or coria- ccous; antennae with the fifth joint not abruptly wider than the fourth, the second subequal to the third in length. Pronotum cull, rugulose, except along the posterior margin, the mesono- tum very smooth and shining, and, like the scutellum, impunct- ate or nearly so; the propodeum with the dorsal face as long as scutellum and postscutellum together, and rather strongly rugose, with distinct raised line posteriorly; its posterior face dull, finely rugulose or coriaceous, and with the median area defined. Stigma dark. Length about 2 mm. Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland, captured; and Cairns, Queens- land, bred. 9g. Neochelogynus coriaceus, sp. nov. Black, the scape of the antennae, mandibles for the most part, and all the legs (except the more or less brown posterior and intermediate femora and the apical joints of the tarsi) ferruginous or testaceous. Most of the joints of the flagellum of the antennae more or less obscurely testaceous beneath. Face with excessively, dense, minute surface granulation and traces of obsolete fine punctures; second joint of the antennae about equal to the third but stouter; 6th, 7th and 8th a little, but quite distinctly, longer than wide. Pronotum and mesonotum dull (except the smooth posterior margin of the HOEY) with the same excessively dense sculpture as the face; scutellum smooth, shining; propodeum quite short on the es surface and rugose, the raised line quite distinct seen from in front; on the posterior face dull and with sculpture like that of the meso- notum with no median area defined. Abdomen smooth, shin- ing. Neuration pale, stigma with darker margin. Length 2 mm. Hab. Redlynch, near Cairns, bred. 10. Neochelogynus pallidicornis, sp. nov. Black, the antennae, all the legs and the mandibles, pale, yel- lowish; the teeth of the latter ferruginous. Face shining, smooth, 66 with only feeble indefinite punctuation. Pronotum as long as the mesonotum and with microscopic coriaceous sculpture; the mesonotum and scutellum smooth, shining, impunctate or nearly so; propodeum, seen from in front, reticulately rugose and bounded by the usual raised line; posteriorly dull, very finely, microscopically granulate, and with the median area perceptibly marked out, but only feebly defined. Abdomen smooth, shining. Wings with pale nervures, stigma and radius brown or fuscous. Length hardly 2 mm. Bab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. PROSANTEON, gen. nov. Head in front with coarse shallow puncturation, the vertex convex, the antennae with the joints becoming wider towards the apex of the flagellum, the widest hardly longer than wide; scape fully as long as the two following joints together. Mandi- bles quadridentate. Maxillary palpi Sheignad labial three- jointed. Pronotum very short in dorsal aspect, being strongly ceflected from behind forwards; mesonotum with the ‘parapsidal furrows very widely separated and failing about the middle; pro- podeum with very well marked posterior median area. Front tarsi quite different from those of any of the preceding genera, end resembling Paranteon; fourth joint very small and short, not differing greatly from the third, fifth a nearly normal claw- joint, but with a very short, free, basal production beneath, which underlies the short fourth joint. Prosanteon chelogynoides, sp. nov. Black, the mandibles for the most part, the scape of the anten- nae, and all the legs nearly wholly, pale, yellow or testaceous, second joint of the antennae obscurely pale, the third very slight- ly so; posterior coxae black. Head somewhat shining and with very shallow, coarse, close punctures, so that it appears feebly reticulately rugose; fifth joint of antennae a little wider than the fourth, the widening of the jcints of the flagellum being very gradual. Mesonotum very smooth, shining, finely and sparsely punctured, propodeum with its dorsal surface at least as long as the scutellum, reticulately rvgose and ‘bounded by the usual raised line; its posterior face Ww ith the median area somewhat shining and very distinctly mark- ed by raised lines, outside which it is dull and densely and finely 67 sculptured. Wings with pale yellow neuration and _ stigma. Length about 3 mm. Hab, Bundaberg, Queensland; bred. PARANTEON gen nov. Of robust form. Head in dorsal aspect transverse, the vertex convex, maxillary pa!pi 6-jointed, labial three-jointed. Antennae simple, pubescent, and with longish hairs beneath, both on the scape and the flagellum, all the joints of the latter elongate, the scape as long as the two following joints together, the fourth longer than the third, but none of the flagellar joints differ much 11 length. Pronotum short, evidently shorter than the mesono- tum, narrowed anteriorly; the mesonotum convex, with short, widely separated parapsidal furrows; the propodeum very short, subvertical from close to its anterior margin. Front legs imper- fectly chelate, the chelae being incapable of extension, the fifth joint subnormal, elongate and with only a very short free basal prolongation beneath the fourth, the chelar claw closing on it and being of about the same length and without denticles be- neath; fourth joint short, subnormal, hardly longer than the pre- ceding. Front wings with large subovate stigma. Basal seg- ment of the abdomen with strongly marked anterior and dorsal surfaces, the former abruptly inclined to the latter and much longer than it. Paranteon myrmecophilus, sp. nov. Black, the head, most of the thorax and basal joint of antennae ferruginous, the postscutellum and propodeum generally black or piceous, front legs more or less brown or pitchy. Head shining and with rather indefinite punctuation, tending to rugosity ; mesonotum somewhat shining, decidedly more finely punctured than the head, and the punctures not very definite; dorsal face of propodeum very short along the middle line, not longer than the post scutellum, with very fine granulate or coria- ceous sculpture and the posterior raised line obsolete or wanting; posterior face shining, excessively feebly and indefinitely rugu- lose, and with no median area defined. Wings with neuration and stigma dark fuscous, a faint oblique cloud beneath the stigma. Length 3-4 mm. Male. Entirely black except the front tibiae and tarsi. Face wide, subtransverse, smooth and shining, with large shallow 68 remote punctures; antennae submoniliform and elongate with the second joint pyriform shorter than the third; 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th subequal, elongate, and with conspicuous, erect hairs which are as long as the width of either of these joints. Meso- notum very smooth and shining and with very few punctures; propodeum rugose in front, on its posterior face in the middle smooth and shining, but without a median area defined by raised lines. Wings very clear, the subcostal nervure and stigma dark, tle median, basal and transverse median nervures quite pallid. Hab. Bundaberg and Brisbane, Queensland; bred. PARTIAL + BIBLIOGRAPHY, (1) Biological. 1836 Curtis. “British Entomology,” p. 633. Aphrodes craticula in different stages dryinized. 1857 Perris, Edouard. ‘Nouvelles excursions dans les grandes Landes. (Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon (2) IV, p. 172-173). Athysanus maritimus and Gonatopus pedestris, the latter supposed to be a hyperparasite on the Jassid. 1865 Frauenfeld, G. von. “Ueber einen eigenthumlichen Para- siten bei Cicaden.” (Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien. XV, p. QO0-902). Typhlocyba and Gonatopus pedestris. 1874 Lichtenstein, jules) ,(Bully Soc Ent, France (5)c Veep: XXX), Gonatopus ptinorum on Ptinus fur. 1878 Dale, C. W. “History of Glanvilles Wootton,’ p. 304. Probable larva of Dryinid mistaken for an Acarid and named Homopterophagus dorsettensis. 1882 Mik, Jos. “Zur Biologie von Gonatopus pilosus Thoms. (Wien Ent, Zeit. I, p. 215-221. Pl. 111). 1882 Douglas, J. W. “Parasites on Homoptera.” Ent. Month- ly Mag. XIX, pp. 116 and 142. 1885 Girard} Maurice. “és Imsectes:?" (101, “ph 41-44/0EL LOC VEE 1) i889 Giard, A. “Sur une galle produite chez le Typhlocyba rosae, par une larve d’Hymenoptere.” (CR. ac. sc. Paris, CIX, p. 79-82). 1889 1902 1903 1903 1904. 1905 1893 18098 69 Girard, A. “Sur la castration parasitaire des Typhlocyba par un larve d’Hymenoptere (4f4helopus melaleucus Delm.) et par un larve de Diptere (Atelencura spuria Meig.)” (op. cit. p. 708-810). Butler, E. A. (Knowledge XXV, pp. 258, 259). Notes on Gonatopus pedestris. Swezey, O. H. “Observations on Hymenopterous para- sites of certain Fulgoridae.” (Ohio Nat. III, p. 444-451, Ple2r). Drymus typhlocybae on Ormenis septentrionalis and Gonatopus bicolor on Liburnia lutulenta. Perkins, R. C. L. “The leaf-hopper of the Sugar-Cane.” (Bull. Board Agric. Hawaii, I, p. 1-38). Echthrodelphax fairchildu, g. and sp. nov, (p 20-22 and 36-37). Swezey, O. H. “Observations on the life history of Libur- mia campestris with notes on a Hymenopterous parasite infesting, it: * (Bull, US. Ent. 46, p: 42-46). Kieffer, J. J. “Uber die sogennanten Pedes raptori der Dryiniden.” (Zeitschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol. I, p. 6-13). (2). Systematic. Ashmead, W. H. “Monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae.” (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45, p. 80-102). Dalla Torre. “Catalogus Hymenopterorum.” (V, p. 36-46). - © fenisiesas CAC It ed DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY ,; BULLETIN No. 1 | b SO EE ESE | SECT ED sss \ PART 2 REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies (PT. I. EPIPYROPIDZ:) Lepidoptera By R. Cc. L. PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T. JUNE 3, 1905 R. CG. L. Perkins, Director A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. L. Lewton-Brain, Assistant Director Alex: ‘Craw, Consulting Entomologist (0 iu i. ees ee ie ets Gow. Kirkaldy, Assistant - TENNEY G. M. ROLPH EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE ‘AND CHEMISTRY C. F. Eckart, Director SB OG Clarke, Agriculturist < S. S. Peck, Assistant Chemist Firman:Thompson, Assistant Chemist F. R. Werthmueller, Assistant Chemist A. E. Jordan, Assistant Chemist T, Lougher, Field Foreman DIVISION OF DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY N. A. Cobb; Director, » Incomplete. a teal -SAOS 4 a in] ae est Lax Seis es iy Season es me D ae e 4 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1 (ee A | Cee PART 2 REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies CEEOL. EPIPYROPID£: ) Lepidoptera By R. C. L. PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T. JUNE, 1905 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Honolulu, T. H., May 22nd, 1905. To the Experiment Station Committee, Hawaiian Sugar Plant- ters’ Association. Gentlemen:—]I herewith submit for publication the second oart of a bulletin entitled “Leaf-hoppers and Their Natural Enemies.” Yours obediently, ne €.L: PERIGINS: Director, Division of Entomology. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The first record of caterpillars parasitic upon Homoptera was that of Bowring in 1850, who discovered a Coccus-like insect on the back of one of the lantern flies, Pyrops candelaria, at Hong Kong. Subsequently the moth was bred, and Westwood described it as a new genus and species of the family Arctiidae, under the name of Epipyrops anomala. He likewise described the caterpillar and the pupa of the same insect. Since West- wood’s time other species of Epipyrops have ‘been noticed in Japan and North and Central America, but as the references to these are given below in the bibliographic list it 1s not neces- sary to specially refer to them here. When Mr. Koebele and myself arrived at Cairns in Northern Queensland and started a systematic investigation of the enemies ot leaf-hoppers, these parasitic caterpillars naturally came under our observation at the very beginning of our researches. Al- though so far as | know no record of their occurrence in Aus- tralia ‘has yet been published, yet their presence was not un- known to some of the Australian entomologists. Mr. F. P. Dodd, a dealer in entomological specimens, had bred one or two species, though the most casual inspection was sufficient to show me that these were neither of the two species we had found in abundance at Cairns at that time. Mr. Henry Tryon, the Gov- ernment Entomologist for Queensland, had long since found the curious cocoon of these moths in that State. In fact, they are very common insects. In the case of certain species of Delphacid leaf-hoppers at Cairns, a large percentage carried one or more of the parasitic caterpillars. Another species of the parasites affected a commonplace Jassid that lives on the leaves and shoots of a species of Terminalia, and the number of cocoons formed on the leaves was almost incredible. As Mr. Koebele’s notes well express it, they were “in millions,” and at a glance gave the leaves somewhat the appearance of being badly affected with a Pulvinaria, or some such scale-insect. Species also occurred at Bundaberg, and after I left Australia, Mr. Koebele found then 76 in profusion around Sydney, where nearly a score of hoppers were found to be affected. It is therefore probable that they will be found commonly throughout Australia, and that the species are fairly numerous. GENERAL ACCOUNT OR - THE ik hweris TOR sel BPIPYRORMOA The following account is mainly taken from the study of the species I call Agamopsyche threnodes, it being parasitic on the sugar cane leaf-hopper and a few more oi less closely allied Del- phacids. This is the only species known to us, of which numbers were obtained, which is obviously parthenogenetic, no male at all having been bred. The female is sluggish, and generally com- mences to lay very soon after emergence. The eggs were in- variably fertile, very numerous, disc-like, of small size, and laid in large numbers in a batch. In nature they were found depo- sited on dead grass leaves, on which the cocoons were also col- lected. The development of the embryo could be watched through the thin egg-shell. The imago was not studied in the field, but I bred a number of specimens of a Sydney species frora cocoons sent to Honolulu by Koebele, after my own return. These were kept in a large cage over growing cane and in every way reminded me strongly of a species of Fumea, with which [ was very well acquainted many years ago, when I confined my attention to the Lepidoptera. It was to the characters of Fumea that I turned, when working out the material here considered, feeling sure that the resemblance was more than superficial, and the investigation has satisfied me that such is really the case. The superficial appearance of the larva in most of its stages is admir- ably described by Bowring in the words “a Coccus-like insect,” for the larva, and also to some extent the cocoon, of many species greatly resembles certain mealy bugs in superficial ap- pearance. In the well-grown larva of Agamopsyche the head is extremely small, and retractile; the mandibles minute and usually wholly, or almost wholly, concealed beneath the labrum; and the labium is produced into a spine-iike process or spinneret, direci- ed downwards. The larva is able to let itse'f hang down bv a silken thread, and when freed from its host was often seen to do this. The head bears a number of longish bristles, the body a few inconspicuous ones. The eyes are distinct and set on a darkly pigmented area, and so placed together on the head as 77 to superficially resemble a simple form of compound eye on eacli side. The thoracic legs have a small and very sharp claw, which is abruptly bent hacen ede Segmentation is deep and conspicu- ous, the cuticle corrugated and in life more or less thickly cov- ered with a floury eff orescence, The third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments bear very short prolegs, which, how- ever, are capable of further protrusion than is usually observed in preserved specimens. They are furnished with a regular cit- clet of hooks to the number of about 20 in large and 12 or 14 in smaller larvae. An additional terminal pair of legs or clasp- ers very closely approximated, are imperfect, being armed with hooks only along the front side. In some species of Heteropsyche the hooks are much more numercus, 40 or 50 to each proleg. One or more larvae may be seen on a single hopper, but, in some cases at least, it appears that only one of these is able to become mature. The moults take place on the hoppers’ back, and one or more cast skins were frequently noticed thereon, [a the case of Agamopsyche the caterpillars were found only on mature Delphacids. They affect both short and long winged forms alike, and either sex of the hopper. In most cases at least the parasite (unless resting or moulting) has the head turned towards the tip of the abdomen of the host. Although in many of the hoppers, that were found affected, there is no waxy excre- tion, such as the parasitic caterpillars have been supposed to feed on, yet it is probable that these feed largely on the sweet liquid excretion or honey-dew, which is abundantly produced at all times. This opens up the question as to whether the parasite is or is not fatal to the host. Koebele from observations made at Sydney believed that the hoppers died soon after the parasit2 quitted them. In some cases at least with Agamopsyche at Cairns, death followed quickly on the withdrawai of the ful!- fed caterpillar. Even immediately after this event in some speci- mens of a Delphacid, a collapse or distortion of the dorsal sclerites of the abdomen was obvious, and healthy hoppers in- cluded in the same jar as parasitized ones outlived the latter. It would however be premature to say that a mature hopper bear- ing these parasites is incapable of laying fertile eggs. In the case of species other than Agamopsyche, the caterpillars were observ- ed on nymphs as well as on mature hoppers. Should the nympls moult, it would appear probable that the parasitic caterpillar would be also discarded, but it is quite possible that the drain on the strength of the host is sufficient to prevent moulting, as is 78 always the case with the dryinized leaf-hoppers considered in Pt. 1 of this Bulletin. It is, however, the first stage or instar of the caterpillar that is most interesting, not only on account of its utter dissimilarity im appearance, when compared with the later stages, but because it considerably resembles in general appearance that first larval stage of some parasitic insects of other Orders, which more or less resembles the primitive form of insects included in the Aptera. The newly hatched larva is very minute, in shape subcampodeti- form, very long and s'ender, and tapering to the caudal extrem- ity. The head and thoracic segments together form about hali the whole length of the larva, and are much more bulky thaa the rest. The head is large and remarkable for the great, ovate, black-pigmented eye on either side, and for the character of the labium, which in lateral view is often seen forming a large down- ward continuation of the head, of more or less triangular shape, its pointed lower extremity being armed with a long sharp spine or spinneret. It is not, however, always thus extruded, but caa be withdrawn beneath the head so as not to be seen in lateral aspect. On either side of this, on the under surface of the head, and projecting nearly straight downwards, is a longish palp-like organ with slightly dilated base, which probably carries a sense crgan. Its position would suggest that it is palpal rather than antennal. The segmentation is very distinct, the thoracic legs are large and in reality very elongate for a caterpillar, if they are expanded; but in dead specimens the joints are usually folded up on one another. There are two longish joints followed by an indistinct small piece resembling an empodium, over which is a long curved spinose bristle. The second to the seventh abdo- minal segments inclusive bear very long ambulatory bristles, set on projections or pseudopodia; the penultimate and apical seg- ments have shorter ones, and the apex of the abdomen two ex- cessively long and fine downward curved hairs. The cocoons of the Epipyropidae are white, and have a mealy appearance in most cases, as have the larvae. They exhibit much variety of form, being usually more or less ornamented with carinae or outstanding lamellae, and though there may be dividual variation, yet in manv cases those of different species are quite distinct. Those of the genus Heteropsyche are more orinamental than those of Agamopsyche and Palaeopsyche, as far as the species we collected are concerned. One extremely beautiful cocoon collected by Koebele is rosette-like, being 72 nearly round, and with three tall vertical lamellae concentrically arranged about the more solid round centre, which itself has a central depression. The moth from this was unfortunately not bred. When the moths hatch the pupa case always remains largely emergent from the cocoon, but its posterior segments are never freed, at least under natural conditions, whether the moth produced be male or female. CLASSIFICATION, The parasitic moths of the genus Epipyrops have been placed in various families by different authors. Westwood as already mentioned assigned the typical genus to the Arctiidae, but neither the neuration nor the structure of the legs will admit of such a position. Sir George Hampson has suggested placing: it in the Heterogeneidae (Limaccdidae) but the neuration and other structural points, as well as the larval prolegs, exclude it. Dyar who made a critical examination of an indifferent speci- men from N. America, concluded that it was a ‘““Tineoid form not referable to the Tineidae proper.” This is practically the con- clusion I have myself arrived at after a careful examination of the three genera here characterized, though I much regret that | liave not been able to examine Epipyrops itself. Brief ty I con- sider these insects to form a distinct family most nearly related tc Fumea and Taleporia of the Tineidae and to the Psychidae of the Psychina. Epipyropidae, fam. nov. Head and thorax mostly with appressed scales, sometimes more or less hairy; eyes small and widely separated in fron:, ocelli wanting, palpi wanting (said to be present but minute in Epipyrops). Antennae one-half or less, with very long ciliated bipectinations in the male, much shorter ones, not ciliated, in the female. Thorax with appressed scales or more or less hairy; legs smoothish, not hairy, middle spurs absent, apical spurs at most represented by extremely minute spines. Forewings with Ia (often absent), tb and Ic separate; 1b sometimes furcate at base, vein 8 to tip of wing, always very closely approximated to 7 at the base, or with 7 out of it. In the Australian species here de- scribed, the cell is divided into three parts by two indistinct lc ngitudinal veins and the apex of the cell is closed only by in- 8a distinct or obsolete discocellulars. Hindwings with vein 8 (and 7 if present) free to the base not connected with cell. The mouth parts are so degraded that it is hard to homologize the existing structures with those of an ordinary Tineid. The slight projection densely covered with scales and visible just be- low the clypeus, is seen, if denuded, to be a single piece with emarginate apex, divided by a suture from a basal portion, which occupies the middle of the head beneath. This structure resem- bles a simple labium in many insects, but its position seems that of the base of the proboscis of ordinary moths. The labrum lies in the deep emargination of the clypeus, and no other mouth- parts are present. SYNOPSISOF ‘GENERA. I. (2) Cell of hindwings emitting only 4 veins, (vein 4 absent) 7 TE CEMLO\ DASE CR ek, Sate niteLe 5 tae Palaeopsyche 2. (1) Cell of hindwings emitting 5 veins (vein 4 present) 7 absent. 3. (4) Forewings with vein 7 out of 8 near the apex..---.-.. hares RMU Ae a As Rah AGE ARM. A gamopsyche 4. (3) Forewings with veins 7 and 8 basally approximated but GISEIMGE.o:.cuty ot mace e re aug 2 me Heteropsyche Palaeopsyche, gen. nov. Forewings with 2 very distinct internal veins, vein 2 rising from cell fae beyond the middle, widely separated from 3, being about as distinct from it as 3 is from 4; 7 and 8 very closely ap- proximated at base, the cell apparently open at the apex, being only closed by obsolescent veins; vein 12 free. Posterior wines with only 6 veins in addition to the internal, vein 4 being absent; apex of cell an acute angle giving rise to vein 5 only; 7 and 8 ince tO. the basews(El 1135) Palacopysche melanias, sp. nov. Male and female, 7-8.5 mm. Head and thorax black, some- what hairy, antennae more or less pale, black or dark at the points of origin of the pectinations. Antennae in the male with 9g very long bipectinations, and the apex bifid to form a tenth, the longest pectination about half as long as the whole antenna; 3. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES. Neuration of fore and hind wing of Heteropsyche (female). The same of Agamopsyche (female). Hind wing partly wanting. The same of Palaeopsyche (male). 8I a short basal pectination, apparently sometimes absent. Anten- nae of female with much shorter bipectinations than those of the male, the longest of these twice as long as the space between itself and the next following. Anterior wings dull black, purple- tinged in some lights, shorter and broader in the male, more pointed and with very oblique termen in the female; cilia black or blackish fuscous. Hind wings dark fuscous, greyish tinged, cilia long, dark fuscous. Abdomen black, no pale anal tufts in female. HAB. Cairns, Queensland; abundant on a Jassid on Termi- nalia. Heteropsyche, gen. nov. 1e in that vein 9 of forewings is ab- Differs from Palaeopsycl is present, 7 being absent. (Pl. fig. 1). sent, vein 4 of hindwings i Type H. melanochroma. The species of this genus are closely allied and difficult. The material at my disposal consists mostly of specimens that w ere allowed to die a natural death, since we wished to obtain eggs to send to the islands for economic purposes. They are Peres fore much abraded and practically useless for study of characters other than structural. However, either one or two examples of each species were killed while in fresh condition, and these serv- ed for the following descriptions. For the separation of the spe- cies, I have in the table used chiefly the number of pectinations of the male antennae, which appear constant in a!l the examples oi the one species that was examined in numbers, in which | counted them. Apart from this, however, all differ in details of coloration. Koebele under number 2358 records that he found 2 species of Epipyrops on some 17 species of leaf-hoppers, Jassid and Fulgorid. I think it probable that had material of these been saved in good condition. there would have proved to have been several species of the moths under this number. SY NOFRSIS OF SPECIES: MALES. 1. (4) Antennae with 12 pectinations on the inner side, not counting one formed by the bifid apex. 2 (3) Forewings more or less variegated; cilia of hind wings FIDO SU RO A ee H. poecilochromua 82 3. (2) Forewings almost uniform blackish or blackish fuscous, cilia of hindwings dark ........ .H. melanochroma 4 (1) Antennae with less than 12 pectinations on the inner side, excluding one formed by the bifid apex. 5. (6) Forewings maculately greyish and blackish; antenna? with 10 bipectinations, not counting the bifid apex.. sais fs pemecae! fcr enc merc epee Nae eyes age HT, mucromorpha 6. (5) Forewings greyish fuscous indefinitely sprinkled or sut- fused with dark, antennae with 11 bipectinations (ex- cluding that formed by the bifid apex)...H. dyscrita 1. Heteropsyche poecilochroma, sp. nov. Male; expanse about 10 mm. Head and thorax greyish fus- cous, antennae with 11 lateral bipectinations, an additional basal pectination apparently unpaired, or at least with the other of the pair scarcely visible, and the bifid apex of the antenna form- ing an additional pair of short pectinations; basal joint with a tuft beneath. Inner pectinations blackish with paler spots or lines, outer pale with dark tips. Forewings greyish fuscous strigulated with dark and brownish fuscous, and along the costa with black so as to have an ill-defined maculate appearance; termen slightly bowed, very oblique, dorsal margin strongly rounded; cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous somewhat brownish tinged, cilia except at their base white. HAB. On the Mulgrave near Cairns, bred from a Fulgorid. (Koebele’s number 2294). 2. Heteropsyche melanochroma, sp. nov. Male and female; expanse about 1o mm. Head, thorax and abdomen black, or blackish fuscous. Antennae in the male with 12 bipectinations (in addition to those formed by the bifid apex) and a basal tuft beneath. Pectinations in the female very short. Forewings dull, nearly uniform, blackish fuscous or black, faintly purple tinged in some lights; hindwings blackish fuscous, hairy towards dorsum, cilia blackish fuscous. HAB. Sydney, N.S. W. Very abundant according to Mr. Koebele. His Number 2358, which no doubt included more than one species. Said to have been bred from various Fulgorids and Jassids. d3 3. Heteropsyche micromorpha, sp. nov. Male; expanse about 7 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, greyish tinged, abdomen blacker. Antennae with Io bipectina- tions in addition to the bifid apex, and with a basal tuft beneath. Forewings greyish and dark blackish fuscous so arranged that the grey parts form many small roundish spots, along that costa partly blackish, cilia blackish fuscous. Hindwings blackish fuscous, cilia grey-tinged. Hab. Sydney, N.S. W. (Koebele’s number 2352) bred from a peculiar Fulgorid on fern. 4. Heteropsyche dyscrita, sp. nov. Male; expanse about 9 mm. Head greyish fuscous, thorax darker, antennae with 11 bipectinations (excluding those formed by the bifid apex) and with a basal tuft beneath. Forewings greyish fuscous, indefinitely sprinkled and suffused with dark fuscous, but not so as to be definitely marked or maculate; cilia dark fuscous more or less grey-tinged at the tips. Hindwings uniform dark fuscous, cilia paler, grey-tinged. Hab. Sydney, N. S. W. (Koebele’s number 2366). Another specimen under this number looked like quite another species, but was too worn for identification. On minute Fulgorid on Cuscuta, 5. Heteropsyche stenomorpha, sp. nov. Female; small and with narrow front wings, expanse about 8 mm. the termen very oblique, the dorsum strongly rounded. An- tennal pectinations very short, the longest hardly longer than the joint that bears them. Forewings black or blackish fuscous rather roughly scaled, the cilia dark; hindwings like the front, brt rather more finely scaled. Hab. Sydney, N.S. W. (Koebele’s number 2358). Might be a depauperated form of H. melanochroma, which bears the same number, but more probably is distinct. Agamopsyche, gen. nov. Differs from Heteropsyche in that vein 7 of forewings is out of 8 near the tip of the wing, and in the female the antennae are 84 much more longly bipectinated. From Palaeopsyche it differs in the absence of vein 9 of forewings and vein 7 of hindwings. (Elric 2). Agamopsyche threnodes, sp. nov. Female, length 6-8 mm. Head and thorax blackish fuscous Antennae with rather long pectinations, the longest much longer than the space between itself and the next following. Forewings, long and narrow, deep black or blackish fuscous, generally with a purplish reflection, and with some obscure and variable small whitish spots; cilia greyish or greyish fuscous, conspicuously paler than the wing. Hind wings black or blackish fuscous, cilia greyish fuscous. Hab. Cairns on De!phacids, abundant. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1850 BOWRING, J. C. “Letter concerning a curious Coc- cus-like insect parasitic upon Fulgora candelaria.” (Proc. By. London (2) a1, p:, XO@cV Tt) 1676)> WES TWOOD) I, Qo Gransi/E. 4S! London, 619-24 4 El: VII.) Epipyrops anomala g. and sp. n. parasitic on Pyrops candelaria from China. 1877 id. (Trans. E. S. London, 433-7, Pl. X, c. fig. 1-3), Notes on the parasitism of certain Lepidopterous insects. Epipyrops (?) on Aphaena (?) & Eurybrachys spinosa from India. 1883 -CHAMPION, G.’C.(Proc. E.'S. London, pp. XX-XX]). Larvae parasitic on certain small Fulgoridae in Central America. 1877 id. in Distant W. L. Biologia Centr. Am. Rhynch. Hom. I, 27. Larvae on Euchophora stillifer. 1889 SHARP, D. Cambridge Nat. Hist. Insects, Pl. II, p. 404. 1902 DYAR, H. G. “A lepidopterous larva on a leaf-hopper, Epipyrops barberiana n. sp.” (Proc. E. S. Washington, Ve 43-5). 85 1903 NAWA, U. “Notes on a parasitic moth” (Insect World, VII, no. 1, Engl. suppl. 1-2; plate). Epipyrops nawat Dyar on Pomponia japonensis, and maculaticollis and Graptopsaltria colorata. Similar larvae on Ricania japo- nica. See Dyar (P. E. S. Washington V, 43-5) and Kirk- aldy (Entomologist XXXVI, 129-30.) 19004 HOLLAND, W. J. ‘“Epipyrops barberiana Dyar.” (Ent. News, XV, 344-5.) On Orments pruinosa in Texas; chal- cid also bred. FBULLESIN No. 1 : =< PART 3: — : REPORT OF WORK : = : OF THE. = ae EXPERIMENT STATION : OF THE : eee ee HAWAHAN SucaR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION sooo BSS Natural Enemies (PT. HI. STYLOPIDA: ) a NS | By R. C. L. PERKINS : x oe _ AUGUST 8, 1905 HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION au TRUSTEES FOR 1905 Boake SWANZYs2kes President H. P. Batpwin...... Vice- President Wi OLN SMUT ER ep tar Secretary-Treasurer E. D. TENNEY H. A. ISENBERG Gro. H. ROBERTSON S. M. DAmon Wn. G. IRWIN F. A. SCHAEFER EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE W. M. GIFFARD, Chairman E. D. TENNEY G. M. RoLPH EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY Ge SMG arts) cakes stereos Director VB aGye GOTAT KO us ciean ce pieien Agriculturist MSS AB Owle ee as cies Assistant Chemist Firman Thompson...... Assistant Chemist F, R. Wertnmueller... Assistant Chemist ASEH. POLGaM ~~... S. oe Assistant Chemist SSE POU SET avaceias ole eee Field Foreman DIVISION OF : ; DIVISION OF : ; ENTOMOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY “BR. Cc. L. Perkins...Director N. Alt Copbiars oes Director ; FAS SIEKGOCDEIG® 2... eee Consulting Entomologist L, Lewton-Brain... Assistant iirect PAV ESS CTW sete ie ci Consulting Entomologist EE. M. Grosse....... Assistant G W. Kirkaldy.... Acsistant Entomologist ; Ve VV REEDED View sci = Assistant Entomologist Otto H. Swezey:..... Assistant Entomologist GENERAL WEY Ghamberstessa2-i Tlustratc Cc. H. McBride.......... Cashier DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1 qq PART 3 REPORT OF WORK (o> Wint= EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies (PT. If. STYLOPIDZE ) By R. C. L. PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T. AUGUST 8, 1905 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Honolulu, T. H., July tq4th, 1905. Special Committee on Experiment Station, ielaes bE, Act Etonoluli,. b HH: Gentlemen: I, herewith, submit for publication the third part of the Bul- letin on “Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Enemies.” Yours obediently, RC, PERKINS; Director, Division of Entomology. GENERAL GREMARKS ON THE STYLOPIDAE. The Stylopidae or. Strepsiptera are minute insects of great interest on account of their anomalous structure and _ their remarkable parasitic habits. Even now, though they are com- mon insects, their structures have been very imperfectly exam- ined, and the most diverse opimions have been expressd as tc their natural affinities. Sir Sydney Saunders, who monograph- ed the group in 1872, divided them into two groups on account of their habits, viz: the Hymenopterobiae parasitic on bees, wasps, and ants, and Homopterobiae parasitic on Homoptera. the latter group was made to contain Westwood’s genus Colacina, parasitic on a leaf-hopper from Borneo, and I believe never yet characterized. Since that time, Mr. Edward Saunders, in 1892, discovered the long known genus Elenchus, the host of which had been the subject of various erroneous conjectures, to be parasitic on a small leaf-hopper of the genus Liburnia. Two years ago Mr. Koebele bred this same insect in quantities from Liburnia in the State of Ohio, and subsequently in Cal- ifornia, while in Australia we found the same to be very com- mon in every locality which we investigated, and to attack not only Liburnia, but several other genera of Delphacid leaf-hop- pers. Finally, Mr. Koebele, after my return to Hawaii, when lie proceeded to Fiji, at once discovered Elenchus there in num- bers, attacking various Delphacids, and we had previously found the females and male puparia in leaf-hoppers sent from those islands for our inspection. Otherwise outside Europe, a species of this genus had been collected in numbers in Mauritius by Templeton some seventy years ago. Nor is it only the Homop- terous Rhynchota that are attacked, for Sharp has recorded a case of a Stylopid attacking a Pentatomid bug of the genus Clry- socoris from East Asia, and I had the pleasure of examining this interesting specimen, when I was last in Cambridge. We failed to find any Australian Pentatomid stylopized, though we examined considerable numbers, but as owing to pressure of other matters we were unable to make any really extensive search, it is quite probable that such will be found there. At least not only are many Fulgoridae and Jassidae affected with these parasites at all points investigated, from Sydney in New OI South Wales to Cairns in Northern Queensland, but so too are the Aculeate Hymenoptera, both the Vespidae (Polistes, etc..) and many Fossores, such as the common, house-frequenting Pelopoeus of the Sphegidae, the Bembecidae, Stizidae, and no doubt many others. It is but rarely that any of the male Stylopidae are met with on the wing, and consequently they appear to be rarely weli represented in collections of Coleoptera; but they are so easily bred and in reality so common everywhere that our want ot knowledge of their habits and structure is astonishing, when we consider ‘how remarkable these are. On account of their larger size, the Stylopidae that are parasitic on bees and wasps, are in some ways more suitable for study than those on Homop- tera. My experience of the bee parasites has been far more extensive than with the Rhynchotal ones, as I have found thein everywhere in England, very abundant in bees in California, common in Arizona, and Mexico, casually noticed them at Washington and rather commonly in Halictiws at Montreal. To their occurrence in Australia, | have already referred. In spite of this, it is doubtful whether any museum in the world pos- sesses a collection of even a few hundred specimens of these parasites, such as would adequately illustrate the various sub- families, genera, and species. With regard to the species parasitic in bees such as Andrena, in’ order to obtain the male parasites freely, I have found 1 necessary to note one fact in countries, which have a cool win- ter. It is known that sometimes in the case of Andrena, and probably generally, the male Stylops, like the bee it infests, 1s fully developed, even in midwinter, and only awaits the emer- gence of its host in the spring to issue from its body. Therefore the first appearance of the bees in the spring should be watched for, and their first appearance in the morning, since the Stylops will often emerge at the very moment that the bee first comes from its burrow into the sunlight. Later on the majority of the bees bear only female parasites, or the empty puparia of males. Notable exceptions are indeed known to these facts but nevertheless they are generally true of the genus Stylops itself, when parasitic on the spring species of Andrena in colder coun- tries, and it is these species that are chiefly affected. On the other hand, fossorial! Hymenoptera and wasps may retain the male puparia of Xenos and its allies unhatched for days and even weeks after capture, and in the case of the Fossores it is sometimes difficult to keep the hosts alive till the parasites 92 emerge. With the parasites of Jassid leaf-hoppers, emergence from the puparia sometimes does not take place for a week or more after capture, but these leaf-hoppers are more easily kept alive in captivity than most of the Fossorial Hymenoptera. Pah Or rtACk Ol STYEOPIDAE, ON THEIR HOSTS: The external and internal effects of stylopization on the hosts have been studied by various hymenopterists in the case of the typical genus Stylops, but they still require much closer further examination. In 1891 I showed that males of certain species of bees bearing the females of Stylops were apparently pertectly capabie of reproduction. | have fully verified these observa- tions subsequently. Piffard has recorded the fact of a stylopized male bee copulating, and | have myself since noticed similar cases, but in this respect the most remarkable case observed by me was that of the male of a leaf-hopper, a large species oi Tettigomia bearing two great male puparia and two mature female parasites, which was in copula with a female carrying three or four parasites. I’emale bees of the genus Halictus infested with Stylops hibernate like healthy individuals. On the other hand, Theobald examining other species of Andrena came to a conclusion almost opposite to my own, which may have been due to the fact that the species investigated by us were different. I suspect however that it was largely due to two causes: (1) that he chiefly examined bees containing, or that had contained, male Stylops, the effect of which is much more severe On the host than is the female parasite; (2) he examined material in alcohol, and it is quite possible that, in the process of pickling, the contents of the vesiculae seminales were lost, as I have shown this may happen on contact with water, or possi- Lly by the pressure of other parts on contraction in the alcohol, All my specimens were freshly caught ones, dissected under anaesthetics, and only after the whole genital system had been removed entire, glands, ducts and armature, were the bees placed in alcoho] for the examination of other organs. It is obviously perfectly impossible that, in the species to which my paper refers, the germ cells were destroyed in the larva of the bee as Theobald says we should expect to be the case. In the case of sty!opized leaf-hoppers, I should judge that the effects are a good deal the same as in stylopized bees, from suca observations as we were able to make on the former. (1) The G3 male parasite injures the host more than the female, causing generally a considerable and often large distortion of the body (2) Both male and female hoppers will copulate though very badly parasitized. (3) Death usually follows after the emer- gence of a male Stylopid, sometimes immediately, sometimes 1: a few hours, but sometimes not for some days in the case of especially robust hoppers, as also is the case with some wasps. (4) The much more fatal effect of the male parasite is not alto- gether due to the fact that the puparium is much larger (as to its protruded portion) than the mature female, and also usually more chitinized on its hidden segments, but it is largely due to the fact that, when the mature Stylopid emerges, the cap of the puparium being burst open and often altogether removed, a great opening extending far into the interior of the body of the host freely admits both light and air to the wiscera, and this clearly produces most injurious and often rapidly fatal results. Possibly too it may be that the male parsite, so far more highly developed than the female, requires for its perfection to draw more heavily for nutriment on its host. Again in the case of leaf-hoppers, at least at certain seasons, no sooner does the male parasite emerge, than a fungous disease at once starts its attack in the opening thus made, the results of which are abso- lutely deadly. Sometimes, but much more rarely, one will find the fungus has developed at the point of protrusion of the female parasite. This fungus disease seems to be a constant con- comitant of Stylopid attack on leaf-hoppers, both in America, Australia and Fiji. I have dealt with this question of the effect of the parasite at some length, because strenuous efforts were tnade to introduce Elenchus into these islands (it is to be feared unsuccessfully so far) for economic reasons, and it would be essential in my opinion to bring both the parasites and the con- comitant fungus above mentioned to secure the best results. As, in Fiji, Elenchus attacks a species of Perkinsiella closely allied to our sugar-cane leaf-hopper, it could probably be much more easily imported from those islands than elsewhere. THE ‘GENERA ZALICTOPAAGCS AND ZEENCATS, The genus Halictophagus. The literature accessible to me that deals with this genus is deficient, and I do not know whether this parasitic insect has been actually bred from the bee genus Halictus or whether its assignment to these common bees is altogether based on con- 04. jecture, as it was when Westwood wrote his “Introduction.” On examination of the Australian Stylopidae that infest Jassids, it is evident that these are so extremely close to Halictophagus as figured by Westwood that I have leit one of these species in that genus and have made a new subgenus for the reception or another. I incline to believe that Halictophagus, which appears to be very little known, and hardly noticed since J. C. Dale cap- tured the type of the genus in 1832, and again took it in the same county (Dorset) in Eng'and in 1840, is really a Jassid parasite, and could be easily bred in numbers by any one who would investigate some of the Jassids in that country, Agallia, Tettigonia, or some such common form, being likely to prove its hosts. I am further led to believe its connection with Halictus is entirely suppositions because Mr. C. W. Dale, the son of the above named entomologist, writing 60 years aiter the type was obtained, says “Halictophagus is supposed to be a parasite of Halictus, Elenchus of Prosopis.’ We know the latter assign- ment of host and parasite to be incorrect, and probably the former is also. The Australian species of Halictophagus and of which males are known are confined to Jassids, but females of a quite distinct species found on large Fulgorids are in my opin- ion also allied, and belong to the same group. The genus Elenchus. So far as our observations have gone, these being confined to a single species, Elenchus attacks only Delphacid leaf- hoppers, and of these only such as feed on Graminaceous plants, not those found on shrubs or trees. I see no reason, after the examination of dry and alcoholic material and specimens pre- served in balsam, to specifically separate the Australian exam- ples from the American (the latter from Ohio and California) nor either of these from the Vitian. Again | refer all these to the British Elenchus tenuicornis. Other species of Elenchus have been described from Mauritius and Britain, but whether these are all distinct, I feel some doubts. Dried specimens of these insects become more or less distorted or shrivelled, that examples of one species though taken together often ex- hibit apparent differences from these causes. Mounted in bal- sam, slight differences in position often give a very different appearance to various structures, e. g., the antennae, genitalia, etc. Next to fresh specimens those preserved in alcohol are most suitable for study. Throughout Koebele’s notes this species is referred to under the name Colacina Westw. on the O5 authority of Mr. E. A. Schwartz but I cannot think that Cola- cina and Elenchus are identical. At any rate this ‘is true Elenchus, and it does not seem likely that Westwood would have so forgotten this genus, which he knew well in 1840, as to make a new one for the same insect years afterwards. Mr. Koebele found in Ohio, at the same time as Elenchus, that a Jassid (Agallia) was also affected by a Stylopid parasite. On a slide are some mutilated specimens in balsam of the male parasites, which he found stuck to the glass in the tubes in which these Agallia were kept alive. I cannot see any difference whatever between these males and the Elenchus bred from Liburnia, but en examination of the dead Agallia, I find female Stylopids of a character so utterly different from that of Elenchus, that I imagine a Liburnia must have been accidentaily included, from which the males in question emerged. Moreover the larvae trom these females are different from those of Elenchus. 1 think it probable that the male of these females will prove to be a Halictophagus, but Mr. Koebele’s well known accuracy and his opinion that the males sent came from Agallia, make further investigation necessary. By this | mean it is necessary to in- vestigate Agallia, to prove whether it is at any time attacked by Elenchus. That these female Stylopids found in Agallia do not belong to that genus needs no investigation, and there is no possibility of their belonging to the males supposed to have been bred from the same leaf-hoppers; indeed there is no reason io doubt that they belong to the Halictophaginae. THE LARVAE OM STYLOPIDAE: The larvae of Stylopidae when they emerge from the brood- chamber of the female are often called triungulins, but very in- appropriately so, since they entirely lack the very structures for which the name triungulin has been applied to the first instar of larval Meloe and other beetles. ‘Lhe larvae of Styloipds para- sitic on Homoptera are much smaller and more difficult to study than are some of the wasp-narasites, and I have therefore figured in ventral view a larva of one of the latter (which is allied to Xenos) for comparison. This larva (Pl. IV, 5) when highly magnified is like Lepisma in general appearance and otherwise is chiefly remarkable for the great pigmented eye-spots around the lenses, and the structure of the elongate legs. The first two pairs of these terminate in the rounded pad noticed by writers on larval Stylops, but the hinder pair bear in place of this a long fine spine or seta, from which, near the extremity, there arises a finer and strongly curved one, g6 The young larva of Elenchus (Pl. IV, 3 and 4) in general resembles this, the legs being long, the eye spots large, and the pair of apical abdominal setae very long. All the legs however terminate in a long curved spine or seta, the two anterior pairs not differing much from the posterior. The ventral suriace is much depressed, the dorsal convex. Each abdominal segment kas a minute seta at the side, and on either side close to the middle line is an additional row oi setae. In the Australian subgenus Bruesia the larva (Pl. IV, 1 and 2) is larger than that of Elenchus, generally more parallel- sided, but both it and Elenchus are subject to considerable variation in shape according to the retraction or otherwise of the body segmnets. It also appears to ditfer from Elenchus in the arrangement of the setae of the ventral surface, but the claws of the legs are of a somevghat similar character, and unlike those of Xenos and the other hymenopterous parasites. Newport’s figure of the larva of Stylops reproduced in The Cambridge Natural History, if it be correct, would show that cenus to be utterly unlike any of those here considered, no trace of the great eye spots being shown and the many jointed feet are utterly foreign to the species | have examined. Indeed I should not have recognized it as a Stylopid larva at all aiter my recent study of these. riba PRAT OK SlVEOPIDAE: The puparium of a male Stylopid, that is to say the exserted portion, generally bears a great resemblance to the adult female except for the fact that it is rounded instead of flattened. In many cases the tubercles or depressions with which the apex 1s furnished closely resemble those in the female. As the male Stylopid becomes mature its head can be seen within the ex- serted apex of the somewhat transparent puparium, and _ this fact, combined with the great similarity between this part of the puparium and the exserted end of the female, would have satis- fied me that in the latter it was the head end exserted, and not the tail as Meinert supposed, even if it had not been conclu- sively settled by the position of the ganglia in Xenos. Saunders has figured the adult Elenchus escaping from the puparium ventral side upwards—we have frequently watched the same insect issuing in this manner—and remarks that Nenos does the same, but that Stylops and fHylecthrus are said to emerge in reversed position. The puparia of all the Stylopids examined by us, on the emergence of the mature insect, split open by the 97 regular dehiscence of an apical cap. The pupa itself, as it ap- proaches maturity, is more or less visible through the shell. It appears to me of a decidedly Coleopterous type, and when the mature insect emerges the pupal skin is shed as the most deli- cate of pellicles. SOME, RELATIONS, OF . PARASITE AND, HOST: In the case of Xezos parasitic on wasps of the genus Polistes, Hubbard noted the marked hostility of the host towards the parasite. Brues did not observe this with his specimens, and suggests that this was due to the fact that no females of the Xenos were present in the wasps that he studied, and conse- quently that the males of the parasite did not approach these for the purpose of pairing. This is very probably the true ex- planation of the difference in the wasps’ behaviour in the two cases, in confirmation of which one may cite the old and often quoted observation of J. C. Dale: “Puiting two bees (dAndrena labialis) under a glass in the sun two Stylops were produced: the bees seemed uneasy and went up towards them, but evidently with caution, as if to fight; and moving their antennae towards them, retreated. I once thought the bee attempted to seize it; but the oddest thing was to see the Stylops get on the body of the bee and ride about, the latter using every effort to throw his rider.” This certainly seems to point to the conclusion ar- tived at by Brues, the Andrena in question probably bearing a female specimen of the parasite. In the case of leaf-hoppers, we did not notice any sign of disturbance on the part of the host at the presence of the male parasites, nor did we ever see copulation take place, though we often had many male and female Elenchus in the same jar. It will probably prove that the remarkable mandibles of many male Stylopids are for the purpose of holding on to the host during the pairing of the sexes. In general it would appear that these organs are less remarkable in the parasites that attack leaf-hoppers, than in those that Occur in bees and wasps, in fact in some of the former class they are small and of very simple form. In the case of Polistes there is, according to Brues, a well- marked tendency for all the parasites in one wasp to develoye the same sex. This is also notably the case with some of the Stylopids affecting the Fossorial Hymenoptera, but with those attacking leaf-hoppers it is often quite otherwise, and it is of the commonest occurrence to find male and female parasites in the same individual hopper. 98 It is perhaps worthv of notice that the male puparia of the species of Halictophagus parasitic on Jassids, pierce the dorsum or even the venter of the abdomen of these leaf-hoppers, but the head of the female is always, or nearly always, facael through the pleura. On the contrary in Elenchus and Deine- lenchus, parasitic on Fulgorids, the male puparium (as well as the head of the female parasite) is exserted from the pleural region only. In the case of the Halictophaginae we found only mature leaf-hoppers to contain mature female parasites and puparia: but in the case of Elenchus tenuicornis the nymph or adult Delphacids will alike sroduce mature parasites of either sex. CEASSIFICA KION. The differences between the various forms here considered are so great, that if the Stvlopidae are considered as a family of Coleoptera, they must represent three sub-families; or if these parasites ‘be treated as a separate Order, Strepsiptera, they might even form three families. The marked differences in the head, legs, and thoracic sclerites being probably sufficient to warrant the higher division. They may be distinguished as follows: 1. Tarsi 4-jointed Stylopinae. 2 = larsh 2-jointed Halictophalginae 3. Tarsi 2-jointed Elenchinae As personally T consider the Stylopidae to be a Coleopterous family, the divisions here are treated as sub-families. The first of these divisions is capable of further subdivision, of a character in mv opinion more than merely generic, but it is not necessary to enter into these minor distinctions here. The family will. naturally, be placed next to the Mordellidae (incl. Rhiviphoridae). The measurements and descriptions of the female Stylopidae are made from the head, as it apnears when the animal is im- bedded in its host; for the variation in the length of the exserted portion in different individuals is very small. Female Elenchinae are (so far as the species collected by us are concerned) easily distinguished from Halictophaginae bv the absence of the median anical plate and other apical struct- ures, and the presence of discal areas in front of the broo- chamber opening. 99 LisTsOF, SPECIES OF STYLOPIDAE, HERE, GON- SIDERED. SEVeO PENAE: Gen.? sp. nov. near Xenos. ALICYOPHAGINAE, Halictophagus. H, schwareu,, sp. nov. Hl. americanus, sp. nov. subg. Bruesia, subg. nov. B. australeisis, sp. nov. B. phacodes, sp. nov. B. stenodes, sp. nov. Megalechthrus, gen. nov. M. tryont, sp. nov. BUEN CHIENAE. Elenchus. FE. tenwicornis, Curt. Deinelenchus, gen. noy. D. australensis, sp. nov. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF Si Vv@ Bibs As the position of Stylopidae as a whole amongst the Insecta has been a cause of much discussion and disagreement, so the character of various structures has also -been diversely in- terpreted. There is no question that the mouth-parts are of an abnormal character, and difficult to study, but that there should have been differences of opinion as to the thoracic sclerites and their appendages is not so easily understood. Even in the min- ute Elenchus, by far the most difficult of the Stylopidae to dis- sect, the prothorax and mesothorax can easily be separated entire, each in the form of a complete ring, exhibiting notal, pleural, and sternal portions, well marked, the former sclerite bearing the front legs, the meso-thoracic, in addition to the mid- dle pair of legs, having the lad!e-shaped elytra attached to the sides. The mouth parts of Elenchus and its other characters have been elaborately discussed by Eaton, but the figure given by him is an unfortunate one, owing to the position in which it was drawn; for of the part which he considers the ligula, the extremity approximate to the labium is not visib!e at all. Nev- 100 ertheless, had I examined no other Stylopid than Elenchus, | might possibly have agreed with his interpretation of the mouth parts, but the examination of a species of a genus allied to Xenos, and more especially a close s.udy of the head of a species cf the subgenus Brucsia (hereafter described) and of a species of Halictophagus, leads me to favor a different interpretation. The delicate transverse band on the under side of the head I agree in considering labium, the two-jointed organ on either side of it being probably the labial palpi. The part called ligula by Eaton requires close study being in many Sty!opidae bent at an angle, to form two planes; when the upper part is seen tn full surface view, the lower part meeting it at a strong angle slopes very strongly backwards from the point of meet- ing. This structure might be called an epistome, but it 1s pos- sible that the lower part is really the labrum or upper lip, the position of which it occupies. Between the apex of the lip and the labium approximated to it, is the closed, or obsolescent oral aperture. The so-called mandibles are probably rightly so called. Adopting Eaton’s interpretation the oral aperture of Elenchus is bounded by and in fact leads into the frontal pro- cess, but this seems to me certainly erroneous. According to the view here suggested by me, the mouth parts of the Stylo- pidae are not so extremely remarkable. The difficultv of study- ing the insect is not only due to the small size and delicate structure, but also to the fact that the sides of the face within the eyes have sharp protuberant edges, so that this part is more or less deeply excavated, the other structures being partly or wholly immersed, and further obscured by the mandibles and palpi. In Bruesia australensis however, and Halictophagus schwarzti, the face is much more open, and after dissecting off the mandibles and palpi the parts can be studied with compara- tive ease. It was therefore found advisable to carefully examine these before coming to any decision as to the mouth-parts of Elenchus. In Pl. I, fig. 1, is a diagrammatic view of the front of the head, simplified from what is actually seen in Brucsia and Halictophagus, as I interpret it, actual figures of these being given on the same plate, fig. 2 and 5. The parts indicated by the letters b and d together represent what I have already "called evistome, of which however, the lower portion (d) may be labral; e is the labium, and the closed, or at least obsolescent, eral opening is the slit between d and e. For the rest, the other parts are sufficiently explained in the description of the figures, but special attention must be called to the foramen (c) at or near the junction of b and d. This exists in Elenchus, Halic- IOl iophagus, Bruesia and in the species examined of a genus allied tc Xenos, in fact in all the male Stylopids considered in this paper, and as it furnishes an easy means of identifying homo- logous parts of the face, it is of great importance, If we now consider the parts of the face in Elenchus as com- pared with Bruesia the most striking difference noticed at once is the fact that the part immediately above the foramen (which corresponds to b in the diagrammatic figure) appears to end above in a free edge and not to be sutured to the frontal process, It is this edge that Eaton considers the apex of the ligula, and the cavity between it and the frontal process as the oral open- ing. I believe however that this edge is not the real extremity of this plate but is due only to a sharp bend therein. We are therefore left with two alternatives: if we consider with Eaton that there is a great ligula, then in Bruesia and Halictophagus schwareti the apex of the ligula is not free, but continuous with the frontal process, and not even divided therefrom by a dis- tinct suture; or if we adopt the interpretation that I favor, we shall consider the same part as epistome, or epistome and lab- rum, though in some genera its basal (upper) margin is deeply imbedded in the excavated front of the head. A strong immer- sion of the clypeus beneath the level of the front, or of labruin beneath the clypeus, is by no means unfamiliar in other orders of mandibulate insects. In a species of a genus allied to Xenos, the head of which is figured on Plate I, fig. 4, it will be seen that the epistomal portion lies entirely immersed beneath the prominent edges of the sides of the face. As to the division of the lower part of the face into epistome and labrum, both in a ary specimen of Brucsia and in one mounted in balsam, I think 1 can detect faint sutures, marking off a labrum from the epis- tome, and I suspect that the foramen always marks the division between these. - THE, THORACIC SEGMENTS: The pro- and meso-thorax appear to be always small and ring- like, and one or both of these are immersed in the posterior con- cavity of the head (PI. I, fig. 3), and on superficial examination may even appear to be part of this. In some figures of Stylopidae the top of the head is repre- sented as much more solid than it really is, the pronotum prob- ably having been considered as part of the vertex. The meta- thorax differs greatly in the arrangements of its parts in differ- ent genera. In Elenchus CEL, fig. 11) the posterior of the four 102 anterior lobes, which may be called the scutellum, is semilunar, and extremely small compared with the great triangular anter- ior lobe, not penetrating forwards between the lateral lobes. The post-scutellum also is unusually short. In Halictophagus and Bruesia, (PI. UH, fig. 9) the scutellum is triangular, but much smaller than the anterior lobe, penetrating somewhat between the lateral lobes, the post-scutellum being very elongate. In a genus allied to Xenos there is a great tri- angular scutellum, produced far forwards between the lateral lobes and longer than the anterior lobe (Pl. II, fig. 10). It is clear that ‘the structure of the thorax will prove of great use in the classification of Stylopidae. The great differences between the tarsi of the several subfamilies are shown in PI. II, figs. 6, 7 and 8, and also the wings of Elenchus, Bruesia and ? Halic- tophagus on the same plate (figs. I, 2, 3), so that it is not neces- sary to refer further to these. DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA) AND SPECIES: Bruesia n. subg. (of Halictophagus ). Head very deeply concave behind, seen from above consisting only of a narrow rim supporting the eyes, and produced con- siderably in front of these to form the tip of the blunt and wide frontal projection, at the sides of which the antennae are insert- ed. That which appears to be the top of the head on super- ficial inspection, is in reality the dorsum of the pro- and meso- thorax, which in their natural position are deeply immersed within the posterior concavity of the head, which they more or less fill up. Antennae with the two basal joints simple, the fol- lowing excessively short, being produced laterally into an elon- gate and thin lamina, the first and fifth (or last) of these laminae being larger than the others and capable of enclosing them in a fan-like fashion. Mandibles very short compared with those of other Stylopids, their tips not reaching one another, simply pointed. Labial palpi very large, the second joint foliaceous half as wide as long, pilose, subacuminate at the apex. Scutel- lar portion of metanotum moderately large, penetrating some- what between the lateral lobes of its anterior portion, trian- gular, and very different from the small semilunar scutellum of Elenchus; the post scutellum very elongate, twice as long as wide, or appearing still longer in dry specimens, covering sev- eral of the basal abdominal segments. Elytra clavate or ladle- shaped in well-preserved specimens, Wings smoky hyaline, 103 neuration black, very distinct. Tibiae dilated apically, and grooved or hollowed above for the partial reception of the three- jointed tarsi, when these are drawn up. 1. FHlalictophagus (Bruesia) australensis, sp. nov. Black or blackish fuscous, the thorax paler, piceous or brown- ish, the lamellate joints of the antennae also paler, yellowish or sordid testaceous. Wings smoky hyaline, with slight but evi- dent iridescence, the neuration strong, black. Apical abdominal segment with its genital process concave above and much pro- duced, towards the base with an upright tongue-shaped, pilose organ; in lateral view the sides are slightly convergent to the apex, which is armed with a recurved hook, the tip of which is itself bent upwards; in front of the origin of this uncus the pro- cess has a small deep emargination. The apical ventral segment is triangular and produced at the apex. The abdomen is cloth- ed with a very delicate cinereous pubescence. Expanse about 4 mm. Female. Head yellow or brownish yellow, distinctly rounded at the sides, with a distinct anterior median area (or plate) mark- ed out, and slightly produced; tuberculate on either side of this area in front. The opening of the brood-chamber is behind the middle of the exposed part of the head, the surface between this opening and the apex subconvex. Length about 4% mm. (Plate I, figs. 3; 5 and‘o; Plate 11) figs: 19760 @nd-r24e me fig. 8 and 9.) Hab. Cairns, Queensland, parasitic on a very common and conspicuous species of Tettigonia, many parasitized examples being taken by us. (No. 2238). 2. Halictophagus (Bruesia) phaeodes, sp. nov. Female. Head broader than long, brown, more yellowish in front and darker behind the opening of the brood chamber, strongly rounded at the sides, the anterior median area defined and slightly produced, tuberculate on either side of this area in front; the surface slightly convex between the opening of the brood-chamber and the apex. Length about + mm, (Plate alee tessa) Hab. Cairns, Queensland; one female specimen parasitic on a common green flat-headed Jassine of the genus Hecalus. 104 3. Halictophagus (Bruesia) stenodes, sp. nov. Female. Head narrow, subelongate, sides not strongly rounded, more parallel-sided, piceous, shining, opening of the brood-chamber near the middle of the head, the surface slightly convex. Otherwise agreeing generatly with the preceding. Length about 4 mm. (Plated Mystie.’2)). Hab. Cairns, Queensland. One female, parasitic on a small seed-like brown Jassine of the genus Paradorydium. 1 also took one bearing a male puparium. ? Halictophagus Curtis. The species, which | provisionally assign to this genus, differs from the male of the subgenus Bruesia in that the five apical antennal joints are not all of thin laminate form throughout, but the basal ones of these are of more normal form, and the branches are less thinly laminate. The face, as far as I have been able to examine it, appears to be of simple form, the middle part not much separated from the lateral elements, nor deeply immersed beneath the latter, and the palpi to be much more slender than in Bruesia. The general torm of the metathorax, tarsi, and genital segment is the same as in that subgenus, The unique specimen described was originally mounted on a slide in balsam and much distorted, the prothorax and front legs being so displaced as to overlie and conceal the head, while one crumpled wing concealed the body. It was therefore removed from the balsam, cleaned, and relaxed, so far as was possible; the one wing was removed and the prothorax was put more or less into its proper place. It is most probable htat this insect 1s not true Halictophagus, but possibly it may be included in Bruesia, when the latter ranks, as I have little doubt it will, as a good genus. In West- wood’s figure of Halictophagus, the metathorax is very differ- ent, as also is the terminal abdominal segment, in which the Australian forms closely resemble one another. In the an- tennae however the present species is intermediate between Halictophagus and Bruesia. (See Westwood Int. Mod. Class. fas ls, fic, 94, 10;and 14). 4. Halictophagus? schwarzil, sp. nov. Black, clothed with extremely delicate sericeous pubescence, 105 which is cinereous in some parts; the extreme tip of the abdo- men testaceous; metathorax more or less obscurely pale in some parts, at least along some of the sutures. Antennae blackish, third and fourth joint short, subtriangular, with one of the apical angles produced into a long branch, fifth and sixth joints shorter than the preceding, more ring-like, but produced into similar branches; seventh joint lameliate throughout. Wings subhyaline, slightly smoky and iridescent, the nervures very distinct, blackish. Expanse 3 mm, (Plate I, fig: 2°:and 7;PI-u1 tig. 2); Hab. Mittagong, New South Wales, bred from a common Bythoscopine Jassid, Agallia or an allied genus, found on Mela- leuca (Koebele 2356). I have named this after Mr. E. A. Schwartz, who was interested in the Stylopids discovered in Ohio by Mr. Koebele, and has often placed his knowledge at Mr. Koebele’s service. 5. Halictophagus (?) americanus, sp. nov. Female. Dark brown or piceous, suboblong, the anterior median area distinct in apical view, but generally hardly visible in surface view, Owing to its position on the apex of the head, which is bent at an angle to the outer surface; tuberculate on either side of this area; the whole disc of the head deeply 1m- pressed so as to form a great cavity leading into the opening of the brood-chamber. Length about } mm. It is, I should think, almost impossible that this female can be congeneric with those I have assigned to the subgenus Bruesia. It would not be surprising to find that this is really the female of Halictophagus proper, though we have no proof that such is the case. As the parasite is so common in Ohio on the Jassid Agallia 4-notata it is to be hoped that the entomo- logists of that state will quickly decide his question. (Plate III, fig. 6). Hab. Columbus, Ohio; taken abundantly by Mr. Koebele, (No. 2191). Megalechthrus, gen nov. Female. Head ovate, moderately elongate, the opening of the brood-chamber near the middle or rather in front of it, the small anterior median area distinct, a little produced in front, and tuberculate on either side of this area in front. This large form appears to be allied to Bruesia and Halictophagus, but is 106 I think distinct generically from these, by its long, ovate form and great size. Megalechthrus tryoni, sp. nov. Female. Head ovate, moderately elongate, yellow or brown- ish yellow, shining when clean, but often dull from the excre- tion of its host, more strongly convex behind the orifice of the brood-chamber than in front of it. Male puparium brown or pitchy, unicolorous or nearly so, Length about 23 mm, (late, fie, 5s) Hab. Cairns and | think noticed in other localities in Queens iand. Unfortunately we did not breed the male, not having time to pay any particular attention to this parasite, though we frequently noticed Fulgorids of the genus Platybrachys, or its allies, to be affected by it. I have named the species after Mr. Henry Tryon the Government Entomologist of Queensland, whose wide general knowledge of the fauna of that State is so well-known to all. Elenchus, Curt. The characters of this genus have been elaborately drawn up by Eaton and it is not necessary to repeat these. I have already stated wherein J differ from him in the interpretation of the mouth parts. briefly what he considers to be the ligula I con- sider to be epistome or epistome and labrum, the oral aperture of his description being merely a deep concavity beneath the frontal projection. Although what he considers to be the third and fourth antennal joints are unquestionably morphologically SO, yet it appears that at the point of their divergence these may be connected by a thin submembranous portion and not perfectly free. Further he remarks that the wings are “well represented by previous authors,” but Westwood’s figure of these is quite unlike any specimen I have seen, in neuration, and the same remark applies to the metathoracic acutellum. Elenchus tenuicornis, Kirb. Female. Head brownish or pitchy, opening of the brood- chamber far behind the middle and very large, no anterior me- dian area and tubercles defined, but with a faint round spot just in front of the brood-chamber orifice on each side of the mid- dle line. Length } mm. 107 Male. Apparent slenderness of the antennal joints varying much according to aspect and from shrinkage. Metathorax baler in some than other; in balsam specimens becoming mucii paler with age. (Pl. 1, fis. G:andy8; Pl ll fie. 3. 45 %5,.6, 1 andai2-) PL Shite Bee 4) } ore Py gach Hab. Columbus, Ohio, and Alameda, California, or Liburnia lutulenta in abundance (Koebele). Everywhere abundant in Queensland on Liburnia and other Delphacids, and also in Fiji. Deinelenchus, gen. nov. Female. Head nearly circular, very wide, the anterior mat- gin simply and widely rounded, with no defined anterior median area, and without evident tubercles in front. Between the open- ing of the brood-chamber and the anterior margin there are two distinct areas marked out by impressed lines, which run backwards to the brood-chamber orifice as deep grooves on either side of a smooth slightly raised tubercle. Opening of the brood-chamber bisecting the head in surface view. This insect is much larger than Elenchus and seems to me evi- dently allied to that genus, by the absence of a definite anterior median area and the presence of those on the disc, between the anterior margin of the head and the orifice of the brood- chamber. Still it can hardly be generically identical. Deinelenchus australensis, sp. nov. *Female. Head brownish in front of and yellow behind the brood-chamber orifice. The discal areas ‘between the latter and the apical margin somewhat fan-shaped, and themselves divided by very fine grooves. Sometimes in apical view of the head two round faint spots can be seen, but there is no definite median area, nor tubercles. Length and breadth each about 24 mm. Male puparium dark brown with a pale ring at the base oi its protruded portion. (CREE tie..75) Hab. Cairns and Brisbane, Queensland; on a Fulgorid (Platybrachys or allied genus). Koebele’s No. 2254. OBS. At various places during the six months that Mr. Koe- bele and myself were together in Australia, we found isolate 1 individuals of leaf-hoppers, containing male puparia of Stylo- * For characters of male see supplementary note, p. 108. 108 pids, which had already hatched, or from which we bred no imago. These would comprise some four or five species of Jas- sids not mentioned in the foregoing account, the comma Tettigonia albida, a Deltocephalus? a Phlepsius? and one or more Bythoscopines being among these. No doubt the para- sites attached to some of these will prove to be different from those here described, and yet many other new ones remain to be discovered. SUPPLEMENT Ah ONG iE. After completing the above account of the Stylopidae and sending it to press, it occurred to me that by sacrificing the few male puparia that we preserved, mature pupae of the two genera Megalechthrus and Deinelenchus (which are character- ized on females) might be obtained in such condition as to allow some male characters to be determined. These puparia were therefore opened and the contents examined; most of them were empty, the male Stylopids having emerged, but in two cases [ obtained very immature and dried up pupae of Megalechthrus. No details of structure could be made out sufficiently accurately from these, but I believe the rudiments of the antennae contained 7 joints, five being foliaceous, and this would confirm its position in the Halictophaginae. From puparia of Deinelenchus I obtained no pupae. but in one was a mature dry male of D. australensis, amply confirmine its position in the Elenchinae and the validity of the genus. I here add the generic characters of the male, and a specific description. Deinelenchus (male char.) Like Elenchus in most respects e. g. in the structure of the tarsi and antennae, but very much larger, and with the secon: antennal joint, seen from above, very short and transverse, the basal one elongate. Frontal process much blunter and less frominent than in Elenchus. As in that genus, the face is deeply excavated, but it is much more open, not triangular, but with the sharp edge of the front and sides forming a great semi- circle, or rather more. The palpi are two-jointed sparsely pilose, the second joint narrower than the first and in the form of a curved blade. The large size and wide excavation of the face of this genus renders it much easier to examine structurally 109 than Elenchus, and the structure seems to me to greatly favor the interpretation of the mouth-parts, that | have adopted. The edge, which, in Elenchus, Eaton supposed to be the apex of the ligula, is in Deinelenchus easily seen to be no free edge at all, but is due to a bend perhaps augmented by a ridge in the part I have called epistome. The post-scutellum of the metathorax is longer than in Elenchus. D. australensis. Male. Piceous, perhaps blacker in mature specimens; the sides and scutellum of the metathorax pale, its anterior lobe and postscutellum dark. Legs with the femora pale, the tibiae dark, fuscous. Elytra for the most part blackish, the wings (not spread) apparently quite smoky, with a slight iridescence, the neuration black. Expanse probably about 4.5-5 mm. Hab. Cairns, Queensland; extracted from a puparium in the abdomen of a female of a large Fulgorid of, or allied to, the genus Platybrachys. BIBMIOGRA PEW, An extensive bibliographic list is given by Brues and as his paper is cited below, it is not necessary to refer to the titles that are therein listed. I merely refer to one or two, which he has passed over. Brues, C. T. “A contribution to our knowledge of the Stylo- pidac.”> .Zool.. Jahrb...Abth. Anat. XVIII, (£903) p. 241. Dale, C. W. “Stylopidae” Ent. Mo. Mag. 1892, p. 50. Katon, A. E. ‘Notes on Elenchus tenuiconris Kby. with illus- trations.” ‘loc. ‘cit: p.: 250! Perkins, R. C. L. “Stylopized bees.” loc. cit. p. I. Saunders, Edward. “Elenchus tenuicornis Kirby, parasitic on a Homopterous insect of the genus Liburnia.” locy Cit. ps 240: Id. “Elenchus tenwicorms, Kirby, and its -host.” loc. cit.»p. 207. Theobald, F. V. “Stylopized bees.” loc. cit: p. 40. bo SNE L ESS as 0 MN Bow hx = = aS eS ane CS) ee Ne TIO. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES; . : Diagrammatic figure of head of Stylopid; a frontal process, b and d epistome or epistome and labrum, ¢ foramen, e labium, f palpus, g mandible, h sides of face along inner orbits, i eye, j antenna. Head of Halictophagus schwargu front view. Dorsal view of head and front part of thorax of Bruesia australensis; a pronotum, b. mesonotum. Head of sp. nov., gen. ?, near Xenos; front view. Head of Bruesia australensis, front view. The same of Elenchus tenuicornis. Antenna of Halictophagus schwarsii. The same of Elenchius tenuicornis. The same of Bruesia australensis. We Wing of Bruesia. The same of Halictophagus schwarsii. The same of Elenchus. Elytron of Elenchus, lateral view. The same from above, Tarsus of Elenchus. The same of Sruesia. The same of genus near Venos. Metanotun of bruesia. The same of genus near Xenos. The same of Elenchus. Terminal segment of Bruestia. The same of Elenchus. IBLE Ventral view of abdomen of a Fulgorid (PJlatybrachys or allied genus) showing female parasites and male puparia. : Head of female of Bruesia stenodes. The same of Bruesia phaeodes. The same of Elenchus tenuicornis. The same of Megalechthrus tryont. The same of Halictophagus? americanus. oon Cris S25 hy III The same of Deinelenchus australensts. The same of Bruesia australensis removed and mount- ed in balsam. The same not removed from the host. IV. Larva of Bruesia australensis, lateral view. The same in dorsal aspect. Larva of Elenchus, ventral view. The same in dorsal aspect. Ventral view of sp. nov. gen? allied to Xenos. PART 3. BULLETIN PLATE BULLETIN I PART 3. BULLETIN |. PART 3 PIbANE Iii BULLETIN |. PART 3. PLATE IV, BULLETIN No. 1 PART 4 REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION Leaf-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies (PT. IV. PIPUNCULID4. ) By=R. C. L. PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T. —- SEPTEMBER 9, 1905 et Hi z "TRUSTEES FOR 3905 as M. SWANZY vesveees President Seni s «Oi es : H.P. BALpwin...... Viee- President _ Oe OE Sr notes aus Bee ‘Switi.........Secretary-Treasurer — D. TENNEY. ie flee Aw ISENBERG ~~ Gro. H. Rogerson - oe .7-S$ M2 DAMON ‘Wm. G. ‘IRwIN oo SAS ‘SCHAEFER _ EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE E. D, TENNEY : ee G: M. . M. GIFrarbD, Chairman — EXPERIMENT STATION Sipe ‘ DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY _ ego e. “Rigkart cas aeDirestor: : Meo Ci Clarkpec en cst: Agrioniturist = 33; “Cee SSE PEGE en ise Assistant Chemist *° ~~. 7 Firman Thompson...... Assistant Chemist ms eat F. R. Wertnmueller... Assistant Chemist * Bd i aw Ay Bh Jordatis ic. <.s Assistant Chemist - =~ = 7 | "PY aEOURTICE «crease 8 yield Boreman * <5. ages DIVISION OF : Ra _ DIVISION OF : ENTOMOLOGY . L, Perkins.. . Director N. A. Gate. pinediae ‘ ....Consulting Entomologist LL. Lewton-Brain... Assistant D Consulting Entomologist E. M. Grosse... .... Assistant » . Assistant Entomologist vale yb nee noel SoG: Be cn ... Assistant Entomologist —...... PBNEE Ses gies py va VEER ES Assistant Entomologist - ae . BGR Se GENERAL BH. Chambers..,...5. Illustrator : H. McBride.,....... -Cashier e DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN No. 1 PART 4 REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION Leaft-Hoppers and their Natural Enemies (PT. IV. PIPUNCULIDA ) By R. C. L. PERKINS HONOLULU, H. T. SEPTEMBER, 1905 ; ad Gaeh ire ae ey hi ; AY ‘Ns i 7 Pied E es ‘ f 5 ' re iy we mo ‘Pee ed Gale aa eae ‘ f NA : pete’ } ' ps = nd Mod Ve LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To Special Committee on Experiment Station, Hawatian Sugar Planters’ Association, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen:—I herewith submit for publication Part IV of Bulletin I. This deals with the two-winged flies parasitic on leaf-hoppers, thirty-four species of these parasites being here enumerated, and thirty-one of these described as new. Yours obediently, ie Cre PRRs: Director, Division of Entomology. Monolusn, 1. H., August 11th, 1905. 6s Pele oe cet = a “eral q heey, a . wih fy AE y y ath) a yet k am: , , ; ‘ i “gt 7. ' Pe, MES) iat i) ‘ f i , { i . rt |) ee ar ee i > 9 1 1 ry ’ 1 ‘ f yy us a! Ryd : hoe is y Ya ven ti ! i f a Mr ' ee 4 acy ~ mM “a 7 — Ur anes, : ey W r er > , me, { = : GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PIPUNCULIDAE. The Pipunculidae are a very distinct family of small and ob- scure flies, which in their habits, so far as these are known, all agree in the fact that they are parasites of the Homopterous Rhynchota. There are but few genera in this family, the great majority cf the species being referred to the genus Pipunculus, as are all the new species described in this paper. Verrall in his “British Flies” (Syrphidae, etc.) published in 1901 gives the known species of Pipwnculus as nearly 50 Euro- pean, about 8 North American, 1 Brazilian, 8 South African, 6 Central American, and 2 Chinese. He also mentions New Guinea as a habitat. About the same time three new species were described by Grimshaw from the Hawaiian Islands, mak- ing a total! of about 80 species for the genus. It is probable that at the most not more than one in ten existing species has been collected, for while the genus appears to be ubiquitous in distribution, its members are too unattractive in appearance and too fragile to have been much sought after in the tropics, and further I am quite satisfied that many of the species will not be easily obtained except by breeding them. The latter statement applies particularly to some species that attack arboreal leaf- hoppers. As a matter of fact it appears that extremely few of the many known species have been bred, or at least of very few has the fact been recorded. Of the 26 species found by us in Australia, 15 were bred from the te cs themselves, and one from collected pupae, the host being unknown to us. Inconspicuous as the flies are when seen in a collection, even more so are they in life, for when on the wing most of them appear even smaller than they really are Some of the Austra- lian species under favorable circumstances occur in prodigious numbers. In the dry bed of a stream near Cairns at the end of August there were small patches of green grass at intervals, when the surrounding country was dried up. On these patches of grass large flocks of various small Tassid and Fulgorid leaf- hoppers were feeding, and, in search of the former, countless numbers of a species of Pipunculus (P. beneficiens) were passing 124 from patch to patch in end’ess procession, threading their way amongst the grass stems. At any time an insect net could be thrown over half a dozen specimens at once, as they moved along. In similar abundance Mr. Koebele found the same spe- cies On some sandhills near Bundaberg, on an occasion when | was not with him. Many of the grass-loving species fly very low and irregularly amongst the grass, as if making a ciose scrutiny on all sides as they pass along, On another occas.on in a wood at Bundaberg, where a species of Siphanta was breeding in large numbers on Ficus and other trees, P. hellwo was literally swarming, buzzing round every twig, even in the deep shade of the trees. The nymphs of this Siphanta are always concealed beneath the leaves, feeding on the under surface, and when making particular scrutiny of these, the fly would be seen to hover and poise itself like an ordinary Syrphid, giving up its usual, more erratic and irregular flight. The latter was quite similar to that of a hymenopterous parasite of the genus Chalcis, which, seeking caterpillars on the same trees at the same time, was as common as the fly; in fact these two very different parasites were not very easily distinguishable when on the wing. Owing to the position of the nymphs of the Siphanta I was not able to see the fly actually sting these, but several times one was observed to make a dart beneath a leaf, where the young leaf-hoppers congregated. By collecting some of these nymphs, the Pipunculus was easily bred in confine- ment. Dr. F. Jenkinson of Cambridge in 1903 published an ac- count of the attack of Verrallia, a genus allied to Pipunculus, on frog-hoppers (Ent. Monthly Mag. XX XIX (1903) p. 222) and I herewith give in full this interesting note: : “T suppose the oviposition of Pipunculidac has been recorded somewhere, but I have not seen it described; although the form of the ovipositor and the strong legs and claws (sometimes at least larger in the female) enable us to guess what must take place. Noting lV’. aucta to be common in my garden on the morning of July 5th, | determined to watch them as they busily beat over every inch of the herbage. I sometimes had four in view at one time. Frog-hoppers being as scarce as Verrallia was common (perhaps these facts are not entirely unconnected with each other), I occasionally caught one ana put it in the Verrallia’s path, with complete success. As soon as a Verrallia saw a frog-hopper it poised itself in the air (like a kestrel hover- ing, but with a certain intensity perceptible in its motionless- 125 ness), and if the position of its victim was favourable, it pounced upon it immediately. Then the frog-hopper hopped; in some cases the fly lost it; in some cases the fly reappeared instantly from the place to which the frog-hopper hopped. In one case | saw the frog-hopper land with the fly still on its back ; I caught both, without waiting, as perhaps I should have done. If the po- sition was unfavourable, or stems got in the way (e. g. Geraniwin Robertianum), the fly would circle round with its head towards the victim, like a male Dolichopus, seeking a point from which to pounce. On several occasions it failed to. get a hold. Once a fly pounced on a frog-hopper which did not hop; the fly imme- diately left it. Another came up and looked at it, but went away without touching it. Was the frog-happer already enter- taining an egg, or was it a male, or for some reason unsuitable? Chalarus is common in my garden, but I have not been able to see anything of its oviposition. “These observations are crude and inconclusive on several points; but I send them on the chance that others who can afford the time will complete them. The flies are still common, and the frog-hoppers now less scarce.” Verrall remarks that he considers the Pipunculidae to be the most exquisite fliers that exist in Diptera. However true this may be of the European, | do not think it can ‘be said of the Australian or Hawaiian species, which cannot compare in power and beauty of flight with many Syrphidae or other flies; indeed to cite but one instance they are vastly inferior to the Austra- lian species of Baccha in this respect. It is certain however, that on capture they often exhibit to the full their power of hovering within the meshes of the net, where more sturdy spe- cies, which while free can remain poised and motionless in the air or dart forward with speed that baffles the vision, would under like circumstances beat wildly against the sides in their endeavour to escape. The Pipunculidae are known to affect various famities of Homoptera, the spittle-insects or Cercopidae, as well as the Jas- sidae and Fulgoridae, and perhaps the Cicadidae, being subject to their attacks. It is not known whether in any case the same species of parasite will attack leaf-hoppers of more than one family, e. g. Fulgoridae and Jassidae. In this connection, how- ever, One may mention the fact that the resemblance between such species as P. helluo and P. Koebelei is extreme, both structurally and superficially, although the former is parasitic 126 on Siphanta and the latter on a Jassid somewhat atlied to Pei- thimia. The fact that the two flies are so extremely similar while the hosts are so utterly unlike leads me to suspect that species of Pipunculus may be found that attack species of either family of leaf-hoppers indiscriminately. However this may be, it is certain that some of these flies will attack very different species of leaf-hoppers within the limits of a family. For exam- ple that most common Australian species P. beneficiens was bred from nymphs of three or four very different Jassids, and P. cruciator from two widely different genera, of the same family. It may also be noted that nymphs and adult leaf-hoppers are both subject to attack. In Australia all the species of Pipunculus, that we bred, were from Jassidae, excepting two, one of which (P. helluo) is a para- site, as above mentioned, on Siphanta and allied genera, while the other (P. xanthocnemis) attacks a species of Liburma. The Hawaiian species here described are probably all attached to Delphacine Fulgorids. Three of the five most certainly are, since one of the latter has been bred by Mr. O. H. Swezey, and the other two are found in company with the same leaf-hoppers, in places where Jassids are quite absent. There is, so far as | know, no means of telling with absolute certainly whether a living leaf- hopper contains a ‘larva of Pipun- culus or not. In some species of a green colour, when the para- sitic larva becomes large, the green of the hopper is not infre- quently changed to a sickly yellow, or even dark discoloration may be seen, but in most cases a slight sickly appearance, evi- denced by indescribably minute differences in its superficial ap- pearance, or by its more lethargic movements, alone inform one, Or at least lead one to suspect, that the leaf-hopper is para- sitized. Practically it is not difficult to detect parasitized indi- viduals, when one is familiar with the species of leaf-hopper that is infested. If a green Jassid containing a large Pipunculus larva be placed in alcohol, so that the colouring matter is large- ly removed, and greater transparency is attained, it is some- times possible to see the parasitic larva quite plainly through the cuticle of its host. The head of the larva appears to be al- ways turned towards the head of the leaf-hopper, and generally the parasite fills up by far the greater part of the abdomen of its host. Such a specimen, a species of Hecalus containing a larva of P. cruciator, is figured on Pl. VII, fig. 1. When the larva of the Pipunculus quits its host, it usually F277 escapes at the junction of the metathorax and abdomen, either below or above, the segments of the leaf-hopper being ruptured at that point. (Pl. VII, fig. 2). In the case of a P. vanthocnemis, however, the larva escaped from the Liburnia by a roundish hole in the mid-dorsal line, at about the middle of the length of the abdomen. This hole of exit is irregular, and has the appear- ance of having been gnawed, but [ did not notice whether the larva that emerged was different from the usual type. After escaping from its host, the larva as a rule buries itself beneath the soil, or beneath rubbish that lies on the surface; but in some species it pupates on the leaves of the tree or bush, on which the leaf-hopper was feeding, as in a case mentioned be- low, and in another recorded by Ott, who bred a Pipunciulus from a puparium found on Ribes, One peculiar feature in some species of Pipunculus is the fact that the surface of the abdomen often bears a number of depres- sions, frequently variable and of irregular form. Some species, such as P. beneficiens, appear to always have these on one or more of the segments and they are not due to post-mortem changes, as one might suppose without the examination of freshly caught specimens, but occur in every individual, at least of the male sex, though so variable in number and form, [n- deed as a general rule they appear to be more commonly found, or are more developed, in the males than the females, and some- times may even be said to produce a distortion of the body. Whether it is to some such examples that Verrall refers, when he says that he suspects the flies are themselves subject to para- sites I do not know, but it is certain that the irregularities of surface mentioned above are not due to this cause, since they are found in every example of some common species, though only occasionally in others. Pipunculus, however, is subject to the attack of a Chalcidid parasite of the family Encyrtidae, of which I ‘bred a species from the puparium of P. cincrascens, but whether the subterranean species are likewise attacked it may be very hard to prove, unless the parasite stings the larva of the Pipunculus, while still within the leaf-hopper. This I sus- pect is not the case, or we should probably have bred some of the Chalcids from the numerous species of Pipunculus that we reared from the larvae. The puparium of P. cinerascens being freely exposed on the surface of the leaves, would natural!y be liable to be attacked, and is probably stung at that time. At least it is noteworthy that the one species with exposed pupa- 128 rium, and the only one of which puparia were collected, yielded a parasite, while the 15 species bred from larvae, but of which no puparia were collected, since all are subterranean, yie'ded no parasite. I have begun these introductory remarks by saying that the Pipunculidae are small and obscure flies. [ may conclude them by saying that this in no wise detracts from the interest awak- ened by their peculiarities of structure and habits. The enor- mous eyes, the almost unique mobility of the head, which is bal- anced on an acute point, and which reminds one of the similar mobility of the head in the keen-eyed dragon flies, leads one to suppose that vision plays a much more important part in seeking out the prey than do the other senses, while in those other parasites of leaf-hoppers, the Dryinidae, it is obviously by other senses than vision that their prey is chiefly hunted. One may further notice the large laminate pulvilli and slender elongate claws of the feet, (which remind one of these parts in some of the parasitic Conopidae), and especially the recurved, hard and strong sting of the females, which is always exserted. LARVA AND PUPARIUM. OF PIPUNCULUS. The larva of Pipunciulus is an acephalous maggot, pointed in front and elongate when extended, but capable of great con- traction, by which means and by rolling movements it is able to make sufficient progression to enable it to find a suitable spot for pupation. The cuticle in the two species examined is cor- rugated or transversely furrowed, so that the true segmentation is with difficulty made out. The larva is amphipneustic, the anterior stigmata being small but distinct; the posterior spira- cular area dark-coloured and very distinct, the spiracles or stig- matic scars being placed anteriorly and closely approximated, and the processes or tubercles, made conspicuous by their pale colour, situated at the sides. The mouth is a simple opening at the anterior extremity and without definitely chitinized parts, but internally by dissection a pair of more or less triangular and pointed, dark, chitinized pieces may be obtained. It is possible that these are sometimes extruded, but it is not the case with any of the preserved specimens | have examined. The anterior stigmata are placed a little behind the mouth opening. Larvae of about one-third the size of full-grown individuals do not differ materially from the latter, but only in size and shape, be- 1209 ing frequently much more contracted or even almost globular. (For. fig. of larva, see Pl. VII, fig. 10, 10a, 1ob). The puparium is formed by the hardening of the larval cuti- cle, which becomes black, brown, or red in colour. In some species its surface has a dense and regular coriaceous, granular, or rugulose sculpture, most conspicuous in the ‘case of P- cinerascens. In some puparia there is no difficulty in distinguish- ing the anterior stigmata of the larva, though they are extremely minute, but in others I fail to see them after the closest exam- ination. Further back, however, on the dorsum there can be seen on each side a fine and minute process, apparently part of the puparium, in reality not so, but connected with the deli- cate cuticle of the enclosed pupa and merely perforating the puparium. When the fly emerges it frequently happens that one or other of these processes is dragged back through the hole in the puparium, but remains attached to the empty pellicle of the pupa. (PI. VII, fig. 6). The dark posterior stigmatic area is in many species deeply depressed, in others hardly at all, and bears one or more small tubercles on either side, in fact it bears much similarity to the same part in the larva. When the fly bursts from the puparium, the latter appears to be always ruptured along the same lines, in all the species we have examined, viz: along the front and hind margin of the dorsal segment, which bears the anterior processes, and along the hind margin of the ventral segment corresponding with this. In the case of one species of Pipunculus, however, although the fly itself (P. cinerascens) is not very remarkable, the larval habits are unlike those of any of the other species, which infest arboreal leaf-hoppers, since this larva does not fall to the ground, and pupate beneath the soil, but forms its puparium in the open on the surface of living leaves. This puparium is very different from the subterranean ones, for instead of the minute anterior processes, are a pair of relatively enormous blunt ones, on the tip of each of which is a fine spine-like process. It is not quite clear to me whether the whole blunt process represents the min- ute one of subterranean species, and really ‘belongs to the pupa, and not to the puparium; or whether the small apical spine-like piece alone represents these. Posteriorly the stigmatic area is large and deep, and instead of one or two minute tubercles on each side, there are three, the upper one being very large and conspicuous, the lowest one well separated from the upper two. 130 (For figures of puparia see Pl, VII) figvi3, 45 5) 5a) 5b;,6) 76 and 9). CLASSIRIGATION: Verrall divides the British species of Pipunculus, which are fair representatives of the European forms, into five groups. Three of these have a pigmented stigma and are divided as fol- lows: I. Abdomen quite’ dull, not even the margins shining, femora without any ciliation or pubescence behind, II. Abdomen partly shining; femora ciliate or pubescent at least behind the middle pair; thorax and scutellum with dense but short pubescence. III. Vhorax and scutellum practically bare, as well as the femora; the abdomen considerably shining. The other groups are without a pigmented stigma and are separated thus: IV. Small or discal cross-vein far before the middle of the discal cell, eyes frequently not quite touching on the, frons in the male. V. Small cross-vein placed at or about the middle of the discal cell. Both the Australian and Hawaiian species known to me divide into stigmated and non-stigmated sections, but the fur- ther division into groups on the characters used by Verrall is not very satisfactory, if indeed possible, with the species here considered. In the following table I have therefore used other characters for the groups. Wings with a pigmented stigma. Stigma not bounded by a cross-vein at the base. Third antennal joint sharply pointed at the tip, usually acuminately produced. Basal abdominal segment with some black bristles on CACH) SiG 5254 sere tac sees CNEL ENERO ca ce eee I Basal abdominal segment with no trace of such Dristtes, and if pubescent, then the hairs similar to the general CLOUT ppt wi a! 5 agave Searls CO ee Il Third antennal joint rounded at tip, or at least not acute, and never/acuminately produced. ane one Ill Stigma bounded by a distinct cross-vein at the base...... TV Wings without a pigmented stigma, 131 Small or discal cross-vein far before the middle of the discal (Cell feae Peele Je is cee nee Lia cane he cn ae ara a ae V Small cross-vein at or near the middle of the discal cell..VI One species in group VI is known in which the basal seg- ment is entirely without lateral bristles; group IV is represented by a solitary minute species (though possibly the pair described are two, and not the sexes of one, species); while Group I con- tains several species in which the stigma is greatly lengthened, as compared with the fourth costal segment, somewhat resem- bling Chalarus and Verrallia in this respect; and some of these have the basal antennal joints rather more than usually bristly, though less so than in the latter genus. In other respects they are like ordinary Pipunculus. The Hawaiian species that are here described as new, belong to Group I; the double row of short spinules on the femora beneath are unusually well devel- oped in these, as also are the marginal bristles of the scutellum and those on the basal abdominal segment; the bristles or fringe of hairs on the middle femora posteriorly are long and distinct in some males, but much less developed, and represented by soft hairs in such females, as are known, EIS? OF SPECIES OF PIPUNCULUS HERE DESCRIBED, A. Australian species. oie PF Seruciator,.