DEPARTMENT OF “AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF POMOLOGY.
Bulletin No. 2.
Lge REPORT

bay ATA PY TVAT ETON

TO THE

EXTREME NORTHERN PORTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER
OF AGRICULTURE.

|
3
RUSSIAN AND OTHER FRUITS

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, |
1888.

/;

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF POMOLOGY.

Bulletin No. 2.

e2

REPORT 76
mere ATA PLATION

OF

RUSSIAN AND OTHER FRUITS

TO THE

EXTREME NORTHERN PORTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES,

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER
OF AGRICULTURE.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1888,
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LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.

Sir: The report which I herewith send you has been made with the
utmost caution after having personally inspected many of the orchards
in Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and more eastern States, where Russian
fruits have been growing for many years. I trust that it may serve the
purpose which you had in mind wher you delegated me to undertake
the work.

Very truly, yours,
T. T. Lyon,

South Haven, Mich.
Prof. H. KE. VAN DEMAN,

Pomologist U. S. Department of Agriculture.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,

Six: In obedience to your orders, the following report upon the sub-
ject of Russian and other fruits in the Northern States, has been pre-
pared, and is herewith respectfully submitted for the information of
those who are especially interested in the cultivation of fruits in the
extreme northern portion of the United States.

Horticulturists in those sections have long sought after varieties of
fruits which can be grown there successfully, and it is hoped that this
report, prepared by one of the oldest and most expert pomologists in
the country, will be found of interest and value, and that it may be of
benefit to the cause of practical pomology. .

Very respectfully,
H. E. VAN DEMAN,
: Chief of Division of Pomology.
Hon. Norman J. CoLMAN,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

THE ADAPTATION OF RUSSIAN AND OTHER FRUITS TO THE
EXTREME NORTHERN PORTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES,

CLIMATIC INFLUENCES.

At the extreme east, Maine stretches northward as far as latitude 47°
32’, while adjacent, at the west, New Hampshire reaches 45° 11’, and
Vermont and New York extend only to 45°. Still, as the distance from
the ocean increases, and the elevation is also necessarily increased, the
extremes of both summer and winter temperature become greater,
while the rain-fall is preceptibly diminished.

From eastern New York westward, the north line of the United
States drops rapidly down to the region of known and successful fruit
culture, and seems not to require discussion for the present purpose
till we reach Michigan; along the easterly shore of which State the
national boundary trends almost directly northward. Still the climatic
influences are so far modified by the adjacent waters that, throughout
what is known as the lower peninsula of Michigan, almost without ex-
ception, the climatic peculiarities likely to affect the culture of at least
the hardier fruits compare favorably with those of central New York
and southern New England. Such climatic conditions do not undergo
essential change till after passing to the upper peninsula, about lati-
tude 46°; and not fully, even then, till after passing westward of the
more direct influence of winds from off the waters of lakes Michigan
and Superior.

Throughout the Michigan portion of the northern peninsula the in-
fluence of the waters of Lake Superior is unmistakably felt in the tem-
perature of the winds coming across them; while they may doubtless
be assumed to exert a very considerable influence upon the climate of
northern Wisconsin, so far especially as northerly and northeasterly
winds are concerned.

Passing westward from Lake Superior, Minnesota extends north to
the national boundry in latitude 49 degrees, as do also the Territories of
Dakota and Montana, east of the Rocky Mountains, as well as Idaho and
Washington Territory upon the Pacific slope.

As we pass westward, beyond the influence of Lake Superior, the cli-
mate undergoes a gradual modification beyond that chargeable to mere
increase of latitude, becoming subject to the unmitigated influence of
polar storms in winter, with their extremes of cold; and, in turn, in

5

6

summer, to the dry atmosphere of the Plains, with increased liability to
droughts, which not infrequently are of extreme severity.

The diminished percentage of atmospheric moisture westward of the
Lakes is also very noticeable, becoming less as we pass westward till
we approach the crests of the Rocky Mountains, beyond which, in
Idaho and eastern Washington, similar conditions of dryness exist, till
we reach the Cascade Mountains—a continuation of the Sierra Nevada
range—west of which a mild climate occurs, with a copious rain-fall.

In Idaho, irrigation is believed to be more or less important to suce-
cessful fruit culture, since by means of this the business becomes, to
some extent at least, independent of climate. In eastern Washington
the general conditions are understood to be similar to those of Idaho,
although in both the general temperature is milder than in the same
latitude east of the Rocky Mountains, while as we approach the Pacific
extreme cold rarely if ever occurs.

Fruit culture west of the continental divide, in the latitude of Idaho
and Washington Territories, is yetin an undeveloped state, and the
capacities of these regions in this respect are but imperfectly understood.
The discussion of the subject will therefore be mainly confined to the
regions eastward of the Rocky Mountains. Westward of lowa and Min-
nesota very little is yet certainly known respecting the adaptation of the
country to the cultivation of fruits, except perhaps in eastern Nebraska,
where the pomology assimilates closely with that of northern Missouri
and Iowa. The probabilities, therefore, so far as the regions farther
west are concerned, will be mainly expressed by results in the States of
Towa and Minnesota.

FRUITS ADAPTED OR ADAPTABLE TO A NORTHERN CLIMATE.

Of the fruits more or less perfectly adapted to successful cultivation in
the region under consideration it will only be necessary to consider those
which are, or promise to be, of value either commercially or for domes-
tic or culinary purposes. Among these, named as nearly as practica-
ble in the order of their maturity, will be found the Strawberry, Rasp-
berry, Dwarf Juneberry (Serviceberry), Cherry, Currant, Gooseberry,
Blueberry (including the Huckleberry), Blackberry (including the Dew-
berry), Mulberry, Cranberry, Apricot, Plum, Peach, Apple, Quince, and
several nuts.

THE STRAWBERRY.

This fruit is said to be indigenous as far north as Behring’s Straits,
and is successfully grown in all the settled parts of the region under
consideration. Few other fruits, however, vary so greatly under changes
of soil and climate, so that the success of a variety in a given locality
can only be certainly ascertained through actual trial. Experience,
therefore, must necessarily be the surest guide to the choice of vari-
eties for a given locality. No better rule can probably be devised for
the selection of varieties for an untried locality than to select those

7

that most nearly approach the native type in character, and especially
in hardiness of their foliage, since such may be expected to better with-
stand the hardships of this northern climate; although even these will
doubtless require the shelter of mulch during winter, unless the snow
shall suffice for the purpose.

Probably in no other class of fruits has there been a more utter
blending or mixing up of original classes or families by continued cross-
fertilization. Hence there must necessarily be much difficulty in the
selection of pure varieties for additional crossing, as wellas uncertainty
in the selection of desirable varieties for planting from the indications
of their foliage. Still, a thick, coriaceous foliage may in this, as in the
larger fruits, be fairly assumed to indicate ability to withstand extremes
of temperature, as well as of aridity.

It is also highly probable that the necessity which, in case of the
tree fruits, has compelled a resert to reproduction for the origination
of varieties capable of withstanding the trying climate of the extreme
North, will be found more or less desirable in the case of the strawberry;
since, although indigenous, it naturally occurs in sheltered situations,
while under cultivation it is usually void of such protection.

At the East there are few, if any, indications of essential differences
of experience between the northern and southern portions of New Eng-
land so far as the varieties of the strawberry are concerned, although
it may fairly be assumed that protection, either by mulch, or by a cov-
ering of snow, will become more and more essential as we go northward,
while, other circumstances being equal, the same varieties will, as the
rule, be found similarly successful in both regions.

At the Northwest, however, the diversity, as well as the severity, of
the climate is far greater, to which may be added the fact that through-
out much of this region there is practically little experience upon which
conclusions may be based.

The reports and recommendations of growers in these regions, more-
over, afford indications that they are made mainly from the market stand-
point of mere profitableness, rather than from that of the grower for fam-
ily or amateur puposes. Be this as it may, the varieties most highly
commended for planting throughout the region are almost exclusively
those more generally commended elsewhere by growers for the market.

Selecting from these the twelve most generally recommended for plant:-
ing in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota, and westward, their rela-
tive popularity is found to be, as nearly as may be, in the following pro-
portions: Crescent, 35; ‘Wilson, 19; Glendale, 12; Charles Downing,
11; Manehester, 10; Phelps (Old Ironclad), 10; Vick, 8; Captain Jack,
7; Downer, 7; Cumberland, 4; Countess, 3; Kentucky, 2.

The fact that occasionally the Crescent (usually considered pistil.
late) is the only variety recommended in many cases, thus leaving it
destitute of a pollen-supplying variety, would seem to justify the sus-
picion that the recommendations may not in all cases have been made

8

with due deliberation; while the notable omission of varieties generally —
recognized as representatives of quality, and hence adapted to supply
the requirements of discriminating tastes, may be supposed to indicate
a too-general control of the societies in the regions in question by
purely commercial growers.

In Minnesota the growing of this fruit for market purposes has been
found profitable as far north as Moorhead and Glyndon, about latitude
47 degrees north, where a seedling has been originated which proves
so valuable, that it has received the name Manitoba Wonder.

THE RASPBERRY.

Of this fruit, two native species only—kubus strigosus and R. occident-
alis—are recognized as possessing economic value, so far as their fruits
are concerned. The European A. [deus is found to be incapable of with-
standing the extreme heat, cold, and aridity of most American climates.

Strigosus, in its wild form, exists in abundance from the Great Lakes
to the sea-board and northward, where it is generally protected against
extreme cold by an ample covering of snow.

Philadelphia, Clarke, Herstine, Cuthbert, Hansell, Superb, Turner,
and Marlboro, supposed to be seedlings of this species, and also va-
rious others, some of which are partially or wholly of Jdwus parentage
are, or have been, moreor less popular. Those of native origin may be
expected to prove moreor less successful even upon the Western plains,
with irrigation where moisture is deficient, and with artificial protec-
tion where snow is uncertain.

Occidentalis has a more limited range northward. Its stronger and
taller growth subjects it more fully to the influence of extreme cold,
while its less flexible canes render its artificial protection more difficult.
It can scarcely be expected to succeed at the extreme North, except by
the employment of effective means for winter protection.

With this precaution, almost any of the popular varieties, such as
Doolittle, Souhegan, Tyler, Ohio, Hopkins, Gregg, and many others,
may be expected to prove reasonably successful.

There is also a class of varieties, among which are New Rochelle,
Shaffer, and others, possessing the habit of occidentalis, but with fruit
in color and quality intermediate between this and strigosus, which,
by many are supposed to be hybrids, and which may be expected to
succeed at the North under treatment similar to that suggested in the
case of occidentalis.

The varieties of this fruit relied on at the extreme North are mainly
those which are also popular farther South, although several seedlings
of the region are locally commended and planted. At Menominee, Wis.,
on the northwesterly shore of Green Bay, report says that all raspber-
ries must be covered in winter, while at Stonewall, Manitoba, Mr.
Thomas Frankland, of that province, states that black-caps are grown
without protection. This, if true for that locality, must very probably
be due to an ample covering of snow in winter.

3

The popularity of varieties, as indicated by reports of societies and
the commendations of growers, is expressed in the following figures:

Blackcaps.—Gregg, 10; Doolittle, 7; Tyler, 7; Mammoth Cluster, 63
Souhegan, 4; Nemaha, 2; Ohio, 2; Golden cap, 1; Beebe’s Golden, 1.

Varieties of strigosus.—Turner, 23; Cuthbert, 14; Philadelphia, 6;
Marlborough, 5; Hansell, 4; Brandywine, 3; Crimson Beauty, 2;
Thwack, 1; Reliance, 1; Clarke, 1; Superb, 1.

Supposed hybrids.—Shaffer, 9; Caroline, 1.

DWARF JUNEBERRY.

The dwarf juneberry (Amelanchier canadensis, var. rotundifolia), occa.
sionally known as service berry or shad bush, is occasionally planted,
and has been, by some persons, sold to planters as blueberry or huckle-
berry, to which the fruit has considerable resemblance, although far less
desirable so far as productiveness and quality are concerned.

The plant is of easy cultivation, and entirely hardy, being indigenous
at the extreme North. In one of its forms it becomes a tree 20 to 30
feet in height. In this form the tree is usually less productive and the
fruit smaller.

Professor Budd, in 1886, states that while it is a great favorite with
birds, ‘‘ when grown in large quantities, say 2 or 3 acres, what the birds
will take will hardly be missed; but in small lots it will probably not
be profitable. * * * We have at the college about twelve distinct
species, from Germany, Central Asia, and Russia. They are all small,
from 2 to 4 feet in height, and some of them very fine.”

THE CHERRY.

Our improved varieties of the cherry are reputed to have sprung from
a wild species, botanically known as Prunus avium, which is supposed
to have been the parent of our modern Heart, Bigarreau, and Duke va-
rieties, and from Prunus cerasus, from which are supposed to have
originated the Morellos,

The former can not be considered hardy, either north or west of
southern New England and New York, and only partially so in south-
ern Michigan; while from one cause or another the entire class utterly
fails farther westward and northward.

The Morellos, which in average seasons have been at least partially
successful in the latitude of northern Illinois and central Iowa and to
some extent even farther north, were sadly injured during recent try-
ing winters, compelling the conviction that for the regions northward
and westward their failure may fairly be deemed a foregone conclusion,
except, perchance, in specially-favorable localities.

Within comparatively a few years several varieties, among which may
be named Leib, Ostheim, Wragg, and perhaps others, have been put
forward as having successfully withstood these trying paroxysms, and
for this reason have attracted much attention. Upon inquiry, several,

10

if not all, of these are reputed to have been incidental importations from
central or eastern Europe, and to have inherited their hardiness from
the typical varieties of those regions.

Under these circumstances the Iowa Agricultural College, through
J. lL. Budd, its professor of horticulture, made a careful study of the
cherries of central and eastern Europe during the summer of 1882, to-
gether with comparisons of the climate with that of Iowa and the adja-
cent regions.

Becoming assured that certain of the typical cherries of Silesia,
Poland, and southern Russia were superior in quality to those hereto-
fore successfully grown in Iowa, and, moreover, that the similarity of
climatic conditions warranted the hope that they would also prove suc-
cessful here, and also, upon similar comparison, that certain varieties or
types of this fruit from Vladimir and Kazan, still farther north, might
be expected to withstand the climate of central and northern Minnesota
and Dakota, during the spring of 1884 about forty varieties of cherries
were successfully imported from those regions, planted in orchard at
the college, and their propagation commenced for the purpose of dis- —
tribution and trial in the Northwest.

It is by no means warrantable to assume, in advance of thorough trial,
that these novelties are to be relied on to supply the existing need, al-
though a very recent examination, not only of the original trees planted
in the orchard at the college, but also of those now in nursery there,
made since the extreme heat and drought of the past summer (L887),
shows their growth to have been strong, while the rich, glossy foliage
was as healthy and perfect as could be desired, thus pretty thoroughly
demonstrating the fact of their sufficient hardiness in this latitude, to-
gether with their ability to resist the depletory influences of extreme
aridity.

The effect of the change of ten or fifteen degrees of latitude upon their
productiveness, and possibly even upon the quality of the fruit, can
only be certainly determined by their actual fruitage through perhaps
a series of years.

Uncertain as the result of this experiment must, so far, be considered,
it seems to offer the chief apparent prospect for a home supply of this
desirable fruit for the extreme North and Northwest east of the conti-
nental divide.

Of the varieties thus imported and on trial on the college grounds,
Professor Budd lists and describes Vladimir, Bessarabian, Lutovka,
Nos. 23, 24, 26, and 27, Orel; the varieties given by numbers being of
the Bessarabian race.

Another class of varieties, which are designated as the Ostheim
Weichsel family, includes Strauss Weichsel, Frauendorfer Weichsel,
Susse Friih Weichsel, Spite Amarelle, Griotte Précoce, Griotte Douce
Précoce, Griotte de Ostheim, and Cerise de Ostheim.

He also describes the following as being of mixed race: Briisseler
Braune, Shatten Amarelle, Konigliche Amarelle, Vilna Sweet, Doube

11

Natte, Amarelle Bunte, Fouché Moreilo, Herozog’s May, Herzformige
Weichsel, Lithauer’s Weichsel, Sklanka, Red May, Red Muscateller,
June Amarelle, Amarelle Bouquet, Griotte du Nord, Grosse Lange,
Double Yellow Spanish, Glaskirche Kurazstielige.

While the professor deems it probable that several of these may not
succeed above the latitude of southern Iowa and northern Illinois, he is
yet of the opinion that others will prove bardy enough for central and
even northern Wisconsin, Minnesota and Dakota—a region in which
the only indigenous representatives of this fruit are the worthless Sand
or Mountain cherry (Prunus pumila) and the Choke cherry (P. Virginiana).

The most successful variations of this fruit in the settled portions of
the Northwest, as indicated by the reports of societies and the prefer-
ences of planters, are indicated by the numbers attached to names of
varieties, as follows:

Early Richmond, 11; English Morello, 9; Wragg,5; Ostheim, 5;
Late Richmond, 3; Montmorency, 3; Vladimir, 1.

Dr. T. H. Hoskins, of northern Vermont, in the American Garden,
Says:

“Tho Kentish cherries, early and late, with several of the Dukes and Griottes
(Mazzards) endure even our hard winters, and sometimes become quite large trees,
yet rarely produce a full crop of fruit. * * * We are hoping much from the re-
cently-imported Russian, Polish, and north German cherries and plums; but in order
to get high quality, in addition to hardiness of tree and bud, the same work of cross-
ing may be necessary as in the cases of the pears and apples. That good results can
be realized in a reasonably short time in such experiments has been frequently
proved; and a great field is open for those rightly situated, who will enter upon the
work seriously and follow it up perseveringly.”

THE CURRANT.

Both the Black currant (Ribes nigrum)—a native of northern Europe
and Asia—and the Red currant (Ribes rubrum)—a native of northern
America—will doubtless be found abundantly hardy at the extreme
North; at least when given a shady location, and assisted by irrigation
in regions in which moisture is deficient. Both are of extreme northern
origin, and will doubtless be found proof against injury from low tem-
peratures.

The Missouri Currant (Ribes aureum) is valued chiefly for ornamental
purposes. It is found wild in Kansas, and also as far northward as Da.
kota, and if not indigenous, it must have been introduced there at a very
early period.

The white currants are considered to be mere varieties of the red cur-
rant.

Naming them in the order of their apparent popularity, numbers are
attached to indicate the relative values, as indicated by reports and dis-
CUSSIONS: ;

Red Dutch, 13; Fay,12; White Dutch,9; White Grape, 9; Victoria,
9; Cherry, 7; Long bunched Holland, 6; Black Naples, 5; Stewart, (a
local seedling), 2; Lee (black), 1.

12

THE GOOSEBERRY.

This fruit, also known botanically as Ribes, is essentially American
and northern in its habitat; appearing on this continent under several
forms. The single English species Ribes reva-crispa, so generally
grown in England as a garden fruit, is believed to be the only species
of European nativity. It proves unable to withstand the heat and
aridity of our American climate. In the cool, moist climate of England
it has sported into a great number of varieties, some of which are of
very large size.

Comparatively slight improvement has, so far, been effected with
those indigenous to America. Among the improved varieties from this
source are Houghton and Mountain seedlings. Downing and Smith
are more recent originations, of larger size; which give indications of
a possible hybridization with the European species.

Industry isa very recent introduction to American growers. Itis an
alleged seedling of the European species; but is said to be so much
less liable to mildew, as to warrant the hope that itmay prove adapted
to this climate. Its permanent exemption is, however, still a matter of
doubt.

Even the purely native Houghton occasionally, under unfavorable

conditions, is found to suffer from mildew; which is the chief obstacle
to the success of the European species here.

The improved natives, including Downing and Smith, are abundantly
hardy in central Minnesota; although at Minneapolis the Downing,
for some cause not understood, has shown a lack ot productiveness.
There can, however, be little doubt of the success to the American va-
rieties at the North and West, if grown in shaded situations, with the re-
quisite conditions of coolness and moisture. Houghton, Downing, and
Smith are the varieties which seem to be more generally popular. The
gooseberry is now, however, extensively grown in the Northwest.

THE BLUEBERRY.

The Blueberry (Vaccinium) (which formerly included the Huckle-
berry, now Gaylussacia), is so peculiarly exacting as to soils and sur-
roundings, that but rare, and generally ineffectual, attempts have been
made to subject it tocultivation and improvement; although few of the
smaller fruits are more highly valued where it is known and accessible.
It is essentially a Northern plant, and the fruitis abundantly produced
in the region of the Great Lakes, and eastward to the sea-board.

Some, at least, of the various species occur farther west, in localities
in which suitable soils and other needful conditions occur.

THE BLACKBERRY.

The Blackberry (Rubus villosus) and its near relative, the Dewberry,
(Rubus canadensis) are indigenous throughout the northern States, gen-

- \

‘Oe

13

erally in partially-sheltered locations, or in tracts of land but recently
burned over.

From such localities immense quantities of this fruit annually find
sale in the markets of large cities and towns. The fruit thus so pro-
duced has been so abundant that, until recently, little attempt has been
made to improve it, and this little mainly by selection of choice seed-
lings. A few of those most likely to prove hardy enough for the North
and West are Snyder, Taylor, Stone, Wallace, Western Triumph, An-
cient Briton, and perhaps a few others.

The habit of the plant is to produce its fruit-buds for the ensuing
crop near the top, where the injury in winter is most likely to occur,
with the frequent result of a partial, or possibly of an entire, loss of
the crop of fruit. Mven the so-called hardy varieties are by no means
entirely exempt from such loss when fully exposed during winter. In
fact, when it is recollected that the blackberry is naturally an under-
growth, we may be allowed to doubt if, with the habit of fruiting al-
ready mentioned, there is ground for hope that a variety capable of
withstanding a full exposure during occasional crucial winters is even
among the possibilities.

If in the more moist and equable climate of the region of the Great
Lakes it is found practicable and profitable to protect the fruiting canes
in winter, there must doubtless be increased occasion for such practice
in the drier atmosphere and severer winter temperatures farther west
and north, where quite probably, even with the hardiest varieties, the
plants may require to be well covered with snow, mulch, or earth, to
avoid the alternative of a loss of the crop of fruit. The low spreading
habit of the Taylor, Stone, and perhaps others, is advantageous for
such purpose; while the stout upright growth of many others increases
the liability to break the canes in the process of laying down.

The trailing habit of the dewberry would, in a snowy region, insure
an ample covering; while, if needful, they may be easify covered with
earth or mulch.

There are several varieties before the public; but of those | dissem-
inated and fully tested, the Lucretiais the only one that has received
general and satisfactory indorsement.

The following varieties are more or less grown in the Northwest; the
numbers indicating their relative popularity :

Blackberries.—Snyder, 21; Ancient Briton, 11; Stone, 7; Taylor, 2;
Thornless (?), 2; Kittatinny, 1; Wallace, 1.

Dewberries.—Lucretia, 4, and a local seedling yet unnamed, discovered
by Dewain Cook, of Windom, Minn.,* 1; also one recommended. at
Sparta, Wis., as productive and excellent, 1.

THE MULBERRY.

The Black mulberry (Morus nigra), said to have originated in Central
Asia, and to have been introduced into southern Europe more than a

* This variety has recently been named Windom.—H. E. VAN DEMAN.

14

thousand years ago, is reputed to be the parent of what is now known
as the Russian Mulberry, which is the only species requiring notice in
this connection.

Having been introduced into the West by the Mennonites who emmi-
grated from Russia, it has manifested a degree of hardiness superior to
that of any other mulberry. Its limit northward on this continent
can not yet be said to have been determined.

The fruit can not be said to possess any special present value, and its
prospective importance must depend upon the chance of improvement
by new originations from seed. Even in this direction the probability
of improvement is apparently very remote.*

THE CRANBERRY.

The Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) belongs exclusively to the
North, where it assumes much importance as a commercial fruit. It is
Taeely grown for market from New Jersey northward to and including
the British provinces. The business in New Jersey and Massachusetts
is mainly confined to the sea-coast.

Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota possess superior natural ad-
vantages of both soil and climate for the purpose; and, although in
these States the interest is less fully developed, the production of this
fruit here is being rapidly increased. ;

Many marshes throughout both peninsulas of Michigan were natu-
rally well stocked with the cranberry; and, although during the settle-
ment and development of the State many of these have been drained
and converted into arable land, large tracts are still in their pristine
condition. In Berrien and Ottawa Counties, and probably elsewhere,
considerable tracts have been prepared and stocked with the vines
with profitable results, and the business seems likely to increase.

Probably the most extensive plantations are to be found in Wiscon-
sin. Itis estimated that in four counties in the central part of this
State there are fully 50,000 acres of marsh adapted to the growth of
this fruit, much of which is already in process of improvement for this
purpose. The usual process here seems to be to clear the ground of
brush, and by partial drainage to enable the plants to take possession
of the soil, which they are said to do within a comparatively short
period, thus avoiding the expense of preparing and planting the ground
and cultivating till the plants have covered the surface.

A tract of 1,080 acres, owned bya company who have already invested
a considerable sum thereon, is being improved upon the following plan:
At the upper side of the marsh a reservoir of ample capacity is created
by digging a ditch across the slope (whichis very slight), throwing the
earth upon the upper side, thus constructing an embankment or dam,
with sluices and flood-gates at convenient points, by means of which the
water may be accumulated and turned upon the space below at pleasure.

*All of the many varieties I have observed in several Western States were too
small and poorly flavored to be valuable except as bird feed.—H. E. VaN DEman,

15

Below, and at right angles with the embankment already spoken of,
a ditch is dug nearly centrally through the marsh of sufficient capacity
to receive the waste and surplus water. The earth from this ditch is
used to construct an embankment upon each side thereof; and the water
therein is maintained at a depth and width sufficient to float a small
flat-boat, which is employed for transporting material, as well as for
collecting the fruit when picked. The lower end extends to and within
a building. which serves as a storage and packing room for the fruit
when picked and awaiting transportation.

The marsh below the reservoir is cut up by side and cross ditches
into blocks of five or more acres, each of which is capable of being sep-
arately flooded.from the reservoir and ditches above by means of sluices,
as already described.

When a new block has been prepared the sluices entering it are left
open, and it is kept flooded during the growing season, with the result
that the trees, shrubs, and bushes growing thereon are killed. The
sluices are then closed, the trees and brush, if any, removed; and the
cranberries that may be already thereon left to take full possession. In
case of a block not sufficiently stocked with natural plants for the pur-
pose, the ground is carefully fitted as for a farm crop; a lot of rooted
plants are cut into sections, which are sowed and harrowed in, in the
~ usual manner of farm-sowed crops; usually with a favorable result.

Little seems to be known respecting the status of cranberry culture
in Minnesota, beyond the fact that the fruit is indigenous and abundant
in its wild state, and that a very considerable amount is supplied to
commerce.

That it is less abundant in the wild state in Dakota and Montana can
scarcely be chargeable to unfavorable climate, but rather to a lack of the
- peculiar conditions of soil and moisture indispensable to the growth and
prosperity of the plant.

Mr. E. Reeves, of Waverly, Iowa, in a report to the State Horticult-
ural Society for 1886, page 152, says, ‘The Highland cranberry ( Vibur-
num opulus) is not grown as much as it should be. It is a native of our
part of the State and is perfectly hardy. It does best on a moist soil, is
readily grown from cuttings, and bears good crops of fruit, nearly equal
to that found in the markets.”

The plant is indigenous as far north as British America, but is usually
accounted but a poor substitute for that already described. This fruit,
however, seems quite unlikely to become a competitor of the ordinary

cranberry.
THE APRICOT.

The Apricot (Prunus Armeniaca), is reputed to be a native of Armenia, .
and to have been brought into southern Europe in the time of Alexan-
der the Great.

Seeds of a species (or variety?) differing, at least in hardiness, from
the varieties of southern Europe were brought to this country from

16

southern Russia by the Mennonites some years since. These have
been generally reproduced in this country, and considerably dissemi-
nated as seedlings, which are found to vary greatly in quality. More
recently some Western nurserymen have made selections from the best
of these and have undertaken their propagation.

The apricot has hitherto proved to be so uncertain a fruit at the
North, that a variety of even tolerable quality, thas shall prove success-
ful north of the Middle States, will no doubt be welcomed asan acqui-
sition. It must, however, be admitted that the question of the value of
this new introduction anywhere in this country or for any purpose is
yet to be decided; while it can scarcely be hoped that it will succeed
north of central Iowa, and possibly some portion of southern Michigan,
where in favorable situations the more common varieties of this fruit
fail more especially on account of very early blooming.

Professor Budd, of Iowa (who is by some persons thought to be
occasionally excessively enthusiastic respecting the prospective value
of Russian fruits), says in a bulletin of 1885:

We find not in Russia, however, any varieties of the apricot equal to their best
plums. We believe the best apricots of the world, for our climate, are to be found in
north Bokhara and northwest China, [adding] We are sending out for trial plants
of a variety from the -hill country northwest of Pekin, China, which seems specially
promising for the parts of the West south of the forty-first-parallel.

Among those thus named, propagated, and catalogued are the follow-
ing six varieties introduced by Carpenter & Gage, of Nebraska: Alex-
ander, Alexis, Budd, Catharine, Gibb, and Nicholas.

The following additional varieties are believed to have been selected
and introduced by A. H. Griesa, of Kansas, viz: Byram, Evatt, Preib,
Remer, and Smith.

Although these have ostensibly been selected for propagation as
stated, little is yet known of them beyond what is stated by their intro-
ducers. Their real value must depend almost wholly upon the results
of extensive trial over an extended region.

THE PLUM.

The cultivated Plum of the Northern States (Prunus domestica), which,
according to Dr. Gray, is supposed to have sprung from the Sloe, is an
introduction from Europe. It proves hardy and successful from New
England westward to and including the lower peninsula of Michigan,
although almost universally attacked by the curculio, which usually
ruins the fruit, unless efficient means are employed to save it.

The fruit is also, in many localities, attacked by what is known as
‘the Rot,” which appears to be either accompanied or caused by fun-
gus, which manifests itself in connection with the decay, which usually
occurs just prior to the season of maturity, often ruining nearly or quite
the entire crop of fruit.

The foliage is also frequently attacked, toward the end ofsummer,

tal

17

by a malady which causes the premature ripening and dropping of the
leaves, leaving the fruit but partially grown and the wood yet imma-
ture, in which case the tree is often either injured or killed by the cold
of the following winter. By some persons this malady also is attributed
to the attacks of a minute or microscopic fungus, although no sufficient
examination is known to have been made to determine the question.

The branches, and occasionally even the trunk, of the tree are also
liable to be attacked by a fungus known as Black Knot, and botanically
as Spheria morbosa, which occasions unsightly protuberances, and, if
neglected, is quite sure to ruin the tree, but which may generally be
overcome by the prompt cutting away and burning of the diseased
parts, to prevent the dissemination of the spores.

These various maladies have proved so serious, that in many locali-
ties once considered favorable, the growing of this species of plums has
been nearly or quite abandoned; although in the northern portions of
lower Michigan, in portions of the more easterly States, as well as in
Canada eastward of the Great Lakes, either from more favorable cli-
matic influences or because the inducing causes have not yet reached
them, this fruit is still abundantly successful ; becoming in such locali-
ties not infrequently a very considerable source of revenue.

Farther westward, either from lower extremes of temperature or a
more arid climate, or possibly from a combination of the two, this spe-
cies of plum fails almost wholly.

The native plum of the South (Prunus chicasa), grows in the wild state
in Kentucky and southwestward; and in those regions seedlings of
this, among which may be named several known by the common title
Wild Goose, have been found productive and profitable under cultiva-
tion. These have been tested at the North and found abundantly hardy ;
but, although they often bloom freely there, either from imperfection of
the bloom or from other and unknown cause they almost invariably
prove obstinately unproductive, and hence worthless, unless, as some
have been led to hope, this defect can be remedied by the adjacent plant-
ing of other pollen-producing varieties—a hope «hich as yet lacks the
confirmation of actual authentic experience.

The native plum of the North (Prunus Americana,) is indigenous from
about latitude 38° northward, far beyond the limits of the United States.
It is quite at home in the lowest lands and along the margins of streams
where the lowest range of the thermometer is known to occur. It is al-
ways abundantly, if not excessively, productive ; and even in the regions
in which the domestica varieties are most liable to the attacks of the
curculio, this species mainly escapes ; while in the specimens which bear
the mark of the Little Turk, the larve very generally fail to develop.

D. B. Wier, of Illinois, advances the hypothesis, which he insists is
borne out by his own experience in the growing of this fruit, that while
the curculio freely punctures this class of plums, the larve very rarely
develop; and upon this circumstance he bases the conclusion that the

15249—Bull 2 2

18

growing of our native species would probably result in the extermina-
tion of the Little Turk.

Although this species in its wild state can not be said to be of high
quality, its productiveness, hardiness, and freedom from disease, seem
to have directed attention to it as a possible source of improved varie-
ties. So far as is known, the only improvement as yet has been by
selection. Even by this mode several desirable varieties have already
been discovered ; some of them, at least, possessing qualities which in
value, nearly approach the popular varieties of the domestica species.
Among these may be mentioned De Soto, Wolf, Rollingstone, and Wy-
ant, which are on trial and being disseminated by the lowa Agricultural
College ;-also Miner, Bassett, Climax, Forest Garden, Rockford, and
other promising newer sorts in process of propagation and introduc-
tion. To the foregoing may be added Weaver, introduced several
years since, and Pottawatamie, now just introduced. Thelast two are
said to be productive in Iowa, where they originated. In Michigan,
with but a limited trial, Weaver shows a lack of productiveness.

There is little occasion to doubt the success of plums of this Amert-
cana species throughout the Northwest, at least eastward of the Rockies,
except, possibly, where the faiiure shall arise from a lack of the need-
ful moisture in the soil.

In his General Notes on Foreign Plums, in bulletin of 1882, Pro-
fessor Budd says:

The varieties of really good plums, for dessert and culinary purposes, grown in
Russia will be a matter of surprise to visitors. Even as far north as Moscow and
Kazan plums of fine size and quality are grown in great abundance. We have intro-
duced a number of fine sorts which we are propagating and sending out for trial.
Their success with us will not hinge on their hardiness or tendency to produce fruit,
but on their relative exemption from attacks of the cureulio. We have much reason
to believe that such sorts as the Red and Yellow Arab, Moldavka, Hungarian, Long
Blue, Long Red, Long Yellow, and Skorospelka will not be injured by the Little Turk
to a greater extent than our native sorts, as, like them, they start the fruit late, and
it is developed with great rapidity. In no line of our experimental work do we ex-
pect more useful results than in our trial of the best Russian plums.

Although the foregoing was published more than two years since, it
is not known that any of these plums have even yet fruited in this
country. The effect, therefore, if any, of so wide a departure in longi-
tude, and the probably more marked result of a transfer southward of
14° of latitude, are yet to be determined ; and since the professor fails
to clearly indicate the premises upon which his expectations have been
based, there is no apparent alternative but to wait and hope for the
desirable results which he seems so confidently to anticipate.

In the transactions of the Iowa Horticultural Society for 1886 the
professor says:

Of the Russian plums which I am testing I can say but little as yet ; some of them
are of the Lombard type in appearance. Our native varieties seem to do well, such
as Bassett, De Soto, Climax, Forest Garden, and Weaver. The last named does not
seem very productive. The Robinson and Marianna I have not tried long enough to
speak intelligently about. ;

19

In the same volume, at page 437, Mr. Burton advances the idea
that—

The Miner plum [why not others also—WRITER] ripens its pollen before the stamen
is ready to receive it. This difficulty could be obviated by planting another plum
adjacent, which ripens its pollen at just the right time.

Some indication of the varieties of plums under cultivation in this
region may be gathered from the following list. Their apparent rela-
tive popularity is indicated by the numbers attached:

De Soto, 29; Forest Garden, 17; Miner, 15; Weaver, 9; Wolf, 7;
Wild Goose, 7; Rolling-stone, 5; Maquoketa, 4; Cheney (the earliest),
2; Newman, 2; Speer, 2; Marianna, 1; Robinson, 1; Harrison’s Peach,
1; Moore’s Arctic, 1; Van Buren, 1; Winnebago, 1; Rockwell, 1;
Shaffer, 1; Lombard, 1; Shipper’s Pride, 1; Clemmons, 1; Oglesby, 1.
Several of these are recent introductions, and not generally known

and tested.
THE PEACH.

The Peach (Amygdalus Persica) is reputed to be a native of Persia,
and to have originated from the almond. The Nectarine is usually con-
sidered to be merely a variety of the peach with a smooth skin. It is
known, in fact, that within a recent period certain existing varieties of
the nectarine have been originated from seed of the peach.*

The limit northward of the peach-growing region proper at the East
may be said to be about latitude 42°; although near the sea-coast, and
also in New York and in portions of Ontario, the ameliorating influence
of the ocean and of Lake Ontario carry it somewhat above 43°. Far-
ther west, in Michigan, it extends yet farther north; within the more
immediate influence of Lakes Michigan and Huron even as far as lati-
tude 45° 30’. Farther west, and away from the influence of the Great
Lakes, the limit of the profitable eultivation of this fruit occurs much
farther south, probably even below latitude 40°, or in southern Illinois
and northern Missouri.

At the northwestward of Lake Michigan the peach, therefore, can
only be grown as an exotic. There have been various efforts to devise
some cheap and effective process for the protection of the tree against
the extremes of cold during winter, which occasionally ruin the fruit-
buds and even the trees. So far, however, nothing effective has been
devised short of actually laying down the trees and covering them with
earth during the winter.

Prof. J. L. Budd, in tke course of his experiments with hardy Euro-
pean fruits, has imported from eastern Asia what he hopes may prove a
hardier type of this fruit. In a college bulletin issued in 1885 he
. Says:

The peach does not vary as much in hardiness of varieties as the other orchard

fruits of the temperate zone. In our experiments we have used the Wager and Hill’s
Chili as a standard of hardiness of the old varieties, coming originally from Persia.

*This I have done repeatedly on my own farm in Kansas.—H. E. VAN DEeMAN.

20

Four years ago we imported plants of eleven varieties of the peach from Pekin,
China, they having been procured for our use from the hill country northwest of
Pekin. They have larger, thicker leaves than our common sorts, ripen their wood
earlier in fall, and have proven 30 per cent. hardier than our old sorts. Plants we
have sent out for trial have stood well in south Iowa, north Missouri and Kansas.
Some of them will prove valuable on the northern borders of the peach belt.

Two years ago we received pits of the peach from Riga, Russia, said to have been
brought from Central Asia. The plants are now two years old, and show marked
variation in leaf, bud, glands of leaf, and habit of early ripening of wood, from the
old varieties originally from Persia.

We are now trying to secure pits from north Bokara, in Asia, the most extreme
climate, so far as I know, where the peach is grown. ‘The most we expect to do in
this line is to make peach-growing possible on the northern borders of the present
peach belt.

A peach, said to be a native of China, and known as Tong-Pa, is re-
ported to have been a couple of years on trial in Lowa County, in east-
ern Iowa; but with so short experience, no conclusion has yet been
reached respecting its probable value for that locality.

Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior, Minu., has a small plantation of bear-
ing peach trees, planted with reference to laying down and covering
with earth in winter. In August, 1887, these were in thrifty condition,
and carrying some fruit; having apparently been three or four years

planted, and from 8 to 10 feet in height.
THE GRAPE,

The Grape (Vitis) is represented in Europe only by the single species
vinifera, although since the advent of the phylloxera in the grape-
vrowing regions of that country importations of American species
have been freely made, with the hope that, by their more robust habit,
they may prove better able to resist the ie of this new enemy.
This species proves obstinately unsuccessful throughout the eastern
United States. A very considerable number of ourimproved American
varieties have nevertheless become tainted with this strain by hybrid-
ization, and many of these seem to have derived desirable qualities
from this source; although generally, if not always, with increased ten-

dency to suffer from mildew—the chief enemy of the vinifera class in *

this country.

Of our American species, Vitis cordifolia—the northern Frost Grape—
is indigenous far northward of the United States. By modern botan-
ists this is blended with or included in riparia.

Vitis labrusca—the indigenous wild grape of New England—becomes
more rare as we proceed westward, occurring very rarely in western
New York and Michigan; and, it is believed, wholly disappearing, as
an indigenous growth farther west.

Vitis estivalis can only be said to be indigenous south of the region
under consideration; though occasionally extending sporadically into
its southern portions.

Within the past thirty or forty years, in the process of improving
our native grapes by reproduction and bringing them under cultivation

Oe

21

while there yet remain many varieties which clearly represent the orig-
inal species, these species have in many cases become so blended
by hybridization, that frequently nothing short of an authentic history
of a variety would suffice to assign it its correct specific position.

As the result of this blending and improvement, the resultant varie-
ties have come to be planted indiscriminately throughout the region
under consideration; reference being mainly had to their probable
ability to mature their fruit within the season, and resort being had to
protection in winter in regions in which very low temperatures are to
be anticipated.

Vitus vulpina (rotundifolia), which includes the Scuppernong, also
candicans, cinerea, monticola, Novo Mexicana, and rupestris, are Southern
species, generally lacking hardiness at the North; few if any of them
having produced varieties of value for Northern planting. The fact
that Catawba and Isabella grapes, perfectly ripened in the open air at
Excelsior, Minn., on the banks of Lake Minnetonka, were awarded
a premium at the New Orleans Exposition, was a surprise to very many;
since the former especially is not, with ordinary surroundings, consid-
ered sure to ripen fully north of latitude 39° or 40°,

That these varieties can be fully matured in the open air five or six de-
grees farther north, would indicate that the summers there are specially
favorable for the purpose. A visit this year to the vineyard which sup-
plied the specimens in question showed that it is favorably situated on
dry, warm soil, sloping rapidly to the east and south, and that the eul-
tivation and pruning were of the best and most effective kind, render-
ing the laying down and covering of the plants (which is indispensable
here) easy and effective. Under only ordinary circumstances, however,
many varieties were in an advanced stage of ripeness, and ‘ Minnetonka
grapes” were freely offered in the markets of Minneapolis and Saint
Paul as early as the 15th of August.

That there is little difference between this region and those farther
east so far as choice of varieties may be concerned, is clearly indicated
by the following list, the relative popularity of each variety being in-
dicated by the numbers attached to each, and the varieties being those
recommended in the discussions of societies and the reports of com-
mittees :

Concord, 33; Moore, 27; Worden, 27; Delaware, 12; Pocklington,
12; Martha, 12; Janesville, 12; Agawam, 9; Lady, 9; Cottage, 8;
Brighton, 7; Salem, 6; Telegraph, 6; Elvira, 6; Niagara, 5; Ives, 5;
Dracut Amber, 5; Lady Washington, 5; Empire State, 4; Wilder, 3;
Woodruff Red, 3; Coe, 2; Early Victor, 2; Perkins, 2; Vergennes, 2;
Kumelan, 1; Barry, 1; Massasoit, 1; Lindley, 1; Champion, 1; Jessica,
1; Florence, 1; Hartford, 1; Crevelling, 1; New Haven, 1; Wyoming
Red, 1; Northern Mauscadine, 1; Clinton, 1; Marion, 1; Bacchus, 1;
Black Hawk, 1; Black Hagle, 1; Beauty, 1; Red Fox, 1; El Dorado, 1;
Jetferson, 1; Duchess, 1; Iona, 1; Rogers No. 33, 1.

22

The impolicy of the very common practice among the originators and
introducers of new varieties of sending them out under numbers is
Strikingly manifest in the almost universal custom in the Northwest, in
the discussions and reports of horticultural gatherings, to continue the
use of the original numbers, sometimes coupled with the name, but
quite frequentiy without such accompaniment, not only greatly to the
inconvenience of the hearer or the reader of a report, but also with a
greatly-increased liability to error consequent upon the use of figures.

It would, beyond doubt, inure greatly to the convenience of all con-
cerned, if all societies could be induced, in cases in which names exist, to
resolutely exclude the numbers from their discussions, and especially
from the reports of their transactions.

THE PEAR.

The Pear of Europe and America (Pyrus communis) is indigenous in
Europe and Asia. It had early been subjected to cultivation in Syria,
Egypt, and Greece, and thence introduced into Italy during the early
days of Rome. From this species comes the great mass of our modern
varieties; although there are other species, among which are the Aure-
lian (Pyrus salvifolia),a native of France; the Snowy pear (Pyrus nivalis),
a native of Australia, neither of which are represented among our cul-
tivated varieties, and the Sand pear (Pyrus sinensis), a native of China
and Cochin-China, from which, by hybridization with P. communis, the
modern Le Conte, Kieffer, and others are supposed to have originated.*

Between March, 1879, and some time in 1884, Professor Budd, as the
representative of the Iowa Agricultural College, made no less than
twelve importations of pear trees or scions from different localities in
Russia (including Poland) and Germany; also an importation from
northwestern China.

The varieties included in these importations number sixty-three ;
although an uncertain number will probably prove to be duplicates. In
publishing lists of the varieties thus introduced the professor remarks:

Our experiments with the pear mainly date from the time of our visit to east Eu-
rope, in 1882.

With some of the varieties of central and east Russia our progress has been slow,
as the scions had not been packed properly for so long.a journey. Yet we now have
specimen plants of most of the varieties specially attracting our attention as likely
to prove valuable for culinary or dessert uses, and we have sent out for trial many
plants of the most promising sorts.

Our soil is not favorable for the pear; hence we used our first-planted trees in a
rough way, by taking off all the new wood each year for scions. This treatment, com-
bined with the severe weather of the last two winters, has given us correct notions
as to the relative hardiness of varieties. ;

The following is a list of the varieties of pears imported by Professor
Budd, with the names, as reported to the American Pomological So-

*It should be clearly understood that this is the merest conjecture, and that they
are almost worthless in quality when grown north of about 38°.—-H. E. VAN DEMAN.

oe FED»

25

ciety by Mr. Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford, province of Quebec, Canada,
at the society’s meeting at Boston, in September 1887. These names
are arranged alphabetically, and accompanied by the Russian or Ger-
man names, to insure ready identification. Until they shall have been
printed and compared, there is of course a liability, as already stated,
that some of them may prove to be duplicates :

Adopted name. Russian name. | Adopted name. Russian name.

Autumn Bergamot. Bergamot Osennui. | Lemon. Limonnaya.

Baba. Gruscha Baba. | Long Green(introduced | Longue Verte.

Bauvier d’Automne. Bauvier d’ Automne, long since).

Bear. Dula Medviedevka, || Long Stem. Dolgokvostka Moros-

Czar. Tsarskaya. | ovskaya.

Double Beurré. Maslitchnaya Dvoinaya.) Lutovka. Lutovka.

Dula. Dula. || Ogonka, Ogonka,

Early Duchess. Duchesse Précoce. ‘| Pasovka. Pasovka.

Early Bergamot. Bergamot Rannaya. Polish Lemon. Cytrymova.

Father’s Keepsake. Oicovska. Poltava. Poltavskaya.

Feigen. Feigenbirne. || Pomerania. Pomeranzenbirne.

Flat Bergamot. Bergamot Ploskui. Pound (introduced long | Pfundbirne.

Gakovsk. Gakovskaya. since).

Goubalt(introduced long | Goubalt. || Princess. Princessbirne.

since). || Red Bergamot. Bergamot Krasnui.

Green Bergamot. Bergamot Zelenui. || Saccharine. Sacharnaya.

Green Wine. Griine Weinbirne. || Salzburg. Salzburger.

Grella. Grella. Sapieganka, Bergamot Sapieganka.

Grumkower. Grumkower. || Scented. TDuchovaya.

Gute Griine. Gute Griine. Seedless. Bessemianka.

Honey. Gliva Medovaya (Ho- || Strawberry. | Semlianitchnaya.
nigbirne). || Sngar. Zuckerbirne.

Juicy Gliva. Gliva Otschen Sotch- || Victorina. Victorina Mnozgoplod-
naya. naya.

Junfer. Junferbirne. || Vinograd. Vinogradnui.

Korsun’s Bergamot. Korsun’s Bergamot. Vsduti Bergamot. Vsduti Bergamot.

Kostotchka. Kostotchka. Waxen. Voskavaya.

Krupyanka. Krupyanka. || White Livland. Butterbirne, Weisse Liv-

Kursk. Gliva Kurskaya. | _ landische,

Kursk Bergamot. Bergamot Kurski. Winter. | Osimaya.

Large Sugar. Zuackerbirne, Grosse.

At the annual meeting of the Iowa Horticultural Society in January,
1887, Hon. C. L. Watrous, reporting for the vicinity of Des Moines,
Iowa, says:

Of pears there are not enough trees to count. Young trees of Seedless seem healthy
and free from blight. Whether they will bear fruit, or what may be its quality, we
know not, but live in hopes.

Andrew Peterson, of Carver County, southern Minnesota, during the
summer of 1886, had several varieties of Russian pears and apples from
his native country, Sweden; but, judging from appearances, he deemed
those from Russia the most promising for Minnesota. In January, 1887,
he reported the Russian pear trees as showing uo injury up to that
date; while of sixty varieties imported from Sweden one only is suf-
ficiently hardy for Minnesota.

Professor Porter, of the Minnesota Agricultural College, reports a
few Russian pears as on trial at that institution, near Minneapolis,
where they give promise of much value.

The seedless pear (Bessemianka) is also reported to be on trial at
Ramsey, McCook County, Dakota.

24

A few pear trees grown from seeds brought from Russia by the
Mennonites, are said to be growing in southwestern Minnesota.

Professor Budd, in January, 1887, said :

I believed six years ago, and am stronger in the belief now, that east Europe has
many sorts of pear, cherry, and plum which would give perfect satisfaction in the
north half of Iowa, and some in Minnesota and the north half of Dakota.

It is feared by many that the transplacing of Russian fruits to the
much lower latitude of Iowa may greatly affect their season of matur-
ity, and that it may even injuriously affect their quality and, by possi-
bility, their hardiness; but the season of ripening may be deemed less
important with this fruit than with the apple. These influences will
therefore be more fully considered in connection with that fruit.

In advance of a thorough trial, Professor Budd expresses the convic-
tion that a very considerable number of the varieties mentioned in the
foregoing list will prove hardy as far north as central Iowa, while a
few of them, among which he names Seedless, Gakovsk, and others are
considered to be adapted to a wider, though yet indefinite, range north-
ward. Careful and extended experiment, such as he is understood
to have already in progress, can only surely determine the correctness
of these suppositions. Meantime he suggests a resort to the artificial
crossing of the best and hardiest of the older and well-known varieties
upon the most promising of these foreigners, with the hope of improve-
ment possibly in both quality and hardiness.

Speaking with reference to southwestern Iowa, he remarks:

With regard to Chinese pears, those who have condemned them get their trees
from New Jersey or about Philadelphia. From such experience we are all inclined
to condemn Chinese pears. On the college grounds they came through allright. I
do not mean the Sand pear, but the Snow pear. Some of them I can recommend for
this part of the State.

We have Snow pear trees from northwest of Pekin. Eugene Simons sent fifteen
varieties of Snow pears from China to Metz, France. I was there when these were
bearing and the pears ripe. Some of them are hardy enough for this part of Iowa;
and I do not know how much farther north they will endure the climate.

The professor, on another occasion, says:

‘¢Our pear, coming from southern Europe, is subject to blight here, but not there;
which shows that they are not adapted to our country. We can start from seedlings
and work up our pears. But even this is not necessary. We have a sadly-misused
pear tree on the college farm, that made during the past year, from 3 to 5 feet
of growth, which is entirely hardy and an abundant bearer. This pear has stood
everywhere, without any blight, in northern Dakota, near the Rocky Mountains
and all over the Northwest. We also have other pears which are hardy and fruitful.

In the Prairie Farmer of September 17, 1887, the professor says:

On general principles, I can say that Bezi de la Motte, St. Ghislain, and Flemish
Beauty will be likely to do as well as any of the old sorts. Of the newer pears from
Russia, the Seedless and Gakovsk are as promising as any for home use or market.

It is understood that the last two varieties have not yet fruited in
this country. If so, it must be inferred that the foregoing conclusion,
involving their productiveness and the quality of the fruit, as well as

25

the vigor and hardiness of the trees, is based mainly upon his knowl-
edge of their performances in their original locality. Except upon a
statement of the reasons for such conclusion, in such case it must be
assumed to be rather suppositional than conclusive.

A society report from southwestern Iowa, made in 1886, says the pear
crop there is a failure, most of the trees being nearly dead.

Mr. Denlinger, of Dubuque County, is reported as having on trial the
Arctic pear, a Russian variety, which in 1885 made a growth of 3 feet.
He also had the Keiffer on trial.

In 1886 the Dubuque Society recommended the Longworth pear (a
variety very little known) as worthy of trial, also the Seedless and
Gakovsk, two of Professor Budd’s importations from Russia.

Circumstances would indicate that these recommendations were prob-
ably made rather on account of the apparent hardiness of the trees than
from a definite knowledge of the quality of the fruit as produced in this
country.

An additional indication of the uncertainty of the more common varie-
ties of this fruit even in eastern fowa occurs in a paper by John Evens,
read before the Union Horticultural Society in 1886, as follows:

I have planted many pear trees, mostly standards, but have not fruited very many.
Could get them to grow well for a few years, or until they were old enough to bear,
and then the blight would take them. I have had the best success with Bartlett,
Flemish Beauty, Sheldon, Tyson, Buffum, Seckel, White Doyenne, Angouleme, and
Lawrence.

Secretary Hammond, of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, names
Flemish Beauty, Anjou, and Tyson as having proved hardy in the
northern portion of that State.

Dr. T. H. Hoskins, of northern Vermont, in the American Garden for
September, 1887, says of the new Russian pears:

Whatever may be the individual or class merit of these pears as dessert fruit (and we
are not likely to find many, if any, equal to the best of our old varieties among them),
they are yet remarkably interesting as a class, not only for their superior hardiness
against cold and drought, but also from the fact that they introduce a distinctly
new strain of blood, so to speak, and one which, by crossing upon those we already
have, is likely to give us some superior varieties. The firm glossy foliage, not so
thick and firm as that of the Chinese, but yet tending that way, indicates a strong
resistant power, not only against heat and dryness, but also against insects and fungi.
In the many years I have been trying in vain to discover one pear which I could grow
successfully in northeastern Vermont, one of the most discouraging things I have
noted about all of them (except Keiffer and Le Conte) has been the defective charac-
ter of the leafage. Indeed I think that if it were not for this insurmountable diffi-
culty we already have pears hardy enough to grow much farther north than they are
with success. Without healthy leaves there can not be thoroughly matured wood; and
it is the weakness consequent upon this which I think has prevented my success with
such ‘‘almost hardy” pears as Onondaga, Clapp’s Favorite, Jackson, Flemish Beauty,
and Grand Isle. They endure, as it is, all but our severest winters, and therefore it
seems to me that if we could give them a better leaf we could grow them success-
fuliy. Now it happens that some of the Russian pears reported to be best in quality
are also the hardiest and have the best foliage. A cross of Seedless, Sapieganka,
Dula, Tonkovietka, or Pasovka upon our hardiest sorts named above might confer

26

upon the seedlings that better leaf which is so greatly needed. I trust that some en-
thusiastic pear-growers may be sufficiently interested in the matter to be willing to
make these crosses and grow the resulting seedlings to fruitage. This can only be
done by those so situated as to be able to grow and fruit both kinds, which we of
the ‘‘cold North” are unable to do.

This last conclusion is but partially true, since even at the “cold
North” these new iron-clads may be grown to fruitage and the bloom
fertilized with pollen from milder climes.*

How far north the pear may be successfully grown in America is a
problem the solution of which can only be fully accomplished in the re-
mote future. Although there is a popuiar notion that a plant may be
gradually brought to endure a climate more exacting than that to which
it was originally adapted, experience has long since shown that the
capacity for such variation, so far as varieties are concerned, lies within
very narrow limits. The process through which important results of
this character are to be accomplished must rather be the more tardy
one or reproduction and selection, either artificial or natural, through
which all the wide adaptations of both animal and vegetable life have
been wrought.

By the light of science, aided by intelligent manipulation, the other-
wise tardy process of natural selection—the survival of the fittest—may,
beyond a question, be greatly hastened. Doubtless, mainiy through
natural processes, these Russian fruits have been brought to an adap-
tation to that climate not originally inherent in the species; and their
introduction to the trying climate of our central prairie region thus af-
fords to us a vantage-ground—an advanced starting-point—from which
results desirable to us may perchance be sooner reached, since it may
be fairly assumed that their surroundings here of climate and soil can
not be completely identical with those whence they were taken; and,
if so, that new characteristics, only to be acquired through reproduc-
tion and selection, are likely to be found needful for their proper adap-
tation to the new surroundings.

Viewed even in this light, the labors of Messrs. Budd and Gibb must
be deemed to be of great value to the pomology of the North, since even
should these introductions fail to realize the sanguine hopes of the in-
troducers, they will surely afford the foundation, otherwise wanting,
upon which the more certainly and rapidly to build a satisfactory
superstructure in a nearer future.

THE APPLE.

The Apple of Europe and America (Pyrus malus) was introduced in
North America from Europe by the early settlers. It is believed to
have sprung from the wild crab of Europe, and was extensively culti-

* The writer by this evidently means to refer to the fact that pollen may be sent by
mail or otherwise from regions of a milder climate, where the better, but tenderer,
pears will succeed. It may not be generally known that pollen of many kinds may
be kept for months and even years and retain its vital powers.—H. E. VAN DEMAN.

27

vated by the Romans, who are supposed to have introduced it into
England; whence it was brought to this country. The Siberian crab
(Pyrus baccata), in various improved forms, is more or less common in
this country, especially in regious in which superior hardiness is requi-
site. A kindred species, known botanically as Pyrus prunifolia, is also
a native of Siberia. China also has an allied species, known as Pyrus
spectabilis.

Our wild and uneatable native crab (Pyrus coronaria) is common in
the northern United States, and a species known as Pyrus rivularis oc-
curs west of the Rocky Mountains. The dwarf, or Paradise apple, used
mainly as a stock for dwarfing the apple, is considered to be a variety
of the common apple.

(1) In treating the subject with more especial reference to the apple
it appears more convenient to consider the region in question as divided
into districts. In so doing it seems proper to commence at the east,
designating northern New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine
as the Northeastern District. .

Whilethe Champlain Valley is found to be morecongenial to fruit cult-
ure than most other regions in that latitude and vicinity, the favored
location is of but limited extent. Throughout northern New York, Ver-
mont, and New Hampshire generally the climate is quite too severe for
the great mass of popular apples. F'ameuse here being one of the most
satisfactory of such, although even this is by no means exempt from
occasional injury in winter, while its tendency to scab and crack is a
serious drawback upon its usefulness. There is in this northern region
an apparent improvement in the texture and glossiness of its foliage,
which may be supposed to the more perfectly adapt it to a dry climate,
as well as to increase its ability to fully mature its wood in preparation
for the oceasionally-exceptional severity of winter. Even with such
preparation, however, it occasionally fails to withstand the trials of a
crucial winter, and for these reasons there is here as elsewhere an anx-
ious casting about for a hoped-for substitute.

Several recent varieties have been tested by Dr. T. H. Hoskins, of
Newport, Vermont, and others, among which Scott’s Winter, at present,
is thought to be the most promising, at least for the region in question.

The importations by the Agricultural Department at Washington,
and the more recent ones by the Agricultural College of Iowa, have been
watched with great interest here, and many of the varieties have been
or are being tested. Mr. Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford, Quebec, was
the associate of Professor Budd in his expedition to central and eastern
Europe for the purpose of studying varieties and climates, and it is
understood that he has since made a second visit to that region upon
the same business.

For the purpose of, as far as practicable, adapting the, to us, unpro-
nounceable pomological nomenclature of Russia to the needs of En-
glish-speaking people, the American Pomologieal Society, at its meeting

28

at Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1885, constituted Mr. Gibb a committee
of one to revise and, when needful, to Anglicize the names of these in-
troduced varieties; an onerous and perplexing task, which he has now
completed ; his final report having been made at the recent meeting of
that society at Boston.

The pomology of the sea-board portion of the State of Maine is so
affected by oceanic influences that it does not differ very widely from
that of southern New England. The more northern interior is yet a
new and comparatively unimproved region, in which fruit culture is
yet in acomparatively crude state. It is understood, upon the author-
ity of Dr. Hoskins, that there exists there an extensive tract of lake
country well adapted to the cultivation of the apple—it being moder-
ately elevated, with convenient access by river navigation to the sea-
board. Its pomology, when developed, may be expected to assimilate
somewhat closely with that of the adjacent inland province of Quebee,
which does not differ very widely from that of the extreme northern
portions of western New England.

(2) The district of the Great Lakes includes central and western New
York, and thence westward to and including the lower peninsula of
Michigan.

So varied are the local influences of the Great Lakes westward of
eastern New York and thence to Wisconsin and Minnesota, modified as
such influences are by the direction of prevailing winds, that a climatic
division of this region upon parallels of latitude become impracticable.

In central and western New York, and equally in the lower peninsula
of Michigan, these influences are so far equivalent to the oceanic in-
fluences which modify the climate of southern and eastern New Eng-
land, that their pomology is practically identical, and may therefore be
considered as mainly without the scope of the subject under consider-
ation.

(3) The Wisconsin lake district includes a comparatively limited re-
gion in Wisconsin, lying along the western shore of Lake Michigan,
which derives avery perceptible climatic advantage from such proximity,
which would doubtless be fully the equivalent of that realized upon the
eastern shore, but for the fact that the prevailing winds of that region
are westerly, bringing anincreased tendency to drought and to paroxysms
of cold in winter which reach the region without the mellowing influ-
ences of the open waters of Lake Michigan; thus creating a climate in-
termediate between that of the Upper Mississippi Valley and that of the
lake region proper.

(4) The Lake Superior district, including the upper peninsula of
Michigan, together with a strip of northern Wisconsin along the south
shore of Lake Superior. Although extending northward beyond the
parallel of 47°, this district is yet so favorably affected in climate by
the surrounding lakes, that it escapes some of the severity of the cli-
mate of regions upon that parallel farther west.

29

Although fruit culture has so far received but slight attention there,
the experience already had indicates, as may have been inferred from
its lacustrine surroundings and the direction of prevailing winds, espe-
cially in winter, that the climate becomes less desirable for such pur-
pose as we proceed westward until we pass beyond the lake influence,
and come within the typical climate of the western plains.

C. D. Lawton, of Lawton, Mich., who has spent much time in the upper
peninsula of Michigan, states that fair apples are grown there, and
that there are many fine trees which sometimes bear well. There is
abundance of plums, when frosts do not catch the bloom in spring.
They are mostly wild red plums, although the cultivated varieties seem
equally successful where tried.

Pears do pretty well also; at least he has seen trees loaded with ex-
cellent fruit, which matured nicely.

He never elsewhere saw Early Richmond cherry trees more heavily
loaded with fruit than there, wherever they have been planted. The
branches needed to be propped up to prevent breaking under the loads
of fruit. Currants, gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, and straw-
berries abound.

Although this is a cold country, it has much good soil well adapted
to root crops, as well as to many of the hardy fruits, which will doubt-
less be successfully grown as soon as agriculture shall become a staple
industry.

At the Chippewa County fair in 1880 a fine display of apples was
made, grown from trees of hardy varieties obtained from a Minnesota
nursery.

In Delta County the last State census reports a ten-acre orchard of
bearing peach trees.

Marinette, the half-breed granddaughter of an Indian chief, is said to
have planted the first apple orchard in Menominee County, which is
still in bearing.

C. D. Lawton has seen, at L’Anse, Baraga County, fine apples of Fa-
meuse, and some of Russian and other hardy varieties, as well as an
abundance of other hardy fruits.

Trees from the head of Lake Superior, including Oldenburg, Wealthy,
Siberian crab, arfd others were planted in this county in 1862, which
are yet doing well and producing fair crops of fruit.

Mr. Lawton also reports hardy apples and other fruits successful in
Ontonagon County.

The State census of 1884 reports 94 acres of apple-orcharding in the
upper peninsula.

Owing doubtless to the influence of the surrounding waters the or-
chards of the peninsula are exempt from blight, or at least so nearly
so that the malady attracts no attention.

(5) Since westward of the districts heretofore described there are few
if any local influences which essentially modify the climate, the south-

30

ern prairie district will consist of northern Illinois, the south two-thirds
of Iowa, all of Nebraska, and the south half of Wyoming.

(6) The intermediate prairie district will include the south half of
Wisconsin (westward of the lake district), the north one-third of Iowa,
the south one-third of Minnesota and Dakota, with the north half of
Wyoming.

(7) The northern prairie district includes northern Wisconsin (omit-
ting the Lake Superior region), the north two-thirds of Minnesota and
Dakota, and all of Montana.

BLIGHT AND LACK OF ABILITY TO WITHSTAND THE HOT DRY AIR OF THE SUMMERS
OF THE WEST AND NORTH.

In the earlier days of apple culture in the northern United States
what is now known as blight seems to have been unknown, or if known,
to have been confined to the pear. Even at the present day apple-tree
blight, where known at all from Michigan eastward, has not proved
specially troublesome. Only farther west, under greater extremes of
heat, cold, and aridity, has the malady proved serious and even fatal.

A singular, and to some at least an unexpected, circumstance is, that
it becomes even more virulent and fatal as we go northward. Practi-
cally unknown in Europe, it in many cases proves fatal to varieties in-
troduced from that country in our interior American climate.

Apparently akin to the blight so often fatal to the pear, like that in-
sidious malady, it has so far eluded the discovery of either the cause or
cure; although the comparative exemption of the East and the lake
region of the West, including the cold but moist region of upper Michi-
gan, together with the observed fact its outward manifestation usually
occurs during the heat of the day, strongly indicate that both heat and
aridity may be essential to its effective existence. It may also be
reasonably inferred that a lack of hardiness in winter may not infre-
quently be due to the lack of maturity consequent upon loss of foliage
from blight in summer. ;

HARDINESS IN WINTER.

Just what peculiarities of composition and structure go to constitute
the quality of wood-growth, known as hardiness, stems yet to be an
unsolved problem. It is nevertheless quite well understood that in
the case of the apple-tree, now under consideration, it becomes neces-
sary that the season’s growth shall have been thoroughly perfected ;
that the maturing processes shall have been completed, and that the
whole be done well in advance of winter; in other words, that a hardy
tree must be one whose growth is quite sure to be thoroughly ripened
well within the proper season.

Aiming to secure results of this character for his State, as well as
for the North generally, Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior, Minn., some
twenty-three years since commenced the process of reproduction and

Pies es2 de Ly -
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selection, using the Siberian crab as the basis of his operations. The
following is extracted from his report to the Minnesota State Horticult-
ural Society in January, 1887, as superintendent of the State Experi-
mental Fruit Farm, which, although perhaps over-enthusiastic, yet gives
a correct idea of the processes employed:

It is with pleasure that I comply with your request to give my views on Russian
and seedling apples. The seedling has been my hobby for the last sixteen years, and
the success attained gives me hope that not far in the future the cold Northwest will
be one of the leading apple growing districts of North America.

Twenty-three years ago I planted a few cherry-crab seeds, obtained of Albert
Emerson, Bangor, Me., and from those seeds I grew the Wealthy apple; in seven
years it fruited, and that fruit convinced me that the true road to success was in
crossing the Siberian crab with the common apple, and on that line I have operated
ever since, with results surpassing my most sanguine expectations. Idid not suppose
that in the short space of sixteen years, the time since the Wealthy first fruited, that I
should have more than twenty first-class apples, as good as the world can produce,
in succession from the Ist of Angust to March, and in hardiness of tree surpassing all
known varieties of the common large apple. But it is done, and in the doing, the prob-
lem is solved as to what to do and how to do it, with the material at hand with which
to attain yet greater results, At the outset it was test and try; but now that the
problem is solved, it is onward, with great results certain.

When I say we have twenty first-class apples, that does not include all that are
worthy of cultivation by any means. And now, with such results and only a few
thousand trees fruited at the end of sixteen years, what may we not expect atthe end
of the next sixteen years with 20,000 or 30,000 choice selected trees from the very
best of s2ed which are not yet fruited, and the seed of over 100 bushels of choice ap-
ples planted this fall, all to frnit in a few years. Then on planting the seed of the
best each year, soon the choice varieties will count into the hundreds, and the great
Northwest will be the fruit paradise of America.

To get the desired cross we plant the selected varieties in close proximity, so that
the natural flow of pollen will the more surely do the desired fertilizing, and the
seed thus produced is planted, the most promising of the seedlings selected and
set in orchards for fruiting, and -after fruiting the best in tree and fruit is selected
from which to grow seeds to try again, and so on; at each repetition I find there isa
gain. The young trees that fruited this year for the first gave a larger percentage
of tirst-class than any lot ever fruited before.

By crossing and judicious selection we retain the hardiness of the crab in the tree
without the crab thorns, and on top grow large apples without the astringency of the
parent crab. And yet by the commingling of the two natures we get an exquisite
flavor not found in any other class of apples, especially so when made into sauce.
But our triumph is not yet completed. We must—we can, fill up the balance of the
year with a continued succession of luscious apples. There is no question as to the
certainty of such aresult. The past is a guaranty that it can be done.

But the proper cross can not be got in Minnesota—a fact clearly demonstrated in
the extensive and expensive trials that have been made in the last nine years in the
State orchard. And here let me state that the seedling is inclined to ripen its fruit
at or near the time the parent apple did from which the seed was taken; hence the
need of seed from long keepers to grow the same. There are no long keepers of the
best quality yet found that are hardy enough to fruit in Minnesota; but wecan take
our best hardy seedling farther South,w here the long keepers can be grown and there
get the cross, and then bring our se ed here to grow, and test the hardiness of the tree
and the quality of fruit. We want first-class apples, and to get them we must use first-
class parentage, and even then seullions will be numerous, from the fact that all vari-
eties of apples are mongrels of many degrees of crossing, and the various relations

32

will crop out in a multitude of forms. But past success isa guaranty for the future,
thatout of the many some will be good. Onur seedlings will average in quality with
Hyslop and Transcendent ; but those of first-class, such as we propagate, stand about
one to five hundred, as hardy as Duchess and Wealthy, and of the extreme hardiest
about one to fifteen hundred.

Seedling trees for distribution.—Two years ago this winter was the first time the
Duchess and Wealthy were seriously hurt, and a like fate befell all the Russians on
our grounds, so that not a Russian set an apple on our grounds the next year, whilst
alongside of them our seedlings carried a fair crop, some of them profuse, and this
year all bore heavy crops; showing beyond a question that the crab infusion is to
be the foundation of successful fruit culture in the Northwest. The State orchard
yielded about 100 bushels of apples this year, all of which being off our own seed-
lings; all else of value failed two years ago this winter. This fall we planted the
seed of over 100 bushels of choice apples, to grow for experimental purposes. We
now have thousands of choice trees on hand for distribution to those who want one,
two, three, and four year old trees from seed.

Among the numerous varieties thus originated by Mr. Gideon he
names Lou, August, Florence, Cherry-Red, Excelsior, September,
Martha, October, Wealthy, Gideon, Peter, and January as especially
desirable, and as supplying a succession from the Ist of August to
March.

Feeling the importance of being able at the earliest possible moment
to supply an ample assortment of varieties adapted to the climate, not
only are prominent fruit-growers watching carefully such local seed-
lings as come to their knowledge, but horticultural societies also are
alding the work by the appointing of committees and in various other
ways. 7

Such recent varieties appear in the following tabulated list, aecom-
panied in the proper column by a dagger (t+) indicating that they have
been reported worthy of trial in the district to which such column is
devoted.

Aside from the foregoing, the tabulation comprises only the older
varieties of American origin found to be more or less successful in some
portion of the region under consideration. In the second district, how-
ever, where even the more tender varieties prove successful, note is
only made of varieties which, while successful in other and more trying
regions, are at the same time popular here, and is marked by an aster-
isk (*). This sign in every case signifies that the variety so marked is
reported as successful in the district indicated.

Throughout the tabulation an interrogation accompanying an aster-
isk (*?) is intended to indicate that while the variety is more or less
desirable in the district, either from blight in summer or from deficient
hardiness in winter, it is liable to more or less serious objection.

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PoundRoyal: so scecsx- ness
Powers Crab 2 o2ccs2 5s sa.e3
PMMAte. fos. eas ates bese

Quince of Coxe...
Ramsdell’s Sweet
Rawle’s Janet.....-.- ae
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NCOtUS WiNtOr -ss.--s-csasee

DERV EL eaaoee Senet sake
Neptamiber. sc. seh asece
SHED oct ee cen oe eee eee
PURGES ce che moe, eee rita A
MOPSOL WIG). se-hessan acess
SiiaiwasS60 4.2 6222p cosas. cee
Summer Hagloe.-...........-.
Sweet Russett...............-
hakman Sweebec->sc cess se ooe
Telfer Sweet Crab ...........-
PPRAMSCEROENG cs. o. eccree eae
UUGRENISPReG cee. ccsgecece Sed
METRE Vy ( OF a eee
M\YED) EDS] 0 en or a Boe
Walbridge
Wealthivis >... o.-2ts. aE Se oe
Wealthy Seedling............
Westfield Seek-no-Further ...
Whitney’s No. 20 .........
Williams’ Favorite
iWallanyioe.: 2-55 05-0
WANTERAD. se. 2.22 523256
WAUIRSHOAM Ie es oi on eee
Winter St. Lawrence ...-....
ANUGUER esther OS 2 Sa BI a ie
Yellow Bellflower ..........-.
Yellow Ingestrie

| ewww en ewe ewe

ne eee ene we

teen eee

An examination of the foregoing table will develop the fact, that even
the limited success of eastern varieties of the apple, when grown west-
ward of the Great Lakes, is mainly confined to the southern portion of
the region under consideration; and it may be further stated that a
more critical examination, aside from the table, will determine that even
this measure of success is to be attributed to the more favorable con-
ditions occurring in soxthern Nebraska and in the extreme southern

part of Iowa.

35

Another noticeable circumstance is, that as we progress northward,
planters are compelled to rely more and more upon varieties partially
or wholly of Siberian-crab parentage, until, in the more northern por-
tions of Wisconsin and Minnesota, and doubtless even more so in north-
ern Dakota and Montana, the successful varieties are almost wholly of
this species.

At the annual meeting of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society,
in January, 1887, a black-list, consisting of semi-hardy varieties ‘“ that
it may be considered especially-dangerous to recommend for planting
in large quantities,” was adopted, as follows: Mann, Bethel, Walbridge,
Trall Queen (Haas), Pewaukee, Alexander, Borsdorf, Northern Spy,
Salome, Utter’s Red, Fameuse, Wolf River.

Aft present many are probably looking earnestly to the newly-imported
Russian apples to supply the deficiency ; but whatever shall be the meas-
ure of their success, actual trial alone can demonstrate their ability to meet
and supply so extreme a want.

The lowa Agricultural College, from the outset, seems to have made
an earnest effort for the development of the horticulture, and especially
the pomology of the State. An early step in this direction was the
planting of an extensive orchard, comprising the varieties at the time
considered hardy in the State. The increased severity of subsequent
winters began to tell upon it, and when it began to show serious signs
of failure, another plantation was made of iron-clads, to be top-grafted
with such varieties as were reputed to be specially hardy. Among these
were a considerable number of local seedlings, which had acquired
special reputation for hardiness. These were interspersed with some
selected Russian varieties, thus affording a comparative trial of the two.
In the summer and fall of 1887 many of these last were bearing fine
crops, while, as stated by Professor Budd, the recent exceptional winters
had almost wholly swept away the supposed hardy natives interspersed
among them, while the remains of the older orchard were being dug
out and burned.

Doubtless, under the influence of discouragements akin to those al-
ready described, Mr. A. G. Tuttle, of Baraboo, Wis., imported scions of
Russian apples probably as early as 1866 or 1867, which he proceeded
to propagate, test, and disseminate. To these he subsequently added
yarieties from other and later importations, so that he now has a very
considerable orchard exclusively of Russian varieties in full bearing.

A visit to this orchard in August last found several of the earliest
varieties already past season, while others were ripe or rapidly ap-
proaching maturity, affording apparent ground for the claim that, owing
to change of latitude, or other cause, there is among them a defi-
ciency of long keepers. However this may be, the trees which had
withstood the trials of the recent severe winters were almost univer
sally sound and healthy, excepting that a very considerable number of
them gave evidence of the effect of blight upon the younger branches
during the past summer.

36

The heaitiy condition of this orchard (and the same is true of at least
another in the vicinity) was in strong contrast with that of other trees
upon the same premises, except of such of our native varieties as have
usually been considered very hardy, such as Fameuse, Willow, Ben
Davis, Grimes’s Golden, and others, many of which showed serious, if
not even fatal, injury, doubtless the effect of the trying winters already
referred to.

The U. 8. Department of Agriculture also, in 1870, made an importa-
tion of scions from Russia, of which a list of numbered varieties is pub-
lished, and the scions widely distributed for trial. The Russian names
were so difficult of pronunciation, that even yet they are very com-
monly referred to by numbers.

An early test of a very considerable number of these, including per-
haps some of their own importations, was made by Ellwanger & Barry,
of Rochester, N. Y., by the planting and fruiting them in their trial
grounds.

An examination of these in fruit, in company with W. C. Barry,
early in September, 1883, showed nearly all these even then, fully ripe
or already overripe; and the quality, without exception, proved to be
so low, that the general conviction was that their chief value must be
supposed to consist in their ability to transmit their probable hardi-
ness to a progeny of new originations of higher quality.

In 1878 or 1879 the authorities of the Iowa State Agricultura: Col-
lege deputed Prof. J. L. Budd to arrange for the importation of trees,
plants, and scoins from localities in central and eastern Europe in
which, from similarity of soil, climate, etc., he might hope to obtain
varieties adapted to the conditions occurring in Iowa and other por-
tions of the Northwest.

- In pursuance of this purpose, the professor, in company with Mr.
Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford, Quebec, made a lengthened visit to cen-
tral and eastern Europe, extending their trip as far as the vailey of
the Upper Volga, where, in most essential particulars, the climate is
nearly akin to that of the valleys of the Upper Mississippi and Mis-
souri. As the result of such visié and examinations, besides other
fruits, shrubbery, forest, and ornamental trees, no less than nineteen
importations of apples were made between May, 1879, and January,
1885, from various localities in Russia, Poland, Germany, and Austria.

These, together with those secured from the importations of others,
have been extensively propagated at the college, and the product
widely disseminated at a nominal charge for trial throughout the
Northwest, so far as their success seemed probable, but under an ar-
rangement providing for careful reports of results.

Complaint is made by President C. G. Patten, of the Iowa State Hor-
ticultural Society, and by others as well, that some of the Russian ap-
ples are slow growers—a peculiarity which may with some of them
prove to be constitutional, having, as they had, their origin at the ex-
treme north, where, doubtless owing to the shortness of the growing

37

season, together with the unusually arid climate, the tree under contin-
ued propagation from seed assumed a permanently dwarfish condition,
not likely to become changed by the transmission of the variety to a dif-
ferent climate—a fact likely to prove equally true so far as hardiness also
is concerned; although it must be conceded that in this particular
there may be at least apparent exceptions, since at Des Moines, on
the grounds of Hon. C. L. Watrous, were found a considerable number
of what are considered to be among the hardiest and most desirable
of the Russian apples; trees of which, four or five years planted, when
cut through, were found to be more or less black-hearted, and many of
them quite past the possibility of successful growth and permanent
usefulness. Similar cases of obvious winter-killing in the case of older
bearing trees of Russian apples were also seen upon the grounds of A.
W. Sias, of Rochester, Minn., as well as in another extensive orchard in
that vicinity, and also upon the grounds of President Patten.

A change of latitude, accompanied, as it must necessarily be, by ¢
change of climate, and especially in going southward, by lengthen-
ing of the growing season, must necessarily change the season of ripen-
ing, at least in the case of a winter fruit. This is a well known result
of such migration of our native fruits, which must prove equally true
of these importations, although the extent of such variation can only be
surmised in advance of actual trial. .

There is also in America, and doubtless likewise in Hurope, an un-
mistakable modification of the character of fruits, doubtless due to mod-
ified climate, when transferred inland, even without change of latitude ;
but just how much of such change may be due to greater aridity, higher
or lower average temperature, more violent extremes, deficient moist-
ure in the soil, or to variations of soils, is a problem too complex for
satisfactory solution under these varying circumstances; while a change
in the season of maturity and possibly the variation of the quality of
fruit may be anticipated, and the probable direction of such variation
foreseen, its amount, whether in season or quality, can only be deter-
mined by actual trial.

While, therefore, there are in many mirds grave doubts as to the
soundness of the opinions put forth by Professor Budd and others re-
specting the sufficiency of the Russian apples to meet and supply the
present lack, such doubts seem mainly to turn upon the question
whether, under so extended a transplacing, they are likely to sufficiently
retain their original long-keeping qualities. In this connection it is
perhaps due to the professor to state that, while he does not deny the
objectionable modification of the earlier importations of Russian apples
as to the season of ripening, he urges that these were west Russian or
sea-board varieties ; and that the varieties from the interior, where the
climate is more nearly that of the prairie regions, have been but re-
cently imported, and that they yet lack time to show results. He in-
sists that among these there is good reason to anticipate a sufficient sup-
ply of long keepers.

38

Since these experiments are being conducted at the South (latitude
42°), the object of pre-maturity may be expected to become less and
less as we go northward, where the chief question becomes that of suffi-
cient hardiness.

The blight of the apple-tree, if not wholly unknown in New England
and New York, is at least so little known as scarcely to excite remark;
while in Michigan it rarely attacks a tree below the growth of the cur-
rent year, and not even that to such extent as to effect serious injury.
As we go westward the malady becomes increasingly troublesome be-
yond Lake Michigan, increasing in virulence westward, and especially
northward. At 20 miles from the lake, in Wiscousin, it occasions more
or less injury; while at Baraboo, midway across the State, it becomes
increasingly troublesome, occasional trees being nearly or quite ruined
by it. In northern Iowa and southern Minnesota it is quite as preva-
lent and injurious. Still farther north, at Excelsior, Peter M. Gideon
finds it very troublesome upon crab seedlings, while his orchard of
Russian apples has been utterly ruined by it.

From all the circumstances, it seems highly probable that there may
at least be a climatic predisposing cause. If so, there would probably
be between the apparently similar climates of central! North America
and eastern Europe some occult difference which has so far eluded ob-
servation, since this malady, so prevalent and destructive in the former,
is said to be practically unknown in the latter.

The number of varieties included in these several importations of ap-
ples can not beless 350. If, among these, a dozen, or even a half dozen,
satisfactory long keepers shall occur, in addition to the earlier ones al-
ready tested, the undertaking will doubtless be felt to be amply justi-
fied, to say nothing of the means acquired for the origination of a bet-
ter, because hardier, race of fruit in the future.

In tabulating the following varieties of apples of Russian or east Eu-
ropean origin, the names as reported by Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford,
Quebec, to the American Pomological Society, are arranged alphabeti-
cally, and their success, so far as known, noted by districts, as in the
table of native varieties.

The European name is appended in each case, to facilitate reference
and insure identity.

In the report of Mr. Gibb there seems to have been cases of uncer-
tainty, which he indicates by an interrogation (?). These are intro-
duced inte the following tables along with the names.

In the alphabetical arrangement of the adopted American names, in
some cases the same naine appears apparently applied to more than one
fruit; also in one or more cases the name adopted had been previously
applied to an American fruit. In such cases attention is also called to
the fact by an interrogation (?).

Although not included in Mr. Gibb’s report, Alexander, Oldenburg,
and Tetofski, being Russian apples, are introduced into the following
list:

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40

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48

tn addition to these very many are referred to by numbers, but in
such manner that it is difficult, if not impossible in most cases, to deter-
mine to which list they properly belong. Numbers and duplicates are
excluded from this tabulation, and the names arranged alphabetically,
with the hope to hasten the disuse of numbers, and in so doing es-
cape a fruitful and vexatious source of error.

It is quite generally conceded that these Russian importations have
yielded several early varieties of apples fully equal, if not in some re-
spects superior, to any of our older native varieties of similar season,
and that these are hence likely to prove valuable even in regions in
which their superior hardiness is not specially important.

The most serious complaint respecting these importations as a whole
is found in the fact that in the latitude of southern central Iowa, to
which they come mainly from a region lying from 8° to 12° farther north,
the transfer to a more southern and longer summer so hastens the ma-
turity of their fruit, that the most of them become late summer and
autumn fruits, failing partially, if not wholly, of a winter supply, which
would be more specially desirable.

Although the full import of such change can only be determined upon
the general distribution and fruiting of these introductions, which must
yet require several years, this claim (which receives more or less confir-
mation from the fruiting of some of the earlier introductions) finds
much support from the behavior of our native varieties, when thus
transferred, even for short distances, within our own country. i

It is urged, on the other hand, that while southern Iowa and Ne-
braska can depend with more or less certainty upon their ability to
produce a supply of this fruit from some of the hardiest of our Ameri-
can varieties, farther north these utterly fail, and that in such locali-
ties, even including whole States and Territories, the question, practi-
cally is, apples or no apples, while with their shorter seasons the objee-
tion of pre-maturity partially or wholly disappears.

It is also very forcibly urged that the objections are being made upon
results from the earlier importations, which mainly came from near the
Sea-coast, where the climate differs widely from that of the steppes,
whence the later and mainly untested importations have come ; also
that the aileged pre-maturity can not be properly estimated by degrees
of latitude, but rather by isotherms; and that from this stand-point, if
we trace the lines of equal summer temperature (as a guide to deter-
mine the relative seasons of ripening), the season of central Iowa will
be found to correspond with that of the region in southeastern Russia,
10° or 20° farther north, whence the mass of these later importations
came.

In urging this consideration, Professor Budd insists that “so far as
the winter apples of south central Russia have yet fruited in Lowa, they
prove as good keepers as in their native home. In like manner, our
samples of fruits and our reports from our many trial stations north

a

49

show that the apples from provinces in Russia farther north than
Saratov mature almost exactly in accordance with the lines of summer
heat traced by Professor Dove across the two continents.”

Shouki the conelusion be accepted that the season of maturity is de-
pendent rather upon thermal lines than upon parallels of latitude, it
appears equally probable that variations of flavor or quality are simi-
larly affected. Although this may lack the authority of a determinate
conclusion, it may be supposed to warrant the inference that the recog-
nized deficiency of quality in the sea-coast varieties first imported was
the result of causes not to be predicated of those more recently intro-
duced, which may, in such case, be expected to more nearly retain
their pristine characteristics. For these reasons, if for no others, it
would seem wise to give to these the benefit of a full and fair trial be-
fore sittingin judgment upon then.

Besides the recommendatious of particular varieties already tabu-
lated, there are numerous notices, both favorable and unfavorable, which
more or less fully indicate in what lights these, as a class, are viewed
by those interested in such matters. In quoting a few of these the
localities in which they occur will be indicated.

Dr. T. H. Hoskins, of northern Vermont, in Rural New- Yorker, says:

I have fully 100 varieties of Russian apples growing in my grounds, many of the
trees being sixteen and eighteen years planted, while some of the later importations
are small. One thing is fully demonstrated, viz, that these apples are, as a class,
very much hardier against adverse climatic influences, and especially against winter’s
cold, than those previously grown on this continent. This alone gives them enor-
mous value for the ‘‘ cold North” where, without them, tree fruit culture would be
impossible. In productiveness, size, and beauty of fruit the Russian apples are, on
the average, more than a match for those of western Europe and for our native seed-
lings thence derived. Those who have an extensive acquaintance with Russian

apples know that there is among them quite as large a proportion which deserve to
rank as of dessert quality as there is among the common sorts.

An article from the same pen, published in the American Garden, in
September last, indicates a possible change in the writer’s conclusions
upon the subject. He says:

The entire ‘‘cold North” is awaiting with anxiety the coming iron-clad long-keep-
ing apples, which it so greatly needs, yet can hardly produce. xperience is show-
ing that the Russian long-keeping apples grown between latitudes 55° and 65° are
not long keepers in latitudes 40° to 50°, which is the American territory where the
iron-clads must be grown.

George P. Peffer, of the Lake region of eastern Wisconsin, says :

Nearly all the Russian applies I have fruited ripen in summer or early autumn, and
retain their favor but a shoré time. Antonovka gives the best satisfaction of any
yet fruited. There are some winter [reputed—WRITER] apples among those not yet
fruited.

He says again:

The public will find that there is as much risk in planting Russian varieties as any
others, I hold that fruit trees, to give satifaction, should be grown from seed raised
near the locality where wanted.

15249—Bull 2——4

,

50

George J. Kellogg, reporting as delegate from Wisconsin to the Illi-
nois Horticultural Society, remarks: The apple question in Illinois is
but little nearer solved than in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Half the
orchards in northern Illinois are on the wood-pile and the other half
are Jeaning strongly that way.

A. G. Tuttle, of central Wisconsin, says:

We have been a good many years trying to learn what is in the Russian apples,
and have tested 150 varieties, which certainly compare with the varieties usually
grown in Wisconsin. Some are equal in quality to the Northern Spy and Grimes’
Golden. We have searcely two varieties that are not better than Oldenburg.

He adds:

So far as the south half of Iowa is concerned, my impression is that they do not
need Russian apples. I am speaking more particularly about the cold northern
climate.

On another occasion he remarks :

I have 80 varieties of Russian apples in orchard. All seem hardy but one.

Again says Mr. Tuttle:

The true crabs are tender. They start tooearly ; wake up too soon.

At the Minnesota State Fair, in 1886, Mr. A. G. Tuttle, of Wiscon-
sin, exhibited 75 varieties of Russian apples, probably the most exten-
sive display of this class of apples ever made by a single grower in the
United States.

Of these the examining committee speaks as follows:

The best keepers shown here were Repka, Arabskoe, Mensk, Vargul, Antonovka,
and Blue Anis.

In quality they rank as follows:

Vargul, Antonovka, Repka, Blue Anis, Mensk, Arabskoe. The samples were too
immature to judge of flavor, but Vargul and Antonovka, which resemble each other,
are much finer in texture and evidently much better than Oldenburg. [Not very
high praise.—WRITER. ]

In size, Mensk, Arabskoe, Vargul, and Antonovka are said to be
large apples, Blue Anis is medium, and Repka is small.

Arabskoe has blighted in twigs; but otherwise the above are said to
be thus far free from blight, and all are as hardy as Oldenburg.

Among the early winter sorts, the committee was most pleased with
Golden White. The season of Hibernal, Zussoff’s Winter and Red
Queen (December); Long Arcad (November and December). In qual-
ity this test ranks, Golden White, Long Arcad, Zussoff’s Winter, Red
Queen, Hibernai.

In making a report a member of the committee remarks:

In conversation Mr. Tuttle admitted that blight is the greatest enemy of the Rus-
sian varieties. We could not tell from the looks of the fruit how much the trees
blighted; but from my own experience, I find that those varieties that do not kill by
blight do not bear very much.

At the annual meeting of the Minnesota Horticultural Society in
January, 1887, Mr. Tuttle exhibited four sections of the wood of crabs,

kK

51

nine sections of hardy native apples, and twenty-five sections eut from
Russian apple-trees. The sections were said to have been eut from
trees which had been planted ten years, and to be fair samples of each
variety; and were reported by the examining committee as giving evi-
dence that twelve of the Russian varieties were hardier than Oldenburg,
or any of the American varieties.

On another occasion Mr. Tuttle says:

At least twenty-six varieties of Russians will compare favorably with Oldenburg
for hardiness, and are as good in quality as an equal number of Ame:ican varicties.

Menominee is situated at the north of Menominee River, on Green
Bay, just upon the boundary between Wisconsin and the upper pen-
insula of. Michigan, partaking largely of the climatic peculiarities of the
latter. Mr. 8. Running reports from there:

The thermometer last winter (1885~87) sank to—40° and below, and remained there
for about a week; but that is less than has been usual for the past three years. I
have just come in from examining the trees, and find the following, which I have growing
in the nursery row, to be entirely hardy: Lou, Florence, October, Martha (received
from P. M. Gideon, of Minnesota), Whitney, Hibernal, Ostrokoft’s Glass, also Hyslop,
Transcendent and Marengo crabs. Then follow Oldenburg, Tetofski, Yellow Anis,
Charlamoff, and Little Pipka, with the terminal bud and an inch of wood slightly dis-
colered. Then come Thaler, Yellow Transparent, Prolific Sweet, McMahon’s White,
Scott’s Wirter, and Iowa Russett, with a trifle more discoloration. Then come Iowa,
Blush, Wealthy, Alexander, Longfield, and Switzer, with still more discoloration.
Lastly, I think Borsdorf, Wolf River, Walbridge, Plumb’s Cider, St. Lawrence, and
Tall Orange are too tender for this locality.

Lalso have Clapp’s Favorite, Flemish Beauty, and Keiffer pears growing in nur-
sery rows, all of which are killed to last winter’s snow-line.

J. C. Plumb, of Wisconsin, in the Prairie Farmer, says:

Where the once despised Oldenburg and little Siberians were thought too inferior
for general planting, they now make all—and often a good all—of the home supply
of apple fruit. Where thisis the rule, the new Russians are a Godsend. They have
come to stay, and willno donbt immensely extend the area of successful apple-grow -
ing in the Northwest. We have been growing them abouttwelve years, and yearly
examining and testing new varieties as they have come into fruiting; and, as is
known here, have been very cautious in our commendation of them, for they have
serious faults as well as great virtues. I have yet to see a good long-keeping apple
among them. The ‘‘very hardy” are ail too coarse fleshed to be good winter fruit;
nor do I expecé to find any Seek-no-Furthers, Grimes’ Golden or Winesaps among them

‘for reasons physiological, which I have not room here to discuss.

In the same issue Mr. Tuttle quotes Hon. C. L. Watrous, of Des
Moines, Iowa, as saying:

Of the 300 varieties of apples on trial a few have fruited; and, with a single ex-
ception, the fruit has been of the very lowest quality—thin, sour, and poor; with,
too often, a twist of bitterness simply atrocious.

In replying to this Mr. Tuttle remarks:

That all of the 100 varieties fruited are of the very best quality no one would claim:
but that they are, as a collection, equal in quality to our American apples there is
not a shadow of doubt. * * * The percentage of loss in my Russians, including
over 100 varieties, is not one-tenth of that in my orchard of Oldemburgs of 300 trees.

52

In southern Iowa, whence the doubts respecting the value of the
Russian importations seem mainly to arise, Hon. C. L. Watrous says:

I do not think it is the general belief of the men of this (lowa Horticultural) so-
ciety that the Russians are going to produce a winter apple that will be hardy here
in Iowa, and I think we should be very careful of our utterances on the subject.

R. D. McGeehon, of southwestern Iowa, remarks :

Iam at a loss to say what apples I should plant. If Professor Budd has not got
them among his Russians, I do not know where to look for them.

Professor Budd states :

We have 800 experimental stations throughout the Northwest ; and we have gone
through tests, and arrived at conclusions on this subject such as we could not have ~
reached in a quarter of a century by ordinary means, [From these importations from
Russia we expect to get quite a number of varieties as good in quality as Grimes’
Golden.

The work at the college consists chiefly in testing new varieties from
Europe and elsewhere. Cuttings and seeds from these are sent out to
the stations under an agreement not to propagate, sell, or give away
any stock received for trial.

In the Rural New Yorker of October 1, 1887, Professor Budd says in
substance : .

We find the Longfield apple to be a native of Sarepta, on the Lower Volga, where
the rain-fall islight and the summer heat often reaches 106° in the shade, with only 20
per cent, of moisture in the air,

Literally without rain to wet the roots of plants, the Longfield, and its near rela-
tive the Good Peasant, have matured a full crop of fruit of nearly averagesize. Even
as far north as Baraboo, Wis., the Longfield has stood quite as well as the Wealthy,
although this has not missed a crop of fruit on Mr. Tuttle’s place for the last six
years. The Longfield is nota true iron-clad for the North ; but, if not cut too severely
for scions, it has stood fully as well as the Wealthy on dry soils.

So far in central Iowa the Bogdanoff has shown no defect, save an occasional show
of twig blight on black soil and in sheltered positions. Grandmother (469 Department
list) failed with us in 1884 and 1885, and we have dropped it from our trial list ; but the
Grandmother, received by us from Moscow and Varonesh, appears to be as hardy as
Oldenburg, and promises to be a true iron-clad for northern Towa. I think the true
Grandmother will prove hardy in any part of Vermont, yet it may not be as perfectly
at home there as in Iowa.

Red Astrachan is a Swedish apple, a supposed seedling of Red Transparent. The
latter is hardier than Oldenburg, but Red Astrachan is very little hardier than Fameuse.
‘The Department Borsdorfs lack hardiness, but Zweibel Borsdorf of central Russia is
a true iron-clad. Alexander is hardy at Ames, but especially subject to blight anda
shy bearer. On the other hand, the Aports of central Russia are perfect in tree, good
bearers, and some of them fairly good keepers.

In the report of the Iowa society for 1886 appears the following:

On ordinary prairie soils, over an extent of the West equal to half a dozen of the
small kingdoms of Europe, the home and commercial orchards are killed or hope-
lessly crippled to an extent not heretofore known in the history of this country or
any other. Timber soils have not sustained their reputation as favorable orchard-
gites in Iowa, Indiana, Wisconsin, or Illinois. Even so far'south and east as La Fay-
ette, Ind., the fine young orchard on the grounds of Purdue University has been
grubbed, without the reservation of a single tree, although it stood on hard maple
land, which had hitherto been thought favorable for the apple and the cherry.

53

it is further stated that the injury of so-called hardy varieties was
not in the top; that trees top-worked on hardy stocks were compara-
tively sound, even though the same varieties root-grafted failed to show
a perfect leaf. It is also stated that the most successful apple-trees at
the West generally, on various soils, have been of Russian or Siberian
- stock.

In 1887 E. b. Porter, of Delaware County, Lowa, reports :

That the old orchards are dead is a fact that stares us in the face from Indiana to
Nebraska and south to central Illinois and northern Missouri. Some imagine that

we in northern Iowa are peculiarly unfortunate in this regard, but there has not been
a crop of apples raised in central Illinois in five years.

The report says further, in effect:

Through the progress of centuries the apple has become acclimatized throughout
Europe. The great central plain of Russia is very similar to our great central plain.
There the summers are hot enough to perfect Indian corn; the rain-fall is not greater
than ours. There the mercury sinks lower than here in winter, and reaches at least
as high in summer. There, as here, the winds sweep down from the Arctie Ocean
with no intervening mountains. These facts are held to justify the expectation that
out of the importations from those regions will come a supply of varieties adapted to
meet the requirements of our climate; and among these are mentioned Yellow Trans-
parent, Tetofski, Thaler, Longfield, Antonovka, and others.

J. B. Mitchell, living near the north line of Iowa, who has had thirteen
years’ experience and has a hundred varieties of Russian apples, in re-
plying to Mr. Watrous in the Prairie Farmer says:

With Mr. W.’s experience, in a more favorable locality for the growing of the old
varieties of apples (130 miles south of me), there may be some reason for his conclusion
of their relative hardiness and healthfulness as compared with the Russian apples.
The latter are more dwarfand slower growers generally than the former, and where the
climate will admit of growing the old or American varieties they doubtless make a
better appearance in nursery. But here at the north line of the State the old varie-
ties are not to be compared with the Russian in hardiness, healthfuiness, and fruit-
fulness. Many of the latter have come through the winters nearly perfect, while of
thousands of trees of the American varieties planted in this vicinity all have disap-
peared. It is not claimed by Professor Budd, or any one I believe, that all of the
Russians are hardy enough for the North, or that all willendure the heat farther South;
but there are very few of those tried here which have not stood better than any of
the American sorts. Many of them are indispensable to the Northwest; and it is a
stubborn fact that they have come to stay, even if the fruit is not all of the first
quality. Of those I have fruited, with two exceptions, I have noticed none of the
bitterness spoken of, and then only a slight trace, while some are of very fine quality,
and I think they will average well with the old kinds. Nearly all said against the
Russians has come from localities farther south, where the old varieties have done
very well, and where extreme hardiness is not so essential.

H. Friedly, Mineral Ridge, Iowa, has been growing apples a number
of years, and has the finest and largest bearing orchard in Boone County ;
but the recent cold winters killed all except a few Russians. He then
procured from the college eighteen varieties of Russian apples, which
he planted in 1884. Six of these have now produced fruit, which is of
fine appearance, and compares well with our common varieties. Root-
grafts of fifty additional varieties, more recently planted in nursery,
have all proven hardier than our common varieties beside them.

54

W. C. Haviland, of Fort Dodge, Iowa, in Prairie Farmer, says :

The days of Grimes’ Golden and Jonathan are past; and of the tried sorts we only
have Wealthy and Whitney left, Already the half-hardy sorts, like Fall Queen (Haas)
and Fameuse, have given place to Russians, such as Yellow Transparent and Long-
field, which prove 20 per cent. hardier. He mentions a few others in the order
of their relative hardiness, so far as known, viz: Antonovka, Cross, Hibernal,
Arabskoe, Borovinka, Arabka, Charlamoff, Switzer, Yellow Anis, Red Anis, Silken,”
Thaler, Longfield, and Little Pipka.

Edward Reeves, Waverly, lowa, takes the following conservative and
doubtless correct view of the matter in Prairie Farmer, page 618:

I think it high time to warn planters against the present craze for Russian trees,
or trees from any other place which have uot been fully tried in our climate and
proven of value. At the meeting of the iowa Horticulturai Society at Charles City,
last winter, Mr. Watrous asked Mr. A. G. Tuttle to name the varieties of Russian
apvles which had proven of value in Iowa; but he failed to name a single one.
* * * have over forty varieties of Russian apples on my grounds, a number of
which have so far stood better than Oldenburg; but Iam not prepared to recommend
them to my customers, except for trial. I believe that some of these will prove valu-
able for general planting and for crossing.

In Prairie Farmer, page 6354, John C. Ferris, secretary Northern lowa
Horticultnral Society, says:

My experience with Russian apples is very much at variance with that of Captain
Watrous. It is well known that the list of apples recommended for northern Iowa,
by the Northern Iowa Horticultural Society, includes but four varieties from the old
list, viz: Oldenburg, Tetofski, Whitney, and Wealthy. If the last two are hybrids,
as claimed by their originators, then, the other two being Russians, there is not a1
apple of American origin and parentage on our list. We saw no reason why the two
Russians first introduced should necessarily be the best; and hence were glad when
imany varieties were imported from Russia. These had a perfectly reliable record
as to character of fruit, which placed many of them far ahead of either Oldenburg
or Tetofski. We began experimenting with these, and their hardiness is now an es-
tablished fact among northern Iowa nurserymen, who have tested them from four to
twelve years.

He goes on to remark that, although we could doubtless in the
course of time originate a race of hardy apples adapted to this region,
the climate of Russia has performed this work for us, and if we no not
avai} ourselves of it we will, indeed, be foolish. After a reference to
the value of the Russian varieties as the possible basis for further im-
provement he adds:

The problem for us to solve, after the rejection of the tenderest Russians and those
most subject to blight, is, which are the best bearers, the best keepers, and of the best
quality.

Ik. De Hill, president of the Dakota Horticultural Society, assured him
that he had eaten Russian apples as good as the Rhode Island Greening.

Hon. R. P. Speer, in lowa Horticultural Report for 1887, says:

In central Minnesota there is usually an abrupt jump from beautiful fall weather
to winter; and the springs also are less changeable than in Iowa. There the crabs

and their crosses upon the common apple may be of some value, but in Iowa they
are worthless.

55

On another occasion he says:

In 1874 I procured two each of seventy-six varieties of Russians, and planted them
alongside of our hardiest kinds. Some of them have been hurt at the tips, and
some are slow growers, but twenty-six of them I consider perfect in tree.

He thinks his trees of the Arabka family will stand at Lake Superior.

In Prairie Farmer, page 650, he states that he planted thirteen of the
very promising varieties in orchard, and only two of these have proved
less hardy than Oldenburg. Two of the hardy varieties have suffered
from blight, viz: Basil-the-Great (Vassilist’s Largest) and a variety of
the Arabka family. Four of the other nine have proved fruitful and
very valuable.

I have now more of one, two, and three-year old Russian apple-trees than any other
American, Ihave examined them carefully, after our coldest winters and severest
droughts, and am very sure that many of them are more valuable in every respect
for Iowa than the Oldenburg.

J. B. Mitchell reports to the Northern Iowa Horticultural Society—

That the once so-called iron-clad list has proved a failure; that none except the
Oldenburg have been able to endure the test winters of our climate; and from the
fact that many of the Russians have been grown at the most northern limit of our
State for ten or twelve years past, and have stood uninjured, or nearly so, in nursery
and orchard, it seems thaé we have much to hope from the Russian apple.

At the same meeting A. L. Hatch remarks:

A good deal of discouragement prevails with regard to standard apples, and what
little faith we have left, is in Patton’s seedlings and Budd’s Russians; and the Lord
grant that our faith may prove well founded.

Hybrid crabs are doing well, except the usual amount of blight.

W. H. Guilford, superintendent of Experiment Station, reporting to
the Dubuque County Horticultural Society, says:

We purchased thirty-seven trees from the horticultural department at Ames, Pro-
fessor Budd making the selections for us, and from all that we can learn every tree is
of decided merit. The collection is composed of plums, cherries, pears, and apples.

Blessings sometimes come to us in disguise; and it now seems as though the four
unprecedentedly hard winters had been such. Nearly all the tender, trashy rubbish
with which the country has been littered is either dead oz dying, and we have learned
a wholesome lesson for our future guidance.

In a report for Grundy County, O. A. Bardabl says:

The county of Grundy is new, compared with other counties in our district, con-
sequently fewer trees have been planted; but I have no doubt that thousands of dol-
lars have been sent out of our county for fruit trees within the last fifteen years,
without a single tree to-day giving promise of another apple, except a few Olden-
burgs. ?

The Russians from the college are terribly slow growers, but they afford us our only
apparent promise.

Since the fact has come to be recognized that the fruits of the Eastern
States are not successful in the prairie regions, there has been a con-
stant effort to devise or discover some effective means for the origina-
tion of a local pomology for the supply of the urgent need. Besides
the efforts of the national Agricultural Department, which, with Mr.
Tuttle and Professor Budd, has undertaken to import a pomology for

56

the purpose, and the persistent efforts of P. M. Gideon to elaborate the
desired result from the crab. Mr. C. G. Patten, of Charles City, the
president of the Iowa Horticultural Society, has been an active laborer
in this field. While he has done much in the planting and fruiting of
the introductions from Russia, he has been but illy satisfied with the
results.

A visit to his establishment not only shows sad losses among the old
varieties, but also that many of the supposed hardy Russians are se-
riously defective in hardiness, at least for this locality. The Oldenburg
here, as in most other trying localities, is winning a reputation for
superior hardiness; but Mr. Patten, not content to stop here, is actively
engaged in the work of improvement by the process of cross-fertiliza-
tion with some already encouraging results.

Prof. E. D. Porter, who is in charge of the University Farm, at the
summer meeting of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, held at
that establishment, invited attention to the horticultural improvements,
and among other things to the orchard and nursery. There was an
orchard of Russian apples, one year planted. The trees had been ob-
tained from Mr. Gibb, of Canada, and Professor Budd, of Iowa. He
added:

We have duplicates of these growing from root-grafts in the nursery. The idea is
that if there is found to be anything valuable when they come into fruiting we can
duplicate them by the hundreds in the nursery. These varieties of apples will be
grown for distribution among the farmers and horticulturists of the State.

O. F. Brand, Minnesota:

Thad sixty-five varieties of the first that were sent out by the Department, which I prop-
agated, and I got most of them large enough to bear. Where the Wealthy bore, from
trees planted the same year, a bushel and a half to the tree in 1881 and 1882, there is
not a tree of the Russian varieties that has borne half a bushel. There are several
varieties of trees that remained, which were root-grafts in 1874, and some of them
were grafted two or three years previous to that. Ofthose thatremain there are only
two varieties that are good for anything, and they bear very little. So I class the
Russians like this: Most of them blight; and of those that remain, which bear, three-
fourths are good for nothing, and the remainder do not bear enough to be good for
any purpose, except to make up a collection for a fair.

My experience is that young trees stand very well; and after beginning to bear, at
the age of eight to twelve years, are killed out, and the Russians likewise. They may
do well for a while, but after they begin to bear and the vitality is reduced, they are
unable to stand the winters. ° ;

I have eight or ten Oldenburgs that have been planted twenty years this spring,
which appear good for as many years more.

To the foregoing Mr. Pearce responds :

Mr. Brand has put Russians in a bad light, and it does not coincide with my obsur-
vation, nor yet with that of a number of other members present who have orchards
in this section of the country. IJrefer to Andrew Peterson’s orchard. He has trees
twelve years old, and has twenty-five or thirty Russian varieties. His trees have
borne well, and some of the fruit is of fair quality. I have watched his trees with
much interest, and have never found trees that were more healthy or prolific. The
frnit is large. Ihave known the Yellow Transparent a number of years. It bears
freely, and the fruit is of good quality.

57

Mr. Corlett adds :

In the spring of 1880 I procured forty-three varieties of Russians from Professor
Budd. I divided the collection with five neighbors, at his request, to test them on
different soils. My own is what is called high prairie. The past season the branches
of several were so loaded with fruit that they required to be propped up to prevent
breaking. I had previously successfully grown such varieties as Dominie, Early
Harvest, Sops of Wine, Winesap, Ben Davis, Benoni, etc., but none of them are now
left, and my only hope is in the Russians.

Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior:

I got a good many of the Russian varieties in scions, and planted the trees some
yearsago. The blight destroyed all but three of the trees in the orchard, and the
fruit of those proved worthless. Afterward I had some two hundred and thirty vari-
eties, but the blight destroyed most of them. Four years ago I had sume sever
thousand orchard trees. Over two thousand went down entirely, and others were
damaged. I still had twenty Russian varieties left, but two years ago took most of
those. Only two of the list bore last season.

The cause of the injury two years since was a severe freeze while the trees were

yes in a growing condition.
Professor Porter, of Minnesota, Report for 1881, says:

I think we have much yet to learn in the acclimation of the Russian apple before
it will prove entirely satisfactory. That it has some good points all must admit;
coming as it does inured to rigorous cold, we hope it may prove all that its most san-
guine friends anticipate. With these, as with all other new varieties, we should be
cautious concerning extensive planting until fully persuaded that success is perched
upon its banners.

Charles Luedloff has under trial about one hundred varieties of Rus-
sian apples, together with other fruits, but few of which are yet at fruit-
ing age. He had large fruiting orchards, but the winter of 1884 and
1885 injured them seriously. He is since giving attention to Russian
varieties, together with promising local seedlings.

The “‘ad interim” committee of the Minnesota Horticultural Society,
on visiting Andrew Peterson, of Carver County, found Hibernal, Ostro-
koff, and Lejanka in perfect health and in good bearing condition. Mr.
P. thinks Hibernal and Lejanka may prove identical.

In the committee’s report they say:

Our observations of Russians lead us to believe that out of the many hundreds of
varieties being introduced, we may get a score or so that will be hardy enough for
the whole region called the Northwest, and we doubt very much if the quality and
productiveness of one-half that number will prove satisfactory to our people, and not
more than four or five will fill the bill as long keepers.

Mr. A. W. Sias, reporting on seedling fruits, says :

Mr. Somerville showed us some of the most beautiful apples that our eyes ever be-
held; these were new Russians, which we propose to designate Russian Wax, unless
we can obtain the true name.

He considers Autumn Streaked as giving the highest indications of
hardiness among the Russian apples, and places White Russett as see-
ond in this respect, giving the third place to a variety designated as
Plikanoft’s Small.

58

He names as the best six Russian apples with him: Autumn Streaked,
Russian Green, Juicy Streaked, Green Transparent, Red Cheeked,
White Russett.

Best six with William Somerville: Oldenburg, Autumn Streaked,
Russian Wax, Charlamoff, Winter Aport, Unknown.

E.H.S. Dartt, in reporting for a portion of southern Minnesota, says:

In regard to Russian varieties, I will say we had a large list of them under cultiva-
tion prior to 1885, and I had a good deal of faith in them; but that winter was too
much for nearly all of them.

My orchard is Oldenburg and Tetofski, and I believe it has paid me better per acre
than any other land that can be found in Stecle County that has been used for any
other purpose. I have kept account of my apples, and I estimate that my orchard of
18 acres has netted me about $300 or $400 per acre, besides trouble and expense and
the cost of the land at $100 per acre. I havea new orchard, set since the hard winter
with five hundred Oldenburgs.

At a meeting of the Minnesota Horticultural Society in January,
1887, Professor Porter reported in substance as follows:

In the spring of 1885, root-grafts of one hundred and seventy-nine varieties of
Russian applies were obtained from Professor Budd, of Iowa ; also fifty-six varieties
of two-year-old trees. The experimental orchard stands upon alevel piece of prairie,
with a low, wet spot in the center, and with an entirely open exposure. Of fifty-two
Oldenburg trees but five died; showing that not more than one-third of the Russian
varieties are as hardy as Oldenburg. Number of trees planted, one hundred and
fourteen, of fifty-seven varieties; 324 per cent. of the trees are dead.

Thirty-four additional varieties were planted in the spring of 1886. The orchard
now contains eighty-one varieties of apples.

Certain varieties have proven worthless, and should be rejected ; although some of
;hese may succeed elsewhere. A single station can not therefore do this work satis-
factorily. At the farm (near Minneapolis) conditions are essentially different from
those farther south. Instead, therefore, of two fruit stations under State control, we
need at least four, with dozens of substations.

Some of the Russian importations promise to prove of great value.

A. W. Sias, of Rochester, southern Minnesota, as superintendent of
the Experiment Station at that place, says:

In referring to my report of last year, I discover that I erred in not heading it an
obituary notice. The mortality was so sweeping in its results two years ago that we
have but little to report upon at this time. But in this great loss we are again forei-
bly reminded of that saying so full of meaning to the intelligent horticulturist—‘“‘ the
survival of the fittest.”

Without stopping to itemize, I will say that all of our trees with thick, pubescent
leaves came through the severe winter two years ago in good shape, and have be-
haved first-rate ever since, notwithstanding they had to pass through a fiery ordeal
last summer. Such trees are equal to every emergency.

At Moorhead, northern Minnesota, R. M. Probstfield reports that he
received from Professor Budd the following varieties of Russian apple-
trees: Summer Calville ?, Ledenets, Royal Table, Romenskoe, Kursk
Anis, Lead, Rosy Pipka, Ukraine, and Antonovka, which did well,
notwithstanding the hot, dry summer, and went into the winter in good
condition.

59

Transcendent Crab was bearing heavily, but blight was thinning out
the trees rapidly.

At Albert Lea, southern Minnesota, Clarence Wedge reports :

Some of these new Russians are pretty well past the experimental stage.

G. W. Fuller, Litchfield, central Minnesota, says:

We had full crops of Early Strawberry, Transcendent, Beach’s Sweet, and Minne-
sota crabs, a very few Oldenburgs, and still fewer Wealthies,

Thomas Frankland, writing from Manitoba, says:

Several varieties of crabs are found to succeed at Hendingly, and out of quite a
number of Wealthy apples planted some fifteen years ago two yet survive. Other
persons have tried apples; but having, as I contend, planted unsuitable varieties,
they have failed to keep themalive beyond the third year. Some of the Russian varie-
ties give promise of hardiness.

Ina paper entitled Fruit-Growing in the Northwest, J. 8. Harris says,
in effect:

From the early settlement of the country many of the Eastern varieties succeeded
for a time, but the winter of 1882 and 1883 destroyed trees by the thousands, totally
annihilating hundreds of orchards of the old favorite varieties.

Ten or twelve years of successful replanting with supposed hardy varieties followed ;
till, in the winter of 1885-86 a disaster as serious the first overtook us. A summer
droughtand early frost had matured the growth. September, October, and half of No-
vember were wet and warm, starting a new growth. Winter shut down suddenly,
was long and severe, and the deep snows prevented freezing of the ground.

Looking to the future, he feels great confidence that among the importations from
Russia, or the originations of Gideon, a remedy will be found, and a safeguard pro-
vided against the recurrence of such a calamity.

William Selbie, writing from Deadwood, Dak., says:

I have quite an orchard planted at my ranch, and expect to have over a barrel of
apples this year. I think this country, in the immediate vicinity of the hills, is ad-
mirably adapted to horticulture.

John C, Ferris, secretary Northern Iowa Horticultural Society, when
at Bismarck, Dak., saw Tetofski and several hybrid crabs in fruit.
In Minnehaha County, in southeastern Dakota, there are many trees of
Oldenburg and Wealthy and some of Fall Queen (Haas) in bearing.

THE QUINCE,

The common Quince (Cydonia vulgaris) is indigenous in southern
Europe and eastern Asia. It is said to have first attracted attention
in the Island of Crete, from the ancient name of which its botanical

‘title is derived. It is successful in New England, and westward to and
including Michigan ; but even within the influence of the Great Lakes
it is not successful to any considerable distance north of latitude 439°,
while it succeeds but indifferently, if at all, west of Lake Michigan.

The Japan Quince (Cydonia Japonica) is similarly hardy, and is grown
chietly for its brilliant flowers, which appear very early in spring.
There are several varieties, differing slightly in color; some of which,
when of mature age, fruit freely. The ripe fruit may be used like that
of the common quince,

60

THE BLACK WALNUT.

The Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) is one of the largest of northern
forest trees. Its limit northward is probably not much, if any, beyond
latitude 44°, although it is being planted for timber and shelter even
farther north. Reports from northern Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Da-
kota indicate that, in those regions, its permanent success must be re-
garded as problematical; dependent, possibly, upon a judicious selee-
tion of soil and aspect.

It is successful in southwestern Iowa; while in central Wisconsin
it has been found te grow well for a few years and then fail. It is said
to grow and fruit well in southern Minnesota, as well as in some por-
tions of Dakota. It is found to be more satisfactory at the extreme
north, when grown from northern seed, a fact that is believed to be
true of plants generally.

The English walnut* (Juglans regia) is grown largely and with profit
in some of the Pacific States, but fails at the East, and is too tender
for the extreme North.

THE BUTTERNUT.

The Butternut (Juglans cinerea) has a somewhat more extended range
northward than the black walnut. It is perfectiy at home, if not actu-
ally indigenous, in Michigan up to latitude 45°, and is abundant as a
forest tree in portions of southern Minnesota in that latitude. Although
not supposed to be indigenous, it is successfully grown in portions of
Towa, and there seems good reason for the hope that it may be found
successful as far north as the national boundary, possibly even farther.

THE HWICKORY-NUT.

The genus Carya consists of several species, of which Carya alba is
very widely distributed, and may be considered to be the Northern
hickory-nut proper.

Carya sulcata, the Western shell-bark hickory, has a nut of large size,
with a very hard, thick shell. It is indigenous from Pennsylvania to
Illinois and Kentucky. In Michigan its extreme northern limit is
reached in the third tier of counties in the lower peninsula.

Carya oliveformis, the Pecan, is said to be indigenous along the Mis-
sissippi River as far north as southern Iowa, which is believed to be
its extreme limit northward.

Besides the foregoing, Carya tomentosa, the Mocker-Nut or white heart
hickory; Carya glabra, the Pig-Nut or broom hickory, and Carya amara,
the Bitter-Nut or swamp hickory, are indigenous and more or less com-
mon, although of little value save as useful timber. Their limit north-
ward can not be said to be determined, save that Messrs. Wheeler and

* The proper name of this nut is Madeira nut, because it came originally from the
island of Madeira, in Portugal, and is in no sense English.—H. E. VAN DEMAN.

. 61

Smith, in their Michigan Flora, remark that ‘No member of this family
gets much north of latitude 43°.”

In southern Minnesota, however, near the latitude of Saint Paul (459),
the hickory (Carya alba) and bitter-nut (Carya amara) are reported to
be successful, probably as artificially planted trees.

THE CHESTNUT.

The American Chestnut (Castanea vesca) finds its northern limit in
Michigan at about latitude 43°, although it is apparently hardy much
farther north, probably throughout the lower and possibly in some por-
tions of the upper peninsula.

West of Lake Michigan this tree is not known to exist as an indige-
nous growth, although when planted on suitable soils it proves hardy
and successful.

Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) is a native of southern Pennsylvania
and Ohio, and on south, and is only known farther north as an intro-
duced curiosity.

The European or Spanish Chestnut (Castanea vulgaris) bears a much
larger nut, though less sweet than the American. The tree is tender
at the North and West, except in specially-favored localities.

The Japanese Chestnut is a comparatively recent introduction, ap-
parently quite similar to the Spanish, although it is claimed to be an
earlier bearer, with even larger fruit. It will no doubt prove tender,
at least north of latitude 439,

INDEX
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