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No. 368. FRONTISPIECE. ROYAL PALMS (OREODOXA REGIA). 56TH ConerEss, | HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. {| Document 2d Session. | No. 368. BULLETIN No. 95. 382 U, 3 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, A. C. TRUE, Director. fy ek OC} Fy TE ON THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES OF HAWAIL BY WM. ©. SEU BRBS, Ph. iD., Director, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Stations. January 24, 1901.—Message and accompanying papers ordered printed and referred to Committee on Territories. poe Ve a, VE — hil Ve —— AUN Jax ATION Ot WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1901. A oo is Ma mm ON OY oN To the Senate and House of Representatives: I transmit herewith a report on investigations of the agricultural resources and capabilities of the Hawaiian Islands, with special refer- ence to the establishment of an agricultural experiment station in those islands, made in accordance with the act of Congress making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. The attention of Congress is called to the request of the Secretary of Agriculture that 2,000 copies of the report be printed for the use of the Department of Agriculture. : Wiiu1am McKIntey. ExeEcuTrvE MAnsIon, January 24, 1901. 2 JUN 29 1901 AG iD LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, Washington, D. C., January 10, 1901. Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the agricul- tural resources and capabilities of the Hawaiian Islands with special reference to the establishment of agricultural experiment stations therein. This investigation was made preliminary to the establish- ment of an experiment station, as provided for in the appropriation act for this Department, approved May 25, 1900. The urgent neces- _ sity for an experiment station in the Hawaiian Islands is shown by the statements in the accompanying report, and I respectfully concur in the recommendations of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations and earnestly recommend that Congress provide for the maintenance of the station as is done for the stations in other States and Territories. If this report is printed by Congress, I suggest that 2,000 copies be furnished this Department for its use. I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, JamMEs WILsonN, Secretary. The PRESIDENT. 3 wie $ bit i | , ; : ‘4 . la '‘ ‘ \ | . My ” wh orhy ey . AT 2 one pe ba me \ Wi ye Mitt aa ee L* a MANS Se F it ha ; e vig b | . eohticte, tort West sodaD) eB ace need pene rT F ‘ fn *) ik ; g ; | _ # niors \ i , 4 ] ’ is t m ¥ ehy r | oe Pind LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DeEPaARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, Washington, D. C., January 10, 1901. Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon agricul- tural conditions and capabilities of the Hawaiian Islands. This investigation was made as a preliminary to the establishment of an agricultural experiment station, as provided in the appropriation act for this Department, approved May 25,1900. As the agent for making these investigations, the Department was fortunate in securing the services of Dr. W. C. Stubbs, director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Stations. Dr. Stubbs is thoroughly familiar with the experiment stations of the country, and in his capacity as director of the three experiment stations in Louisiana has familiarized himself with the agriculture of tropical and semitropical regions throughout the world. Dr. Stubbs visited the islands in July and August of the past year, acting under the following instructions: The following subjects should be included in your investigations: First. The general agricultural conditions existing in the Hawaiian Islands, and the necessary and feasible measures for the improvement of these conditions. Second. The location most suitable for an agricultural experiment station. In this connection you should determine— (1) Whether it is feasible and desirable to unite the Government station with the Hawaiian experiment station already established at Honolulu, the basis of the union to be as follows: (a) The Department to secure possession through gift or purchase of property now owned by the Hawaiian experiment station and add thereto as the requirements of new work may demand. (b) The Department to assume entire charge of the station, appointing the director and other officers as its agents, and becoming responsible for all work and expenditures. (c) The Department to undertake and pay for investigations other than those relating to sugar cane and sugar making; the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association to continue to pay for the investigations on sugar cane and sugar making, contributing therefor a lump sum annually, to be spent under the direction of this Department. (This arrangement will be similar to that made by the Sugar Planters’ Association in Louisiana with the experiment station in that State.) (d) The Department to publish and distribute bulletins and reports of all work, as is done in other parts of the United States. 5 6 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. (2) Whether it is desirable and feasible to connect the station with the agricul- tural department of the Kamehameha Manual Training School at Honolulu. (3) What other plan for establishing a station should be adopted in case it is not expedient to unite with either of the above existing institutions. This question of location is one of the most important subjects for your investiga- tion. The Department must control the land before operations can be undertaken. You should ascertain what Government land, if any, is available which could be set aside for this purpose, its adaptability, convenience, and water supply. Third. In case a union with the existing Hawaiian experiment station seems feasible, an estimate should be made of the value of the buildings, land, equipment, ete., which would come into the possession of the Government station. If it seems best to inaugurate the work on an independent basis, the buildings, land, and equip- ment which would be needed should be determined, and estimates made regarding their cost, with special reference to the sum required for these purposes during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. The methods of acquiring real estate for the use of the station should also be investigated. Fourth. The cost of inaugurating and maintaining an agricultural experiment station and disseminating information (exclusive of the buildings, land, and equip- ment) in a manner similar to that of an agricultural experiment station in one of the United States having an approximate area. In this connection, the staff which will be needed, persons available for such work, the approximate salaries paid in the islands to persons engaged in similar occupation, and other points bearing on the cost of maintenance should receive attention. Fifth. The lines of experimental work which should be undertaken in the Hawaiian Islands, and especially those which should be undertaken in the immediate future. In this connection reference should be had to lines of agriculture other than the main crop of the islands. Sugar cane will naturally receive some attention from the new station, but it seems quite likely that there are other branches of agriculture to which the islands are adapted and in which investigation is quite as much needed. It has been stated, for example, that the Hawaiians buy their vegetables to consider- able extent from California. You should determine what prospect there is for investigations in the growing of vegetables, and likewise in the growing of a variety of field crops for human food and for animals; experiments in the feeding and manag- ing of animals, ete. According to reports from authentic sources, in no other place is so much money expended in securing water for irrigation by pumping. Some of the pumps are raising 30,000,000 gallons of water per day from a depth of 500 feet, using coal that costs $10 per ton. The expense of irrigating in some cases reaches as high as $125 per acre per year. The cost of water has led to some study of its effec- tive distribution. You should endeavor to determine to what extent experiments in the use and economy of irrigation water might profitably form a feature of the work of the new station. Sixth. What is the best means of diffusing information on agricultural subjects among the people, and of demonstrating to them the advantage of improved methods of agriculture? On arriving at Honolulu you should immediately consult with the governor of the islands and such other officials as may be in a position to aid you in your investiga- tions. You should also consult with representative residents of the islands who are prominently identified with the agricultural interests. You will please assure all persons with whom you come in contact, who are interested in the agricultural development of the islands, that it is the desire of the honorable Secretary of Agri- culture to secure such information as will enable him to inaugurate agricultural investigations which will most generally benefit the agriculture of the islands, and that the Department is always glad to receive information regarding the agricultural needs of different localities, and suggestions regarding the measures necessary for the improvement of existing agricultural conditions. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. a Dr. Stubbs’s report is herewith presented. In this report an exhaust- ive review is given of the agriculture of the islands in its many branches. Owing to the unusually favorable conditions, sugar grow- ing is not only the leading agricultural occupation, but is the princi- pal industry of the islands, the exports of sugar being more than 80 per cent of the total exports of the islands. At present this industry is in a very prosperous condition, but other agricultural industries are either not well developed or are not in profitable condition. Coffee growing is diminishing, and the other large.agricultural crop, rice, is not grown on up-to-date principles. Stock raising is conducted to some extent, but there is need of improved stock and better pasturage. Dairying as an adjunct to agriculture is almost unknown, and dairy products exceedingly expensive. Parts of the islands have been denuded of their forests to the great detriment of the country, and these areas should be reforested. In many parts of the islands, espe- cially at or near the coast on the western or leeward sides of the islands, irrigation must be practiced to successfully produce good crops. Much of this is done by pumping from artesian wells, and there is evidence to show that the methods practiced are extremely wasteful. Little has been done in the islands in the way of vegetable and fruit growing for market purposes, except with bananas and pine- apples. ‘The little that has been attempted shows that almost every kind of fruit and vegetable may be grown somewhere upon the islands. For supplying this class of produce, California and other parts of the Pacific coast are now drawn upon. As is shown by the report, there is a great necessity for the estab- lishment of an experiment station in the islands, in order that the problems of diversified agriculture may be given attention. No neces- sity exists for immediate consideration of the sugar industry, as there is already established a well-equipped station, maintained by the Sugar Planters’ Association. This station is devoted to the study of manifold problems that arise in cane growing and sugar manufacture. The instructions given above required an investigation into the feasi- bility and desirability of uniting the proposed Government station with some institution already established. The two institutions that com- mended themselves were the experiment station of the Sugar Planters’ Association and the Kamehameha Training School. Conferences were held with the governing boards of these institutions, but no practical means for combination with either were found. It is therefore recom- mended that an independent experiment station be established adjoining the city of Honolulu, and experiments begun in diversified agricul- ture. A cordial spirit of cooperation for the establishment of a station was shown our agent by officials and residents of Hawaii, and it is believed that much benefit will accrue from the scientific study of the problems there presented for investigation. 8 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. For the immediate use of the station, in order to provide fences, buildings, live stock, etc., a sum of about $17,000 is considered as necessary. This may be provided by Congress, or in case that is not considered feasible, by the Hawaiian government, as is done in other Territories. After the station is established and the urgent necessities provided for, it will require for its maintenance a sum equal to that annually provided by Congress for the experiment stations in other States and Territories. I recommend, therefore, an appropriation of $15,000 for the maintenance of a station in Hawaii for the fiscal year of 1902. Very respectfully, yours, A. C. TRUE, Director. Hon. JAMES WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. AUDUBON Park, NEw OruEans, La., December 15, 1900. Srr: Pursuant to acommission from Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, to visit Hawaii as a special agent of the Department of Agriculture, I have the honor to transmit herewith my report. From your letter of instructions, hereto attached, it will be seen that I have investigated the subject assigned, and have selected a suitable location for the station, and herein make such recommendations as have been suggested by my investigations. In this report I desire to return my sincere thanks for the many courtesies received while on the islands. From the governor of the islands down to the humblest gardener I was the recipient of highly appreciated favors. Indeed every facility was afforded me for the prosecution of my investigations. Especial thanks are, however, due to Governor Dole; Commissioner of Agriculture Wray Taylor; Ento- mologist A. Koebele; Director of Sugar Experiment Station Dr. Walter Maxwell; Island Veterinarian Dr. W.T. Monserrat; Mr. F. A. Shafer, vice-president Planters’ Association; Mr. 8. Tenny, Mr. Eben Low, Mr. Paul Isenberg, and others who freely gave me their personal time and assistance. To Prof. W. D. Alexander and Mr. J. F. Brown Iam under many obligations for maps, manuscripts, and other favors. To the Planters’ Association, Dr. Maxwell, Hon. S. A. Cleghorn, and Hon. S$. O. Damon I am indebted for other courtesies. In the preparation of this report I have collected reliable informa- tion from every ayailable source. My object has been to compile facts and present them as information for the public, and no claim is made here for originality. The publications of the Territory, of the Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, and of reliable authors have been extensively consulted and sometimes freely used. The manuscripts furnished me by acknowledged authorities are included in this report. Respectfully submitted. Wm. C. STUBBS, Special Agent. Dr. A. C. TrRuE, Director of Office of Experiment Stations, Washington, D. 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Coss vie Sella wp yt CONTENTS [Piycien) and -geosraphical teatres. 2.6. = a cucce epee ceenececcs Oe Wricinan the Hawatian peopler----.+ 2.225556 -< Sloss cc cect se ces S Seecdeeoe feeclia sats die islandsu ne eee eons sosesctemetemcaeseacecssesieccacssscces Pall OMMbeNeANds 22a gas sace terse dos cdonscsatncseccdcceseeleeseccese= Rin eee ee ee eee eet eee oaeescc senses eases eaaecee Ramil tee nese ee am cnaceenone aan as sacs eesceneccsacecceces Rnvenpithie = He eee elm ie a oeee Se ete es sete sone cwseceacisoseec Ribena eee eee Ete eects ow seeecesusceccecece a= BOUIN ES Nae es rs a5 Scan hr OT Ee SR ee Sar Poe Mipieetned. = Rene aaa eee ee See eae et coca csacenataceeaasaccccm es DPesuennous plated qe saeco sees = tema = sane aaa meee = seceeecemenssccccss= Lay Rene Se SA eR eae Mo sotccsusaceeacccnidceceecssine Piantanteodueed’ by the NaMVeSs 2. lc. 320.6 2200e 2 cone do... 15,289. 5 WielkRatgan pomatrens 2204 i 2a .2usew sui sited Gov. 10, 24 Mr. Rendon, in an accompanying letter, says: Since these figures were made up, however, you will of course understand that wages have materially increased in these islands. To get at present conditions you would probably have to add 25 per cent to the figures given in the statement. Apropos of the Ewa Plantation, it may be mentioned that it has eight enormous pumping plants (Pl. XIX, fig. 1) costing $1,750,000, which supply 75,000,000 gallons per day of irrigation water to the fields (about 5,000 acres); 29 miles of railroad track, with necessary cars, engines, etc. (Pl. XTX, fig. 2); a splendidly equipped sugarhouse, and nearly $100,000 invested in. farming implements, mainly steam plows, harrows, ete. On the leeward side of the islands, where irrigation is practiced, the land is broken with steam plows to a great depth. Rows are laid off at 5-foot intervals with very deep double-mold-board plows. Into these deep furrows the tops of the cane are dropped in a continuous row, the soil is drawn in lightly with hoes, and a shallow stream of water sent over the buried tops. (PI. XX, fig. 1.) In six to seven days a continuous stand of young canes is obtained. For the purpose of economizing water the rows are laid off as nearly on a level as pos- sible, and an open furrow for irrigating is maintained during growth. After each irrigation hoes draw in from the adjoining ridges small quantities of soil in order to conserve the moisture applied. Save irrigation, and its incident hoe work and the trashing of cane, no other cultivation is given. A contract is usually made with a head Chinaman to irrigate and trash the cane from planting to harvest at so much per ton of cane harvested. The contract is usually for 100 acres, the com- pany furnishing the water. Contracts are also made by the ton for the cutting and delivery of the cane at the sugarhouse, the company furnishing the cars and engines. The breaking of the land and the planting of the cane is usually done with hired labor. On the rainy or windward side of the islands the conditions require entirely different methods from those just described. The lands are broken in a similar manner but less deeply, and the tops are planted in an open furrow and covered. When the plants are large enough, the work of cultivation begins, which is usually done with plows, cultivators, and hoes. This cultivation is continued until the canes are sufficiently advanced to ‘‘lay by.” Every operation is similar to the best practice in the cornfields of the West. Here reliance is placed 60 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. entirely upon the rainfall for furnishing the needed moisture to canes. Sometimes the rainfall is excessive, at others deficient. Severe and protracted droughts which occasion great loss to the planters occur at rare intervals. As a rule, however, the rainfall is ample for good crops, and the extra expense of irrigation is avoided. Hence, fre- quently the windward plantations are just as good dividend payers as the leeward estates, though the yields per acre are muchless. Trashing of cane is practised here as on the leeward side. In both instances the dead leaves are piled up between the rows, where they remain until after harvest, when they are burned. ‘‘ Ratooning” or ‘‘stubbling” is not largely practised. Only first year ratoons or stubbles are cultivated. Whenever in the judgment of the manager these will not produce 30 tons of cane per acre, they are plowed up and the land replanted. Just here is one of the secrets of the large success attending sugar growing on these islands. Two-thirds, if not three-fourths, of the area each year is in plant cane. In Cuba, Porto Rico, and other tropical islands cane is permitted to run for six to even sixteen years, with the unavoidable result of annually diminished acre yields, and a low average sugar output. Sugar planters elsewhere are disposed to doubt the accuracy of the large published yields of Hawaii. Let them consider their own enormous yields from plant cane, and then apply such results to their entire plantations before they begin to question outputs obtained in these islands. It is true that irrigation upon fresh lands, upon the warmer leeward sides, ina climate almost perfect for maximum growth, has greatly increased the average output of Hawaii, but the carrying of the largest portion of the crop as plant cane, is unquestionably the main cause of the large yields. This is evidenced by the yield obtained on the rainy or windward side of the islands, which are much larger than those obtained in Cuba and other tropical countries, even though much below the returns of the irrigated plantations on the lee side of the same islands. The cane when harvested is delivered to the sugar mills (Pl. XVIII, fic. 2) by wagons drawn by oxen or mules, by rail, with horses or steam, by water flumes sometimes crossing deep gulches, and by trolleys. Plantations use either one of the above methods, to suit their peculiar environments. THE DISTRIBUTION OF VALUABLE PLANTS. The commissioner of agriculture for the islands is sending out annually from the Botanical Gardens an enormous number of differ- ent varieties of plants and trees, covering both the useful and the ornamental, to the citizens of the islands. In this way new plants are being introduced and tried. In the last year the following have been distributed in large numbers: Fruits.—Papaia, Carica papaya; Avocado pear, Persea gratissima; FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWING. 61 sour sop, Anona muricata; Tahiti vi, Spondias dulcis; lime, Citrus limetta; pomegranate, Punica granatum,; Java plum, HLugenia jam- bolana; strawberry guava, Psidium cattleyanum,; Sapodilla plum, Achras sapota; Granadilla, Pass/flora alata; and coftee, Coffea liberica. Palms.—Latania barbonica, L. glaucophylla, Livistona rotundifo- lia, Ptychosperma alecandrie, Seaforthia elegans, Pritchardia gandi- chaudii, Oreodoxa regia (royal palm), Phenix dactylifera (date palm), Thrinax argentea, Sabal blackburniana, Areca alba, Brahea filamen- tosa, Areca rubra, Elwis guinensis, Cocos plumosa, and Hyophorbe americaulis. Timber, shade, and ornamental trees.—Eucalyptus, several varie- ties; Grevillea robusta; Casuarina, several species; Prosopis dulcis (algaroba); Acacia melanoxylon; Bauhinia, several species; J/acada- mia ternifolia (Queensland nut); Cesalpinia hematoxylon (logwood); Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey cypress); Poinciana regia; Schinus molle (pepper tree); Sterculia acuminata (red-kola nut); Camphora officinalis (camphor tree); Theobroma cacao (chocolate tree); /7cbiscus populneus; Cassia jistula (golden shower); Ceratonia siliqua (carob bean); Phyllanthus; Zhevetia nerifolia; and Crotons, several species. Vines.—Vanilla, Aristolochia sipho (Dutchman’s pipe); Phystanthus albens (cruel plant); Piper nigrum (black pepper); Clerodendron, and Ylang Ylang. In addition to the above, plants of the following (new) varieties were sent for experimental purposes to responsible persons through- out the islands: Olives, mulberries, peach, pear, camphor, pineapple, and Para rubber (//evea braziliensis). In 1898 the commissioner of agriculture imported among others the following plants: Croton tiglium (croton oil plant), Sterculia acuminata (kola nut), Garcinia mangostana (mangosteene), Lrythrina lithosperma (for coffee shade). FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWING. The following letters from Governor Sanford B. Dole and Mr. Franz Buchholtz, of south Kona, Hawaii, give descriptions of the varieties of fruit, vegetables, etc., which are grown on the island of Hawaii: Puuwaawaa, Kona, Hawa, August 12, 1900. Dear Mr. Strusss: While on this island I visited Mr. Buchholtz, a coffee planter of the extreme southern part of south Kona. His house is on the government road at that place, at an elevation of perhaps 1,500 feet above the sea. His plantation is from the road running up the slope. The soil is among broken lava and generally washed below the surface of the ground, which is composed almost entirely of broken black lava from the size of a walnut to that of an apple or larger. Mr. Buchholtz has had scientific training in agriculture in some German institution and is always experimenting in fruits, vegetables, and grasses; in fact, he is conduct- ing a private experimental station which I deem to be of great importance, and as 62 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. he keeps careful accounts and records of each experiment, his experience is available through his courtesy to the public. I found growing on his place coffee, figs, grapes, fruit trees (of the United States), pineapples, cocoa, carob trees (St. John’s bread), mango, papaia, water lemon vine, and a good variety of roses and other garden flowers. All of these were growing vigorously, and the coffee, fig, grape, mango, papaia, apple, pineapple, and water lemon, were bearing fruit. The plantation is surrounded by native forest. At my request Mr. Buchholtz has kindly consented to prepare a statement of his experiments for you, which I will forward as soon as I receive it. In north Kona, at the place of Mr. Coerper, also a German, I pieked and ate fine apples from his trees. He has abundant crops every year, though his trees are as yet young and small. North and south Kona stretch for 60 miles or more under the lee of the great inountains of Hawaii, which effectually shut off the trade winds from these districts. In place of them they have land breezes at night and sea breezes by day, both of which are little more than zephyrs. Sometimes the sea breeze is augmented by an eddy of the trade wind, and then blows with more force and from a more northerly direction. This region is made up almost entirely of lava flows, some of them very ancient, so that considerable soil has formed both from the decomposition of lava and the contribution of vegetable growth. The rainfall throughout the year is per- haps more evenly distributed than is the case in any other part of the islands. The soil is rich and fine. For these reasons the Konas are probably the most suitable part of the islands for the production of fruit and perhaps tobacco, though the soil may be too rich for the production of a good quality of the latter. Tobacco grows wild here as well as in other parts of the islands. I am now at Mr. Low’s ranch house, over 2,700 feet elevation, on the slope of Hualalia. The ranch is all lava flows and contains extensive forests of a large variety of trees, and produces first-class pasturage of a considerable variety of grasses and other herbage. Alfalfa, rye grass, and blue grass have been successfully intro- duced and stand cropping. There is no water, and the stock eat enough while the dew is on the grass to supply’their wants. At the ranch house and a few hundred feet higher up in elevation, Mr. Low has planted a variety of northern fruits, and budded oranges and olives. All are doing well—the apples are beginning to bear, and also the olives, one variety of the latter being covered with flower buds. Figs do well here. The native forests on the ranch are dying. The cause is doubtful. I have examined with Mr. Low a number of trees. We have found six or seven kinds of borers, bugs, and worms in the (dying) trees, but have not found any in healthy, growing wood. Whether these pests cause the destruction or only follow on its heels, I do not know, but am inclined tothe latter theory. I shall try to have Mr. Koebele come here and investigate. Mr. Low will prepare a paper, as requested by you, which will be forwarded to your address. In regard to the subjects of inquiry set forth in your letter of instruction from Washington, I would say as to the first point—leaving out the consideration of sugar, rice, and coffee—nearly all edible vegetables of good quality can be produced from the sea level to over 2,000 feet elevation; some doing better low down and others high up. Certain vegetables, like cauliflower and celery, seem to require the cooler climate of elevated places. Maize grows to perfection from the sea level to over 2,000 feet elevation. The same is true of the majority of forage plants. Wheav, oats, and barley do well, but the wheat product is of too poor quality to compete with imported flour. None of these grains are cultivated at the present time, except perhaps in a small way, as forage. Hay can be easily raised, but owing to the liability of rain in the localities where PLATE XXIII. 'House Doc. No. 368. San Francis - Wyij.Ne ES =i SE, | MAP OReUhE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AUSTRALIA wt aay = .\Wvoucano! SAS AS UBILAVER 156 = MANZ ENGRAVING CO., CHI. i h + | fee nes ” yh ne q an : 43 Lee rh pied ten) : ae i FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GROWING. 63 it can be grown, it is liable to be spoiled in the curing process. There are some locali- ties where it could be safely cured if it could be raised with the assistance of irrigation. Irrigation, however, is too valuable in the raising of more profitable crops, such as sugar and rice, to allow it to be used in growing hay. Experiments already made would justify the belief that nearly all of foreign grasses will do well over a wide range of elevation and will stand grazing. Of the fruits of temperate climates, it is fairly well established that apples and some of the berries will thrive and bear at the right elevations. I do not think that this is settled as to other Northern fruits, although pears have been known to produce fruit. The peaches that can be successfully produced are an oriental variety, which has been cultivated here for fifty years, and the Ceylon peach, which has been brought from Florida and cultivated for perhaps ten years. It has been found difficult to raise some of the tropical fruits in these islands, especially those which belong to such extremely tropical regions as Java, Sumatra, and similar localities; yet both the durien and the mangosteen have been produced on the island of Kauai, the trees, as I understand producing regular annual crops. Native fruits are limited as to kinds.- The banana stands at the head as to impor- tance, with several well-marked varieties. It is easily raised and is delicious for eating, both raw and cooked. The banana used for export is an exotic, generally called the Chinese banana. It bears large bunches on low plants so well provided with roots that neither the weight of the bunch nor high winds will prostrate it. whereas the indigenous varieties are easily blown over. The Chinese banana ripens well if cut green, and is suitable for cooking. Except the banana, little has been done in the way of raising fruit for profit. The natives in Kona raise quite a quantity of seedling oranges of fine quality, many of which are brought to Honolulu and sold. Little attention, however, is paid to the cultivation of oranges, and the fact that oranges of such excellent quality are pro- duced from trees substantially in a wild state promises well for the future of the Hawaiian production of this fruit. Iam very much interested in the prospect of the establishment of an experiment station here. Such an enterprise could not fail to be of vast benefit to the small farming interests of this Territory. If such stations were located at places where they might be conveniently visited by those interested in the experimental work, the results of such work would, it seems to me, better and more forcibly reach those whom it is desired to reach than in any other way. Free monthly bulletins would be very useful and would reach many who could not often visit the stations. Very sincerely, yours, SanrorD B. Dote. Bucunoitz PLantation, Hooputoa, S. Kona, Hawaii, August 28, 1900. His Excellency Governor Dotr, Honolulu. Mir. Governor: There appears to be no limit as to the growth of any vegetables, fruit trees, grapes, etc., in this district; all of them do well and a great many bear fruit the whole year round. I have grown the following kinds: Potatoes, four times in succession on the same piece of land within twelve months, at an expense of one-half cent per pound, average. I got two large and two smail crops, according to the season. Cabbage grows the whole year round, appearing to make no difference if planted in summer or winter, in spring orautumn. The cabbage grows to an enormous size, as big as 2 feet in diameter, and has the quality to ratoon. For a year in succession, after the first head is cut off, small heads spring up out of the stump which, although not as hard as the first one and of no use for market purposes, make just as fine eat- ing. Cauliflower grows in the same manner as cabbage, and ratoons in the same way. Kohl-rabi, or turnip-rooted cabbage, once planted may remain growing for a 64 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. year or longer without becoming stringy or woody. Brussels sprouts grow well, but T can not judge how it would do, because when it just started to form the little heads my turkeys ate it up, and I had no chance to plant again. Artichokes grow much slower than the above-mentioned vegetables, which become eatable within three months, whereas artichokes do not develop in less than nine months, but they con- tinue to deliver flower heads for four to six months. Parsley, once sown, grows for- ever, apparently; mine is now 4 years old. Parsnips may remain in the ground for a year or longer without becoming woody, and can be eaten within two months after planting. Celery, both the turnip rooted and the blanched, grows well. The latter, nowever, is preferable, as it is very nice and crisp all the time, whereas the first is liable to become stringy. Celery may also remain in the ground until you wish te use it, a year or longer apparently makes no difference, if properly attended to. Carrots grow the whole year round, and may also remain in the ground until needed. Red beets, the same as above. Lima beans continue to bear and grow for over a year; have to be gathered every week after starting to bear. All other kinds of beans grow very well, maturing within three months after planting. Turnips grow all the year round, and may remain for a long time in the ground, but I am unable to tell how many months. Cucumbers grow the whole year round, and, particularly the climbing kinds, bear for a long time. Tomatoes grow the whole year round and bear, with proper attention, for years. Peas yield very small crops, but grow very quickly, and may be planted at different times of the year. Corn can be planted with success only once in a year and does not even then yield as good crops here as in other parts of the country. Onions grow very well, are of a fine quality, and very large size; may be planted any time of the year; mature in about six to seven months; can be raised at one-half cent per pound. Leeks grow very well; may remain for a year in the ground. Radishes become eatable ten days after sowing. Eggplants do as well as the rest and bear for a long time. Lettuce can be planted any time of the year; it develops very quickly. Peppers grow in profusion and bear the whole year round and for many years in succession. Watermelons do not do well at this locality (1,650 feet), but no doubt would grow very nicely lower down, where it does not rainso much. Muskmelons grow very well, but suffer greatly from a little fly. Pumpkins and squashes do very well and sometimes bear for two years. The fruit has to be gathered every month. Strawberries bear fruit all the year round, of a fine flavor. Raspberries bear fruit during perhaps six months, also of avery fine flavor. Gooseberries and currants grow rather slowly, and have so far not been in bearing; gooseberries apparently do better than the latter. Two-year-old apple trees imported last year from California are in bearing this year and yield a fine-flavored, juicy fruit. Pears grow slowly, but apparently well; walnuts, the same. Olives grow very well. Sweet almonds planted last year were in flower this year and do very well. Plums, prunes, cherries, peaches, and apricots planted last year did remarkably well, and if it had not been for the drought last winter would have been in bearing now, I presume. Oranges and limes grow rather slowly in the beginning, but do very well afterwards. Alligator pears grow well. Wine grapes bear twice in a year and do very well. Figs bear within a year after planting, and bear in abundance during four months every year after. Pineapples start bearing eighteen months after planting and bear every year regularly for years to come. Sweet herbs, dill, lavender, majoram, sage, thyme, all do well. Peppermint grows like a weed. Mangoes and papaias grow very well and bear a better-flavored fruit than in other places. St. John’s bread and Sapodillo plum grow very well. Of ornamental and useful trees I have planted the following, all of them growing very well: Grevillia robusta, ironwood, Jaceranda, date palms, cedar, acacia, kamono, bogie, Dracena draco, calabash tree, rubber vine, cacao, vanilla beans, camphor, castor beans. LIVE STOCK. 65 Coffee and sugar cane grow very well here. Wheat, barley, and oats come to maturity and bear well, but my place is too rocky to allow of plowing, and I have only experimented to find out what could be done. Alfalfa, burr clover, red clover, white clover, Australian rye grass, orchard grass, buifalo grass, and Kentucky blue grass I have sown, and all of them do well and make fine pasture. Australian saltbush I have also tried on the rocks below with good success. Looking the list over which I have given, it appears that almost everything a man may think of will grow in this district. All the mentioned fruits, vegetables, grasses, etc., ] have grown myself and very successfully here, and anyone who cares to find out if I have reported facts may come and have a look himself. It is my opinion that with good roads and proper transportation facilities this district of Kona has a great future, but there are a great many drawbacks which make progress here very slow. In the first case the very high steamer charges make it almost impossible to grow anything profitably, although things grow here certainly as luxuriantly and abundantly as anywhere else; second, by the commis- sions and profits which the Honolulu middleman insists on making. No one in Honolulu is satisfied with a profit of 20 per cent, and they do not work at less than 100 to 200 per cent. For instance, onions are never bought for less than 4 to 5 cents per pound, but the most I was offered was 13 to 2 cents per pound. I had the same experience with Lima beans, corn, etc., and I have therefore almost given up raising anything except for my own use. If the United States Government would assist an interisland steamer line and compel it to charge reasonable freight rates this would be a great step in the right direction. It would also be necessary to compel the vessels of such a line to arrive and depart at stated hours, not as now, where people are compelled to wait for the steamer from twelve to twenty-four hours, the loss of time, and in consequence money, preventing farmers here from sending things to Honolulu, because all the profits they could make would be easily lost through such tremendous loss of their time. . Another thing which would greatly help to develop this district and the country generally is the starting of an experiment station, not in Honolulu, however, but right here in Kona. An experiment station in Honolulu is all right as far as sugar cane and some other tropical products are concerned, but the climate and surround- ings of Honolulu are not very well adapted for experiments with any such things as I have mentioned in the foregoing list. The small farmer, however, will be com- pelled to raise just such things as I have mentioned in this report in order to make a living and to develop the country. If farmers could be told authoritatively not only what they could grow, but at what season and at what expense, I should say it would not be so very hard to encourage desirable people to immigrate to Hawaii and try their luck here. I hope that the little information which I am able to give may be what your excellency expected and may prove of some use to someone here and abroad. With expressions of my highest esteem, I remain, Mr. Governor, very respectfully, Franz BucHHourz. LIVE STOCK. CATTLE. The growing of live stock is one of the profitable industries of the islands. Nearly all of the meat consumed on the islands is home grown, and the supply available for home consumption has up to the present time been equal to the demand. It is estimated that there are H. Doc. 368 5 66 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. about 120,000 head of cattle on the islands, distributed, according to Mr. E. B. Low, as follows: Island of Hawaii.—Mr. Samuel Parker has the largest cattle ranch on the island, 400,000 acres, which are grazed by 25,000 cattle. Cattle are inferior; no effort to improve them. Puuwaawaa Ranch, Kohala, owned by Hind and Low, has 52,000 acres, with 4,000 head of cattle. Grading up herd with Shorthorns, Herefords (Pl. X XI, fig. 2), and a few Holsteins; prefer Herefords; will ‘‘eat water’’ like native cattle (see p. 70). Kukaiau Planting Company, or Horner Ranch, 40,000 acres, 5,000 head of fine cattle—Hereford, Shorthorn, and Holstein. Supplies Hilo with butter. Mr. W. H. Shipman has a ranch of 35,000 acres, with 4,000 head of cattle. The cattle are medium in quality, but are being improved by the introduction of Here- fords. His ranch is on the windward side of the island. Kahua Ranch has 17,000 acres, and 4,000 head of common cattle, and is on the leeward side. Puuhue Ranch has 25,000 acres, with 4,000 head of medium cattle. It ison the leeward side. Puakea Ranch has 7,000 acres, with 1,500 head of fair cattle, which are being improved with pure-bred bulls. It is on the leeward side. John A. McGuire has a ranch of 25,000 acres, with 4,500 head of good cattle, on the lee side. They are being improved by the use of imported bulls. Mr. J. D. Paris has 20,000 acres and 2,500 head of good cattle on his ranch, on the lee side of the island. Col. 8. Norris’s ranch occupies both sides of the island and contains 180,000 acres, with 7,000 head of medium cattle. Hutchinson Plantation Company has 8,000 acres, with 1,500 head of good cattle, on the windward side of the island. Kapapala Ranch, on the windward side, next to the volcano, has 60,000 acres, with 5,000 head of medium cattle. Mr. O. T. Shipman, on the same side of the island, has 5,000 acres, with 1,000 head of cattle Besides the above there are two or three natives with about 2,500 head on leased lands, giving a total for the island of Hawaii of about 74,000 head, on about 900,000 acres of land. Island of Oahu.—Mr. Samuel O. Damon has a ranch on both sides of the island of 25,000 acres, with 3,000 head of good cattle, which are being improved by Angus bulls. Mr. J. J. Doussett has a ranch on lee side of 50,000 acres and 7,000 head of good cattle, also improved by Angus bulls. Oahu Rail and Land Company has 7,000 head of good cattle, improved by Shorthorn bulls, on 75,000 acres. Besides the above, there are several small ranches containing in the aggregate about 3,000 head of medium cattle, making for this island about 20,000 head. Island of Maui.—W. H. Cornwell has a ranch on lee side with 2,500 head of cattle. No improved: bulls. Haleakala Ranch, on both sides of the island, has 3,500 head of medium cattle. Alupalakua Ranch, on the lee side, has 2,500 head of indifferent cattle. A. Enos & Co., of Kahikinui Ranch, has 5,000 head of good native cattle. No improved bulls. Smaller ranches have an aggregate of about 1,500 head. Island of Kauai.—Mr. W. H. Rice has a ranch with 2,500 head of cattle, and other small herdsmen aggregate as many more, or 5,000 for the island. Island of Molokai.—Molokai Ranch, owned by the American Sugar Company, has 4,000 head of inferior cattle, but has 40 pure-bred Hereford and Shorthorn bulls. The smaller ranches will aggregate 1,500 more, making a total for this island of about 5,500 head. Tsland of Lanai.—Lanai Ranch has 1,000 head of medium cattle. Island of Niihau.—On this island are 400 to 500 improved Shorthorn cattle belong- ing to Gay & Robinson. House Doc. No. 368. PLATE XXIV. 156° 00’ IAUI, VIOLOKAI, AND JOLAWE. ‘ARED FOR wy AILAN DIRECTORY. 896-97. Ka Lae o Ka Ilio Pucokahi Harbor Ay Ny A I} NY i J»MANZ ENGRAVING CO,, CHICAGC 1 ‘ > T Ps b ‘ er Py u | 3 et i. ae y p J j ? 7 c iy Ai.2 ’ i ‘» t ‘ mas if 7 4 ww ye ‘ ' Ke ae foil ee dy avy ; is ae is Pe, pt i ee iba hint i; vrai Par a ist Ae em pe ie r we Af aa PLATE XXIV. House Doc. No. 368. 156°30° MAUI, LANAI, MOLOKAI, AND KAHOOLAWE. PREPARED FOR FINNEY’S HAWAIIAN DIRECTORY. 1896-97. Chief Harbors amie ChIGf ROGdS .ccsscocorsnono , Ka Lae o Ka Ilio MOLOKATI ») SMW ili Nite, Shia gs Mh, * Wy) Wager MN fthtaae inl GE Za WIRY AR NW GS NW) Vm RO TZ \ \)\ SOATEST EPA Honakahau —— PAILOLO CHANNEL fy Honokawai tT NUASINS: AD aon tt “if KC y 4 Y, LY iy} Yins y Zjiy , SZ” — AZO Y Sy Nahiku VAIN) : Bi PAW SAA igs Pr aoe Zia tor IN WM WS AWA WW ZZ (.W\WA= IS; yA vs /i)} GOGH | HN j Yr Le EAN TIN Sin-jyy} Ee \ Hi a IN ) A ea f MOLOKINI Z IK\Nl f de yz) Well = Gan CUTAN J.MANZ ENGRAVING CO., CHICAGO, ILL. ee as em ikmmndiean ieee aya bes whee me ov - ! mupmesbeene ~~ " F 7 Viet oe AG OO TOL an crehsan eneaanalong MRA ONE "Iman nih 6 th, oft <8 ona rAHOUOM eae vite nt yielee * | AL soa | ( ze e By yeas, Nedenee 0 “ae. ree Ooty os d en : oe rags admis avfnett aot an ohana he Elaah ¥ 4 hk ae; a Vs jg tee ia) : “ ota) we aa OF Pe oy te ae LIVE STOCK. 67 This is seemingly a small quantity for the present population of Hawaii (154,000). Formerly cattle were so numerous in proportion to the population that many were slaughtered for their hides and tal- low. To-day the demand is so great that dressed carcasses are selling to the slaughterhouse corporation at 12 cents per pound. The meat- eating population has increased, and the areas devoted to grazing con- siderably diminished. The plantation demands are furnished by their immediate localities. Frequently a plantation will raise its own cattle on lands unfit for sugar growing, and thus supply its hands with meat. Honolulu draws its supply from the other islands. The large ranches prevailing on every island, after supplying local demands, ship their surplus to this market. It will thus be seen that Honolulu is served last and, as the supply of cattle is not keeping pace with the increasing demand for meat, the time is not far distant when this city will have to import its beef. The quality of the beef sold in Honolulu is not first class, nor is the quantity abundant, as the price paid for it will show. Formerly excellent beef was brought in cold storage from New Zealand, but the trade was discontinued upon annexation on account of the duty of 2 cents per pound collected. The following number of cattle, calves, and sheep has been slaugh- tered in the city of Honolulu from 1895 to 1899:1 1895. | 1896. | 1897 | 1898. | 1899 { eta ain aa os wren dane ieee » slaloai Ma canins = es = 7, 681 | 7,373 | 8,225] 9,115| 8,657 PALS S21 Ls eS ee ee ee 1,551 | 1,570 | 1,852} 1,815 | 1,528 51 he oot ayo hSh Ble Se Coa NSS eS ae Ae a ee 7,596 | 7,473 | 8,316 | 10,698 | 13,220 It will be seen that the number of cattle, including calves, slaugh- tered has not increased very much in the last five years, while the sheep show decided gains. The average weight of the dressed carcasses for 1899, as shown by the books of the slaughterhouse, was 420 pounds, showing the size of the beeves. Through the courtesy of Dr. William T. Monsarrat, vet- erinarian for the city of Honolulu, the writer several times visited the slaughterhouse and inspected the animals killed. They were only fairly fattened and were common island cattle and sheep. Diseases.—Upon investigation it was found that Texas fever, so com- mon in the South, was unknown on the islands. TI also learned from Dr. Koebele, the entomologist, that the cattle tick (Boophilus bovis) had not yet found a lodgment upon any of the islands. It would, therefore, be well to extend the quarantine restrictions now prevail- ing in the United States with regard to the movement of cattle from the infected to the noninfected districts to these islands at once, to 1 Information furnished by Mr. Eben Low. J 68 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. prevent the introduction of the cattle tick. It is possible that the lat- ter when once introduced may find most suitable conditions for rapid multiplication, and doing so destroy many of the cattle of the islands. Upon investigation it was learned that both tuberculosis and liver fluke were common among the cattle on the islands of Oahu and Kauai, rare on the island of Maui, with very few cases of the former and none of the latter on Hawaii and the other islands. Efforts were being made to eradicate the tuberculosis from the dairy herds around Hono- lulu, using tuberculin as the diagnostic agent. Quite an effort is being made, as the above list of ranches will show, to introduce better beef blood on the islands. Herefords, Shorthorns, and Angus have all been tried. They have been brought mainly from New Zealand. Preference seems to have been bestowed upon the Herefords, as adapting themselves more quickly to the prevailing ranch conditions of the islands. Mr. Low informs me that he imported about forty bulls of the Shorthorn and Hereford breeds, and upon arrival turned them on his ranch with his native cattle. Ina few days it was found that the Herefords had acquired the habit of the natives of ‘‘eating” water, and were doing well, while the Shorthorns had to be removed to lower altitudes and furnished with water to save their lives. There is great room for the further improvement of the island cattle, and there should be profit in fattening improved grades for the shambles of Honolulu. As a rule, cattle are raised on ranches to an elevation of 4,000 feet; beyond this, sheep are more profitable; wild - cattle, however, range much higher up. DAIRIES. There are but few dairies on the island except those that directly supply the markets of Honolulu and Hilo. Nearly all of the butter used on the islands is imported, and the prices of both milk and butter are high. In and around Honolulu are many dairies which supply the city with milk. There is a central association, the stock of which is owned by the dairies, which buys all of the milk of the dairies and then retails it to the city. This association pays the dairyman 7; cents, and retails it to the consumer at 12 cents per quart. Butter sells readily at 60 cents per pound. These dairies largely grow sorghum, guinea grass, alfalfa, etc., for soiling their cows. They gather the algaroba bean and, grinding it to a meal, feed it with wheat bran or cotton- seed meal. Wheat bran and algaroba meal, properly compounded, — supplemented with green sorghum, constitute a most excellent ration for milch cows. In the dairies adjoining Honolulu may be found some excellent LIVE STOCK. 69 Jerseys. Mr. William G. Irwin, one of the wealthiest citizens of Honolulu, has a herd of improved Jerseys that would be highly prized in any country. SHEEP. Sheep occupy mainly the smaller islands of the group, though the largest island, Hawaii, has two enormous flocks, one of 30,000, owned by Hon. Samuel Parker, and another of 25,000, owned by the Keamoku Sheep Ranch. The island of Kahoolawe, as previously noted, is one large sheep ranvh, having over 15,000 head. Besides the sheep, there are a few mules. Lanai has 30,000 head of sheep, besides the 1,000 head of cattle previously given. Molokai has about 1,000 head, while Niihau has over 30,000 head of grade merinos, the property of Messrs. Gay & Robinson, whose herd of grade Shorthorns has already been noted. The other islands are reported without sheep. With the exception of the merino flock just mentioned, no effort at improving the native sheep has been made. The average weight of the dressed carcasses of the sheep slaughtered in Honolulu is not far from 40 pounds, as was tested in the presence of the writer during the month of August. However, such carcasses bring 12 cents per pound, which, together with hide and tallow, gave a value to sheep beyond that obtained ordinarily for the best grade mutton in the Chicago markets HORSES AND MULES. There is a small interest in the raising of horses and mules, the lat- ter being an adjunct to cattle or sheep ranches. The large demand of the plantations for the latter, and the city of Honolulu for the former is almost exclusively met by importation, chiefly from the United States. However, it is pleasant to record the fact that the Kukaiau Ranch is raising improved blooded horses, both of the trotting and running strain. It has colts of Electioneer and Idylwild in the stud. It is also raising fine, large mules. HOGS. Very few hogs are raised on the islands, though the number con- sumed is very large. They are imported in vessel loads directly from the United States. The Chinese are extremely fond of pork, and their demand for this meat maintains an active trade with high prices for hogs. The cargo which arrived in Honolulu in August sold readily at 10 cents per pound on the hoof. Conditions on the islands are not favorable to the profitable growing of hogs on a large scale, yet there seems to be room for the house 70 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETO., OF HAWAII. or lot pig, which can be used to ‘‘turn an honest penny” into the exchequer of the small farmer. PASTURES. Elsewhere allusion has been made to the native plants which furnish the food of the pastures. Pili grass (/eteropogon contortus) is found from sea level to elevations of 4,500 feet. It has been mentioned as good for cattle and sheep, and is usually abundant on all ranches. The Ti plant ( Cordyline terminalis), of which so many uses have been recorded, is good for cattle and said to be fattening. Horses do not care for it. It is found covering thousands of acres of the lands devoted to pastures. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), called by the natives Manienie, is found on lower plains, but is not esteemed as a very fattening food. It and other valuable grasses are being crowded out by the Hilo grass (Paspalum conjugatum), which is not eaten by animals. Spanish clover (Desmodium uncinatum) is considered the finest feed of the pasture and is highly relished by stock of all kinds. Pualele (Sonchus oleraceus), a species of sow thistle, is highly esteemed in every pasture. It grows to a height of 5 to 6 feet. It is an erect annual, coming out in February and grows to July, and extends from the low plains to the mountain tops. It is considered very fattening. It is sometimes called California milkweed. Kukai puaa (Panicum pruriens) is a broad leaf grass of the lower and middle regions of all the islands. It grows the year round and furnishes excellent grazing. There is an introduced grass, common in the pastures of Hawaii, | which is esteemed of the best quality, and is called Dr. Trousseau’s grass. The botanical name is not known. The anove constitute the native plants of the pastures, but in the cultivated paddocks or inclosed ranches alfalfa and perennial rye grass are grown at and above elevations of 2,000 feet. Below this elevation it is too dry for their growth. Kentucky blue grass, tried at the same elevation, has succeeded. It is estimated by cattlemen that in a ranch at an elevation of 2,000 to 6,000 feet, 6 acres are required for a cow weighing 1,000 pounds. As before remarked, at this elevation there are no running streams, the rain, which is abundant, penetrating the earth as fast as it falls. The cattle, therefore, eat rather than drink water, getting their supply entirely from the plants wet with dew and rain. IRRIGATION. Mention has been made of the systems of growing cane on the wind- ward and leeward sides of the island. It was stated in a general way that the crops grown on the windward sides received the needed mois- Kauha Hoop Milolii | Kapu una) 19° — y ao ¢ € | d Rs , "i a ‘ ag f a4 ie Be in Baap fs Teeny ety} Hi Tea ; ; i A Veet ‘p i vi 5 i aw we i ap iene rae / fj ib i>" J - t fy) 4 iw i toy ; page - " i mt a ; Nt i ; eth Nene oy ae We ae aul mae a ; House Doc. No 368, 156° 00 Kawaihae Bay uihaele FROM THE LATEST SURVEYS HAWAII PREPARED FOR PLATE XXV. FINNEY’S HAWAIIAN DIRECTORY. 1896-97 By S.M.Kanakanui. “THILO, | | eo — Axx Kaluna Pt. a Puu o Pele Bede ns H tis ee ) at f 1 <= ¢ = Kiholo “4 = a Nawill Pt. wuz el \NY WL | 7) “A H ia dia | | H ( ae | A B4b-E=" AND y | , c LAVA FLO : / NW? i / i YN Wij Kaltwi Pt. é A\ZIN | S \ WW Kailua Bay} ZN) \\ ailua ay s ZN WZ \ fy! WZ Keauhou} \ 1g \ S a _ Kalywaloa Kealakekua Bay eNapk ee9 : \ A \ 2) Hoonauniu “ ‘| | o Pp HoOokena | \ : y ' \VAING INS } Kauhako H ky Wii Hy) \S my I ANY { LNW \ F Jaa \ ff Va Halfway House Hoophloa \ . / \ y KAPAPALA A Milolii | Vi y Kapug \ \ PAHALA ee 19° 4J.MANZ ENGRAVING CO. , 155° 30’ CHICAGO, ILL. WISIN IIS DI o Keauhou ZO me ie WE Kaimu 7 Kalapana or? 155° 00° Pohoiki Opihikao ee IRRIGATION. 71 ture from rainfalls, while those on the leeward side were irrigated from artesian wells. The last assertion is correct in every way, but the first needs slight modification. Sometimes on the windward side the rainfall may not be adequate for the maximum production of crops, and the deficiency is supplied by irrigation. The water supply for irrigation is not drawn from artesian reservoirs, but is taken from running streams and delivered to the soil through canals. This latter system is prevalent in Cali- fornia and other Western States. On the windward side the large rainfalls prevail, giving streams which flow down the sides of the mountains, carrying washings of soils and forming deltas where they enter the sea. These alluvial valleys constitute the chief cultivable lands of the windward side. Sometimes immense storage basins or reservoirs are constructed which are filled during the rainy season and exhausted for irrigation purposes, as the crop requires extra moisture during growth. There are many estates on Hawaii and several on Maui where the rainfall was formerly abundant for all crop purposes, but in recent years droughts have prevailed which have entailed severe losses. These droughts have been attributed directly to the rapid deforestation going on around them. In 1892-93 the districts of Hamakua and Kohala, on Hawaii, suffered severely from the protracted droughts, the springs and natural reservoirs in the gulches dried up, and water for animals and domestic uses was difficult to procure. In some instances it had to be shipped from Honolulu in barrels. The cause of these droughts is accredited by all of the residents of these dis- tricts to the unrestricted roaming of cattle in the forests, by which tens of thousands of acres of land, formerly a dense forest, are now reduced to a barren desert, useless alike to the grazier and planter. In another chapter is given a discussion of the relations of water supply to forest growths. Allusion is made to the above in order to emphasize the fact that whether crops are watered directly by rainfall or by irrigation from either surface streams or underground artesian reservoirs, the supply comes from rainfall and the amount of the latter appears to be directly related to the forest growth. On the island of Hawaii most of the cane is grown without irriga- tion, and though the crops are smaller than in the irrigated districts, yet the profits are said to be equally as great. Trrigation is an enormous additional cost to the expense of growing crops. The cost of an irrigation outfit is very large. At Ewa the eight pumping plants, capable of supplying 75,000,000 gallons per day, have cost $1,750,000. They draw entirely from artesian wells. This plantation is situated below the altitude of 200 feet, and has to lift its water 50 to 160 feet. It has now 5,000 or more acres in cane, and con- templates increasing this area. Roughly speaking, 1,000,000 gallons fh AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. of water is required for each 100 acres in cane. Of course this amount varies with the soil, exposure, and rainfall. In the expenses for 1898-99, given elsewhere for this plantation, it will be seen that the expense for pumping per acre was $24.84, and for watering the cane, which was performed by contract, $37.18; for ditches, $2.05; or a total due to irrigation of $64.07 per acre. Upon the 5,000 acres now under cultivation this will give $325,350 as the total cost of irrigation for the present year. Coal was worth in Hawaii in August last $7.50 to $10 a ton, slightly higher than before annexation. It comes from New Zealand, and now pays a tariff of 66 cents per ton, when formerly it was admitted free. It should be mentioned, however, that Ewa Plan- tation has a comparatively low lift. Stimulated by Ewa’s success, other plantations have embarked in similar enterprises with higher lifts. Their success has yet to be proven. The prices of sugar, coal, machinery, etc., must always determine the line which will be the limit at which pumping can be performed at a profit. The depth of artesian water below the surface at various points can be determined only by trial. In Honolulu the best water-bearing strata are reached at depths of 400 to 500 feet, and the water rises 30 feet above the sea level. It formerly rose about 40 feet. At Ewa it rises 20 feet, necessitating a lift of 50 to 160 feet. East of Honolulu it barely rises to the sea level. The hydrostatic level of artesian wells varies with rainfall and the amounts pumped out. No geological survey has yet been made by which the exact depths of these artesian basins can be told in any locality. Hence, trials at great expense are necessary before any important enterprise involving a large use of water can be successfully projected in any locality. The quantity of water used in irrigation per acre is here always too large. Excessive irrigation is sometimes as destructive to plant growth as an absence of moisture. Pumping water from great depths with costly machinery, using high-priced coal, involves such a heavy expend- iture of money as to require special study of the economy of its use. Dr. Maxwell has shown that 800 to 900 pounds of water to 1 pound of sugar grown isample. Healso asserts that many plantations are using twice, thrice, and even up to seven times this quantity. Mr. Rendon, of Ewa Plantation, informed the writer that upon a field of 100 acres he had, in accordance with Dr. Maxwell’s suggestion, lowered the quantity of water used one-half, with apparently beneficial results. The wasteful manner in which this high-priced irrigation water is used calls for special study in soil physics. Every soil should be irrigated just in proportion to its capacity to hold and evaporate water. By such a knowledge just the amount of water can be applied which will insure continuous nitrification, and with it an abundant supply of one of the chief foods of the cane plant. FORESTS. fo FORESTS. Originally forests covered the upland plateaus and mountain slopes of all the islands. In them were to be found the finest timbers and the best of fuel. The early trade in sandalwood began the destructive process which has been continued, until to-day large areas formerly clothed with forest cover are bare and devoid of any kind of growth. Again, large ranches, upon which roam numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats, exist above the altitudes at and below which the sugar estates are established. The animals have trampled down the undergrowth and destroyed the bushes protecting the roots and trunks of the trees which made up the superb forests. Thus exposed, these trees have died, and soon after death are found filled with insects which hasten their complete destruction. Through indiscriminate and wholesale removal of timber by man and the destructive influences of mountain cattle and fires, much of the original forests covering the mountain slopes have been removed and large areas of naked, bare soils or rocks remain. For years the more thoughtful students of the islands’ prosperity have inveighed against this wholesale destruction. They have shown the intimate relations of forests with rainfall. They have demonstrated how essential to every industry on the islands was an abundant water supply. Not only the farms and plantations on the windward sides of the islands require regular rainfalls to make profitable crops, but those rice and sugar estates on the lee side which depend upon an elaborate and costly system of irrigation for their water supply, must have an abundance of rainfall elsewhere on the islands to fill the artesian reservoirs from which they pump. Human life on the island is dependent upon the continuation of the usual rainfall. The city of Honolulu, with a popu- lation of 40,000, through its thoughtful guardians, have demonstrated the necessity of providing against a future contingency of diminished water supply. It has reclothed at a large expense the mountain slopes in its rear and has placed sentinels thereon to protect these artificial forests against marauders, roaming cattle, and fire. At the same time it has constructed immense reservoirs in the mountains to catch the winter rain, to supplement, in case of necessity, the numerous artesian wells within her corporate limits. How to maintain an abundance of water for all of the present and prospective wants of the islands is to-day one of the most important questions in Hawaii. It is claimed that the cool forests wring from the northeast trade winds blowing continuously over the islands much of the moisture which they con- tain and precipitate it as rain. It is also claimed that the thick under- erowth and brush aid in conserving this moisture, sending it downward into the artesian reservoirs within and beneath the mountains rather than permitting it to discharge precipitously down the sides of the 74 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. mountains to the sea. Conceding these claims to be true, the question arises: What shall be done to check the diminishing rainfall and insure the islands an abundant water supply for the future? Everybody is interested in this question. - So great is the public interest in this mat- ter that the governor has requested the secretary of agriculture to send a trained forester as soon as possible to the islands to study the situation and recommend definite lines of policy to be pursued. It is, however, apparent to everyone that the reckless roaming of cattle through the forests, destroying directly the undergrowth and brush and ultimately the trees, must stop. The appended report of Prof. A. Koebele to the commissioner of agriculture, recently made, shows the absolute necessity for immediate and prompt action along this line. Such action will stay further destruction of the present forests. But shall the forests already destroyed be restored? Individual efforts on a small scale have resulted favorably to the localities where they were tried. The city of Honolulu is greatly benefited by the restoration of the Makiki forest. These serve as object lessons for future guidance. But local efforts fail to benefit the entire island. A systematic plan of reforestation of all the islands, made by expert foresters after careful survey and study of the islands, to be executed by the Territorial government, is, in the opinion of many, impera- tively demanded. Hawaii must enact wholesome laws relating to forests for her future preservation and prosperity. The following report was recently made to Hon. Wray Taylor, com- missioner of agriculture for the Territory, by Prof. A. Koebele, the Territorial entomologist. Mr. Low is the owner of a ranch, a part of which is covered with forest. Recently the trees in his forests have been dying very rapidly, and he was disposed to assign as a cause the depredations of insects. The investigations of Professor Koebele clearly show the true enemies to the growing forests, and his suggestions must be heeded else fifty years more may find much of the island uninhabited and uninhabitable. Honouuiu, TERRITORY oF Hawatt, September 12, 1900. Wray Taytor, Esq., Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry. Sir: As requested by you, I have made a trip to Mr. E. P. Low’s ranch at Puuwaa- waa, Hawaii, to look into and report on the depredation of insects on the forest trees. Within the last year or so Icerya purchasi has been very destructive to some of the trees, and chiefly to the Mamani (Sophora chrysophylla), but at the present time this destructive scale insect has practically disappeared. Its formidable enemy, the Vedalia cardinalis, was found in full force. Owing to the isolated appearance of Icerya, often miles apart, this pest has at times become numerous, as has been the case in times gone by at Kona, Kohala, and at Hamakua. At the present time the insect was noticed all along the road from Kailua to Puu- waawaa, yet only in single, individual, or small colonies, showing that the Vedalia is present throughout this district. The more the Icerya becomes disseminated, the less is the danger of its becoming a pest, as its enemy will follow wherever it appears. House Doc. No. 368. , 158° 15 157° 45° HU PLATE XXVI. 157° 40° 21° ‘EST SURVEYS 21" 40’ 40° D FOR LAN DIRECTORY. }-9O7 4 rakanui. ae | 21° 35 35 or | it 30 30 » EM) \s ro) \ 5 Mokapu Pt. \ KANEOHE Waianae ab 25’ 21 20 es eas NN me ly Ui My 158° 15° Ow Zan J.MANZ ENGRA Rw S we 157° 40’ 1 é “a i} ++ i J ; vik { 1 “ sa/, f ’ pig a [ f ‘ eat it rue 1 ’ s Mk “A me dit. ph Prix es ta it} ae ug "4 ib ; i ea rent dshiy “ ae ; House Doc. No. 368. PLATE XXVI. 157° 55’ 157° 50° 57°45’ 157°40" f FROM THE LATEST SURVEYS 21° fa 40 s PREPARED FOR FINNEY’S HAWATIAN DIRECTORY. 1896-97 By S.M.Kanakanui. {fer = 35’ ialoa 21° | 30' © se ° | vo) Vv Mokapu Pt. 2r 25° IR 21° 20’ Kalaeloa or Barbers Pt. gor? Waikiki jLeahi or Diamond Head te 157° 55° 157° 50° 157° 45° 158° 10° 158° 05° CHICAGO, ILL. BMA, » | AAD ' (pes Raa ee 28 OS iy ual Diy, Cot etotae@el i apisalet y ae | ; Vad Re r Seo eat ry - 8 ae FORESTS. 15 Of other insects, two species of Lecanium were found present in numbers. L. nigrum is the most numerous, attacking a great variety of trees and shrubs, yet it is badly parasitized by Chalcid flies. Specimens were found upon a mulberry tree, nearly every single individual destroyed by the Chalcid flies. In addition to the parasites, two fungus diseases are present, as all over the islands, having been introduced some six years since. It is owing to the want of sufficient moisture that these do not develop sufficiently in the Puuwaawaa district. A few days of rain and cloudy weather will immediately spread the deathly disease among them. JL. longulum was found also well represented, and as the foregoing, it has sufficient enemies to keep it in check. Pulvinaria psidii, at one time threatening the coffee industry of the islands, is present here and there, yet always accompanied by its enemy, the Cryptolemus mon- trouzieri, which will make it impossible for the Pulvinaria to ever again become a destructive pest. When in China last spring we collected and successfully introduced to the islands additional enemies for this scale. One of these, a Chalcid fly, destroying the insect in its earliest stages, is of great value. One or two species of Aspidiotus are spread throughout the district upon wild and cultivated trees, preyed upon by internal parasites. Nowhere has this insect been seen to do any noticeable injury to plant life, except upon a couple of cultivated trees, which, with a little attention given to the same, can easily be avoided. More- over, we shall forward additional parasites and predaceous insects to this locality. '— Dactylopius ceriferus, the common tropical mealy bug, formerly so numerous in Honolulu, was found to infest some of the Wiliwili (Erythrina monosperma); here also the Cryptoleemus beetle was found to be present and devouring the same. All of the above insects are of foreign origin, and without the assistance of the introduced predaceous and parasitic insects they would be detrimental to plant life. It is different with the various indigenous forms of insects preying upon forest trees. All these have their parasites, and are in consequence hardly detrimental to the particular trees they prey upon, since most of them have existed for thousands of years. According to the observations of Mr. Perkins the larva of Scotorhythra idolias, a spanworm found on all the islands, almost annually denudes the Koa trees of their . leaves; doubtless these conditions have not always existed. In former times the Koa trees have had a dense underbrush consisting of various young trees, and especially ferns, keeping the ground and the base of the trees continually moist. The Scoto- rhythra lary in pupating come down to the ground; then it is that most of them are destroyed by a fungus disease indigenous to these islands, which requires moisture for its development; the same disease was successfully made use of against the dep- redations of the Japanese beetle. Since the total destruction of undergrowth in the Koa forests, and the even drying up of the ground, this disease is becoming less effectual and naturally the insect more numerous. It is but for a few weeks that the worms are numerous enough to defoliate the trees; very soon the new leaves reap- pear again and no trace of the worms is noticed, this only appearing periodically. As to the natural enemies of this Geometrid larva very little is known; we have no opportunity of breeding the same. Of the very numerous specimens of various indigenous species some doubtless will prey upon them. The Asiatic Chalis obscurata, which is doing such splendid work on this island, _ where it has just been introduced, has not been met with, as yet, in large numbers. On Kauai, where this insect was introduced some five years ago, it has become very common. The seeds of the Koa trees are destroyed to some extent by the larvee of a Tortricid, apparently a species of Carpocapsa, and, as Mr. Perkins informs me, it is represented on alltheislands. Weare breeding the same at present from a lot of seeds of Mamani (Sophora chrysophylla), brought down from Puuwaawaa. Judging from .he large 76 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. quantities of parasites issuing, these larvee are never so numerous as to destroy all the Koa seeds. Perhaps more numerous is a weevil, of foreign origin, represented on all the islands wherever the Koa tree is growing, upon the seeds of which it breeds. This is not the only tree upon which it is found, but the seeds of most of the acacias, and especially those of Prosopis dulcis, are destroyed by this Bruchus. Nevertheless, any part of a Koa forest fenced off, or entirely undisturbed, will soon reproduce large quantities of young trees of this valuable timber, as can be seen at Lihue, Kauai. What is most apparent throughout the dying forests are the numerous small holes seen on some of the trees, in an unhealthy condition. It is supposed that the insects producing the same are the cause of the ultimate decay of the trees, which is by no means the case. In any undisturbed forest such signs are indeed a rarity, save perhaps on the Naeo (Myoporum sandwicense), which practically has these holes during the entire time of its existence, with but little detriment to the plant itself. If by any cause, natural or otherwise, a tree becomes injured, a branch blown off, etc., the first insects to appear are the indigenous Cerambycidz, which produce the holes referred to. As a fact, it is the greatest help to a collector of these insects to cut down one of the particular trees, upon which the desired beetle feeds; in a few days they will appear in large numbers ready to deposit their eggs. I will now refer to the more common and well known form of these Cerambycids, and the respective trees upon which they breed. It must be borne in mind, however, that the insects referred to will never attack trees in a perfectly healthy condition. A peculiarity of these insects is their habit; instead of being nocturnal, they are active during the hottest part of the day, from 10 a. m. to 3 p. m., when the sun is highest. Plagithmysus varians is found upon the Koa tree on Hawaii, where it breeds both in the trunks and larger limbs, as do the rest of the genus. P. pulverulentus and P. cristatus are found upon the same tree on Oahu. On Kauai two other species are found upon the same tree; these are P. xqualis and P. arachnipes. Four species are known to breed upon the Mamani (Sophora chrysophylla). Of these, two are found on Hawaii, P. darwinianus and P. blackburnii. The first was found very common at Puuwaawaa, where the tree is numerous as yet. P. funebris is found on Maui, and P. bilineatus on this tree on Kauai. The large genus of Alani (Pelea) has so far four known species; two of these are known to occur on Hawaii. P. bishopi and P. vicinus have been found on these trees by Mr. Perkins, and the first named has been met with at Puuwaawaa. P. collaris occurrs on Maui, and P. diana on Kauai. The Ohia Lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) has four known species at least—P. finschi and P. pulvillatus are on Maui, P. lanaiensis on Lanai, and P. xstivus on Molokai. We know that this tree is also attacked on Hawaii. The Ohia-ha (Eugenia sandwicensis) is affected on Kauai by P. concolor, and on the same island P. permundus infests the Ahakea (Bobeasp.). The same trees are attacked on Oahu by Callithmysus microgaster. P. perkinski is the insect upon the Naso (Myoporum sandwicense), on Hawaii. P. lamarkianus is found upon the Mamake (Pipturus albidus) on theisland of Hawaii, whilst on Oahu, upon the same tree, an undescribed species was found. At Puuwaawaa we found two new species of Plagithmysus, one inhabiting the Aiea, ( Nothocestrum breviflorum), and the other found breeding in the Koko or Akoko ( Euphorbia lorifolia), a dead tree of which was found filled with larvee, which are rather badly parasitized. Another genus, of rather small Cerambycids, lives chiefly in the dead branches of various trees, and as far as known they are attached to Sophora chryrophylla and Acacia koa. Clytarlus filipes and C. mediocris have been found on the first-named tree on Hawaii and Maui, respectively. Ten species are known to infest the Koa tree, as follows: C. debilis, C. claviger, and C. nodifer on Hawaii; C. modestus, C. lati- collis, aad C. pennatus on Maui; Oahu has but one known species, C. fragilis, which FORESTS. ay was bred from dead branches of Koa from Nuuanu Valley. The branches were brought in during December, 1898, and on January 16, 1899, there had issued seven beetles, together with 46 female and 25 male parasites. Again, on March 3, 1899, we counted 14 beetles, 110 female and 55 male parasites; all these of one species which is common to all the islands and is parasitic upon Plagithmysus as well. It has also been bred upon larvee of introduced Cerambycids. The three other species, C. modestus, C. longipes, and C. annectens, were found by Mr. Perkins to breed upon the Koa tree on Kauai. We have bred a species of Clytarlus from trunk of Papala (Charpentieria obovata), on places where the bark had been badly eaten by cattle at Puuwaawaa. The above are about the first indigenous insects to appear on diseased timber trees. After these come a large number of various genera and species preying upon dead wood. As a fact, the most of the Hawaiian Coleoptera are known to live upon trees in such condition. In addition, larve of Tineidee make their appearance, readily noticed by the webs intermixed with remains and excrement of the same. Usually this remains as long as the trees are in an upright condition, or until the last stage of their existence. The greatest enemies of the beautiful Hawaiian forests, the worst and most destructive ever introduced among tropical forests, are cattle, which will sooner or later but positively and entirely destroy the forests. I doubt that anything else in nature, ax and fire included, would have in the same space of time brought the once densely clothed islands to the present condition. If we look backward fifty or sixty years we would see the two large mountains of Maui met by trees on the plains; Lanai and Molokai clothed with forests; Oahu the same, native trees in numbers down to Honolulu; four miles or more of a dense and impassable virgin forest in Nuuanu Valley; the Waianae Mountains with a mantle of beautiful green vegetation; Kauai the fairest of all, the Lihue plains an undis- turbed forest, as all along the west on the windward side, and the forest on the lee- ward side coming down to the sea, in parts at least. We would see in places uni- formly running streams and ever-flowing springs. Doubtless such has been the condition of the islands. The changes have been brought on to the benefit of the very few, to the detriment of the whole island and community. To-day, especially on the leeward side of the island, the cancer spots are visible everywhere and grow- ing continuously; the grass has disappeared, each successive rain takes away more of the soil, and during the sunny days the wind is taking the same far out to sea. With these conditions, these barren spots will grow into barren rocks, where not even the denounced Lantana (the salvation plant of the islands) will grow. I tear to express an opinion of the state of conditions fifty years hence, yet we must trust in a body of men to form laws and regulations filling the demands of the islands. What is mostly and immediately wanted are strict laws to compel every cattle owner to fence in his or her cattle, and liberty to any one to take or shoot any animal found outside such inclosures, even paying a bonus for any such beast so destroyed. On the lower end of Puuwaawaa Ranch we find a mixed forest of a large number of trees, among them some of the most valuable timber, such as the sandalwood (Santalum freycinetianum), the Kauwila (Alphitonia ponderosa), and many others growing among the lava rocks. Some four or five species of trees like the Wiliwili, the Papalo, and other soft-wooded species, are destroyed by the cattle eating off the bark. The principal food of cattle in this district is the underbrush, breaking the rays of the hot sun on the lava rocks. The animals will browse upon the young trees and eventually destroy the same, leaving the older plants with the surface wood exposed. It is only a question of a few years until all the trees on such places disappear entirely, as may be seen by the piece of land between Mr. John McGuire’s house 78 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. and the lava flow north, with former forest dead. It took the cattle a very few years to accomplish this. The upper part of the ranch comprises some 12,000 acres of fertile government land, covered with valuable forest trees, among them the famous Koa. It is here where we have seen the sandalwood tree over 18 inches in diameter. Five years ago the preseut leaseholder had to hew a trail. to see the condition of the land; to-day we find a handsome open park land, so to speak, where one can ride any- where on horseback. I venture to say that at the expiration of the lease, twenty years hence, we will find an open pasture land, very much in want of moisture. With the kind help, and the furnishing of the native names by Mr. Low, we col- lected and brought down seeds of the following species of trees, now planted at the government nursery and at Moanalua: Wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera). Pua (Olea sandwicensis). Kauwila (Alphitonia ponderosa). Papala (Charpentiera obovata) . Alani (Pelea sp.). Pilo (Kadua grandis). Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) . Aalii (Dodonza viscosa). Kea, or Kalamona ( Mezoneuronkauaiense). Awikiwiki (Canavalia galeata). Halapepe (Dracena aurea). Wiliwili (Lrythrina monosperma). Obapa (Olapa) (Cheirodendron gaudi- Kookoolau. An ornamental, yellow-flow- chaudit). ering composite shrub. Also seeds of Hoolei ( Ochrosia sandwicensis). one of the numerous Lobeliaceze. Tliahi (Santalum freycinetianum). Alahee. Can not be found in Hillebrand. Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) . Aa. A large tree, orly known to Mr. Low Aulu, or Kaulu (Sideroxylon sandwicense) . in a couple of specimens. Mamani (Sophora chysopylla). Respectfully, A. KoEBELE, Entomologist. LABOR. It is difficult to treat this subject in a short article, and yet 190 study of the agricultural conditions of the islands would be complete without reference to this important factor. For a half century the resources and ingenuity of the planters of these islands have been taxed to their utmost in devising the best means of procuring laborers suitable for their work. Special commissioners have been dispatched to distant parts of the globe for the purpose of securing the desired immigration. Earnest efforts have been made in the way of carefully prepared reports and extensive correspondence. Large sums of money have been expended for costly voyages in the hope of obtaining per- manent additions to the population of the islands which would develop and maintain the growing agriculture. And yet the struggle con- tinues. From the first arrival of coolies, in 1852, up to the present time there has been no cessation in the arduous efforts to obtain an adequate supply of labor for the plantations. The Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society, established in 1850, issued a circular stating that ‘*the introduction of coolie labor from China to supply the places of the rapidly decreasing native population was a subject of great importance.” In 1852 the first introduction of coolies was made and the experiment was satisfactory. They proved able and willing PLATE XXVII. House Doc. No, 368. Anahola abs (AS -- ee < ‘ ‘\ Kod ——— AHOLA/ sls aS ais | be Wailua, lj, E Yj ANS es yy ai DY “ tli, Ly 7, Hanamaulu AN Nawiliwili Bay Nill oe , Ss Ka Lae 0 Kawai Wie eM wy 159 159° 20’ Js.MANZ ENGRAVING CO., CHICA House Doc. No, 368. PLATE XXVII. 159°25' 159° 20° KAUAI * FROM THE LATEST SURVEYS vein ; ILAUEA By = S.M.Kanakanui. > = = aT wil s Yee thy, aes Hl IZ MI tr ee " wy Pw I C Wa \! WA \ SI WZ (Fj i Y fp j, Thee. y wf F EN, E) ail ti) hls FN nil pili OO f IS FON wwasiaway——~i (7p 159 20° | —— 159° 45" 159°40’ 159° 35° 159 30° oY 4o J.MANZ ENGRAVING CO., CHICAGO, ILL. Patt We ie get PR Pecos A Ce ek Capea hPa ema eee ie tet py a vin ' ¢ graye * , ‘ Mii eee eeeeaereriney nett PTET te eT neko mt er eR le te ay te ee ay Sma W i ; ¥ if! prtaale . iy : 7 4 LABOR. 79 laborers and quieted for a while all apprehension of future trouble in obtaining labor. Other cargoes were soon sent for and received. But while the coolies were and are good workers it was soon discoy- ered that laborers imported for plantations could not be relied upon as permanent settlers and homeseekers, and were therefore, from a state standpoint, very undesirable immigrants. The planters wanted laborers for profit; the King desired permanent settlers for the benefit of the country. To bring in immigrants required funds, which the former alone could supply, but they were unwilling to burden them- selves with the trouble and expense of families. Hence the plans of the King failed. In 1859 a few South Sea Islanders were landed on Kauai to work on a plantation under contract. They resembled Hawaiians, were educated, and had Christian names. It was hoped that this beginning would be the means, ultimately, of repopulating the islands and supplying the needed labor, but the hope was never realized, as will be shown later. In 1863 another cry for importation of labor was heard, but the inquiry was everywhere made: Whom and how? The importation of white men as laborers was inadmissible; ditto with negroes. The coolie was an undesirable citizen and as a laborer of no great value. Private planters would import only men, rejecting women and children. Laborers could not be obtained from Pacific islands; therefore resort must again be had to China. In the meanwhile sugar productior increased rapidly. New planta- tions were opened and more labor demanded. The statesmen decried plantation morals, due to the large excess of men over women; they deprecated the class of coolies imported, and appealed to the patriot- ism of the planters to aid the Government in introducing carefully | selected agriculturists. A plan was suggested of introducing to Hawaii certain races of the Malay Archipelago, but the Government was without the means of consummating so favorable a project. In this imperative demand for labor the only alternative left was to Papo ae more coolies, which was done. The ‘Chinese coolie system,” as it was called at this time, had an odium attached to it almost equal to that of theslave trade. It was reported that men had been actually purchased from the man- darins for a few dollars each, while the contractors picked up vagrants and sold them at public auction in the markets of Peru and elsewhere. The horrors of the slave trade were in some instances repeated and the deported coolies often succumbed to brutal privations and hard- ships. Here the British Government intervened by the appointment of agents at the ports of departure to see that no laborer was taken away without his full consent. These abuses gave birth to the orci laws of the United States, and simultaneously in Hawaii a bureau of immigration was established, tak- ing the business of importing laborers from the hands of the planters 80 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC,, OF HAWAII. and placing it under the charge of the Kingdom. The Hawaiians claim that no such iniquity as above mentioned ever disgraced the efforts of their planters in their work of importing laborers. The ‘‘coolie sys- tem” as known elsewhere never existed on the islands; the law between employer and employee known as the ‘‘ master and servant law” was mild, equitable, and compulsory for the specific fulfillment of contracts. In 1864 the board of immigration was established for the purpose of superintending the importation of foreign laborers and the introduc- tion of immigrants. One of its first ordinances was to prohibit private persons from introducing laborers into the Kingdom under heavy pen- alty. Another was to adopt measures looking to the introduction of free immigrants, males and females, from the Azores, Canaries, and Cape de Verde in the Atlantic, and from any of the Pacific isles. Pas- sages were to be paid by the Government and a bounty per head to the captain of the ship. Still another was the chartering of a ship to send to China to procure more Chinese laborers. The first ordinance gave great offense to the planters, but the board firmly adhered to it. In 1865 Dr. Hillebrand was appointed commissioner to go abroad and study the possibilities of obtaining desirable immigrants from India, Japan, and Malaysia. In the meanwhile, to meet. the present demands, he was first to visit China and forward a shipload or two of coolies to the islands. In December, 1865, the first installment of - immigrants arrived from the Caroline Islands. The bureau sanctioned the contracts with the planters. Simultaneously a small number of Marquesans were introduced. Dr. Hillebrand simultaneously for- warded from Hongkong two shiploads of coolies. The planter ac- quired the needed laborer, but the people desired immigrants who would assimilate with them, infuse vigor into the impaired constitu- tions of the natives, check the decrease of the inhabitants of the King- dom, and give strength to the national constitution. King Kamahameha III saw with sorrow and alarm his people rapidly declining in numbers, and naturally sought some means of arresting this decay and permanently repeopling his dominions. To accomplish his purposes he authorized Mr. Wyllie to negotiate with the British Government with the view of obtaining consent to remove to the islands all of the inhabitants of Pitcairn’s Island and settle them as proprietors or tenants on his own lands. The project unfortunately failed. In the meanwhile other coolies were introduced. In 1865 King Kamehameha IV, in his speech to the legislature, said of the coolies: ‘SThey are not so kind and tractable as was anticipated, and they seem to have no affinities, attractions, or tendencies to blend with this or any other race.” He recommended trying ‘‘ the inhabit- ants of other Polynesian groups; they would be easily acclimated; LABOR. $1 would soon learn the language, and might bring with them their wives, whose fecundity was much greater than that of the Hawaiian females, and, besides furnishing labor, would pave the way for a future popu- lation of native-born Hawaiians indistinguishable from the aboriginal parents.” But Mr. Wyllie, minister of foreign affairs, saw danger ahead in such a project. He feared the numerical superiority of the aborigines over the whites, and did not believe they would devote themselves willingly to work, unless under contract under the act for the government of ‘‘ masters and servants,” as was done with the Chinese. Nothing came out of this controversy. Small importations of coolies continued. At first their labor was very unsatisfactory. Not unde1- standing the language nor the character of the work required, friction between master and servant frequently occurred. But the laborers gradually improved. In 1866 occurred the convention between China, England, and France, at which the right to draw labor from Chinese ports was exclusively restricted to treaty powers. The Hawaiian Kingdom was not a treaty power, and therefore had to transact all future business under the protection of a foreign flag and through a foreign firm. This restriction turned again the attention of the board to Polynesia, where settlers and not merely hands for the planters might be obtained, but upon further investigation the plan was abandoned. In 1869 two eminent persons were sent on an expedition with two ships to visit the various isles of the Pacific and Atlantic to secure if possible voluntary laborers for the Kingdom. One ship returned with a cargo from Caroline and Humphrey islands, having visited many others without success. These immigrants were cleanly, intelligent, docile, Christian, speak- ing a language similar to Hawaiian. The other ship brought a cargo from the Danger Islands. These were far from being satisfactory to their subsequent employers, many of whom were ultimately released and returned to their native islands. Soon after these importations another controversy arose as to the class of future immigrants. Great dissatisfaction was felt by the King and council at the large number of Chinese already in the islands, since they desired immigrants more nearly related to the Hawaiians. An anti- coolie party, consisting chiefly of mechanics and tradesmen, strongly opposed the further introduction of Chinese by the sugar planters. Mass meetings were held, with verdicts against the Chinese and in favor of South Sea Islanders or other races ethnologically related. Efforts were made to secure immigrants from India, Japan, and Malay- sia, and the Dutch and English East Indies. All proved abortive, after much discussion, diplomacy, and a large expenditure of time and money, except with Japan. After much delay and long and specific H. Doe. 368——6 82 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. contracts a shipload of Japanese reached the islands in 1869. They made good laborers, and were themselves satisfied and satisfactory to the employers. But the Japanese Government became alarmed through false rumors of maltreatment of its subjects and sent com- missioners to Hawaii to investigate their true conditions. To their surprise they found everything mutually pleasant and satisfactory to both Japanese and planters. While discussions were going on in the board relative to the advisability of importing Swedes and Portuguese, several more cargoes of Chinese were introduced by the planters. A new and untried system of cooperative labor was introduced on a small scale in 1870. Thirty white men from the States were carried over to labor on the plantations to receive as compensation one-half of the crop made. On account of drought, inexperience, etc., the cooperative experiment was far from being a decided success. The Hawaiian Immigration Society to promote immigration was next formed, but few fruits of its labors were apparent. In the mean- while another importation of Chinese was made, soon to be followed by others, many of whom on arrival went into rice culture. Again attention was directed to the Azores and the possibility of obtaining desirable immigrants therefrom. Italy was also considered as a source of supply of future laborers. But nothing tangible was accomplished. In July, 1876, the treaty of reciprocity between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States was ratified. It created ereat joy and much inspiration in every planter in the islands. Exten- sive improvements were undertaken at once and energetic efforts made to secure more laborers. In 1878 the first batch of Portuguese from Madeira, secured after patient efforts, was landed in Honolulu, followed soon after by a cargo of South Sea Islanders, all of whom proved satisfactory to the planters. This arrival of Portuguese proving so desirable, negotia- tions were made at once to introduce them on a large scale. Accord- ingly many vessels soon after reached Honolulu, bringing exclusively cargoes of Portuguese from Madeira. In 1881 two vessels filled with Norwegians arrived. But few of them were agriculturists and therefore were soon dissatisfied with life on plantations. The propriety of introducing negroes from the Southern States was discussed by the board, with the result of a decided opposition to the scheme. More cargoes of South Sea Islanders were introduced, followed soon after by several vessel loads of Germans. The islands were rapidly filling up with a desirable population. The Chinese and Japanese were for the time being neglected by the Government. Though neglected by the Government, the Chinese, however, came of LABOR. 83 their own accord in large numbers, until it was found necessary to restrict this immigration by suitable laws. In 1885, after a favorable treaty with Japan had been ratified, the introduction on a large scale of Japanese laborers under the contract system began, which continued up to the annexation of the islands to the United States. _ Several large cargoes of Portuguese from the Madeira Islands were also landed in Honolulu during the year. Since 1885 up to the time of annexation the introduction of Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese has been made to meet the wants of the islands. The Japanese and Portuguese have been brought in mainly on contract, and having completed the time of service required by the latter they have either renewed service or been returned to their homes. The Chinese have always come on their own accord. In studying the history of immigration to the islands it is difficult to conceive of a country that the bureau of immigration and the planters have not considered as a source of supply of labor. They have repeatedly been disappointed, but they have persisted with a zeal and an energy worthy of the highest type of intelligence. The following, furnished by Prof. W. D. Alexander, historian and surveyor-general of the islands, gives a summary of ‘“‘ immigration and population,” which is reliable and instructive: IMMIGRATION AND POPULATION. The pressing demand for labor, created by the reciprocity treaty, had led to great changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands. It has been the policy of the Government to assist immigrants from widely different countries, not only as laborers, but also as prospective citizens. In the year 1877 arrangements were made for the importation of Portuguese fami- lies from the Azores and Madeira, and during the next ten years about 7,000 of these people were brought to the islands. Others have since been added to their number, and their natural increase has been very rapid. At the present time the total num- ber of Portuguese in the islands, including those born there, is not far from 16,000. About 2,400 of them are employed in sugar plantations. They have shown them- selves to be an industrious, thrifty, and law-abiding element in the population. Persistent efforts have also been made to introduce Polynesian islanders, as being of a cognate race with the Hawiians, but the results have been wholly unsatisfactory. About 2,000 of these people, mainly from the Gilbert Islands, were brought in at the expense of the Government, between 1878 and 1884, but they did not give satisfac- tion, either as laborers or as citizens, and most of them have since been returned to their homes. There has never existed any treaty or labor convention between the Government of Hawaii and the Empire of China. In early days a limited number of Chinese settled in the islands, intermarried with the natives, and by their industry and economy were generally prosperous. About 750 of them were naturalized under the monarchy. The first importation of Chinese laborers into the country took place in 1852. In 1878 the number of Chinese had risen to 5,916. During the next few years there was a steady influx of Chinese free immigrants, which finally reached 84 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. alarming proportions. In the spring of 1881 the Hawaiian Government was obliged to send a dispatch to the governor of Hongkong to stop this invasion. ’ Again, in April, 1883, it was suddenly renewed, and within twenty days five steamers arrived from Hongkong, bringing 2,253 Chinese passengers, followed the next month by 1,100 more, with the news that several thousand more were ready to embark. Accord- ingly, the Hawiian Government sent another dispatch to the governor of Hongkong refusing to admit any further immigration of male Chinese from that port. Various regulations restricting Chinese immigration were enacted from time to time, until in 1886 the landing of any Chinese passenger without a passport was pro- hibited. The number of Chinese in the islands had risen to 21,000, and in 1899 it is estimated to be about 27,000, of whom about 6,000 are employed on sugar plantations. They have reclaimed many useless swamps for the cultivation of rice. Many of them are shopkeepers, market gardeners, laundrymen, and fishermen. They have been truly described as industrious, persevering, frugal, peaceable, and law abiding. Their mercantile credit stands as high as that of any other nationality. The princi- pal vices of their lower class are opium smoking and gambling. Nearly all of them have come from the province of Kwangtung (Canton), being divided into two clans, speaking different dialects, known as the Punti and Hakka tribes. The consent of the Japanese Government to the emigration of its subjects to Hawaii was obtained with difficulty in 1884, and in 1886 a labor convention was ratified. Since then the increase of the Japanese element in the population has been constant and rapid. It rose from 116 in 1884 to 12,360 in 1890 and 24,400 in 1896. At the close of 1899 it is estimated to be about 58,000, of whom about 26,000 are employed in sugar plantations. They have for the most part been recruited from the lowest classes in Japan. Unlike the Chinese, they show no inclination to inter- marry with the Hawaiians. They may fairly be characterized as versatile, ingenious, imitative, but clannish to an extreme, fickle, and vain. In regard to labor unions and strikes they can give points to other nationalities. Crimes of violence are more frequent among them than among any other race in the islands. The effect of annexation to the United States will be to put an end to all assisted immigration of whatever race, and to exclude all Chinese laborers. But under the recent treaty between the United States and Japan, there is nothing to limit the free immigration of Japanese, and several companies have been formed to promote it. The excessive preponderance of males over females in Asiatic immigration consti- tutes a serious menace to the morals and health of the commonwealth. In 1896 the ratio of males to females was 8 to 1 among the Chinese, nearly 5 to 1 among the Japanese, 8 to 7 among the Portuguese, and 8 to 5 among other whites, the propor- tion for all the inhabitants being 2 to 1. The decrease of the aboriginal population has still continued, from 44,088 in 1878: to 40,014 in 1884, 34,436 in 1890, and 31,019 in 1896, the rate of decrease being about 1.6 per cent a year. At the same time the part Hawaiians, the offspring of inter- marriages between Hawaiian women and men of other races, have been constantly increasing from 3,420 in 1878 to 4,218 in 1884, 6,186 in 1890, and 8,485 in 1896. All these facts point to the gradual extinction of the full-blooded Hawaiians, and the absorption of the remnant of the race by the European and Asiatic population. LAND MATTERS. The ancient system of land titles in the Hawaiian Islands bore a close resemblance to the feudal system of the Middle Ages. When Kamehameha I conquered the islands, he divided out the lands: among his principal chiefs, retaining a goodly portion for himself to be cultivated or managed by his own servants or attendants. LAND MATTERS. 85 Each chief again divided his portion among his subordinates, who in time divided again among the lowest tenants. From tenant on to highest chief was exacted not only a land tax for use of land, but also service when demanded by the King. A failure to respond to these demands might forfeit the right to the lands. The King really owned the allodium, while the persons to whom he intrusted the land held it in trust. The land taxes were really a rent, and constituted the reve- nues of the King. Formerly every tenant was required to work one day in every week (Tuesday) for the King and one day (Friday) for the landlord. Upon the accession of a new king it was customary to redivide and distribute the lands among his chiefs and favorites. The common people were merely tenants at will, and could be dispossessed of their lands at the pleasure of king or chief, until 1839-40, when laws were passed preventing evictions without cause. The ancient system being incompatible with progressive civilization, the King and chiefs decided to separate interests and define the rights which each held in the lands of the Kingdom. After patient investi- gation, it was decided to divide the lands between the King, the chiefs, and the tenants, and vest the titles in each. ORIGINAL DIVISIONS OF LAND. Each island was divided into moku or districts, names of which have already been given in the description of theislands. The subdivisions of a ‘“‘moku” are ‘‘ahupuaa,” which is really a unit of land in the islands. Its name, derived from ‘‘ahu,” an altar, and ‘‘ puaa,” a hog, referred to the ancient custom of erecting an altar at the point where the land intersected the main road which encircled the island, and upon this altar was erected the image of a hog carved out of Kukui wood. The typical ahupuaa is a long, narrow strip, running from the moun- tain to the sea, and includes the mountain, the cultivated plateau, the taro patches and the sea. On the windward sides, each valley consti- tuted a distinct ahupuaa, and was of unequal areas. These divisions were made generally along natural lines, such as ridges, ravines, etc. The ahupuaas were sometimes divided into ‘‘ilis,” of which there were two kinds, one paying tribute to the chief, while the other did not. LAND COMMISSION. In 1846 an act was passed providing for the appointment of a board of commissioners to quiet land titles. These commissioners were organized February, 1846, and continued till March, 1855. This board had full powers to investigate the claims and rights of all to the lands of the Kingdom. After exhaustive work, performed with great zeal, they gave their awards which are recorded in ten huge folios, which are deposited in the land office of the islands. The work of this board was finally brought up before the King and 86 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. the chiefs in privy council on December 11, 1847, and after much dis- cussion was settled in the following resolutions December 18, 1847: Whereas it has become necessary to the prosperity of our Kingdom and the proper physical, mental, and moral improvement of our people that the undivided rights at present existing in the lands of our Kingdom shall be separated and distinctly defined: Therefore we, Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands, and his chiefs in privy council assembled do solemnly resolve that we will be guided in such division by the following rules: I. His Majesty, our Most Gracious Lord and King, shall, in accordance with the constitution and laws of the land, retain all his private lands as his own individual property, subject only to the right of the tenants to have and to hold to him, his heirs and successors, forever. II. One-third of the remaining lands of the Kingdom shall be set aside as the property of the Hawaiian Government, subject to the direction and control of His Majesty, as pointed out by the constitution and laws, one-third to the chiefs or konohikis in proportion to their possessions, to have and to hold to them, their heirs and successors, forever, and the remaining third to the tenants, the actual possessors and cultivators of the soil, to have and to hold to them, their heirs and successors, forever. III. The division between the chiefs or konohikis and their tenants, prescribed by rule second, shall take place whenever any chief, konohiki, or tenant shall desire such division, subject to confirmation by the King in privy council. IV. The tenants of His Majesty’s private lands shall be entitled to a fee-simple title to one-third of the lands possessed and cultivated by them, which shall be set off to the said tenants in fee simple whenever His Majesty or any of said tenants shall desire such division. V. The division prescribed in the foregoing rules shall in no wise interfere with any lands that may have been granted by His Majesty or his predecessors in fee simple to any Hawaiian subject or foreigner, nor in any way operate to the injury of the holders of the unexpired leases. VI. It shall be optional with any chief or konohiki holding lands in which the Government has a share, in the place of setting aside one-third of the said lands as Government property, to pay into the treasury one-third of the unimproved value of said lands, which payment shall operate as a total extinguishment of the Govern- ment right in said lands. VII. All the lands of His Majesty shall be recorded in a book entitled ‘‘ Register of the lands belonging to Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands,’’ and deposited with the registry of land titles in the office of the minister of the interior, and all lands set aside as the lands of the Hawaiian Government shall be recorded in a book entitled ‘‘ Register of the lands belonging to the Hawaiian Government,” and fee-simple titles shall be granted to all other allottees upon the award of the board of commissioners to quiet land titles. After some litigation and some patience, the lands were divided and titles confirmed in accordance with above resolutions and the divisions recorded in the ‘* Mahele Book.” The following are the approximate results of this division: Acres. Government lands'-:.. 46242 Bib es ee ee ee 1, 495, 000 Crown Jands $520) 5200s eee ee eee ce 984, 000 Chiefs? lands: 32.524.22 see Ss. Basa he snes Ae ere oe 1, 619, 000 Kuleanas (ordinary tenants) lands...<....-s8222...+--<--- 28, 600 Total iy oe. 420. tal wrt ed Bree see Ok a 4, 126, 600 LAND MATTERS. 87 The area assigned the kuleanas or ordinary tenants was compara- tively very small, but included some of the choicest lands in the islands. In the awards to tenants the latter were permitted to take water, wood, thatch, and ti leaf from the lands on which they lived for their own purposes. They also had the right to catch fish from the sea appurte- nant to the land and sell the same. In default of heirs the tenants’ lands reverted to the owner of the ahupuaa from which it was origi- nally escheated. As the chiefs generally ran into debt and died in many cases with- out heirs, their lands have largely passed into the hands of foreigners. Upon the abolition of the monarchy in 1893 the Crown lands were declared to be public lands and are now held, together with other Government lands, by the United States. The Crown lands, made inalienable by law in 1865, have hitherto been held for the most part under long leases. The biennial report of the commissioner of Crown lands gives situation, description, price paid for lease, expiration of lease, and names of lessees of all the Crown lands. The policy to be pursued when their leases expire is not yet definitely settled. Many of them are held by sugar estates and are yielding maximum acre results. If it be desirable to break up these large holdings into home- steads and encourage the growth of an agricultural population, the ageregate income of the islands will be greatly diminished, though a permanent agricultural population will be secured. Directly after the division given above, the Government began the sale of its public lands at private sale and at low rates of 12 cents to $1 per acre. The lands were selected and surveyed by the purchaser and many thousands of the best acres of Government lands were thus early disposed of at nominal prices, leaving numerous scattered rem- nants of undesirable and unsalable lands throughout the islands. At least 500,000 acres were thus disposed of, mainly to the natives. An act was passed in 1876 requiring all sales and leases of public lands over $300 in value to be sold at public auction, and the provi- sional government in 1893 required all sales and leases of every kind to be made at public auction after thirty days’ notice. HOMESTEAD LAWS. The first homestead act to acquire small holdings was passed in 1884. It was amended several times, but remained in force until the passage of the land act of 1895. It gave the privilege of acquiring lots not over 20 acres in extent, payable in ten years, and requiring the erec- tion of a dwelling and a residence of three years on the land. A sub- stitute might reside on land with the consent of the minister of the interior, as amended in 1892. Under these homestead laws 527 per- sons took up 8,490.81 acres, valued at $62,794.55, of which patents have been granted to 377 persons for 5,820.76 acres, valued at 88 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. $45,312.30, leaving the remainder yet to be patented. Under the amendment ‘‘ without residence” there have been taken up 3,552.84 acres, valued at $10,610.63, of which 2,942.44 acres, valued at $8,023.13, have been patented. The results of these homestead laws were beneficial in placing homes, which have been greatly improved, into the possession of numerous families of moderate means. They did not, however, meet all of the requirements, hence these laws were supplanted by the land act of 1895, which consists briefly as follows: Part I. Interpretation of words and terms used in the act. Part II. General provisions, classification of lands into (1) agricul- tural, (2) pastoral, (3) pastoral agricultural, (4) forest, and (5) waste land. Part II. General administration, designating board of commission- ers and defining duties, and dividing the islands into land districts. Part IV. Land patents, how sales shall be made and patents issued, and disposition of processes of sales. Part V. General leases. Part VI. Homestead leases. Part VU. Right of purchase, leases, and cash freeholds. Part VIII. Settlement associations. Part [X. Olaa reservation. Part X. Puukapu, Kaimu, and Waiakolea reservations and native reservations of Olaa. Part XI. Repealing all former acts. THE LAND ACT OF 1895. The following paper, prepared at my request by Mr. J. F. Brown, commissioner of public lands for Hawaii, explains the operations of the above act,-and gives valuable statistical data relative to the public lands of the islands: To promote the settlement and improvement of the remaining Government land, under conditions favorable to the settler, but not to speculators, and to meet the needs of different classes desiring lands, the land act of 1895 was enacted as being - specially adapted to the requirements of the case. An important feature of this fact was the general requirement of cultivation and improvement of lands taken up, as well as residence thereon for a term of years. There was authority, however, under the act for the sale of lands at auction under special conditions, as to payments for same and cultivation without residence, to meet the cases of persons who desired to improve and cultivate land, but having occupa- tions elsewhere were unable to live on the same. METHODS OF ACQUIRING LAND UNDER THE LAND ACT OF 1895. General qualifications required of applicants.—Must be over 18 years of age, be citizen by birth or naturalization, or have letters of denization, be under no civil disability nor delinquent in payment of taxes. Homestead lease.—Nine hundred and ninety-nine year lease, conditions upon main- LAND MATTERS. 89 taining a home upon the premises, paying taxes, and cultivating small percentage areas that might be required, 8 to 45 acres, dependent upon quality; no payments other than small application fees; husband and wife might not both be applicants; applicant must not be owner of other land (except taro or wet land); lease inalien- able; not subject to attachment, levy or sale, or to any process of the courts, might not be mortgaged, assigned, or sublet. Right of purchase lease.-—Lease for twenty-one years with right to purchase at original appraised value any time after two years’ residence and cultivation of 25 per cent; area that might be acquired, 100 to 1,200 acres, dependent on quality; husband and wife might not both be applicants; applicants could apply for only such amount as taken with any lands owned by them would come to the limits name; rental at 8 per cent on appraised value to be paid until purchase was made. ; Cash freeholds.—Lands sold at auction at an appraised value as upset price; pur- chase price due in four installments during three years; two years’ residence and 25 per cent of cultivation further required to perfect title; qualifications and areas that might be acquired same as under right of purchase lease. Special agreements.—Sale at auction under special conditions as to payment by installments, with requirements of cultivation, with or without residence limit of area that might be sold under special agreement, 600 acres. (Practically the area has been limited to 100 acres of first-class land, as under the other systems. ) Cash sales.—Sales made unconditionally for cash at public auction. These sales usually made to meet cases where exceptionally costly improvements were contem- plated, as buildings, reservoirs, pumping machinery, etc. Olaa district sales.—Special sales, at a value appraised in the act of 1895, of lands held under Crown leases in the district of Olaa, Hawaii. Lessee could purchase his leasehold up to 200 acres when 15 per cent of same had been put under cultiva- tion and further improvements to the value of $200 made; distinct from the general systems of the land act and applying only to the Olaa district. Summary of transactions under the land act of 1895. Lands taken up. Number.| Acres. Value. Homestead leases .....-. Right of purchase leases Cash freeholds ..-........ ache BUCrin ae teOMmOM ease essence bade 2 a tiisiceth danmiestesie ss ce biclia see 115 | 1,549.56 | 1$5, 000. 00 356 | 18,665.78 | 118, 665. 56 Fe EA ROE Sk oa 1 ame TC, 40 | 2)996.89 | 39,923.73 Spine ciistvict wales oe. e oe sat eh T CE OTe | 142 | 15,532:00 | 61;171.00 LAGU ay So ae erg a del aaa ia aida AIS tie ad | 798 | 46,594.22 | 279, 566. 89 1Value of homestead-lease land is an arbitrary estimate. Formal appraisement not required under the law. A comparison of transactions during the period 1884-1895 with those of the period from 1895 (under “‘land act’’) shows for the latter period a very much larger pro- portion of lands taken up under conditions of homestead or improvement as compared with ‘‘cash sales.”’ Transactions during 1884-1895 (eleven years). Lands taken up. Acres. Value. AGORA: Sei CONE EES SES So | areinsdis cconlemiodtie sminew clam eniceee ted akigaicewedecs 37, 675. 34 | $195, 588. 95 Under homestead or improvement conditions..............2--2.22--22eeeeeeeee 12, 043. 65 73, 405. 18 TORI. Jotue es asen'ainen ATARI DOE Bae QODO CUT Aaacsa cascade scdcs sesiaents 49,718.99 | 268,994.13 90 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. Under land act of 1895 (four years). Lands taken up. Acres. Value. OEY OUGER Ep opaodenan oso aP Spr cor SESS SR SUE Sc ORS OS0n HE toocatoccausEheaQogsas: 2, 996. 89 | $39, 923.73 Under homestead or improvement Conditions. ..... 2... cccce cee nn ene c ee eccc cece 43, 597.33 | 239, 643.16 Potalesees 25h Mv PAL As ieisoeeiseiee Oa ee ee ccees oon ateeaees 46, 594.22 | 279, 566. 89 The land act of 1895 has proved well suited to the condition in the Hawaiian Islands. Under it the demand for public land has been active, and fair prices have been realized for the benefit of the public treasury. Speculatidn and land grabbing has been minimized and a marked improve- ment and development of lands taken is evident. The success of the act would not be questioned by any impartial observer familiar with the facts. The extremely varied quality of the lands, the intermingling of public and private lands, and the special needs of the people, together with the duty of best utilizing the limited public domain required land laws drawn to meet such special conditions, and these, in all essential points, have been met by the land act of 1895. GENERAL LEASES. The foregoing statements have been applied to those lands directly sold or taken up under conditions looking to ultimate purchase. It remains to consider the question of lands held under leases for terms of years, upon the expiration of which all interest of lessee terminates. From the time of the great division of 1848 to the present time the policy of the leasing lands for a term of years has been pursued, both in the case of the Govern- ment lands and of the Crown lands controlled by the commissioners for the same. In 1876 the first law requiring sale of Government leases to be made at auction was enacted, but such law did not apply to the Crown lands, which were not put under this regulation until the passage of the land act of 1895. Under the lease policy lands were freely leased both by the Government and by the Crown commissioners in large areas and for long terms, but in 1891 the Government, while continuing the policy of leasing land, improved upon former methods by reserving to itself the right to take up any portion of the leased land suitable for settlement, which reservation proved later of much value. This policy was continued after the passage of the land act of 1895, but with stricter regard to amounts leased, terms of lease, and reservations necessary for public interest. Until the date of the land act of 1895 the Crown lands were leased without auction sale, in such amounts and for such terms of years (until limited by law in 1865 to thirty years) as the commissioners approved, and although by the land act of 1895 these lands were merged in the general domain of public lands and became subject to that act, practically they had nearly all been leased in large tracts and for long terms without reservation. As between the two classes of land, therefore, now constituting the public lands, the former Crown lands are more generally encumbered with long-term leases. VALUE OF LEASE SYSTEM. Although the old method of leasing was shortsighted and with little or nothing to commend it, a proper lease system is of distinct value. Numerous tracts of land are found of which it is difficult to estimate agricultural possibilities, if indeed any exist. Other tracts, owing to the intermingling of public and private lands and the fragmentary character of some of the public lands, are so LAND MATTERS. 91 surrounded by private lands owned or controlled by a single party that the sale of the same would be at a distinct disadvantage to the Government, and result only in swelling the holdings of already large owners at an adequate price. _ Practically it is found that many persons will pay a rental representing a larger value than the purchase price that could be obtained. A lease, therefore, may be made to return the best results in revenue, while a reservation of the right to take up portions suitable for settlement leaves the way open at any time for such use if later conditions require it. The revenue from rent of lands has steadily increased, although the area of lands leased has in the same period been reduced by many thousands of acres. In 1890- 1898 the annual rent roll, Government and Crown lands, was as follows: 1890, $80,268; 1894, $91,983; 1898, $95,225. Town lots, buildings rented, etc., are not included. The additional income from such sources is about $34,000 annually. Under the land act of 1895 general leases were limited to a term not longer than twenty-one years. Leases might not contain any privilege of renewal, nor be made for any land on which an unexpired term of two years remained. The commissioners of public lands could impose conditions necessary in the public interest. TRANSACTIONS SINCE JULY 7, 1898. The Newlands resolution, passed by Congress July 7, 1898, for the annexatio. of the Hawaiian Islands, created much uncertainty as to the status of the public lands and the laws governing them. Upon the understanding and belief, however, that the laws of the United States relative to public lands did not apply to such lands in the Hawaiian Islands, and that the local land laws were to remain in force pending further action of Congress, the usual transactions of the land office were continued until September 28, 1899, the date of receipt of the executive order of President McKinley suspending further transactions. The following table shows lands taken up from July 7, 1898, to September 28, 1899: Lands taken up. Number. Acres. Value. IGMECH ERO LEXNOS fe scat eeealtccc cis ccccssicisicsceavtisecndeccieescnosas 45 551. 50 (1) PI Ol PULEHANDCHRGS aemse a man ove,-'cin.c'ca = wiciaviclt ouivsiscle\e vivincieneeine 57 4,507.09 | $22, 239.75 SEARLE CEUOUOS epee een eee eile ss ws co cin we cmaine cis emule 0s wccseers 4 67.82 169, 54 SPCCIAUELTCOMICDIS. oceiiscis ancl also s cicacciemncneccdemdesocesee cca’ 41 | - 1,035.87 7, 821. 00 SeMAIN eM eee Goa e ene mee ais. colli no ckcis ip aine ieee kleine salee era 18 1,172.59 18, 719. 00 Olaa patents under Part IX of Iand act ...........ceecesceeeoenees 69 7,999. 39 29,177.57 Mtale ses seed sels eee sepsloebincls Sus aoe wicca sobeche pn ceiseecs 508s 284 | 15,384.26 78, 126. 86 1 Not appraised. Land patents issued since July 7, 1898. NTA eI ee Sate eae tenets occ eeicce on mara etd joe way meets 199 PETES Th hs Seeker aaah et Seek Nea capes ss ea ad 12, 584. 53 PUIG: stv clin d Seeeines oe seca te eieedsas Ce teies eee eekly. $67, 821. 54 Of the above amount, patents for 11,643 acres, valued at $48,548.54, were issued in completion of agreements made prior to the annexation resolution of July 7, 1898. General leases since July 7, 1898. MGNOC se PEARS Ooi: S Sajdwesds seb sedan see eckcacie scan wees 1, 856. 86 ROM ELEY DY S55 wiisces sea cabs Sacck se cbessheasbacisce $2, 847. 00 92 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. Remaining public lands. Acres. Combined area of Government and Crown lands (by the original division in 1848), as near as can be determined. 2, 479, 600. 00 Patents and deeds have been issued for -......--.------- 728, 200. 00 Remainder (including lots taken up, but not yet pat- PSN O51 GW) Meee gape ate er Gey ay RR A ls 1, 751, 400. 00 Oldthomesteads eset ees eee eee 2, 670. 05 Old special-agreement sales -.-...-.---------- 610. 40 Under land act (not patented)........-------- 28, 065. 33 ——— 31, 345. 78 Total-remaming ski oss se eet 1, 720, 054. 22 The remainder (1, 720, 055 acres) of public land may be roughly classified as follows: Acres. Valuable suilding lots 222s rere eee ate aoe tere ma ee 145 Cane lands sce 2a32 Sec: See ee ee ee et. eer 25, 626 hice lands ee ee eae ola eee ee ate 2 eer 977 Coffeelandss <3 onece Stee a eee eee eee enero pee 26, 825 Grazing lanids 32. 2.2)442 3 2 3: 3 sie see Phe anes eee ae = 448, 200 , igh forest lands). 2.2 2422-5. eS eae co chee eee 681, 282 Rugged, inaccessible mountain 2.) ..22.. 38262-52222 2 227, 000 Barren‘ (of nominal-yalue only) (522040060223. o eee eae 310, 000 Totals fe 0 lee See semen ba ok ee ee ees ee 1, 720, 055 The above classification is of necessity somewhat arbitrary. As stated in my report of 1894— The lack of positive knowledge of quality and adaptability of the soil in untried sections and the imperceptible gradations by which the best land merges into the indifferent and indifferent into that of nominal value only makes a report of this nature to a considerable extent a matter of personal opinion rather than of scientific certainty. ; It is probable that much classed above as “‘ grazing land”’ and ‘‘ high forest land”’ will be found later to have good agricultural possibilities, these lands being now practically undeveloped. THE CROWN LANDS. By article 95 of the constitution of the Republic of Hawaii that portion of the public domain known as ‘‘Crown land’’ was declared to be the property of the Hawaiian Government, and to be free and clear of any trust of or concerning the same, and from all claim of any nature whatever upon the rents, issues, and profits thereof. All existing valid leases were declared to be confirmed. By the land act of 1895 these lands were included with other Government lands under the general head of public lands. The following extract, by permission, from ‘‘A brief history of Hawaiian land titles,’ by W. D. Alexander, surveyor-general, is a concise history of these lands prior to the establishment of the Republic of Hawaii: The term ‘‘ Crown lands’’ is here applied to those lands reserved by Kamehameha III, March 8, 1848, ‘‘for himself, his heirs, and successors forever,’’ as his private property. To these may be added a few lots in Honolulu and Lehaina, awarded to him by the land commission, award 10806. It is admitted by all that both Kamehameha III and his successors dealt with these lands as their private property, selling, leasing, or mortgaging the same at pleasure. Theseroyal deeds of sale constitute titles equally valid with royal patents. LAND MATTERS. 93 At the death of Kamehameha IV it was decided by the supreme court that under the above-mentioned instrument, executed by Kamehameha III, reserving the Crown lands, and under the confirmatory act of June 7, 1848, ‘‘the inheritance is limited to the successors to the throne,’’ ‘‘the wearers of the crown which the con- queror had won,’’ and at the same time ‘‘ each successive possessor may regulate and dispose of the same according to his will and pleasure as private property, in like manner as was done by Kamehameha III.’ (Hawaiian Reports, vol. 2.) Afterwards an act was passed, January 3, 1865, ‘‘to relieve the royal domain from incumbrances and to render the same inalienable.’’ This act provided for the redemption of the mortgages on the estate and enacted that the remaining lands are to be ‘‘henceforth inalienable and shall descend to the heirs and successors of the Hawaiian Crown forever,’’ and that ‘‘it shall not be law- ful hereafter to lease said lands for any term of years to exceed thirty.’’ ‘‘The board of commissioners of Crown lands shall consist of three persons, to be appointed by His Majesty the King, two of whom shall be appointed from among the members of his cabinet council and serve without remuneration and the other shall act as land agent and shall be paid out of the revenues of the said lands such sum as may be agreed to by His Majesty the King.”’ SETTLEMENT OF THE CLAIM OF R. KEELIKOLANI, AS HEIR OF KAMEHAMEHA Y. Under date of September 13, 1880, Ruth Keelikolani, as heir of Kamehameha V, released and quitclaimed to Claus Spreckles, for consideration of $10,000, all her title and interest in ‘‘ the lands reserved by Kamehameha III as his own private property, commonly called and known as the ‘Crown lands.’’’ (Recorded in book 64, p. 342, registry office.) _ ; By act of Hawaiian legislature, approved July 21, 1882, for the satisfaction of the claim of Claus Spreckles to an undivided moiety of the Crown lands, by virtue of a conveyance from Ruth Keelikolani, the commissioners of Crown lands were authorized to make proper deeds, and the minister of interior to issue and deliver a royal patent to said Claus Spreckles for the ‘‘ Ahupuaa of Wailuku, Maui, and Ilis’’ therein or thereunto belonging, containing about 24,000 acres. Before the execution of such deed and assurances said Claus Spreckles to relinquish and quitclaim all his right and interest in residue of Crown lands. August 11, 1882, Claus Spreckles and wife released and quitclaimed to the com- missioners of Crown lands undivided moiety or interest claimed by him in, to, or out of the lands known as Crown lands, more particularly the lands conveyed to grantor by Ruth Keelikolani, September 13, 1880. (Recorded in book 76, p. 198, in registry of deeds. ) r Augus: 11, 1882, the commissioners of Crown lands grant and convey to Claus Spreckles the Ahupuaa of Wailuku, Maui, and the Ilis thereunto belonging, in accordance with act of legislature, approved July 21, 1882. (Recorded in book 75, p. 282, registry office. ) September 30, 1882, patent grant 3343 issued by minister of interior to Claus Spreckles for the Ahupuaa of Wailuku and Ilis thereto belonging, containing 24,000 acres, more or less. SUPPLEMENTARY. Honowvu, August 13, 1900. The area of public land of this date is about 1,700,000 acres, but of this area a large amount is of such absolutely barren quality that it can not be regarded as suited to any agricultural purpose. There is also a large area so rugged and inaccessible that its occupation for agricultural purposes is very unlikely. Much of the best land, more particularly those formerly known as Crown lands, are covered by leases made years ago. 94 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. It is the policy of the land office to open up lands for settlement whenever the expiration of an old lease gives opportunity to do so and as rapidly as surveys can be wade, which, owing to the heavy jungle and rough nature of much of the country, "are tedious and expensive. The question of suitable roads adds greatly to the diffi- culty of opening lands, as much of the public land lies from existing roads. In the nature of the case, the division and settlement of public lands must be a gradual process. In a general way it may be said that the lands suited to cane culture and rice growing are well occupied at this time. Coffee lands are to be had, but coffee planters in general appear to be discouraged at the outlook, and are seeking other uses for their land. The banana industry is hampered, except on the island of Oahu, by lack of direct communication with the United States. Small farming (of general farm products) is at present in a ‘‘tentative’’ condition, there being at present but little positive data from which to draw conclusions. J. F. Brown, Commissioner of Public Lands. Aveust 13, 1900. EXPERIMENT STATION. A brief résumé of the facts recorded above will show in an unmis- takable manner the absolute necessity for an experiment station on the islands. The sugar industry dominates all other interests and constitutes the chief money crop of the islands. It is operated mainly by corporations which run large estates and cultivate sugar extensively, no attention being given to other and secondary crops. Neither the. laborer nor the stock used on the plantation is maintained by the products of the estate, feed, food, etc., being imported and paid for in current values. These corporations are divided into shares which are marketable under the provisions of their charters, and are subject to daily fluctu- ations upon the stock exchange in Honolulu, and bear no necessary relation to the state or-value of the estate. These corporations live or sink solely by sugar. They must pay their way or close up. When the tariff bill of 1890 passed Congress, placing raw sugars on the free list and giving a bounty to the domestic producers, thus depriving Hawaii of the benefits of the reciprocity treaty, the great agencies and plantations of Hawaii tottered to their fall. Some fell; others were saved by outside capital. A labor crisis, a prolonged quarantine, or a suspension of ocean traffic would work sore disaster even to those estates which have enormous capital, since at no time is there a super- abundance of food for man and beast, either in the pantries of the plantations or in the stores of Honolulu. To maintain the fertility of the soil where only one crop is grown, and that in maximum quantities biennially, requires great sagacity. On the estate the one thought is how to keep the average quality of land from going out of cultivation. How can expenses be reduced and crops enhanced so as to secure the largest dividends on stock is the object of their existence. EXPERIMENT STATION. 95 Such estates are destructive of family ties and home comforts; single men are always preferred and objection made to the incumbrances and expenses of women and children. Hence, adaptability of Asiatics to such work, who serve their contract time and then return to China or Japan, or rush to the cities or towns to engage in urban pursuits. Such estates are not conducive to permanent settlers—steady yeo- manry, prosperous farmers—which are regarded as the pride and reliance of every nation. In the islands a strong antagonism prevails against such estates, and a demand is made that the large areas formerly owned by the Crown and now leased to the sugar corporations shall be divided and sub- divided, at the expiration of lease, into homesteads for occupancy by permanent farmers or gardeners. On the contrary, it may be stated that there is probably no industry besides sugar that can give such enormous acre yields in money and bear the heavy cost of expensive irrigation plants, steam plows, etc. The exports of the island were last year $22,628,741, of which over $22,000,000 was furnished by sugar. Again, these large acre yields give enormous taxable values to the lands, from which public revenues are raised for public improvements, public schools, etc. It is therefore a question of serious moment whether the present conditions will be improved by the establishment of small farmers, market gardeners, dairymen, stockbreeders, etc., over the islands. I believe that the experiment station can aid largely in paving the way and inaugurating the proper methods upon which these smaller industries must be established, in order that they may (if ever) suc- cessfully supplant the present large estates. Again, these estates employ over 40,000 laborers, concentrated upon about 100,000 acres of land, engaged in an intensive industry, capable of giving support to more people within a given area than any other agricultural industry. Will the present population be decreased by the change? IRRIGATION. As practiced upon the islands, irrigation has been shown to be very wasteful. The quantity of water used on the various plantations has been found to be as high,as 3,600 to 5,600 pounds to every pound of sugar grown. Dr. Maxwell has found, in his careful experiments, that the crops of 1898 and 1899 required, respectively, 865 and 859 pounds of water per pound of sugar grown. These figures tell the story, and call for urgent reform and economy of an element so valu- able as water within the irrigated districts. Different plants are known to thrive at different elevations. Since water is the most variable factor concerned in plant growth at different elevations on the islands (tem- perature and soil varying but little), an experiment station may sub- 96 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. serve a most useful purpose in accurately determining the water requirements of the different plants, fruits, and vegetables which may be grown on the islands. RICE CULTURE. The primitive methods already described as practiced by the Chinese in the growing of rice and its preparation for market call loudly for reform. The annual production of this crop is about 10,000,000 pounds, a part of which is consumed on the islands. The size of the crop, together with the fact that it constitutes the chief food of a large portion of the laborers on the islands, would justify serious attempts in introducing improved methods. The plow, harrow, grain drill, and harvester ought to be profitably introduced in the field, and an up-to- date rice mill supplant the crude water mill of the Chinese. An experiment station, if the director be informed on rice culture, could assist greatly in introducing these improvements. STOCK RAISING. The inferior stock elsewhere described and the primitive methods of preparing it for market can be used as a basis for extensive experi- ments by the station. Accurate feeding experiments and the growing of suitable forage crops; the introduction of the best types of beef cattle, mutton sheep, and bacon hog, and the judicious crossing of them upon selected native stock are experiments badly needed to guide and instruct the stock raisers and graziers of the islands. Stock rais- ing of every kind must be largely increased on the islands, since the supply is now insuflicient to meet the demands. Who knows but that the fertile plains which now yield so bountifully in sugar when prop- erly irrigated may not under similar treatment produce enormous crops of alfalfa or some other legume which will solve the profitable raising of stock on the islands? POULTRY. Enormous quantities of ducks are raised by the Chinese upon the edges of the ocean. Twice a day, within restricted areas, they are permitted to eat the young fish which swim in the inclosed adjacent coves. Fish are reported to be growing scarcer every year, and by some this diminution is attributed to the wholesale destruction of young fry by the ducks of the Chinese. Be this as it may, the duck experi- ments by the Chinese demonstrate the feasibility of growing poultry extensively on the islands. Chickens and eggs are excessively high and are raised on the islands in very limited quantities, the bulk of the latter coming from China. It is believed that the poultry industry could be largely developed by proper experiments conducted by an experiment station. EXPERIMENT STATION. 97 VEGETABLES. Enough has been done to demonstrate the fact that at some altitudes somewhere on the islands every vegetable known to modern gardens can be successfully grown. The letters of Mr. Buchholtz and Governor Dole, together with the testimony of hundreds of others, fully attest this assertion, yet Honolulu derives her main supply from San Francisco, the rest being furnished by the Chinese, who grow their vegetables in the lower lying areas of the islands adjoining their rice and taro patches. It was found, moreover, that the varieties cultivated by them were not of the improved kinds distributed by our large seed houses. Coupling location and indifferent varieties together may account for the failure to produce all of the vegetables needed in Honolulu in close proximity to this city. Several settlements of American farmers have been made in Oahu and Hawaii with a view to developing the vegetable and fruit indus- tries. Those on the former island have every reason for success. Transportation facilities and high commissions, as described by Mr. Buchholtz elsewhere, may prevent a realization of profits on the latter, but the big island has the reputation of growing the largest and best of all kinds of vegetables. FRUITS. Experimental work in fruits is most inviting, both on account of the diversity of kinds and the excellence of quality which can be grown on the islands. Up to the present only home orchards of limited areas and of few varieties have been grown, but these have demonstrated the capacity of the islands to produce a large number of subtropical and tropical fruits. Elsewhere mention has been made of the kinds which have been tested and the probability of their being grown suc- cessfully at some elevation or location somewhere on the islands. It is in the province of an experiment station to test all varieties at different elevations and under different exposures, with and without irrigation. It may be found that each fruit has its own peculiar zone, its prefer- able side of the islands, and a definite need of water, all of which may be determined by the station. COFFEE CULTURE. No systematic methods have ever been pursued in coffee culture, and it is highly probable that careful scientific experiments with this berry may prove highly profitable not only to the coffee growers of Hawaii but to the rest of the world. Kona coffee has a world-wide reputation, commanding twice the price in the markets of Brazilian varieties. It should be more exten- sively grown and selection should be made of trees, and the conditions H. Doe 368 1 98 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. well established by which this reputation was made, in order that the excellence of this variety may be propagated with certainty, and perhaps yearly improved. ‘The present low price of coffee, the encroachment of sugar plantations upon coffee estates, due to the more profitable culture of the former; the absence of the knowledge of the proper environments for the best development of coffee, and the existence now and then of blight, have all conspired to discourage the growth of this plant, and accordingly areas and yields have gradually decreased in the last few years. This industry should be resuscitated, and the experiment station can do much toward its revival. DAIRY INDUSTRY. But little butter is made on the islands, and milk is sold at such prices as to prohibit its extensive use. A model dairy for instruction in the best methods should at once be established by the station. Dairy rations for cows, and how to grow the most of the foods entering therein, is alsoa part of the instruction to be afforded by the station. From the above it will be seen what the work of an experiment station located on these islands should be. LOCATION OF THE STATION. After careful consultation with the board of trustees of both the Sugar Planters’ Association and the Kamehameha Manual School, it was decided that a union of the experiment station with either of the above was undesirable. The former is excellently equipped and well officered, and will relieve this station of the necessity of studying the islands’ greatest staple. It was also found that the land around Honolulu was so exorbitantly high as to preclude the possibility of buying a sufficient quantity for station purposes. An examination of the Government lands revealed the fact that a tract of 222 acres, running from the base of Punch Bowl (Pl. XXII, fig. 2) well up to the top of Tantalus, had been surveyed and set aside for an experiment station by the minister of the interior, in June, 1893, in accordance with section 7, act to establish a bureau of agriculture and forestry, approved January 4, 1893. The upper portion of this tract was at once utilized in experiments in forestry, which are to-day continued under the commissioner of agriculture. The lower portion, designed for an experiment station, has never been utilized for want of the necessary funds and the reser- vation by the bureau of agriculture and forestry prevented its occu- pancy by settlers, who have located up to the very edge of the tract. The ground is covered with a dense and luxuriant growth of Lantan a- camara, a native of the subtropical regions of South America, intro- duced in 1858, but now well naturalized and scattered over all of the EXPERIMENT STATION. 99 islands. To clear the ground of this pest will cost from $10 to $15 per acre. Besides Lantana there are some few trees of Algaroba (Pro- sopis juliflora) and cactus (Opuntia tuna). These can be easily and cheaply removed. It will probably be necessary to fence a consider- able portion of this ground prior to cultivation. EQUIPMENT AND ORGANIZATION. There will be needed on this farm the following buildings and equipment: Estimated cost. HOmneGiotoen OUSGt ssc Melee Pe tee tee es hors 2 Are ne tee $4, 000 IHGRETMATIGS NN OUSE Re he a Sar ote Mee al a ee ayers ee yn es eet sh ah 2, 000 HEU OMENS IATECTS ero ee a. earn Sern Sets 2a ened Sateen sap REM ote ae eee 2, 000 ROSE stable witheteed TOGMSL ae 7. Me. eet eee Se ee 1, 000 General barn... ..-25--.- ShU Etat SIN 5G Ste at 5 a ah pi RS fe ge oe ae tho § 1, 000 tht) erspallnl cemeeepeert 52.2. ne SA eo eee se ee ae 1, 000 HEDGES DUIS), CLOM ae = Se sere ee ene eee eee 8 SEs ee 500 aboratoriesanGgr equipment, a2222 2c o.aeeo- see acins Sees as 3, 000 IDainerana eq iipmleihones 4. Faas SE ele fr aa, See 1, 000 SRG) Gee COS enn eS ara eed a ene ere cen rs eee 15, 500 In estimating for buildings it must be remembered that in Honolulu lumber is worth $30 to $50 per thousand feet and brick $24 to $30 per thousand. Carpenters and masons receive from $2.50 to $5 per day. It is possible that the above buildings may be erected at a cost slightly below the above estimate. There will also be needed as a part of the equipment of the farm at least — SS LOTS VPOrE tl MSS SES a eS ee es ee re ar Gren Cy ae $600 GuneNOnOtecabulerwOthhe 250.5655. e~ «2c cose aca see eee cee 600 Wacons; tools;implements, ete., worth..:.-..-2--5-.-5---- 42s. 200 UG uel eee ne ee a) ewe Seven. elas ole 5 sce ee 1, 400 These buildings can be erected at once or as the funds of the station may permit. After due consideration of the environments of this station and the wants of the islands, I am persuaded that the following staff will be required: A director, a chemist, a biologist, an horticulturist, and a farm foreman. The Territory of Hawaii in conjunction with the Planters’ Associa- tion employs a very competent entomologist, Prof. A. Koebele, and therefore there is no immediate necessity of such a scientist for this station. There are several very competent veterinarians in Honolulu whose services can be obtained when desired. To connect the station officially with the Territory and to insure for it the full measure of local sympathy and support, I recommend that a local advisory board, consisting of the governor, the commissioner 100 AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, ETC., OF HAWAII. of agriculture and forestry, and the commissioner of public lands be appointed, which shall have such powers delegated to it in the manage- ment and control of the station, in conjunction with the director, as the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe. The present occupants of these positions have been consulted and will readily assume such duties pertaining to this station as may be prescribed by the honorable Sec- retary of Agriculture. They are enthusiastic in the interest of the proposed station, as manifested by their personal courtesies during my recent visit, and will, Iam sure, use every effort possible to make it a grand success. ‘Their official positions will also enable them to’ create popular public favor on behalf of the station among the inhabitants of the islands, while their private interests, patriotic zeal, and personal integrity give assurance of honest action and faithful service in their official relations to the station. SUMMARY OF LINES OF WORK. The lines of work specially recommended are: (1) Raising of vegetables— (a) For home markets. (6) Variety tests. (c) For winter use on the Pacific coast of the United States. (2) Raising of fruit— (a) Strawberries, grapes, etc., with a view to determining how best to obtain them throughout the year. (0) Tropical and subtropical varieties. (c) Testing commercial value. (dz) Introduction and testing of new kinds. (8) Raising of forage crops— (a) Leguminous. (6) Grasses. (c) Sorghum and similar forage crops. (4) Raising and fattening stock for market. (5) A small dairy, to illustrate the possibility of supplying the home demand for butter. (6) Experiments in coffee culture, e. g., variety, conditions of growth, shade, half shade, or open; fertilizers; amount of water re- quired, ete. : (7) Study of the economical use of water. (8) A study of the forest areas in their relation to the water supply of the islands. (9) Improved planting and culture of rice. (10) Poultry experiments. O LIBRARY OF CONGRESS | Branch Bindery, tgo1 ik | Mh Al Il ry! sts 2 : i eT Tele i = Be st 38 pieitlete r iH T. alt i $2 380 i a5} es * + eS Totes: sc ¥ _ 259 e gre Peele aletels ent = . * . ~ 7, ‘ tetetele a i2h5 lastiens retest x3 iss a3: ats , 3 Tet. Telete tel sta 5 ? 33 *. peepee Patatetene esi 5) a sistetaletate > z355 $f s35e52 te ate faletetohitis Pigietene i. Tete Sfalatetate® i : Tete tel ? ; lotetetete?. atte) sr 35 Sahat ieee 3s : ! seer itpiate Seems 353 2325 oe : beat itt ut at Staler 3252324 ‘¢ z 7 Tar Meters iotolore S353 3 Tetete = as 255353 ats Telptels ‘ Tatel, ‘ete a. tatet. at ais : 38 57424 = atte Te 7, Ts! 3 7: Tplatelety? sabe seias coe As : gielel pe Peet te! fats 7, 383 tie e eerelele Osi talsisiate a) . tet 3 7, ‘54 siatate? pete Eines stat ee a 253538 35343 42 alah. > 534 » Fae