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OF ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. | BULLETIN NO. 2: PE PORT ON ame IN ‘ THE YEARS 1884 AND 1885, D REVISED BY DR. C. HART MERRIAM. [ PRINTING OFFICE. ere 1888. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY. BULLETIN No. 2. Merit . ON BIRD MIGRATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY IN THE YEARS 1884 AND 1886, BY WwW. W. COOKE. EDITED AND REVISED BY DR. C. HART MERRIAM, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. | 1888, 7365—Bull, No. 2. me e AS ae ae ba i aad. > ee: ee CONTENTS. TEE Sets PMIET T Adyosis ito crac ok aso pee ome Yor e ee scn cee cnl Uwde wows cdee 3 ee IRE ARBETS OG Siete ooh ole Sin re ee Rus eos Lost sec eme teeicme caSeusees 5-6 lei | UD 2 ashi Sk ee ea ee ee ee ee ee ee 7-49 Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley: OS ST SE REE Te Sa a 9-10 Theoretical Considerations ...-.. See rie aces aia ee Ot A 11-12 apne ee eee TE Haat GPT AVE: on 2 oo wa cowie seisaes 255 3-2. see K 12-16 Relation of Migration to Barometric Pressure and Temperature .:.... 16-25 c A Study of the ‘‘ Bird Waves” which passed up the Mississippi Valley (LEDER LE) 7, OIA Beg] Bole ope at a ee ae 25-33 Synopsis of Migration at Saint Louis from January 1 to May 27, 1884. 33-37 Progress of Vegetation and Awakening of Animal Life in the Missis- ee aleey Curing the Spring Of 1064 52-022. noe Soon 5h wes ee 37-41 fast of Stations and Observers for 1864 _... ........---- .--22..--22--- 41-43 List of new Stations and Observers for 1885 .........-2-...--.---22-- 43-44 (DE ESS Ul a 45 Notes on the Migration and Distribution of each Species reported as in- Rete ise Mismasippt V AUey 206 oa es 2+ ee ns Som oes on cee 46-49 SECOND PART. ......-...-. Reece chine neta re, CEP ee ee wanna we a wea eataic tie - ey Ov eg cctv TEL 7 Fg s MGI eae SRS ante oe ee ee seca 53-295 MOG noo 2~ a a5 S eteces cece eee cee = 8 35 ee ee ee ae LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY, Washington, D. O., July 20, 1887. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Bul- letin No. 2 of the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, a special report upon Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley in 1884 and 1885, by Prof. W. W. Cooke. Respectfully, é C. HART MERRIAM, Ornithologist. Hon. NoRMAN J. COLMAN, Commissioner of Agriculture. 4 | eine «pay, an bs Ue ot evils Pega We PREFATORY LETTER. The present report, which has been prepared by Prof. W. W. Cooke, with the assistance of Mr. Otto Widmann and Prof. D. E. Lantz, is the first fruit of the co-operative labors of the Division of Economie Or- nithology of the Department of Agriculture and the Committee on Bird Migration of the American Ornithologists’ Union. It consists of two parts: (1) an introductory portion treating of the history and methods of the work, together with a general study of the subject of Bird Migration, including the influence of the weather upon the move- ments of birds, the progression of bird waves and causes affecting the same, the influence of topography and altitude upon migration, and the trates of flight in the various species; and (2) a systematic portion in which the five hundred and sixty species of birds known to occur in the Mississippi Valley are treated serially, the movements of each during the seasons of 1884 and 1885 being traced with as much exactness as the records furnished by the one hundred and seventy cbservers in the district permit. The chapters entitled “‘ The Relation of Migration to Barometric Press- ure and Temperature,” and ‘‘A Study of the Bird Waves which passed up the Mississippi Valley during the Spring of 1884,” are worthy of the most careful perusal; and the articles on the Kingbird and Purple Martin, in the systematic portion of the report, are particularly in- structive. Indeed, I feel no hesitancy in expressing the belief that the present report is the most valuable contribution ever made to the sub- ject of Bird Migration. For the opinions herein expressed, relating to the theoretical questions involved in the study of Bird Migration, Professor Cooke alone is re- sponsible. Some of these opinions are diametrically opposed to those held by the editor, but in a few instances only has the editor taken the liberty to add his views on the subject; in all such cases the interpo- | lated remarks will be found in bracketed foot notes, over his initials. In fact, it has not been thought proper to make any changes in the First Part of the report, save the verbal alterations necessary in preparing it for the press. In the Second Part, or “‘Systematie Report,” the case is entirely different, for this portion of the report deals with fact instead of theory. Herethe editor has deemed if his duty to make the subject- matter conform to the present state of knowledge on the subject. With 5 6 this end in view, changes havé been made freely, and the portions re. lating to the geographical distribution of the various species and sub- species have been largely rewritten. In this task the editor has received invaluable assistance from Mr. Robert Ridgway, Curator of Birds in the U. S. National Museum. The nomenclature adopted is that of the new Check List of the American Ornithologists’ Union, with the additions and corrections contained in Ridgway’s Manual of North American Birds, which, for- tunately, became available just as this report was going to press. The number in brackets following each name is that which the species bears in Ridgway’s Nomenclature of North American Birds, as published in Bulletin 21 of the U. 8. National Museum, 1881. The admirable map which accompanies this report has been prepared under the supervision of Mr. Henry Gannett, chief geographer of the U.S. Geological Survey. My own connection with the report has consisted in bringing together under the head of each species the matter contributed separately for the two years; in arranging it in accordance with the nomenclature of the American Ornithologists’ Union; in revising* the systematic portion of the report (Part Second); in incorporating the original Appendixt into the body of the text, and in the editorial revision of the manu- script of the whole report—a labor which, for the past year and a half, has consumed all of the time not required in the performance of my routine official duties. C. HART MERRIAM, Editor. WASHINGTON, D. C., July 20, 1887. * This revision has consisted in rewriting the habitats of most of the species and subspecies; in casting out some forms which had been included upon erroneous identification or insufficient evidence; in correcting statements of fact; in transfer- ring (in a few cases) the notes sent under a stated species or subspecies to a nearly re- lated species or subspecies known to inhabit the region under consideration to the exclusion of the form reported ; in the addition of a number of species and subspecies now known to inhabit the region; in the insertion of additional matter under species already given; in the interpolation of authorities for second-hand statements; and in the omission of matter of questionable reliability. In all of these directions the editor feels that the report is susceptible of still further improvement, but want of time and reluctance to longer delay the publication of an already lon g-delayed and much-clamored-for document must be his excuse for its incompleteness and imper- fections. t The original appendix consisted ofa very briefly annotated list of about one hundred and forty birds supposed to inhabit the District, but concerning which no reports had been received from our observers. Some of these have been eliminated, as resting upon insufficient evidence ; the remainder, for the convenience of those who use this book, have been incorporated in their proper places in the general text, accompanied by a statement of their geographical distribution, and such other facts of — as might be added without too greatly increasing the bulk of the report. z FIRST PART. BIRD MIGRATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. By W. W. COOKE. In the winter of 188182 the attempt was made to secure the assist- ance of the ornithologists of Iowa in studying the migrations of birds ; but a change of residence on the part of the author from Iowa to Minn- esota necessitated a modification of the original scheme, and it was de- cided to increase the size of the area to be investigated so as to include the whole Mississippi Valley. All the ornithologists of that district were invited to co-operate by contributing notes on the winter birds and re- porting dates of the spring arrivals. Answers were received from 26 persons who promised to aid in the work, but at the end of the season it was found that but 13 had actually forwarded observations. These 13 were distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; Missouri, 2; Kansas, 1; Illinois, 3; Nebraska, 1; lowa, 2; Minnesota, 2; Wisconsin, 1. Thus it will be seen that a small part only of the Mississippi Valley was rep- resented. The notes contributed were published, without comment or change, in Forest and Stream for October, November, and Decem- ber, 1882. The same work was undertaken for the spring of 1883, and, by a lib- eral use of the press, a much larger corps of observers was obtained. The names of 42 persons were received, but of these 26 only furnished reports. They were distributed as follows: Texas, 1; Mississippi, 2 ; Tennessee, 1; Kansas, 2; Arkansas, 1; Missouri, 3; Ulinois, 7; lowa, 4; Wisconsin, 2; Minnesota, 3—thus leaving Louisiana, Indian Terri. tory, Nebraska, and Dakota with no representatives. The larger part of the hundreds of notes received from these observ- ers was never written up, and for that reason frequent reference will be made to them in the present report.* Some of the species were treated in the Ornithologist and Ooldgist for 1883, and the full notes from two of the stations appeared in the American Field for December, 1883, and January, 1584, and were afterwards issued as Bulletin No. 1 of the Ridgway Ornithological Club of Chicago. The founding of the American Ornithologists’ Union (in September, 1883) greatly enlarged the scope of the work, but did not materially [* Since the above was written most of these notes have been printed in the Orni- thologist and Odlogist.—C. H- M.] 9 10" alter its character. As is well known, this society was formed of the most prominent ornithologists of North America, and gathered to itself the best of the younger active field workers. When, therefore, it was announced that, at the first meeting of the new Union, ‘‘a committee was also appointed on the ‘ migration of birds,’ to co-operate with Mr. W. W. Cooke in connection with his work on this subject in the Mississippi Valley, and consists of the following gentlemen, with power to add to their number: Merriam, Brown, Pur- die, Wheaton, Chamberlain, Grinnell, Henshaw, Cory, Merrill, Fisher, Bicknell, Mearns, and MclIlwraith,”* a new impulse was given to the work, and ornithologists all over the district hastened to send their offers of aid. ° Under the efficient management of the chairman of the committee, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, arrangements for the spring campaign were soon completed. The whole of the United States, British America, and Alaska were included in the scheme, and the field was divided into fourteen districts, each under the charge of its own superintendent. The su- perintendency of the work in the Mississippi Valley remained in the same hands as for the two previous years, and the district was made to include Mississippi, the portions of Kentucky and Tennessee west of the Tennessee river, Illinois, Wisconsin, the northern peninsula of Michigan, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Texas, In- dian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, and Manitoba. The work begun in the Mississippi Valley December 1, 1883, under the auspices of the American Ornithologists’ Union, has been earried — on uninterruptedly to the present date. Its progress has been chron- icled from time to time in The Auk, and in the Ornithologist and Odlo- gist, in which latter magazine, for May, 1884, appeared a list of the observers and a rough map of the district, showing the location of the stations. Since then the names of many new observers have been added until the number at the close of the season of 1884 was 160. Reports on spring migration in 1884 were received from 109 stations. These reports may be characterized as follows: Merely a few notes, 25; a ~ scattered report on the whole or a part of the migration, 50; a full re- port on the whole migration, 34. These 109 stations were distributed over the Mississippi Valley as follows: Mississippi, 6; Tennessee, 1; Illinois, 22; Wisconsin, 14; Louisiana, 2; Arkansas,1; Missouri, 9; Iowa, 18; Minnesota, 11; Texas,4; Indian Territory, 2; Kansas, 5; Nebraska, 3; Dakota, 8, and Manitoba, 3. Reports were received on the fall migration of 1884 from about half a dozen observers. Individually, these reports were of a high grade of excellence, but their number was too small to allow of any accurate tracing of the southward movements of the various species. They will be found incorporated in the body of this report. * Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VIII, 1883, p. 225. 11 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Before proceeding to treat in detail of the phenomena presented by the recerds of the migration observers, it may be well to glance for a moment at the general causes of migration, and at some of its more striking and interesting features. Without entering into a discussion of the causes which long ago started birds on their periodical change of habitation, we shall not be far out of the way in considering their present migrations the result of inherited experience. To be more explicit, the first migrations were doubtless very limited in extent and probably were intelligent move- ments which through repetition became habitual, and the habit was transmitted from parent to offspring until it has become, as we see it now, the governing impulse of the bird’s life. It is undoubtedly true that love of the nesting ground, which is to them their home, is the foundation of the desire for migration;* and year after year they find their way thousands of miles back to the same box or tree by the exer- cise of memory—not always the memory of the individual, but the memory inherited from numberless preceding generations which have passed and repassed over the same route. In the study of the yearly cycle of migrations there are two movements for which we must seek the cause—the restless pushing northward in the spring, in spite of cold, rain, sleet, and snow; and the southward journey in the fall. We have already stated that the northward move- ment is caused by a strong home love—an overpowering desire to be once more among the familiar scenes of the previous summer. The re- turn movement is obviously the result of two causes—the approach of winter and the failure of the food supply. Of these two, the latter is probably by far the more powerful, since it is well known that single individuals of species which retire far to the south often remain behind, and, favored by an abundance of food, withstand the most severe weather. Thus, many Red-headed Woodpeckers remain through the winter in the cold climate of northeastern New York, frequenting the heavy timber where there is a great quantity of their favorite food;+ and it is not unusual for a few Robins to spend the winter in north- central Wisconsin, sheltered in the thick pine forests; while Ducks and even Wilson’s Snipe have been known to remain throughout the whole {*I cannot concur with Professor Cooke in the belief that ‘‘love of the nesting © ground * * * is the foundation of the desire for migration.” Ina lecture on Bird Migration which it was my privilege to deliver in the U. S. National Museum, April 3, 1886, I said: ‘‘ Some ornithologists of note have laid special stress upon the ‘ strong home affection’ which prompts birds to leave the South and return to their breeding grounds. To me this explanation is forced and unnecessary. Birds desert their winter homes because the food supply fails; because the climatic conditions be- come unsuited to their needs; because the approach of the breeding season gives rise to physiological restlessness ; and because they inherit an irresistible impulse to move at this particular time of the year.”—C. H. M.] t Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. III, No.3, July, 1878, pp. 123-124. 12 winter in Wyoming, near the hot springs, whose warmth keeps the neigh- boring waters and ground from freezing. Nevertheless, itis as yet un- explained why some birds, notably many of the warblers, retire in winter to such a great distance south, some even crossing the equator and pass- — ing several hundred miles beyond. Certainly neither cold nor hunger can be the cause of such wanderings. It has been often noticed that during the fall migration many birds seem to be able to foretell the approach of storms from the north, and hurriedly depart southward, before human eyes can detect any signs of the coming change. There is a large accumulation of evidence on this point, all seemingly in support of the proposition which has been for- mulated by one of our leading ornithologists in the following words: ‘Birds discern approaching meteorological changes.”* Some ornithol- ogists deny this, saying that in such cases the birds have out-traveled the storm, in which they were at first caught, their superior powers of flight enablin g them to pass ahead of it; or that they have been warned by the hasty approach of more northern birds coming from the area over which the storm was moving. If we study fall migration merely, there seems to be no doubt of the truth of this statement, but if we include spring migration the question . becomes. much more involved. If birds discern approaching meteor- ological changes, why is it that so many thousands perish each year by being caught in storms and frozen todeath? Certainly an approach- ing storm in spring must give just as plain and early a warning as one in the fall, yet the same birds which are said to foresee it at the latter time and escape, rush blindly forward a few months later and are over- taken, their death paying the penalty of their rashness. The hardy waterfowl (Ducks and Geese) push northward in the spring, encounter storms, and are turned back, only to repeat the same thing a dozen times before they reach their summer quarters, but each time, instead of avoiding the approaching storm, they do not retreat until its actual presence drives them back. If they can foresee these changes, then their love of home and their desire to return to it must be wonderfully strong. SPEED AT WHICH BIRDS MIGRATE. In studying the speed at which birds proceed northward in their mi- grations one is beset by many difficulties. To determine the compara- tive speed of the several species is easy enough, but to determine the absolute rate—the exact number of miles which a particular bird makes during one day’s journey—is beyond our power. if migration were a steady movement northward, with the same individuals always in the van, numerous careful observations might make it possible to arrive at an approximation to the truth; but instead of this, migration is per- . formed something after the manner of a game of leap-frog. While in *J. A. Allen, in Scribner’s Monthly Magazine for October, 1881, p. 938. 13 the fall migration the younger birds lead,* in the spring they loiter be- hind, and it is the old birds, those in whom we may suppose the love of home and the desire for procreation are strongest, which press for- ward so eagerly. Moreover, of these old birds, those which arrive first at a given place, as a rule, are birds which lived there the previous summer and which will remain there to breed.t Thus the vanguard is constantly arresting itself, and the forward movement must await the arrival of the next corps, which may be near at hand or far in the rear. The movement of migration, then, is made up of a series of constant overlappings, and the real speed is evidently much greater than the apparent. Of this real speed of transit we can take no account, and our calculated rates, therefore, are of value only in so far as they show the relative speed of migration of the different species. In the accompany- jng report the speed of migration is calculated in the following manner: The most southern reliable record is selected for comparison with the most northern record of the same character; the distance in miles be- tween these two stations is divided by the number of days elapsing from the time the species made its appearance at the southern station to the date at which it was seen by the northern observer. The result gives the average daily rate of migration in miles for the species. For exam- ple: The Baltimore Oriole was seen at Rodney, Miss. (lat. 31° 52’), April 7. It was not seen at Oak Point, Manitoba (lat. 50° 30’), until May 25. It was therefore 48 days in passing over the 1,298 miles between the two stations, which gives an average speed of 27 milesa day. This subject will be treated as thoroughly as possible, since it has received little or no attention heretofore; indeed, there were no datain existence for its study until the notes were aniiceed on which the present report is based. The first records published in this country relating directly to the speed at which birds travel appeared in the Ornithologist and Odlogist for January, 1884 (pp. 1 and 2). These notes were based on the records of six species in the spring of 1883; and though the notes for 1884 are many fold more numerous they do not give grounds for a change in the general rate of speed set forth in that article. It must be kept constantly in mind, however, that no complete and scientific study of the subject is as yet possible, and that the present records are given merely because they are the best now obtainable, and because they may furnish some material for the use of the future student. The records of fifty-eight species for the spring of 1883 give an average speed of 23 miles a day for an average distance of 420 miles. [* The opinion here expressed by Professor Cooke, namely, that in fall young birds migrate before their parents, has been long accepted in Europe, but is contrary to the experience of most leading American ornithologists and to the evidence collected _by the Committee on Migration of the American Ornithoiogists’ Union, as will appear in a future publication of the Division. See, also, Mr. Brewster’s recent essay on the subject, in the Memoirs of the Nuttall Gen fete ee Club.—C, H. M. ] [+This statement needs much qualification.—C, H, M. ] 14 A slightly smaller number of species for the spring of 1884 give exactly the same average speed over an average distance of 861 miles. Hence it is probable that future observations will not materially change this estimate. . A study of the records for 1883 led to the statement that in spring birds migrate more rapidly in the northern portion of their routes of travel than in the southern. As this statement was based on the notes of one year only, it became a matter of much interest to ascertain | whether the facts observed would hold good in future seasons and thus admit of formulation as a general law, or whether they had been the results of specially favorable conditions in the latter part of a single season. Accordingly, in the spring of 1884, twenty-five species of well- known birds, concerning which we had full records, were selected for careful study. The result bears out the foregoing statement. The dis- tance traveled was divided as nearly as possible into two equal por- tions and the speed was calculated for each. Some of the records do not admit of division ; others show an equal speed throughout; while six show an increase of 77 per cent. in speed for the northern half, and three show a decrease of 47 per cent. Thus it will be seen that the record is strongly in favor of the increase. The same result may be reached by calculating the average speed of these twenty-five species separately for each of the different months in which migration is per- formed; the average speed for March is 19 miles, for April 23 miles, and for May 26 miles, per day. The record for 1884 also confirms the statement that the later a bird migrates the higher average speed it will attain. This would naturally be inferred from the preceding re- marks. ; These calculations are averages whieh give the rate of speed at which the bird would travel provided it moved regularly each day. But we know that many pauses occur, that on many days there is no advance; hence, on the days of movement the speed must be much higher than that given. Thisisclearly seen in the case of the Purple Martin. From latitude 38° 40’ to 46° its average rate is but 13 miles a day; but we have good reason to believe that there was a pause from April 3 to April 14, and another from April 18 to May 3. Taking out the first of these pauses, the rate is raised between latitude 38° 40’ and latitude 43° 43/ to 35 miles a day, and, not counting the second pause, the rate for the rest of the distance is 28 miles. | We must also take into consideration the fact that in all probability the same bird seldom migrates for several nights in succession, but stops to rest after a flight of a night or two, so that the birds migrating one night are not the same individuals that were moving the night be- fore. It has been stated above that the average rate for April is greater than that for March, and is exceeded by that for May; but it cannot be said that the actual number of miles performed in a night’s journey 15 is therefore greater. This may or may not be the case. The facts observed will be sufficiently clear if it is remembered that the later in the season a species moves the less hindrance it will meet from the ele- ments, and the fewer pauses will be necessitated in its journey. Dur- ing the month of May there are few if any nights in which migration does not take place; while a bird that migrates in March must expect to be stopped by storms at least one week in four. In regard to the relative speed at which the different species travel, all that can be said at present is that those which migrate later have, as a rule, the highest rate. Thus the average speed of the Robin, Cow- bird, and Golden-shafted Flicker is about 12 miles a day, while the aver- age of the Summer Redbird, Baltimore Oriole, Ruby-throated Hummer, and Nighthawk is 28 miles. If we try to calculate the relative speed of the different families, we find that some of the species in a family mi- grate early and slowly, others late and rapidly, bringing the average of most of the families very close to the general average of all, which, as already stated, is 23 miles a day. Birds have seldom been seen while on their way in undisturbed mi- gration at night. The observations given by W. E. D. Scott and J. A. Allen (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VI, 1881, pp. 97-100, and 188) are the most important, but ifi these nothing is said concerning the speed at which the birds were supposed to be moving. It is known that birds do not move rapidly, as a rule, when migrating in the day-time, but from the meager material at hand it may be inferred that the speed at night is considerably greater. During day-migration the smaller land birds rarely fly faster than 15 miles an hour, though the larger birds, such as Cranes, Geese, Ducks, etc., move much more rapidly. At Red Rock, Ind. Ter., between August 25 and September 5, 1884, the Cliff Swallows and Nighthawks were conspicuous every morning and even- ing, slowly drifting south and southwest in their fall migration. For an hour and a half parties of birds would pass by in almost unbroken succession. Many hundred Nighthawks were seen during a single even- ing, and the number of Swallows was much greater. The result of timing them on several occasions gave a rate of about 10 to 14 miles an hour, the former being the more usual speed. This slow rate was caused by the irregularity of the flight, as the birds captured their evening and morning meals on the wing. The morning flight lasted an hour only, and was made at about the same speed. Thus a distance of about 30 miles would be traveled by each individual during the morn- ing and evening together, but no one can say how much farther, if any, they traveled during the night.* The advance of the hosts of Warblers, as they move incessantly for- ward from tree-top to tree-top, is still slower, probably being but a few miles during a whole day. Geese in their northward flight along the [* The material gathered from the keepers of light-houses seems to indicate that neither Swallows nor Nighthawks migrate to any extent after night fall.—C. H. M.] 16 Atlantic coast traverse great distances, sometimes covering from 300 to 600 miles at a single flight; and,it cannot be said positively that the larger birds do not do the same over the land. Still, the records so far | made seem to indicate that the smaller land birds, such as Warblers, Finches, and the like, do not perform long journeys at one time when over land, but their voyages over the Gulf of Mexico prove that even these small species possess great power of flight. The preceding discussion shows that we are entirely wanting in exact knowledge on the subject, and that for some time to come all we can hope to do is to gather material. In this connection the facts accumu- lated by the keepers of light-houses are of the utmost importance, and the publication of the report containing these data is looked for with great interest. THE RELATION OF MIGRATION TO BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AND TEM- PERATURE. In studying the spring migration of 1884 use was made of the tri-daily weather reports of the Signal Service, of which about 50 stations were in or near the Mississippi Valley. These reports give the temperature, state of barometer, dew point, direction and force of wind, amount of rainfall, and character of the sky. The observations on which they are based were taken at 7a.m.,3 p.m.,and11p.m. In the following study the 11 p. m. records were used for those birds which migrate by night, and the 7 a. m. records for such species as Ducks and Coe which per- form the bulk of their movements in the forenoon, To render the study more easy, weather maps were made, one for each day, based on the 11 p. m. observations. The maps were made as nearly - as possible like those now printed daily by the Signal Service at Wash- ington; that is, the state of the weather and the direction of the wind were marked at each station on the map in symbols which are plain and easily comprehended, so that the eye could take in at a glance the gen- eral state of the weather in the whole Mississippi Valley. At each station the temperature, state of barometer, and force of wind were indi- cated. Dotted lines were then drawn connecting all places having the same temperature, and solid lines connecting places of equal baromet- ric pressure. The former, called isothermal lines, were drawn for every five degrees of Fahrenheit; while the latter, called isobaric lines, were drawn for every tenth of an inch of pressure. The area of the lowest pressure is never Stationary, but is constantly moving, and in an east- erly direction. It may be moving northeast, east, or southeast, and rarély north or south; but never northwest, west, nor southwest. The usual direction in the Mississippi Valley is a little south of east. It so happens that the particular wave which we study moves northeast- ward, but this is an exception to the general rule. Though it may move south or north for a time, it will surely turn east in the end. In the body of the report, under the Purple Martin, the relation of ~ ‘ , “ » » as ¢, aioe , =. » ° 17 migration to atmospheric cold and warm waves is discussed, and the statement is there made that the warm waves begin in the northwest and move toward the southeast. The cause of this lies in the move- - ment of the area of low pressure. It is a law of the movement of winds that they go toward an area of low pressure, and from an area of high pressure. If, then, an area of low pressure develops, say in southwestern Dakota, it will be but a few hours before a south or southeast wind will be blowing over Nebraska and Kansas, and a warm wave will be started in these States. As this area passes eastward to Minnesota its effect will begin to be felt in Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, while by the time it has reached Lake Michigan it will probably have produced southeast winds even to the Gulf of Mexico. But an area of low pressure is fol- lowed by one of high pressure, producing an opposite effect, and the isotherms which bent. north to welcome the coming of the low area turn rapidly southward before the icy breath which blows from an area of high pressure. Thus the cold and warm waves both come frem the same quarter, and both move in the same direction; that is, the direc- tion in which the area of low pressure is advancing. Since it is known that low pressure is generally accompanied by clouds and rain, while areas of high pressure are cloudless, it would be naturally supposed that migration would take place during high pressure; but, as has already been stated, the area of low pressure attracts a south wind, and the increased warmth more than overbalances the cloudiness. Fully 60 per cent. of the spring migration of 1884 took place in cloudy weather. It is probable, though I am not aware that it has as yet been proved, that in the fall migration the reverse is the case, and the larger move- ment takes place in clear weather. Following is a full record of the relation of migration to atmospheric conditions for the seven days from March 19 to 25, 1884, contrasted with a week’s migration in May. March 18,1884, at 11 p. m., there was no marked atmospheric dis- turbance throughout the United States. The minimum of the cold wave had occurred the day before and the temperature was gradually rising in the Upper Mississippi Valley. It is this part of the Mississippi Valley (from latitude 39° northward) to which the present study is con- fined. The temperature was quite high (50° at Saint Louis, and 37° at Saint Paul), but fell rapidly from Saint Paul northward tili it reached 20° at Moorhead, Minn.* The barometer varied only two-tenths of an inch from 29.9 inches in eastern Arkansas and southern Illinois to 30.1 at Moorhead, Minn. The prevailing winds were very light E. to N. The weather was cloudy, with several light rains. There was little change toward the morning of March 19, except the shifting of the wind to N. and NW., while the area of low pressure moved east to Caps Hatteras. Very little migration took place, and the few birds that *Tt need hardly be said that no one can follow these remarks intelli cently without referring to the map accompanying this report. 7363—Bull. 2 2 18 were moving northward may,be well called “birds of the first wave,” that is, Ducks, Geese, Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Robins, and Blue- birds. These are the birds with which we have to deal in the study of these seven days. Migration was reported from southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. against a northeast wind, with the temperature but two or three degrees above freezing, and from east-central Kansas under slightly warmer conditions. It seems likely that some of these notes belong to a warm wave which occurred two days before, but it is also certain that some Ducks and Geese were migrating in the early morning hours, straight against the northerly winds. March 19 at 11 p. m. an area of slightly lower pressure had just passed over the Upper Mississippi Valley, and the barometer rose steadily all night. Between “aint Paul and Saint Louis the temperature re- mained the same as the day before; northward it was slightly higher; the winds were light, and were everywhere from NE., NW., and W- The temperature ranged from 45° at Saint Louis to 20° at Moorhead. The average barometer, at 11 p. m., was 30.07 inches, and at 7 a. m. of the 20th, 30.15 inches. Cloudy weather was reported everywhere ex- cept in the Lake Superior region. In general, the condition may be said to have been very unfavorable for migration, yet new arrivals were still noted from the same places as on the day previous, with the ad- dition of records from southeastern Dakota, eastern lowa, and south- central Iowa. It would seem that the Ducks and Geese were so desirous of reaching their breeding grounds that they pushed northward in spite of the wind and the clouds, as soon as the temperature rose two or three degrees above freezing, regardless of the fact that the winter’s snow still covered the ground, and the lakes and rivers were still bound with ice. Not until a week later did any streams open in the region which was now being invaded by the migrating hosts. March 20 was characterized by very high barometer and by a marked advance of the isotherm of 30° to points north of Duluth ani Moor- head, There was no place in the Upper Mississippi Valley at 11 p. m.,- March 20, where the pressure was less than 30.2, and in western Da- kota it was30.3. Calm weather orvery light north winds prevailed, with clear weather along the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, and cloudy weather with light rains on the Missouri. The minimum tempera- ture at Saint Louis was 43°; at La Crosse 37°; at Saint Paul 20°, and at Moorhead 23°. It was a moderately fair night for migration. The culmination of the high pressure was reached, and already in the south- ern Rocky Mountain region the low pressure was developing which was to bring about the immense movements which took place during the next three days; already the isotherms in that quarter were begin- ning to move northward and the wind along the Gulf coast had changed to SE. The birds seemed to have a foreknowledge of the approaching change, for twice as many ‘firsts’ were recorded as during the two previous days. Some of these came from central Missouri, where the 19 change was at this time slightly felt. The main portion came from the same districts as on the day previous. There was practically no ad- vance of the van, but a filling up of the country already traversed by the scouts. On the night of March 21, at 11 p. m., an area of low barometer (29.9 inches) was passing eastward across the Upper Mississippi Valley and was central at North Platte, Nebr. It produced SE. winds of moderate strength in all the Mississippi Valley except the extreme northern part, above La Crosse. The temperature rose throughout the district to 56° at Saint Louis and 35° at Saint Paul; but north of this, beyond the in- fluence of the SE. wind, it fell rapidly to 18° at Moorhead and 11° at Saint Vincent. The isotherm of 40° was carried up to La Crosse. As morning approached, the temperature still rose in the northern part and the sky became overcast with some local clouds and rain. It was a night of much migration, owing to the influence of the area of low pressure, which at 7 a. m., March 22, was central at Omaha and Yank- ton, where the barometer at 3 p. m. registered 29.74 inches. This was a fall at Yankton of .32 inch during sixteen hours, while the center of the low area moved but a few miles; and the necessary result was a great rise in temperature and consequently great movements among birds. But the movements took place only to the east of the low press- ure area; for it is a law of atmospheric circulation that the winds are attracted from the south, not directly toward the center of the low press- ure area, but toward ae to the east of it in the same direction that it is moving, while the winds which it attracts from the north move toward places to the west or behind it. Migration, therefore, would be looked for in vain to the south, west,or north of Yankton. The whole of this immense movement, which in number of records was as great as that of the three previous days together, and in number of individuals was many times greater, took place to the southeast and east of Yank- ton. The SE. winds prevailed up to La Crosse, and this place also marked the limit of the night’s movement in that direction. A map was made of the migration which took place on this day, and it was found to cover a very nearly circular area, 250 miles in diameter, the center of which was midway between Keokuk and Davenport. Some idea of the great number of birds which were migrating during this ni ght may be had from the fact that at Saint Louis twenty-six different species were noted as having arrived or increased. It is well to bear in mind that all these birds were migrating on a rapidly falling barometer, hence in the face of what is usually considered a sign of an approaching storm; and it may be noted also that all this great movement did not advazce the van, which remained where it had been before. March 23, bird migration was at a standstill. The area of low press- ure, which was central at Yankton in the afternoon of the 22d, had moved to Saint Paul by 11 p.m., the barometer falling steadily to 29. 61 inches. During the night it moved NE. to Marquette, Mich., falling 20 still more to 29.56 inches. In the mean time an area of high pressure developed at Dodge City, Kans. The effect on the wind was as fol- lows: From Saint Louis southward the winds began to shift te SW.; to the northwest of that place they became NW. and N.; while to the northeast of Saint Louis they shifted to SW. and W. As would be expected, those places which had W. and NW. winds had clear skies, while the district from Saint Paul and La Crosse to Chicago and east- ward was cloudy. The temperature from Saint Paul northwest, north, and northeast rose. At Saint Paulit was stationary, and thence south- war it fell a few degrees, but stillremained warm. The wave of migra- tion seems to have exhausted itself in a single night. Some forty ‘firsts’ were recorded for this day, but, except at two places, they seem to have been arrivals of the previous day, which had been over- looked. These two stations, Waupaca, Wis., and Heron lake, Minn. (with its neighborhood), furnished one-half of the forty records, and both are on the northern edge of the district covered by the preceding night’s migration. Jt seems, then, that at these places there was a local, though, in the case of Heron Lake, a very large migration. March 24 was marked by cloudy weather after a clear night. South- erly winds prevailed over the Upper Mississippi Valley, varying from SE. to SW., and mostly light. The temperature had fallen, on an ay- erage, 5° from Chicago to Bismarck and northward. It had risen Strongly 9° to 11° at Yankton and Omaha, this rise probably being the cause of the arrival of immense numbers of water-fowl during the day at Heron Lake, Minn., all coming from the west, that is, from the direction of Yankton, at which place at 7 a. m. aS. wind was blowing. It was a day of general low pressure. The whole district, from Cairo to Moorhead, was included between 29.80 and 29.89 inches. Northward and eastward, in Manitoba and at Marquette, Mich., the barometer fell to 29.65; in the southwest, at Fort Smith, Ark., it fell to 29.71; and westward, at Deadwood, Dak., it rose to 30. An area of low pressure developed at Fort Smith, Ark., in the early evening of March 23, and became pronounced during the next twenty-four hours. At 7 a. m. of the 24th the effect of this area was hardly felt, but by night the wind had been attracted to it over most of the Upper Mississippi Valley, bringing from the north colder, clearer weather. This day, therefore, was the turning point, and the beginning of a cold wave which was already felt to the northwestward of Cheyenne. The temperature at 11 p. m., March 24, was 47° at Saint Louis, 42° at Chicago, 50° at Des Moines, 37° at Saint Paul, and 32° at Moorhead. This was the last day of the warm wave which commenced on the evening of March 21, and the birds made the most of their opportunity and advanced a whole degree farther north. The hosts which had rested during the night of the 22d moved forward and fully occupied all the country up to latitude 45°, with an innumerable host along the Mississippi River at 45° 25/, and scouts up even to 47° on the Mis- souri, 21 That this was the culmination is easily seen from the records, which fell from seventy-three notes on the 24th to but seventeen the next day. Let us now calculate the average conditions under which birds were migrating during these seven days. A few more than three hundred records of ‘firsts’ were contributed for these seven days, and the tem- perature at which the species were migrating is found to be as follows: 25°, one record (a Goose, in more senses than one) ; 29°, a cousin to the last; 31°, eighteen firsts; 33°, twelve firsts; 35°, eleven firsts; 37°, forty firsts; 39°, forty-one firsts; 41°, fifty-two firsts; 43°, sixteen firsts ; 45°, twenty-five firsts; 479, five firsts; 49°, seventeen firsts; 51°, nine firsts. Thus it will be seen that the favorite temperature for mi- gration of “birds of the first wave” ranges from 37° to 41° Fahrenheit. In cloudy weather there were 143 records; in clear weather 101, or exactly 60 per cent. cloudy, to 40 per cent. clear. With reference to the wind, it has been found that with the wind ‘north there were 29 records; NE., 31; E.,12; SE., 75; 8., 23; SW., 27; W., 39; and NW., 9. It will be noticed that the most unfavorable winds, namely, the KH. and NW., are directly opposite those winds which have the greatest number of records. Combining, we have for EK. and W., 51 records; for NW., N., and NE., 69; and for SE., S., and and SW., 125 records, showing how greatly the birds prefer a southerly wind to help them on their journey. The effect of barometric pressure will appear from the following statement: March 19 there were 24 records with an average pressure of 30 inches; March 20, 35 records at 30.0£inches; March 21, 43 records at 30.24 inches ; the 22d, 82 records at 30.15 inches ; the 23d, 45 records at 29.80 inches ; the 24th, 73 records at 29.85; and the 25th, 17 records at 29.86 inches. These give an average of exactly 30 inches, or the normal pressure; but it must be remembered that the great wave of the 22d began when the pressure was very high and took place on a falling barometer. It is probable that a large number of observations taken throughout the season would give from 29.93 to 29.95 as the average pressure at which most birds migrate. The above study of the influence of atmospheric conditions upon mi- gration pertains to a single week in March, when the first wave was passing over the Upper Mississippi Valley. A similar study will now be made for a week in May, just before the close of migration for the spring. The seven days from May 4 to May 10, 1884, have been chosen. This brief period includes two warm waves and an interim of inde- terminate nature. Naturally, the birds were migrating under very dif- ferent conditions, and, as a result, a very different set of birds was con- cerned. One may look in vain for notes on Ducks, Geese, Robins, and other early species. In their stead the brilliantly-colored Orioles, Gros- beaks, Indigos, and Tanagers will be found. In the place of the frost and cold of March, there is a summer temperature with frostless nights, and swarms of insects are ready for the Warblers, Vireos, and Fly- 22 catchers. But the laws of atméspheric movements remain unchanged, and their effect on the movements of birds is the same in kind, but Slightly different in degree. A north wind still retards their move- ments, but it comes with no icy breath, and when the fancy takes them they move easily against its no longer dreaded force. May 3, tue record began at 11 p. m., at which time there was an area of low pressure in northeastern Dakota and Manitoba, the barometer being very low at Qu’Appelle (29.38 inches). Most of the Mississippi Valley was included between 29.7 inches and 30.0 inches, the latter being the reading all along our eastern border. This low area produced southerly winds over most of the district, there being nothing but 8., SE., and SW. winds in the region north of - Saint Louis. The temperature was high (58° to 61°) along the Missis- Sippi and the lower Missouri to Saint Paul and Omaha, falling to 55° at Saint Vincent and Bismarck, and falling rapidly around the lakes to 42° at Marquette. South of Milwaukee and Omaha the weather was cloudy; north of these places, clear. During the night the low area moved south to a point a little below Bismarck, the south wind still blow- ing over the Mississippi Valley, with increased cloudiness in the north- ern part. By 3 p.m. May 4, West Las Animas, Colo., was the center of the low area, and there was a decided fall in pressure over all the United States east of the Rocky mountains, causing the south wind to blow still harder, with clouds and local rains in the Upper Mississippi Valley. Such was the preparation for the bird wave of the night of May 4, for after 3 p. m. the low area turned northeastward and passed directly across the upper part of the district, being central at Yankton at 11 p. m., with a pressure of 29.64 inches. Thus all the migration during the nights of May 3 and 4 was on a falling barometer—on the night of the 4th with cloudiness, and on both nights with warm south- erly winds. In the study of migration in May, one must deal almost entirely with the 11 p. m. weather observations, for towards the latter end of migra- tion the movement is for the most part by night. It is true that a few birds, the Warblers for instance, move a little during the daytime, pass- ing slowly from tree to tree; but short distances only are made in these journeyings, leaving the bulk of the movement to be performed at night. During the night of May 3 but few movements took place, and more than half of these were around Saint Paul and to the northward, where the influence of the low area in Manitoba was already beginning to be felt. The full advance was postponed until the next night, which was one of great movement over most if not all of the country between Saint Louis and Manitoba. The districts which furnished but nine records for the night of May 3, on the next night showed nearly seventy. The wave seems to have been most pronounced in Iowa, northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and at Saint Louis, with a heavy wave in Mani- toba and another in northern Texas; but it is not unlikely that this 23 seeming volume was due in part to the greater number of observers, for in each district the number of records of this wave was about pro- portionate to the number and excellence of the observers. It seems probable that to the northeastward the limit of the wave was at Madi. son, Wis., and thence up the Mississippi to Saint Paul. There is a striking similarity in the species which were reported from the sta- tions between Saint Paul and Saint Louis, but while the northern stations reported the first males, Saint Louis reported the first females and bulk. Nearly one-half of the record is made up of notes on the Baltimore Oriole, Orchard Oriole, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunt- ing, Bobolink, Catbird, and Redheaded Woodpecker. No less than twelve records of the Baltimore Oriole were sent from six different States. These species would now be looked for in vain in the notes from Manitoba. A great bird wave was felt there, itis true, but the species composing it were totally different, being those, like the Yellow- rumped Warbler and White-crowned Sparrow, which passed through the central district some weeks before. As in the great wave studied in March, about half as many notes were reported the day after the wave had passed (in this case May 6), but these notes came from the same places as the day before, and were in ones and twos, indicating that they treated of species which arrived the day before but escaped notice. ‘The only exception to this was in ncrtheastern Wisconsin, where the notes indicated a large local wave; but, even here, it seems more likely that the observer was unable to be in the field May 5, and consequently did not see the arrivals until the next day. The period described above was followed by a north wind. The low area had passed east of the Mississippi Valley, and was followed by colder and at the same time cloudier weather. During May 7 and 8 there was not a record of the whole eighty with a8., SE., or SW. wind. But the birds did not stop. There seems to have been a regular though not rapid advance, for on the night of May 6 there were thirty-six ree- ords, every one with N. or NW. wind and cloudy sky. Had this state of things lasted but a single night, one might be inclined to regard the records as mistakes on the part of the observers, but the whole eighty records for the two nights can not be wrong, and the inference is that during the latter part of migration there is no night so unfavorable but that some migration takes place. | The least movement of the seven nights under consideration took place on the night previous to May 9. A low area had developed two days before in Manitoba and had passed across Lake Superior, becom- ing central at Port Huron May 8, at 11 p.m. It had produced a great rise of temperature (5° to 11°) in the Upper Mississippi Valley —so much so as to make this section actually warmer than the middle portion. At La Crosse the thermometer registered 70°; at Saint Louis, 65°; Omaha, 69°; Little Rock, 66°; Bismarck, 55°; Fort Elliott, 53°; but the area extended so far north that the south wind it caused was of too short 24 duration to start migration. The notes received came from places where the southerly winds were felt, principally in northeastern Illinois, with the single exception of a batch of records from central lowa, where a northwest wind prevailed. The weather over the whole of the district was clear, with an average barometric pressure of about 30 inches. In western Nebraska and eastern Colorado the barometer, though . high, was falling, and during the daytime of May 9 it fell rapidly. At Yankton, during the sixteen hours previous to 11 p. m., May 9, the press- ure fell .34 inch to 29.74 inches. Thus the low area developed right in the Mississippi Valley, and its influence was speedily felt, bringing on southerly winds and sending northward almost the last great wave of the spring migration. The temperature did not vary much from that of the night before, except to rise a little in the immediate vicinity of the low area and to fall at La Crosse and northeastward; the sky was mostly clear; the wind variable—the low area not having had time to — fully affect the winds. All the records came from places where the winds were southerly—consequently from the cloudy places—so that although the larger part of the Upper Mississippi region was clear, the cloudy records form 73 per cent. of the whole number. Another thing was noticeable, namely, that notwithstanding the fact that the sky was cloudy, yet the dew point was many degrees below the temperature, showing that the air was very dry. The average of the difference be- tween the temperature. and dew point of the records of May 5 is only four degrees, with a range from 0° to 8°, showing that the air was al- most fully saturated with moisture. The records of May 11 show an average difference of fifteen degrees, with arange from 11° to 339. Thus it wiil be seen that the humidity of the atmosphere has little or no effect on migration, and can be left out of future investigations. This wave of the night of May 9, like the one of five days before, was very extended. Along the western shores of Lake Michigan, where the weather had been cold and disagreeable for the four days previous, if was most strongly felt. Then little or no movement was noted until the Mississippi was crossed. Here, from Keokuk to Moorhead, the night was marked by great activity, and the movement extended in a southwesterly direction as far as southern Nebraska and Kansas. No notes were sent from southern Dakota, and it is probable that almost no migration took placein that Territory, as certainly none did in Man- itoba. Nor was the movement of special importance south of Keokuk. The influence of the low area had not yet extended south of that point, and it was not until the next night that a full bird wave occurred at Saint Louis. The above is an excellent example of a bird wave and a warm wave both working from the north southward. Recapitulating, in the same manner as was done for the March notes, it is found that the temperatures at which migration was made are as follows: At 46° there were 29 records of firsts; at 52°, 11 records ; 55°, 116 records; 59°, 66 records; 63°, 70 records; 67°, 9 records. Thus, in- 25 stead of a favorite temperature ranging from 37° to 41°, as was the case in March, it is found that from 55° to 60° is the favorite temperature for nearly the last wave. Indeed, 63° is about the average temperature at which the real rear guard, composed of Cuckoos, Whippoorwills, etc., usually moves. In cloudy weather there were 184 records, and in clear weather 113 ; or 62 per cent. in cloudy to 38 per cent. in clear weather, as against 60 and 40 per cent., respectively, in March. The records with relation to the wind are as follows: Wind N., 64 records; NEH.,0; Ii.,6; SE., 47; S., 49; SW., 42; W., 23; NW., 33; or for N., NE., and NW., 97; with 138 for S., SE., and SW. The average barometer for 298 records was 29.88 inches, against 30 inches in March. A STUDY OF THE “BIRD WAVES” WHICH PASSED UP THE MISSIS- SIPPI VALLEY DURING THE SPRING OF 1884. The following study, for obvious reasons, must be considered as ar experiment, known to be incomplete, and wanting in many essential de- tails. The project was not thought of until migration had commenced ; no instructions were issued to observers to note bird waves; only a few sent in any specific notes on the subject, and most of the information relating to it had to be picked out of a mass of notes not pertaining to the question, and so intimately connected with other themes as to be difficult of separation. Under such adverse conditions no attempt would have been made to study the bird waves were it not for the ex- treme importance of the subject. It is during the nights of bird waves that the bulk of migration takes place. This is especially true of fall migration, though toa large extent of spring also. To study migration successfully it must be studied when most active. Moreover, it is on bird waves that the action of the weather is most apparent; hence, these waves furnish the readiest means of studying the relation between me- teorology and migration. The greatest drawback is met with in the difficulty of accurately observing and reporting bird waves. It is by far the hardest part of the field work in the study of migration, and requires more time and more constant presence in the field than most observers can give. . The only station at which the successive bird waves were accurately _ and fully noted was that at Saint Louis, Mo, where Mr. Otto Wid- mann, the most careful, competent, and painstaking observer in the district, spent nearly the whole time in the field. For the present, then, all that can be done is to take the bird waves of Saint Louis as a text and see how far they extended, and how the movements of birds at other places agreed with them. From the absence of material, it will be impossible to study all the waves of the Mississippi Valley. Those observed at Saint Louis will be given in full, not only to serve 26 as a basis of comparison, but also to serve as a model for observers in future years. . The expression ‘bird wave” has been used many times. The term is capable of two interpretations; consequently, two methods of study are possible. (1) A “bird wave” may be considered to consist of a very large num- ber of individuals, of one or many species, which suddenly invade a certain area. In studying such a wave it is necessary to ascertain the species of which it is composed and the boundaries of the area over which it extends. (2) Certain species, known to be migrating in company on a given day, may be considered to constitute a ‘‘ wave,” and their progress may be watched from day to day and from week to week. This latter mode of study is applicable to the earliest waves only, for it is only early in the season, if at all, that the same species which are together in the south keep together during the entire journey. In all the later waves the species migrating in company change from day to day. Hence no attempt will be made to follow waves of this char- acter; and the first, or bird waves proper, will alone be dealt with. It is usually believed that all birds reach their winter quarters by the end of December, but in this respect the winter of 1883-84 was exceptional. The fall of 1883 was very warm, and from latitude 399° southward there was no cold weather before Christmas. About this time, however, the real winter set in, and by January 2 it had extended southward to latitude 33°. Hence, fall migration did not end until the first week in January; and since spring migration began in central Mississippi on January 11, but little time was left between the end of the southward and beginning of the northward movement. It is to be observed, however, that the southward movement of January 1 was con- fined chiefly to the Thrush and Sparrow families, while the northward movement consisted wholly of water-birds. As examples of this late staying of birds at the north the following may be selected: Dr. G. 8. Agersborg reported from Vermillion, Dak. (latitude 42° 56’), that ‘tin early January birds were few, probably owing to previous mild weather. On January 5 winter set in, with the thermometer at 344° below zero, and by the end of the month all our winter residents were here except the Bohemian Waxwing, the Evening Grosbeak, and the Magpie. Pur- ple Grakles and Cowbirds did not leave until December 26, a later date by twenty-seven days than any noted since 1867, when I commenced to record arrivals and departures.” At Saint Louis, Mo. (lat. 38° 40’), the cold spell set in with a snow- storm January 1, causing most of the Bluebirds, Shrikes, Red-tailed Hawks, Red-shouldered Hawks, and Gulls to retreat southward, and bringing down large numbers of Crows. From Anna, Ill. (lat. 37° 30’), C. W. Butler reported: ‘Until Janu- ary 2, I could. pick strawberry blossoms growing out of doors and ty 27 uncovered ; and all our winter residents were here in great numbers. But January 2 a heavy storm set in, and on the 4th the mercury was —z21°, the coldest day for twenty years. Ducks and a great majority of our winter birds left and stayed away during the cold spell, which lasted through January.” Stillfarther south, H. Nehrling, from Pierce City, Mo. (lat. 36° 56’), reported that “Jlarris’s Sparrow, the Fox Sparrow, the Song Sparrow, and Towhee, after being common in the early winter, all left about January 1.” At Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat. 34° 11’), the children were barefoot on Christmas Day, and the woods were full of birds and bird song; after the cold spell of January 2 the woods were found still and almost tenantless. First wave of 1884.—Turning now to northward movements, it is found that the first spring wave occurred at Saint Louis (lat. 38° 40’), in the latter part of January. Its record is as follows: January 25, a warm wave set in which continued until February 5; the warmest day (maximum 67°) was January 30. During this time the creeks were free from ice after the 29th, and the ice broke up in the Mississippi. The first wave brought the advance guard of Robins, (Merula migrato- ria), Ked-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius pheniceus), Purple Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), Mallards (Anas boschas), Sprig-tails (Dafila acuta), and Canada Geese (Branta canadensis). The Bluebirds (Sialia sialis), Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo boreal- is), Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus), and Gulls (Larus argen- tatus smithsonianus), which had left during the coldest term, returned. Many Gulls passed, going north, and the vast multitude of Crows (Corvus americanus), whose numbers had swelled to something near 50,000 during the first half of January, decreased rapidly after the 26th. This being the state of affairs at Saint Louis, it remains to deter- mine the boundaries of the wave. As would naturally be expected, a large stretch of country south of Saint Louis was affected. In the extreme south, in Mississippi, the same wave of warm weather was found, but since water-fowl and other birds had been passing and re- passing all the month no special effect on migration was noted. On reaching southern Illinois a state of things exactly similar to that at Saint Louis was found. Thus at Anna, III. (lat. 37° 30’), the “Ducks, which had left January 2, began to return and remained off and on during February, which was variable, raining and freezing alternately” (C. W. Butler). West of Anna, at Pierce City, Mo. (lat. 36° 56’), on January 30 and 31, the Robins and Bluebirds, which had been sent south by the cold of January 2, returned; and large flocks of Red- winged Blackbirds passed north, followed a day or two afterward by large flocks of Canada Geese, Brant, Snow Geese, Mallards, Pintails, and Teal. Even as far southwest as Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat. 34° 11’), the same wave was felt. It began there January 24, but was not de- cidedly felt until the 28th. It entirely obliterated all signs of winter and started the first spring migration. Ducks and Geese moved a 28 little, and, most of the birds deserted their thick winter coverts, ap- pearing in town and on the prairie, while all the songsters burst forth in full spring melody. Blackbirds, both Red-winged and Cowbirds, increased decidedly ; grass started everywhere, and one wild flower was found. Directly east of Saint Louis the wave can be traced to Odin, Ill. (lat. 38° 39’), where the atmosphere was warm from January 27 to February 4. The snow had all gone, and Geese appeared January 31, followed by Ducks February 2. West of Saint Louis the migration of Bluebirds was observed at Mount Carmel, Mo. (lat. 38° 45’), and of Robins and Geese at Glasgow, Mo. (lat. 39° 14’). . Above are the limits of this wave,.which, although of great extent to the south, east, and west of Saint Louis, proceeded no farther north. A study of the Signal Service report shows the reason for this. Al- though the warm wave was felt for several hundred miles north of Saint Louis, yet its power was not sufficient to produce any marked thaw or breaking up of the streams. Indeed, even in the latitude of Saint Louis, no marked effect was observed, except in the lowlands. Stations in the vicinity of Saint Louis, and only 30 or 40 miles farther north, did not feel its influence. And the same is true in the West. Im Kansas there was no movement of birds. At Manhattan (lat. 39° 12’), though in the same latitude, there was no migration, and the Signal Service reports show that the nights were cold, and winter reigned until a month later. An apparently accidental movement was reported from Unadilla, Nebr. (lat. 40° 53’, F. C. Kenyon), where Geese arrived January 31, and Ducks February 2; butit is possible that these birds were driven back from the north, as both Ducks and Geese had been reported January 11 from Vermillion, Dak. (lat. 42° 56’)—a locality where they had never before been seen in winter. A single record of Robins and Bluebirds came from Carlinville, Ill. (lat. 39° 19’), February 2, with the statement that no others were seen for two weeks (Chas. W. Robertson). Second wave.—The second wave began at Saint Louis during the night of February 18, and was cut short on the 19th at 11.30 a. m. by a fierce snow-storm from the northwest. On the 18th, in the afternoon, the temperature rose rapidly with a good breeze from the southeast which moderated in the evening, but the temperature remained at 50° all night. The sky was clear in the evening, but cloudy in the morning. This wave brought more Robins, Bluebirds, and Purple Finches; many Mallards, Sprigtails, Green-winged Teal, and Canada Geese; it took off about half the Tree Sparrows (Spizella monticola), and brought the first migrants of the Goldfinch (Spinus tristis), White-crowned and White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys and albicollis), Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla), Song Sparrows (Melospiza fasciata), Swamp Sparrows (Melospiza palustris), Fox Sparrows (Passerella iliaca), and Chewinks (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). It appears to have been a local wave. No other stations reported any movement whatever on those 3 29 dates. There were, to besure, a few records of apparently irregular oc- currences; a single Bluebird was seen at Newton, Iowa (lat. 41° 42’), but none afterwards for three weeks; a few Canada Geese were reported at Osceola, Il. (lat. 41° 15’), February 20, and a few Ducks and Geese at Linwood, Nebr. (lat. 41° 22’), between February 20 and 25. The weather reports show that this warm wave was felt even beyond latitude 41°, but such cold weather had preceded it that it cculd not break the bands of winter and produce a condition of affairs that should invite birds to further migration. Third wave.—A. sudden rise of temperature at Saint Louis on Feb- ruary 25 and 26, again started the migrating hosts northward. There was not much of a “ bird wave,” but great movements of Geese took place on the first day, and of Ducks on the second. Red-winged Black- birds and Robins increased, and the first Snow Geese appeared, together with the first Turkey Buzzard, Sparrow Hawk, Rusty Grackle, and Ruddy Duck. The first frogs and mosquitoes were noted. Although the Signal Service reports show that this warm wave was quite extended and powerful, yet it was of too short duration to cause much movement among birds. The scouts of some of the hardier species moved a little farther northward, keeping mostly along the larger rivers. Robins and Bluebirds advanced up the Mississippi river to Quincy, Ill. (lat. 39° 55’); Bluebirds and Canada Geese were seen at Richmond, Lowa (lat. 41° 26’), while large flocks of Robins and Bluebirds appeared at Hillsborough, Ill. (lat. 89° 12’), and also at Griggsville, Til. (lat. 39° 43’). } Until March 1 winter reigned supreme over all the land north of latitude 40°, and from February 27 to March 9 its icy fingers again c'osed around Saint Louis, driving all the Ducks south on March 2, and bringing on a “second winter.” The next period has been marked “ Indeterminate” in the record. It is neither a stand-still nor a period of much movement. It extends » from March 9, when the “second winter” was brought to a close by a south wind, to March 16. During this time there was a continual though slight northward movement at Saint Louis, and much movement in the region just north of it; and, what was of more importance, a gen- eral advance in the line of open water, inviting a forward march and preparing the way for the immense movements of the following week. At Saint Louis the arrivals were as follows: March 9 the first Ducks returned and passed north, followed two days later by large flocks of Red-winged Blackbirds (both male and female), Purple and Rusty Grackles, and the first individuals of the Killdeer (digialitis vocifera), Meadowlark (Sturnella), and Flicker (Colaptes). On March 12 came the first Snipe (Gailinago), and on the 16th the first _ Cranes (Grus mexicana). Thus, there was little change in the species present at Saint Louis, but a great increase in the number of individuals. This increase was 30 less apparent at Saint Louis: than at more northern points. The hosts of birds sent south by the inclement weather did not halt, on their return, — at their former resting places, but pushed rapidly for eat and spread over many miles of new country. The onward movement dates from about March 12, and during the remainder of the “indeterminate” period (that is, to March 16) Ducks, Geese, Robins, Bluebirds, Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, and Killdeer were found over all of northern Illinois and the southern edge of Wisconsin, all of lowa and eastern Nebraska, while a few scouts, keeping close to the Mississippi river, followed it nearly to Saint Paul. The general dispersion of the birds at this time can be seen from the fact that seventy-two records of the arrival of Ducks, Geese, Robins, and Blackbirds were received from the region indicated. Fourth wave.—At Saint Louis the first rain of the season oceurred — March 17, after a warm night (thermometer 56°), with a light south wind. Winter ended, and spring began with a sudden start of vegeta- tion and an awakening of insect life. Many birds arrived during the night, and others were moving all the morning. The bulk arrived of the Robin, Flicker, Meadowlark, Bluebird, Chewink, Purple Grackle, Rusty Grackle, Red-winged Blackbird, Song Sparrow, and Blue-winged Teal. There was an increase of Wilson’s Snipe, White-crowned, White- throated, and Field Sparrows. The first arrivals appeared of the Phoebe (Sayornis phebe), Pectoral Sandpiper (Tringa maculata), Cowbird (Mo- lothrus ater), Field Plover (Bartramia longicauda), and the Little Yellow Rail (Porzana noveboracensis), while the bulk of the Tree Sparrows (Spi- zella monticola) departed. Since the movement in this wave ued principally in an inerease of those species which had already come in the preceding waves, and since few of the stations reported more than the first arrival, it is prac- tically impossible to work up the wave from the notes in hand. There seem to be intimations that the power of the wave was not great, but that its influence was felt more or less for a hundred miles north of Saint Louis and for a great distance west and southwest. Fifth wave.—March 22; this was next to the largest wave of the sea- son. The night before was warm (thermometer 53°) and cloudy, with a light southeast wind. The day was cloudy and threatening, with an increasing southeast wind. Many birds arrived during the night and others were moving all the forenoon. The following birds attained the height of the season—that is, the period of greatest abundance: Robin, Flicker, male Red-winged Blackbird, Purple and Rusty Grackles, Che- wink, transient Bluebirds, transient Purple Finches, and Song Spar- rows. The bulk arrived of the Shrike, Phoebe, and Wilson’s Snipe; and an increase was noted in the White-throated, Field, and Swamp Sparrows, male Cowbirds, and Red headed Woodpeckers. The first appeared of the Chippy (Spizella socialis), Brown Thrush (Harporhyn- chus rufus), Bewick’s Wren (Thryothorus bewickit), Grass Finch (Poo- : = pha dl ea a a dl cetes gramineus), Savanna Sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis sa- vanna), and the Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura). There was also great movement among the Hawks and Ducks, and among the Waders of the genus Totanus. To appreciate the full effect of this wave, observations must extend over nearly the whole of the Missis- sippi Valley north of Saint Louis. The warm wave was felt almost to British America, and everywhere it started the birds northward. Ovw- -ing to lack of notes the movements in the immediate vicinity of Saint Louis cannot be followed. The few stations in that section that have furnished reports made no mention of any special movement and noticed but few arrivals, the principal one being that of the Brown Thrush. To the northward, however, the case was very different. The warm weather reached Lowa the following day (March 23) and the general character of the reports from Iowa and southern Wisconsin is well expressed by the following remarks from the observer at Waukon, Iowa (lat. 43° 15’): - “We had a pleasant fall, and a severe winter until the middle of March. Since then it has been mild and pleasant until about April 1. Spring really began about March..23, and the first wave of birds came then. That was the greatest day for migration of birds I ever saw. The bulk of Robins, Bluebirds, Ducks, and Geese came, and hundreds of Black- birds came also.” (EH. M. HANCOCK.) Between Waukon and Saint Louis most of the reports mention ar- rivals which agree very closely with the birds of the fourth wave at Saint Louis. There is not enough uniformity in these reports, however, to indicate with positiveness that the birds of the fourth wave spread over this section during the night of March 22, but there is a general tendency in this direction, so that it may be said that the arrivals re- ported March 23 over much of Iowa and southern Wisconsin were such as would have been noted had the fourth wave passed over during the previous night. The principal exceptions occurred along the courses of the larger rivers, where the arrivals were somewhat earlier (that is, about March 20). North of Waukon the movements of the first wave only were recorded. In favored localities the effects began to be no- ticed March 23, but in the majority of cases the following Cay witnessed the great advance. The results of this wave are easily traced to lati- tude 45°, and in the neighborhood of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to latitude 46°. Some idea of the magnitude of the flight of birds which took place March 23 may be had from the report from Heron Lake, Minnesota (latitude 43° 48’), with which the report from Storm Lake, Iowa (latitude 42° 37’), agrees almost exactly. It was the first wave of reali migration, and brought Mallards, Pintails, Gadwalls, Wid- geons, Big and Little Scaups, Golden-eyes, Red-heads, Canvas-backs, Butter-balls, Green-winged Teal, Hooded and American Sheldrakes, Spoon-billed Ducks or Shovellers, Brant, Herring Gulls, Coots, Killdeer Plovers, Ravens, large numbers of Blackbirds, and one Meadowlark. Most of the species appeared in great numbers and some of the Ducks O2 in clouds. Most of the Ducks came from the west, being probably a part of the Missouri valley flight. By way of comparison, to show how little can be judged of the migration at one place by that of another, let us examine the state of affairs at Manhattan, Kans. (directly west of Saint Louis), in latitude 39° 12’. Here, during the first week of March, no arrivals were noticed. March 8 the first birds came, namely, Geese and Ducks—Mallards, Canvas-backs, Red-heads, and Green- winged Teal were particularly abundant. The first Killdeer were seen” on the 11th; two more on the 13th, at which date Meadowlarks ap- peared. It seemed as if spring had really come, but on March 13 a polar wave arrived and all was changed. The fifth wave was not felt here in the least, the weather being cold and snowy. ‘To the southwest still another condition of things existed. At Caddo, Ind. Ter. (lat. 34° 11’), on March 22, the weather was hot and dry, with continuous south winds, more like summer than spring. Fewer birds were present than at any time since February 1. The commonest species was the Savanna Sparrow. ‘There were no Juncos, Tree Sparrows, White- throated Sparrows, White-crowned Sparrows, Harris’s Sparrows; Cow- birds, Red-winged Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Ducks, or Geese. A few individuals of each of these species may still have lingered, but the bulk left some days previously, and none were seen on the 22d. There was very little vegetation, owing to lack of rain. The study of this fifth wave leads naturally to the following state- ments concerning bird waves in general: The movements of bird waves are governed by those of atmospheric waves. Since a warm wave takes several days to pass from one end of the Mississippi Valley to the other, it must not be supposed that the whole of a bird wave is in- cluded in a single night. In the case of small waves, which are almost local in character, the whole effect may be felt in one night; but waves ordinarily occupy the whole of two days, and often three or four. It must not be supposed that a bird wave consists of the same species of birds at all places where its effects are felt. Above, when speaking of the birds of the fourth wave, the species which were moving at Saint Louis at this time were alone referred to. The ducks which arrived at Heron Lake, Minnesota, March 24, were as truly a part of the “fifth wave” as the Brown Thrushes and Bewick’s Wrens which came to Saint Louis on the 22d. For further remarks concerning bird waves the reader is referred to the article on the Kingbird in the systematic por- tion of this report. For the instruction of observers, a copy of the ‘‘ synopsis” of spring migration (in 1884) at Saint Louis, furnished by Mr. Widmann, is sub- joined. During the migration season Mr. Widmann sent reports every few days, but in this synopsis he has presented the substance of the same in condensed form and in such a graphic manner that the more im- portant movements of the bird waves can be seen at a glance, together with their relation to the lesser movements of migration. It is greatly 33 to be desired that at the close of the season each observer should supple- ment his regular reports with a synopsis of this sort. In the synopsis the following abbreviations have been used: F.=the first individual seen; B. A.=the arrival of the bulk ; B. D.=the departure of the bulk; L.=the last individual seen; H.=the height of the season, or the period when the species is most abundant; T. V.=transient visitants. Thus when “B. A. Catbird T. V.” is spoken of, it means the arrival of the bulk of Catbirds which do not intend to remain to nest, Dut are passing through to their more northerly breeding grounds. Synopsis of Migration at Saint Louis from January 1 to May 27, 1884. By OTTO WIDMANN. Jan. A ) Snow storm. } 3 | | | 4, | 5. }Coldest period; minimum tem- > Mississippi full of floating ice. 6. perature—21° Fahr. on the sth. J 7. “f | “One | | 10. j I a | + Ground covered with snow. | om | + Mississippi gorged. 15. 16. ro Moderately cold. } | 19. J 20. 32. | ‘Ther. 56° di d; first flock of G | : er. 56°; snow disappeared; first flock of Geese seen. LSC “Serae . 23. | Snow Buntings gone. \ eseeen entirely 24. rozen. 25. ) Crows begin to disperse. 26. } 27. 28. J 29. | Warm wave. Guils return. ) 30. | Ther. 67°. ( First Ducks (Mallards and Sprigtails) and the first | Creeks free from ice; ice 31. Robins and Red-winged Blackbirds go north; Gulls } in the Mississippi break- go north in migrating wedge; Bluebirds and| ing. | Shrikes begin to return, J Feb, 1, : 2, | First Purple Grackle; Canada Geese go north; Red-tailed Hawks at stand. 8. | 75-85 Herring Gulls go north. 4. ) First green shows itself on the ground. 5, Large flocks of Ducks go north. 6. ‘p 8. | 9. 10. ¢ Cold, dark, damp weather, with rain and snow. 1s 12. | 13. | 14. 15. 16. J 17. 18. | South wind. Birds move; flocks of Geese go north; also Mallards, Sprigtails, and Green- winged Teal. 19. ) Increase of Bluebirds, Goldfinches, and Black-capped Chickadees (T. V.). 20. ] First Fox Sparrow, Chewink, White-throated, White-crowned, and Field Sparrows. 21. | First Robin at stand. Decrease of old Purple Finches. 22. [ Ducks and Geese in many fiocks go north. 23: [ Cold winds. Robins in flocks. Bald-headed Eagle, Song, ana Swamp Sparrow. 24. J te SDaSEaNS have decreased at stands, but are found in large migrating flocks in vhe low- ands. 25. ) Ther. 58°. A great day for wandering Geese. First Snow Goose. Sudden rise. 26. [ther 56°. Great day for wandering Ducks. First Turkey Buzzard, Sparrow Hawk, Rusty Blackbird, and Ruddy Duck; increase of Red-winged Blackbirds and Robins. First frogs J) and mosquitoes. as 7365—Bull. 2——3 34 28. Ther. 7°. $Ground bare; Ducks remain in marshes. 29. Slight rise. ) ¥ eo . Mar. 1. Falling temperature; snow-storm. 2.Cold; snowing again. Ducks go south. Feb. 27. Ther. 19°. oo. Second winter. . a —_— So - — o > >, ; Cold northerly winds, dark, gloomy skies. . 'Sleet; ground covered ; watersheets frozen hard, and the Mississippi full of | floating ice. | 9. Thawing begins; first Ducks go north again. : ' 10. General thaw ; wind high, southeast. Ducks go north. 11. Falling temperature after a warm night. Great numbers of Ducks on the marshes. First large flocks of Purple Grackles, Red-winged Blackbirds (both male and female), and Rusty Black- birds; first Killdeer and Meadowlark; a large flock of Robins with Flickers. tif 12. Cold: west wind. : 13. Wind southeast. Ducksmove. First Wilsor’s Snipe; first song of Robin, Chewink, and Song Sparrow. The Black Snowbirds (Junco), Purple Finches, and Tree Sparrows are excited ; Swamp Sparrows increased. 14. Cold north wind. 15, Rising temperature, followed by a mild, clear night with light wind southeast, but no arrivals. Temperature at Saint Louis, 54°; at Cairo, 47°; wind north. 16. Wind southeast. Geese and Ducks are on the move. First Cranes. 17. First rain of the season, after a warm night. Ther. 56°; wind light, south. Winter ends, and spring begins with a sudden start of vegetation and awakening of insect life. Birds have arrived during the night and others were moving all the morning. Bulk arrive of Robin, Flicker, Meadowlark, Bluebird, Chewink, Purple Grackle, Rusty Blackbird, Red-winged Blackbird, Song Sparrow, and Blue-winged Teal. An increase of Wilson’s Snipe, White- crowned Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, and Field Sparrow. First Pheebe, Pectoral Sandpiper, Cowbird, Upland Plover, and Little Yellow Rail. Bulk departure of Tree Sparrow. 18. Rain; wind east. Frogs noisy; turtles on logs. 19. Rain; wind west to northwest. Vegetation progressing rapidly. Cranes go north. 20. Cool; wind northwest to north. Elms and maples open blossoms. Geese go north. 21. Rising temperature ; wind northwest to east. First Swan. 22. Night: warm; thermometer 53°; cloudy; wind light, southeast. Day: cloudy, threatening; increased southeast wind. oe ee eee aT eee oA Vé GRAND BIRD WAVE. Many birds arrived during the night, and others were on the move all the forenoon. H. Robins, Flickers, Red-winged Blackbirds (males), Purple Grackles, Rusty Blackbirds, Che- winks, Bluebirds (T. V.), Purple Finches (T. V.), and Song Sparrows. B. A. Shrikes, Pheebe, and Wilson’s Snipe. Increased: White-throated Sparrow, Field Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Cowbird (male), and Red-headed Woodpecker. F. Brown Thrasher, Chippy, Bewick’s Wren, Grass Finch, Savanna Sparrow, Mourning Dove. Great movement of Hawks. Ducks, and Yellow-legs. 23. toe wind northwest; clear. First songs of Brown Thrush, Chippy, and White-throated parrow. Mating and song of Chewink, Robin, Bluebird, Shrike, Cardinal Grosbeak, Carolina Wren, Tufted Titmouse, Junco, Purple Finch, Fox Sparrow, Song Sparrow, Field Sparrow. Tree Sparrows are scarce. English Sparrow lays first eggs. First bat seen; wiuged insects appear; also ants and worms. 24, Rain all the morning. P.M. clearing; wind shifting to southwest and northwest. Birds do not move until 5 p.m., when Ducks and Blackbirds go north. F. White-bellied Swallows go north at 5.30 p. m. ¥F. Purple Martin in sight at 5.45 p. m. 25. Sultry, with showers and hailstones; wind south, turning to west, high during the afternoon. No arrivals except Martins. B. D. White-throat-d Sparrow (old), Rusty Blackbird, Mallard, Sprigtail, Baldpate. Decreased: Robins, Flickers, and Blackbirds. Numbers of Hawks go straight north. (Bald-headed Eagle, Marsh Hawk, Sparrow Hawk). No Tree Sparrows seen to-day. F. Butterfly going north. Early shrubs, such as Ribes and Syringa, put forth leaflets. 26. Beautiful day; wind west to northwest, abating; thermometer 60°, after a windy clearing up night. No arrivals. 27. Night: clear; wind light, south, warm; thermometer 58°. Birds move. Day: wind increasing southeast. B. D. Junco, Purple Finch, Fox Sparrow, Song Sparrow. F. Winter Wren, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Golden-crowned King- _ let, Large-billed Water Thrush. Increased: Chippy (male), Brown Thrasher, Brown Creeper. F. Double-crested Cormorant. 28. Night: stormy. Day: wind high, west to northwest. 29. Wind north. 30. Wind northeast shifting to southeast; calm. F. Female Purple Martins. Swans, Cranes, Ducks, and Hawks go north. 31. Night: clear, warm; wind southeast, cloudy toward morning. Birds move. Day: Cloudy, rainy, warm; wind southeast. B. D. Robin, Flicker. ; B. A. Chippy (male), Bewick’s Wren, Chewink (T. V.), Brown Creeper, and the genera, Numenius, Rallus, and Porzana. Increased: Brown Thrush, Phebe (TIT. V.), Cowbird (female). 35 Apr. 1. Night: Heavy rain; wind southeast. Day: Wind increasing, west, falling temperature. F. Hermit Thrush. 2. Cold blast from northwest; gloomy. 3. Wind light, northwest; clear; vool night; hoar frost. , 4. After a cool, frosty night, day clear, with light northwest wind. F. White-browed Yellow-throated Warbler. Decrease: Junco, Chewink (T. V.). L. Fox Sparrow already gone. B. A. Cowbird, Kingfisher, Double-crested Cormorant, Yellow-bellied Wcodpecker. 5. Wind northeast; rain; cloudy. ; 6. Hazy; wind east. Vegetation progressing rapidly, especially grasses. Flowering: Populus, Salix, Magnolia, Viola, Trilliwm. Leafing: Sambucus, Syringa, Lonicera, Mea, Laria. 7.Cool; cloudy; high west and northwest wind. 8.Cool; cloudy; high west and northwest wind. 9.Cool; cloudy; high west and northwest wind. 10. Cool; cloudy; high west and northwest wind. 11. Cool; wind strong, east. Toons go north. 12. Rain; wind east to southeast. 13, Rising temperature; wind southeast. In afternoon birds begin tomove. Ducks and Geese go North. ; F. Chimney Swift, Pelican. Increase: Purple Martin. 14. During night light thunder-storm and rain. Birds move. Day: Sultry ; thermometer 72°; wind south. Departed: Winter Wren, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. L. Canada Goose; Snow Goose. _B. A. Brown Thrush, Chippy (T. V.), Hermit Thrush, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Ruby-crowned Kinglet. : Teieresie: Yellow-rumped Warbler, Chimney Swift, Mourning Dove, Purple Martin. F. Cerulean Warbler, Blue-yellow-backed Warbler, Mockingbird. H. Cowbird, Double-crested Cormorant, Brown Creeper. 15. Night: Warm; wind light, southwest. Day: Falling temperature; wind shifting to west and northwest. F. Cliff Swallow, Rough-winged Swallow. 16. Cool; wind northwest, abating in evening. 17. Night: Clear, calm, with light east wind. Birds move. A warm day; wind increasing, east. F. Black and White Creeper, Redstart, White-eyed Vireo, Golden-crowned Thrush, Yellow- throated Vireo. ; B. A. White-throated Sparrow (old ones in high plumage), White-crowned Sparrow, Yellow- rumped Warbler. 18. Night: Cloudy, rainy, calm. Birds move. Day: Clearing, sultry ; wind southeast, light. F. Kingbird, Maryland Yellow-throat, Red-poll Warbler, Prothonotary Warbler. H. White-throated Sparrow (old). 19. Night: Dark, misty, calm, warm. Birds move. ; Day: Overcast, sultry ; wind east, light, shifting in afternoon to north, with rain. F. House Wren, Golden Warbler, Warbling Vireo, Wood Thrush. H. Brown Thrush, Chippy, Yellow-rumped Warbler, Swamp Sparrow. Increased: Golden-crowned Thrush, Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Coerulean Warbler, Savanna Sparrow, Chimney Swift, Mourning Dove. B. D. Hermit Thrush, Robin (female). L. Song Sparrow, Fox Sparrow. Leafing: Maples, Elms, Poplars, Hickory. The ground in the woods is covered with flowers; Cherry and Pear trees in full bloom, and Apple buds ready to open. 20. Cold; wind north; darz, misty. 21. Cold; wind north; dark, misty, rainy. 22. Cold; wind north; dark, misty, rainy. 23. Cold; wind north; dark, misty. Abouta dozen strange Martins crowd into the boxes to-night. They seem to be refugees from the north, looking lean, and some are barely able to fly. 24. Cold; wind north; clearing. In afternoon rising temperature. The strange Martins return to boxes in the evening. 25. Night: Clear, calm, but cooling off to light hoar frost.. Birds leave. Day: Clear, calm; wind north, light. No arrivals (except F. Catbird, one, and F. Lark Finch, one), but of departures many. The Martins from the north leave. B.D. Brown Thrush (T. V.), Chippy (T. V.), Yellow-rumped Warbler, White-throated Sparrow (old), Wilson’s Snipe. A Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (male), which had put up at Laclede Park since the 19th, also disappeared. 26. Night: Warm, clear; thermometer 57°; wind east by south. Lirds arrive. Day: Fair; increasing south wind; thermometer 75°. B.A. Lark Finch, White-eyed Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo, Blue-gray Gnateatcher (T. V.), Blue Yellow-backed Warbler (female), Golden-crowned Thrush (1. V.), Red-poll Warbler, Redstart, Ceerulean Warbler, Pine-creeping Warbler, Wood Thrush (male), Red-winged Blackbird (female), Kingbird (male and T. V.). Increased: Maryland Yellow-throat (male), House Wren (male), Golden Warbler (male). F. Olive-backed Thrush, Small-billed Water Thrush, Yellow-breasted Chat, Black-throated te Baltimore Oriole, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-throated Green arbler. B. D. Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Swamp Sparrow. 27. Night: Warm, thermometer 67°; threatening, with strong southeast wind. pay: a. wind from southwest; clearing. No change (except first flock of high-dress Gold- nches). 28. Night: Clear, becoming cloudy; wind light, west, shifting to northeast and southeast. Ther- inomter 60°. Birds move. F. Orchard Oriole (male), Kentucky Warbler, Bell’s Vireo, Tndigo-bird (male), Maryland Yel- low-throat (female). B. A. Maryland Yellow-throat (male), Goldfinch (male), Baltimore Oriole (male), Rose. breasted Grosbeak (male), Kingbird, Summer Yellowbird (T. V.), House Wren. 36 | < Apr. 28. vie nate Black-throated Bunting (male), Cliff Swallow, Barn Swallow, Black-throated Green arbler. at L. Hermit Thrush. 29. Night: Clear, becoming cloudy; wind light, southeast; temperature steady at 63°. First hot day; maximum temperature 82° (77° at6p.m.). The bird wave struck fully. In- credible number of birds present. B. A. Catbirds arrived in force (male, female, and T. V.); Black-throated Buntings (male) at stands, and small parties on the wing going east; Olive-backed Thrush and Small-billed Water Thrush in flocks; Goldfinch (female), Indigo-bird (male), Orchard Oriole (old males); Warbling Vireo, Black-throated Green Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, Red-eyed Vireo, Red-headed Woodpecker, Black and White Creeper, White-crowned Sparrow. F. Scarlet Tanager, Wilson’s Thrush, Nighthawk, Bobolink (male), Wood Pewee, Traill’s Fly- catcher, Acadian Flycatcher, Least Flycatcher, Tennessee Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Black-poll Warbler, Worm-eating Warbler, Blue-headed Vireo, Red-bellied Nuthatch, Great- crested Flycatcher, Lincoln’s Sparrow, Bank Swallow, Black-crowned Night Heron. Apple trees in full bloom; oaks open flowers. NoTE.—This enormous volume of bird life seems to have resulted from the combined operation of the following bird wave; the start began in the north, and the warm wave reached Saint Louis the night of the 24th, at which time many birds left, but none arrived. The same warm wave, progressing from the Rocky Mountains eastward, started from El Paso on the 22d, reached Fort Smith and Shreveport on the 24th, Little Rock on the 25th, and the birds which arrived in Saint Louis on the 26th came probably from the southwest. The cold wave hovered over Kentucky from the 20th to the 25th, and no movement can have taken place before that day; but when, on the night of the 28th, the bulk of birds from that quarter (southeast) reached Saint Louis it swelled the number of arrivals (from south and southwest) to this enormous height. 30. Another warm night; thermometer 70°; clear; wind light, south. Birds, move. Day: Hot; thermometer 83°; wind southeast to southwest.. More birds left than arrived. H. Yellow-breasted Chat (T. V.), White-crowned Sparrow, Black-throated Green Warbler, . Savanna Sparrow, Red-headed Woodpecker, Goldfinch, White-eyed Vireo (T. V.), Cerulean Warbler, Chimney Swift. B. A. Kentucky Warbler, Great-crested Flycatcher, Hooded Warbler, Maryland Yellow-throat (female), Redstart (female). Increased: Bobolink, Bell’s Vireo, Indigo-bird (male), Black-throated Bunting (male), Acadian Flycatcher, Tennessee Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Black-poll Warbler. F. Yellow-winged Sparrow, Orchard Oriole (two year old male). L. Shoveller Duck. May 1. Rain both night and day; clearing in afternoon, with strong west wind. From May 1 to May 4, a stand-still. 2. Cool; wind northwest; clearing. 3. Cool; wind northeast; in afternoon southeast, with rising temperature. 4. Rain; rising temperature; wind south. Nighthawks move. p. Mies 5 Pan almost ealm; wind southeast to south; warm; thermometer 63°. Birds move ecidedly. Day: Fair; becoming threatening ; in afternoon a thunder-storm. H. House Wren, Marylavd Yellow-throat, Summer Yellowbird, Black-throated Bunting (male), Catbird, Chimney Swift. B. Continued of Olive-backed Thrush, Small-billed Water Thrush, and White-crowned Sparrow. B. A. Bank Swallow, Wood Thrush (female), Lincoln’s Sparrow, Rose-breasted Grosbeak (fe- male), Indigo-bird (male), Baltimore Oriole (female). Increased: Wood Pewee, Traill’s Flycatcher, Orchard Oriole (males two years old) , Tennessee 4 Warbler, Nashville Warbler. F. Black-billed Cuckoo, Hummingbird, Black and Yellow Warbler, Pine-creeping Warbler, Blue-headed Vireo (female), Indigo-bird (female), Orchard Oriole (female), Baltimore Oriole (birds of last year), Blue Yellow-backed Warbler (T. V.), Solitary Sandpiper. B. D. Goldfinch (T. V. males), Yellow-breasted Chat (IT. V.), White-eyed Vireo (T. V.), Yel- low-rumped Warbler (young). L. Red-bellied Nuthatch, flock of Purple Finch (young), Red-poll Warbler. 6. Night: Partly clear; warm; temperature 62°; wind south to southeast. New arrivals. Day: Rainy, dark; wind shifting to west; falling temperature. Many T. V. present. 5 F. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Black-poll Warbler (female), Black-capped Flycatching Warbler, Chestuut-sided Warbler. Increased: White-throated Sparrow (young). B. A. Black-poll Warbler (male), Black and Yellow Warbler, Redstart (T. V.). H. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Orchard Oriole (male), Indigo-bird (male). 7. Night and day: Strong west wind; dark. 8. Night: Clear, fair, cool; wind west to northwest. ee Clear, beautiful; thermometer 72°; wind northwest. A great day for wandering Bobo- inks. B. D. Catbird (T. V.), Golden Warbler (T. V.), Goldfinch (female). F. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 9. Night: clear, bright, full moon; wind northwest; thermometer 64°. Day: Clear, bright, lovely ; wind northwest. H. Bobolink (male), Tennessee Warbler (male), Black-poll Warbler (male), Redstart (female). B. A. Indigo-bird (female and young male), Orchard Oriole (female), Least Flycatener, Black- throated Bunting (young males). F. Orchard Oriole (one-year-old males). 10. Night: Clear, calm; wind northwest; warm ; thermometer 69°. Day: Fair: wind changing to southeast; rising temperature; thermometer 85°. Full bloom: Oak, Hickory, Walnut. Many T. V. Warblers. F. Blue Golden-winged Warbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, Blue Yellow-backed Warbler (young). B. A. Yellow-winged Sparrow, Cuckoo. ? H., Chestnut-sided, Black and Yellow, Black-poll, Nashville and Tennessee Warblers. Of May 10. L. Yellow-rnmped and Black-throated Green Warblers, Blue-headed Vireo, Swamp Sparrow, Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (female). 11. Night: Clear, calm; wind northwest; warm, thermometer 69° to 64°; moonlight. Birds arrive. Day: In forenoon bright, in afternoon overcast, rainy; wind north to northeast. A great day for migration ; oak woods full of T. V. birds going north all day. Mourning Doves present in great numbers; White-throated Sparrows (young) in large flocks, and the same of young Olive-backed Thrushes, Bobolinks, Red-winged Blackbirds (female), and Blue Jays in flocks going north; Double-crested Cormorants (young), two parties go north; Nighthawks at great heights; also Waders (species unknown) going north. T. V. present of Wood Thrash, Warbling Vireo, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Baltimore Oriole, Red-headed Woodpecker, Scarlet Tanager. : 5 H. Wood Pewee, Traill’s Flycatcher, Bell's Vireo. F. Bay-breasted Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Canadian Flycatching Warbler, Summer Redbird (young). B. A, Purple Martin (young), Redstart (young, one year old). 12. Night : Cloudy, calm; wind nertheast; foggy. No arrivals, but decrease of many. Day: Clearing; in afternoon thunder-storm. B. D. Wood Thrush (T. V.), Olive-backed Thrush, White-throated Sparrow (young), White- crowned Sparrow, Mourning Dove (T. V.), Red-headed Woodpecker (T. V.), Yellow-breasted Chat (T. V.), Least Flycatcher. 13. Night: Threatening, calm; wind west; rainy. Day: Falling temperature; cloudy; wind northwest. Nonew birds. T. V. getting scarce. B. D. Biack-poll, Chestnut-sided, Nashville, and Tennessee Warblers. 14. Cool; wind northwest. ; 15. Slowly rising temperature; wind west. Yesterday and to-day but few T. V. present. 16. Night: Clear, calm; wind southwest; thermometer 68°. Day; bright; wind northeast. 17. Night: Clear, calm; wind southeast; thermometer 68°. In these two days birds move and the rear guard arrives. B. A. Bobolink (female and young male), Alice’s Thrush, Black-throated Bunting (female), Mockingbird (young), Barn Swallow (young). L. Kingbird (T. V.), Traill’s Flycatcher (T. V.), Mourning Dove (T.V.), Black and Yellow Warbler, Nashville Warbler, White-throated Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, Least Fly- eatcher, Black-capped Flycatching Warbler. 18. High south wind; thunder-storm. 19. Strong west wind; cool. 20. North wind. i. Lincoln’s Sparrow, Bobolink. 21. South wind; clear, calm. F.Connecticut Warbler, Mourning Warbler. L. Tennessee Warbler, Wilson’s Thrush, Canadian Flycatching Warbler. 22.South wind. L. Double-crested Cormorant, Solitary Tattler. 23. Wind southeast, shifting to northwest. 24. Wind northwest; cool. 25. Wind northwest; L. Alice’s Thruso, Black-poll Warbler. 26. Wind northwest; L. Olived-backed Thrush. 27. North wind; L. Nighthawk (fourteen T. V. go north in the evening). PROGRESS OF VEGETATION AND AWAKENING OF ANIMAL LIFE IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DURING THE SPRING OF 1884. This subject will be treated from the south northward in steps or sections of two degrees each, beginning with latitude 28° and extending to latitude 53°, or over 25 degrees of latitude. Thus it will be seen that the observations cover a tract of country 1,750 miles in length. In studying each section the endeavor has been to make the dates in- dicate fair averages for the middle of the section. For example, in the section which extends from latitude 38° to latitude 40°, the dates are as exact as possible for latitude 39°. For the southern half they would then be a day or two earlier, and for the northern part somewhat jater. It is also intended that the dates shall express average time; for instance, in the appearance of flowers, one observer, in a sunny and well protected nook, finds the “first flower” while the rest of the coun- try is bleak and bare. Another does not consider it proper to record flowers as present until they can be found almostanywhere. In giving dates of flowering, an average has been taken of the several dates re- ceived, with a leaning toward the earlier. The same remark applies to the other dates treated in this chapter. The number of observers in the first five sections is so deplorably insufficient for the extent of the country that the dates must be considered as the merest approxima- 38 tions; for the next four sections they are quite full and accurate, while for the last two they are again insufficient. In studying the movements of any species of bird, reference to this part of the report will show with considerable accuracy the conditions under which it was migrating and the prospect for a plentiful food supply. I. This section (extending from latitude 28° to latitude 30°) contains the extreme southern part of Louisiana and the middle part of south- ern Texas (the reports from Texas coming from the region of the Rio Grande). Jn Louisiana, in the spring of 1884, the earliest leaves be- gan to show on briar bushes and willows the first week in February, followed the next week by grass and flowers. This is of course a moist country, while in southern Texas the climatic conditions are different. Vegetation there was much later in starting, owing to the lack of rain. The first rain after September fell March 6, and was followed imme- diately by the blooming of myriads of plants and the rapid development of leaves previously in bud. Frogs in this part of Texas had but a short winter vacation, being heard both in January and February; while the first in Louisiana was reported March 13, but they must have croaked some time before. The bulk of the insects appeared in both places at the same time, namely, the middle of March. There was no frost in this part of Texas, and in Louisiana the last “freeze” occurred February 15. In Louisiana the first snakes were not reported. In Texas the first rattlesnakes were seen March 16, and other snakes much earlier. The first bat was recorded February 27.* II. This section (from latitude 30° to latitude 32°) consists of the southern part of Mississippi, central Louisiana, and central Texas. No reports were received from Louisiana, and Mississippi sent but few. In Texas the last frost was recorded February 27, followed, March 3, by the first rain. As in the more southern part of Texas, the first rain immediately started the grass, leaves, and flowers, and by April 1 flowers were in the height of bloom. In Mississippi flowers were plenti- ful March 25. Rattlesnakes appeared in Texas March 29; and the first snake of the harmless sorts was seen in Mississippi February 11, which is rather anearly date. Insects were noted as abundant in Texas March 5, and in Mississippi March 28. III. This section (from latitude 32° to latitude 34°) includes conttal Mississippi, northern Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and northern Texas. Of these, Mississippi alone sent reports on vegetation, etc. These re- ports are as follows: Last frost, February 28; first leaves, February 10; beginning of real foliage; March 24; first frog, February 4; first toad, February 8; first snake, March 21; first insect, February 17. IV. This section (from latitude 34° to latitude 36°) includes west- ern Tennessee, northern Arkansas, and Indian Territory. Indian Ter- ritory alone reported, and the dates for latitude 34° 11’ were as follows: [* In this latitude several species of bats must remain active, except during severe weather, Cl ak taag the entire year.—C. H. M,1 ' be al a 39 Last snow March 8; ice broke up January 27; frost came cut of ground February 1; last frost March 9; grass started February 1, but stopped in afew days, not to commence again until March 1. Leaves of small size could be found on briars February 29, but even April 8 there were not leaves enough on any tree to make shade. The first flower was found February 2, but no more until February 25, and by March 20 seven kinds only had bloomed. The first frogs were heard February 93. But few insects were noted before March 15. This is the record of a strictly prairie country on the eastern edge of the Great Plains. Y. This section (from latitude 36° to latitude 38°) includes western Kentucky, southern Missouri, and southern Kansas. Only Missouri re- ported, and as follows: Last snow, April 8; last frost, April 9; first grass, March 18; grass high enough for pasturing, April 1; grass plenty, April 27; first frog, March 2; first snake, March 23; and insects very numer- ous by April 27. VI. This section (from latitude 38° to latitude 40°) includes south- ern Illinois, central Missouri, and northern Kansas. This section sup- plied an abundance of notes. The last snow of winter melted the first week in February, but later snows came in Illinois and Missouri April Tand April 22. The ice broke in the Mississippi river February 1, and disappeared from ponds March 15. The first rain occurred March 17. Grass started March 22, and was pretty well up April 6, on which day an especially fast growth was made.: Flowers appeared in the bot- tom lands about March 20, and on the prairies March 30; while from the high, dry lands of western Kansas, none were reported until April 4. The height of the season, as indicated by the opening of the apple-blos- soms, was April 29. The first leaves were reported March 25; first foli- age, April 19; and the opening of the latest leaves May 10. Frogs ap- peared in Illinois and Missouri March 15, in eastern Kansas March 26, and in the western part of the State not until the 31st. Snakes were reported March 22; toads about the same date, at which date also clouds of insects suddenly appeared. , VII. This section (from latitude 40° to latitude 42°) includes north- ern Illinois, southern Iowa, and most of Nebraska. Here, also, snow fell April 1, 7, and 8, and in the northern part on April 20. Ice left the streams March 19; frost came out of the ground February 27, and the last frost was recorded May 3. Grass started during the first week in April; leaves a few days later (April 10), but real foliage did not begin to unfold until May 10; the first flowers were seen April 2, and apple trees were in bloom May 8; the first frogs were heard March 22, but in Nebraska they were not recorded until April 11, which date prob- ably is a little late. Snakes were first noted March 27; toads, in the eastern part, April 20, and in the western part, May 2; insects may be supposed to have appeared about March 26, but ‘first’ dates were given all the way from March 17 to May 9. It is to be regretted that fuller records were not received from the extreme western parts of the dis- 40 trict. Such records would undoubtedly show that in moving west- ward—in ascending and entering the elevated, treeless, and almost rainless plains—all of the records would be later. This, indeed, is in- timated by many of the records of vegetation in hand, and is known to © be the case with birds. VIII. This section (from latitude 42° to latitude 44°) includes south- ern Wisconsin, northern lowa, southern Minnesota, and southern Dakota. The winter’s snow left this section about March 26, but was quickly succeeded by a severe storm April 1, and by another on the 7th, 8th, and 9th, while the frost kept returning and was heavy even as late as May 29. Ice broke in streams March 26, and in lakes about April 6. Grass started April 25, many flowers having already appeared ; apple-blos- soms opened May 20; leaves started late (May 2), but grew rapidly, the foliage proper beginning May 15. [rogs appeared March 26; in- sects on the 31st, and snakes April 10, while toads were not recorded till April 26. IX. This section (from latitude 44° to latitude 46°) includes the cen- tral portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Dakota. The winter’s snow was all gone, except in sheltered localities, when the storms came the first week in April. Snow fell over the section April 6, and in most places also on the 7th. By April 10 the snow had all gone. Ice left the smaller streams March 26, and passed out of the Mississippi the 30th. April 6 it disappeared from small lakes, but remained in the larger ones until April 13. Grass started in the west earlier than in the east. In Dakota it began to be seen April 7, but was a few days later in Wisconsin. The first leaves appeared May 10, so that here a larger part of the migration took place among bare trees than in the more southern districts. A few flowers, principally the hardy anemone, or wind flower, were out April 10, but even by May 10 there were not many to be found. Frogs became musical April 4. Only two observa- tions were contributed on snakes, one in Minnesota April 2, and the other in Dakota May 3, giving little clue to the correct dates. A sin- gle toad was reported April 4, and he must have been a very early in- dividual. Insects appeared April 3. X. This section (from latitude 46° to latitude 48°) includes the north- central portions of Minnesota and Dakota and the northern part of Wisconsin. The only note contributed is to the effect that the ice left the large lakes April 20. | XI. This section (from latitude 48° to latitude 50°) includes northern Minnesota and Dakota and southern Manitoba. The only observations _ contributed relate to a few insects seen April 2, and to the revival of frogs April 15. From further north than this no notes were received except a single one, which stated that the ice passed out of Lake Winnipeg Junel. In addition to the observations above recorded, a few other data have been contributed. The ‘‘Gopher”* was first seen at latitude 39°, March 15; [* Spermophilus tridecemlineaius is here meant.—C. H. M.] A1 at latitude 41°, in the west, March 28; in the east, April 1; at latitude 43°, in the east, April 12; at latitude 45°, in the west, March 28; and at latitude 47°, in the west, March 27, showing that on the plains of the west these animals awakened simultaneously over a district 400 miles in width; while in the better watered, more thickly wooded, and there- fore more chilly eastern portion their winter sleep was much prolonged. Bats were first seen at latitude 29°, February 27; at latitude 399°, March 23; at latitude 42°, March 28; and at latitude 440 , April 15. Tur. tles ee their sluggish bodies ee water at latitude 39° from March 18 to 21, and at latitude 44° from April 20 to 24. The Tree-toad was heard about the same time (from April 27 to May 3) over the country between latitude 40° and latitude 44° 30’. LIST OF STATIONS AND OBSERVERS FOR 1884. Name of observer. Station. State. Latitude. O° / ne VO gee ee Moss Point ..--..-. cee seamoee 30 26 ii LE PS) A es ee eee Rodney <--.~.-25- aor ssclc suasea. 31 52 a. & (BS RSS See ee eS FACKSONG Ss pees (ese Oopste se exes 32) 17 (PPL DE LU 1) es a ee a ee OMG pesces cee feces 0°? o32en vee nee 32 17 Judge = B. Mayes ..... Se Soe tee ea eeaaeide | Yazoo City .....-.. SEO) seis ane sabes 32 50 WaRRC POUNCE Soe 52 ios ceass esos eset cedto. WaveUlyrcse. se (552000! 22S. ose e52 32 33 34 0 CSS eS eae Races Water Valley... Seq dO Merc oeeees 34 08 Mma S VOUNO 2. Sob eos ook. Sok Sore. a ceeew ce WOLinghy fee eee See MOT =n aes coe as 34 55 1 EEO TS eS ee ee ae ee Southside...-...-. Tennessee .--.-.-- 36 31 MUMS WOE cos = teases ce cec nsec owe cows ccs cdeemes ACN pee eee Ullinoises eee ee 37 30 Sea BUASCN 252022. 2a nsese< SERS Aa OT ee eee West Belleville aolue-. do veScee node: 38 35 (LE TED a oe Se a ea ae atin oases soo Ne Be esdor secre 38 39 ennevaihiam Me Adams ..22-. 0c 2 22 es bos ok PAULO see Seek aed Onae ce nawe aoe 38 55 Nat. Hist. and Ant. Society, A. W. Harris, President.| Hillsborough ...-..|..-. orenesecet 22 39 12 Marae ON RORBEUSON- cokes 5 of ets ie eeku ole ece os Carlinville..-....- Sard Oi Sse maa eee 39 19 2. le: LEELA Soe ee ne, ee Aa a W hitehall< =. s.2=3|. <<: dO scasceseckes 39 27 meee EeE LSS oe) en A ak ee i I os Ca Iter sss ieee lees GOV Fees Ae 39 38 che P+ ENP E(ETRE ee ea se ele ee UA ee cceeee lices = Ol) so eee 39 41 BME AERERS 205) Soc.) 2 ccce ge oS eke eleuee doe ee Griggsville.-...-.-|.... daits?. Seeks 39 43 0 Se eee ee Roane eee Oninttys: saco55 23-2 [e 555 0 exe csisste ss 39 55 Jy O. ERECT ee ee ee eee ee ee Danvillee iA doe Oe 40 08 UD a, [EO Ge ee ee ee ee cee ee eee ity oe SE S| aes Ons Sees ee 40 08 MEG MOR nase Ee es ee TL PI GUON ee ci aeaee ee Gores. eee 41 09 we LE CT EEp WaT La 0 WS ne a Osceola =e et i heer eeeeise 43 10 PEC ee See Sao Se. 8 tte e psSoe eb ob ose ees - Grand Ridge.-.... tesdOmeseceee wees 41 18 Toe LE IE. SS ee ad ee Colonie ses ene: Se ee ee ea eS ogee 41 28 OOTELE TEREST [2 00 2017 Fs ea pi ee eR Mendota=.2.2-s—. Boe ti (1 eee ee, ee 41 34 RRNEIAS WOME 8 Sot oe sh i see teaeel ele ee os TAMPICO x. 202. oo: Lee E OO cet. Geen Sez 41 36 EEE, UN ENOMY= fis 62-0 ee eG iene ee Se be ot @oleta-c 5.52: aU OF ees us see 41 46 Soin UE Se RO ee Ae eer eae eee ee EPOUNGPIN <= 4_- 42 255|582- 00S. - 2 <5 scene 41 47 DIEMELSR every ete oe oe SO So PU Pe ed! Batavia ssh ed O) cence S come 41 49 Meee ti. Wentworth 220... ...-. 0-2. eene. nc. e eee Chicago ... -- PARES ances cet occs 41 51 Ee, LESTE ey ee ee als he A Saas oS Sa ee er Ce en eye Sea oe Kt ee oe ee eee 41 51 TEs EIT Sy SE al i a Ht Ne A aN ere Bera te Sens et Ped Om ee Sao Sake 41 51 LL ER ESS a ES se a ree ee hae a ee | | RE eee ee Oe s5 0 eee: 41 51 SUL SE eee ee 2 eee aS eee ee Wright’ 3 Grove EV dO se = Sars See 41 54 RPM POUT Gs oy Sok s SoS ENS Se oS A ed ee es Poles ase CT ee ee ae oe 41 58 PE MUIEC KNOT: sac 2ad StS sao ee ee ee wees (Davisie Salata eRe Ow aes ces Se 42 05 PERS OATES ON yen Le ete ee Rockford. 23-2: COie 2 ee eee 42 16 EL ETE AS Do Siig 542 Tgp Be ir Sag eau ee Ae ae eased Delavan soeweee Wisconsin ...-..-- 42 37 Be Soh e BREN a ERS ae ee oe ee Racinessseeecessa| see = do sees eS 42 45 DERE TEARISISE GOR oo: 2 ose Sohne: Son ee eee. e os Arthurs se lees does =-2 ee 42 47 MMOH A SIMIh ee i ke ons Milwaukee ....... RW OR aces eee 43 00 PETRIER RAT OCI CR tne tos vi tice = Se ecu Oe Sloe OSes Ep aO ates eae 43 00 oo) LEC aS Re ABP Pe rae ae anh ek Sao a be Jetersom eee cee eb Rove see ena 43 01 Suerte nroom is: 5- 225-2. bo, ss oedeoa cote cone ec) MadiBGne ses sse 250): i 2.dor.ce.22 SIE 43 02 (ho ESS eS ee ee ee ee rere ee ote Lake Mills ..-.-... feos GD tase cae Rel 43 06 Mey ESIEBN AMG ce fe ee cas ae Richlandssenter.-|-=.2dO"s.s2se655-5e- 43 19 PPecGINISOICs ae wee) St Oe ot eS heeds Center= 0 le 2: do e282e22.-48.28 43 20 Winacamy Loops 2s te asso se North i reedom:...).=-22d0-. #s2s5<2352<- 43 30 Re EMME rm oD be cate ole pe cnc wanes aes seem Merritt’s Landing.|... do ..........--- 43 37 MGB SCHTOUTCH =~ os) oo 2ec ts... ee oe New Cassel....-.. Tet MOss sss kee Ss 50s 43 43 RPP RV AISIO® 222 Sates SU oun soe 2 SOP Se La Crosse.......-.- Wee dope msaeat cs sa8: 43 45 Sararias te Stoddard. = 2 22.2.0 ls eee eee lee. Ty Ge Ne Seemed paeed alae aero. te: 43 45 ame ial = en es te 5 PSs ws, Modem ea ee ee Hino 30.2 Scot ecueo: uted ou Mee ts 43 47 EM ana G sae oe ee he ees ek Oshkosh .......-.. ete dey pees csc sees 43 59 AQ LIST OF STATIONS: AND OBSERVERS FOR 1884—continued. SHO Ae sy ° |= on ® = BAoar Tacs AS eS a ge P Name of observer. Station. State. Latitude. ° Ales ee EERE ae ecw ese vides sce! Aaa paca t3.2/.2. 9 Wiscousim=eresess 44 22 Willard ob os 2 ooo eevee See ee cere ae West: De Pere .-.'\..2.d0 -. -2seeee 44 26 Be Kang ee ae ese a ee eo Be eR ee eee mmm Cee Pe 14 45 a Sigs a ta anaes fae ent ° tates. | Green Baye... <9. --00... e004 44 30 ot RET ame ke SAO Bae hes eo en Ba de hee (Se Ae de ee ee 44 80 SNS WN MERE = Be. ee We hk ls Ane ee Haneork 3.4 - ra. Michigan - ...-.--. 47 10 101670 eye Fh a se i lia ey oA at Baldwins .s2- eee Louisiana. 224-2222 29 30 BEV EE Caprese SMe eins oS ke es ae Re bee ce, Abbeville. ese. Sole do 2... 24. 29 57 PSNI Seton Sete eee eee aoe ci Mermenton.......|.-.. do . ..12.2.2-233) See PLONE DG 2 hey eT te HN i re SCR Brey Newport .. +5. 24. Arkansas_:....<2. 35 36 CNG, ERE MGW aie Sie x nce ae eae Eats ee = ar ee ae Fayetteville ......|..-. do .22icu3 ieee 36 02 pNichr line’ seers ss ee ee ae aan: Se Pierce City ...:-. Missouri. 23e20e 36 56 Yee ates aah Bata SIN | rN ee N Di r ! Reeds: 545.22 5222) od 0. eee 37 08 Pit et ee erene erste eo MEAT t ENA | | Saint; Louis). 32:52:12 0alo . eee 38 40 SanipSOM owe iee see ee eee ees Be oe sere eran eee Sedalia —sL2 see See eee do... 225 38 43 IMDM STC kis, 21a) tessa oer atrcomctoate Pia, a a See Mount Carmel)... |). dee {22 eaeeee 88 45 Gi Stillwell sess evsac ee an atie ciacisb acts sera cee ae Kansas City .-.--..|... U0’ 2..625ke ceeeee 39 06 Prot: s) W.. Mell p were. 2: . sk Pe eee ee as ee ee Fay Otten ic. ows ss oq] aes 9. 22 cota 39 09 Ie3 0 i AM eh ares oC eae Sm Al a lL Ge GO, 25 pee So eae C0": ..5 eee 39 09 BsSunithy oo ts. Ae: Re Nees os a Mea Glasgow -1- 424,52 ».< = (0) 207 Se eee 39 14 Wiliam: Pracceresc hi. : 22 s2Go2. eeeieee es oe Keokuk s-20- 028 LOWS) keene 40 20 AD eee LOU ae ara icicin tee eet eed eats acres ei Burlington: 2.2... |2 5 do «ii 22a 40 50 ATOM veh (MOCO. cis on calamari Benes a ede eeine Coens QD 20 cs eee LS 00 eee 40 50 AM DIOL kets ses tthe Guskbe ews acetaccmamaaontece Mount Pleasant --|.._. do. . 2203 41 00 RY eAe eStOr. =. peer aah Eb ce oi ae Se Morning Sun. i=. 00:... seco 41 05 Ree Sita eae oe aS Cis BE ae Eat oie ree Ferry....--. ~atttc.|| 2. MO. eee 41 14 Ge Ke CHEPiC cs na 38 oven aoe ee were te er TS ORV Seren ee do... 2s226eeee 41 19 AOASPINGUGL 2). 4s Sut He petra darts aie art! eae ee eo eee Richmond ..-...- .- wl 7322 41 26 BEA a eS 3 SOP CRSA EE Jg2h e5e. 2 -«| Des Moines: ....-.] 22 do (lsc ceeeeene 41 36 EC ee se a ee 360 ccc cowsncens|\cos 002s sae 41 36 \ eS Rew ey ee oerird _.. | Iowa Olive Sos ae 0.) ioc eee 41 38 NS RIT Sal ote ee ee Eee oe eae o0ntGO oi ceceds peers |ulel G0) 55. eee 41 38 Te WP vestuis,..ciésecsean ei cect eee 100, wise claiemein'nie || ya AO) eee 41 38 WETSeV Ss Willianisis eersetcensisce cam abt c eae fee “Coralville......--.|---. 00 (:k, 2 eee 41 40 OW PTOSHOM <5. 2... £ ouekiccee Shoe Se menetee oeeaea Pe. OWEN oi ante at ame (Cs emg 41 42 PY NUS) OWES. anche evom ace ame re Meee cain ces Lee RES Grinuell 1. Spex. 1 2 0:2 32 41 44 Broth. Ospornie. 5 ce sector eee serie eee ech AMOS e228 oo ae ho, <2 5 Sees 42 00 oeimiy Sigh <4 .5- toe eer ie Race eee 3 Grand Junction ..|.... do... 13. eee 42 01 ppamles Hy PONT See Ee Bete a co ieee ee eee acai DOUC. 5) a e dO a2- eo caeeee 42 08 ' CON eae eS, PAS See a oie ee eee ete ee oe La Porte City -.-.|.... do... <2 pee 42 18 Hon. Chane TALATICH te he haan See eee Webster City 2-..|-2. alo’ 22223 Seneee 42 27 Giicleidier ts a OPES itta erniche wastals a noua ee snanee ae Dubugue....---.-"|2..-d0). eae 42 30 SE RE eS nl a, eam, ape Sy ee Te Storm: Lake.;....:|. 2. do. sceeeeeeee 42 37 : REG eS Oar se ir pene” a a Williamstown .-. |....do ..22.cueaeeee 42 55 ; Bisa dew. MeCloary jo 8 oe has: mab meee eta eekerets Dompiaiy. 52. sees) abe C0 |. \scetomtee 43 00 HOS VE FRAN GOCK fae ance ecto 2 rate els care Wapato ake ee eee Waukon......... .-+.40%. 6. eee 43 15 eV indleyesc sock SS ee oe Mitebell...<.:- ~2: do .s:0c02 eee 43 19 BE Re Steel Oi te. | ree oe ee an meee ene ae Eairnmont. -2..- =. “Minnesota ....---. 43 38 rg CH ElVOSI eh 2... kn eth Leite Soe eee ee et ee Lanesboro). S. Som etee ao ot mee ale eee cee Heron Lake ...... .= G0) ink. coe 43 48 GMOS CIOWER, sce thon. ® sat ow be ao ee dla tetera elmer Lake Citys 43s 2a ee. do ..act eee 44 26 Dire hs SAME NORE Oo Re ce ae A ets en eee ny Red Wing... 2-22 «= d0 \..< eee 44 32 P Rev. G. B. Pratt ..---./.--.---0----n ee eeeee cee ene ee Hastings . 22s .36 GO". -c eee 44 45 ASS Paani aie eae epee Hee 2 Ne ie ohne Pine Bend 22.2... |2 22 do 2... eae 44 47 iEp SAS Golniiinty Meret ve hubs coe oe ee Minneapolis ...---}.--. 00). Jee 45 00 Jeep (GH TIT Die 5 5 SOR OE go oe EM EERE OBES me ceeccis amet aie (OF One DE aa Ce Pe et do. 35 eee 45 00 TELY We. EPA Verret iniatre Soas an\c wcinic mele eee meee meee QO). s.cceeeesee| eos €O. ccc 45 00 Oe Da Fiabe Mest Nee wis a sein cis ooo me arom cians WO pe ccs oe =. 00) 2 45 00 Court W. Ranslow.----..t.----. ance Coe e ce eee ee Bridley o.n.0 eases eee C6: : 2a ee 45 05 Wen Ones wel ety eee ce Cueee hie ain win mis slate Aclals ae Bik River: cote. soles d0:',). = eee 45 25 Miss.Gertrude wh Lewis6 22... -25-..cccce wn caeetion: Frazee City..-.---- ge 100s... ee 46 33 JD a OS ERE CY Uiey clase em ate Ae ae mn RRS Sree 2 White, Biarhl:.2 le. «do-.: 2.) eee 47 04 Niralber NGgeVatec aoa Gonicl. ccs cu ccs tiene “Hagle Pass::..22-- Texas ..4 5 oc seee 28 43 7 ‘Dit eh OMAS Vc SCOUbm cece eon sicw sues oases VEL ESO wise che er Sees - 2 010)s<.5 ee 29 20 DEAE WLI ees a epee) os cin o.nie sine + Sse ie ee pan Antonio..c2-.'[<-. (lo: 0 ose ieee 29 27 sia AS eo ues 2". a bia able Seer pisterdale: 1.5%... vec lool? 2 eee 30 00 ; BOOMS. hos EI OUIY re ee Cece os ae be me ooo MEABON anne onc ee oe oe AG o.oo Rees 30 43 ! ular tO ye see oe ee cha wow cia Hecate Geen San Angelo...... oO. ooi== Sega 31 22 , PACES 10 9) ET ca eA i lr 0) 8 Waxahachie... 107. Wout cee 32 23 j ines b UNIS @ US eeiy eth sien ninja n'a aiciwimas Siem eetonaicke WeeataE 22-35 - stiles 655.02.) 2oeeee 33 11 Uh LS EEG) 6) Pe ES es Se a ec | Games ville ...... |... GO. .>2 ae 33 36 Se ARES pecan

esse: SSO; Sue ees 44 21 SRN INMey?- 6. =e cs. detect. oes Joa cae ee Saint Ansgar..... aed O fice us See 46 00 Meeeetn abscess Lotsa AN eod sb cae JOSS aes cete ee. La Moure ....:--. te NG ro Pah rere tranche 46 30 Se MILES ae SEE co wiassdacccs Coca Leen Argusville....-... ie MO ee eke isenee 47 08 oe DSS Sa Poe Poe eee Menoken ......--- sea dO) Sekencae teat 46 58 a Soo ee Larimore .--.-.... pe) EO Sh Dae Re oe 47 52 LOE LTA See ee Grand Forks ..-... eee eae 47 55 PUTAS oho PP Se SSS beaten eles oes Two Rivers......- “Manitoba ......-.- 49 28 Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society (Rev. | Winnipeg ......-. sho COmere ese: eee: 49 30 George Bryce, president). ; “Oy NIG S eee e Portagse ae rairie|===d0) =teneee sees oe 50 00 RE MN Mee cernoics ap cpnre eect Sladek s Pees e ss QalkePoimt 225-2 OT (0 et ee 50 30 During tne migration season of 1885 the general character of the work remained the same. Many new observers added their names to the list, and their reports form a valuabie portion of the material re- ceived during that year. A great effort was made to fill up those parts of the district which lacked observers in 1884, but with few exceptions this attempt proved unsuccessful, the reason being that there are no per- sons in these areas who are sufficiently acquainted with birds to report their movements. A list of the new observers and stations for 1885 was published in the Ornithologist and Odlogist for August, 1885. It contains the names of sixty-nine new observers, and of several of the observers of 1884 who had changed their residence since the previous list was printed. Ninety of the observers of 1884 promised to send notes during the fol- lowing year, making the whole number of observers in 1885 one hun- dred and fifty-nine. LIST OF NEW STATIONS AND OBSERVERS FOR THE YEAR 1885. Name of observer. Station. State. Latitude. . e) / SD ILS ee ES ee ee ee ee Shawneetown. ..-- TU IMIOIS9 = senses ee 37 43 Rrcenoe Rearden se sat fee Sa305 Yess Sacian wet ses akbece|. ate doje oteerich.. SMU Oi Se Seno Sees 37 43 Lo LESTE Ree a ee ee ae ae eee a Hillsborough. - Seat (Tien es 39 12 MUMMPAC PES RINICE ce 28 oss seh tose ee ne ema eaeee IPS sete se Fae OMe ee kc ete elas 39 34 Pipa CObleiE re Us. en eke i athe Cee ee IPeoriat Sere ee Ee Ove ae 40 41 EULA SLOWER Se so eae Coes o Skala camenae oeccdecce ami piconet... Fee AUD isla apg acess at 41 36 (SEALE E Li SEES O01 Sy Ne en ee feta) na nae Fernwood....-..-- lise Seana sear a eerste 41 42 RETIRED Sc oS Soe, Cir hse epee ae Olintone sesso kes Wisconsin .....--. 42 34 PEPE SNE TICE Soya he were os cS te is ee ne ae Se ce G0" 5 Abe ee Eye es Or ee oe rete ; 42 34 Repbmesietatente ee so 0 a. 3c edo Seco te ee 42S Janesville..-.-...- seeds, ee | 42. 39 Se Then VG) TST RRS a eR ea ee ees a in Stuughton.-..-..-- DRE he ee : 42 55 emnias Crain ot 28 het. a, a eis ee oe do Baad SESS Ng ne eek eo | 42 55 BE Te VVLCHIS ae a ee a ae Gt ee eee Hort Atkinson)... 2 dé... 42 56 AA il Bis 2 NT Wee gt ie ek eo ae ng Oe ee oe ea Milwaukee........ 2350) Ae 43 00 PRR AN ONES Re so a eh ea oo mii SE ee aa Portage>. 2/5. <2: Spee ae eee 43 31 Pe Pe RUMOMIR REN as. 2 oo Soe ake een ce Groene bage seer eee Ow eas ook ani 44 30 2 SLO LTS ae ne eae eens es |e CS ee aes ees Biip se eee ho iaee 44 30 eRe STONEE Ua ees te tae woe to Meet lt Diane oe oe dintecsssh teoe: 44 36 ZS 44 LIST OF NEW STATIONS AND OBSERVERS FOR THE YEAR 1885—continued. Name of observer. Station. State. Latitude. ie) ‘ OF Gibby cose oes: eee aise eiate nice Marte ieeiamete River Falls ....-.-. Wisconsin.......- 44 45 IB WE: SGylen oe. s occ seers eee Sates eae snore ‘RobeniSieee ete cals on 0 code. eee 44 58 Was bib by ts.cc cn. vaccine eo cones See eeeeempee ese New Richmond...|.... G0, .s2sce see 45 09 dee (PEEOESON 270) See heise thee cicietls wcempe me HoRe mee | ELC N reteeee OR Sa Se Ci Co er a. 45 35 A AN RO TTANDTD 2 acl aide waa aie tgs oe ele aetna Bavilel@ 6.2.05 23le nee dp, - 3. 46 50 Heed Wun zlows oes cues oe se ee eo eee 6 oR ee ee Houmaz ee. vas Lowisiana. --oeeeee 29 34 Gustameweonn soc. cee ane sce eee ae New Orleans......|.--- i pee es 30 00 SstAweb tile cue cae Seahorse Be rite ae eal eee ea ae ar RCCU 22h cae e Missouri. 25.-eeeee 37 08 ary ey (Olatk: cineca saan ores sate aer eee meer Se Batler ck ono ate he cise 0 6 iene 38 14 IVI CT OFS 55 sais de fale lake wee afte wie nia goatee raene erates Keoleaic ere lows... t. eee 40 20 Gora B Brackett. .-scsst hse Le Denmark 22.225. hcs6> 0). ..-J622055e8 40 43 olina lin ora eee eee leet = jie eewastbeaeeseeseee ae Burlington. ......-|.--. dO. -255 «cae 40 50 Jen: Green GT, a I oe a Ub gE See ae AS Des Moines......-|---.- d0 |. ..=4. 220eee 41 36 CEO MB ONG peek mc Adie. eis ee eae sea eo eR Ree ete Towa Clbysc weer aloe GO.» ences pee 41 38 ATG 10) Beet Gi) Fr a7 Non ON MIR ORL A) sia Se OB SLO: ee cee Cee ene G0. 5.5.4 sheen 41 38 (ie ie WR OWES) aaa cian det oan Sale oe ain alee ee ake 200 Soaciew eee see enee G0... ss eae 41 38 AG VAMOS et) OM CBee ct arars/ahe aisyelai iets ae he eal ete etna ere ‘Grinnell ..ctc cashes i eee ey = 41 44 Prot bw cb ater waa coe Soe. kee ee BELOW os Aes 00.2 co eee 41 44 iarey Be PEG. sale cnwicnten aseiele's oie ee eaters oe ‘La Porte City... 24 cne: CO: ss snicw eee 42 18 IMO RLOM: NOC msc Necite cies c kine nore tone eb ea eee LE SO 2 Seca eee 0...-k.eeeeee 42 18 Alexander Scou Cale. oxjanwc mn tiebse sme «eae sete Sioux City.....-.. +oysMhO s.2cn ce eee 42 28 Sas) WINS eerie Sek oun hee aera eager State Centre...... ix MO, cae wan Sees 42 59 TOWN) cs CHING coe cate Suite asain comes em clamelsean ete Emmetsburg...... o> SLOP ca == oe 43 08 how CAL MMIGSINOTS Pini henna pawn ccmanine men mn mane Spirit Like. 06s is a ee 43 26 Press Ri Bes AD POUbes. seuce cape ties notes ae ue omic Albert Lea.......- “Minnesota ......-- 43 58 Wo akin rlibmibiese ons nice ce ae ee ee cinco ee es cee Rochesterce.. 22ve< . a ehiO istat nee 44 01 1S Je NURSE Hep acb ncn roe oe Saoaeeacnee Shoddn seh aS - hake Oiyiec wo cocee oe OD 2502. 44 26 (Crs Caylee Snes aaSac emetic dcs44 ob gncer sect ace Red. Wing ...s0%-+|.--.@0+-. 5204 eee 44 32 TRL AN VALUER saute et eee oe eT eee = ar centro tee lene OO. ose eee - os sO Soe. eee 44 32 igublan cocksas= Pe ns ek seen Sie aene wes eee aces sop Ohne ee eee \o3. Ge) S.. eee 44 32 ie OE MORIN eee ee elec eer OCOD wraia elaie cepa ae Exeelsior .....=<-- sais’, LOn aoe ae 44 55 MEMO Mac. 22 22 ck obs eee e cma c eee cokeen s vaenee Excelstor........- $24... 00). coo 5 eee 44 55 TES Waa SNe Glace sarccia: see ok Ge eon Gin tare wis eeme eee Saint a0) ccee so - i QO) sas deme 45 57 Brot Cl erriGles 2 S82 ct sesjae ata estate were Yiieiate ope Minneapolis ...... «<0 100, Sia tee eee 44 00 iran hin @nner cos secese case Gre wee chine rine serene IO sho ee tele ices .senMlD) Jccneeheeeeen 45 00 Mars3 (is. SPinelewy $0. chiens oer seb beeen ok ia MOD oowC cee eee Ree ee 45 00 Re eo. WW OS UUM ere eos Gen eeteaein esis scene sien brons a CP ean teh SRA - oa 0) 2. 2 ce eee 45 00 EP Bennettececcis semee te ea ccitoe a sae thie oe acai b “Saint Cloud......- ic. 80 22222 Cpe 45 32 IVEY, - SC OOIGO oe siete nies cic eis ale ie eitie e cle nie ein eie aes Moorhead......... aaja's UO oie cre eee 46 56 ire "©. VAC Cooke es. cc 5 oo ae merece we eee ate here aero White Earth ..... ....€0). 23220 eee ee 47 04 Bro AV Newell s-. ote eccanecce hac ouan cuvette secia | San Antonio...... Texas.:2:24eeeeee 29 27 POLS G MOLINY’ - a. c eenice hae a eee wba aces See eae ee 1B). Sete ane eee BP Be 29 27 ew: Os (stream 2s. co eee ke pins seem kee kee oe Hedorsn. scope oe ~ ons C0) 5a oe eee 30 20 Bh) BR Bot HW PS te Ore 1 Ue a A Aaa t Port Worth... 2s wt AOS oes See 32 44 DB: AP CGEUS | ces oie cele bie ceo Ee theting inte ide ote ee Bonham, on .cecece (26) O.. een oe 33 34 N= IR ONO CGF! 5 orale fm chee ote ciela ng Onde 2 = wa Sahat BM PONS So oo. sine Kansas. 2. c00-aeee 38 2L IS Se WE OMNGEO cs fis eye ce ene oe aes ce le actos Scene eee lee MMOs s Soots merece GO ace. ope eee 38 21 AWW Ta Sees Mi bh 72 = ots Gs Sete cee Se oeoe ee eee areas BICHMONG .oae-4.. ee 7 Ce erate i 38 34 eek NN SDMA, Steins Shc he. cy = eee antes Cee pele Topeka tis. 2.5. seeds sy 39 03 INE CAC SHERMAN cece cise eeereeh aise eee ren SOE meee ee Workse.!2.ic. 05. ore’ Nebraska. -s.cseee 40 48 (Aer blanehardsee) ace on sceeeeee cee he nee ee neeee Grand View ....-- Dakotaivcc. 2. Seaee 43 50 Georeen Wilders oe ak Sain eweok iw em am smb eae Hiren con eee ats = oe 0... cae pane 44 21 Me HParkhouse: 2222s dees sp seeaceecce ante mee. Valley City.--.-- Re co mayen) Sm 46 55 BIO MMIAS, CSS eae tol veel = Cee ran cone ae thnds Se cael ope Steele... ic.ceue to. 0) 2 eee 47 01 red ye WAMUGY Cree ce cain oR enc aera eee eee ae ADDO ——— ——. When was it first seen,| When When When Is it Does : and was it did it wasit | common | it breed : marks. Narne of bird about how next become last or near your Re ks many were| seen? |common?| seen? rare ? station ? observed ? On the back of the schedules the following ‘‘Instructions” were printed : Saeed INSTRUCTIONS. In the first column should be stated the exact date when each kind of bird was first seen. This entry should be made on the day the bird arrives—not from memory afterwards (general statements, such as ‘‘late in March,” ‘‘early in April,” etc., are of no value). The number observed (approximate) should also be recorded. In the second column should be stated the date when the same kind of bird was next seen—whether this happens on the very next day, the next week, or not till a month later. In the third column should be stated the date when the bird becomes common. Some birds come in a body and are common from the day of their first arrival, while others straggle along and are not common for a month or more; and others still are never common. In the fourth column should be stated the last date when the bird was observed. In the spring migration this column will remain vacant in those species which breed ‘in the neighborhood, as it can be filled only when all the individuals go north. In the fall migration it should be filled in those species which pass farther south, but must remain vacant in those which spend the winter in the vicinity of the station. In the fifth column should be stated whether the species is abundant, common, tol- erably common, or rare. In the sixth colunin it is necessary only to say yes or no. Each schedule contained spaces for noting the movements of 36 spe- cies of birds. In 1885, schedules relating to spring migration were received from 87 observers, distributed as follows: One in Mississippi, 12 in Illinois, 16 in Wisconsin, 1 in Louisiana, 6 in Missouri, 19 in Iowa, 11 in Minne- sota, 5 in Texas, 4 in Kansas, 2 in Nebraska, 6 in Dakota, and 4in Man- ‘AG itoba. These observers sent reports as follows: Twelve occupied less than half a schedule, 21 occupied more than half but less than a whole schedule, 28 sent ove full schedule, 10 sent one and a half schedules, 5 sent two schedules, 4 sent two and a half schedules, and 7 sent three or nore schedules. | In addition to the schedules several hundred notes were sent in let- ters. Schedules relating to fall migration were received from 16 ob- servers, distributed as follows: One in Illinois, 1 in Wisconsin, 2 in Mis- souri, 3 in Iowa, 3 in Minnesota, 2 in Texas, 2 in Kansas, | in Dakota, and 1 in Manitoba. These observers sent reports as follows: Three occupied less than half a schedule, 1 occupied more than half but less than a whole sched- ule, 9 sent one full schedule, 2 sent two schedules, and 1, Mr. Otto Wid- mann, sent the most complete record of fall migration that has ever been made in the United States. NOTES ON THE MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EACH SPECIES REPORTED AS INHABITING THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. In the first circular on migration issued by the American Ornitholo- gists’ Union, records were called for concerning four movements for each species of bird, namely, the arrival of the first, the arrival of the bulk, the departure of the bulk, and the last one seen. The notes con- tributed by observers relate principally to first arrivals. Of a few species a number of ‘lasts’ were noted, and of still fewer the move- ments of the bulk are recorded with De ceaat fullness to serve as the basis of intelligent study. The second circular issued by the American Ornithologists’ Union contained instructions for the year 1885. It called for records of the arrival of the first individual of a species, for the date when it was next seen, when it became common, and when the last one was seen. The records received under the second and third of these headings are very disappointing. These records are voluminous, numbering several thou- sand, but they are almost without value. The records of the second time the species was seen have served in a few instances as a check on the date of the first arrival, showing whether the first seen was a straggler or a regular arrival, but these instances are very much fewer than had been expected. When the dates of arrival and departure of bulk were asked for, not many observers gave these records, but the notes that were sent were usually of value, since in most instances they indicated a real movement of the species at the date specified. In my experience the record ‘‘common” can not be so interpreted ; indeed, it cannot be interpreted in any manner which will throw any light on the movements of the species. The records for 1885 give no intimation of the arrival or departure of — the bulk of the species, but merely furnish notes on the first and the last, with two additional checks on the record of the first seen. What POUT ee ee Pe ee eee — a ae AT has just been said does not apply to Mr. Otto Widmann’s notes for 1885, since, as in former years, he kept a full record of all the movements of each species. In preparing this part of the report the chief endeavor has been to trace the movements of the van of each species, while the more im- portant part, relating to the movements of the bulk, must be left un- noticed. The departure of a bird from any point is necessarily followed by its arrival at some other point; so that when a departure is noted a.cor- responding arrival may be looked for. The record of a typical move- ment of a species in its northern migration would contain: Ist, the record of the earliest arrival; 2d, the arrival of the bulk of the species at a point somewhat farther south; 3d, the departure of the bulk from a point still farther south; 4th, the departure of the last individual from the southern limit occupied by the species on the same day. Such a contemporaneous record would prove that during the previous night a general movement of the species had taken place. Were all the records as full as those of the first arrivals many such typical movements undoubtedly would be found. This, however, would be too much to expect. What we ought to find recorded is an arrival of the bulk of a species for each corresponding departure, and when the stations become sufficiently numerous, and the observers more thoroughly trained, these important items will be forthcoming in many if not in most cases. Then and not till then will something definite be known concerning the distance actually traveled by birds during a single night’s migration. The computations based on first arrivals will always be very uncertain, and if accurate information ever is obtained it must come almost entirely from the movements of the bulk. * In the systematic portion of this reportit has been found impracticable to give in full all the notes contributed by the different observers, be- _ [* Again I am forced to differ with Professor Cooke. ‘There is no evidence to show that in any species of bird a sufficiently large proportion of the total number of individ- uals comprising the migratory host move forward together at one time to justify the description of such a movement as that of ‘‘ the bulk of the species.” On the con- trary, migration consists of a series of successive movements or waves, each of which brings a variable number of individuals to places a variable distance in advance of =. the point or points from which they started. It was the recognition of these facts that led me to omit reference to ‘‘ bulk” movements in preparing the circular for 1885, and to insert the following statement, of which Professor Cooke makes no mention: ‘‘ The committee particularly desires exact records of every increase and decrease in the numbers of a given species over a given area; for it is only by the knowledge of the daily fluctuations of the samé species in the same place that the progress and movements of a ‘flight,’ or ‘bird wave,’ can be traced. Such data can be contrib- uted by experienced observers only, and in their procurement much time must be spent in the field. During the progress of the migratory movement the observer should go over the same ground day after day, and, if possible, both early in the _ morning and late in the afternoon. He should visit woodlands, thickets of dense undergrowth, and open fields ; and, if possible, both swamp and upland should fall under his daily scrutiny. ”—C. H. M.] Ag. cause of their voluminousness ; nor is it necessary to do so in the pres- ent connection. The prime object to be attained is a complete knowledge of the movements of each species. Such knowledge can be gained only by the accumulation of the facts noted by many observers over a term of years. The facts so accumulated will serve as a guide to the time of the appearance and disappearance of each species, and also will serve as a check to the observers’ records. By this means the observers will be enabled to correct many mistakes into which they will fall, and will be guided to record many interesting facts which otherwise would escape notice. The above points have been dwelt upon in order that no observer may feel slighted should he not find credit given for all his observations. For example, some 60 or 70 stations scattered over every State in the district report the White-bellied Nuthatch as a resident. It is enough for present purposes to say that the species is resident throughout the Mississippi Valley. Or if, in the records of migration, 5 or 6 stations situated on the same parallel record the arrival of a species about the same time, it is more intelligible to say that on that date the van reached this latitude, than to give the name, latitude, and date for each of the stations.* The rule here followed is that the shorter the record the more easily it is comprehended, and the supposition is that the student of this report will always have a map before him. It is useless to attempt to study migration without this aid. The remaining or systematic portion of the report aims to be entirely historical rather than philosophical or theoretical; and if must be re- membered that it is based upon notes, many of which, through lack of sufficient ornithological knowledge on the part of the observer, undoubt- edly are erroneous, but which, since they bear on their face the appear- ance of truth, have been accepted as facts. Hence, while great care has been taken to make the statements as accurate as possible, errors un- doubtedly have crept in, and the author will consider it a special favor if those who discover such will communicate the fact to him. There remains the pleasant duty of acknowledging the assistance received from various sources. The first acknowledgments are due to the observers, without whose able and united efforts nothing could have been accomplished. These persons have given their time and thought to the work without compensation, stimulated only by their love of nature and their interest in scientific work; and many bave expressed the pleasure it afforded them by the statement ‘the enjoyment we have derived from the work has more than repaid us.” To Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam the thanks of all are due for his untiring zealin bringing the work before the public and enlisting the services of observers, and for the [*I cannot agree with Professor Cooke in this method of treating records of mi- gration. Owing to the difference in altitude of stations on the same parallel, and to the influence of topography and other local conditions, I deem it necessary to give in full the exact records of each observer.—C, H. M.] 49 laborious task of editing the manuscript of this report and seeing it through the press. Mr. Ridgway, both as representing the Smithsonian Institution, and personally, has aided in settling disputed points of iden- tification and distribution; and Mr. Allen and Dr. Coues have assisted in the same manner. Norshould the able effortsof Prof. D. E. Lantz, of Manhattan, Kans., be fergutten. Not only did he furnish, for two years, a very full and acceptable set of notes on migration, but when the sick- ness of the author threatened to prevent the completion of this report, Professor Lantz came to his assistance, and, although already burdened by his ewn private work, found time to write nearly one-eighth of the systematic portion of this report. Last, but not least, should the au- thor endeavor to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Otto Widmann, of Saint Louis, Mo. When the work was begun and its future seemed clouded in doubt, his voluminous and valuable notes turned the scale; later, when delays and discouragements came, his advice and encour- agement awoke renewed vigor and interest. Net only does the material contributed by Mr. Widmann form the most valuable part of the present report, but during its preparation his aid has been so constant that it is perhaps not too much to say that his name should be included as joint author. Thanks are due, also, tothe U.S. Signal Service for kindly furnishing weather reports and maps. 7365—Bull. 2——4 . . 4 4 fa De I ei if Vs ¥ v1 ‘ E | é \ 0 \ a ve | $ ‘ 4 a ee ) | | \ ‘ . pv © : ce i ( | ) Mo . ’ ' MW ; ¢ = f is te os SYSTEMATIC REPORT. 1. Zichmophorus occidentalis (Lawr.). [729.] Western Grebe. An inhabitant of western North America, coming eastward to Mani- toba. Twenty years ago Donald Gunn discovered this Grebe breeding abundantly at Shoal lake and Lake Manitowaba, Manitoba (Smithson- ian Keport for 1867, pp. 429-430). More recently Prof. John Macoun, botanist to the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, found — it breeding ‘‘in thousands” on Waterhen river; and still more recently Mr. Ernest E. T. Seton (now HE. E. Thompson) has recorded specimens from Long lake, Manitoba (The Auk, Vol. II, 1885, p. 314). 2. Colymbus holbcellii (Reinh.). [731.] Holbell’s Grebe; American Red-necked Grebe. A northern species, coming south in winter irregularly to the northern half of the Mississippi Valley; has been taken as a rare visitant at Alda, Nebr. Said to breed in northern Manitoba. 3. Colymbus auritus Linn. [732.] Horned Grebe. Winters over most of the Mississippi Valley and breeds from northern Illinois northward; reported by various observers in Missouri, Ne- braska, and Wisconsin. In 1885 it arrived at Lake City, Minn., April 23. 4. Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heerm.). [733a.] American Eared Grebe. Occurs throughout the western row of States in the district; breeds from Texas northward, and winters from Texas southward; was noted by observers at Saint Louis, Mo., Manhattan, Kans., Ellis, Kans., and Vermillion, Dak. In the spring of 1885 it was first reported from Em- poria, Kans., April 14, and again April 30. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first, a male, came April 24. In the fall of 1885 it was seen at Emporia September 8 and at Saint Louis SELCEILOE: 22. It remained at Saint - Louis until October 7. 5. Colymbus dominicus Linn. [734.] St. Domingo Grebe. This is a tropical species, coming north to the valley of the lower Rio Grande in Texas. Near Fort Brown it is a “ rather common resi- dent” (Merrill, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., 1878, p. 172). it occurs at least as far up the river as Lomita ranch, above Hidalgo (Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Ter., Vol. V, No. 3, 1879, p. 440). > 9] 54 6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn). 735. ] Pied-billed Grebe ; Hell Diver ; Dabchick. Winters wherever there is open water, from Illinois southward, and breeds from southern Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and eastern Kansas northward. The records for 1884 are so irregular that it can only be said that during the last of April and first of May the Dabchick was migrating on both sides of the forty-third paralle!, and appeared May 6 at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. In the fall of 1884 it was first seen at Emporia, Kans., September 20 and was common the same day. The records for "1885 are scarcely more regular than those for 1884. Its arrival was noted at Laporte City, lowa, April 1; Lanesboro, Minn., April 3; Saint Louis, Mo., April 6; Paris, Iil., aor 19; Heron Lake, Minn., April 9, and Shell River, Manitoba, May 3. In the fall of 1885 the first came to Emporia, Kans., September 16, and to Shawnee- town, Ill., October 3. The last left Lanesboro, Minn., November 9, and Saint Louis, Mo., October 27. Mr. Lloyd states that it is tolerably * common in winter in Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas (The Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, p. 184). 7. Urinator imber (Gunn.). [736.] Joon. Breeds from northern Illinois and Minnesota northward. Occurs in winter at suitable localities over most of the Mississippi Valley, even as far south as San Angelo, Tex. (Lloyd), Corpus Christi bay (Sen- nett), and Waverly, Miss. (Young). During the first eleven days of April in 1884 it was recorded at various places from latitude 39° to latitude 45° 25’, and May 1 it reached Oak Point, Manitoba. In the spring of 1885 two sets of notes were contributed. The first was as follows: Laporte City, Iowa (lat. 42° 18’), March 31; New Cassel Wis. (lat. 43° 40’), April 4; Excelsior, Minn. (lat. 44° 55’), April 5; Emmetsburg, Iowa (lat. 43° 8’), and Saint Louis, Mo. (lat. 38° 40’), April 6; Heron Lake, Minn. (lat. 43° 48’), April 8; Lanesboro, Minn. (lat. 43° 43’), April 9. The second set was: Luck, Wis. (lat. 45° 357), April 20; Des Moines, Iowa (lat. 41° 36’), Ferry, Iowa (lat. 41° 14’), and Lake Mills, Wis. (lat. 43° 6’), April 21, and Shell River, Manitoba, May 4, The last left Saint Louis, Mo., April 11, and Ferry, lowa, April 29. In the fall of 1885 the last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 7. 9. Urinator arcticus (Linn.). [738.] Black-throated Diver. Breeds in the far north, coming south in winter, rarely to the Great Lakes. 11. Urinator lumme (Gunn.). [740.] Red-throated Diver. A northern species ; breeding about the larger lakes in Manitoba, and thence northward; dispersed in winter irregularly over the northern half of the Mississippi Valley. 21. Synthliboramphus antiquus orev: [753, 759.] Ancient Murrelet; Black- throated Guillemot. Inhabits the islands and shores of the North Pacific; accidental once on Lake Koshkonong, Wis. (Sennett, Auk, Vol. I, 1884, p. 98). ~~ eS —_—) "re | i ls eR ke dB ee 55 36. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.). [697.] Pomarine Jaeger. Breeds in the far north, coming south to the Great Lakes in winter. “Winter visitant to Lake Michigan” (Ridgway); ‘“‘twice seen in Ne- braska” (Aughey). 37. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.). [698.] Parasitic Jaeger. Breeds in the far north, coming south in winter to the Great Lakes, and even to Illinois (Ridgway). 38. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. [699.] Long-tailed Jaeger. Breeds in the Arctic regions, coming south in winter to the northern States; ‘casual winter visitant in Illinois” (Ridgway). 40. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). [658.] Kittiwake. A northern species, coming south in winter to the Great Lakes. It has been noted from Minnesota (Hatch), and Illinois (Nelson); and March 17, 1884, one was seen by Dr. P. R. Hoy at Racine, Wis. 42. Larus glaucus Briinn. [660.] Glaucous Gull. Another northern species, appearing as a winter visitant at Lake Michigan, and once taken as far south as Clay county, Tex. (Ragsdale, Bull. N. O. C., Vol. VI, 1881, p. 187). Dr. P. R. Hoy took a fine speci- men at Racine, Wis., March 17, 1884. 43. Larus leucopterus Faber. [661.] Iceland Gull. Breeds in the far north, coming south in winter to the Great Lakes; occurs regularly on Lake Michigan (E. W. Nelson). _ 47. Larus marinus Linn. [663.] Great Black-backed Gull. Breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, coming south in winter to the Great Lakes (Lake Michigan, Nelson). 5la. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. [666a.] Herring Gull. Breeds from southern Minnesota northward, and migrates over nearly the whole of the Mississippi Valley. This species was seen at Chicago in the winter of 1883~84, and usually a few winter on Lake Michigan. As a ruleit is found in winter throughout L[llinois and thence southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The severe cold of January,1884, drove it almost - entirely out of Illinois. One was seen at Saint Louis after the river be- gan to be full of floating ice. It returned to Saint Louis January 29; two days later a party of eighteen went north, and February 3 between Seventy-five and eighty-five went north above the Mississippi. At Heron Lake, Minn., the first came March 24. They breed from Heron Lake northward. There isa record of a large Gull, probably this spe- cies, from Oak Point, Manitoba, April 21. At Chicago, Ill., Herring Gulls were common throughout the winter of 188485, and as the Mississippi river did not freeze over they remained all winter atSaint Louis,Mo. Their migration at that place in the spring of 1885 began February 27, and the next day they were seen going north in regular migration wedge, taking their annual overland route just in 56 the rear of the city, cutting short the great bend which the Mississippi river makes north of Saint Louis. Many old birds in beautiful plumage were seen all day soaring in majestic gyrations at enormous heights above the Mississippi. At Saint Louis the last was seen April 12; at Lake City, Minn., the first April 26, and the last May 10. In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Milwaukee, Wis., August 8, and the last — November 21. 53. Larus californicus Lawr. [668.] California Gull. A rare visitapt from the west. Colonel N. S. Goss shot one on the Arkansas river, in Reno county, Kans., October 20, 1880. 54. Larus delawarensis Ord. [669.] Ming-billed Gull. Breeds from the northern tier of States northward; occurs in win- ter as far north as’ southern Illinois, and occasionally Saint Louis, and is a common .winter resident along the coast of Texas and Louis- iana. It was shot in Chicago harbor in the latter part of December, 1883. In 1884 the first migrant was seen at Saint Louis February 26, and the bulk came to Vermillion, Dak., March 31. The other dates are more or less irregular. In the spring of 1885 the only arrivals noted were as follows: Em- poria, Kans., April 30; Luck, Wis., April17, and Heron Lake, Minn., April 9. In the fall of 1885 it left Heron Lake November 11. According to Ridgway it is a summer resident in the northern part of Illinois, but is not yet known certainly to breed there. 58. Larus atricilla Linn. [673.] Laughing Gull. ‘ Belongs more particularly to the South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds plentifully on the coasts of Texas and Louisiana, and a few pass — up the Mississippi during the summer as far as southern Illinois. It is not known from Kansas, but was recorded by Mr. Powell at Alda, Netr., in July 1880. 59. Larus franklinii Sw. & Rich. [674.] Franklin’s Gull. Franklin’s Gull breeds from southern Minnesota and Dakota north- ward; winters in the Southern States, and migrates principally west of the Mississippi river. The records of its movements are irregular and unsatisfactory. In 1884 it arrived at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 21. In 1885 it was reported from Emporia, Kans., April 10. It breeds abundantly in Dakota and western Minnesota, and thence north- ward. Until within a few years its presence anywhere in the United States in summer was considered a rare occurrence. In 1879 Roberts and Benner found it common in the Traverse Lake region in western Minnesota in June (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. V, 1880, p. 20). In 1884 Mr. Thomas Miller reported it as an abundant summer resident at Heron Lake, in southwestern Minnesota; and Mr. J. W. Preston has recently found it breeding in numbers in western Minnesota, where it Be is said to have arrived April 9, and left September 29, 1885 (Ornithol- ogist and Odlogist, Vol. XI, No. 4, April, 1886, pp. 54-55). October 22, 1884, Mr. S. W. Willard took a female near the mouth of Fox river, in eastern Wisconsin. 60. Larus philadelphia (Ord.) [675.] Bonaparte’s Gull. Breeds from Manitoba northward (and probably in northern Minne- sota as well); winters along the Gulf of Mexico and southward, and sometimes in Illinois. In the spring of 1884 it was noted from Lanes- borough, Minn., April 23, and from River Falls, Wis., April 28. In 1885 it arrived at Hennepin, Il., April 17. 62. Xema sabinii (Sab.). [677.} Sabine’s Gull. Breeds in the Arctic regions, coming south in winter rarely and ir- regularly to the United States. It is a rare winter visitant at Lake Michigan (Nelson), and was taken once in Kansas in the fall (at Hum- boldt, September 21, 1876, by Col. N. 8. Goss). 63. Gelochelidon nilotica (Hasselq.). [679.] Gull-billed Tern; Marsh Tern. Breeds commonly in suitable places along the coast of Texas; rare inland, but has been reported irregularly from other parts of the Mis- sissippi Valley. 4 64. Sterna tschegrava Lepech. [680.] Caspian Tern. 4 An irregularly distributed species, common in the Gulf of Mexico, _ where it breeds at various places along the coasts of Texas and Louisi- ana. Mr. Hatch gives it in his list of Minnesota birds, and Mr. Preston has taken it in central Iowa. There is also a record of three that were shot at Cincinnati October 9, 1882. 65. Sterna maxima Bodd. [681.] Royal Tern. a A southern species, breeding commonly along the coasts of Texas and _ Louisiana. A summer visitant in Illinois. 67. Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida (Cabot). [683.] Cabot’s Tern. An inhabitant of the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, breeding com- monly along the coast of Texas. _ 69. Sterna forsteri Nutt. [685.] Jorster’s Tern. : Theemost common Tern of the Mississippi Valley, wintering in the. _ South, and breeding from Texas to Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and _ Manitoba. In 1884 it was noted from Manhattan, Kans., May 1; and a Tern, probably of this species, was seen at Oak Point, Manitoba, = May 17. = _ __ _ In 1880 it was seen at Emporia, Kans., April 18; and at Heron Lake, _ Minn., April 21. In the fall of 1885 two birds, young of the year, were _ seen at Lanesboro, Minn., August 21, and the species was last seen at _ Heron Lake, October 14. —<é58 70. Sterna hirundo Linn. [686.] Common Tern. Breeds commonly on the larger lakes in Manitoba, and has been noted at various places in the Mississippi Valley. It was recorded as a mi- grant at West De Pere, Wis., and as having been taken by Mr. Preston in central Iowa. 74. Sterna antillarum (Less.). [690.] Least Tern. Chiefly coastwise, but passes up the Mississippi Valley to Dakota and Minnesota. Breeds abundantly along the Gulf coast in Louisiana and Texas; also in the interior; known to breed in Kansas and Dakota. In the fall of 1885 it acteat at Emporia, Kans., August 12; was last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., August 31, and returned to Bonham, Tex., August 20. 75. Sterna fuliginosa Gmel. [691.] Sooty Tern. A tropical and subtropical maritime species of wide distribution ; common along the Gulf coast. 77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.). [693.] Black Tern. Winters beyond our border, and breeds from southern Illinois and Kansas, northward. In 1884 it was noticed at Saint Louis April 29, and at Heron Lake, Minn., May1. May 17 it came to Oak Point, Mani- toba; May 15 it was passing over Laporte City, Iowa, in large flocks. In the fall of 1884 the first flock appeared at Emporia, Kans., August 19. In the spring of 1885 they were seen at Emporia, Kans., and Heron Lake, Minn., the last day of March and the first day of April. They arrived at Luck, Wis., April 17; at Huron, Dak., May 14, and May 18 eleven were seen at Shell River, Manitoba, latitude 50°. They were seen during the whole summer at Emporia, Kans., the extreme western limit of their breeding range. In the fall of 1885 they were reported at Richmond, Kans., July 25; again August 4, and common August 12. The last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 11; a few were seen at Saint Louis, Mo., October 7, and the last left there October 21. The first came to Bonham, Tex., August 22. Mr. Lloyd says it is tolerably common in western Texas in fall migration. 78. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.). [694.] White-winged Black Tern. A European species; accidental once at Lake Koshkonong, Wis. (Kumlien, specimen now in U.S. National Museum). 79. Anous stolidus (Linn.). [695.] Noddy. ' A tropical and subtropical maritime species; reported as breeding abundantly along the coast of Texas. 80. Rynchops nigra Linn. [656.] Black Skimmer. A maritime species, breeding abundantly on the islands along the Gulf coast in Louisiana and Texas. 115. Sula sula (Linn.). [652.] Booby. A tropical maritime species coming north to the Gulf States; reported as not common along the coast of Texas. ag 117. Sula bassana (Linn.). [650.] Gannet. A maritime species, breeding in the North Atlantic and Gulf of St. _ Lawrence, and coming south in winter when it sometimes occurs along - the coasts of the Gulf States. 118. Anhinga anhinga (Linn.). [649.] Anhinga; Snake Bird. Resident in the Southern States, where it is commonly called the “Water Turkey.” In summer it passes north regularly to southern I1- linois; and it has been taken once in western Kansas (in August, 1881). _ It was noted by the observers from Mississippi to San Angelo, Tex. - On the south Concho, near the latter place, it is a tolerably common _ fallmigrant (Lloyd). In eastern Texas it breeds abundantly (Nehrling). In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at San Angelo, Tex., _ September 19. It was again seen September 21 and September 30. - One was shot and mounted by Mr. Munroe at Newport, Ark. (lat. 35° 36’), during the winter of 18384~’85. q 120. Phalacrocorax diiophus (Sw. and Rich.). [643.] Double-crested Cormorant. _ Winters in the Southern States, rarely north to Illinois; breeds from _ Minnesota and Dakota northward. In migration it iscommon through- 3 out the Mississippi Valley. In 1884 it arrived at Saint Louis March 27; at Laporte City, lowa, March 31, and at Lanesboro, Minn., probably _ April 4; the bulk arriving just a month later, May 4. The full record _ from Saint Louis is as follows: March 27, first (three) pass north; April _ 3to 5, flocks passing north; April 15, height of the season; May 11, bulk of young go north; May 22, last seen. In the spring of 1885 the first north-bound troop came to Saint Louis, _ Mo., March 31, and the same day a single bird was seen at Emmetsburg, Towa. They reached Laporte City, Iowa, April 2; Heron Laixe, Minn., _ April11; Lanesboro, Minn., April 21; and Shell Liver, Manitoba, May - 13. The last flock was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 20. This Cor- - morant used to breed abundantly in a few places in northern Iowa, _ where Mr. Preston, of Newton, Iowa, says he has taken a great many | sets of eggs. In the fall of 1885 the first came to Lanesboro, Minn., _ September 29, and the last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 16. It was first seen at Saint Louis, Mo., October 5. - 120a. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus (Aud.). [648a.] Florida Cormorant. Resident along the Gulf coast; in summer, north to Illinois; some- _ times winters in southern Illinois. Has been taken at Saint Louis, Mo. One was shot in western Texas in the fall of 1880. (121. Phalacrocorax mexicanus (Brandt). [644.] Mexican Cormorant. _ A common resident along the coast of Texas; occurs in the Missis- ‘sippi Valley as far north as southern Illinois and Kansas. One was killed near Lawrence, Kans., April 2, 1872, and another in Mitchell county, Kans., in the spring of 1881. 60 | 125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. é [640.] American White Pelican. Winters abundantly in the Gulf States, and breeds from southern Minnesota northward. The records for 1884 show plainly that they are not those of the real ‘firsts,’ but the dates when the species happened to be seen, and nothing further can be obtained from them than the gen- eral statement that during the month of April this. species was mi- grating in Missouri, Illinois, lowa, Nebraska, Dakota, and Minnesota. At Vermillion, Dak., at least five hundred were seen in a single flock April 21. In the spring of 1885 flocks of Pelicans, probably this species, were seen at Gainesville, Tex., March 7 and April 6. They were reported from Cimarron, Kans., Marck 9; Mount Pleasant, lowa, March18; Grin- nell, Iowa, March 30; and Huron, Dak., April3. The last were seen at Linwood, Nebr., April 16; Ferry, lowa, April 29; Manhattan, Kans., May 1; and at Heron Lake, Minn., 30 were seen May 10, and 50 May 12. In the fall of 1885 the first, a flock of 11, came to Grinnell, lowa, September 13, and the first was seen at Emporia, Kans., October 13; at Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen September 14; a large body passed over October 6, and the last was seen October 7. 126. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. [641.] Brown Pelican. A southern species ; accidental once in Illinois, where it was seen by Mr. C. K. Worthen. Itis acommon resident along the Gulf coast, and breeds abundantly in eastern and southeastern Texas. Mr.C. W. Beck- ham states that it is said to breed in the lakes above Bayou Sara, Loui- siana. (Bull. N. O. C., Vol. VII, 1882, p. 165.) 128. Fregata aquila (Linn.). [639.] Man-o’-War Bird. Resident along the Gulf coast. The Man-o-War Bird is strictly a maritime species, hence its occurrence at a distance of 800 miles- from the nearest salt water is a matter of special interest. One was killed ‘with a stone while sitting on a tree in Osborne county, Kans., August 16,1880. It was mounted by Mr. Frank Lewis, of Downs, Kans. He has lost track of the specimen, but a photograph of it, taken after mounting, is now in my possession and identifies it” beyond a doubt. A still more remarkable case occurred during the same month (August, 1880) in Wisconsin. A Man-o’-War Bird was killed while flying in the vicinity of Humboldt, a small village on the Milwaukee river a few miles north of Milwaukee, Wis. The bird was preserved and is now in the Milwaukee Public Museum. . 129. Merganser americanus (Cass.). [636.] American Merganser. A common species, wintering from Kansas and Illinois southward, and breeding from Minnesota northward. In 1884 the bulk reached Burlington, Iowa, March 5; Newton, Iowa, March 17, and the first came to Heron Lake, Minn., March 24. In the spring of 1885 it was seen at Shawneetown, Ill., February 27, and was not again seen until it had reached Heron Lake, Minn., ‘ry bs el ee ee, a See ee a Leah r : 4 ' { —- ‘ ‘ 7 4 } 61 _ March 26. It was afterwards noted at Des Moines, Iowa, April 4; - Lanesboro, Minn., April 4; and Green Bay, Wis., April 7. It has 2 been found breeding in northern lowa by Mr. Preston, of Newton, - Towa. In the fall of 1885 a large flock was seen at Saint Louis No- vember 12. _ 130. Merganser serrator (Linn.). [637.] Red-breasted Merganser, A winter resident in southern Wisconsin, along Lake Michigan, throughout the State of Illinois, and southward. Breeds from north- ern Illinois and Minnesota northward. In 1884 it was only noticed in migration at Heron Lake, Minn., where it arrived April 2. in the spring of 1885 a flock of about 200 was seen at Emporia, Kans., March 7, and at Laporte City, lowa, March 25. April 1 there was a queried note from Lanesboro, Minn., and April 4 they reached _ Heron Lake, Minn. They were taken also during spring migration at Tampico, Ill. ; 231. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.). [638.] Hooded Merganser. In Ulinois the Hooded Merganser is resident throughout the State and breeds everywhere. in Kansas it is a common winter resident and breeds very rarely. A few breed in Florida. In western Texas it - ig common in winter. It is common and breeds in Wisconsin, Minne- - sota, Dakota, and Manitoba. In the spring of 1884 it reached Burlington, Iowa, March 15; La- _ porte City, Iowa, March 17; Heron Lake, Minn., March 24; Green _ Bay, Wis., March 28; and Red Wing, Minn., April 4. It was known once to remain throughout the winter at Lanesboro, Minn., in an open part of the Root river. _ _ In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Des Moines, Iowa, October 24, and the last was seen November 17. It was given as a _ very rare bird at San Angelo, Tex., where one was shot in 1884. In the spring of 1885 it was seen at Shawneetown, Ill., February 27; _ Heron Lake, Minn., April 4; Des Moines, Iowa, April 9; Emporia, Kans., April 14; Hastings, Minn., April 13; Menoken, Dak., May 1. _ A nest with twelve fresh eggs was found af Peoria, [l., April 20. At _ Waverly, Miss., it is said to nest in March. In the fall of 1885 it was last seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 30. _ 132. Anas boschas Linn. [601.] Mallard. _ The Mallard occurs in suitable places over the whole of the northern hemisphere. It is the best known of the Mississippi Valley Ducks, and _ for this reason is here taken as their type. It is one of the most hardy _ species, and is pretty sure to be found among the first that arrive in _ spring. When notes have been sent in merely saying that ‘“* Ducks” _ have been seen, they have been brought under this head, so that the _ present discussion is not so much that of the Mallard in particular as - of Ducksin general. The Mallard breeds from Indiana and Jowa north- _ ward, and a few breed as far south as Kansas. In winter they are usu- 62 | ally resident in southern Illinois and southern Kansas, but the extreme cold of the 1st of January, 1884, froze all ponds, lakes, and rivers, compel- ling them to move further south. In southern Missouri, consequently, they were unusually abundant during the winter of 1883-1884, and at Caddo, Ind. Ter., a few stayed through the winter, but the great majority moved much further south. Like the Robin and other hardy species, they remain far north when the conditions are favorable. Given food and open water no degree of cold seems to affect them. Some habitu- ally remain on the Illinois river in northern Illinois; seven were seen January 11, at Vermillion, Dak., where they were never before seen in winter; and several spent the winter, enduring a temperature of more than 35° below zero, at Lake Pepin, Miun., and in a small open ereek near the same place; while they have been often known to winter around the warm springs in Wyoming. At Moss Point, Miss., only a few miles from the Gulf, the first Mallards arrived November 15, 1883, and the bulk from December 1 to December 15. They were present by thousands during their short “‘ winter,” and the bulk left the coast about the middle of January. All were gone February 1, at which date the bulk had hardly passed north of the Gulf States, so that during the lat- ter part of January and the first half of February the great mass of the Mallards was gathered between parallels 33° and 37°. In south- ern Louisiana the movements of Ducks in general began somewhat later, but they were fairly under way by February. Probably few Mallards were included in this flight, which was principally composed of the coast’ Ducks rather than the river Ducks. Before this, in the latter part of January, and the first few days of February, the warm wave had caused great movements among the river Ducks. They returned to southern Illinois, and to those parts of southern Missouri up to Saint Louis, from which they had been driven early in January. ‘The limit of this move- ment was at Odin, Ill. (lat. 38° 39’), and, on the Mississippi river, at Alton, Ill. (lat. 38° 55’). In the West the wave was scarcely felt north of Caddo, Ind. Ter., and not at all in the northern part of the Territory, where the moisture which fell in copious rains in the southern portion was precipitated as snow and sleet. Then followed a month of con- stant swaying to and fro, the flight advancing one day to be driven back the next by fierce northern blasts. During the entire month prac- tically no headway was made. A few stragglers managed to force their way northward for a short distance, reaching Danville, Ill.; Ferry, lowa; Fayette, Mo.; Unadilla and Linwood, Nebr.; but the bulk made little movement, scarcely passing beyond the Guif States; and the struggle was temporarily terminated about the 1st of March by a “second winter,” which recongealed the open water and sent the Ducks back to winter quarters. At Waverly, Miss., the course of events, according to Major Young, was as follows: In both years, 1883 and 1884, Ducks went north at the same time, and under the same conditions. There was a big overflow of the Tombigbee river in February, ee Eee = Gal which brought immense numbers of Ducks. On February 12, 1884, they were going 3 north in large flocks; February 14 they returned, coming back just at the time we had a cold wave from the north. Wehad fine Duck shooting until the storms of February 22 and 23, when they disappeared. The varieties killed were Pintails, Mal- lards, Gadwalls, Black Ducks, and Sheldrakes. By March 18 only a few Ducks were left. At Saint Louis the thaw began March 9, and was fairly under way on the 10th. Ducks began to return, and the first real advance since February 1 was made March 10. By the12th and 13th they had moved to latitude 41° 10’ in Illinois, and 41° 42’ in Iowa. The movement rapidly gained headway. The Ducks had been held back so much later than usual that as soon as a movement was possible it was participated in by the whole family. March 15 and 16 were great days for migra- tion, aided by a warm south wind. The movement was peculiar in that the bulk was almost abreast of the van. The first had not yet appeared in Wisconsin, the most northern record being Polo, Ill. (lat. 41° 58’), but the bulk was only a few miles in the rear, being recorded from lati- tude 41° 36’. In lowa the van was at latitude 42° and 42° 1’, and the bulk in all favorable localities from latitude 41° 40’ southward. In the West the van had come to Vermillion, Dak. (lat. 42° 56’), and the bulk to Linwood, Nebr. (lat. 41° 22’). From this time on each day was marked by a record of advance. Southern Wisconsin was reached March 18; northern Iowa and southern Minnesota on the 20th and 21st. March 23 was the day of an immense flight of about a dozen species at Heron Lake, Minn., all coming from the west as if from the Missouri valley, at the nearest point of which they had arrived some days previously. On this day also they reached Waupaca, Wis., latitude 44° 22’. During the next three days the rec- ords show advances in Minnesota and Dakota to latitude 45° 25’ in the former, and up the Missouri river to latitude 46° 58’ in the latter. They were reported at Frazee City, Minn. (lat. 46° 33’), March 31; at Argusville, Dak. (lat. 47° 08’), the day before; at Two Rivers, Mani- toba (49° 28’), April 12, and Oak Point, Manitoba (50° 30’), April 16. There were not many records of the arrival] of the bulk in the North, but they indicate that the bulk and van kept pretty close together up to about latitude 45°, when the van pressed forward, while the bulk was . delayed by April storms. Returning to the South, we find that the bulk left Louisiana and Texas about the middle of March; they left latitude 39° the last of March and the first week in April, and latitude 43° about the third week in April. North of this parallel so many Ducks remained to breed that no departures were given. In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Des Moines, Iowa, October 1, and at Emporia, Kans., October 9. At the latter place it had become common by the 25th of October, and was last seen December 1. _ For the spring of 1885 all notes giving the arrival of ‘‘ Ducks,” with no Specific name have been brought under this head, as was done in treat- 64. ing of spring migration in 1884. No notes were contributed on the movements of Ducks south of latitude 38°; hence nothing can be said of their whereabouts until the first full wave of migration brought them to Cimarron, Kans., February 26. The next day they were seen at Shawneetown, Ill. This was the opening day of spring migration at Saint Louis, Mo. The advance continued for several days. Ducks were reported from Griggsville, Hl, February 28; and during the first five days of March, from Mount Carmel, Mo., and Fayette, Mo. (two observ- ers); Ferry, lowa; Mount Pleasant, Iowa; Knoxville, lowa; Sioux City, Iowa; Emporia, Kans.; and Unadilla, Nebr. It will be noticed that this is the same bird wave which is described under the migration of the Canada Goose, but while the Geese pushed on into Dakota, no Ducks were noted north of Sioux City. Yet, contrary to the usual rule, the van in the West was farther north than in the East, just as it was with the Geese, and this difference became still more pronounced when the next wave (that of March 11) carried the advance guard along the plains to Heron Lake, Minn., while nearer the Mississippi it pushed forward but a few miles to Morning Sun, Richmond, Newton, and Grinnell, Iowa. Immense numbers of Ducks were on the wing March 11 through- out the country from Griggsville, Ill., to Newton, lowa; but very little northward advance was made. During the spring migration of 1884 it was noted by Mr. Miller that Ducks came to Heron Lake, Minn., from the west, as if they were a part of the Missouri river flight. In 1885 they must have come from the same direction, since in the region south of Heron Lake, in Iowa, at an equally favorable locality (Emmetsburgh), none were seen until about two weeks later. There can be no doubt that in the spring of 1885 the flight of Ducks and Geese along the Mis- souri river was several days earlier than at corresponding latitudes on the Mississippi river. Another wave occurred in lowa Mareh 14. It was noted at Iowa City and Laporte City, lowa, and by both observers at Tampico, Il]. The next day the temperature at Saint Vincent, Minn., was fourteen degrees below zero, and the hosts of Ducks in central lowa returned south, following the example set March 14 by the Ducks at Heron Lake. They returned March 25, and were noted March 26 at Emmetsburgh and Williamstown, Iowa, Huron, Dak., and Stoughton, Wis. March 30 and 31 they appeared at New Cassel, Wis., Fridley, Minn., and Menoken, Dak. Thus the western flight extended still fur- ther north than the eastern. April 1 they were reported at Argusville, Dak.; April 5, at Larimore, Dak., and Two Rivers, Manitoba; and April 7 at our most northern station, Oak Point, Manitoba, in latitude 50° 30’. In the fall of 1885 they were still at Heron Lake, Minn., as late as December 1. The last one was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., Novem- ber 22; at Grinnell, Iowa, November 4; and at Fernwood, Il., No- vember 7. The first migrant was reported from Grinnell, Iowa, Sep- tember 10; Fernwood, Lll., September 12; Iowa City, lowa, October 6; Saint Louis, Mo., September 6, with an increase September 22; Shaw- Oe Pn ee a ee ee ee ee ee ee 65 3 neetown, Il]., October 3; Richmond, Kans., October 4; and from Bon- 2 ham, Tex., October16. At the last-named place Ducks became common . ; Z November 4. 133. Anas obscura Gmel. [602.] Black Duck. Though principally a bird of the Eastern States the Black Duck is not rare in the northern part of the Mississippi Valley. In winter it | occurs in the Gulf States. It is rarein western Manitoba. According to the reports of observers, it is resident in Louisiana and Texas ;* and it breeds in Iowa and Illinois, but not in Kansas or Nebraska. In 1884 it arrived at Frazee City, Minn., April 1. In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at San An Bila: Tex., August 3. In 1883 the first was ‘seen there August 8. In the spring of 1885 it eee at Fayette, Mo., April 1, and a female at Gainesville, Tex., April 24. In the fall of 1885 the first came to Fernwood, Il., September 12; it was next seen there October 3, and last, November 7, on which date it 7 was seen also at Shawneetown, Ill. 134. Anas fulvigula Ridgw. [603.] Florida Duck. This Duck, originally described from Florida, has been found in Kan- sas. and doubtless occurs regularly in Louisiana and eastern Texas, if not throughout the intermediate region. Col. N.S. Goss, in his Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Keanna (1886), says of it: ‘‘ Migratory; rare. Arrives about the middle of March. I eaptured a female at Neosho Falls, March 11, 1876, and have since shot one, and observed two others in the State” (p. 6). 135. Anas strepera Linn. [604.] Gadwall. The Gadwall is widely distributed, ranging over most of the northern hemisphere. It winters abundantly in the Gulf States, and sometimes remains in [linois in mild winters; itis also known to winter near a warm spring in Wyoming. It breeds locally throughout most of its range. Col. N. S. Goss considers it a rare breeder in Kansas. At Moss Point, Miss., it comes in November and leaves in February. In 1884 it ar- rived at Ellis, Kans., March 14, Manhattan, Kans., March 19, and Saint ' Louis March 21, furnishing a curious exception to the usual rule that 4 western birds arrive later than eastern. It arrived at Heron Lake, Minn., March 23, and remained to breed. In the fall of 1884 the first s Berant was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, October 28, and the last No- vember 10. In the spring of 1885 it was reported from Emporia, Kans., and Heron = Lake, Minn., March 29; from Des Moines and Laporte City, Iowa, April 4 1 and 3, and from Shell River, Manitoba, May 12. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 13. * Probably those which breed in Louisiana and Texas really belong to the next species, A. fulvigula. 7365—Bull. 2-5 66 136. Anas penelope Linn. [606.] Widgeon. An inhabitant of the northern parts of the Old World; accidental in eastern North America; frequent in Alaska. Has oouilaaeaaa in Wis- consin (Kumlien), and eee (Nelson). 137. Anas americana Gmel. [607.] Baldpate. The Baldpate ranges over the whole of North America. In winter it is common in the Gulf States and lower part of the Mississippi Val- ley. It breeds chiefly in the North, but is known to breed in Manitoba, Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska. Kansas, Illinois, and Texas. Its move- ments in migration resemble those of the Gadwall. In the fall of 1884 it was first seen at Emporia, Kans., October 12. In the spring of 1885 it reached Emporia, Kans., March 21; Des Moines, Iowa, March 23; Heron Lake, Minn., March 26; Emmetsburgh, Iowa, April 1, and Menoken, Dak., April 5. In the fall of 1885 it was last seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 13. The first fall migrant appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., October 16. 139. Anas carolinensis Gmelin. [612.] Green-winged Teal. Breeds in Manitoba and along our northern border, and winters in the Southern States and southward. Like the Mallard, this is a hardy Duck, and remains in winter just as far north as open water extends, which is usually to southern Kansas and southern Illinois. In the win- ter of 1883~84 it probably did not stay much north of Caddo, Ind. Ter., southern Missouri, and northern Mississippi, but moved northward the last of January. At Moss Point, Miss., it arrived from October 15 to October 31 and was abundant; it then passed south to return in bulk during Apri]. In 1884 the real movement began in early March, and by the 8th it had advanced to Manhattan, Kaus., and Danville, IL, and also to Vermillion, Dak. March 22 found it at Huron, Dak.; March 24 at Heron Lake, Minn., and the bulk arrived at Two Rivers, Mani- toba, April17. In the fall of 1884 the bulk arrived at Des Moines, Iowa, October 25, and the last left there November 17. In 1883 the first reached San Angelo, Tex., September 20. In the spring of 1885 the record of its northward migration was too irregular to be of much value. The following notes will give the gen- eral outline of its movements in the West: It was recorded from Em- poria, Kans., March 13; Des Moines, Lowa, March 18; Heron Lake, Minn., March 26; Huron, Dak. (both observers) and Menoken, Dak., April 7; Shell River, Manitoba, May 2. It was seen in pairs at Fern- wood, Ill., May 2, and probably was nesting there. In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Bonham, Tex., October 4; at San Angelo, Tex., September 20; at Des Moines, Iowa, September 10, and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 22. The last at Heron Lake, Minn., was seen Novem- ber 13. None were seen at Des Moines, Iowa, after November 4. 140. Anas discors Linn. [609.] Blue-winged Teal. Breeds in Manitoba and the northern part of the Mississippi Valley, and winters from the Southern States southward. At Moss Point, Miss., 67 _ itis said that this species “‘ comes from October 15 to November 1; re- mains only a short time; goes farther south, and passes north in April.” This is true of the bulk of the species, but some flocks can be found throughout the winter in all the Southern States and north to southern Illinois. Dr. J. C. Merrill states that at the mouth of the Rio Grande, in _ extreme southeastern Texas, “a few remain during the winter, but the great majority go farther south, returning about the middle of March.” In 1884 it was reported as breeding in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, and Dakota; and it breeds locally throughout most of the rest of its range. In migration in the spring of 1884 it was the most abundant Duck passing over Pierce City, Mo., the first of February, but made no real headway until March. The bulk reached Newton, Iowa, March 17, spreading over the rest of Iowa, and arriving at Heron Lake, a Minn., by April 2. It is not usually found among the first arrivals of Ducks, but surpasses them all in numbers when the main flight comes. It reached Vermillion, Dak., April 11, Menoken, Dak., April 20, and was reported from Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 16. In the fall of 1884, at Des Moines, Lowa, the last was seen November 10. The first migrant reached Emporia, Kans., August 30; the next September 22, and it-became common October 12. At San Angelo, Tex., it was first seen August 10, and was common on the 10th and 21st of September. In 1883it had appeared there September 1, and became common by September 20. In the spring of 1885 the first flight of Ducks over the district be- tween latitude 39° and latitude 42° was so delayed that the Blue-winged Teal came with the van; but north of latitude 43° it assumed its usual position as one of the later migrating Ducks. At Shawneetown, IIL, it was first seen February 23; at Cimarron, Kans., March 1; Fayette, Mo., March 10; Emporia, Kans., March 29; Des Moines, Iowa, April 4; Sioux City, lowa, April 5; Heron Lake, Minn., April 11; Huron, Dak., April 14; Menoken, Dak., April 22; Shell River, Manitoba, May 2. The Blue-winged Teal breeds over so much of the Mississippi valley that it is difficult to trace its southward migration. In the fall of 1885 the first was recorded from Grinnell, lowa, September 10; Ellsworth, Kans., September 15; Emporia, Kans., September 1; Saint Louis, Mo., _ where it became numerous three days later, September 1; Shawnee- _ town, Ill., September 28; Bonham, Tex., October 4; San Angelo, Tex., _ September 4. They were common at Grinnell, Iowa, October 4; Ells- _ worth, Kans., October 15; Saint Louis, Mo., September 22, where they were still numerous October 24; Bonham, Tex., October 28. The last was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 9; Milwaukee, Wis., No- 4 _ vember 14; and Grinnell, Iowa, November 4. 141. Anas cyanoptera Vieill. [610.] Cinnamon Teal. This western Teal is not uncommon in middle and western Kansas, where it probably breeds (Goss). It has been found repeatedly in 68 | western Texas, where itis a rare fall migrant; it occurs in migration in eastern Texas, but is not common (Nehrling), and is not rare during mi- gration near the mouth of the Rio Grande (Merrill). It is an ocea- sional visitant in Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska, Illinois, and Lou- isiana. In 1883 it reached Emporia, Kans., March 22. 142. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). [608.] Shoveller. Winters from southern Illinois southward; breeds abundantly in the Northern States and Manitoba, and sparingly in Texas, northern Illi- nois, and Kansas. Breeds in great numbers at Heron Lake, Minn. Its time of migration is one or two days behind that of the Gadwall. In the fall of 1884 the first Shoveller was reported from Des Moines, Iowa, and San Angelo, Tex., October 28; and from Emporia, Kans., Octo- ber 24. In the spring of 1885 an early migrant was seen at Sioux City, Iowa, March 27. The regular advance was reported March 31 and April 1 from Fayette, Mo., Des Moines, lowa, Laporte City, Iowa, and Fern- wood, Ill. The first was seen at Emporia, Kans., April 4; at Lanes- boro, Minn., and Menoken, Dak., April 19, and Shell River, Mani- toba, May 8. In the fall of 1885 the Jast at Heron Lake, Minn., was seen November 13. 143. Dafila acuta (Linn.) [605.] Pintail; Sprigtail. Breeds in Manitoba and the northern tier of States, and, like the other river Ducks, is common during the winter in the Gulf States, and oe- casionally as far north as Illinois, but it also goes much further south. It is one of the earliest Ducks to migrate and was one of the most abundant of those which so strenuously endeavored to work northward during February in 1884. It came to Pierce City and Saint Louis, Mo., January 31 and February 1, and February 26 more than 50 flocks, mostly of this species, passed over Saint Louis. This movement was checked the last of February, and commenced again March 8 and 9, bringing the species to Ellis and Manhattan, Kans., Storm Lake, Iowa, and Vermillion, Dak. Those which wintered south of the United States arrived in bulk at Moss Point, Miss., March 15, and remained until about the middle of April. March 12 to 15 were days of movement in Illinois, and Pintails spread over the whole of the State; March 23 they arrived at Heron Lake, Minn.; and April 16 they were noted at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. They breed principally in British Amer- ica, but also at Spirit Lake, lowa, Heron Lake, Minn., and sparingly in Illinois. In the fall of 1884 the first Pintail was seen at Des Moines, Lowa, Oc- tober 15, and the last November 15. The first was seen at San An. gelo, Tex., September 19. In 1883 the first reached San Angelo Sep- tember 12. A few Ducks of this species spent most of the winter of 1884~85 at Shawneetown, Ill. The only record of their wintering further north 4 ea: _ than Shawneetown was received from Mr. W. B. Hull, of Milwaukee, _ Wis. Mr. Hall writes: a For about a week the whole bay was frozen over with ice from 12 to 14 inches thick. During this time the pot-hunters butchered numbers of Pintail Ducks. The ~ Ducks were half starved and would allow a man to approach within 20 feet of them. _ JIecemen were cutting ice close to the shore, and Ducks came right among them to get _ tothe open water. A friend who was on theship Oneida during her twenty-five days in the ice, said that the Ducks (Pintails mostly, but a few “northern” ducks, he did not recognize), were “frozenin.” When walking onthe ice near the boat he saw hun- dreds of Ducks in a solid casing of ice. In the winter of 1873-74 they were killed in the same way. In the spring of 1885 migration began during the last week of Feb- ruary. Flocks of about 400 birds passed Cimarron, Kans., February 26. The next day several flocks of Pintails, ‘“‘the first ducks of the season,” passed over Saint Louis, Mo. Large numbers were seen at _ Shawneetown, Ill., February 28. Concerning their presence at Saint Louis on that day Mr. Widmann writes: -2 From 7 a. m. till noon an almost steady stream of ducks passed over in flocks of from 30 to 60, the larger part being Sprigtails, so far as I could see. There was hardly any time when at least one flock could not be seen in some direction, but oftener half a dozen could be counted at the same time. Many flocks followed the _ Mississippi, but the majority turned off to the west just south of the city, in order to - reach the Missouri river, or the large tracts of land between the mouths of the Mis- _ souri and Illinois rivers. ‘Thousands have passed this city to-day. _ As in the case of most of the other ducks, during the spring migra- _ tion of 1885, the flight west of the Mississippi was more rapid than on - the east. March 2 flocks were seen at Emporia, Kans., where they - were common March 3; March 4 they were seen at Sioux City, Iowa, — and March 8, at Linwood, Nebr. March 11 to 14 they were noted from _ Aledo, ill.; Tampico, Ill.; Newton, lowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Laporte _ City, Iowa; and Heron Lake, Minn. March 26 there were “ myriads” of them at Emmetsburgh, Iowa. The first flocks came to Fernwood, IIL, q Mareh 31. The bulk left Des Moines, Iowa, the night of April 2. They _ were very common at Heron Lake, Minn., March 30. The first came to _ Larimore, Dak., April 7; Menoken, Dak. ; and Ossowo, Manitoba, April . 7, and they were common all over Manitoba by April 20. In the fall of 1885 the first were seen at Fernwood, Ill., September 12, and at San _ Angelo, Tex., September 4. The last at Ossowo, Manitoba, was seen _ November 1, and at Heron Lake, Minn., November 9. _ 144. Aix sponsa (Linn.). [613.] Wood Duck. A well-known inhabitant of temperate North America; breeds throughout the Mississippi Valley, and is resident from southern Ili- _ unois southward. Ia Manitoba it is a rare summer resident. _ Mr. Wood writes that at Moss Point, Miss., the young hatch in March, _ and he has never seen a male of this species in summer. In the spring of 1884 it arrived at Saint Louis March 12; at latitude 40° 8’, in Mli- nois, March 15; at latitude 41° 40’, in Iowa, March 16; in Wisconsin, at a latitude 44° 22’, March 23; and in Minnesota, at latitude 44° 32’, April t®. 3. In the fall of 1884 the first migrant was reported from Des Moines, Iowa, October 18. The bulk arrived there October 25, and the last was seen November 10. In the spring of 1885 the first Wood Ducks were seen at Shawnee- town, Ill., February 27; at Mount Carmel, Mo., March 17; Des Moines, Towa, March 19; Emporia, Kans., March 29; Laporte City, lowa, March 26; and during the first five days of April they were noted from Heron Lake, Lanesboro, Lake City, Excelsior, Minneapolis, and Elk River, Minn., and from Durand, Wis. In the fall of 1885 they began to come out from their breeding places and fly on the river at Shawneetown, Ill., August 20. The last at Heron Lake, Minn., was seen October 13; at Saint Louis, Mo., the bulk arrived September 22. 146, Aythya americana (Eyt.). [618.] Redhead. Breeds in Manitoba and the northern tier of States; range much the same as that of the Canvas-back, but more abundant than it in the Southern States. At Moss Point, Miss., in 1883, they came about the middle of November, and were abundant all winter. Mr. Wood, of Moss Point, says that about March 1 they collect on the islands, load them- selves with sand, and when a favorable wind comes they go with it.* They were a common winter resident at San Angelo, Tex., and great flocks were still present March 5, 1884. March 8 they came to latitude 39° 12’, in Kansas; March 11 they were at latitude 38° 40’, in Missouri; March 12 at latitude 41° 40’, in lowa; March 14 at latitude 38° 55’, in Kansas; March 15 at latitude 41° 36’, in Illinois; March 22 at latitude 42° 18’,in Iowa; March 24 at latitude 42° 56’, in Dakota, and at latitude 43° 48’, in Minnesota, at both of which places they breed; March 25 they were at latitude 41° 58’, in Illinois, and April 18 at latitude 44° 32’, in Minnesota. April 16 they came to Portage la Prairie, Mani- toba. In the fall of 1884 the first Redhead was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, October 10, and the last November 15. In 1883 the first came to San Angelo, Tex., where it is common in winter, October 1. In the spring of 1885 the records were irregular. The species was recorded from Emporia, Kans., March 2; Heron Lake, Minn., March 29, and irregularly from intermediate points. The most southern breeding record came from Clear Lake, Iowa. In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at lowa City, lowa, October 6, and the last at Heron Lake, Minn., November 26. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen October 16, and the bulk arrived October 24. 147. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.). [617.] Canvas-back. Rather rare away from the coast in winter, but has been known to occur in southern Illinois. A few breed at Heron Lake, Minn., and [* Ihave heard the same habit attributed to Ducks in Newfoundland and other places, but am not aware that there are any facts on which the notion is based.— C.H.M. ] al ; BR inence northward. In the spring of 1884 they appeared at Gainesville, Tex., March 2; Manhattan, Kans., March 8; Saint Louis, March 11; = and Beton awed Minn., March 24. At aupace: Wis., they were seen | March 29, and at Vermillion! Dak., April 3. April 16 they were re- ported for Portage la Prairie, NMeinitoba. In the spring of 1885 the first were seen at Emporia, Kans., March 18; at Heron Lake, Minn., March 30, where they were common the next day. They were reported from Laporte City and Emmetsburgh, Iowa, _ April 1; and from Menoken, Dak., and Ossowo, Manitoba, April 6 - and 7. In the fall of 1885 the last left Heron Lake, Minn., November 27. Mr. Lloyd says that in Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., they are tolerably common in early winter. 148. Aythya marila nearctica Stejn. [614.] Blue-bill; Scaup Duck. _ After wintering in the Southern States, especially along the Gulf coast, the Big Black-head passes over the entire length of the Missis- _ sippi Valley, to nest in Manitoba and northward. In 1884 it was re- _ ported from Carlinville, Ill., February 13; Laporte City, Iowa, March 22, and the next day reached Heron Lake, Minn., where a few remained _ to breed. It arrived at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 16. In the spring of 1885 this was the only species of Duck whose record did not contain an irregular note. It was seen at Laporte City, Iowa, (lat. 42° 18’), March 27; Emmetsburgh, Iowa (lat. 43° 8’), March 30; _ Heron Lake, Minn. (lat. 438° 48’), April 1; Huron, Dak., (lat. 44° 21’, _ two observers), and Menoken, Dak. (lat. 46° 58’), April 3; and Shell _ River, Manitoba (lat. 50°), April 7. The most southern breeding record of this species was from Clear Lake, Iowa (lat. 43° 26’). In the fall of _ 1885 the last was seen at Heron Lake, Minn. (lat. 43° 18’), November 27. 149. Aythya affinis (Eyt.) [615.] Little Blue-bill; Lesser Scaup Duck. Range much the same as that of the last, but known to breed as far south as Clear Lake, Iowa. It is an abundant summer resident in _ western Manitoba. In 1884 it came to Saint Louis, February 26, and _ aiter being driven away by the cold, returned March 11; advanced to - Burlington, Iowa, March 12, and on the 24th was reported from Ver- _ million, Dak., Storm Lake, Iowa, Heron Lake, Minn., and Portage la _ Prairie, Manitoba. In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Emporia, Kans., _ November 8. In the spring of 1885 the notes on its migration were too irregular to _ be of any value. In the fali of 1885 the last was seen at Heron Lake, _ Minn., November 9. The first migrant appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., _ September 22. In western Texas it is tolerably common in winter. _ 150. Aythya collaris (Donov.). [616.] Ring-necked Duck. This is known in northern Minnesotaasthe “Fall Duck,” and is very abundant during fall migration. A few breed in Minnesota, at least as a far south as Minneapolis, where its eggs have been taken by Dr. Thomas S. Roberts. 1t was reported as breeding at Clear Lake, Iowa, and thence northward. Its range is much the same as that of the Scaup Ducks. In 1884 it was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., and Manhattan, Kans., March 20 and 21, at Green Bay, Wis., March 26, and Red Wing, Minn., April 2. In the fall of 1884 the first migrant appeared at Emporia, Kans., Octo- ber 24. In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at Des Moines, Jowa, March 19, and at Heron Lake, Minn., April 1. The last was seen at Des Moines April 9, and at Heron Lake April 15. In the fall of 1885 the ~ first was seen at lowa City, lowa, October 3, and at Emporia, Kans., October 10. The last record from Heron Lake, Minn., was November 9; and a few were still present at Lanesboro, Minn., November 30. Mr. Lloyd states that they are common in Concho county, Tex. 151. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonap.). [620.] Golden-eye; Whisifler. Breeds in the Northern States. During the winter the Golden-eye is found wherever there is open water, even as far north as the Great Lakos. It was seen on Lake Michigan (near Chicago) all winter in 1883-84, and also winters on Lake Erie. A flock was reported as re- maining all winter in an open creek near Fridley, Minn., but probably it was composed of Barrow’s Golden-eye (G. islandica), which has been found often in Minnesota during the winter. In migration in the spring of 1884 the common Golden-eye reached Laporte City, lowa, March 16, Heron Lake, Minn., March 23, and Green Bay, Wis., March 28. The bulk arrived at Green Bay April 15. During the winter of 1884~85 many Golden-eyed Ducks remained, as usual, at the southern part of Lake Michigan, near Chicago. In the s spring of 1885 migrants were noted at Laporte City, Lowa, March 30, Fernwood, Ill., April 4, Heron Lake, Minn., April 1, Green Bay, Wis., April 10, and ‘Shell Raven Manitoba, oe 28. 152. Glaucionetta islandica (Gmel.), [619.] Barrow’s Golden-eye. A northern species, coming south in winter irregularly to Manitoba and the Upper Mississippi Valley. One was taken at Mount Carmel, Il]., in December, 1874 (Nelson), and one at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan- uary 13, 1877 (Roberts). Dr. Roberts states that a few years ago, at the falls of Saint Anthony, in Minnesota, ‘a flock of these ducks used to spend the winter in the pool below the cataract.” 153. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). [621.] Butterball; Buffie-head. Breeds at Clear Lake, Iowa, Heron Lake, Minn., and northward. Winters on Lake Michigan (at Chicago); on the Lower Missouri river, and southward. In eastern Texas it is abundant in winter near the coast (Nebrling). In1884 the bulk arrived at Burlington, lowa, Mareh 13, and at Vermillion, Dak., the first were seen-the same day. They Pees at Storm Lake, Towa, and at Heron Lake, Minn., March 24. a, a on. ma hide March 25 they were seen at Polo, Ll., and April 4 at Red Wing, Minn. In the spring of 1885 the first were noted at Shawneetown, Ill., Feb- ruary 27, Emporia, Kans., March 13, Des Moines, Iowa, March 24, 4 Laporte City, lowa, March 30, Fernwood, Ill., March 31, New Cassel and Luck, Wis, April 4, and Shell River, Manitoba, April 27. In the fall of 1885 they returned to Fernwood, Ill., September 12, 4 were common there October 3, and ieft Heron Lake, Minn., No- vember 30. Rare in Concho county, Texas, where one was shot in the spring of 1886 (Lloyd). 154. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.). [623.] Old-squaw. This and the six following species breed in the far North, entering the Mississippi Valley in winter only, and chiefly in the northern and middle portions, near the great rivers and lakes. The Old-squaw is found throughout Illinois in winter, and small flocks are occasionally seen during the fall migration at Saint Louis, Mo., Vermillion, Dak., and in Minnesota. 155. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). [622.] Harlequin Duck. The Harlequin Duck breeds in British America and migrates south- ward in fall. Itis found throughout Illinois in winter, and has been taken at Saint Louis, Mo. 160. Somateria dresseri Sharpe. [627a.] American Eider. Breeds along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Labrador; migrates a south and southwest in winter, often reaching the Great Lakes. Has _ been taken in [llinois (Nelson), and Wisconsin (Hoy). 162. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). [629.] King Lider. Breeds in the northern portions of the northern hemisphere; in fall q migrates south, occurring on the Great Lakes in winter. There are _ records from Illinois (Ridgway), and Wisconsin (Hoy). q 163. Oidemia americana Sw. and Rich. [630.] Black Scoter. Breeds far north, coming south in winter to the United States. It _ has been found at Saint Louis, Mo., and Laporte City, Iowa, and _ isarare visitant to Minnesota. Mr. C. W. Butler writes that on May _ 2, 1883, he saw fifty at Anna, Ill., all busily engaged in picking up millet seed that had just been sown. _ 165. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. [632.] White-winged Scoter. Generally distributed throughout Illinois in winter, but most common on Lake Michigan. Has been taken once at West DePere, Wis., twice in Minnesota, and once at Saint Louis, Mo. _ 166. Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.) [633.] Surf Scoter. Occurs in winter on all the larger streams in Illinois, as well as on _ Lake Michigan. Has been taken at Saint Louis, Mo., and at Laporte City, Iowa. Th 167. Brismatura rubida (Wils. ). [634.] Ruddy Duck. The Ruddy Duck breeds over much of the Mississippi Valley, from Texas to Minnesota, and winters. from southern [Illinois southward. Dr. Watson recorded it from Ellis, Kans., in these words: “A variably common transient visitor; once a pair nested here.” In the spring of 1884 the first was seen at Saint Louis February 26, and Vermillion, Dak., March 28. It was seen at Caddo, Ind. Ter., during fall migra- tion, but not in the spring. In the fall of 1884 the first was seen at Emporia, Kans., October 24. ; In the spring of 1885 the only note received was the record of its arrival at Emporia, Kans., April 18. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 7. 168. Nomonyx dominicus (Linn.). [635.] Masked Duck. __A tropical American species, accidental in the United States; one specimen taken at Lake Koshkonong in Wisconsin (Kumlien). Chen cerulescens (Linn.). [590.] Blue Goose. Breeds on Hudson Bay; migrates through the Mississippi Valley, and winters along the Gulf coast, in mild winters extending up to northern Mississippi and southern Illinois. During migration it was noticed at Burlington, Lowa, where the bulk arrived March 20, 1884. 169. Chen hyperborea (Pall.). [591la.] Lesser Snow Goose. Breeds in Alaska; a regular migrant in the Mississippi Valley ; win- ters abundantly on the Gulf of Mexico. In Kansas it is a common migrant, and a few sometimes winter. In 1884 it was reported from West DePere, Wis., and Alda, Nebr. In Tom Green and Concho coun- ties, Tex., it is tolerably common during spring migration. It migrates early. In 1884 large flocks were seen at Pierce City, Mo., by the last of January, and one flock had arrived at Saint Louis. No more wererecorded until after the ‘second winter.” At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was first seen March 10. March 19 and March 20 it appeared at Manhattan, Kans., and again came to Saint Louis. March 21 it reached Vermillion, Dak., and four days later was at Huron, Dak. It was re- ported from Menoken, Dak., April 12, and the next day at Larimore. Farther east the bulk reached Burlington, Iowa, April 1, and the first came to Storm Lake, Iowa, March 25, the bulk following on the 14th, which was the day that the last was seen at Saint Louis. — In the fall of 1884 the first flock of Snow Geese was seen at Emporia, Kans., October 20, after which date the species was common there. In the spring of 1885 it was noted from Richmond, Kans., March 4; Fayette, Mo., March 10; Unadilla, Nebr., March 11; Linwood, Nebr., March 25; Sioux City, Iowa, March 30; Huron, Dak., March 31; Grand View, Dak., April 1; Fernwood, Il., April 4, and Two Rivers, Mani- toba, April 14. In the fall of 1885 it returned to Argusville, Dak., September 20; to Saint Louis, Mo., October 27, and to Bonham, Tex., 75 — October 3. It was common at Argusville, October 4, and at Bonham October 23. 169a. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.). [591.] Greater Snow Goose. The eastern representative of the preceding ; occurs in winter chiefly along the Atlantic coast, but sometimes enters the Mississippi Valley. .. _ In western Manitoba it was reported to be an abundant spring migrant, but less common in the fall (Thompson). Possibly the foregoing was mistaken for it. 171a. Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.). [593a.] White-fronted Goose. Breeds in the far North; winters in the Gulf States and southward, in mild winters occurring as far north as southern Lllinois. Migratory over the rest of the Mississippi Valley. In 1884 the first reached Man- hattan, Kans., March 8, where they were common March 15. March 20 they arrived at Saint Louis; and April 1 at Vermillion, Dak. The bulk came to Storm Lake, Iowa, April 14. In the spring of 1885 the first report of arrival was from Des Moines, Iowa, April1. The only other notes were from Menoken, Dak., April 23, and Ossowo, Manitoba, May 11. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 2. Dr. Agersborg says that in southeastern Dakota it is a rare migrant, “always found associating with the Snow Geese.” Mr. Lloyd states that in Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., it is “ tolerably common in winter.” Mr. Nehrling states that in eastern Texas, near Houston, it “‘is the first Goose to arrive from the North in autumn, but they all migrate further south.” 172. Branta canadensis (Linn.). [594.] Canada Goose. Winters in the southern half of the United States, and breeds on both sides of our northern boundary. It breeds regulariy at Heron Lake, _ Minn., and has been known to breed in southern Illinois (Nelson). Such isa brief statement of its range, but the records in the winter of 1883~84 furnish material for a more detailed statement. During December Geese were not uncommon up to latitude 38°, but during the extreme cold of January only stragglers could be found north of latitude 35°. January 11 a flock of 25 to 30 was seen at Vermillion, Dak., where they had never before been seen in winter. January 4 a flock of fifty passed over Manhattan, Kans., flying east. From Caddo, Ind. Ter., southward they were seen all winter, or at least every few days. The first movement took place in January. January 11 they passed over Yazoo City, Miss., flying north, and when the warm waves came the last of the month they pressed rapidly forward. . They reached: Saint Louis January 22. January 25 was a great day for Geese, many troops going north. February 1 they passed north over Pierce City, Mo., in large flocks, and arrived at Glasgow, Mo., Odin, Ill., and Unadilla, Nebr. February 4 the first movement was noticed at Abbeville, La., 16 among the flocks which had been wintering there. But all this move- ment was cut.short by the cold of February and the first week of March. During the rest of February there was but little movement and no real progress. Geese were reported during February from Richmond, Iowa, Osceola, Ill., and Linwood, Nebr., but were not noted from neighbor- ing stations, and were not followed by more until March. They must be considered as irregular migrants possessed of more ambition than brains. The real migratory movement dates from February 26. On this day the regular migrants began to pass over Eagle Pass, Tex., and the great bulk began to leave southern Louisiana. This wave reached Caddo, Ind. Ter., March 3; Darlington, Ind. Ter., March 5, and latitude 39° in Missouri and Illinois about the 10th. From this parallel northward the advance will be traced along the three lines of migration: east and west of the Mississippi, and along the prairie region. March 13 the flight advanced to latitude 41° 36’ in Illinois; March 15 to latitude 319° 51’ at Chicago, where a flock of over a thousand was seen flying east, probably aiming for the open waters of the lake; March 16 to latitude 41° 58’ in Illinois, and latitude 42° 37’ in Wisconsin; March 20 and 21 to latitude 43° 02’, 43° 06’, and 43° 47’ in Wisconsin. West of the Mis- sissippi the record reads: March 13 the advance was at latitude 419° 05’, and latitude 41° 19’ in lowa; March 12 it was at latitude 41° 38/ and 41° 42’ in Iowa; March 14 at latitude 41° 40’ and latitude 42° 01’ in Iowa; March 15 at latitude 42° and 42° 55/ in Iowa. Hence it ap- pears that from the 12th tothe 15th of March many Geese were passing through central Iowa. March 20 they were reported at latitude 43° 19/ in Iowa; March 22 at latitude 43° 43’ in Minnesota; and March 28 at latitude 44° 47’, 45° 05’, and 45° 25’ in Minnesota, and at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (latitude 50°). On the prairies the notes indicate arrivals, March 13, at latitude 42° 56’, in Dakota; March 20, at latitude 44° 15’, 44° 21’, and 46°, in Dakota; March 24, at latitude 46° 58’ and 47° 52’, in Dakota; and April 3, at_ Two Rivers, Manitoba, latitude 49° 28’. The bulk passed through northern Illinois about March 19, through southern Wisconsin March 23, and the middle of the State March 27. It crossed Iowa from March 20 to March 22, and reached central Min- nesota about the 1st of April. Still further west the bulk came to latitude 39°, in Kansas, about the middle of March, passed through Ne- braska the 18th to 20th, and was uniformly reported in Dakota, up to latitude 46°, on March 24; and then, as if delayed by the April storms, was not given at latitude 46° 58’, in Dakota, until April 22. The bulk left southern Wisconsin about April 1, and Kansas the first week of the month. We can not help envying Mr. Powell, who writes, that April 11 they were gradually leaving Alda, Nebr., after coming all in a bunch, and that he killed forty in one day over decoys in the Platte river. (i In the fall of 1884 the first migrant was reported from Mount Carmel, Mo., November 11. It first appeared at Emporia, Kans., September 25, and the species had become common there by October 20. In the spring of 1885 few Geese left their winter home until the migration season had fairly opened; the winter had been too severe to invite them to remain north of their usual winter range. A flock was seen at Keokuk, Iowa, January 4, and-another at Glasgow, Mo., January 6. At Shawneetown, IIl., they remained in large numbers most of the winter, though during the blizzards they disappeared for a few days. A few early migrants were noted at Fayette, Mo., February 2, and at Sedalia, Mo., February 9, but no pronounced movement took place un- til February 28. This was two days later than the movement com- menced in 1884, and there was no similarity whatever in the order of advance for the two years, 1884 and 1885. In the spring of 1884 the van kept very nearly along the same parallel on all three lines of mi- gration during its advance from latitude 39° to latitude 45°, while in 1885 the migratory movement was peculiar. If, with the eastern ex- tremity of Lake Superior for a center, segments of circles are drawn over the Upper Mississippi Vailey, the first extending from central Da- kota to southern [llinois, the next from the northwest corner of Iowa to east central {llinois, a third passing through northeastern Iowa, and a fourth ending at Chicago, these lines would represent the progress of the advance line of Geese during the month of March, 1885. Nothing similar to this has been noticed in the movement of any other species during either 1884 or 1885. The records group themselves around four sets of dates, namely, March 1-5, March 10-12, March 26-27, and March 39-31. On the last day of February large numbers of Geese passed Saint Louis, and March 1 they were seen at Ellsworth, Kans. During the first five days of March they were noted at Griggsville, Il., Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Ferry, lowa, Knoxville, lowa, Richmond, Iowa, Grin- nell, lowa, Newton, lowa, Emmetsburgh, lowa, Unadilla, Nebr., Linwood, Nebr. (a flock had been seen at Linwood as early as February 26), Sioux City, lowa, and Grand View, Dak. March 6 they came to Paris and 3 Aledo, Ill. March 10-12 they appeared at Tampico, Ill. (two observers), _ Morning Sun, Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (two observers), Heron Lake, 4 -Minn., and Saint Cloud, Minn. March 26 and 27 they were noted at Williamstown, Iowa, Durand Wis., and Elk River, Minn. Not until the last days of March did they arrive at Batavia, Ill., Fernwood, IIL, Chicago, Ill., Delavan, Wis., and Lake Mills, Wis. The remaining rec- ords are: Menoken, Dak., March 26; Argusville, Dak., and Two Rivers, Manitoba, April 1, and Oak Point, Manitoba, April 7. In the fall of ; / 1885 the last Goose was seen at Ossowa, Manitoba, November 28; at Heron Lake, Minn., December 1, and at Grinnell, Iowa, December 5. _ The first migrant was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, October 20; at Saint Louis, Mo., September 6; at Richmond, Kans., October 17; at Shaw- neetown, Ill., September 28; and at Bonham, Tex., November 11, The 3 species became common at Richmond, Kans., November 12, and at Bon- ham, Tex., November 15. Dr. Agersborg, writing of the Canada Goose in southeastern Dakota, states : | Like the Snow Goose, it is becoming less common every year. In spring it arrives a week ahead of var. hutchinsi, and ten or twelve days earlier than the Snow Goose. The same order of migration is also noticed sometimes in the fall. It breeds here oc- casionally. The young have been hatched under hens and become very tame. I have several times been shown nests in trees, claimed by settlers to be the nests of Geese; but the ‘‘ Geese” have invariably been found to be Cormorants (Phalacrocorax dilophus). Of the few nests of the Canada Goose found, the majority haye been far away from any water, out on the prairies; but one nest was built among some large bowlders, 2 feet from the water’s cdge, on Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota. May not many, if not all, of the nests seen in trees by other observers have belonged to the Shag? (The Auk, Vol. II, 1885, pp. 287-288. ) 172a. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Sw. & Rich.). [594a.] Hutchins’s Goose. Has much the same winter range as the Canada Goose (Branta cana- densis), but is more common in the Gulf States, and breeds only in the far North. It was reported as sometimes common at Ellis, Kans. Col- onel Goss says of it in Kansas: “ Migratory; abundant. A few linger into winter.” In 1884 the bulk came to Vermillion, Dak., March 28. In the spring of 1885 one was shot at Gainesville, Tex., April 2. 172c Branta canadensis minima (Ridgway.) [594b.] Cackliny Goose. The Cackling Goose breeds in Alaska, chiefly along the shores of Norton Sound and the lower Yukon. In winter it migrates south and southeast, sometimes reaching the Mississippi Valley. It has been killed as far east as Wisconsin. 173. Branta bernicla (Linn.). [595.] Brant. Breeds within the Arctic Circle, coming south in the winter to the Mississippi Valley. During the winter of 1883-84 this species was represented from Illinois southward by a few rare visitants. In the spring it was rare south of Minnesota, but by the time it reached that State its numbers had been increased by recruits from the southeast, and it became almost common. There is much uncertainty in using the records concerning this spe- cies, because it is so commonly confounded with the Snow Goose, which is locally known as Brant allthrough the West. From the few records that can be depended on it would seem to have migrated at about the same time as Branta canadensis. At Oak Point, Manitoba, there was a large flight of Geese, given as “ Brant,” from May 16, to May 20, 1884. 174. Branta nigricans (Lawr.). [596.] Black Brant. A bird of western Arctic America, sometimes straggling into the Mississippi Valley in winter. Mr. Lloyd states that it was shot in Tom Green county, Tex., in the winter of 1884. 177. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). [599.] Black-bellied Tree-duck. A southern Duck whose northern limit is along our southern border. On the South Concho, in Texas, it is rare in fall (Lloyd). Both Dr. Boe “= fi) : Merrili and Mr. Sennett found it a rather abundant summer resident along the lower Rio Grande, in Texas. Dr. Merrill says of it: This large and handsome bird arrives from the south in April, and is soon found in _ abundance on the river banks and lagoons. Migrating at night, it continually utters a very peculiar chattering whistle, which at once indicates its presence. Called by the Mexicans patos maizai, or Cornfield Duck, from its habit of frequenting those locali- ties. It is by no means shy, and largenumbersare offered for sale in the Brownsville _ market. Easily domesticated, it becomes very tame, roosting at night in trees with chickens and turkeys. When the females begin to lay, the males leave them and gather in large flocks on sand-bars in the river. My knowledge of the breeding hab- its is derived from Dr. S. M. Finley, U.S. A., who had ample apportunity of observing these birds at Hidalgo. The eggs are deposited in hollow trees and branches, often at a considerable distance from water (2 miles), and from 8 to 30 feet or more from the ground. The eggs are placed on the bare wood, and are from twelve to sixteen in number. Two broods are raised, and the parent carries the young to water in her bill. The birds leave in September, but a few late broods are seen as late as Novem- ber (Proc. U. 8. National Museum, Vol. I, 187, p. 169). 178. Dendrocygna fulva (Gmel.). [600.] Tulvous Tree-duck. A tropical and subtropical species, coming north in summer to Texas 4 and Louisiana. In southwestern Texas itis rather common. Near the - mouth of the Rio Grande it is abundant (Merrill). Mr. Lloyd found it tolerably common in the winter of 1884 on the North Concho, in Texas. Tt was also given as common near the mouth of the Nueces river. 180. Olor columbianus (Ord). [588.] Whistling Swan. Breeds in the far North; occurs in winter on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Sometimes it winters abundantly on Galveston bay, Texas (Nehrling); and occasionally it winters in Illinois. In migration _ itis found in Missouri, Kansas, and northward. At San Angelo, Tex., _ Mr. Lloyd saw seven in January, 1884. The reports on its migration are very irregular, and all that can safely be said is that the species passed through the middle district in March, and reached Oak Point, E ; Manitoba, May 4. In the spring of 1885 some Swans of this species were shot in the | _ vicinity of Saint Louis, Mo., March 24. In the fall of 1885 the last were _ seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 13. 181. Olor buccinator (Rich.). [589.] Trumpeter Swan. Winters abundantly and regularly on the Gulf of Mexico, and some- times north to Illinois. Breeds from lowa and Minnesota northward. _ It was reported as breeding near Newton, Iowa, and at Heron Lake, Minn., as well as along the Red River of the North. In 1884it reached _ Heron Lake, Minn., April 3, and Larimore, Dak., April 15. In the spring of 1885 Trumpeter Swans were reported from Shawnee- town, Ill., March 19; Paris, Ill., March 31, and Heron Lake, Minn., _ April 7. A small flock, probably of this species, was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., June 4 and 7. In the fall of 1885 it left Heron Lake, _ Minn., November 9. In western Texas it is tolerably common in win- » Im a es 7 _ ter (Lloyd). 80. 182. Phcenicopterus ruber Linn. 665.4 Flamingo. Resident along the Gulf coast, whence reported by the mile southern — observers; also noted from Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., where Mr. Lloyd found it in August, 1881, and July, 1882. 183. Ajaja ajaja (Linn.). [505.] Moseate Spoonbill. A southern species, resident in the Gulf States; used to occur in the © bottoms opposite Saint Louis. Mr. Nehrling states that it is common — in the breeding season near Houston, in eastern Texas, and “ particu- larly common on the prairie ponds in the northern part of Harris county.” 184. Guara alba (Linn.). [501.] White Ibis. An inhabitant of tropical America, coming north regularly to south- ern Indiana and southern Illinois (Ridgway). Dr. Agersborg shot a Specimen and saw another in southeastern Dakota in May, 1879. 185. Guara rubra (Linn.). [502.] Scarlet Ibis. A tropical American species. There is no record of its recent occur- rence in the United States. It has been recorded from Florida, Loui- siana, and Texas. 186. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.). [503.] Glossy Ibis. Strays less often than the last from its southern home; north only to 7 Illinois. February 27, 1880, one was shot and two others seen at a small lake in southern Illinois, 7 miles from Saint Louis (Hurter, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VI, 1881, p. 124). Has been seen at Saint Louis, Mo. 187. Plegadis guarauna (Linn). [504.] White-faced Glossy Ibis. A bird of tropical America, coming north regularly to Texas. Mr. Sennett and Dr. Merrill found a large colony breeding near Browns- ville, in the valley of the lower Rio Grande, during the middle of May, 1877. It has been shot once in Kansas, near Lawrence (in the fall of 1879, Goss.). 188. Tantalus loculator Linn. [500.] Wood Ibis. The Wood Ibis is a southern bird, common in all marshy localities near the Gulf coast. A few ascend the Mississippi Valley, where they have been taken in Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Kansas. They are rare and irreguJar, however, and almost nothing is known of their breeding range north of the Gulf States. Though reported by the observers as occurring at various times of the year, no Ibises were noted in actual migration. 189. Mycteria americana Linn. [499.] Jabiru. A tropical American bird, occurring as far north as southern Texas. 190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). [497.] Bittern. A common summer resident in Manitoba and the Northern States ; less common farther south. In mild winters the Bittern remains in the middle portions of the Mississippi Valley, but ordinarily it passes south — is: 81 of latitude 35°. It is among the first of the Herons to migrate, appear- ing as soon as the frost is fairly out of the marshes. The notes con- tributed on its northward progress were very irregular. This is due probably to the conditions of observation rather than to any erratic movements on the part of the birds. To find them the observer must go to their chosen haunts; they will not come to him. In the spring of 1884 two sets of notes were received. Those in March gave the extension of the species to southern Minnesota by the _ 25th; the other set, going over the same ground, gave its arrival from the middle to the last of April and the first week in May. It is - possible that both are right, there being asmall flight in the latter half of March, which, after being checked by the storms of early April, was followed later by the main body. Bitterns were reported from central Minnesota May 4, and from Oak Point, Manitoba, May 15. They nest principally north of latitude 40°, but small numbers have been found in summer as far south as Mississippi, and probably a few breed through- out their range. In the spring of 1885 thirty-five notes were contributed on the move- ments of this species, but they are too irregular to be of use. The extremes were: Tampico, I]., April 8, and Shell river, Manitoba, May 4. In the fall of 1885 the first migrants arrived at Fernwood, Ill., Sep- _ tember 13, and were common there the next day. At San Angelo, _ Tex., where itis a common fall migrant, the first were observed Sep- tember 4. The last was seen at Fernwood, Ill., October 10, and at Heron Lake, Minn., November 3. : 191. Botaurus exilis (Gmelin). [498.] Least Bittern. The range of the Least Bittern is much the same as that of the Great Bittern, excepting that it is a more southern species. It breeds from - Louisiana and Texas to Minnesota. In the spring of 1884 it was some- _ what later in migration and did not reach the middle districts until the first week in May. In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at Fernwood, Ill., May 17; z. Emporia, Kans., and Heron Lake, Minn., May 19, being thus more than _ two weeks later than the Great Bittern at the same places. A nest _ with eggs was found at Des Moines, Iowa, May 26. . In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Fernwood, Ill., August 29. In - Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex., it is a common fall migrant _ (Lloyd). > Ardea wuerdemanni Baird. [480 in part.] Wiéiirdemann’s Heron. An inhabitant of southern Florida; accidental in southern Illinois _ (Mount Carmel, September 11-22, 1876. Ridgway.) ‘i 194. Ardea herodias Linn. [487.] Great Blue Heron. In summer this Heron occupies suitable localities throughout the : whole of the Mississippi Valley. Itis rare in Manitoba. It is resident : 4365— Bull. 2-—6 ~ & ; 4 ? 82. and most common in Florida and along the Gulf coast. It winters in the Southern States, and occasionally, in mild winters, a few stay in south- ern Illinois. In the winter of 1883—84, there was no record north of lat- itude 35°. Three were seen at Caddo, Ind. Ter., February 11, flying south, but probably were not winter residents, as a reliable hunter tells me that in eight years of residence there he has only once or twice known it to occur in winter, and then in the mildest seasons. The win- ter of 188384 wasanything but mild. In the spring of 1884 theregular ‘firsts’ were seen at Caddo March 18, about the same time that they began to appear at stations near the Mississippi. On March 12 they came to Alton, Ill.; three days later they were noticed at Burlington, Iowa; March 21 a report came from Ferry, Lowa; they were seen at La- porte City, lowa, March 24; at Heron Lake, Minn., April 3; and on April 6, they reached Lake City, Minn., and Green Bay, Wis.; April 20, they were reported in the west at Ellis, Kans., and Alda, Nebr. In the spring of 1885 the notes on the Great Blue Heron were much more irregular than in 1884. It was noted March 4, at Paris, Il, and ' March 7 at Shawneetown. Both of these must have been very early migrants, for, with the exception of March 17 at Richmond, Kans., no others were recorded until the last two days in March. During the week from March 30 to April 5, they were noted without any irregu- larity from Saint Louis, Mo. ; Fayette, Mo.; Sioux City, lowa; Heron Lake, Minn.; Elk River, Minn. ; Peoria, Ill.; Aledo, Ill. ; Hennepin, I1.; Rockford, Dl.; and Durand, Wisconsin. April 15 they reached Huron, Dak. In the fall of 1885 the first migrants appeared at Fernwood, IIL, July 26; Emporia, Kans., August 2; Mount Carmel, Mo., October 1; and Bonham, Tex., July 12. None were seen at Fernwood after July 28; or at Grinnell, Iowa, after September 28. At Mount Carmel, Mo., they were common October 3, and disappeared October 20. The last left Saint Louis, Mo., October 6. August 21 was the date of the last seen at Bonham, Tex. Mr. Lloyd states that the species is a resident in Tom Green and Concho counties, Tex. 196. Ardea egretta Gmelin. [489.] Great White Egret. A more southern species than the Great Blue Heron; breeds abun- dantly near the Gulf in swamps and prairie ponds. The few which leave the vicinity of the sea-coast straggle up the Mississippi, even to Minne- sota. The greatest wanderers are the young, which in the fall often stray northward into regions where the species is not known to breed. Professor Lantz has seen them at Manhattan, Kans., and there are other records for the State, but they are not known to breed within its limits. There is one record from southeastern Nebraska. In southern Illinois it is known to breed. In 1885 two of these Egrets were killed, out of a flock of six, at Chi- cago, Ill., July 27. One was seen at Bonham, Tex., July 12, and eleven 83 at the same place July 15. In the fall of 1885 numbers were present at Saint Louis, Mo., on the 15th and 16th of August. At Fernwood, Il. the last were noted August 8; at Emporia, Kans., August 14; Saint Louis, Mo., September 11; and Bonham, Tex. August 15. ‘ White Herons” and “Snowy Herons” were reported from Peoria, Ill., March 20; from Sioux City, lowa, March 30, common, April7; and from Rich- mond, Kans., November 3. Just which species was seen is doubtful. 197. Ardea candidissima Gmelin. [490.] Snowy Heron; Little White Egret. The range of this species is much the same as that of the last. It is exceedingly abundant in the marshes near the Gulf coast. In 1884 it was reported only from Grand Ridge, Ill., where the first was seen April 19. Itis resident in western Texas (Lloyd). Colonel Goss says it is not uncommon in Kansas, arriving from the south in July and August, and returning in September. 198. Ardea rufescens Gmelin. [491.] Reddish Egret. A southern species, breeding in large colonies along the coast of Texas. ‘A summer visitant to southern Illinois, not known to breed” (Ridgway). 199. Ardea tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). [492.] Louisiana Heron. An inhabitant of the Gulf States. Near Houston, in eastern Texas, it breeds in swampy woods, but is not very common (Nebrling). Along the lower Rio Grande, in Texas, it breeds abundantly (Merrill and Sen- nett); but Dr. Merrill thinks it passes the winter farther south. It has been reported once from Indiana (Nelson). 200. Ardea ccerulea Linn. [493.] Liltle Blue Heron. Like the last, this species is exceedingly abundant in the marshes near the Gulf coast. It is not known to breed in Kansas, though it has been seen there in July, August, and September. The northward fall migration spoken of under the White Egret is again seen in this species. A few breed in southern Illinois, and in the fall large numbers come there from the South, making it for a time an abundant species. It rarely, if ever, occurs north of latitude 40°. I made the acquaintance of this species in the summer of 1884 at Red Rock, Ind. Ter. No nest was found, but old birds were seen every few days all summer long near a small stream. This species was not noted in 1885 by any of the observers except at Bonham, Tex. One in white phase was sent me, which had been secured there July 16. Ten birds were seen July 21, but whether in white or blue: plumage was not stated. The last was seen August 24. It was recorded by Mr. Lloyd as a resident at San Angelo, Tex., where it was particularly abundant in fall migration. 201. Ardea virescens Linn. [494.] Green Heron. The habitat of this Heron agrees closely with that of Ardea herodias, but in most places it is a more common species. Like the Great Blue Heron 84 | it breeds over all of the Mississippi Valley and remains close to the _ Gulf coast in winter. It migrates later, and did not appear in the mid- dle districts until late in April. At Danville, Ill., one was seen April 21; at Saint Louis, Mo., and Des Moines, Iowa, it was noted April — 26; at Manhattan, Kans., April 29; and by May 1 it had arrived over — all of Illinois and Iowa, and had come to Lanesboro, Minn. At Alda, Nebr., it was seen May 3. In the fall of 1884 the buik departed from Des Moines, lowa, August 26, and none were seen afterwards. In the spring of 1885 the records of the arrival of this species were very irregular. It was recorded from Saint Louis, Mo., April 28, and Lanesboro, Minn., April 23, with much later dates scattered over the intervening country. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, September 28, and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 14. The first was seen at Emporia, Kans., October 3. 202. Nycticorax nycticorax nevius (Bodd.). [495.] Black-crowned Night Heron. The common Night Heron breeds throughout the Mississippi Valley, and winters both on the Gulf coast and south of it. In mild winters a few have sometimes been seen in southern Illinois. In the spring of 1884 the first record came from Rodney, Miss., March 22, when they were heard squawking at night as they passed over the city. On April 5 they appeared at Laporte City, Iowa, and two days later came to Heron Lake, Minn., which is the summer home of great numbers. They also breed abundantly in a large marsh in east-central Wisconsin. Col- onel Goss says they are rare in Kansas. In the spring of 1885 the records of the Black-crowned Night Heron were very irregular, as was the case with all the other Herons. Prob- ably the species is better known at Heron Lake, Minn., than at any other station; it arrived there April 12, and fifty were seen April 17. All the rest of the notes came from places south of Heron Lake, and were of later date, except one from Gainesville, Tex., Aprii 10. The last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 22. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, lowa, September 28; none were reported from Richmond, Kans., after October 15, but the last did not leave Heron Lake, Minn., until November 14. 203. Nycticorax violaceus (Linn.). [496.] Yellow-crowned Night Heron. The present species is more southern than the last, finding its north- ern limit in Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and southern Indiana. Four days after the Black-crowned Night Heron flew over Rodney, Miss., in the spring of 1884, it was followed by the Yellow-crowned (March 26). 204. Grus americana (Linn.). [582.] Whooping Crane. Nests along our northern border, and also in central Illinois; winters along the Gulf coast and as far north as the central part of Texas, 85 where a few flocks were seen at San Angelo by Mr. Lloyd, who tells us that the Nueces cafion is the winter home of countless myriads. ‘ From - November to the end of March these beautiful birds are exceedingly abundant on all the low prairies in the vicinity of Houston” (Nehrling). In the spring of 1884 migration began in February, and by March 6 all had left San Angelo. They arrived at Manhattan, Kans., March 18, and the last week in the month they passed throngh central Iowa. March 30 a good many came to Heron Lake, Minn., and May 1 they arrived at Oak Point, Manitoba. In the spring of 1885 the Whooping Crane appeared at Emporia, Kans., March 18; Richmond, Kans., March 21; Mount Carmel, Mo., PE ee er ee eer ee ee eT re * fet to - March 25; Laporte City, lowa, March 30; Emmetsburgh, Iowa, March 23; Heron Lake, Minn., March 31; Menoken, Dak., April5; Oak Point, Manitoba, April 15. It was common at Bonham, Tex., March 23; at Gainesville, Tex., March 31; Emmetsburgh, Iowa, April 1; Heron Lake, Minn., April 3; Menoken, Dak., April 14; and Oak Point, Manitoba, April17. It has been known to breed at Clear Lake, Iowa. In the fall of 1885 it returned to Bonham, Tex., November 9, and large flocks were seen November 16. 205. Grus canadensis (Linn.). [584.] Little Brown Crane. Breeds in the far North, from Hudson bay to Alaska, coming south in winter to Mexico, migrating over the Great Plains. Mr. Ridgway informs me that in the National Museum collection there is a spechnen from Texas. 206. Grus mexicana (Miill.). [583.] Sandhill Crane. The Sandhill Crane is known to breed in Florida, but was not recorded as a summer resident in Mississippi. West of the Mississippi River it breeds in Louisiana and Texas, and thence northward to Manitoba, though it is not known to breed in Indian Territory or Kansas. But at Alda, Nebr., it nested in July, 1881; and in 1882 five birds stayed there all winter. It is known to breed in Iowa, Minnesota, and Dakota. Mr. Lloyd says that in western Texas it is an abundant spring and fall mi- grant. Mr. Nehrling says he has “observed flocks of many hundreds on the low prairies in the western and northern parts of Harris county,” in eastern Texas. In winter it is found along the Gulf coast, from Florida to Texas. In _ warm winters it is found as far north as Waverly, Miss., and in Texas up to San Angelo, where a few flocks were seen. In the spring some _ pass north to higher latitudes, while others remain to breed. Migration commences very early. At Yazoo City, Miss., they were seen flying north January 9 and 11; at Caddo, Ind. Ter., the first came February 26 and more flocks March 3. March 15 they came to Una- dilla, Nebr.; two days later to Linwood, Nebr.; April 7 to Huron, Dak., and April 12 to Menoken and Larimore, Dak. They reached Two Rivers, Manitoba, April 15, and April 19 they were at Oak Point, 86 Manitoba. Thus their record in the West was quite uniform and regu- lar. Further east they appeared at Saint Louis March 16, and on the 21st and 22d were reported from four stations in central Iowa. March 24 they arrived at Storm Lake, Iowa, and the last day of the month at Heron Lake, Minn. The records east of the Mississippi were few and irregular; between March 20 and March 24 they were seen from Griggs- ville, IL, to Merritt’s Landing, Wis. In the spring of 1885 all but three of the stations on the plains con- tributed notes on the arrival of the Sandhill Crane, while from the region east of the Mississippi river but four stations reported it. The more regu- lar of these records are as follows: Richmond, Kans., March 11; Lin- wood, Nebr., March 14; Grinnell and Newton, Iowa. March 25 and 26. From March 29 to April 1 it appeared at Des Moines, Laporte City, and Emmetsburgh, Iowa; Unadilla, Nebr.; and Aledo, Tampico, and Henne- pin, Ill. April 4 it was seen at EJk River, Minn.; April 7 at New Cas- sel, Wis.; April 12 at Menoken, Dak.; April 15 at Larimore, Dak., and Oak Point, Manitoba. In the fall of 1885 the first came to Argusville, Dak., October 2; Richmond, Kans., October 3; and Bonham, Tex., Oc- tober 5. The last were seen at Richmond, Kans., November 3; Grin- nell, Iowa, November 4; and Fayette, Mo., November 20. 208. Rallus elegans Aud. [569.] King Rail. Winters in the southern States, occasionally north even to southern Illinois, and in sammer passes up the Mississippi Valley to Kansas and Missouri regularly, and to Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin occasionally. It is not common in Nebraska, and is still rarer in southeastern Dakota, where Dr. Agersborg has found it to be a rare summer resident. As in all other species of Rails, its migrations are performed at night, and during the day it keeps so secluded in the thick sedges that, though not at all uncommon in much of its range, it is rarely seen. In the spring of 1884 it appeared at Saint Louis April 10; the only other record came from one of the most northern points at which it has ever been found: Hastings, Minn., May 9. In the spring of 1885 the King Rail arrived at Emporia, Kans., April 14, and at Aledo, Ill., April 23, It reached Heron Lake, Minn., about the middle of May, but the exact date was not recorded. In the fall of 1885 it was first noticed at Fernwood, Ill., August 29, and again September 13; the last were seen there October 13. No more congenial home for Rails can be found than the immense marshes in the vicinity of this station. Mr. Lloyd states that one was seen in South Concho, Tex., in the spring of 1886. 211. Rallus longirostris crepitans (Gmelin). [571.] Clapper Rail. An inhabitant of the salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, coming north regularly to Long Island, N. Y. During the first week in June, 1886, Dr. A. K. Fisher found this form breeding commonly at Grand Isle. on the coast of Louisiana, and secured an adult male and two LP. ae eee oe ye C= > 4 OC ee LS A ee, Ee ETT eT ht, PES eee ra 87 young, which have been examined by Mr. Ridgway and pronounced ~ typieal. 21l1a. Rallus longirostris saturatus Henshaw. [57la.] Louisiana Clapper Rail. A southern form found on the brackish marshes near the Gulf coast of Louisiana (and Texas?).* 212. Rallus virginianus Linn. [572.] Virginia Rail. Winters from the Southern States southward; breeds from northern Illinois northward; known to breed in southeastern Dakota, and in Minnesota and Manitoba. In thespring of 1884 it reached Saint Louis April 1, and by the middle of the month had reached latitude 43° 43/ in Wisconsin. In the spring of 1885 the following records of ‘firsts’ were received: Paris, Ill., May 1; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 5; Lanesboro, Minn., May 12; Hennepin, Ill., April 14; Fernwood, Ill., May 10; Milwaukee, Wis., April 23. In the fall of 1885 the first returning migrants appeared at Fernwood, Ill., September 13, and were last seen September 26. 214. Porzana carolina (Linn.). [574.] Sora; Carolina Rail. Winters over the same area as the last, and also a little further north. It breeds from Kansas northward, and is an abundant summer resident in Manitoba. In southern Illinois it can be found throughout the year. In the spring of 1884 it was seen at Saint Louis April 1, at Laporte City, lowa, April 16, and at Heron Lake, Minn., April 29. April 26 it arrived at Chicago, and the bulk came to Green Bay, Wis., May 4. The Rails, which ordinarily pass by unobserved, some- times are suddenly and unexpectedly brought to our notice. For years they had passed to and fro over the city of Winona, Minn., unmolested and unnoticed, but in 1884 an electric light stood in their path and lured them to destruction. On the night of May 21 they were the most numerous of the many birds that were killed or wounded by striking the light-tower. Around the light they could be seen by hundreds. fu the spring of 1885 the Sora Rail was reported from San Antonio, Yex., April 5; Emporia, Kans., April 11; Des Moines, Iowa, April 22; Laporte City, lowa, May 1; Hennepin, Ill., May 5; Fernwood, IIl., and Heron Lake, Minn., May 10; Minneapolis, Minn., May 11; and Shell River, Manitoba, May 12. In the fall of 1885 the first migrants were seen at Fernwood, IIL, _ August 9; Lanesboro, Minn., August 26; Emporia, Kans., September 1; and San Angelo, Tex., September 4. The last was seen at Fern- wood, I[ll., September 20, and at Saint Louis, Mo., October 5. In western Texas they are rare in spring and abundant in fall (Lloyd). [*Mr. Ridgway informs me that he inclines to the opinion that this Rail will prove to be a distinct species.—C. H. M.] 88 . 215. Porzana noveboracensis (Gmelin). [575.] Yellow Rait. Winters in the Southern States and north to central Illinois; in ~ summer moves up the valley to Minnesota. Has been recorded from Manitoba (Seton). Rather rare everywhere. In 1884 the only record was from Saint Louis, where the first was seen March 18. 4 In the spring of 1885 the Yellow Rail was seen at Fernwood, Ill., May — 9, and was common the next day. It reached Elk River, Minn., May 14. A single specimen was seen at White Earth, Minn., in the latter part of June, but the exact date was mislaid. Specimens were taken at Lawrence, Kans., April 18, and October 1, 1885, by Prof. L. L. Dyche, and it was taken at Emporia, Kans., October 1. 216. Porzana jamaicensis (Gmelin). [576.] Black —ail. Range much the same as that of the preceding, though it does not occur so far north; has been taken in Kansas, southeastern Nebraska, Iowa, and IJilinois. In 1884 it was reported as breeding at San Angelo, Tex., from March 9 to June 26. In 1885 the northward migration of the Black Rail was unnoticed by the observers, but on its return the first was seen at Emporia, Kans., September 26, and at Iowa City, lowa., the last, October 11. 218. Ionornis martinica (Linn.). [578.] Purple Gallinule. A southern species, occurring throughout the Gulf States and rang- ing north in summer to Illinois. It has been taken once at Saint Louis, Mo.,and was given as anot common species on the Nueces river in Texas. 219. Gallinula galeata (Licht.). [579.] Florida Gallinule. The Florida Gallinule breeds from the Gulf of Mexico to near our northern border. Its winter range includes all of the Southern States, where it is resident; and it occurs, according to Ridgway, up to central Illinois, but Mr. C. W. Butler, of Anna, Ill, says: “I have not found it in winter in fourteen years of collecting in the very places where Mr. Ridgway says it occurs.” In its migrations it proceeds northward to Minnesota and Wisconsin in the Hast, and Kansas and Nebraska in the West. Near Ripon, Wis., it outnumbers the Coot, and its breeding habits until a few years ago could be studied to the best advantage, but persecution has made it wild, and now it hides at the slightest sound. The only record of its arrival in 1884 came from Saint Louis, where it appeared May 11. In 1885 but one record of the Florida Gallinule was received: its arrival at Des Moines, Iowa, May 26. 221. Fulica americana Gmelin. [580.] Coot. Range in winter the same as that of the Florida Gallinule, but in summer it goes far into British America. It breeds throughout its range, and records of breeding in 1884 were received from various places, all the way from Eagle Pass and San Angelo, Tex., to Ossowa, oa ee iD a rhal ods PP hy oe Troy Ut ee r “ee mae oh a ae oe hh <- te Gare eae ee fie RS. oe ae eee ee ee eer ee | ‘ aif. E Lane ' oP ee a eg a eee "Ay 89 Manitoba. It must breed early in southern Texas, for Mr. Negley says that at Eagle Pass, March 16, he caught a young Water Hen about two weeks old. AtSan Angelo Mr. Lloyd did not find young until May 18. In the spring of 1884 migration at Moss Point, Miss., commenced in Feb- ruary, after which no movement was noted until March 24 to March 26, when Coots were recorded simultaneously from Saint Louis, Mo., to Red Wing, Minn. In the West, they were noted from Ellis, Kans., and Alda, Nebr., April 4 and 9, and at the same time at Chicago. The only Wisconsin record was the arrival of the bulk May 4 at Green Bay. _ May 6 it came to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and May 9 it appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba. In the fall of 1884 the first migrants were re- ported from Emporia, Kans., September 20. In the spring of 1885 the more regular of the notes contributed on the migration of this species are the following: Fayette, Mo., first seen March 15; Emporia, Kans.; March 17; Fernwood, Ill., March 31; Heron Lake, Minn., April 1; Laporte City, Iowa, April 2; Durand, Wis., April 20; Ossowa, Manitoba, May 4. In the fall of 1885 it arrived at Lanesboro, Minn., September 4, and at Emporia, Kans., September 19. The last was seen at Heron Lake, - Minn., November 9. 222. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn.). [563.] Red Phalarope. Breeds in the far North, coming South in winter to the northern half of the Mississippi Valley. Has been recorded from Illinois (Nelson), and Minnesota (Hatch). 223. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). [564.] Northern Phalarope. Breeds in the far North, and is a rare migrant through the Missis- _sippi Valley. It is known from Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, and Mani- toba; and was reported by the observers at Saint Louis, Mo., and Alda, Nebr. 224. Phalaropus tricolor (Vieill.). [565.] Wilson’s Phalarope. This is the most common of the three Phalaropes, and it is more abundant in the Mississippi Valley than elsewhere. It does not winter in the Mississippi Valley, but breeds quite commonly in the northern parts and in Manitoba. In 1884 it was reported as breeding in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Dakota; and it has been known to breed in Ne- braska and im western Kansas. May 8 a pair arrived at Vermillion, Dak.; May 17 it was already breeding at Polo, Ll. In the spring of 1885 it was noted during northward migration at San Angelo, Tex., May 15; at Gainesville, Tex., May 6; Emporia, Kans., April 23; Manhattan, Kans., May 9; and Menoken, Dak., May 12. In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Emporia, Kans., August 31, and the last was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., September 13. Mr. Lloyd States that in western Texas it is tolerably common in spring, but is not found in fall. 90 225. Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. [566.] Avocet. During migration the Avocet occurs throughout the Mississippi Val- ley. East of the Mississippi it breeds from Illinois northward, and in the West even as far south as Mason, Tex., where Mr. Henry found it tobe arare summer resideat. Dr. Merrill states that a few pairs remain to breed along the Lower Rio Grande. It winters along the Gulf coast and southward. In migration in 1884 it was seen at Mmporia, Kans., May 11, and at Alda, Nebr., May 2. In the fall of 1854 the first Avocet appeared at Emporia, Kans., August 25. In 1885 no notes were received on its spring migration. In the fall it reached San Angelo, Tex., September 4. In this locality it is a com- mon fall migrant. 226. Himantosus mexicanus (Miill.). [567.] Black-necked Stiit. A common resident along the coast of Texas; in summer distributed locally and rarely over the better watered portions of the Mississippi dis- trict. Has been taken in Texas, Illinois, and Minnesota, and was re- corded from Kansas by Col. N. 8. Goss, on the authority of W. H. Gib- son, who saw three in June, 1881, near the Arkansas river, at Lakin, Kans. 228. Philohela minor (Gmel.). [525.] Woodcock. Breeds principally from the middle districts northward, but a few re- main in summer throughout the Southern States; rare in Manitoba. It winters wherever it can find unfrozen ground suitable for its wants; hence it islimited principally to the Gulf States during the cold weather, but a few usually spend-the winter at Corinth, Miss., and in southern Illinois. Both stations in southern Louisiana report that the number present in winter depends on the weather to the northward. If the winter is severe, they arrive in great numbers, but in mild winters are scarce. In the winter of 1883-84 they were abundant. By the middle of February almost all had left the State. In the West the Wood- cock winters in Kansas, Indian Territory, and occasionally in western Texas. It was reported from San Angelo, Tex., that a few are some times seen therein winter. In the spring of 1854 it reached Chicago March 22, and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 25. In the fall of 1884, about September 15, I flushed a Woodcock near a small spring in the central portion of Kansas City, Mo. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the last was seen October 23. — In the spring of 1885 it was first seen at Shawneetown, IIl., March 4; Fernwood, Ill., April 1; Lanesboro, Minn., April 21; and Oak Point, Manitoba, May 13. At Shawneetown, Ill., numbers were found ina low, flat bottom along the Ohio river July 25, and a few were seen after- wards. In the fall of 1885 the last were seen at Fernwood, Ill., October 10, and at Shawneetown November 14. | 230. Gallinago delicata (Ord). [5269.] Wilson’s Snipe. - Breeds chiefly from the Northern States northward; an abundant migrant in the Mississippi Valley; winter range extending to South OF America. During the winter of 1883~84 Wilson’s Snipe was not re- ported from farther north than latitude 33°, but in suitable localities, which, of course, are not common, it remains regularly as far north as southern Illinois, and one case is cn record of its wintering in company witk Teal and Mallard on the margin of a hot spring in Wyoming. In the winter of 1883-’84 a few were seen at Ellis, Kans.,in December, 1 ae Eyette Se ee ee. ee io * ao ‘ after the creek was newly frozen over. They were late migrants. The great bulk breed in British America, but a few have been known to nest in northern Illinois, and Mr. Lloyd gives it as a resident at San Angelo, Tex., but says he never has found the nest. 147 without the Whippoorwill, were reported by two stations; the other two without the Kingbird by six stations, and one station reported the Kingbird and Whippoorwill without the Brown Thrasher. At two stations all three were seen. Now what conclusions can be drawn from these facts? It is evident that the peculiarity of the records must be due to irregularity of migration or to irregular or incomplete observa- tion, and it is probable that both causes affect the result. These rec- ords show also how necessary it is, in studying migration, to have notes from a large number of stations. The seven of the above mentioned stations which did not report the Kingbiid by April 23 recorded its arrival the following number of days afterwards, namely, one, fourteen, nine, six, eight, four, and twenty days, respectively. Returning again to the regular migration of the Kingbird, the records show that it was seen at Odin, Il!., April 19; the next day at Saint Louis and Glasgow, Mo.; April 21 at Mount Carmel, Mo., and Manhattan, Kans.; April 22 and 23 at Paris and Hennepin, Ill., and Ferry, Coral- ville, Knoxville, and La Porte City, Iowa. Although this same warm wave carried the Whippoorwill and the Brown Thrasher a full hundred miles farther north than any of these stations, no further advance of the Kingbird was noted during the rest of the month. - Its advance from the region where the last wave left it to latitude 45° seems to have taken place in two separate flights, about a week apart, both passing over the same country. And since the in- - terval between these two flights was oecupied by snow-storms and freezing weather, it may be inferred that the advance-guard of King- _ birds had encountered the cold wave, which delayed the arrival of any other detachments uutil the weather moderated. The stations visited by the scouts on May 4 and 5 were Batavia, Ill., Delavan, Wis. (where it was first seen May 1), Stoughton, Wis., Lake Mills, Wis., New Cassel, -Wis., Rochester, Minn., Excelsior, Minn. (first seen May 2), and Min- _neapolis, Minn. The second detachment was noted from May 11 to 13 _ at Batavia, Ill. (common); Rockford, [ll.(common); Lake Mills, Wis- _ {bulk arrived); Leeds Centre, Wis. (first); Ripon, Wis. (first); River _ Falls, Wis. (first); Ames, Iowa (first); Williamstown, Iowa (first) ; _ Waukon, Jowa (first); Lanesboro, Minn. (first); Heron Lake, Minn. _ (first); Lake City, Minn. (first), and Huron, Dak. (first). The first at _ Elk River, Minn., was seen May 14; at New Richmond, Wis, May 15; . a _ at Menoken, Dak., May 17; Two Rivers. Manitoba, and Oak Point, _ Manitoba, May 21. The two notes from Nebraska (Unadilla April 27 and Linwood May 2) agreed very well with records from both Kansas and Dakota. In the fall of 1885 the last Kingbird was reported from Elk River, _ Minn., September 1; Grinnell, lowa, August 4; Saint Louis, Mo., August 18; Mount Carmel, Mo., September 17; and Bonham, Tex., October 17. In Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., it is a rather rare fall visitant, 148 445. Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmel.). [303.] Gray Kingbird. The Gray Kingbird is a tropical species, a few coming north regularly to the Gulf States to breed. 446. Tyrannus melancholicus couchii (Baird). [305.] Couch’s Kingbird. A tropical American species, coming north to southern Texas. Its nest and eggs have been taken at Lomita Ranch, on the Lower Rio Grande (Sennett). 447. Tyrannus verticalis Say. [306.] Arkansas Flycatcher ; Western Kingbird. A western species occurring in the western row of States in our dis- trict. It was ascertained to breed in western Minnesota by Thomas S. Roberts and Franklin Benner, who found two of its nests in the Trav- erse Lake region in June, 1879 (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. V, 1880, pp. 15-16). It is common in middle and western Kansas (Goss); has been taken in Texas, in Kansas as far east as Fort Hays, and in both southwestern and southeastern Nebraska; is a rare summer resident in southeastern Dakota; abundant in central Dakota, and has occurred accidentally in Iowa, the District of Columbia, Maine, New Jersey, and New York. In 1884 few notes were contributed relating to its move- ments during the spring migration. It was seen at San Angelo, Tex., and Vermillion, Dak., during the first week in May, and-at Ellis, Kans., May 22. In the spring of 1885 the first Arkansas Flycatcher was seen at San Angelo, Tex., May 6, the next May 8, and the last May 18. 448. Tyrannus vociferans Swains. [307.] Cassin’s Kingbird. A sotfthwestern species, recorded from western Texas. 449. Pitangus derbianus (Kaup). [308.] Mexican Pitangus ; Derby Flycatcher. An inhabitant of tropical America, coming north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, where it was found by Mr. Sennett, who pro- cured several specimens near Lomita ranch, above Hidalgo. 450. Myiozetetes texensis (Giraud). [309.] Giraud’s Flycatcher. An inhabitant of tropical America, coming north to Texas (Giraud), Giraud’s type is in the U. S. National Museum. 452. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). [312]. Great-crested Flycatcher. A common summer resident of the Mississippi Valley; rare as far north as Manitoba. Winters extralimitally, entering our district in April. In the spring of 1884 it was recorded at Gainesville, Tex., April 13; Manhattan, Kans., April 26, and Burlington, Iowa, April 27. — About the same time it was observed at Pierce City, Mount Carmel, and Saint Louis, in Missouri. The three stations near the thirty-ninth parallel reported the arrival of the bulk about May 1. By May 3 the van had advanced to central Iowa (latitude 41° 36’ and 41° 38’), while on the 10th, at West Depere, Wis., Mr. S. W. Willard shot the first he had ever seen in that neighborhood. The species seldom goes farther 149 north than this. In Minnesota it has been traced up to latitude 45° and possibly a little further, but at latitude 47° I never saw it. It breeds throughout its United States range. In the fall of 1884 the last Great-crested Flycatcher was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, August 26. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the bulk left August 15 and the last September 9. The last left San Angelo, Tex., September 27. In the spring of 1885 the earliest record was from Gainesville, Tex., where the species was seen April 9. It appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., April 21; Paris, Ill., April 22; Mount Carmel, Mo., April 23; Manhattan, Kans., May 4; Des Moines, Iowa, May 5, and Elk River, Minn., May 21. In the fall of 1885 the last left Grinnell, lowa, September 26, and Saint Louis, Mo., September 21. In Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., it is a summer resident, and is particularly abundant in fall migration; and at Houston, in east- ern Texas, it is also a common breeder. 453. Myiarchus mexicanus (Kaup). [311.] Mexican Crested Flycatcher. But one record of this Mexican species was received. Mr. Atwater found it a summer resident at San Antonio, Tex., where it arrived about the 1st of April in 1884. This point probably is not far from the northern limit of its range. Previously it was not known north of the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, where it is abundant. 454. Myiarchus cinerascens Lawr. [313.] May 9. Two broods are raised in a season. At Vermillion, Dak., 168 the first was seen March 20; at Argusville, Dak., March 27; at Oak Point, Manitoba, May 17. Dr. ae states that the western Meadowlark breeds abun- dantly in southeastern Dakota, to the exclusion of the eastern. In the spring of 1885 no distinction was made in the records of ob- servers between the eastern and western Meadowlarks, and it was thought that they could not be separated until a decided difference was discovered in the times of their migration. The general rule holds good for fully nine-tenths of the migratory birds of the district, that those which pass over the Plains migrate several days or even weeks later than their fellows which are traveling nearer the Mississippi River. Hence, when we find that the Meadowlarks of the Plains move quite uniformly a week or more in advance of their eastern brethren, it may be safely concluded that the difference in time is caused by a difference in the species. These western birds were quite plentiful at Ellsworth, Kans., during the month of February, and on the 4th of March appeared at Unadilla and Linwood, Nebr., being common at Linwood by March 12. They reached Grand View, Dak., March 21; Sioux City, Lowa, March 22; Huron, Dak., and Emmetsburgh, Iowa, March 25; Heron Lake, Minn., March 26; Moorhead, Minn., March 31, where they were heard and seen over a sheet of snow which had fallen the day before. At Menoken, Dak., the first was seen April 4; at Larimore, Dak., April 5; at Ossowo, Manitoba, April 6; and at Oak Pvint, Manitoba, April 9. 503. Icterus audubonii Giraud. [266.1 Audubon’s Oriole. The home of Audubon’s Oriole is from central Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande Valiey, in Texas, where it is a tolerably common resi- dent. Itis the only Oriole which spends the winter within the United — States. 505. Icterus cucullatus Swains. [269.] Hooded Oriole. The Hooded Oriole inhabits eastern Mexico, coming north to the Lower Rio Grande, in Texas, where it is a common summer resident, and the most abundant of the four Orioles that breed there. 506. Icterus spurius (Linn.). [270.] Orchard Oriole. The Orchard Oriole is a common summer resident in most parts of — the Mississippi Valley, breeding from southern Texas to central Minne- — sota and Dakota. It is a common breeder at Brown’s Valley, on the © boundary between Dakota and Minnesota (Roberts & Benner, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. V, 1880, p. 15); and Mr. J. A. Allen found a few — as far west as Heart River, Dak., west of the Missouri (Proc. Bost. — Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, Oct., 1874). It winters south of the United 7) States, and crosses our border about the last of March. Its migration ~ is steady and uniform. Its advance northward occurs at the same time — on both sides of the Mississippi, and even on the Plains. Moreover, it is So conspicuous a bird that it is easily observed. In the spring of 1884 — d q : 169 the first male arrived at San Angelo, Tex., April 13, and the first female three days later. At Gainesville, Tex., the first came April 14; at Abbeville, La., April 16. East of the Mississippi they appeared earlier, the first male being seen at Rodney, Miss., March 31, and the first female April 9. April 27 they reached Griggsville and Danville, Ill., and the next day three old males were seen at Saint Louis. April 29 they were seen at Fayette, Mo.; April 30, at Manhattan, Kans., and by May 10 they had advanced to latitude 41° 58’ in Illinois, latitude 41° 40’ in Iowa, and latitude 40° 53’ in Nebraska, though the probability seems to be that the advance was made simultaneously to all places on the 7th. May 12 they came to Laporte City and Waukon, lowa, with .- one a little behindhand at Milwaukee, Wis., May 17. At Lanesboro, Minn., they were seen May 23, three days after they had reached Elk River, Minn. Elk River is near the northern limit of theirrange. They breed commonly in southeastern Dakota. A few have been seen in central Dakota, and they have been recorded from White Earth, Minn. (latitude 47°). North of this there appears to be no record. The balk moves closely behind the first, two or three days only in the rear. The full record from Saint Louis is as follows: The first came April 23, when three old males were in song at their breeding places; April 29 the bulk of old males arrived; April 30 the first two-years-old male ; May 5 the first female and an increase of young males; May 6, conspicuous and noisy. The height of the season was attained May 5and6. May 8, several old males were mated. May 9, first one-year-old male arrived; bulk of females arrived; some beginning to build. May 17, males and females always together. May 31, incubated eggs were found. In the fail of 1854 the last old male Orchard Oriole left San Angelo, Tex., August 31; the last young male, September 10; the last female, ‘September 6. The record of this species was so regular during the spring migration of 1884 that its movements in 1885 were watched with much interest. About a dozen irregular notes were contributed in 1885, but taken as a whole its record still stands as that of a species of unusual uniformity in its migrations. It was first seen, just after its arrival in the United States, at Houma, La., March 28. At San Angelo, Tex., in the same latitude as Houma, but farther west, none were seen until April 7, though they were seen April 10 at Bonham, Tex., and April 11 at Gainesville, Tex., which latter note agrees very well with the record from Houma. The probable explanation of the lateness of the record at San Angelo is found in the altitude of the place, which is nearly two thousand feet. Saint Louis, Mo., was reached April 21; and, although the bulk of males was noted there the next day, there was no record from any neighboring station until April 27, when they were repurted from Odin, Il. April 28 they were seen at Paris, Ill., and Fayette, Mo.; and April 30, at Emporia and Manhattan, Kans. The next advance was recorded May 5, when they reached Morning Sun, Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, Peoria, Ill., and Hennepin, Il. May 7 one 170 was seen at Sioux City, Iowa. May 15 and May 16 a large wave ex- tended from latitude 42° to latitude 45°, and carried them to their journey’s end. The most northern stations from which records were received are: New Richmond, Wis., Elk River, Minn., and Huron, Dak., though at this last place they were not noted until May 20. The full record from Saint Louis, Mo., was: “April 21, first; April 22, first fe- male and bulk of males; April 28, first male of third year; May 5, first male of second years May 13, full numbers. The bulk of females ar- rived the first week in May.” In the fall of 1885 the last migrant left Grinnell, lowa, September 10. The summer residents left Mount Carmel, Mo., elie 7. The last mi- grant left Bonham, Tex., September 15. 507. Icterus galbula (Linn.). [271.] Baltimore Oriole. The Baltimore Oriole is a common summer resident throughont most parts of the Mississippi Valley proper, breeding from the Gulf States to Manitoba. In the spring of 1884 the first record of its migration was made April 7, when it appeared at Rodney, Miss., and the last May 25, when it reached Oak Point, Manitoba. These dates indicate an average speed of 27 miles a day. In 1883 it was found that the rate of its migration was very uniform. Hence it will be interesting to trace the record for 1884 and see how the two agree. Saint Louis, Mo, was reached April 26, which indicates a rate of 25 miles a day; but in going directly north we find a record on the 25th at Hillsborough, Ill., which would make a speed of just 27 miles a day. About April 29 and April 30 there seems to have been much movement—not so much the ad- vance of the van as the filling up the country already traversed, bring- ing the bulk to the region from latitude 39° 30’ southward, and the van to latitude 41°, and in the west to Manhattan, Kans. (latitude 39° 12’). Continuing the journey at the rate of 27 miles a day, the species should have advanced by May 6 to about latitude 43° 30’; and the records received demonstrate the correctness of this computation. May 5 and May 6 were days of special movement in Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Wisconsin. During these days there were records over all of northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin to latitude 43° 06’, with a stray one at latitude 44° 22’; and Minnesota shows good records at latitude 43° 437, with an extra advance along the Mississippi River to latitude 44° 32’, — May 12 should have found it at latitude 46°, and records were received of its appearance that day at 45° 25’ and 46° 33’ in Minnesota. Hence it appears, Omitting a few minor local variations which were to be ex- pected, that the species shows a remarkable uniformity in its rate of migration throughout this long distance. There was, however, no trace . of the increase of speed from the south northward which was noticed in 1883, the highest rate being in the middle districts during the first week in May In the prairie region the records were somewhat later, the birds reaching latitude 39° 12’ in Kansas, April 30; 40° 53’ in Ne- _— ott braska, May 9, and 44° 21’ in Dakota, May 22. Farther west, almost at the extreme limit of its-western dispersion, it was observed at Gaines- ville, Tex., and Ellis, Kans. The full record from Saint Louis is as fol- lows: April 26, first (three males at stands eallin g@); April 23, bulk of males arrived (in all the notes the bulk of the species averaged about four days behind the first); May & 3, first females (the average for females was seven days behind the first, and as the arrivals of the bulk may be separated into two series, one about two or three days in | the rear of the firsts, and the other of seven or eight, it is evident that the first series _ indicates the arrival of the bulk of the males, while the second indicates the increase of the species as a whole, caused by the arrival of the females); May 5, bulk of fe- males and many transients arrived, making this day the height of the season. (As q has already been stated, this day and the next were the days of special movement of ; this species, and this seems to have been true over an immense area of country, stretching from latitude 34° to latitude 44°.) May 10, the first one-year-old male arrived; May 11, species very much excited, and transient birds of last year present; May 31, set found of six incubated eggs. In the fall of 1884 the bulk and the last individual left Williamstown, Iowa, August 8. The bulk left Des Moines, lowa, August 26; the last was seen there August 30. At Mount Carmel, Mo., none were seen after the middle of the month, and at Gainesville, Tex., they were seen August 20. Tn the spring of 1885 the migration of the Baltimore Oriole in the Mississippi Valley, so far as our stations are concerned, began April 15, when the species was seen at Corinth, Miss. April 20 it reached Shaw- neetown, Ill., and Saint Louis, Mo. Two days later it appeared at Paris, lil., one degree farther north. April 25 and April 26 it was reported from Aledo, Ill.,and Mount Pleasant and Keokuk, lowa. April 29 and — _ April 30 the movement extended northeastward up the Rock River Val- _ ley to Batavia, Ill., Hennepin, Ill., and Clinton, Wis. On the Iowa River they appeared at Iowa City and Coralville, lowa, May 1. .At Des Moines, - Iowa, they were not seen until May 3. May 5 a large wave brought _ them to Williamstown, Iowa, and carried them up the Mississippi River _ to Lake City, Minn., and to Ripon and Leeds Centre, Wis. No further _ advance was made until after the cold snap; then on the 13th and 14th of May they appeared at Green Bay and River Falls, Wis., and Elk _River,Minn. Hitherthey traveled earlier on the Plains (where they were noted from Manhattan, Kans., April 21, and Linwood, Nebr., April 24), _ or else they moved very fast in the latter part of their course, for they _ were reported from Ossowo, Manitoba, May 15; Shell River, Manitoba, May 16, and Oak Point, Manitoba, May 19. In the fall of 1885 the last migrants were reported from Heron Lake, Minn., September 9 ; Grinnell, Iowa, September 16; Fayette, Mo., September 1; and from ' Bonham, Tex., September 5. > 508. Icterus bullocki (Swains.). [272.] Bullock's Oriole. This is a bird of the far west, coming east to the western edge of our district. In Dakota it seems to be tolerably common from the 172 Missouri westward. Dr. Agersborg recorded it as acommon summer resident at Vermillion, in southeastern Dakota. It is common in west- — ern Kansas, passing eastward even to Manhattan, where, in 1883, the first was seen May 5. In middle Texas it ranges east a little beyond the center of the State. Mr. Lloyd states that it isa tolerably common > summer resident in Concho and Tom Green Counties, Tex., “‘especially on the main streams.” He says: ‘“‘The ordinary date of arrival is April — 15 to 20, the birds becoming common about April 24. The females are very retiring. The males are seen with the family as late as Sep- tember 30. Breeds on the top branches of the mesquite.” In southern — Texas it ranges farther east. It is an abundant summer resident at Laredo (Butcher). In the valley of the Lower Rio Grande it is a com- mon summer resident (Merrill). In the spring of 1854 it was seen at Mason, Tex., April 7, and San Angelo April 29, when the first male — was noted; the first female came May 1, and by May 3 the species was common. This Oriole has been found at Gainesville, Tex., where, in 1876, the first appeared April 29. It winters in Mexico and breeds — throughout all its United States range north to British America. At San Angelo it was found breeding from May 15 to June 1, with six 7 eggs in a clutch. j In the fall of 1884 the last Bullock’s Oriole was seen at San Angelo, — Tex., August 31. The preceding year it had been noted much later, the last female being seen September 14 and the last male October 14, — In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at San Antonio, Tex., Aprij 11, and at Mason, Tex., April 9. They were common at Mason April 16. ' 509. Scolecophagus carolinus (Miill.). [273.] Rusty Blackbird. A common migrant through the Mississippi Valley as far west as the © Plains, where it is principally replaced by Brewer’s Blackbird ; breeds from Manitoba northward; dispersed in winter over the Southern — States from southern Illinois and Kansas southward. In the winter of 188283 its range extended north to Saint Louis. Dr. Coues, in his © ‘¢ Birds of the Northwest,” gives some interesting facts concerning the migrations of these two species. He says: ‘During the breeding sea- son their habitats are entirely separate, but they overlap during the fall migration, if not alsoin winter. In the east, the Rusty Grackle © breeds from northern New England (and perhaps farther south in mount- — ains) northward, throughout a great part of the British possessions, from Labrador entirely across to Alaska. Now to take an intermediate point, say Fort Pembina, on the Red River, the extreme northeast — corner of Dakota. Here, in the spring and summer, the Rusty Grackle © is not known, while Brewer’s Blackbird occurs in great abundance, ~ breeding. In the fall, however, the Rusty Grackle enters Dakota from the north on its migration and mixes with the other species” (pp. 198-199). Now if, as Dr. Coues states, the Rusty Crackle does not occur in north- eastern Dakota in spring, it would be interesting to know by what — course the representatives of this species—which oe to Prof. 173 Aughey, traverse Nebraska in large numbers every spring—get around 4 - Dakota on their way to Manitoba and Alaska. Colonel Goss records it as a winter bird in eastern Kansas. The only good record received of the occurrence together of both species in spring is that given by Mr. Nehrling, who noted a few Rusty Grackles in March, 1881, in company with the flocks of Brewer’s near Houston, Tex.; but that was before the Brewer’s Blackbirds had com- menced their migration. In the spring of 1884 the Rusty Grackle commenced its northward journey about the last of February, appearing at Manhattan, Kans., where it usually winters, February 13, and at Saint Louis February 26. No further advance was made until after the ‘second winter;” then they moved again, reaching Des Moines, [owa, March 22; Chicago, March 29; Lanesboro, Minn., March 30; and West Depere, Wis., _ April 16. Along latitude 39° in Central Missouri and Illinois the time of greatest abundance was March 21. At Saint Louis the bulk left March 25, and the last was seen April 5. su In the fall of 1884 the first Rusty Blackbird was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, October 23; the bulk arrived October 28; and the last left No- vember 8. In the spring of 1885 regular migration did not commence until March. The species appeared at Reeds, Mo., March 2; Paris, Ill, March 3 (and again March 5); Saint Louis, Mo., March 14, and the same day at Des Moines, Iowa. April 6 they were noted from Lanes- boro, Minn.; April 22, from Argusville, Dak.; and April 24, froin River Falls, Wis. The last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., April 14, and at Lanesboro, Minn., April 22. : In the fall of 1885 they were present in large flocks at Iowa City, _ Iowa, October 24; and the last one was seen at River Falls, Wis., Oc- _ tober 23. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen October 9, and large flocks were going south October 27. a ae ee eee ee ee Sea Pe ee ee ee eee ee (203 specimens collected at Laredo, Tex., during the fall and winter of 1885— 86 (The Auk, Vol. ILI, 1886, p. 248). More recentiy Mr. Lloyd has found itin winter in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., where it is rare (Ibid., Vol. LV, 1887, p. 292). It occurs north, at least to northwestern Dakota, where it breeds. 565. Spizella atrigularis (Cab.). [215.] Black-chinned Sparrow. A Mexican species, coming north to the valley of the Upper Kio. Grande, in Texas. 566. Junco aikeni Ridgw. [216.] White-winged Junco. This large Junco breeds in the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, and Wyoming, and in the Black Hills of western Dakota. In winter it - sometimes straggles east as far as middle Kansas and Indian Territory. In the winter of 1883-84 it was found again by Dr. Watson at Ellis, Kans., so that it may be considered a regular visitant to the plains in Kansas. 567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.). [217.] Junco; Slate-colored Snowbird. Breeds from northern Minnesota northward, and winters throughout the middie belt of the Mississippi Valley. A most abundant and well- known bird, concerning which so many records were received that its movements can be traced with some degree of accuracy. In the spring of 1884 but four notes of its wintering were received from.the region north of latitude 41°. They are as follows: From Morning Sun, Iowa, ‘seen last winter;” from Coralville, Iowa, ‘‘ was here last winter;” from Waukon, Iowa, “arrived October 15, a few remained all winter;” and from Heron Lake, Minn., ‘a very few were seen all winter.” In fact, it was not common-at any place north of latitude 41°, and was not - abundant north of latitude 40°. This must be accounted for by the | unusual severity of the winter, as the ordinary winter limit of the spe- cies is from latitude 42° to latitude 43°, and one hardy individual has been known to pass the winter in northern Minnesota at latitude 479. Latitude 39° is just within the true winter home of the Junco. The great bulk of the species in the winter of 1885-84 remained between latitude 39° and latitude 36°, being in that section the most numerous winter resident. They were hardly noticed by any of the Southern ob- servers. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., they were most conspicuous by their ab- sence; not a dozen a day were seen in town, and less than thirty in the © timber. Of their spring movements there were but few irregular notes, from which if may be inferred that the migration was quite regular and that the species is an easily noticed bird. The record from Iowa and Minne- sota is as follows: March 14 the first one was seen at Ferry, Iowa; March 16 at Laporte City, lowa; March 22 at Mitchell, lowa; March 24 at Lanesboro, Pine Bend, and Elk River, Minn. At Minneapolis the first was noted March 27, but as the arrival of the bulk was recorded 204 the next day, it is evident that the first came some days sooner, proba- ably March 24. Hast of the Mississippi, arrivals were noted March 24 at Lake Mills, Wis., and at West De Pere, Wis., so that this must have been a great day for the migration of Juncos as it was for many other species. Additional records from the region east of the Mississippi show that it reached Chicago March 20 and Milwaukee March 22. In Dakota, arrivals were reported at Argusville and Larimore March 27; and at Two Rivers, Manitoba, April 15. The bulk was not very far behind the van, BAS See Iowa about March 25, and arriving in Minnesota up to Peas 45° on the 27th and 28th, while April 20 the main flocks reached Portage la Prairie, Mani- toba, latitude 50°. In northeastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota, they were most numerous April 10. Onthe same day they were marked “innumerable” at Waukon, and at Lanesboro “numerous beyond all reckoning.” The record of the departure of the bulk was more regular and extended than that of its arrival. Itisas follows: Texas, latitude 33° 36/, March 13; Indian Territory, latitude 34° 11’, March 10; Indian . Territory, latitude 35° 37’, March 20; Missouri, latitude 38° 40’, March 27; Missouri, latitude 38° 45’, March 31; Kansas, latitude 39° 12’, April 1; Iowa, latitude 42° 18’, April 10; Iowa, latitude 43° 15’, April 17; Dakota, latitude 42° 56’, April 21; Minnesota, latitude 43° 43’, April 2.; Minnesota, latitude 43° 48’, April 20; Minnesota, latitude 45° 25/, April 28. The records from latitude 42° 56’, in Dakota, and 43° 48’, in Minnesota, were a little later than the others from the same latitude because these stations are farther west. All the irregular notes were made April 16, and came from latitude 36° 56/, in Missouri, and latitude 41° 36’ and 42° 01’, in Iowa. The records of the “last one seen” are also quite regular, and will be given in full. The last Junco seen at latitude 33° 36’, in Texas, was April 23; at latitude 38° 40’ and 35° 457, in Missouri, April 24; at latitude 39° 19’, in Illinois, April 23; at lat- itude 40° 50’, in Iowa, April 25; latitude 4:° 51’, in Illinois, April 30: latitude 42° 18’, in lowa, April 24; latitude 43° 15’, in Lowa, April 30; latitude 43° 43’, in Minnesota, April 30; latitude 44° 32’, in Minnesota, May 1; latitude 44° 45’, in Wisconsin, May 4. The irregular dates of departure are: Latitude 34° 11’, in Indian Territory, March 26; latitude 39° 12/,in Kansas, April 13; latitude 42° 56’, in Dakota, May 3; and eaiinde 42° 16’, in Illinois, April 12. The total number of notes sent in on this species was ninety-eight. The average time given from the arri- val of the first to the arrival of the bulk was seven days, and from the departure of the bulk to the date of the last one seen, seventeen days. Mr. J. A. Baimer sent the following notes from Danville, Ill. (latitude 40° 08’): Many large flocks wintered here, but the bulk left by the lst of May. On Junell noticed a male bird; June 7, both male and female; and again, on June 21, saw a male bird, always near the same spot. This led me to think the pair might be nest- ing here. J have searched pretty thoroughly for their nest, but without success. ——— - * 205 In the fall of 1884 the first Junco appeared at Elk River, Minn., Sep- tember 24, and the bulk arrived October1. The bulk departed Novem- ber 1, and the last four days later. None were reported from Hastings, Minn., until November 25. At Des Moines, Iowa, the first was re- ported October 18, the bulk arriving October 22, At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first appeared October 13, and the bulk arrived November 1. The first came to Gainesville, Tex., October 22. Mr. Lloyd states that it is common in winter in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., and Mr. Nehrling recorded it as an abundant winter resident in south- eastern Texas, . In the spring of 1885, instead of ninety-eight notes (the number con- tributed in 1884) but thirty-six were received. The most northern sta- tions which recorded Juncos during the winter of 1884-85, were Leeds Centre, Wis., and Lanesboro, Minn. They appeared at Laporte City, lowa, and Waukon, Iowa, the middle of March. The last four days of March and the first three days of April they were reported from Chicago, I[ll.; Clinton, Wis.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Durand, Wis.; New Richmond, Wis.; Hastings, Minn.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Elk River, Minn.; Argusville, Dak.; and Oak Point, Manitoba. An im- mense movement must have occurred during these seven days. Other stations in Manitoba recorded their arrival Apri] 7 and April 8 The whole record from Saint Louis is as follows: “During the coldest weather our Slate-colored Snowbirds seatter over the farm-yards, but as soon as the weather moderates they flock together and then their num- bers can be judged. It was difficuit to say whether or not the total number was much smaller than usual in the winter of 1884~85. At several stands not 50 per cent. were to be found during the last days of February, while at others they seemed as numerous as ever. April 1, there were great numbers present, excited old birds singing and chasing one another; April 2, a decrease; April 6, bulk departed; April 7, several small flocks present, very light-colored birds; April 17, small flocks; April 19, last.” From other stations the records of ‘‘lasts” were somewhat irregular. At Pierce City, Mo., the last was seen May 3 (the position of this station, near the Ozark Mountains, probably ex- plains the lateness of the date of departure); at Mount Carmel, Vo., the last one was seen April 11; Manhattan, Kans., April 5; Chicago, - ill., April 21; Des Moines, lowa, April 21; Waukon, Iowa, April 24; Leeds Centre, Wis., April 21; Durand, Wis., April 23; New Rich- mond, Wis., April 29; Lanesboro, Minn., April 30; Lake City, Minn., April 27; and Elk River, Minn., May 6. In the fall of 1885 the arrival of the first at Elk River, Minn., was recorded September 23; New Richmond, Wis., September 25; Lanes- boro, Minn., September 27; Milwaukee, Wis., October 3; Grinnell, Iowa, October 4; Iowa City, lowa, October3; Des Moines, lowa, October 3; Saint Louis, Mo., October 10; Mount Carmel, Mo., October 16; and Bonham, Tex., October 30. At Gainesville, Tex., they were seen for 2 206 the second time November 7; a straggler had previously been seen early in October. At Elk River, Minn., and Milwaukee, Wis., none were seen after November 12. The bulk arrived at Saint Lonis, Mo., October 21, and were still numerous there November 11. 567 a. Junco hyemalis oregonus (Towns.). [218.] Oregon Junco. All the notes on this species came from the West. The regular home of this Junco is northwest of our district, but in migration a few come east far enough to encounter our observers. it occurs in western Mani- toba, and from Kansas southward it is a winter resident. It was found at San Angelo, Tex., in company with the White-crowned Sparrow. At Gainesville, Tex., in 1584, it was seen March 5, but left soon after. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it came January 1, and remained through February ; while at Manhattan, Kans., it came October 27, 1883, with Junco hye- malis, and remained a few days later than that species, the latter leaving April 22. The Oregon Junco was common at Manhattan, Kans., throughout the winter -of 1884-’85, and the last departed March 14, 1885. It has been found accidentally at Chicago and in Michigan. 569. Junco caniceps (Woodh.). [220.] Gray-headed Junco, The home of this Junco is in the Rocky Mountain region. It has been recorded from Texas (Woodhouse); the Black Hills (Coues); and Michigan (Atkins). 570 a. Junco cinereus dorsalis Henry. [221.] Red-backed Junco. Mr. Lloyd has brought this southwestern Junco within our district by ae it a winter resident at Fort Davis, Tex., at an altitude of nearly 5,000 feet. 573. Amphispiza bilineata (Cass.). [224.] Black-throated Sparrow. An inhabitant of the Southwestern States and northern Mexico, reach- ing its eastern limit in the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, in Texas, where it is common (Merrill; Sennett). It was found as a rare winter resident at Mason, Tex., and as a common resident at San Angelo, Tex., where four nests were found during the last week of May in the skirts .of dense chaparral along the edges of ravines. The finding of a nest with fresh eggs July 13 indicates that the bird raises two broods. Mr. Llord states that “this species has extended east within the last Six years to the Colorado River.” 574a. Amphispiza belli nevadensis (Ridgw.). [225a.] Sage Sparrow. Another Western Sparrow. On the eastern slopes of the mountains in western Texas, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet, is the Government post, Fort Davis. Here are found the Red-naped Woodpecker, the Com- mon Pheebe, the Townsend’s Svlitaire, the Swamp Sparrow, the Arizona Stephens ae and Marsh Wrens, which agree exactly with the Pa- cific coast form; and here, during the winter of 1885~86, Mr. Lloyd found the Sage Sparrow. ee | ee ‘ SS ee ee a? eee ee ee ee ee ee 207 575a. Peucea estivalis bachmanii (Aud.). [226a.] Bachman’s Sparrow. Bachman’s Sparrow is a bird of the Southeastern States, reaching its western limit in Texas. Although it is rather a common species along the southern course of the Mississippi, up to southern Indiana and southern Illinois, if was noted by but few of the observers. It was found at Pierce City, Mo., as a not common breeder; and at Gaines- ville, Tex., as a very rare species. At Gainesville, in 1876, the first came April 10; but in 1884 the first was not noted, and only two speci- mens were shot. Mr. Lloyd gives it as a breeder in eastern Concho County, Tex. 577. Peucza mexicana (Lawr.). [——] Mexican Sparrow. Breeds in the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, in Texas, and thence southward and westward. Dr.J. C. Merrill, U. S. Army, found it ‘in some abundance on a salt prairie about 9 miles from Fort Brown, Tex.,” where he took a nest containing four fresh eggs, June 16, 1877.* 578. Peucza cassini (Woodh.). [228.] Cassin’s Sparrow. In our district this species ranges as a summer resident from south- eastern Texas to middle and western Kansas. In eastern Texas, near Houston, Mr. Nehriing recorded it as ‘‘a common summer resident on the open grassy prairies.” Along the Lower Rio Grande, in the extreme southeastern corner of the State, both Dr. Merrill and Mr. Sennett found it breeding. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a common summer resi- dent in Tom Green County, Tex., and is tolerably common in Concho County in fall. It was observed at Gainesville, Tex., where the first arrived May 13, and where it was marked rare. In the spring of 1885 the first Cassin’s Sparrow arrived at San An- tonio, Tex., May 11. 580a. Peucza ruficeps boucardi (Scl.).° [230.] Boucard’s Sparrow. Occurs from central western Texas westward and southward. Mr. Ridgway has kindly shown mea specimen, in the collection of the U.S. _ National Museum, which was killed about the middle of May, 1878, at Colorado, Mitchell County, Tex., where it was doubtless breeding. 580b. Peucza ruficeps eremceca Brown. [——.] Jock Sparrow. i Mr. Nathan Clifford Brown described this subspecies from speci- _ mens taken by him at Boerne, Tex., in the winter of 1879~80 (Bull. _ Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VII, 1882, pp. 38, 39). A male and female had been previously killed in Gillespie County, Tex. (April 24, 1878), by _ Mr. Ragsdale. They were regarded as P. rujiceps (Ibid., Vol. III, 1878, _ pp. 188, 189). 581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). [231.] Song Sparrow. _ The Song Sparrow breeds in Manitoba and throughout most of the _ northern half of the Mississippi Valley, and was reported as a winter *Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1578, p. 127. It was recorded under the name of a Peucea arizone, which Mr. Ridgway now regards as not separable from P. mexicana. y (Manual of North American Birds, 1887, p. 594.) 208 resident from various points in Illinois, Missouri, eastern Kansas, In- — dian Territory, and Texas. Many observers are so situated that their field-work does not take them into favorable localities for this species. Its favorite haunts in — winter are the dense weeds and grass along our streams; hence it is q not strange that it is so often overlooked. Our reports, therefore, are so incomplete that it is impossible to fix the bounds of its winter resi- dence, or the extent of its breeding range. Only twenty-five observers recorded its mpvements in 1884. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was first seen November 6, 1883. Many must have wintered south of that point, for the bulk was reported as arriving Mareh 11, 1834. The last lingered until April 4. At Pierce City, Mo., after January 2, only single birds were seen. The bulk arrived from the south Mareh 29. At Saint Louis, Mo., Mr. Widmann reported see- ing one December 29, at Florisant. February 15 the same small num- bers as last year were at old stands. March 13 an increase was ob- served and the first song was heard. March 17 the bulk arrived, and small parties of highly-colored birds in tull song were conspicuous. Ten days later, March 27, the bulk departed. A single bird in company with M. georgiana was seen April 14, and again April 17. At Manhattan, Kans., the species is a rather common winter resi- dent; it arrived from the north October 13; was seen at intervals during the entire winter in favorable localities; the bulk arrived March 15, and the last was seen April 5. Manhattan is almost directly north ot Caddo, and 350 miles distant. The bulk reached Manhattan from the south four days later than it was noted at Caddo, while in the fall migration the first was seen at the former station twenty-three days earlier than at the latter. Apparently the bulk of Song Sparrows moves from winter quarters all at once. This movement began about March 10, reaching Caddo the following day. March 13 there was an increase at Saint Louis, and by March 15 the bulk reached Manhattan. At Saint Louis the bulk arrived — by March 17. March 19 the wave of migration reached Polo, Ill., and — Milwaukee, Wis. March 20 the first arrived at New Cassel, Wis. March 24 it reached Lake Mills, West De Pere, and Green Bay, Wis. The bulk seemed to arrive simultaneously with the first, or but a few hours later. | March 28 the first reached Elk River, Minn., but it was not seen at Minneapolis until April 5, when it was also seen at Hastings, Minn. On the plains, out of the line of the river woodlands, it seemed to travel — more slowly. The bulk arrived at Minneapolis April 11. On the same day the first reached Oak Point, Manitoba. April 12 the first reached Larimore, Dak. At this time the last had not departed from Saint Louis. Of the breeding habits of this species, or of the localities in whieh it . breeds, little was reported. It was notedas breeding at Newton, Lowa, — 209 where it arrived April9. Perhaps the most surprising note received was that from Dr. Watson, at Ellis, Kans., who reported it as a com- mon summer resident. It does not remaiu to breed at Manhattan, which is much farther east. Col. N. 8. Goss enters it on his ‘*‘ Catalogue of Kansas Birds” as “resident in eastern Kansas; rare in summer; common during the winter in thickets and sheltered lowlands.” In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Song Sparrows left Elk River, Minn., October 8, and the last November 11. At Mount Carmel, Mo., they were first seen October 22 The most northern record of its wintering during the cold season of _ 1884-’85 came from Manhattan, Kans., where a few remained. In migration in the spring of 1885 it arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., March 5, the bulk following March 14. The first came to Fernwood, Ill., March 27, and the next day to Chicago, Ill. By April 1 they had _ appeared at Stoughton, Wis.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Lake Mills, Wis.; _ Leeds Centre, Wis.; and Waukon, Iowa. April 3and 4 they were re- ported from Lanesboro, Minn.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Green Bay, Wis.; and Luck, Wis. They reached Elk River, Minn., April 8, and Oak Point, Manitoba, April 13. The bulk left Saint Louis, Mo., April 6, and the last was seen there April12. ‘ Lasts” were reported. from Pierce City, Mo., April1; Houma, La., April 20; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 8; Manhattan, Kans., March 25; sunt Des icine Iowa, May 2. At Benn. wood, Ill., a nest a five ate was taken June 1. In the fall of 1885 the first returned to Saint Louis, Mo., Octaber 6 ; Mount Carmel, Mo., Uctober 8; and to Bonham, Tex., October 17. At Elk River, Minn., the last was seen October 16; at Lanesboro, Minn., November 8; and at Grinnell, Iowa, November 24. At Saint Louis they were numerous October 26, in great numbers in flocks Oc- tober 27, and the bulk left October 11. _ 581b. Melospiza fasciata montana Hensh. [23la,part.] Mountain Song Sparrow. The known habitatof this Western race is in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, _ and northward. SomeSong Sparrows taken during the fall of 1885, by Mr. Lloyd, at Fort Davis, Tex., have been identified by Mr. Ridg- way as this subspecies. 583. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.). [234.] Lincoln’s Sparrow. Breeds but sparingly in the United States. For a long time Racine, Wis., was the southernmost point at which it was known to nest; but recently nests have been found in northern Illinois. From southern Illinois southward Lincoln’s Sparrow may be found in _ winter; but the great bulk of the species winters south of latitude 36°. In Kansas it is a common migrant. In eastern Texas it is common in winter (Nehrling), as it is in the valley of the Lower Rio Grande (Mer- rill). At Caddo, Ind. Ter., a few were found during cold weather, and probably they were more common than they seemed; since, owing to their shyness, they are not easily ee. The advance movement 7365—Bull 2 14 ; 210 % an at Caddo in 1884 began the second week in March, and by March 15 they were in force. April 4 they were still present in about one-third of their highest numbers. Latitude 39° 12’, in Kansas, was reached April 24; latitude 38° 40’, in Missouri, April 29; latitude 41° 36’, in Towa, and 41° 51’, in Illinois, May 9; and West De Pere, Wis. (lat- 44° 26’), May 17. The last one left Gainesville, Tex. (lat. 33° 36’), May 14, and Saint Louis (lat. 38° 40’) May 20. 5 In the fall of 1884 the bulk of migrants reached Des Moines, Iowa, October 25. They left there the same day, and none were seen after- ward, The first reached Gainesville, Tex., October 27. But few records were received of its movements in the spring of 1885. The first was seen at Gainesville, Tex., March 29; at Bonham, Tex., April 3; Manhattan, Kans., April 18; Saint Louis, Mo., April 22; Des Moines, Iowa, April 25; Newton, Iowa, April 24. The last was noted at Manhattan, Kans., April 29; Saint Louis, Mo., May 13; and Des” Moines, Iowa, May 12. One was seen at Bonham, Tex., as late as May 20. In the fall of 1885 they returned to Lanesboro, Minn., September 18, where many were present October 2; and they left October 6. , At Des Moines, Iowa, the last was seen October 10. The first came to Saint Louis, Mo., October 7; the bulk arrived there October 11, and the last was seen October 27. The bulk appeared at Gainesville, Tex., October 31. | | 584. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). [233.] Swamp Sparrow. This Sparrow is found throughout Manitoba and the whole of the Mississippi Valley. It breeds from northern Illinois far into British America, and winters from Kansas and southern Lllinois southward. It is common near the Mississippi River, but rather rare on the Western plains. The most western records received from our observers were from San Angelo, Tex., where it was common in the spring of 1884, and at Ellis, Kans., where it was a rare transient. Mr. Nehrling gave it as_ a rare winter resident at Pierce City, Mo., but says it is more abundant in the valleys a little distance away. A single bird or two are usually found during the winter at Saint Louis, but none were seen there in 1884 until February 19. In the latter part of March the numbers at Saint Louis began to increase, but no migratory advance was made by the Swamp Sparrow until April 1. On April 3 many came to Burling- © ton, Iowa, and the species reached the center of the State about the middle of the month. April 26 and April 27 it was reported from Wat- kon, Iowa, and Lanesboro, Minn. The most northern record was from — Oak Point, Manitoba. Here the first was noted April 24, but, though — the species goes as far north as this, there must be some mistake about — the date, for the ice did not leave the lakes till five weeks afterward. The bulk arrived at Lanesboro, Minn., April 27; and the same day it ~ left Saint Louis, where the last was seen May 10. . In the fall of 1884. the first Swamp Sparrow arrived at Elk River, 211 Minn., September 7, and the bulk five days later. The bulk did not leave until October 3, and the last was seen October 12. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first and last were reported together October 7. In the spring of 1885 the first came to Saint Louis, Mo., March 14; Fayette, Mo., March 16; Newton, [owa, March 28; and Heron Lake, Minn., March 29. All of these records are those of ‘a very few birds that scattered over Missouri and Iowa in March. The bulk of the species did not follow for nearly a month. April 17 was the height of the season at Saint Louis, and the bulk left there April 20. On this same day they became common at Newton, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa; Lanesboro, Minn.; and the first arrived at Elk River, Minn. None were seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., after May 2, but as late as May 14 one was seen at Saint Louis, Mo. In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., Septem- ber 27, but no more were seen until October 6. At Saint Louis, Mo., they appeared October 5, and at Emporia, Kans., October 2. ‘‘ Lasts” were reported from Elk River, Minn., October 15; Lanesboro, Minn., October 7; and from Des Moines, Iowa, October 29, at which date about _ fifty were seen. Great numbers were present at Saint Louis, October 27, and the bulk departed November 11. 585. Passerella iliaca (Merrem.). [235.] Fox Sparrow. Breeds north of our northern boundary and winters in the Southern States, usually as far north as eastern Kansas. Few birds migrate more rapidly than the Fox Sparrow, and it is not uncommon for the first, the balk, and the last to be noted during the same week. In the spring of 1884 migration was much more prolonged than usual. The cold wave of January 1 sent the species into more than ordinarily southern winter quarters. At Manhattan, Kans., it is usually a common winter resi- dent. In the winter of 1883~84 it was abundant until New Year’s, but disappeared then until March. Only one bird was seen at Saint Louis during the winter; and at Pierce City, Mo., though many had remained the winter before, none were seen after December. South of latitude 37° it was an abundant winter resident. The first slight ~ movement took place in the latter part of February, bringing a few more individuals to Caddo, Ind. Ter., the bulk to Saint Louis, and the first to Carlinville, Ill., but no real migration occurred until about the middle of March. Leaving out of account irregular notes, the regular movements appear to have been as follows: March 15 the species arrived at Manhattan, Kans., and Danville, IL; March 16 at Osceola, Ill.; and March 19 at Iowa City, lowa. Then no move- ment was reported until March 27 and March 28, when it appeared over the rest of lowa and over Minnesota up to Elk River. In Wisconsin it appeared along the forty-fifth parallel about April 1, and at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 22. The bulk came to Gainesville, Tex., Caddo, Ind. Ter., and Pierce City, Mo., March 17; Mount Carmel, Mo., March 19; Iowa City, lowa, March 20; and Lanesboro, Minn., March 219 - ee 29. The bulk left Mount Cabindl and Saint Louis, Mo., March 26, nae Lanesboro, Minn., April 21. The last-left Gainesville, Tex. and Caddo, | Ind. Ter., about Assit 1. From Manhattan, Kans., and Sime Louis, Mo., they departed April 4 and 6, though at Saint ee a stray one was | seen April 17 in company with Hermit Tbrushes. At Des Moines and — Waukon, Iowa, the last was marked April 20; at Milwaukee, Wis., the — day before; at Lanesboro, Minn., April 26, and at Elk River, April 28. In the fal! of 1884 the first and last Fox Sparrow was seen at Blk River, Minn., October 6. The first came to Des Moines, Iowa, October — 9, the bulk October 25, and the last was seen there October 27. Ai - Mount Carmel, Mo., the first was seen November 3, and the last No- @ vember 8. During the winter of 188485 no Fox Sparrows remained at either Manhattan, Kans., or Saint Louis, Mo. 4 In the spring of 1885 one flock was found in the lowlands of Illinois, opposite Saint Louis, March 5. March 14 the first was seen on the Mis- — souri side of the river, and the same day the first one returned to Man- — hattan. At Fayette, Mo., about twenty were seen March 15; and a pair were observed March 24 at Paris, il. During the first six days of April they were noted from Des Moines, lowa; Coralville, lowa; Grin- — nell, Iowa; Newton, lowa; Waukon, Iowa; Hennepin, Ll. ; Rockford, Ill.; Leeds Centre, Wis.; Durand, Wis.; Lanesboro, Minn.; and Elk © River, Minn. The records of “lasts” were irregular, and ranged between April 12 for Saint Louis and Mount Carmel, and April 23 for Durand and Elk River. The fall notes on the Fox Sparrow, in 1885, were more irregular than | those relating to any other species. Fox Sparrows were noted at about — the same time (the first week in October) at various stations from lati- — tude 45° 25’, in Minnesota, to Central Missouri. At Elk River, Minn., — the last was seen October 18, and at Grinnell, Iowa, October 27, at — which latter date they were very numerous in flocks at Saint Louis. ~ The bulk left Saint Louis November 11. The last was seen at Mount — Carmel November 14, and the first reached Gainesvilie, Tex., Novem- ~ ber 15. Mr. Ernest E. Thompson has recorded this species as breeding . abundantly at Duck Mountain, Manitoba. 585c. Passerella iliaca schistacea (Baird). [235c.] Slate-colored Sparrow. Tbe Rocky Mountain representative of the foregeing. In migra- — tion it comes east to the plains, and has been taken in Kansas. 586. Embernagra rufivirgata Lawr. [236.] Texas Sparrow. 4 The home of this Sparrow is in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, in 7 Texas, where it is common (Merrill and Sennett). 587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus(Linn.). [237.] Chewink; Towhee. ; Breeds in the middle and northern portions of the Mississippi Valley and Manitoba; winters in the Southern States; a few breed in south-— eastern Texas (Nehrling). In eastern Kansas a is 2 common resident. — ~ 213 Reports upon its movements in 1884 were received from but forty observers. None of these came from the region of the Lower Missis- sippi. Indeed, but three of them were from stations south of the thirty- seventh parallel; the result is that little has been added to our knowl- 9 edge of the winter habits of this well-known bird. In Texas the Chewink seems to range farther west than in Kansas and Nebraska. At San Angelo, Tex., it was seen several times dur- ing the winter, and two were shot in January, 1834. At Gainesville, Tex., it was a common winter resident, remaining until April 24, when the last was heard: At Uaddo, Ind. Ter., it was abundant as early as November 29, 1883, and most of the birds were in pairs. On Mareh 8 they began to spread out from winter quarters. In southern Kansas and Missouri they frequently remained during the winter. At Pierce City, Mo., none were seen in 1884 later than the last of Decem- _ ber, although the preceding winter they were abundant. AtSaint Louis, Mr. Widmann reported two pairs as remaining all winter in company with Cardinals. At Manhattan, Kans., none were seen later in the fall than the latter part of November; but the preceding year they remained until the extreme cold of the middle of January drove them out. In 1884 the first arrival in migration was reported at Saint Louis, February 24; but the movement did not appear to be general. The arrivals consisted of a few males and females. March 11 a stray mi- _ grant appeared at Chicago, Lll., and on the following day the regular _ advance caine to Hillsboro and Carlinville, in the same State. March 15 they were reported at Danville, Il!., and Manhattan, Kans.; March «22 at Burlington, fowa; March 23 at Iowa City, Iowa; March 27 and March 23 at Laporte City, Iowa, at Polo, Ill., and Des Moines, Iowa. Along Lake Michigan they seem to have been a little earlier, arriving at New Cassel and Milwaukee March 24 and March 26. In this species, migration along the Mississippi River seems to have been more retarded than along the eastern border of the district or along the border of the plains in Kansas, which is contrary to the rule among most species. How far the food supply and the condition of the weather influenced these movements can ouly be determined by the most careful observa- tion. April 4 the first was seen at Lake Mills, Wis.; April 10 at Wau- _ kon, lowa; April 18 at Lanesboro, Minn.; April 24 at Lake City, Minn. ; April 26 at Waupaca, Wis.; April 27 at Green Bay, Wis.; April 30 at _ Elk River, Minn.; and May 17 at Frazee City, Minn. At Manhattan, _ Kans., the bulk arrived March 19; at Hillsboro, Ul., April 8; at Polo, . Ul, April 15; at lowa City, lowa, April 19; at Lake Mills, Wis., April | 28; at Milwaukee May 3; at West De Pere, Wis., May 16; at Frazee > City, Minn., May 20; at Vermillion, Dak., May 8; at the latter - place the species was most abundant June 12. _ From Mr. Widmann, at Saint Louis, the following full report was re- ee ceived: | February 24, first arrival; March 13, first song-birds still scarce; March 17, arrival Pah: FT a oe of bulk; March 23, many, noisy, conspicuous; March 31, transients in parties of six to eight; April 1, summer residents carrying building material; April 4, last tran- sient; April 17 to 19, singing, fighting, love making; May 24, first young out of nest. At Manhattan, Kans., two broods are reared in a season; the first young are hatched early in May; the nests are almost invariably built upon the ground; the second brood is hatched in June, and the nests are almost uniformly built in bushes from 2 to 7 feet from the ground. In the fall of 1884 the last Chewink was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, August 29; the bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., October 20, and the last October 27; at San Angelo, Tex., the first came September 29, and by October 9 they were common. In the spring of 1885 there was almost a double set of notes for this species. The second record, in at least half the cases, was a week or more later than the first, instead of a day or two later, as is the rule with most birds. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first came Mareh-10, and the bulk of males on the 14th; and on this latter date the first one was seen at Shawneetown, ll. Two days before this the second was seen at Odin, Ill, the first having come long before. The first reached Paris, Ill., March 27, the day before it was noted at Manhattan, Kans. Then there was a double movement. The first wave (from April 1 to April 6) brought large numbers of Chewinks to southern Iowa, and a sprinkling to various points in northern Illinois. The second occurred after an interval of two weeks, and brought a second set of “firsts” to lowa and Illinois on April 20, April 21, and April 22, and passed on to latitude 45°, in Wisconsin and Minnesota. After another pause, Elk River, Minn., was reached May 6; Menoken, Dak., May 12; White Farth, Minn., May 16 (many were seen), and Oak Point, Manitoba, May 18. The last left Bonham, Tex., April 14, and Gainesville, Tex., May 12. In the fall of 1885 the last Chewink was reported from Elk River, Minn., September 29; from Lanesboro, Minn., November 8; Grinnell, Iowa, October 17; lowa City, lowa, October 17; and Des Moines, Iowa, October 7. AtSaint Louis, Mo., Chewinks were common in large flocks September 23; the bulk arrived October 5; they were most numerous from October 6 to October 12; the bulk departed October 20, and the last transient was seen November 11. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the last was seen December 16. The first migrant reached Bonham, Tex., No- vember 11, aud they became common November 16. 588. Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swains.). [238.] Arctic Towhee. In our district this Towhee occurs in Texas, Indian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota. In winter it is found from western Kansas southward. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a tolerably common winter resi- dent in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex. At Hilis, Kans.,in 1884, — the first was seen April 27. At Manhattan it was probably heard Mareh — 15; the first was seen March 19; the bulk came April 26; the species was still abundant May 3; the bulk left May 10; and the last was seen May 12. 215 In the spring of 1883 the first Arctic Towhee was seen at Manhattan, _ Kans., February 25; the second March 7, and was common April 26. In migration, at Manhattan, Kans., the Arctic Towhee is much more abundant than the eastern species. In the autumn they linger until late in the winter, sometimes remaining with erythrophthalmus during the entire winter. In the spring they arrive in large numbers after erythrophthalmus, and remain about two weeks. r 590. Pipilo chlorurus (Towns.). [239.] Green-tailed Towhee. The home of this species is in the interior plateau region of the United States, from the western border of the plains to the Sierra Nevada, - from about latitude 40° south into Mexico. Several years ago it was taken in southwestern Texas, and February 25, 1885, Mr. Harry Att- water took a specimen at San Antonio, Tex. Mr. Lloyd has recently published the following in regard to its occurrence in Texas: _ The bird must be spreading east, as I see it as far east as the head draws of the Middle Conche. Common on the east side of Pecos River. Probably breeds. 591. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Baird). [240.] Canon Towhee. This Towhee occurs as far north as Colorado, but enters our district in Texas only, where Mr. Lloyd found it a tolerably common resident in Tom Green County. 3 593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). [242.] Cardinal. The Cardinal inhabits all of the Mississippi Valley east of the plains and south of southern Nebraska and southern Iowa, and has been found occasionally in Minnesota. South of latitude 41° it is stationary, while north of this parallel some remain in the winter, but most go ‘south. Dr. Watson gave it as rare at Ellis, Kans., but Mr. Lloyd found it common at San Angelo, Tex. Mr. Widmann said of its winter habits ‘at Saint Louis: “It is here one of the most numerous of the winter birds, occurring in pairs, family groups, and flocks, and remaining at or near the breeding grounds all winter. In hard times corn is the chief . attraction.” At Caddo, Ind. Ter., its habits were somewhat different. During the fall, Cardinals were found among the thick, tall weed patches around the cotton fields; they were silent and so shy that they were seldom seen, sheltering themselves in the almost impenetrable mass of foliage. During the latter part of November, when most of the leaves had fallen, they retreated to the thickets along the stream. Here E: hey staid in great numbers until real winter, when they began to flock into town, and as long as snow lasted they could be found everywhere around the houses where not one had been seen for several months. A warm period would find them back in the thickets, only to return with the next cold snap. The most northern record received was from Iowa City, Iowa, where one was seen April 17, but it may have been an es- eaped cage-bird. In the spring of 1885 two Cardinals were seen in January at Morning ‘Sun, Iowa, but they were not recorded during the winter of 1884—85 from any other place in Iowa. *° They returned to Ferry, lowa, March 29, and to Denmark, Iowa, April 19. A set of six eggs was taken at. Pesca: Ill., May 7. In oe fall of 1885 a Cardinal was taken at Times City, lowa, October — 29, being the first one captured in that county that was certainly a wild — bird. At Saint Louis, Mo., large flocks of these birds were present — September 23. They were most numerous October 6, and decreased — Cetober 20. 594. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap. [243.] Texas Cardinal. The Texas Cardinal is a southern species resident wherever found. — In 1884 it was noted at San Antonio and Eagle Pass, Tex., and itsrange extends thence south and west. It is especially abundant from Eagle — Pass southward. At phe Tex., Mr. Brown secured a pair in 1885— — the female February 2, and the mae April 5. : In the spring of 1885 a male was taken at San Angelo, Tex., April 26. This I believe to be its most northern record. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami Ridgw. [—.] Arizona Pyrrhuloxia. : The type of this newly described subspecies was taken at El Paso, — Tex., by Lieut. J. G. Parks, U. S. A. (Auk, Vol. 1V, No. 4, October@ 1887, p. 347). It has been found also in southern Arizona and New — Mexico. | 595. Habia ludoviciana (Linn.). [244.] Lose-breasted Grosbeak. : Breeds from about latitude 37° northward; tolerably common in Manitoba. The spring migration of this species is evidently carried on — inanortheasterly direction. It is found in Mexico and Central America — during the winter; but during the summer it is entirely a bird of the 4 eastern province, rarely breeding as far west as eastern Kansas (where — it is common during migration). Mr. Ragsdale has never seen it at ~ Gainesville, in north-central Texas, and Professor Nehrling does not — mention it in his Birds of Southeastern Texas. 3 The southernmost station reporting the Rose-breasted Grosbeak in — 1884 was Saint Louis, Mo., where the first male was noted April 26,— followed two days later by the bulk of the males. April 29 and 30 they © appeared in Illinois up to latitude 39° 43’, with an accidental one at — Waukon, Iowa (lat. 43° 15’); and the first two days of May found ~ them in Illinois north to latitude 40° 08’, and to latitude 41° 40/, in — Iowa. The advance was quite regular over northern Illinois, Wiscon- ; sin, and Minnesota, bringing the van of males to latitude 44° 22/, in — Wisconsin, and 44° 32’,in Minnesota, May 8. By May 10 they had — reached Elk River, Miun. (lat. 45° 25’), and May 28 they were noted ~ at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (lat. 50°), which is nearly as far north as the species occurs. The average of the data received from seven ~ stations indicates that the arrival of the first female was about five ~ days later than that of the first male, while the arrival of the general — bulk of the species was about one day later. In the south the differ. - 4 ao SS a ~~ i 217 ence in the times of arrival of males, females, and bulk was greater than in the north, the indications being that in approaching the north- ern limits of its range the females traveled with the bulk, and were only two or three days behind tie van. In the fall of 1884, at Des Moines, Iowa, the last Rose-breasted Gros- beak was reported August 29. In the spring of 1885, as usual, the record of the ist at Saint Louis was considerably earlier than fon corresponding stations farther east or west. It was seen there April 20; at Mount Carmel, Mo., April 25, and at Paris, Ill., April 30. This jas date is pithbalbly a lit tle late, since on the two preceding days it had been noticed at Peoria, Griggs- ville, and Aledo, Ili., and also at Des Moines and Keokuk, lowa. A second wave passed over this same part of lowa May 1. A few scat- tering individuals were noted May 6 and May 7 at Lanesboro, Minn., Elk River, Minn., and La Crosse, Wis. These were followed, May 11 and May 12, by a heavier advance, which reached Heron Lake, Roches- ter, Lake City, Hastings, and Elk River (‘ common”), in Minnesota, and Ripon and Durand, in Wisconsin. The first in Manitoba was noted at Shell River, May 16. In Kansas and Nebraska, where this _ bird is rarely found, the movement was much delayed, and at Manhat- tan, Kans., and Unadilla, Nebr., the first was not recorded until May 16. : In the fall of 1885 the only regular notes on this species came from _ Saint Louis, where it was common September 16, very numerous Sep- tember 22, bulk present September 25, and bulk departed September _ 29. At the regular stands the last was seen October 6, and none were seen after October 11. The notes from other stations were very irreg- ular, The last was reported from Elk River, Minn., September 9, and from Grinnell, Iowa, August 9. 596. Habia melanocephala (Swains.). [245.] Black-headed Grosbeak. The summer range of this Grosbeak extends from the plains west- _ ward; it winters in Mexico. During the spring migration it enters - Arizona and New Mexico in April. The majority pass north in the _ Rocky Mountain region, but some move northeastward over the plains and are found in the valley of the Rio Grande, in western Kansas, in Nebraska, and in Dakota. In western Kansas it is not uncommon in _ summer. Professor Lantz and Dr. Blackly have shot it at Manhattan, _ Kans., and July 11, 1884, Colonel Goss saw a male as far east as Topeka, _ Kans. Mr. Powell has taken it at Alda, in southeastern Nebraska, and ' Dr. Agersborg in southeastern Dakota. It has occurred accidentally 3 in Michigan. The most eastern record in Texas was from Mason, where _ aSingle male was secured by the Rev. I. B. Henry. It was reported _ also from Colorado City, near the one hundredth meridian, and from _ San Saba County (long. 98°), where Mr. Ragsdale took one in 1879. = Mr. Lloyd states that it is a rare summer Visitor in Concho County, Tex. _ In the spring of 1885 the first Black-headed Grosbeak was seen at - Mason, Tex., May 4, and at Emporia, Kans., May 10. 218 597. Guiraca czrulea (Linn.). [246.] Blue Grosbeak. The Blue Grosbeak is a southern species. Both it and the Black- headed winter in Mexico, but while in spring the bulk of the latter migrate north to Colorado and Utah, the present species moves a short distance north and a long distance east, sometimes even to New Eng- land. In middle and western Kansas it isa common summer resident. In its migration it reaches southern Illinois and southern Nebraska. In the spring of 1834 it arrived at Gainesville, Tex., April 25; at Pierce City, Mo., May 9, and was very common. At Manhattan, Kans., the first was seen May 10, but it was not common until the last of the month. It was seen at Hllis, Kans., May 13; at Lawrence, Kans., July 5,1884. Col. N. S. Goss saw a pair of Blue Grosbeaks followed by three fledged young. In the spring of 188) the records of the migration of the Blue Gros- beak were unaccountably irregular. They are as follows: The first was seen at San Autonio, Tex., May 6; at Mason, Tex., April 20; at Gaines- ville, Tex., April 18; at Pierce City, Mo., May 9; at Emporia, Kans., May 12; and at Manhattan, Kans., May 2. At Manhattan they had _ become common by May 12. In Texas if is a “ tolerably common mi- grant in fall from the Pecos River to the Colorado River; breeds abun- dantly farther west” (Lioyd). In southeastern Texas it isa “regularly distributed summer resident, but nowhere abundant” (Nebrling). 598. Passerina cyanea (Linn.). [248.] Jndigo Bunting; Indigo Bird. The Indigo Bird is found all over the Mississippi Valley, east of the plains. Elk River, Minn., is very near the northern limit of its range; north of this it only occurs locally (in three years’ residence at latitude 47°, in Minnesota, it was not seen). It usually leaves the United States in winter Mr. Bibbins says he has seen it as an occasional winter visi- tant at Mermenton, La. In the spring of 1884 it had advanced up the valley to Pierce City and Saint Louis, Mo., by April 29. May 3 it was seen at Carlinville, Il]., and two days later at Glasgow, Mo., while on the same day it was noted at Manhattan, Kans. Its presence is thus very accurately fixed at this date, but for the next two weeks the records were so at variance that it is probably the nearest approximation to say that on May 10 the normal van was in northern Ulinois and northern Iowa. May 15 it was reported in Minnesota from Lake City and Pine Bend; May 23 from Minneapolis, but not until June 2 from Elk River. It may not be out of place here to give Mr. Widmann’s full record from Saint Louis, as showing how many changes take piace in the individ- uals present at different times. His record reads: April 28, first, a male in song; April 29, an increase, a small flock of males; April 30, males in song in a few places; May 5, the bulk of the males and the first female arrived ; May 6, males everywhere in noisy flocks and many transients. These two days (May 5 and 6) were the height of the season for males. May 9, the bulk of young males and the bulk of females arrived; birds mating; May 2], nest-building ; May 31, they were one of our most industrious songsters. a eee 219 tn the fall of 1884 the bulk of Indigo Buntings left Williamstown, Iowa, August 19, and the last August 28. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the _ Jast was noted August 29. Mr. Lloyd says that itis a rare fail migrant in Tom Green County, Tex.; and Mr. Neirling states that in south- eastern Texas it was ‘‘observed only during the migrations.” In the spring of 1885 it was recorded from San Antonio, Tex., April 16. It reached Gainesville, Tex., April 20; Pierce City, Mo., April 21, and Saint Louis, Mo., April 23. The notes from stations east of the Mississippi River were too irregular to be satisfactorily worked up, but those west of the Mississippi indicate that the species reached latitude _ 42° May 10and May 11; latitude 43° May 14; latitude 44° May 19, and latitude 45° May 21. The most northern record was from Elk River, » Minn. (lat. 45° 25’), May 27. — In the fall of 1885 the last Indigo Bunting was reported from Elk _ River, Minn., September 7; from Grinnell, lowa, September 28; Iowa _ City, Iowa, August 29; Fayette, Mo., October 1, and from Mount Car- mel, Mo., August 9. At Saint Louis, Mo., they were numerous Sep- ' tember 9; they were very common September 22; the bulk was present ' September 25; they had decreased by October 6; they were seen in _ several places October 11; the last one at their regular stands was seen - October 14, and none were seen after October 17. _ 599. Passerina amoena (Say). [249.] Lazuli Finch; Lazuli Bunting. West of our district the Indigo Bunting is replaced by the present species, which seldom enters the Mississippi Valley. Its true home is from the plains westward. It is common on the Missonri, in central Dakota, and thence westward (Allen). The only records from the ob- servers came from Dr. Agersborg, who finds a few every summer at Vermillion, Dak., and from Dr. Watson, who found ita rare summer resident at Ellis, Kans. 600. Passerina versicolor (Bonap.). [250.] Varied Bunting. The home of this remarkably colored bird is in eastern Mexico and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, where it is tolerably common (Sennett; Merrill). A straggler (or an escaped cage bird’ has been taken in Michigan (Dr. H. A. Atkins). ’ 601. Passerina ciris (Linn.). [251.] Painted Bunting; Nonpareil. _ A southern species whose northern limit barely reaches southern Kansas and southern Illinois. In the spring of 1884 it crossed our. southern border after summer was fully here, and did not go far north It arrived at Mason, Tex., April 25; at Rodney, Miss., the next day, “and two days later at Gainesville, Tex. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was an ' abundant breeder. Mr. Lioyd writes that at San Angelo, Lex., the ‘male of this species is the first summer bird to depart, the female re- maining six weeks or so later. It breeds from May 2 to July 14, rais- ing two broods. There is one record in Illinois of its occurrence near Mount Carmel. In May, 1885, Col. N.S. Goss found it breeding plenti- fully in Comanche County, southern Kansas (The Auk, Vol. II, 1885, * p. 276). - 4 In the fall of 1884 the last male Nonpareil was seen at San Angelo, Tex., July 29, while a female and young were seen September 6. In — 1883 they were seen as late as September 14. In the spring of 1885 the first came to Houma, La., April1; San An- gelo, Tex., April 9; Bonham, Tex., April 17; and Gainesville, Tex.,. April19. The following account of the breeding habits of the Nonpa- reil, from the pen of Mr. H. F. Peters, of Bonham, Tex., will be interest- ing to Northern readers who are unacquainted with the bird: The Nonpareil is one of my pets, and as I have five or six pairs breeding in my yard every year I have a good opportunity to watch them. They arrive here at Bonham from the 10th to the 20th of April, the males coming some ten days or more before the females. The males spend their time playing and frolicking until the arrival of the femajes, when the playing turns to courting and fighting. It is both interesting and amusing to watch the male trying to attract the attention of the female. He will hop down on the ground, spread his wings and tail, strut around and cut all sorts of capers. The first time I saw it done I thought he was wounded, and started towards him to pick him up, but soon learned my mistake. They are not very quarrelsome birds, and soon commence to pair. At this period the male is very attentive, but after nest building has commenced he is quite another bird. He helps to find the place to build, and appears to be very particular about it, but as soon as it is decided upon he retires from business. He never works; he is a little dude, too finely — _ dressed to do any labor. I have frequently seen him sitting a few feet above the — nest, singing unconcernedly, while his mate would be struggling with a yard or two of twine, or a piece of old rag to weave into the nest. I have never seen the male help in nest building, or in feeding the young while in the nest, but have . seen him feed the young after they were fledged. A cat caught a female when the — young were unfledged, and I watched ber mate to see if he would raise the young. — He never fed them once. He let them die, and went off and found another mate who raised a family of young not more than 6 feet from the other nest. While the female is very gentle and tame, frequently coming to the door in search of material for the nest, and food for the young, the male is shy and keeps at a distance. When the young are full grown he troubles himself no more about them. The middle of August he leaves wife and family and goes south to his winter home. The female and young remain until the second week in October. 602. Sporophila morelleti (Bonap.). [252.] Morellei’s Seed-eatcr. A tropical American bird, coming north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, where it is not uncommon (Merrill; Sennett). 604. Spiza americana (Gmel.). [254.] Dickcissel; Black-throated Bunting. A rather southerly species, passing north to latitude 45° in the Mis- sissippi Valley, and wintering entirely south of the United States. Mr. ~ J. A. Allen found a few in western Dakota, near latitude 479, in the summer of 1873. It breeds abundantly in southeastern and western — Minnesota and eastern and middle Kansas. J.C. Hvoslef writes June 18, 1887, from Lanesboro, Minn., “ Spiza americana is. now one of our — most common birds.” In eastern Texas it breeds abundantly in all — the prairie districts (Nehrling). In the spring of 1884 the first noted ; was seen at Gainesville, Tex., April 15. No more was heard of the 21 | species until April 26, when a single breeder and two transients came to Saint Louis. On the next day the bulk arrived at Newport, Ark., and was two days in passing from there to Saint Louis. The same day the first reached Manhattan, Kans., and the last day of the month they were noted from latitude 40° 47’ in Nebraska, and from Chicago, Ill. May 5 they were noted from latitude 41° 36’, in Iowa, and latitude 41° 58’, in Illinois, while they reached latitude 42° 01’, in lowa, May 7. They were now nearing the northern limit of their range and the movement was slower. Not until May 24 were they seen at latitude 44° 45’ in Wisconsin; the bulk was recorded from latitude 43° 43’ in Minnesota, June 4, and from Pine Bend, Minn. (lat. 44° 47’), June 26. The full report from Saint Louis is subjoined: ‘April 26, the first breeder and two transients; April 28, still scarce; April 29, bulk of males ar- rived, many at stands and often seen on the wing going east; April 30, males noisy at stands; May 5, bulk of females arrived. This was the height or the mating season. Several parties were seen on the wing go- ing east in the morning. May 9, young males arrived; May 20, young birds were still coming, and the species was usually seen in pairs.” It breeds abundantly in southeastern Dakota. In the fall of 1884 the last Black-throated Bunting left Des Moines, lowa, August 29. The bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., September 6, and the last September 20. At Unadilla, Nebr., none were seen after August 23. At San Angelo, Tex., where it is an abundant migrant, the first ap- peared November 6, and the last was seen November 23. In the spring of 1885 the movements of this species differed radically from the record of them for 1884. In the spring of 1884 the first was seen at Gainesville, Tex., eleven days before any were seen at Saint Louis, Mo. In 1885 the first was reported at Saint Louis April 20, the same day that the first was seen at San Antonio, Tex., and three days before the first appeared at Gainesville. The other records of ‘firsts’ were: Mount Carmel, Mo., April 24, and Manhattan, Kans., April _ 29. Irregular and early birds were seen at Newton, Iowa, April 25, and at Hennepin, Ili., April 26. The van of the regular migration reached this section during the first five days of May, and was recorded from _ Odin, Ill.; Peoria, Ill.; Tampico, Il.; Des Moines, Iowa; Grinnell, Iowa, and Unadilla, Nebr. May 11 the first was recorded from Hast- - ings, Minn.; May 16, from Heron Lake, Minn., and during the summer _ from Huron, Dak., which is near the northwestern limit of its range. _ ‘The whole record from Saint Louis is as follows : | “April 20, first one ia air going east; April 23, second; April 28, many going east - and north; May 4 and May 5, bulk of males arrived ; May 9, males numerous, females scarce; May 13, bulk of females arrived ; May 14, height of the season, young birds arrived.” _ In the fall of 1885 none were seen at Huron, Dak., after July 7; - lowa City, Iowa, August 29; Mount Carmel, Mo., September 20, and _ Saint Louis, Mo., September 26. 222 605. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. [206.] Lark Bunting. - This is a bird of the plains, wintering abundantly in central and southern Texas, even as far east as the prairies about Houston (Nehr- ling), and thence southward into Mexico. The most southeastern — records are the following: Mr. Nehrling found it abundant in winter 3 about Houston, Tex. In the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, in — Texas, it is arather common winter resident (Merrill). In the winter — of 188384 it occurred in immense flocks at San Angelo, Tex., remain- ing until May 17. At Mason, Tex., a few were found in summer. Mr. Ragsdale says that it is “irregular” at Gainesville, Tex., where it was seen February 21, 1876. Passing north to middle and western Kansas, — where it is an abundant summer resident, the first arrival was noted — May 10. May 11 Dr. Hvoslef saw one on the high prairie 9 miles east of Lanesboro, Minn. Since Dr. Hvoslef saw a male near the same place June 19, 1883, the species probably is a semi-regular visitant to | southern Minnesota. It has been found breeding abundantly in ¢en- tral and southeastern Dakota, and also in western Minnesota, along Traverse Lake and the Red River of the North. q In the fall of 1884, at San Angelo, Tex., the first migrant, a male, was seen October 23. In the spring of 1885 the first returning flocks appeared at San Angelo, Tex., March 26. Birds, probably of this species, came to Bonham, Tex., April 29; they were common there May 11, and left May 24. They had previously left San Angelo, May 8, and San Antonio, ~ Tex., May 9. At Huron, Dak., the first were seen May 13. 606. EHuphonia elegantissima (Bonap.). [160.] Blue-headed Euphonia. This species inhabits Central America and eastern Mexico, coming north to Texas (Giraud). ; 607. Piranga ludoviciana (Wils.). [162.] Louisiana Tanager. This beautiful Tanager may be found in suitable localities from the — Great Plains to the Pacific. In the spring of 1886 a specimen was shot — on the South Concho in Texas (Lloyd). It breeds in Black Hills of © Dakota. | 608. Piranga erythromelas Vieiil. [161.] Scarlet Tanager. A common summer resident in most parts of the Mississippi Valley east of the plains, and north of latitude 37° (doubtless breeds still - farther south in some places); rare as far north as Manitoba. 4 Few birds are better known than the gorgeous male of this species, — and its record is correspondingly full. It has been “taken once as far west as El Paso, Tex. In southeastern Texas, near Houston, it isa moderately common migrant (Nehrling). In the spring of 1884 it was reported as arriving at Eagle Pass, Tex., February 29. No more records were given until April 27, when it appeared at Keokuk, Iowa, and Danville, Ill. This was several Jays earlier than the dates from neighboring stations; but with so” striking and well-known a bird there is small chance for a mistake. — | — 6 223 3 The first week in May seems to have marked its general advance to | latitude 42°. A few were seen along latitude 45° May 10 and 12, but the van did not reach that latitude until May 24. One was seen May 26 at Oak Point, Manitoba, latitude 50° 30’. The only record in the West came from close to the western limit of its range: It reached Manhattan, Kans., April 30, and the bulk was present May 10. In the fall of 1884 the bulk and last of the Scarlet Tanagers left Wiil- iamstown, Iowa, August 4. At Des Moines, Iowa, the last was seen August 1; and at Mount Carmel, Mo., September 11. In the spring of 1885 the first note came from St. Louis, Mo., April 22. Farther west, in the same latitude, the first was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., April 26, and at Manhattan, Kans., May 1. Latitude 419, in western Illinois, was reached April 24, and the rest of northern IIli- nois, the southern edge of Wisconsin, and central Iowa on May 5 and May 6. There was no more advance until May 14 and May 15, during } which days they passed to Green Bay, Wis., and Elk River, Minn. § In the fall of 1885 the last left Elk River, Minn., August 6. The last é was reported at Fayette, Mo., September 1, and at Saint Louis, Mo., September 17. 610. Piranga rubra (Linn.). [164.] Summer Redbird. Breeds from the middle portion of the Mississippi Valley southward. 4 A common summer resident in eastern Kansas. Were the movements of all species as regular as those of the Redbird seem to be, the study of migration would be simpleenough. Records were received from two lines of migration, and there is not an irregular record among them. From its winter home it was rather late in entering the United States, reaching Mason, Tex., April 12, and Gainesville, Tex., April 15. It was reported from Darlington, Ind. Ter., May 3; Pierce City, Mo., May 17; and May 31 it was found near its ordinary northern limit at Manhattan, Kans. Along a line of migration east of the Mississippi, it came to hodney, Miss., April 11; Waverly, Miss., April 20; Saint Louis, Mo., April 29; and Carlinville, NL, the next day. Such a regular record has never before been contributed, and a duplicate will seldom be found. The most western station from which it was reported is San Angelo, Tex., where it is a tolerably common breeder. In the fall of 1884 the last Summer Redbird left San Angelo, Tex., September 19. / In the spring of 1885 no such regularity appeared in the record as was noted in 1884. The first was seen at San Angelo, Tex., April 6; Corinth, Miss., April 7; Gainesville, Tex., April 10; Shawneetown, [Il., April 19; Saint Louis, Mo., April 27; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 1, and Hennepin, Ill., May 12. The first females and young birds came to San Angelo, April 16. 611. Progne subis (Linn.). [152.] Purple Martin. Breeds locally throughout Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexico. There is some doubt whether this bird ever spends PT a Oe) ee ee ee ee ee Ne 224 the winter in the United States. Mr. Edwards says that he does not think it occurs in southern Louisiana in winter proper, unless perhaps during protracted periods of warm weather, which sometimes occur in December. Most other writers say decidedly that all leave the United States in cold weather. Certain it is that none remained in the Mis- sissippi Valley in the winter of 188384. They crossed our border the last week in February, but seem to have been few and scattered. The first was noted at Water Valley, Miss., March 1, and March 5 a few were seen at Gainesville, Tex., and Caddo, Ind. Ter., but no more fol- lowed for some days, and on this date they were marked at Abbeville, La., as still remaining in the same numbers as when they arrived ten days before. March 9 the first male appeared at Rodney, Miss., and was followed ten days later by the first female. By March 11, they returned to Caddo, Ind. Ter.; were seen at Newport, Ark., and also at Waverly, Miss. Still, all these were merely scouts, and it was not until March 13 and March 14 that the species become common in the Gulf States. On these days they were marked as numerous at Eagle Pass, Tex., and as arriving more plentifully at Abbeville, La., and beginning to sing a little. March 21 this regular advance moved to southern Missouri, at latitude 36°56’ and latitude 37° 08’, and March 24 to Saint Louis. The — next day it was noticed at Griggsville, Ili., and Manhattan, Kans. March 26, more came to Manhattan, and on the same date it was © reported from latitude 39°09’ and latitude 39° 14’, in Missouri, and © an irregular scout moved to Tampico, Ul. (lat. 41°36’). March 30 ~ and April 1 a small company invaded southeastern: Iowa, appearing at four stations, and April 3 some of them even reached latitude 41° 42’, in Iowa, and latitude 43° 43’, in Minnesota, but this was their last effort — before the April storms drove them southward. We find no records from April 3 to April 10. On this latter date they began moving northward, ~ being seen at places in the rear of the position of the van of April 1. — About April 14 the advance was fairly under way and had proceeded — northward through the rest of Iowa to latitude 43° 43’ in southern Min- — nesota, and through northern Llinois to latitude 43° 06’ in Wisconsin, — with a scout north in Wisconsin to latitude 44° 30’. April 16 marked — an advance to latitude 44° 26’, in Minnesota; April 17 to latitude 449 — 32' and latitude 45°; and April 18 to latitude 45° 25’. Then came a ~ long pause, and it was not until after May 1 that any more movements — were recorded. May 3 the species appeared at latitude 46° 33’ in Min-— nesota, and latitude 47° 52’ in Dakota, though it is probable that the’ former of these dates is later than the normal. May 19 they were seen — at Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, and May 23 at Oak Point, Manitoba. — Mr. Small, the observer at Oak Point, says that they were the first he ever saw there. It is probable that in the line of migration from New Orleans to Lake Winnepeg almost the entire migration tock place dur- ing the following twelve nights: March 10, 20, 25,27; April 11, 12, 13, 173 May 3, 9,17, and 19. The distance is 1,440 miles, hence the average © 925 speed must have been 120 miles a night for every night of movement. To show how much ean be learned from the study of the movements of a Single species in a single locality, the full record from Saint Louis is given. Mr. Widmann had a number of Martin houses set up in his back yard, and kept a full and accurate account of all the movements which took place there. His record reads: March 24, at 5.45 p. m., the first birds were seen, being three gos: March 25, at 4.45 p. m., the first of our Martins, one male; March 28, second male arrived ; March 29, first. idetasiont seen passing; March 30, first female arrived and seectal tran- sients went north; March 31, an increase, ten per cent. were now present; April 3 to 13 there was no increase in our colony; April 13 it increased to ten birds, the next day to sixteen, and April 16 it numbered cighteen (ten males and eight “females). April 17 added one male and one femaie; April 18 there were nine pairs and three odd males in the boxes; April 23 about a dozen refugees from the north crowded into the boxes at night, and among them was the first male of last year in a half-starved condition ; April 25 all the transient visitors were off again; our colony now numbered twenty-three birds; April 26, twenty-seven birds; April 27, twenty- eight birds; April 30, thirty birds. The bulk of the species arrived during these last five days. During the first week of May the numbers gradually increased to thirty- four birds. May 10 the last increase of old birds occurred, and now there were eighteen pairs that had taken quarters. May 11 the bulk of last year’s birds were present, but did not take possession of nor sleep in the boxes. May 12 all old Mar- tins were building earnestly, and some have been sitting on eggs since about May 9; May 20 the first pair of young birds took possession of a box and began to build; May 18 first eggs hatched; May 24 the second pair of young took a box, and June _ 5 the third pair did likewise. In the fall of 1884 the last Purple Martin at Williamstown, Iowa, was seen August 19, and at Unadilla, Nebr., August 13. The bulk left Des Moines, lowa, September 1, and the last seen was September1l. None were seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., after August 18. In the spring of 1885 the Purple Martin did not remain long in its winter home, but returned to the United States early in February. It was seen at Houma, La., February 8, and at San Antonio, Tex., Feb- ruary 23. Those seen at Houma were probably irregular migrants, for no more were reported from the other stations in Louisiana until the last of themonth. Those at San Antonio must have been part of the regular advance, since only two weeks later (March 6 and 7) Martins were reported from Bonham and Gainesville, Tex. During the month of March the Martins passed from latitude 30° to latitude 38°. The exact date of their movements can not be told, for in the year 1885 there was not a single observer in the country along the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Saint Louis. Here lies a vast area, 200,000 square miles in extent—larger than the whole United Kingdom of Great Brit- ain—and yet the most thorough and painstaking search failed to dis- cover one person sufficiently interested in the study of ornithology to make a record of the movements of birds! The Purple Martins were reported from Emporia, Kans., March 26; Corinth, Miss., March 28, and a straggler was seen the same day at Fayette, Mo. The grand wave of migration, the largest of the whole 7365—Bull. 2——15 226 Season, passed up the Mississippi Valley during the last two days or March, and the first day of April. During these three days the arrival of Martins was noted at Pierce City, Mo.; Reeds, Mo.; St. Louis, Mo.; Glasgow, Mo.; Richmond, Kans.; Manhattan, Kans.; Shawnee- town, Ill. (two observers); Paris, Il.; Peoria, Ill.; Tampico, [ll.; Chi- cago, Ill.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Knoxville, Iowa; Iowa City, lowa, and Unadilla, Nebr. A slight pause followed (on April 2 and 3), but the on- ward move began again April 4, and by April 5 Martins were reported from Morning Sun, Iowa; Ferry, Iowa; Des Moines, lowa; New- ton, Iowa; lLaporte City, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa; Rochester, Minn.; Lake City, Minn,; Hastings, Minn.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Lake Mills, Wis.; and New Richmond, Wis. The boundaries of this move- ment are pretty clearly defined by the records. It was most pronounced close to the Mississippi River, where it reached the farthest north. The northern boundary of the area affected by this wave runs northwest- ward from latitude 43° on Lake Michigan, to latitude 45° on the Mis- sissippi River, and then southwestward to latitude 41° on the Missouri River. New Cassel and Green Bay, in central Wisconsin, were reached April 9, but there was no record of a corresponding advance in the Missouri Valley until April 20, when Huron, Dak., was reached. At this time the Martins had passed up the Mississippi River to Minneap- olis and Elk River, Minn., and on this day (April 20) three pairs ap- peared at Detroit, Minn. No further advance was recorded for nearly a month. Not until May 13 were any seen at Argusville, Dak. They reached Oak Point, Manitoba, May 17. No material was received from which the movements of the bulk could be learned. The full record from Saint Louis, Mo., is as follows : March 30 the first, a male, arrived at 7.40 a. m.; at 8.14 a. m. two males passed north; 9.25 a. m. another followed, and 5.30 p. m.a party of ten passed, going north. March 31, an increase of summer sojourners; nine were seen at one time in the air; the first female arrived, and two males selected the boxes which were to be their sam- mer homes; April 1 three pairs and one male took boxes; April 2, further increase; twelve Martins took boxes; April 7 the above number was increased to fourteen; ~ April 14 twenty took boxes; April 15 twenty-four took boxes; April 20 thirty took boxes; April 30 thirty-seven took boxes and nest-building began; May 13, young ~ pairs (birds one year old) began nest-building; May 15, young pairs were still in- creasing. In the fall of 1885 great numbers of Martins were present at Saint Louis, Mo., Au- — gust 9 in the evening; they were also numerous August 12 and 13; August 14 their numbers had decreased only to be re-inforced August 17. The bulk had gone August ~ 26, and but few went to roost. The last great wave of the migration passed during — September 8 and 9, and none were seen after September 11. The remainder of the fall notes record the departure of the last from _ Fernwood, Ill., August 29; Fayette, Mo., August 25; Mount Carmel, Mo., August 9; Shawneetown, Ill, August 138; and from Bonham, ~ Tex., August 20. It is probable that these early dates of leaving apply — to the summer residents, and that the observers were so situated that — they did not happen to note the last passing migrants. 227 612. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). [15%] Cliff Swallow. An abundant breeder over the whole of the Mississippi Valley and Manitoba. Mr. Lloyd states that it breeds plentifully in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex.; and Dr. Merrill states that it is an abun- dant summer resident in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, in Texas, where it is the only Swallow that remains to breed. To see these Swallows in their glory, one should visit some of the great rivers of the western plains. Professor Aughey tells us that he counted in one place 2,100 nests. Leaving the United States in winter, it does not re-appear as soon as the White-bellied Swallow or the Purple Martin. In the spring of 1884 it began to return about the middle of March, and was very plentiful at Hagle Pass, Tex., March 27, whence it advanced rapidly to about latitude 40°, and then came to a halt. One was seen at Saint Louis April 15, and the species had already been noted from Burlington, Iowa, April 10. There is something singular about these records from Burlington and Saint Louis. On three species of Swallows the record at Burlington, though 150 miles farther north, was some days ahead of that at Saint Louis. The White-bellied was seen at Burlington March - 10, at Saint Lonis March 24; the Barn Swallow at Burlington April 10, at Saint Louis April 16; the Cliff Swallow at Burlington April 10, at Saint Louis April 15. After reaching Saint Louis and Burlington there was a pause in the movements of the Cliff Swallow until April 25, when it again started northward. By May lL these Swallows were over all the country south of latitude 45°; May 17 they reached Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and May 22 Oak Point, Manitoba.. April 27 seems to have been a special day of migration in the West. On this day tie species appeared over most of western Missouri and eastern Kansas. S At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was abundant in fall migration, the last leaving October 9, but none had returned by April 7, though at that time the ' Purple Martin had been there abouta month. The Cliff Swallow rarely breeds south of the parallel cf 38°, hence the following note from Waverly, Miss. (lat. 33° 34’), is particularly interesting. April 10 a pair of these Swallows appeared and soon commenced house-building. Two broods were raised, and the nest, which was a great curiosity in. _ that country, is still preserved. They were also found nesting in May _ atSan Angelo, Tex. Had one seen the thousands and thousands of these birds which, one evening in the latter part of July, were resting on a marsh near Red Rock, Ind. Ter., he would have been tempted to ; believe that Professor Aughey’s two thousand nests had poured out their entire contents on this particular place. In the fall of 1884 the last Cliff Swallow was reported from Williams. _ town, Iowa, August 28, and from Unadilla, Nebr., September 5. The bulk left Williamstown July 17. In the spring of 1885 a comparison of the records of the Cliff and _ White-bellied Swallows shows that these two species have been con- _ founded by several of the observers east of the Mississippi River. The hi a ‘od 228 earliest record which really belorigs to the Cliff Swallow is that of its arrival, April 12, at Paris, Ill. A single bird was seen at Tampico, — Ill., April 18; and April 19 a few were noticed at a colony near Saint Louis, Mo. April 20 and 21 they reached Aledo, Ill.; Richmond, Iowa; Manhattan, Kans.; Clinton, Wis.; Lake Mills, Wis.; and New Cassel, Wis. They reached Lanesboro, Minn., April 23, and Lake City, Minn., April 26. North of these places migration was greatly delayed, appar- ently by the storms of the early part of May. Not until May 10 were Cliff Swallows noted from Minneapolis, Minn., and they were not re- ported from River Falls, Wis., until May 17. At Shell River, Mani- toba, they arrived May 23. In the fall of 1885 there was a great migration of Cliff Swallows past Saint Louis, Mo., September 8 and 9, and they were still present in numbers September 11. None were seen at Saint Louis after Septem- ber 14, but one was observed at Grinnell, Iowa, September 16. 613. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.). [154.] Barn Swallow. A common summer resident throughout the Mississippi Valley, which it enters from the south very early in the spring; tolerably common in Manitoba. Mr. Lloyd states that in Tom Green and Concho counties, — Tex., it raises two broods. March 6, 1884, it was found building at Kagle Pass, Tex. Farther east, and a little north (at Abbeville, La.), it was not seen until March 27; at Gainesville, Tex., the first one came April 1, and at Rodney, Miss., one was seen April4. On the same day one appeared at Reeds, Mo. April 10 they were recorded at Fayette, Mo., and Burlington, Iowa, but the birds seen must have been strag- glers, for none were reported from the neighboring stations till some time later. Seven reports were received from Iowa in addition to that from Bur- lington, and all but one put the date of arrival later than May 1—most of them in the first week of May—while the records from northern Illi- nois and southern Wisconsin were all in April, from the 21st to the 27th. At Pine Bend, Minn., the first came May 2, and at Menoken, Dak., May 12. It must be confessed that this record looks rather mixed, and yet it is hardly to be wondered at when we consider the remark- able power of flight of the Swallow. Distance is nothing to it, and favorable atmospheric conditions for a few hours only might bring cer- tain individuals north far beyond their fellows. At Saint Louis, Mo., Mr. Widmann found old pairs at their breeding places April 28, but — the new pairs came and selected breeding places in May, even as late — as May 22. In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Barn Swallows left Williamstown, Lowa, August 28, and the last was seen September 9. The bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., August 26, and the last was seen there September 6. In the spring of 1885 the records of this species extended from March 1, when it reached Eagle Pass, Tex., to May 30, when it was reported from Ossowo, Manitoba. Hence it was ninety-one days in traversing 229 1,500 miles. At intermediate points it was noted at Emporia, Kans., April 11; Richmond, Kans., April 15; Unadilla, Nebr., April 28, and Menoken, Dak., May 13. Nearer the Mississippi River it was seen at Abbeville, La., March 15; Pierce City, Mo., April 9; Saint Louis, Mo., April 11; Paris, Ill, April 12; Hennepin, Ill., April 17; the southern edge of Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and the southern edge of lowa, April 19; central Iowa April 22 and 23; central Wisconsin April 29; but no part of Minnesota was reached until after the cold wave had left, about the middle of May. In the fall of 1885, at Milwaukee, Wis., the jast Barn Swallow was seen August 31. Great numbers passed Saint Louis, Mo., September 8 and 9, and the last disappeared September 14. The note which I put into the Ornithologist and Oologist for April, 1884, page 37, concerning the commonness of this species during the winter in southern Louisiana, was not correct. Mr. Edwards, of Abbe- ville, La., informs me that it is seldom found there in winter, unless per- haps when a long period of warm weather occurs, which happens some- times in December. But, however that may be, it enters the United States very early. 614. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). [155.] White-bellied Swallow. Breeds abundantly in Manitoba and most parts of the Mississippi Valley. This is the only swallow which winters regularly and abun- dantly in the United States. From its winter quarters in the Southern States it spreads north the earliest of its tribe. Indeed, so early is its migration that it is often overtaken by snow-storms, before which it usually retreats, though sometimes it remains to brave the elements. At Gainesville, Tex., in the spring of 1884 it did not arrive until April 30, though in former years it has been known to come by March 3. Nearer the Mississippi River, migration must have started early in March, probably when the warm wave set in, March 8and March9. A single bird was seen at Burlington, Iowa, March 10, but the regular advance occurred about two weeks later. If records of first arrivals are to be relied upon they show that the migration of this swallow took place much earlier east of the Mississippi than west of it. In Illinois _ and Wisconsin the records of “firsts” were: At Tampico and Chicago, til., March 24 and 26; at Lake Mills, Wis., April4; and at West _ DePere and Green Bay, Wis., April 6. West of the Mississippi the first was reported from Coralville, lowa, April 19, and Lanesboro, Minn., _ April 27. Two days later the first came in hundreds to Heron Lake, _ Minn., when the sun shone in the afternoon after a cold rainy forenoon. The first reached Pine Bend, Minn., May 2, and Frazee City, Minn., May 26. Stillfarther west migration was earlier than along the central line. At Argusyville, Dak., it was seen May 5; and at Oak Point, Manitoba, May 3. In the spring of 1885 the same warm wave which brought the Mar- tins to the Urper Mississippi Valley induced many White-bellied Swal- _ lows to visit Missouri and [linois. During the last two days of March 230 and the 1st day of April they appeared at Saint Louis, Mo., Paris, IL, and Fernwood, Ill. April 4 they were seen at Milwaukee, Wis.; April 5 at Green Bay, Wis.; April 7 at Lanesboro, Minn.; April 11 at Miane- apolis, Minn., and April 28 at Oak Point, Manitoba. At Saint Louis, Mo., the last one was seen April 29; at Mount Carmel, Mo., May 2; and at Des Moines, Iowa, May 8. Some very late birds were recorded at Bonham, Tex., May 6, and at Gainesville, Tex., May 12. e In the fall of 1885, at Saint Louis, Mo., the first returned September 8; many passed October 5; they were most numerous October 9; and left October 26. They had left Grinnell, Iowa, September16. Referring - to these Swallows, Dr. Coues says: ‘‘They breed independently of lati- tude, some on the highlands of Mexico, and anywhere in the West; but in the East their usual breeding range is said to be north of the paral- lel of 38°” (Birds of the Colorado Valley, 1878, p. 415). 615. Tachycineta thalassina (Swains.). [156.] Violet-green Swallow. The Violet-green Swallow can hardly claim a place among Mississippi Valley birds. It breeds, however, in western Nebraska, and Dr. Agers- borg writes that he has taken it as an accidental visitant in southeast- ern Dakota. Mr. Lloyd states that it is a fall migrant in Concho County, Tex. Dr. Hatch includes it in his list of Minnesota birds. It winters beyond our borders, and passes northward to British America. 616. Clivicola riparia (Linn.). [157.] Bank Swallow. An abundant summer resident throughout the district, from Mani- toba southward. A few spend the winter along our southern border, but the great bulk pass further south—some even to Brazil. In Con- — cho County, Tex., they are a rare fall migrant. They re-enter the United — States quite early, but in 1884 none were reported until March 11, on which day they appeared at latitude 31° 52’ and latitude 33° 34’, in Mississippi. The records of the advance were not very regular, as | the birds would rarely be seen unless their colonies were visited. About — all that can be said from the notes is that during the last week of April they spread over the country from latitude 39° to latitude 44° 30’. In the spring of 1885 the records of the Bank Swallow were even ~ more irregular than in 1884. ‘The earliest report was from Corinth, Miss., March 31; the latest from Shell River, Manitoba, April 30. . a In the fall of 1855 the last left Milwaukee, Wis., August 14. Many ~ were migrating at Saint Louis, Mo., August 12 and August 20. August — 24 was a day of great migration at Saint Louis, and the last was seen there September 9. 617. Stelgidoptery= ketripeuiis (Aud.). [158.] Rough-winged Swallow. This swallow breeds over most of the Mississippi Valley, even north to Minnesota, but is most abundant in the Southern States. Few ob- servers, however, are able to distinguish it from the Bank Swallow; — | hence notes on it are few, and are confined to the notice of its arrival | . 231 on the same day, April 15, at Saint Louis, Mo., and Manhattan, Kans.; and its appearance the next week at Des Moines, Iowa, and Lanesboro, Minn. At Saint Louis it was sitting on eggs May 16. In the fall of 1884 the last Rough-winged Swallow was seen at Des - Moines, Iowa, August 19. 4 In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at Manhattan, Kans., April ' 11, and the next April 22. It arrived at Saint Louis, Mo., April 14; but at Des Moines, Iowa, none were seen till April 24. It reached Lanesboro, Minn., April 21; and Lake City, Minn., April 25. A nest was found at Manhattan, Kans., May 13. In the fall of 1885 it was last seen at Saint Louis, Mo., September 30. 618. Ampelis garrulus Linn. [150.] Bohemian Waxwing; Northern Waxwing. We must look to the northern observers for notes on this species. From its sammer home in British America it wanders south in winter over Manitoba and the Northern States. Any regular study of its mi- gration is difficult because of the i--egularity of its movements, which seem to depend in part on the food supply. The most southern locality at which it was seen in the winter of 1883-’84 was Ames, Iowa, where it was noted during November and December. it has been known in previous years to reach Kansas and Illinois, and in the Rocky Mount- ains has occurred south to latitude 35°. It was seen at Vermillion, Dak., February 26, 1884; at Waukon, Iowa, in January; at Milwau- kee, Wis., all through the winter to March 26; at West De Pere, Wis., April 8; and at Red Wing, Minn., the last had not left April 1. In the spring of 1885 a few records were contributed of the presence of this wanderer in the northern Mississippi Valley. They are as fol- lows: Laporte City, Iowa, January 29; Vermillion, Dak., hundreds of them March 7; Minneapolis, Minn., March 4 and 9; and Elk River, Minn., February 24. 619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). [151.] Cedar Bird; Cedar Waxwing. The Cedar Bird is an abundant summer resident in Manitoba and over much of the Mississippi Valley. It is another irregular wanderer whose migratory movements can not yet be traced with accuracy. At - any particular place in the Mississippi Valley it may or may not winter. Some idea of the irregularity of its movements can be obtained from the records of its appearance in 1884 at different points between the parallels of latitude 40° and 42°. It was first seen at Fayette, Mo., February 2; at Danville, Ill., June 3; at Rockford, fl., April 18; at Chicago, Ill., March 31. The bulk arrived at Burlington, Iowa, April 20; and the last left Iowa City, Iowa, April 24. Dr. Agers- borg saw a flock at Vermillion, Dak., during January, and Mr. Lloyd tells us that the Nueces Caiion in southwestern Texas is the winter home of countless myriads ; these two wintering places are over a thou- | sand miles apart. Towards the northern portion of its range the spe- 232 cies is not so common, but it goes far north, even to latitude 549°, At Oak Point, Manitoba (lat, 50° 30’ N.) it was first seen May 5. One of the most peculiar characteristics of the species is the late date at which it begins nest building. Asif enjoying its Bohemian life, and disinclined to settle down in one place, it loiters around and puts off its house-keeping affairs until the last moment. It does not even mate, but lives in flocks, a happy, careless wanderer, until the hot days of the first half of June warn it that there are other duties to which it must give its attention. | In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Cedar Birds left Williamstown, lowa, September 15, and the last was seen there September 30. At Des ‘Moines, Iowa, the bulk and last were seen October 25. In the spring of 1885, after learning that this bird had been common at Elk River, Minn., since January 15, it was discouraging to find its arrival noted a thousand miles farther south in May. 620. Phainopepla nitens (Swains.). [26.] Phainopepla. An inhabitant of the arid region of Mexico, and contiguous portions of the United States, from western Texas to southern California. It has been taken at Eagle Pass, Tex. 621. Lanius borealis Vieill. £148.) Great Northern Shrike. A winter visitant from the north; in Manitoba a spring and fall mi- grant. This bird was reported present as usual during the winter of 188384 over all of the northern half of the-Mississippi Valley, down to latitude 39°. The last one at Manhattan, Kans., was seen at the rather late date of March 29. At Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, it was said not to have been seen until spring, and the first was recorded April 11, but was heard of two weeks before. In the fall of 1884 the first Great Northern Shrikes were reported from Des Moines, Iowa, and Emporia, Kans., November 8. In the spring of 1885 the notes received indicate no regularity in its movements. At Manhattan, Kans., the first and last were reported February 21, and at Grinnell, lowa, March 31. At Chicago, Ill, the first was seen February 8, and the next, March 13. It arrived at Shell River, Manitoba, March 14. | In the fall of 1885 the first migrant was reported from Milwaukee, Wis., October 31, and from Grinnell, Iowa, October 20. 622. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. [149.j] Loggerhead Shrike. The true home of this species is in the southern Atlantic States, from which it pushes west and northwest to a greater or less degree. Itis common and resident, according to Mr. Lloyd, at San Angelo, Tex. In the spring of 1884 I shot a true Loggerherd at Caddo, Ind. Ter., ’ where the White-rumped is the common form; and at Saint Louis, Mo., 239 Mr. Widmann gives it as the prevailing form, the White-rump rarely occurring. The full record at Saint Louis is as follows: First seen January 31, and again February 2; the bulk did not arrive until March 22, and the next day they began mating. Three nests were found April 11, and on May 31 young birds were flying around, led by their parents, which seemed to have under- gone a bleaching process, looking much lighter than two months before.” 622a. Laniusludovicianus excubitorides (Swains.). [149a.] White-rumped Shrike. This is the common Shrike of the Mississippi Valley. It breeds abun- dantly in western Manitoba, and is resident in the southern part of its range, but retires in winter from the northern portion. At Caddo, Ind. Ter., it is a common summer resident, and many remain through the winter. In western Texas it isan abundant resident. Nospecial migra- tory movement was observed south of the middle districts. It was recorded as reaching central Iowa March 24, and the vicinity of Minne- apolis, Minn., March 31. Mr. 8. W. Willard did not find at at West De Pere, Wis., until April4. The limit of its northern range is in the neigh- borhood of latitude 54°. In the spring of 1885 the White-rumped Shrike was seen at Chicago, Ill., March 3; and the same species came to Clinton, Wis., April 4; Grinnell, lowa, April5; Lake City, Minn., April 4,and New Richmond, Wis., April1l. Mr. Lloyd says of its habits in western Texas: It lives on grasshoppers when it can procure them, and in winter, when the weather is severe, takes to carrion. I found one in January, 1884, so gorged from feeding on a dead sheep that it could not fly. In the Davis Mountains it lives in winter on large coleoptera. In spring it occasionally kills birds. I have seen Spiz- ella socialis arizona, Vireo belli, Polioptila cerulea, and others amongst its victims, and in summer it has a fancy for nestlings. It is usually very tame. (The Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, p. 295.) 624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). [135.] Red-eyed Vireo. Breeds throughout Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley, after win- tering below our southern border, which, in 1884, it crossed late in March, appearing at Gainesville, Tex., April 5. It was recorded from Saint Louis April 26; from latitude 39° 12’, in Kansas, April 30; and latitude 40° 8’, in Illinois, May 1. A week later, May 8, it was noted from latitude 40° 50’, inIowa. It reached Waukon, Iowa, (lat. 43° 15’) May 18, and the next night several were killed by the electric light at La Crosse, Wis. (lat. 43° 45’). The bulk was noted from latitude 43° 43/, in Minnesota, May 25, after the first had come to latitude 44° 26’, in Wisconsin, May 21. In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Red-eyed Vireos left Williamstown, - Iowa, August 28, and none were seen afterward. In the spring of 1885 the first was seen at San Angelo, Tex., April 9; at Gainesville, Tex., April 17, and at Manhattan, Kans., April 29. Eastward it came to Saint Louis and Mount Carmel, Mo., April 21, and the next was seen at each of these places April 24. At Paris, Ill., it was reported April 28; Newton, Iowa, May 1; Waukon, Iowa, May 13; Lanesboro, Minn., May 14, and New Richmond, Wis., May 23. 6-234 In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, Iowa, ‘September 9. Many were present at Saint Louis, Mo., September 21, and the last was — seen there October 10. Mr. Lloyd says it is an abundant summer resi- dent in Tom Green County, Tex. 625. Vireo flavoviridis (Cass.). [136.] Yellow-green Vireo. A bird of Mexico and Central America, coming north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, where a single specimen was taken by Dr. Merrill, August 23, 1877. 626. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). [138.] Philadelphia Vireo. This is not a common species in the Mississippi Valley, though ap- parently more common here than in the Eastern States. Littleis known of its breeding range. A nest was found near Duck Mountain, Mani- toba, June 9, 1884, by Mr. Ernest E. Thompson (Auk, Vol. II, 1889, pp. 305, 306). In 1884 it was noted by two observers oe at Chicago, May 21, the other at Lanesboro, Minn., May 20. It has not yet been taken in Kansas. In the spring of 1885 the first Philadelphia Vireo reached Saint Louis May 8. The first record from Des Moines, Iowa, was May 14, and the last was seen there May 20. At Lanesboro, Minn., the first was seen May 18. In the fall of 1885 the first migrant returned to Saint Louis Septem- ber 21, and the last was seen there September 27. 627. Vireo gilvus. (Vieill.). [139]. Warbling Vireo. Common in Manitoba and throughout the Mississippi Valley; breeds throughout its range, and winters beyond our southern border. In the spring of 1884 it arrived at Saint Louis April 19, and the bulk came April 29. At this latter date the first came to Manhattan, Kans., fol- lowed the next day by the bulk. This day (April 30) also brought the first to Coralville, Iowa, though few were seen until May 3. At Wan- kon, Iowa, the first was recorded May 10, and the bulk May 18. The first was seen at Lanesboro, Minn., May 18. They had previously been noted (May 3) from Danville, Ill., and (May 11) West De Pere, Wis. At San Angelo, Tex., May 5, 1884, Mr. Lloyd took two males, which pertain to the form then known as V. swainsoni, but which is now con- sidered to be not distinct from the eastern V. gilvus. In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Warbling Vireos left Williamstown, Towa, August 8, and none were seen after that date. In the spring ‘of 1885, at Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen April 22, and the bulk of males arrived next day. Their migration north of Saint Louis was not quite so rapid. The first came to Manhattan, Kans., April 27; to Paris, Ill., April 28; Hennepin, Il., May 1; Waukon, Iowa, May 13; Lanesboro, Minn., May 15, and Heron Lake, Minn., May 19. In the fall of 1885 none were seen at Saint Louis, Mo., after Septem- ber 22. 23D 628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. [140.] Yellow-throated Vireo. _ In summer this Vireo is dispersed throughout the Mississippi Valley, but it is rare in Manitoba. In winter it is not found north of Florida. In 1884 it must have crossed our border very early, as it appeared at Gainesville, Tex., March 6. Saint Louis was reached April 17. At Manhattan, Kans., where it is rare, it was seen May 3; at La Porte City and Waukon, in Iowa, May 5; and Lanesboro, Minn., May 10. It was first seen at West Depere, Wis., May 7. In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Yellow-throated Vireos left Williams- town, Iowa, August 11, and none were seen there after that date. At - Mount Carmel, Mo., the last was seen September 21. In the spring of 1885 the first came to Gainesville, Tex., April 6, and they were commom there Aprili7. At Saint Louis, Mo., they appeared April 20. They were seen at Chicago, Ill., April 21; at Manhattan, Kans., April 22; Mount Carmel, Mo., April 23; Rockford, Ill., May 9; Iowa City, Iowa, May 10; Waukon, Iowa, May 10; and Durand, Wis., May 15. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, lowa, September 10; at Mount Carmel, Mo., September 20; and at Saint Louis, where they were numerous September 26, the last was seen October 12, 629. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). [141.] Blue-headed Vireo. This Vireo winters below our southern border, and breeds principally -in Manitoba and the Northern States, occasionally as far south as the 40th parallel, and in a few rare instances still farther south. In 1884 it was reported from Saint Louis April 29; and from no other station previous to May 10, but on that day it appeared simultaneously at Burlington and Des Moines, Iowa, and at Minneapolis and Elk River, Minn. This same day the last one was seen at Saint Louis, making its stay there only eleven days; so that not only did the van move rapidly, but the species as a whole must be one of the most rapid migrants in the Mississippi Valley. In 1883, when calculating the average speed of migration for more than a hundred species, it was found that the Solitary Vireo had the highest rate. It seemed to advance all at once, and its rate of speed was esti- | mated at more than 80 miles aday. In 1884 its rate seemed to have been much the same. In the spring of 1885 the record of the migration of the Solitary Vireo was so irregular that, while its character as a rapid migrant was main- tained, no average rate of speed can be calculated from it. The whole record received is as follows: At Mount Carmel, Mo., and La Porte City, Iowa, the first were noted April 26; Paris, Ill, April 28; Saint Louis, Mo., April 30; Waukon, lowa, May 3; Delaware, Wis., May 7, and Lanesboro, Minn., May 7. The record of “Jasts” was still more irregular. Itis as follows: La _ Porte City, Iowa, April 27; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 3; Des Moines, Towa, May 8; Saint Louis, Mo., May 13; Waukon, Iowa, May 15. 236 In the fall of 1885 the first came to Emporia, Kans., September 17, and to Saint Louis, Mo., September 25. None were seen at Des Moines, Iowa, after September 16, nor at Saint Louis, Mo., after October 3. 630. Vireo atricapillus Woodh. [142.] Black-capped Vireo. When Coues’s Birds of the Colorado Valley was published, in 1878, but four specimens of this Vireo were known, and its easternmost record was western Texas. Mr. Ragsdale has extended its range and brought it fairly within our district by procuring specimens in Bandera County, Tex., where it arrived March 19; and, later, by finding it near the northern boundary of Texas, in Cook County, where he has determined it to bea rare summer visitant. In 1884 he shot but one specimen. At Boerne, Tex., Mr. Brown took it March 27, 1880. At San Angelo, Tex., Mr. Lloyd was more fortunate, securing four of the eight or ten birds which hesaw. There, also, it is a summer resident, occurring along the borders of the densest thickets in an unfrequented part of the county. Mr. Lloyd afterwards took several of its nests in Tom Green County. Recently, Colonel Goss has found it breeding plentifully in Comanche County, Kans. In the fall of 1884 the last male Black-capped Vireo was reported from San Angelo, Tex., September 25; while the last female was seen there September 6. In the spring of 1885 a pair was seen at San Angelo April 6, and they had become common there by April 9. At Gainesville, Tex., the first was seen April 17. . In the fall of 1885 they were leaving San Angelo September 16. 631. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.). [143.] White-eyed Vireo. Breeds throughout most of the Mississippi Valley, south of Minne- sota, occasionally reaching westward to the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. In Kansas it is a common summer resident. In the valley of the Lower Rio Grande, in Texas, it is a permanent resident (Merrill). The winter home of this species extends from the Southern States southward. In the spring of 1884 its northward migration began the latter part of March, and it arrived at Gainesville, Tex., just beyond its winter home, March 24, The next day three were shot and two were heard at Cad- do, Ind. Ter. It was reported at Saint Louis, April 17; at Danville, fll., April 27; at lowa City, Iowa, April 30; and on May 26, probably many days after it had arrived in that latitude, it was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., which is near its northern limit. In the spring of 1885 the first White-eyed Vireo appeared at Gaines- ville, Tex., March 23; at Corinth, Miss., April 7; and at Saint Lonis, Mo., and Grinnell, Iowa, April 20. At Paris, Ill., the first was not seen until April 28, and at Pierce City, Mo., not until May 8. It be- came common at Gainesville, March 31; at Corinth, April 15; and at Saint Louis, April 23. 1! ee end bee wena 2. a 237 Mr. Lloyd says it is a fall migrant in western Texas. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Grinnell, lowa, September 28 At Saint Louis the bulk was present September 25; the bulk departed September 29, and the last was seen October 14. 632a. Vireo huttonistephensi Brewst. [——.] Stephen’s Vireo. The known habitat of this western subspecies is in Arizona, western Mexico, and Lower California. Its presence in our district has been ascertained by Mr. Lloyd, who took half a dozen specimens at Fort Davis, Tex., where it was rare in the winter of 1885~86. The specimens were identified by Mr. Ridgway. 633. Vireo belli; Aud. [145.] Bell's Vireo. Though a bird of the western United States, Bell’s Vireo comes east- ward far enough to invade much of the Mississippi Valley. It has been found breeding in Illinois, and extends north to Minnesota and Dakota. IF'rom Kansas to southeastern Texas it is an abundant summer resident. Its winter home appears to be in the Southwest, and the birds which spend the summer in the region along the Mississippi probably reach it by a northeast and eastward migration. It was found in central and northern Texas during the middle of April, and was reported as very common at San Angelo, Tex. The last of April and the 1st of May it was reported from southern and east-central Missouri, and the middle of May from central lowa. By May 11 it had arrived at Saint Louis in full numbers and was at its breeding places.. At the same time the bulk arrived at Manhattan, Kans., where the first was seen April 27. At this point it is very abundant, being the characteristic summer Vireo, and many nests are taken annually. At San Angelo, Tex., the species breeds from May 1 to July 3, and Mr. Lloyd has taken clutches of five, six, seven, and two of eight eggs each. In the fall of 1884 the last Bell’s Vireo was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., August 27. In the spring of 1885 Bell’s Vireo was one of the few species the rec- ord of whose migration in Texas was regular. It was seen at San An- tonio, April7; San Angelo, April 16; and Gainesville, April 23. It reached Manhattan, Kans., and Paris, Ill., April 28, and Saint Louis, Mo., April 29. At Hennepin, Ill., one was seen May 3; and at Grin- nell, lowa, May 14. The bulk arrived at Saint Louis May 3. In the fall of 1885 the dates of departure of this species from Grin- nell, lowa, Mount Carmel, Mo., and Saint Louis, Mo., fell within the five ‘days from August 27 to September pe 634. Vireo vicinior Coues. [147.] Gray Vireo. The home of this Vireo is in western Texas, and thence westward to southern California. 636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). [74.] Black and White Creeper. With this species we take up a group of strictly migratory birds, the greater number of which migrate so late that their tiny forms can Hakdty 238 q be seen amid the thick foliage. Moreover, the number of different spe- cies is So great, and the variations of plumage so endless, that the young student of erie ics is bewildered, and for the first year is compelled to leave the subject with the single Ges “great numbers of Warblers came last night, and to-day the woods are full of them.” The Black and White Creeper is one of the best known of these Warblers, and one of the few which breed throughout the whole Mississippi Valley and Manitoba. Forsaking this districtin winter, it returns late in February or early in March. In thespring of 1884 they arrived at both Manhattan, Kans., and Saint Louis, Mo., April 17—a thing which seldom happens, as West- ern birds are usually later than Kastern. After a pause of a few days, they advanced rapidly on April 27 and April 28 to latitude 42°. May 1 found them at latitude 44°, and May 10 at latitude 47° 30’. The bulk followed some ten or twelve days in the rear. This species has not yet been traced west to the Rocky Mountains, but it has been found in Texas as far west as San Angelo, and it was seen April 9 at Gaines- ville, Tex. In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Black and White Creepers left Will- iamstown, Iowa, August 22, and the last September 5. The bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., August 25, and the last September 11. At San Angelo, Tex., the haat was seen September 23. In the spring of 1885 the notes on the Black and White Creeper in- dicate that it moved earlier in the western part of the district than in he eastern, or else that it was confounded with some other bird. The first was recorded at Gainesville, Tex., March 31, and the remark was made that this date was ten days later than the earliest record of pre- vious years. It was reported from Corinth, Miss., April 7. The next note came from Manhattan, Kans., where it was reported April 15. At Mount Carmel, Mo., it was seen April 18. During the three days from April 21 to April 23 it was seen at Saint Louis, Mo.; Paris, Ill.; Chi- cago, lll.; Fernwood; Ill.; Des Moines, lowa; Waukon, lowa, and Lanesboro, Minn. At Chicago they were marked common: April 21. After a long pause they advanced to Ripon, Wis., May 5, and were noted from New Richmond, Wis., May 10. One was seen at White Earth, Minn., May 16. In oe fall of 1885 the last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo. , September 25. It disappeared from River Falls, Wis., September 15. The first appeared at San Angelo, Tex., September 3. 637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). [75.] Prothonotary Warbler. Winters beyond our southern border, and advances in spring regu- larly to southern Indiana, Illinois, lowa, and Nebraska, and occasion- ally a little farther, breeding throughout its United States range. August 16, 1874, Dr. Hvoslef shot a Prothonotary Warbler in west- ern Wisconsin, opposite the mouth of the Root River. The most north- ern record of its occurrence is that of F. L. Grundtvig, who procured a | eS Se a 239 handsome male at Shiocton, Outagamie County, Wis., May 4, 1882.* In eastern Kansas it is a common summer resident (Goss). Its earliest record in the spring of 1884 came from Rodney, Miss., where it was first seen April 13. Five days later it was reported from Saint Louis. Hence it is probable that it really reached Rodney sev- eral days previous to the 13th. It was seen at Burlington, lowa, May 3; north of that no dates of arrival were recorded. At Manhattan, Kans., near the limit of its western range, it was much later in its movement, not being seen until May 14. Nor was it reported from Gainesville, Tex., until May 12, though of course it arrived much earlier. The Prothonotary Warbler was found as an abundant summer resi- dent at Red Rock, Ind. Ter., in 1884. In the spring of 1885, Gainesville, Tex., was the first station to re- port its presence. It arrived there April17. Three days later it ap- peared at Saint Louis, Mo., and April 21 it was seen at Paris, Il. The bulk reached Saint Louis April 29. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Bonham, Tex., August 10. 638. Helinaia swainsonii Aud. [76.] Swainson’s Warbler. A Southern species, until recently one of the rarest of North Ameri- can birds. It has been taken in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, and winters in Cuba and Jamaica. In the spring of 1886 ‘‘about three dozen” Swainson’s Warblers were shot near Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, by Mr. Charles 8. Galbraith (Lawrence, The _ Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, p. 37). In the spring of 1887 nine additional speci- mens were secured in the same locality (Ibid., p. 63). Mr. C. W. Beck- ham considers the bird a common summer resident at Bayou Sara, La. (Lbid., pp. 304, 305). The only Texas record is that of a specimen killed in Navarro County, in the east-central part of the State, by Mr. J. Douglas Ogilby, and recorded by Mr. ade ey (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VI, 1881, pp. 54, 55). 639. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.). [77.] Worm-eating Warbler. Winters south of our district and breeds throughout its United States range, which extends in summer to Illinois and Nebraska. Rare in Kansas (Goss) and in southeastern Texas (Nehrling). The only note on this species contributed in the spring of 1884 j is to the effect that the first was seen at Saint Louis April, 29. In the spring of 1885 the Worm-eating Warbler first appeared at _ Pierce City, Mo., May 9, and at Saint Louis, May 4. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first was reported May 20, and at Paris, Tll., May 3. At Meant Barniel the last was seen May 24. 640. Helminthophila bachmani (Aud.). [78.] Bachman’s Warbler. This rare and much-sought-after Warbler occurs in the South At- lantic and Gulf States from South Carolina to Louisiana. In winter it * Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, vol. viii, April, 1883, p. 68. has been found in western Cuba. Until very recently (the spring of 1886) more than half a century had elapsed since the publication of any positive record of its capture in the United States. In the spring of 1886 a single specimen was shot at Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, by _ Charles S. Galbraith, a collector of birds for millinery purposes. For- — tunately it was given to the veteran ornithologist Mr. George N. Law- — rence, who promptly recorded the fact in the Auk (Auk, Vol. IV, 1887, pp. 35-37.) This was followed by a notice of a specimen which killed itself against the light-houseat Sombrero Key, Florida, March 21, 1887 (Merriam, Jbid., p. 262), and by a second article by Mr. Lawrence, re- cording the capture of six additional specimens at Lake Pontchartrain by Mr. Galbraith. All were killed in the spring of 1887, but the only exact date given is March 29, when one of the males was shot (Lbid., pp. 262-263.) In March, 1888, Mr. Galbraith collected thirty-two speci- mens on the borders of Lake Pontchartain, La. He considers them mi- grants and not summer residents, as no specimens were seen after the latter part of March, although they were diligently sought for up to the middle of April (Zbid., Vol. V, p. 323.) 641. Helminthophila pinus (Linn.). [79.] Bluwe-winged Yellow Warbler. A tolerably common summer resident over most of the Mississippi Valley except the extreme northern portion. When this beautiful Warbler entered the United States in 1884 and 1885, or how fast it journeyed northward, the record does not tell. All the notes came from the middle district where it is nearly at the limit of its northward range. It is not yet known from northern Illinois, and the most northern rec- ord in that state in 1884 was from Carlinville, where it arrived April 30. West of the Mississippi, its northward extension is greater. The first reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 24; the bulk April 30; and migra- ting individuals were still passing May 5. It reached latitude 42° May 3. North of this there was no record in 1884, but the species is not uncommon in southern Minnesota. The most western record came from Ellis, Kans. In the fall of 1884 the Blue-winged Yellow Warbler was last seen at Des Moines, Iowa, August 29. ‘In the spring of 1885 no records were received of its movements until it reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 21. Two days later it was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo. It arrived at Emporia, Kans., April 28, and at Peoria, Ill., April 29. It was seen at Des Moines, Iowa, May 4; at Iowa City, lowa, May 8. Two records were received of its appearance May 7 at points near the extreme northern limit of its range. Dr. Hvoslef secured it for the first time at Lanesboro, Minn., and a few miles { farther east, at La Crosse, Wis., Mr. C. H. Stoddard obtained a speci- _ men. This is the first Wisconsin record from any of the observers. 642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.). [81.] Golden-winged Warbler. This handsome Warbler breeds in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michi- gan. The record of its northward migration in 1884 began at latitude 240 © | ne ee aS ee ee ee eee ee ee 7 7 hi 241 37° April 25, and ended at latitude 45° May 14. Dr. Coues says it breeds throughout its United States range, but Mr. Ridgway says it does not breed in southern Illinois, and Mr. Widmann noted the last at Saint Louis, May 11. In scutheastern Texas it is common during the migrations (Nehrling.) Its dispersion in the west is limited. It has been found a few times in Nebraska, but it is “‘not yet authentic as a bird of Kansas.” | In the fall of 1884 the Golden-winged Warbler was last seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., August 24. In the spring of 1885 the record at Saint Louis was as follows: First, April 28; bulk arrived May 4; bulk departed May 14; and last, May 22. At Iowa City, lowa, the first was reported May 17; at Fernwood, Iil., May 18; at Chicago, Ill., May 9; and Durand, Wis., May 17. Dr. P. R. Hoy has taken two nests at Racine, Wis. 645. Helminthophila ruficapilla (Wils.). [85.] Nashville Warbler. Although more properly a bird of the east, this Warbler is found in migration throughout the Mississippi Valley. It breeds from northern Illinois and Nebraska northward, but is rare in Manitoba. In winter it is not found within our borders. The earliest record in the spring of 1884 came from Gainesville, Tex., where the first arrival was noted March 19. This was followed by a long interval without a record, and the next note came from Saint Louis, the first male arriving there April 29. The rest of the Saint Louis record is that the bulk arrived from April 30 to May 3; bulk left May 12, and the last was seen May 17. Before this, on May 8, it had advanced to latitude 43° 15’ in Iowa; and May 10 to latitude 44° 26’ in Wisconsin. Many were seen at Lanes- boro, Minn., May 13. In the spring of 1885, as in 1884, the earliest record of the migration of the Nashville Warbler came from Gainesville, Tex., where the first was seen April 18. This is almost a month later than its arrival at the same place in 1884. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen April 20, and the bulk arrived there April 30. On May 6 and 7, Nashville War- blers were seen at Lanesboro, Minn., Durand, Wis., and River Falls, Wis. The bulk left Saint Louis May 14, and the last May 22. None were noted at Waukon, lowa, after May 19. In the fall of 1885 the Nashville Warbler was one of several species of Warblers which appeared very early at San Angelo, Tex. Both this and the Canadian Flycatching Warbler were seen there before they ap- peared at Saint Louis, Mo., more than five hundred miles to the north- eastward. Unless these instances are purely accidental, they would indicate a breeding range in the Rocky Mountains much farther south than its breeding range near the Mississippi River. The first was shot at San Angelo, Tex., September 13, but it was not seen at Saint Louis till September 17. Many birds in high plumage were present at Saint Louis, September 22, and the species continued in great numbers until October 10, when it suddenly disappeared. The last was seen October 7365—Bull 2——16 242 12. At Emporia, Kans., the first was noticed October 6, and at Gaines- ville, Tex., October 11. 645 a. Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis Ridgw. [85, part.] Calaveras Warbler. The western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pa- cific, is the habitat assigned to this sub-species by the A. O. U. Check — List. Its known range has been extended lately by Mr. William Lloyd, who took it in Concho County, Tex., where it is an abundant fall mi- grant. The specimens were identified by Mr. Ridgway. 646. Helminthophila celata. (Sav). [86.] Orange-crowned Warbler. The Orange-crowned Warbler breeds north of the United States and winters in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and in eastern Mexico, It is not a very noticeable Warbler, but seems to occur abundantly at several points in our district. It has been found occasionally in large numbers in northwestern Minnesota and Manitoba. Recently Mr. Lloyd has reported it as an abundant fall migrant in western Texas, and Colonel Goss says it is a common migrant in Kansas. Mr. Brown found it the most abundant Warbler in spring migration at Boerne, Tex. In the valley of the lower Rio Grande in Texas it is rather com- mon during the colder months (Merrill). Ip the spring of 1884 it ar- rived at latitude 37° April 19, and was still present May 1. All the dates given for the country between latitude 39° and latitude 44° were in the few days from May 8 to12. It would seem then that the spe- cies, after pausing or proceeding slowly, accelerated its pace on those four days, which were great days for movements among Warblers all over the Mississippi Valley. In the spring of 1885 the records of the migration of the Orange- crowned Warbler were very regular. It first appeared at San Angelo, Tex., April2; at Gainesville, Tex., April 17; Saint Louis, Mo., April 22; Emporia, Kans., April 25; Paris, Ill, May 3; Des Moines, lowa, May 2; Lanesboro, Minn., May 4; New Richmond, Wis., May 13. None were seen at Des Moines, Iowa, after May 12, nor at Lanesboro, Minn., later than May 25. The breeding range of the Orange-crowned Warbler extends much farther south in the West than in the Mississippi Valley. Hence it is not surprising that in fall migration it appears at San Angelo, Tex., nearly three weeks before it reaches Saint Louis. In the fall of 1885 the arrival of the first at San Angelo, Tex., was ~ noted September 4; while at Saint Louis, Mo., the first came Septem- ber 21. The species was abundant at Saint Louis, October 10, and the bulk was still present October 17. At Lanesboro, Minn., the last was_ seen October 2. At Warrensburg, in western Missouri, it is an abundant spring mi- grant, being common from the latter part of April till the middle of’ May (Scott, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, 1879, p. 141). 'y a sea ote 243 647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). [87.] Tennessee Warbler. From its winter home beyond our borders, the Tennessee Warbler enters the United States early in April. It breeds from Minnesota northward. In Kansas it is a common migrant (Goss). In the spring of 1884 it had reached Saint Louis, Mo., April 29, and other notes, though few, indicate pretty regular progress northward. Burlington, Iowa, was reached May 11; Lanesboro and Heron Lake, Minn., May 13 and May 16; and West Depere, Wis., May 21. At Saint Louis the bulk came May 5, and left May 13, just as the first reached Lanesboro, Minn. May 18 it was the most common bird of the day at Lanesboro, and three days later the last one left Saint Louis, so that on May 21 the whole of the species, according to the record, was included between latitude 38° 40’ and latitude 44° 26’. In the spring of 1885 no record was received of its movements until the first reached Saint Louis April 28. The bulk arrived there April 30. At Paris, Ill, the first was seen May 3; at Chicago, May 9; at Delavan, Wis., May 2; at Lanesboro, Minn., May 7, and at White Earth, Minn., May 16. The bulk left Saint Louis, Mo., May 16, and the last was seen there May 22. At Lanesboro the last was noted May 26. In the fall of 1855 the only station contributing a record of the Ten- nessee Warbler was-Saint Louis, Mo., where the first arrived Septem- ber 21. It was numerous by September 26, and increased in abundance till October 6, when it was heard and seen everywhere. These great numbers continued until October 12. The bulk left October 17, and the last followed October 20. Mr. Lloyd states that in Tom Green County, Tex., it is an early fall migrant, and is tolerably common; and Mr. Nehrling says it is not uncommon during migration in southeastern Texas. 648. Compsothlypis americana (Linn.). [88.] Blue Yellow. backed Warbler; Pa- rula Warbler. The large majority of Parula Warblers go to the Northern States and British America to breed, but a few have been detected rearing their young in various parts of Nebraska and Illinois, and Mr. Nehrling has _ found them in the breeding season as far southas Pierce City, Mo., and also in southeastern Texas, near Houston. Colonel Goss thinks they breed in eastern Kansas, where they are a common migrant, and _ they have been seen during the whole of the summer jin northern Mis- _ sissippi. Dr. Fisher found them quite common in the vicinity of Lake Pontchartrain, La., in the summer of 1885. They winter just beyond the southern border of the United States. In the spring of 1884 _they Started northward early in March, reaching Caddo, Ind. Ter., March 25. They were recorded at Saint oni Mo., April 14, and at West Depere, _ Wis., May 10. The bulk followed aamily not more than three or four 4 Rays: later than the van, so that from the dates of first arrival the move- _ ments of the bulk may he predicted. 244 In the spring of 1885 the first Blue Yeliow-backed Warblers were noted as follows: Houma, La., March 28; Gainesville, Tex., April 17; Saint Louis, Mo., April 17; Chicago, Ill., May 9, and Milwaukee, Wis:; May 5. It became common at Houma April 7, and at Saint Louis April 21. : In the fall of 1885 it was last seen at Saint Louis October 6. 649. Compsothlypis nigrilora (Coues). [89a.] Senneit’s Warbler. This warbler is known only from the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, where it is a common summer resident (Sennett; Merrill). In the vicinity of Fort Brown it arrives about the third week in Mareh (Merrill). 650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). [90.] Cape May Warbler. The Cape May Warbler winters south of our border and crosses the United States in its migrations to its northern breeding grounds. A few years ago the region east of the Mississippi was regarded as its home, and any record west of it was considered as accidental; but since more than two-thirds of the notes for 1884 came from the western side, the question arises whether the species may not be moving westward. — Throughout most of the east it is rather rare, but in east-central Wis- — consin it has been found in great numbers, ‘hundreds seen in a day”;* — in Minnesota it is stated to be very common in migration, and in west- — ern Manitoba it is not rare. The most southwestern of the records is that from Pierce City, Mo., where it was found April 27,1884. Itreached latitude 42° 06’ May 5; was taken at West Depere, Wis., May 11, and by May 23 had arrived at Elk River, Minn. A female was taken at - Lanesboro, Minn., May 21. It was also taken in Iowa, but the most interesting record is of its occurrence in Nebraska. Mr. Powell writes that at Alda, Nebr., May 12, 1883, he took an old male in good plumage, and a few days later three birds, probably of this species, were seen. In the spring of 1885 the few notes received on the fhovements of the Cape May Warbler indicate that its migration was very regular. ‘‘ Firsts” were reported as follows: Saint Louis, Mo., May 12; Delavan, Wis., May 14; Lanesboro, Minn., May 18; and Elk River, Minn., May 20. A sudden cold snap stopped their migration and they took refuge, — May 18, in the heavy timber near Lanesboro, Minn. Throughout the day they were exceedingly numerous. The next day not one was — found. In the fall of 1885 they first appeared at Saint Louis, Septem- ber 9. | 651. Dendroica olivacea (Giraud). [92.] Olive Warbler. Iithabits the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala, coming north to _ Texas (Giraud) and Arizona. 652. Dendroica zstiva (Gmel.). [93.] Yellow Warbler. After wintering below our southern border this species passes in sum- mer over the whole of the United States and Manitoba, breeding through- * Gruntvig, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. VIII, 1883, pp. 67, 70. 245 --outits range. Mr. William Lloyd says that in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., it is more abundant in spring and fall than all the other warblers together. In the spring of 1884 it crossed our border late in March, or early in April, appearing at San Angelo, Tex., April 10. As usual, the migration eastward was considerably in advance of that in the west, and the species was seen atSaint Louis April 19; but at latitude 39° 12’ in Kansas not until April 25. Kast of Saint Louis the time of arrival was fully as early as at Saint Louis, since Mr. Balmer found the first at Danville, Dl, April 21. May 5 to May 8 seems to have been the period of greatest activity with this species, notes coming these days from northern Illinois, Wisconsin up to latitude 44° 26’ and latitude 44° 30’, the whole of Iowa, the southern edge of Minnesota at 43° 43’, and north to latitude 42° 56’ in Dakota. Its migration certainly did not be- come slower in the north, for the first was seen May 10 at latitude 45° 25’ in Minnesota, May 11 at latitude 46° 33’ in Minnesota, May 13 at latitude 44° 21’ in Dakota, and May 18 at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (latitude 50°). The bulk moved about six or seven days behind the van. In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Golden Warblers left Williamstown, Towa, August 1, and the last August 10. At Des Moines, Iowa, the last was reported August 29, and at Mount Carmel, Mo., August 7. The following note was received from Mr. Wm. Lloyd, of San Angelo, Tex.: A peculiar flight of Golden Warblers should be mentioned, which occurred here Au- gust 15. After being few and far between since May, on the above date they ap- peared by hundreds all over the country, ranging as far as four miles from water, to the outer limits of the range of the Cation Finch. I noted in their company on the river the Black-capped Fly-catching Warbler, and the Black and White Creeping Warbler, _ Asimilar occurrence took place !ast year (1883), though about a week earlier. I find re- corded in my notes the sudden abundance of the Golden Warbler, about August 10, at a place some sixty miles from here. Already (September 3) they are far less abundant. I hardly know whether to consider that these are early migrants resting on their way south, or just a chance visitation caused by the food supply failing in some other neighborhood.* It is strange how persistently the Yellow Warbler is confounded with the American Goldfinch by our observers. Fully 10 per cent. of the notes sent in under the name “ Yellow Warbler,” “Summer Yellow Bird,” ete., were found by comparison of dates to belong to the other ’ species. This bird crossed our southern border early in April, appear- - ing at Houma, La., and Bonham, Tex., April 9. At each of these places the species was next seen April 11. At Saint Louis, Mo., the first was seen April 18, after a very unfavorable night for migration. _ Four days later (April 22) an increase was observed, and April 24 the _ bulk of males came. The same day they were noted from Mount Car- mel, Mo,, and Paris, Ill. The southern edge of Iowa was reached _ April 25, and latitude 41° in Iowa and Illinois April 29. They arrived _. *[Beyond e doubt they were regular migrants:—C, H, MF et 246 — a at Chicago, Il]., May 9, three days after they had reached points on the ~ Mississippi River, a hundred miles farther north. The last part of the migration seems to have been more rapid than the first. The birds were so delayed by the cold of the early part of May that on May 11 there had been no record of arrival at any point north of latitude 449, yet by May 16 they had been seen over the rest of Wisconsin, all of Minnesota, central Dakota, and at two stations in Manitoba, up to lati- tude 50° 30’, More than two hundred were seen at White Earth, Minn., May 16. In the fall of 1885 the last left Saint Louis, Mo., August 13, and Bon- ham, Tex., September 3; and the first migrant reached San Angelo, Tex., August 28. 654. Dendroica czrulescens (Gmel.). [94.] Black-throated Blue Warbler. The movements of this species may be summed up in a few words: It winters from Florida southward, extends west to Texas, Indian Ter- ritory, Kansas, and Nebraska, and breeds principally in British America, though a few doubtless nest in northern Minnesota. Itreached latitude 40° May 1, latitude 42° May 6, latitude 44° May 10, and was seen at Elk River, Minn., May 23, but probably arrived there a few days earlier. This is one of the birds that is unaccountably rare at Saint Louis, while it is abundant in the surrounding country. At Pierce City, Mu., May 2, it was, next to the Yellow-rump, the most common Warbler. In the spring of 1885 the first Black-throated Blue Warbler was seen at Saint Louis April 30; at Paris, Ill., May 1; at Milwaukee, Wis., May 5; at Waukon, Iowa, May 14; and at Hastings, Minn., May 19. In the fall of 1885 it was first seen at Lanesboro, Minn., September 30. At Fernwood, Ill., the first was seen September 6; the bulk left October 11, anc the last October 14. An albino was taken at Fern- wood during fall migration. 655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). [95.] Yellow-rumped Warbler. Breeds from northern Minnesota northward, and winters from the middle portion of the Mississippi Vailey southward. Dr. J. C. Merrill states that in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas the Yellow-rump ‘is perhaps the most common of the winter residents, and is found in the greatest abundance from the latter part of October to April. About the latter part of March there is an arrival of males from the south in nearly full breeding plumage.” The species winters over an immense area. While it is abundant in southern Texas, and great numbers pass on through Mexico to Central America, as far, even, as Panama, still it is the hardiest of our Warblers, and unnumbered thousands regu- larly pass the winter in the lower half of the Mississippi Valley. It bas been known to endure a temperature of 20° below zero with no apparent inconvenience. With plenty of poison ivy berries to eat, it seems not to care how the mercury stands. Along latitude 39° it gen- erally winters almost everywhere, but the unusually severe weather of ee eaten ee ee ee Tk Ts eee Te n= 247 - the first week in January, in 1884, drove it southward from all but the most favorable localities. About twenty birds remained through Jan- uary at Saint Louis, and not quite so many at Manhattan, Kans. It was not until the middle of March that the northward movement com- 'menced. This was marked at Caddo, Ind. Ter., by the return of the _ birds from the bottom lands, whither they had been driven by the cold, _ to the edges of the prairie. There was scarcely any increase in numbers - until April 1. At more northern localities the first wave was marked q by the arrival of more birds. This wave reached latitude 39° the last week of March, but was stopped by the heavy snow-storms of the first week in April and made no further advance until the middle of the month. Out of the nineteen records of arrival at stations between latitude 39° and latitude 45° but two mentioned any Yellow-rumps before April 16. But on that and the two following days they appeared in large numbers over the whole of these 200,000 square miles, What _ an incredible number of Yellow-rumps must have been moving on those three days! The same wave brought the bulk to the region south of ' latitude 59°, and another two weeks carried it up to latitude 45°, mak- ing the species, for the time being, one of the most numerous birds of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Having now passed over the land of spring-time and reached a country still ruled by winter, they checked the hurriedness of their flight and did not reach Portage La Prairie _ Manitoba, until the first week in May. A few breed in northern Min- - nesota, but the bulk pass on to breed in British America. A curious - incident occurred in the migration of this species at Heron Lake, in - southwestern Minnesota. On March 18 there arrived an immense flight _ of Ducks, all coming from the west as if from the Missouri Valley. Together with them, or at least on the same day, came great flocks of Blackbirds and “a large flight of Yellow-rumps in fine feather and song.” Where they came from is a mystery. A competent observer _ on the Missouri River southwest of Heron Lake did not find the species common until nearly two months later, and no station south or south- east reported them at all until three weeks later, nor at Heron Lake _ was the arrival of the bulk noted until thirty-three days afterwards. It would seem to be a case of a flock caught up by some upper-air cur- rent and carried farther than they intended. While most of the birds _ left central Illinois the first week in May, some very late migrants were seen at Whitehall May 21. In the fall of 18384 the first note of the Yellow-rumped Warbler came _ from the edge of its breeding-grounds at Elk River, Minn., where the bulk arrived September 9; the bulk left October 8, and the last Novem- ber d. The first was noted from Des Moines, lowa, October 18; the ‘bulk October 21, and the last October 25. At Mount Carmel, Mo., the first was reported September 27; departure of bulk October 22, and last seen November 3. During the winter of 1884—’85 no reports were received of irregular tintering of the Yellow-rumps, except from Man. 248 hattan, Kans., where four birds were seen January 24. No more were seen there for three months. In the spring of 1885 the first migrant was noted at San Antonio, Tex., February 27; at Gainesville, Tex., March 23, and at Saint Louis, Mo., April 8. The remaining notes are too irregular to be systema- tized. April 16 the bulk reached Saint Louis; April 18 the first came in large numbers to Newton, Iowa, and Lanesboro, Minn. April 3 they appeared at Minneapolis, Minn., and Elk River, Minn., while they did not reach Shell River, Manitoba, till the last day of the month. At Bonham, Tex., the last was seen April 15; at Houma, La., April 20; Pierce City, Mo., May 6; Saint Louis, Mo., May 12; Manhattan, Kans., May 16. Except a single record from Waukon, lowa, May 19, none were reported from Iowa, Minnesota, or Wisconsin after May 16, and most of the Yellow rumps left these States May 11. In the fall of 1885 the Yellow-rumped Warbler re-appeared at Elk River, Minn., September 20; at River Falls, Wis., September 29; Lanesboro, Minn., September 29; Iowa City, Iowa, October 1; Fern- wood, Ill., October 5; Mount Carmel, Mo., October4; Saint Louis, Mo,, October 5, and Gainesville, Tex., November 13. Thus its record west of the Mississippi River was very regular. The last were seen at Elk River, Minn., October 7; River Falls, Wis., October 13; Lanesboro, Minn., October 18; Iowa City, Iowa, October 12; Fernwood, Ill, Oc- tober 14; Des Moines, Iowa, October 24; Mount Carmel, Mo., November 11, and on the latter date the last transients were seen at Saint Louis, Their period of greatest abundance at Saint Louis was from October 9 to October 26. Mr. Lloyd gives it as a spring migrant in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., while in southeastern Texas it is an abundant winter resident (Nehrling), as it is at Boerne (Brown). 656. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.). [96.] A 3 ; : : 263 ' In the fall of 1884 the last Redstart was seen at Mount Carmel, Mo., September 11. 3 In the spring of 1885 Redstarts were reported from San Antonio, -Tex., April 28; Gainesville, Tex., May 8; Emporia, Kans., May 11; and Manhattan, Kans., April 22. So much for the regularity of its Western record. The rest of the notes were scarcely more regular. At Reeds, Mo., the first was seen April 4; at Saint Louis, Mo., April 20 (with the bulk of males and first female April 27); Paris, Ill., April 28; southern Iowa, and Chicago, Ill., May 5. The rest of the timbered portion of the district to latitude 45° was reached May 14 and May 15; and May 18 one was seen at White Earth, Minn. ‘Such are the outlines, but the de- tails are not arrangeable. In the fall of 1885, at Grinnell, Rene the last Redstart was seen Sep- tember 28; at Mount Carmel, Mo. September 20; and at Saint Louis, Mo., where they had been numerous September 17, the last was seen _ September 29. The first migrant reached San Angelo, Tex., September 11. In Concho County, Tex., it is an abundant fall migrant. 688. Setophaga picta Swains. [129.] Painted Redstart. An inhabitant of the highlands of Mexico, coming north to our southern border in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 689. Setophaga miniata Swains. [130.] Red-bellied Redstart. Another inhabitant of the highlands of Mexico, coming north to southern Texas (Giraud). 690. Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). [131.] Red-faced Warbler. The home of this bird is in the highlands of Gaute mala and Mexico, extending northward to our southern border in Texas and Arizona. 691. Ergaticus ruber (Swains.). [132.] Red Warbler. Inhabits the highlands of eastern Mexico and thence north to Texas (Giraud). 692. Basileuterus culicivorus (Licht.). [133.] Brasher’s Warbler. Another tropical species, coming north to southern Texas (Giraud). 693. Basileuterus belli (Giraud). [134.] "Bell's Warbler. Like the last, a Mexican species, recorded from Texas by Giraud. 697. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.). [71.] American Pipit; Titlark. Breeds in the far north, migrates through Manitoba and the Missis- sippi Valley and winters from the Southern States southward, some- times north to southern Illinois. In southeastern Texas it is an abun- dant winter resident. Although this bird is found over the whole of North America, all the 1884 notes concerning it came from the region west of the Mississippi. In the spring of 1884 it arrived at Gainesville, Tex., March 12; Manhattan, Kans. (where it was common for about a week), April 13; Vermillion, Dak., April 24; and Elk River, Minn., May 4. At Ellis, Kans., the first were taken May 2. 264 In the fall of 1884 the Titlark was first seen at Gainesville, Tex., November 1. In the spring of 1885 the first migrant was seen at Gainesville March 10; at Manhattan, Kans., April 15; at Des Moines, Iowa, April 18; and at Elk River, Minn., May 6. In the fall of 1885 it was first seen at Gainesville November 13; and a flock was seen there November 18. Mr. Lloyd states that in western Texas it is ‘common in fall migration; less common in spring.” 700. Anthus spragueii (Aud.). [73.] Sprague’s Titlark. Breeds abundantly in the Assinaboine region, and in Dakota and west- ern Minnesota. Since Dr. Coues, in his “Birds of the Northwest,” queried whether Sprague’s Lark left Dakota for the winter, much has been learned of its movements. Wenow know that its winter haunts lie far from Dakota, and that it penetrates even to the south of southwest- ern Texas. Just where it winters seems not yet determined, but as the record now stands it appears to winter below the United States.* Mr. ~ Nehrling found it in small flocks near Houston, Tex., in early Novem- ber, but it soon disappeared. Mr. Nathan Clifford Brown did not find it at Boerne, near San Antonio, Tex., until March 16, so that its winter home must be south of these points. At Gainesville, Tex., it was seen as late as May 7. While northern Dakota and western Manitoba con- stitute its special breeding grounds, where it nests in great numbers, yet it can be found in summer in western Minnesota, in Nebraska (where it arrives about the middle of May), and probably also in western Kan- sas. Colonel Goss says of it in his List of the Birds of Kansas: “Mi- gratory, rare”; but Dr. Watson writes from Ellis, Kans.: I am in doubt how to classify this bird, but I think it isa summer resident. During what should be its breeding season I have seen birds ascend almost to invisibility, but lost sight of them in the descent, and they were not captured. As the soaring he describes is confined to the breeding season, the birds he saw probably had nests in the vicinity. - In Tom Green County, Tex., on the edge of the plains, one was shot in January, 1885. In the spring of 1885 Sprague’s Titlark, or Pipit, was first seen at San Antonio, Tex., February 26. At Gainesville, Tex., the first was seen April 8 and the last May 6. In the fall of 1885 the first was seen at Gainesville October 12,and the next November 2. In Concho County, Tex., a small flock was seen October 15, 1886 (Lloyd). 701. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. [19.] American Dipper ; Water Ouzel. The home of the Water Ouzel, or Dipper, is along the mountain streams of western North America. According to Professor Aughey it is “rare over most of Nebraska, but abundant in Oteo County;” and Grinnell has recorded it from the Black Hills of Dakota. [*It has been recorded as wintering in immense flocks in central Arkansas, in com- pany with Lapland Longspurs (Coues, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. IV, 1879, p. 238). —C. H. M.] 265 702. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.). [10.] Sage Thrasher. This is scarcely a bird of the Mississippi Valley, since, as its name implies, its favorite home is in the sage-covered plains of the Great Basin. It is introduced here on account of its occurrence in western Texas, where Mr. Lloyd, at San Angelo, found it an occasional visitant. The species is also migratory, passing north along the Rocky Mount- ains, about to the northern boundary of the United States. In the spring of 1885 the first ‘Sage Thrashers (about 20 in number) were reported from San Angelo, Tex., April 1; and the last the next day. They were said to be common there during migration. Recently Mr. Lloyd has published the following concerning the distribution of this species in Texas: ‘‘Tolerably common resident in Tom Green County. Winters in Concho County as far east, at least, as Colorado. _ No eggs found, but I have seen scores of nests.”—(The Auk, Vol. IV, 31, p: 297.) 703. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). [11.] Mockingbird. The Mocking-bird is a permanent resident in the southern part of the Mississippi Valley. Its migrations are not great. In winter it retires but a short distance south of its northern breeding range, and in spring is rather late in returning. The Gulf States constitute its true winter home, and there it is found in abundance. Many individuals remain much farther north, and are to be seen occasionally during cold weather. In the winter of 1883~’84 at Caddo, Ind. Ter., it was seen about half a dozen times; at Saint Louis, Mo., one was seen January 29, 1884, and even so far north as Burlington, Iowa, it was twice seen during the winter. It is possible that these last were escaped cage birds, but there was nothing in their actions to indicate it. Mocking-birds began to leave winter quarters about the middle of March, 1584, reaching lati- tude 37° March 20, and occupying almost a month in their journey from that point to latitude 39° in Missouri, which they reached April 14. In Kansas, however, it was long delayed. At Manhattan, “in 1883, it ar- rived April 10, but in 1884 cold rains prevented its early appearance, and the first was not seen until May 22, and then only two or three _ pairs came. Usually it is common.” The normal northern limit was 4 reached the first week in May. Inthe Southern States the song period began about March 1, but it was almost June before the northernmost birds found their voices. North of latitude 40° there are only a few records of the birdy summer residence, and these are in central and southern Lowa. ; In the fall of 1884 the last Mockingbird left Mount Carmel, Mo., Oc- tober 21, while the bulk left October 10. At Shawneetown, IIL., a single bird was reported as staying all winter, and at Peoria, Ill., the species has been seen in midwinter. At Gainesville, Tex., some Mockingbirds © spent the winter of 1884~-’85. In the spring of 1885, at Gainesville, Tex., the number present during _ winter was increased March 6 by the arrival of the first migrants, and 266 © the species had become common by March 31. Mockingbirds reached Pierce City, Mo., Aprii17; Peoria, Ill., April19; Griggsville, Ill., April 21; Saint Louis, Mo., April 24; Mount Carmel, Mo., May 2, and Man- hattan, Kans., April 26. In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., October 24. Mr. Lloyd states that it is an abundant resident in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex. 704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). [12.] Catbird. A common summer resident throughout the Mississippi Valley and Manitoba; rare in southeastern Texas (Nehrling). In the spring of 1884 fifty-one observers contributed notes upon the movements of the Cat- bird. It was reported as a winter resident at Waverly, Miss., and at San Angelo, Tex. At the latter place it was marked “occasional.” Its northward movement in migration does not take place until the weather becomes warm and settled. Curiously enough, its first ap- appearance in 1884 was reported from Danville, Ill. (lat. 40° 08’), April 3; while at Rodney, Miss. (lat. 31° 52’), it was not reported until April13. April 18 it was noted at latitude 41° 10’ in Illinois; and April 20 at latitude 40° 50’ in Iowa. Five days later one was ob- served at Saint Louis (lat. 38° 40’). Looking at these few records and knowing little of the state of the — weather during these three weeks of April, one would imagine thatthe — Catbird was exceedingly erratic in its movements; and a further study — of the records might do little towards dispelling this opinion. Taking the eastern line of migration, from Mississippi to Wisconsin, we find a general advance about April 29. On that day and the next — it was reported at various stations in Illinois, from Hillsborough (lat. 39° 12’) to Chicago (lat.41° 51’). By May 7 the van had reached West Depere, Wis., and the bulk had arrived at Hillsborough and Polo, Ill. It was reported as arriving at Green Bay, Wis., May 8, and the bulk reached the same place May 15. West of the Mississippi the earliest arrival was reported from Burlington, Lowa, April 20. April 26 the bulk arrived at Pierce City, Mo. April 28 Catbirds had appeared at — Fayette, Mo., and Manhattan, Kans., while at Saint Louis they were still searce. April 29 the bulk appeared at Saint Louis, at which place both sexes were at breeding stands, and flocks of transients were pres- ent. April 30 the first was reported from Des Moines and Coralville, Iowa, while the bulk arrived at Manhattan, Kans. On the same day they first appeared at Oak Point, Manitoba. This last must be either a mistake or an extraordinarily early record. A delay of nearly a week in the general movement followed. May 8 the first was noted at Ames and La Porte, Iowa, and at Vermillion, Dak.; May 9 at Minneap- olis, Minn.; May 11 at Elk River, Minn.; and May 17 at Frazee City, Minn. In all cases the bulk followed within a week after the first in- dividuals had been seen. Farther west, on the plains, where fewer in- dividual of these species are met with, they were reported as arriving © 267 - somewhatlater. At Gainesville, Tex., they appeared May 12, and re- mained about twoweeks. At Alda, Nebr., the first arrival was May 14, while at Ellis, Kans., farther west, and in latitude 38° 55’, they were not seen until May 25. The notes received from observers contained little more than the dates of first appearance and the arrival of the bulk. The few records from near the southern border of the district leave us in doubt as to the extent to which Catbirds wintered in that section; but we know from previous records that they are somewhat common in the Gulf States east of Texas, and occasionally in mild win- ters a few have been found in southern Lllinois; but in Texas, even in the southern part, the Catbird is rare during the winter, and not very common during migration or in summer. The notes from Mr. Wid- mann, of Saint Louis, are in striking contrast to those of most observ- ers. They read: April 25, first one mewing; April 28, still scarce; April 29, bulk arrived; May 5, height of season, great numbers present, chasing, singing, mewing, fighting, bulk of transients present; May 8, bulk of transients departed ; May 10, building. _ The Catbird is also reported as building at Manhattan, Kans., May 9. In the fall of 1884 only four notes were contributed on the migration of the Catbird. At Williamstown, Lowa, the bulk departed August 28, and the last was seen September 11. At Unadilla, Nebr., the last was seen August 9; at Des Moines, lowa, September 24; and at Mount Car- mel, Mo., September 22; the bulk having left one week previously. In the spring of 1885, the earliest record of the movements of this Species came from the northern edge of its usual winter home. At _ Corinth, Miss., the first was seen April 9, but no more until April 14. By April 17 they were reported at Shawneetown, Ill., probably coming with the warm wave which culminated there the night before. At Saint Louis, Mo., they were first seen April 20; and at Paris, Ill, April 22. With the exception of two stragglers seen at Manhattan, Kans., April 21, no record of movement at this time was made in the country west of the Mississippi River. The birds rested until the pronounced _ warm wave of the last few days of the month, and then moved forward. _ Records were received of its presence, April 28 and April 29, at Pe- _ oria, Aledo, and Hennepin, Il].; Keokuk, lowa; Glasgow, Mo., together _ with a note on its second arrival at Manhattan, Kans. The first was - recorded May 1, at Reeds and Mount Carmel, Mo., and by both of the observers at Fayette, Mo., indicating that there was a special move- - ment in Missouri on that date. The Catbirds did not rest very long _ before the next movement. Their advance may be seen from the fol- _ lowing dates: They reached Richmond, Iowa, May 2; Mount Pleasant, a Iowa, and Tampico, Ill., May 3; Chicago, Ill., Rockford, Ill., and Leeds _ Center, Wis., May 4. During the cold weather of the second week of _ May odd records were made at Grinnell and Waukon, Iowa; Delavan, _ Wis., and Lanesboro, Minn., where Catbirds were seen May 7 and May _ 8; on May 12 they were reported from Williamstown, Iowa; Rochester, 268 Minn., and Stoughton, Wis. Early birds had been seen at Lake City, Minn., May 3, and at Elk River, Minn., May 6. The regular advance — did not reach these places until May 15, on which date it was reported also at Hastings and Minneapolis, Minn., and River Falls, New Rich- — mend, and Green Bay, Wis. The next day (May 16) about twenty were ~ seen at White EHarth, Minn. During the cold period the bulk overtook — the advance guard, so that by the middle of May the van and bulk were ~ moving almost together. This is shown by the fact that while May 15 ~ marked the arrival of the first at the above-named stations, enough ~ more came the next night to make the species common May 16. May 20 they were recorded as arriving at Huron, Dak. No reports were received from theregicn between latitude 45° and latitude 49°, but May — 25 and 26 they occupied the whole of Manitoba to latitude 50° 30’. In the fall of 1885 the last Catbird left Elk River, Minn., September — 12; Des Moines, Lowa, September 18; and Mount Carmel, Mo., Sep-— tember 10. At Saint Loais, Mo., they were numerous from September 16 to 26; the bulk left September 29, and the last followed October 6. — Very late migrants were seen at Milwaukee, Wis., October 24, and Fayette, Mo., November 20; while at Bonham, Tex., where they had © been reported during the three previous winters, not a Catbird was — seen during the winter of 1885-86. 705. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.). [13.] Brown Thrasher. . The Brown Thrasher is a common summer resident throughout the — Mississippi Valley and Manitoba, and winters in the Gulf States and southward. In 1884 reports upon its migration were received from 85 observers. The species is so easily recognized that it is not likely to be overlooked, but its movements on its first arrival are so stealthy and — retired that it may be present for several days without being observed, ~ unless the weather is fine. In the winter of 1883-84 it was reported as a winter resident at Waverly, Miss., Mermenton, La., and Abbe- ville, La., being abundant at the two last-mentioned places. At Cor-— inth, Miss., a single bird was seen December 28, 1883, and January 10, © 1884, ‘The observer adds that they were never seen there before during thirty years residence. They have been known to winter as far north as southern Illinois. The first record of its appearance north of Mis-— Sissippi and Louisiana in 1884 was made at Danville, Ill., March 15. This was probably a straggler. The first general movement took place about March 22. On that day a single male, in high plumage; but silent, appeared at Saint Louis. The following day three males were observed at their old stands, in song. The same day (March 23) — it was reported from Odin and Carlinville, [l].; and April 1 from Hills- borough and Griggsville, Il. April 4 the bulk arrived at Reeds, Mo., — and April 10 at Mount Carmel, Mo. April 12 the first arrived at Lin- wood, Nebr. Two days later the bulk reached Saint Louis, Mo. April — 17 the first appeared at Manhattan, Kans., and April 19 at Coleta, Il. — This date was the height of the season at Saint Louis, Mo., where the — 269 number was swelled by the presence of both transients and summer so- _ journers. A decided northward impulse was observed during the next week. April 21 the first arrived at Richmond, Iowa; and April 26 at the following places: Polo, Ill.; Des Moines, lowa; Iowa City, Lowa; Grand Junction, lowa; and Hastings, Minn. April 27 the first was seen at Lanesboro, Minn.; April 28 at Lake Mills, Wis.; and April 30 at Red Wing and Elk River, Minn. On the same day the bulk arrived at Grand Junction, Iowa; Lanesboro, Minn.; and Manhattan, Kans. These movements show that the line of heaviest and earliest migration was along the Mississippi River. Thence it spread up the valleys of the rivers and streams tributary to ‘it. Migration seemed to be at its height about the end of April. May 1 the first arrival was noted at Green Bay, Wis., and the bulk arrived at Elk River, Minn. May 5 Brown Thrashers were seen at Vermillion, Dak.; May 13 at Huron, Dak.; and May 21 at Oak Point, Manitoba. Only one note of its breed- ing was recorded. This was at Saint Louis, Mo., where young were found as early as May 30. At Manhattan, Kans., they were building May 9. In the fall of 1884 the following records were received of the south- ward movements of the Brown Thrasher: At Williamstown, Iowa, the bulk left August 18, and the last August 29; at Unadilla, Nebr., the last was seen August 23; at Des Moines, Iowa, September 17. The bulk left Mount Carmel, Mo., September 20, and the last September 26. The first reached Gainesville, Tex., September 26. In the spring of 1885 no notes were contributed on its movements until it reached southern Illinois. It arrived at Shawneetown March 27. SS ae ea INDEX. Acadian Flycatcher, 36, 153-154. Acadian Owl, 121. -Acanthis hornemannii exilipes, 181, linaria, 181. linaria holbeellii, 181. linaria rostrata, 182. Accipiter atricapillus, 114. atricapillus striatulus, 114. cooperi, 114. velox, 114. Actitis macularia, 97. Achmophorus occidentalis, 53. AXgialitis meloda circumcincta, 101. . montana, 101. nivosa, 101. semipalmata, 101. vocifera, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 99-101, 111, 294. _ wilsonia, 101. Agelaius pheenicens, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 111, i61, 163-165. Aix sponsa, 69. Ajaja ajaja, 80. Alice’s Thrush, 37, 285. Amazilia cerviniventris, 141. fuscicaudata, 141. Ammodramus bairdii, 189-190. caudacutus, 192. caudacutus nelsoni, 192. henslowii, 191. leconteii, 191. maritimus, 192. princeps, 188. sandwichensis alaudinus, 188, 189. sandwichensis savanna, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 188- 189. savannarum passerinus, 36, 190. savannarum perpallidus, 191. Ampelis cedrorum, 26, 231-232. garrulus, 26, 231. Amphisviza belli nevadensis, 206. bilineata, 206. Anas americana, 31, 34, 66. boschas, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 61-65, 111. carolinensis, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. cyanoptera, 67-68. discors, 30, 34, 66-67. fulvigula, 65. obscura, 63, 65. penelope, 66. _— strepera, 31, 63, 65. Ancient Murrelet, 54. Anhinga anhinga, 59. Ani, Groove-billed, 124. Anous stolidus, 58. Anser albifrons gambeli, 75. Anthus pensilvanicus, 263-264. spragueii, 264. Antrostomus carolinensis, 135. vociferus, 25, 135-136, 146, 147. Aphelocoma woodhousei, 157. Aplomado Falcon, 119. Aquila chrysaétos, 117-118. Archibuteo ferrugineus, 117. lagopus sancti-johannis, 117. Arctic Horned Owl, 122. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker, 129. Arctic Towhee, 214-215. Ardea candidissima, 83 coerulea, 83. egretta, 82-83. herodias, 81-82. trufescens, 83. tricolor ruficollis, 83. virescens, 83-84. wuerdemanni, 81. Arenaria interpres, 101. Arizona Cardinal, 216. Arizona Goldfinch, 183. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia, 216. Arkansas Flycatcher, 148. Arkansas Goldfinch, 183. Ash-throated Flycatcher, 149. Asio accipitrinus, 121. wilsonianus, 121. Asturina plagiata, 117. Audubon’s Caracara, 120. Audubon’s Oriole, 168. Audubon’s Warbler, 248. Auriparus flaviceps, 278-279. Avocet, 90. Aythya affinis, 31, 71. americana, 31, 32, 70. collaris, 71-72. marila nearctica, 31, Tle vallisneria, 31, 32, 70-71. Bachman’s Finch or Sparrow, 207. Bachman’s Warbler, 239-240. Baird’s Sparrow or Bunting, 189-190. Baird’s Sandpiper, 93. Baird’s Wren, 271-272. Bald-headed Eagle, 33, 34, 118. Baldpate, 31, 34, 66. Baltimore Oriole, 13, 15, 23, 35, 36, 37, 170-171. Bark Swallow, 36, 230, 231. Barn Owl, 121. Barn Swallow, 36, 27, 227, 228-229. 297 298 Barred Owl, 121. Florida, 121. Barrow’s Golden-eye, 72. Bartramia longicauda, 30, 34, 96-97. Bartramian Sandpiper, 30, 34, 96-97. Basileuterus belli, 263. culicivorus, 263. Bay-breasted Warbler, 34, 37, 250-251. Beardless Flycatcher, 155. Bell’s Viréo, 35, 36, 37, 161, 233, 237. Bell’s Warbler, 268, Belted Kingfisher, 35, 126. Belted Piping Plover, 101. Berlandier’s Wren, 271. - Bewick’s Wren, 30, 32, 34, 271, 272. Texas, 271-272. Bittern, 80-81. Least, 81. Black and White Creeper, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. Black and White Warbler, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. Black and Yellow Warbler, 36, 37, 248-249. Black-bellied Plover, 98-99. Black-bellied Tree-duck, 78-79. Black-billed Cuckoo, 36, 126. Black-billed Magpie, 157. Blackbird, Brewer’s, 111, 172, 173-174, 176. Cow, 15, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 161. Bronzed Cow, 162. Dwarf Cow, 14], 162. Crow .J74-177. Bronzed Crow, 174-177. Florida Crow, 174. Red-shouldered, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 163-165. Red-winged, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35,37, 111, 161, 163-165. Rusty, 29, 30, 33, 34, 172-173. Yellow-headed, pe Black Brant, 78. Black-breasted Woodpecker, 130. Blackburnian Warbler, 37, 252. Black-capped Chickadee, 33, 277-278. Black-capped Flycatching Warbler, 36, 37, 245, 261- 262. Black-capped Titmouse, 33, 277-278. Black-capped Vireo, 236. Black-capped Yellow Warbler, 36, 37, 245, 261-262. Black-chinned Hummingbird, 141. Black-chinned Sparrow, 203. Black-crested Titmouse, 277. Black-crowned Night Heron, 34, 36, 84. Black Duck, 65. Black Gyrfalcon, 118. Black-head (Duck), Big, 31, 71. Little, 31, 71. Black-headed Grosbeak, 217. Black Mallard, 65. Black-necked Stilt, 90. Black Pheebe or Flycatcher, 152. Black-poll Warbler, 36, 37, 251-252, 258. Black Rail, 88. Black Skimnier, 58. Black Tern, 58. White-winged, 58. Black-throated Blue Warbler, 246. Black-throated Bunting, 35, 36, 37, 220-221, Brown Crane, Little, 85, 111. Black-threated Diver or Loon, 54. Black-throated Guillemot, 54-55. Black-throated Green Warbler, 35, 36, 37, 253. Black-throated Sparrow, 206. Black Vulture, 112. Blanding’s Finch, 215. Bluebill (Duck), Big, 31, 71. Little, 31, 71. Bluebird, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 292-294, 295. “i Rocky Mountain, 292, 294-295. Za Western, 294, 295. Blue Goose, 74. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 35, 233, 281-282. Blue Grosbeak, 218. Blue-headed Euphonia, 222. Blue-headed Vireo, 36, 37, 235-236. Blue Heron, Great, 81-82. Little, 83. Blue Jay, 37, 157. Blue Quail, 102-103. Blue-winged Goose, 74. Blue-winged Teal, 30, 34, 66-67, Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, 240. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, 36, 243-244. Boat-tailed Grackle, 177. Bobolink, 23, 36, 37, 160. Western, 160. Bob-white, 102. Texas, 102. Bohemian Waxwing, 26, 231. Bonaparte’s Gull, 57. P Bonasa umbellus, 103. | } umbellus togata, 103. umbellus umbelloides, 104. Booby, 58. Botaurus exilis, 81. lentiginosus, 80-81. Boucard’s Sparrow, 207. Brant, 27, 31, 78. Black, 78. Branta bernicla, 27, 31, 78. canadensis, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 64, 75-78, 111. canadensis hutchinsii, 27, 78. canadensis minima, 78. nigricans, 78. Brasher’s Warbler, 263. Brewer’s Blackbird, 111, 172, 173-174, 176. Brewer’s Sparrow, 201-202. Bridled Titmouse, 277. Broad-tailed Hummingbird, uu. Broad-winged Hawk, 116, Bronzed Cowbird or Cow Blackbird, 162. Bronzed Crow Blackbird, 174-177. Bronzed Grackle, 174-177. Brown Creeper, 34, 35, 275-276. Brown-headed Nuthatch, 276. Brown Pelican, 60. Brown Thrasher or = 30, 31, 32, 34,35, 146, 147, 268-270. , Bubo virginianus, 122. virginianus arcticus, 122 virginianus subarcticus, 122. Buff-bellied Hummingbird, 141. Buff-breastea Sandpiper, 97. Buffle-head, 31, 72-73. Ball-bat (=Nighthawk). Bullock's Oriole, 171, 172. Bunting, Baird’s, 189-190. Black-throated, 35, 36, 37, 220-221. Chestnut-collared, i185, 186-187. Henslow’s, 191. Indigo, 23, 35, 36, 218-219. Lark, 222, Lazuli, 219. Le Conte’s, 191-192. Painted, 161, 219-220. Snow, 33, 184-185. Varied, 219. Burrowing Owl, 123-124. Bush-Tit, Lead colored, 278. Buteo abbreviatus, 116. albicaudatus, 116. borealis, 26, 27, 33, 111, 114-115. borealis calurus, 115. borealis kriderii, 115. harlani, 115. latissimus, 116. lineatus, 26, 27, 115-116. swainsoni, 116. Butterball, 31, 72-73. Buzzard, Ferruginous Rough-leg, 117. Turkey, 29, 33, 110-112, 175. Cabanis’s, or Texas, Kingfisher, 127. Cabot’s Tern, 57. Cackling Goose, 78. Cactus Wren, 270. Calamospiza melanocorys, 222. Calaveras Warbler, 242. Calcarius lapponicus, 184, 185, 186, 264. ornatus, 185, 186-187. pictus, 185-186. Calidris arenaria, 94. California Gull, 56. Callipepla gambeli, 103. squamata, 102-103. sguamata castanogastris, 103. Campephilus principalis, 127-128. Campylorhyncbus brunneicapillus, 270. Canada Goose, 27, 25, 29, 33, 35, 64, 75-78, 111. Canada Grouse, 103. Canada Jay, 158. Canadian Flycatching Warbler, 37, 241, 262. Canadian Ruffed Grouse, 103. Canadian Warbler, 37, 241, 262. Cafion Finch, 245. Cation Towhee, 215, 245. Cation Wren, 270-271. Canvas-back, 31, 32, 70-71. Cape May Warbler, 244. Caracara, Audubon’s, 120. Caracara Eagle, 120. Cardellina rubrifrons. 263. Cardinal Grosbeak, 34, 213, 215-216. Arizona, 216. Texas, 216. Cardinalis cardinalis, 34, 213, 215-216. Carolina Chickadee, 278. Carolina Dove, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. Carolina Parrot or Parakeet, 124. Carolina Rail, 87. 299 Carolina Wren, 34, 271. Carpodacus cassini, 180. purpureus,; 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 179-180. Carrion Crow, 112. Caspian Tern, 57. Cassin’s Kingbird, 148. Cassin’s Purple Finch, 180. Cassin’s Sparrow, 207. Catbird, 23, 35, 36, 266-268. Catharista atrata, 112. Cathartes aura, 29, 33, 110-112, 175. Catherpes mexicanus, 270. mexicanus conspersus, 270-271. Cedar Bird, 26, 231-232. Cedar Waxwing, 26, 231-232. Centrocercus urophasianus, 107. Ceophleeus pileatus, 130. Certhia familiaris americana, 34, 35, 275-276. Cerulean Warbler, 35, 36, 249. Ceryle alcyon, 35, 126-127. cabanisi, 127. Chachalaca, 108. Chadbourne’s Sparrow, 202-208. Chetura pelagica, 35, 36, 139. Chaparral Cock, 107, 124-125. Charadrius dominicus, 99. “squatarola, 98-99. Charitonetta albeola, 31, 72-73. Chat, Long-tailed, 260-261. Yellow-breasted, 35, 36, 37, 260. Chelidon erythrogaster, 36, 37, 227, 228-229. Chen eczerulescens, 74. hyperborea, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74-75. hyperborea nivalis, 75. Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge, 103. Chestnut-collared Bunting, 185, 186-187. Chestnut-collared Longspur, 185, 186-187. Chestnut-fronted Titmouse, 277. Chestnut-sided Warbler, 36, 37, 249-250. Chewink, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 212-214, 215. Chickadee, 33, 277-278. Black-capped, 33, 277-278. Carolina, 278. Hudsonian, 278. Long-tailed, 278. Chicken, Prairie, 104-106. Chimney Swift, 35, 36, 1389-140. Chipping Sparrow, 30, 34, 35, 200, 233. Western, 200-201, 233. Chondestes grammacus, 35, 192-193. grammacus strigatus, 193. Chordeiles virginianus, 15, 36, 37, 137-138. virginianus henryi, 138. texensis, 139. Chuck-will’s Widow, 1385. Cinclus mexicanus, 264. Cinnamon Teal, 67-68. Circus hudsonius, 34, 111, 113. Cistotborus palustris, 274. stellaris, 274. Clangula hyemalis, 73. Clapper Rail, 86-87. Louisiana, 87. Clarke’s Crow, 159. Clarke’s Nutcracker, 159. Clay-colored Sparrow, 201. Cliff Swallow, 15, 35, 36, 227-228. Clivicola riparia, 36, 230, 231. Coccothraustes vespertina, 26, 177-178. Coccyzus americanus. 36, 125-126. erythrophthalmus, 36, 126. minor, 125. Cock, Chaparral, 107, 124-125. Sage, 107. Colaptes auratus, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. auratus hybridus, 133, 135. cafer, 133, 134-135. Colinus virginianus, 102. virginianus texanus, 102. Columba flavirostris, 108. Columbigallina passerina, 110. Colymbus auritus, 53. dominicus, 53. holbeelii, 53. nigricollis californicus, 53. Common Crow, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. Common Redpoll, 181. Common Tern, 58. Compsothlypis americana, 35, 36, 243-244. nigrilora, 244. Connecticut Warbler, 37, 258. Contopus borealis, 152. richardsonii, 152, 153. virens, 36, 37, 152-153, 154. Conurus carolinensis, 124. Cooper’s Hawk, 114. Coot, 31, 88-89. Coppery-tailed Trogon, 126. Cormorant, Double-crested, 27, 34, 35, 59. Florida, 59. Mexican, 59. Corvus americanus, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. corax sinuatus, 31, 158. eryptoleucus, 158. ossifragus, 159. Couch’s Kingbird, 148. Cowbird, 15, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 161. Bronzed, 162. Dwarf, 161, 162. Cow Blackbird (=Cowbird). Crane, Little Brown, 83, 111. Sandhill, 29, 85-86. Whooping, 84-85. Creeper, Black and White, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. Brown, 34, 35, 275-276. Crested Flycatcher, Mexican, 149. Crossbill, Red, 180, 181. Mexican, 180. White-win ged, 181. Crotophaga sulcirostris, 124. Crow, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. Carrion, 112. Clarke’s, 159. Common, 26, 27, 33, 158-159. Fish, 159. Crow Blackbird, 174-177. Bronzed, 174-177. Florida, 174. Crymophilus fulicarius, 89. Cuckoo, Black-billed, 36, 126. Mangrove, 125. Yellow-billed, 36, 125-126. 300 Curlew, Eskimo, 98. Hudsonian, 98. Long-billed, 97-98. Curved-billed Thrasher, 270. Cyanocephalus cyanocepbhalus, 159. Cyanocitta cristata, 37, 157. Cyrtonyx montezume, 103. Dabchick, 54. Dafila acuta, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. Dendragapus canadensis, 103, obscurus, 103. Dendrocygna autumnalis, 78-79. fulva, 79. Dendroica estiva, 35,36, 244-246. auduboni, 248. blackburnie, 37, 252. cerulea, 35, 36, 249. cerulescens, 246. castanea, 34, 37, 250-251. chrysoparia, 253. coronata, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246--248, discolor, 255, dominica albilora, 35, 252-253. kirtlandi, 254. maculosa, 36, 37, 248-249. olivacea, 244. palmarum, 35, 36, 254-255. palmarum hypochrysea, 255. pensylvanica, 36, 37, 249-250. striata, 36, 37, 251-252, 258. tigrina, 244. townsendi, 254. vigorsii, 35, 36, 254. virens, 35, 36, 37, 246, 247, 248, 253. | Derby Flycatcher, 148. Desert Horned Lark, 156. Dickcissel, 35, 36, 37, 220-221. Dipper, 264. Diver, Black-throated, 54. Hell, 54. Red-throated, 54. | Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 23, 36, 37, 160. oryzivorus albinucha, 160. Double-crested Cormorant, 34, 35, 37, 59. Dove, Carolina, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. Ground, 110. Inea, 110. Mourning, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. W hite-fronted, 110. White-winged, 110. Dowitcher, 92. Long-billed, 92. Downy Woodpecker, 128. Dryobates borealis, 128-129. pubescens, 128. pubescens gairdnerii, 128. scalaris bairdi, 129. villosus, 128. villosus audubonii, 128. villosus harrisii, 128. villosus leucomelas, 128. Duck, Baldpate, 31, 34, 66. Barrow’'s Golden-eye, 72. Big Blue-bill or Black-head, 31, 71. Big Scaup, 31, 71. Black, 62, 55. Duck, Black-bellied Tree, 78-79. Black Mallard, 63, 65. Blue-bill, 31, 71. : Blue-winged Teal, 30, 34, 66-67. Buffie-head, 31, 72-73. Butter-ball, 31, 72-73. Canvas-back, 31, 32, 70-71. Cinnamon Teal, 67-68. Dusky, 63, 65. Eider, 73. Florida, 65. Fulvous Tree, 79. Gadwall, 31, 63, 65. Golden-eye, 3], 72. Green-winged Teal, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. Harlequin, 73. King Eider, 73. Little Blue-bill or Black-head, 31, 71. Little Scaup, 31, 71. Long-tailed, 73. Mallard, 27, 28. 31, 32, 33, 34, 61-65, 111. Masked, 74. Old-squaw, 73. Pintail, 31, 34, 63, 68-69. Red-head, 31, 32, 70. Ring-necked, 71-72. Ruddy, 29, 33, 74. Shoveller, 31, 36, 68. Spoon-bill, 31, 36, 68. Sprigtail, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. Summer, 69-70. Whistler, 31, 72. Widgeon, 31, 34, 66. Wood, 69-70. Duck Hawk, 119. Dusky Duck, 63, 65. Dwarf Cowbird, 161, 162. Dwarf Hermit Thrush, 286. Eagle, Bald, 33, 34, 118. Caracara, 120. Golden, 117-118. Harpy, 118. Eared Grebe, 53. Ectopistes migratorius, 108. Egret, 82-83. Great White, 82-83. Little White, 83. Louisiana, 83. Reddish, 83. Eider, 73. King, 73. Elanoides forficatus, 112. Elanus leucurus, 113. Embernagra rufivirgata, 212. Empidonax acadicus, 36, 153-154. flaviventris, 36, 153. fulvifrons, 155. hammondi, 155. minimus, 36, 37, 154-155. ebscurus, 155. pusillus, 154. pusillus traillii, 36, 37, 154. English Sparrow, 34, 184. Engyptila albifrons, 110. Ereunetes occidentalis, 94. pusillus, 94. 301 eee ee eee Ergaticus ruber, 263. Erismatura rubida, 29, 33, 74. Eskimo Curlew, 98. Euphonia elegantissima, 222. Euphonia, Blue-headed, 222. European House Sparrow, 34, 184. European Tree Sparrow, 184. Evening Grosbeak, 26, 177-178. Falco columbarius, 119. fusco-ccerulescens, 119. mexicanus, 118. peregrinus anatum, 119. richardsonii, 119. rusticolus, 118. rusticolus gyrfaleo, 118. rusticolus obsoletus, 118. sparverius, 29, 33, 34, 111, 119-120. Falcon, Aplomado, 119. Femoral, 119. Peregrine, 119. Prairie, 118. Richardson’s, 119. Femoral Falcon, 119. Ferruginous Hawk or Buzzard, 117. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl, 124. Ferruginous Rough-leg, 117. Field Plover, 30, 34, 96-97. Field Sparrow, 28, 30, 33, 34, 202. Chadbourne’s, 202-203. Finch, Bachman’s, 207. Black-throated, 206. Blanding’s, 215. Caiion, 245. Cassin’s Purple, 180. Gold, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. Grass. 30, 31, 34, 187-188. Green, 212. Lark, 35, 192-193. Lazuli, 219. Painted, 161, 219-220. Pine, 183-1&4. Purple, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 179-180. Seaside, 192. Sharp-tailed, 192. Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, 192. Western Grass, 187, 188. Western Lark, 193. Fish Crow, 159. Fish Hawk, 120-121. Flamingo, 80. Flicker, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. Golden-shafted, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. Hybrid, 133, 135. Red-shafted, 133, 134-135. Yellow-shafted, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. Florida Barred Owl, 121. Florida Cormorant, 59. Florida Crow Blackbird, 174. Florida Duck, 65. Florida Gallinule, &8. Florida Grackle, 174. Florida Screech Owl, 122. Flycatcher, Acadian, 36, 153-154. Arkansas, 148. Ash-throated, 149. Beardless, 155. 2 ae 7 { Flycatcher, Derby, 148. Fork-tailed, 142. Fulvous, 155, Giraud’s, 148. Great-crested, 36, 148-149. Hammond’s, 155. Lawrence’s, 149. Least, 36, 37, 154-155. Little, 154. Mexican Crested, 149. Olive-sided, 152. Scissor-tailed, 142. Traill’s, 36, 37, 154. Vermilion, 155. Wright’s, 155. Yellow-bellied, 36, 153. Flycatching Warbler, Black-capped, {86, 37, 245, 261-262. Canadian, 37, 241, 262. Hooded, 36, 261. Fork-tailed Flycatcher, 142. Forster’s Tern, 57. Fox Sparrow, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 211-212. Franklin's Gull, 56-57. Fregata aquila, 60. Frigate Bird, 60. Frigate Pelican, 60. Frosted Poor-wil, 137. Fulica americana, 31, 88-89. Fulvyous Flycatcher, 155. Fulvous Tree-duck, 79. Gadwall, 31, 63, 65. Gairdner’s Woodpecker, 128. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 23, 35, 36, 266-268, Gallinago delicata, 11, 29, 30, 34, 35, 90-92, Gallinula galeata, 88. Gallinule, Florida, 88. Purple, 88. Gambel’s Quail or Partridge, 103. Gannet, 59. Gelochelidon nilotica, 57. Geococcyx californianus, 124-125. Geothlypis agilis, 37, 258. formosa, 35, 36, 257. macgillivrayi, 258-259. philadelphia, 37, 258. trichas, 35, 36, 92, 25. trichas occidentalis, 259-260. Giraud’s Flycatcher, 148. Glaucidium phaleenoides, 124. Glaucionetta clangula americana, 31, 72. islandica, 72. Glaucous Gull, 55. Glossy Ibis, 80. W hite-faced,. 80. Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 35, 233, 281-282. Plumbeous, 282. Godwit, Hudsonian, 94-95. Marbled, 94. Golden-cheeked Warbler, 253. Golden-crowned Kinglet, 34, 279. Golden-crowned Sparrow, 196. Golden-crowned Thrush, 35, 255-256. Golden Eagle, 117-118. Golden-eye, 31, 72. Barrow’s, 72. Golden-fronted Woodpecker, 132-133. Golden Plover, 99. Golden-shafted Flicker, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134 ; 135. Golden Warbler, 35, 36, 244-246. Golden-winged Warbler, 36, 240-241. Golden-winged ‘Woodpecker, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133- 134, 135. Goldfinch, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. . Arizona, 183. Arkansas, 183. Green-backed, 183-184. Mexican, 183. Pine, 183-184, Goose, Blue, 74. Blue-winged, 74. Brant, 27, 31, 78. Cackling, 78. Canada, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 64, 75-78, 111 Greater Snow, 75. Hutchin’s, 27, 78. Lesser Snow, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74-75. White-fronted, 75. Goshawk, 114. Mexican, 117. Western, 114. Grackle, Boat-tailed, 174, 177. Bronzed, 174-177. Florida, 174. Great-tailed 177. Purple, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 158, 174-177. , Rusty, 29, 30, 172-173, 174, 176. ’ Grass Finch, 30, 34, 187, 188. Western, 187, 188. Grasshopper Sparrow, 36, 190. Western, 191. Gray-cheeked Thrush, 37, 285. Gray-crowned Leucosticte, 181. Gray Gyrfalcon, 118. Gray-headed Junco, 206. Gray Kingbird, 148. Gray Owl, Great, 121. Gray Ruffed Grouse, 104. Gray Vireo, 237. Great Black-backed Gull, 55. Great Blue Heron, 81-82. Great-crested Flycatcher, 36, 148-149. . Great Gray Owl, 121. Great Horned Owl, 122. , Great Northern Shrike, 232. Great-tailed Grackle, 177. Great White Egret, 82. Greater Redpoll. 182. Greater Snow Goose, 75. Greater Yellow-legs, 95. Grebe, Eared, 53. Holbeell’s, 53. Horned, 53. Pied-billed, 54. Red-necked, 53. St. Domingo, 53. Western, 53. Green-backed Goldfinch, 183. Green Finch, 212- Green Heron, 83-84. Green Jay, 1o7. —_— ee a ee ee oe a! Green-tailed Towhee, 215. Green-winged Teal, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. Grinnell’s Water-thrush, 256-257. Groove-billed Ani, 124. Grosbeak, Black-headed, 217. Blue, 218. Cardinal, 34, 213, 215-216. Evening, 26, 177-178. Pine, 178-179, 288. Rose-breasted, 23, 35, 36, 37, 216-217. ‘Ground Dove, 110. Grouse, Canada, 103. Canadian Ruffed, 103. Dusky, 103. Gray Ruffed, 104. Northern Sharp-tailed, 106. Pinnated, 104-106. = Prairie or Common Sharp-tailed, 106-107. Ruffed, 103. Sage, 107. Grus americana, 84-85. eanadensis, 85, 111. mexicana, 29, 85-86. Guan, Texas, 108. Guara alba, 80. rubra, 80. Guillemot, Black-throated, 54-55. Guiraca cerulea, 218. Gull, Bonapurte’s, 57. California, 56. Franklin’s, 56-57. Glaucus, 55. Great Black-backed, 55. Herring, 27, 31, 33, 55-56. Iceland, 55. Kittiwake, 55. Laughing, 56. Ring-billed, 56, 111. Sabine’s, 57. Gull-billed Tern, 57. , Gyrfalcon, 118. Black, 118. Gray, 118. Iceland, 118. Labrador, 118. McFarlane’s, 118. Habia ludoviciana, 23, 35, 36, 37, ea me!anocephala, 217. Hematopus palliatus, 101. Hairy Woodpecker, 128. Northern, 128, Southern, 128. Halizetus leucocephalus, 33, 34, 118, Hammond’s Flycatcher, 155. Harlan’s Hawk, 115. _ Harlequin Duck, 73. Harporhynchus curvirostris, 270. longirostris, 270. rufus, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 146, 147, 268-270. Harpy Eagle, 118. Harris’s Hawk, 114. Harris’s Sparrow, 27, 32, 193-195. Harris’s Woodpecker, 128. Hawk, Broad-winged, 116. Cooper’s, 114. Duck, 119. 303 f | Hawk, Ferruginous Rough-leg, 117. Fish, 120-121. Harlan's, 115. Harris’s, 114. - Krider’s, 115. Marsh, 34, 111, 113. Peregrine, 119. Pigeon, 119. Red-shouldered, 26, 27, 115-116. Red-tailed, 26, 27, 33, 111, 114-115. Richardson’s, 119. Rough-legged, 117. Sharp-shinned, 114. Sparrow, 29, 33, 34, 111, 119-120 Swainson’s, 116. Western Red-tailed, 115. White-tailed, 116. Zone-tailed, 116. Hawk Owl, 123. Helinaia swainsonii, 239. Hell Diver, 54. Helminthophila bachmani, 239-240. celata, 36, 242. chrysoptera, 36, 240-241. peregrina, 35, 37, 243. pinus, 240. ruficapilla, 36, 37, 241-242. ruficapilla gutturalis, 242. , Helmitherus vermivorus, 36, 239. Heloise’s Hummingbird, 141. Hen, Lesser Prairie, 106. Prairie, 104-106. Sage, 107. Henslow’s Sparrow or Bunting, 191. Hermit Thrush, 35, 36, 212, 282, 283, 286-287. Dwarf, 286. _ Rocky Mountain, 286. Heron, Black-crowned Night, 34, 36, 84. Great Blue, 81-82. Green, 83-84. Little Blue, 83. Louisiana, 83. Reddish, 83. Snowy, 83, White, 82. Wirdemann’s, 81. Yellow-crowned Night, 84. Herring Gull, 27, 31, 33, 55-56. Himantopus mexicants, 90. Histrionicus histrionicus, 73. Hoary Redpoll, 181. Holbeell’s Grebe, 53. Holbeell’s Redpoll, 181. Hooded Merganser, 31, 61. Hooded Oriole, 168. Hooded Warbler, 36, 261. Horned Grebe, 53. Horned Lark, 155, 156. Desert, 156. Pallid, 156. Prairie, 156, 185. Texas, 156. White-throated, 156. Horned Owl, Arctic, 122. Great, 122. Western, 122. House Sparrow, European, 34, 184. House Wren, 35, 36, 271, 272-278, 274. Western, 272, 273. ‘Hndsonian Chickadee, 278. Hudsonian Curlew, 98. Hudsonian Godwit, 94-95. Hummingbird, 15, 36, 140-141. Black-chinned, 141. Broad-tailed, 141. Buff-bellied, 141. Heloise’s, 141. Rieffer’s, 141. Ruby-throated, 15, 36, 140-141. Hutchins’s Goose, 27, 78. Hybrid Flicker, 138, 135. Hydrochelidon leucoptera, 58. nigra surinamensis, 58. Ibis, Glossy, 80. Scarlet, 80. White, 80. White-faced Glossy, 80. W 00d, £0. Iceland Gull, 55. Iceland Gyrfalcon, 118. ~ Ieteria virens, 35, 36, 37, 260. virens longicauda, 260-261. Icterus audubonii, 168. pbullocki, 171-172. cucullatus, 168. « galbula, 13, 15, 23, 35, 36, 37, 170-171. spurius, 23, 35, 36, 161, 168-170. Ictinia mississippiensis, 113. Inca Dove, 110. Indigo Bird or Bunting, 23, 35, 36, 218-219. Intermediate Sparrow, 196. TIonornis martinica, 88. Ipswich Sparrow, 188. Ivory-billed Woodpecker, 127-128. Jabiru, 80. Jacana gymnostoma, 102. Jack Snipe, 30, 34, 92. Jaeger, Long-tailed, 55. Parasitic, 55. Pomarine, 55. Jay, Blue, 37, 157. Canada, 158. Green, 157. Pifion or Maximilian’s, 159. W oodhouse’s, 157. Junco aikeni, 203. caniceps, 206. cinereus dorsalis, 206. hyemalis, 32, 34, 35, 198, 203-206. hyemalis oregonus, 206. Junco, 32, 34, 35, 198, 203-206. Gray-headed, 206. Oregon, 206. Red-backed. 206. Slate-colored, 32, 34, 35, 198, 203-206. White-winged, 203. Kontucky Warbler, 35, 36, 257. Killdeer, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 99-101, 111, 294. Kingbird, 35, 37, 142-147, 160. Cassin’s, 148. Couch’s, 148. Gray, 148. 304 Kingbird, Western, 148. Kizg Eider, 73. Kingfisher, Belted, 35, 126-127. Texas (—Cabanis's), 127. : Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 34, 279. Ruby-crowned, 34, 35, 279-281. King Rail, 86. Kirtland’s Warbler, 254. Kite, Mississippi, 113. Swallow-tailed, 112. White-tailed, 113. Kittiwake, 55. Knot, 92. Krider’s Hawk, 115. Labrador Gyrfaleon, 118. Lagopus lagopus, 104. Lanius borealis, 232. ludovicianus, 27, 30, 33, 232-233. ludovicianus excubitorides, 232, 233, Lapland Longspur, 184, 185, 186,264. Large-billed Water Thrush, 34, 257. Lark, Desert Horned,156. Horned, 155, 156, 185. Pallid Horned, 156. Prairie Horned, 156, 185. Shore, 155. Sprague’s, 264. Texas Horned, 156. White-throated Horned, 156. Lark Bunting, 222. Lark Finch, 35, 192. Western, 193. Lark Sparrow, 35, 192. Western, 193. Larus argentatus smithsonianus, 27, 31, 33, 55-56 atricilla, 56. californicus, 56. delawarensis, 56, 111. franklinii, 56-57. glaucus, 55. leucopterus, 55, marinus, 55. * philadelphia, 57. Laughing Gull, 56. Lawrence’s Flycatcher, 149. Lazuli Finch or Bunting, 219. Lead-colored Bush-Tit, 78. Least Bittern, 81. Least Flycatcher, 36, 37, 154-155, Least Sandpiper, 93. Least Tern, 58. Le Conte’s Sparrow, 191-192. Lesser Prairie Hen, 106. Lesser Scaup Duck, 31, 71. Lesser Snow Goose, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74, 75. Lesser Yellow-legs, 34, 95. Leucosticte tephrocotis, 181. Leucasticte, Gray-crowned, 181. Lewis’s Woodpecker, 132. Limosa fedoa, 94. lhemastica, 94-95. Lincoln’s Sparrow, 36, 37, 110, 209-210. Linnet, Pine, 183-184. Red (=Purple Finch). Little Black-iuead or Blue-bill, 31, 71- Little Black Rail, 88. Se eee ee ee — ee ee ee POP ee re Little Blue Heron, 83. _ Little Brown Crane, 85, 111. Little Flycatcher, 154. Little White Egret, 83. Loggerhead Shrike, 27, 30, 33, 232-233. Long-billed Curlew, 97-98. Long-billed Dowitcher, 92. Long-billed Marsh Wren, 274. Long-billed Thrasher, 270. Long-eared Owl, 121. Longspur, Chestnat-collared, 185, 186-187. Lapland, 184, 185, 186, 264. McCown’s, 186, 187. Smith’s, 185-186. Long-tailed Chat, 260-261. Long-taiied Chickadee, 278. Long-tailed Duck, 73. Long-tailed Jaeger, 55. Loon, 35, 54. Black-throated, 54. Red-throated, 54, Lophodytes cucullatus, 31, 61. Louisiana Clapper Rail, 87. Louisiana Egret or Heron, 83. Louisiana Tanager, 222. Louisiana Water Thrush. 34, 257. Loxia curvirostra minor, 180, 181. eurvirostra stricklandi, 180. leucoptera, 181. McCown’s Longspur, 186, 187. MeFarlane’s Gyrfalcon, 118. Maczillivray’s Warbler, 258-259. _ Macrorhamphus griseus, $2. : scolopaceus, 92. Magnolia Warbler, 36, 37, 248-249. Magpie, 26, 157. Black-billed, 26, 157. Mallard, 27, 28, 21, 32, 33, 34, 61-65, 111. Black, 63, 65. Mangrove Cuckoo, 125. Man-o’-War Bird, 60. Marbled Godwit, 94. Marsh Hawk, 34, 111, 113. Marsh Tern, 57. Marsh Wren, Lon g-billed, 24; Short-billed, 274. 305 Martin, Purple, 14, 16, 34, 35, 37, 223-226, 297,299, Maryland Yellow-throat, 35, 36, 92, 259. Western, 259-260. Masked Duck, 74. Massena Quail or Partridge, 103. - Maximilian’s Jay or Nutcracker, 159. Meadowlark, 18, 29, 30, 32, 34, 111, 165-167, 168, 273. Mexican, 167. Western, 165, 167-168, 273. Megascops asio, i21. asio floridanus, 122. asio mecalli, 122. Melanerpes anrifrons, 132-133. carolinus, 34, 132. erythrocephalus, 11, 23, 30, 34, 36, 37, 130-132. torquatus, 132. Meleagris gallopavo, 107-108. gallopavo mexicana, 107. Melopelia leucoptera, 110. 7365—Bull. 220 ® Melospiza fasciata, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 207-209. fasciata montana, 209. georgiana, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 206, 208, 210- 211. lincolni, 36, 27, 110, 209-210. palustris (=georgiana). Merganser americanus, 31, 60-61. serrator, 61. Merganser, 31, 60-61. Hooded, 31, 61. Red-breasted, 61. Merlin, Richardson’s, 119. Merula migratoria, 11, 18, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 111, 163, 287-292, 298, 294. migratoria propinqua, 292. Mexican Cormorant, 59. Mexican Crested Flycatcher, 149. Mexican Crossbill, 180. Mexican Goldfinch, 183. Mexican Goshawk, 117. Mexican Jacana, 102. Mexican Meadowlark, 167. Mexican Pitangus, 148. Mexican Sparrow, 207. Mexican Turkey, 107. Micropalama himantopus, 92. Micropus melanoleucus, 140. Milvulus forficatus, 142. tyrannus, 142. Mimus polyglottos, 35, 37, 265-266. Mississippi Kite, 113. Mniotilta varia, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. Mockingbird, 35, 37, 265-266. Molothrus eneus, 162. ater, 15, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 161. ater obscurus, 161, 162. Morellet’s Seed-eater, 220. Mountain Plover, 101. Mountain Song Sparrow, 209. Mourning Dove, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. Mourning Warbler, 37, 258. Murrelet, Ancient, 54. Myadestes townsendii, 206, 282. Mycteria americana, 80. Myiarchus cinerascens, 149. crinitus, 36, 148-149. lawrenceii, 149. mexicanus, 149. Myiozetetes texensis, 148. Myrtle Warbler, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. Nashville Warbler, 36, 37, 241-242. Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 192. Nighthawk, 15, 36, 37, 137-138. Texas, 139. Western, 138. Night Heron. Black-crowned, 34, 36, 84. Yellow-crowned, 84. Noddy Tern, 58. Nomonyx dominicus, 74. Nonpareil, 161, 219-220. Northern Hairy Woodpecker, 128. Northern Phalarope, 89. Northern Sharp-tailed Grouse, 106. Northern Shrike, Great, 232. Northern Waxwing, 26, 231. Numenius borealis, 98. Numenius hudsonicus, 98. longirostris, 97-98. Nutcracker, Clarke’s, 159. Maximilian’s, 159. Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 276. Pygmy, 276. Red-bellied, 36, 276. Slender-billed, 276. White-bellied, 48, 276. Nyctala acadica, 121. tengmalmi richardsoni, 121. Nyctea nyctea, 123. Nycticorax nycticorax nevius, 34, 36, 84. violaceus, 84. Nyctidromus albicollis, 137. Oidemia americana, 73. deglandi, 73. perspicillata, 73. Old-squaw, 73. Olive. backed Thrush, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285-286. Olive-sided Flycatcher, 152. Olive Warbler, 244, Olor buccinator, 79. columbianus, 79. Orange-crowned Warbler, 36, 242. Orchard Oriole, 23, 35, 36, 161, 168-170. Oregon Junco, 206. Oriole, Audubon’s, 168. Baltimore, 13, 15, 23, 35, 36, 37, 170-171. Bullock’s, 171-172. Hooded, 168. Orchard, 238, 35, 36, 161, 168-170. Ornithion imberbe, 155. Oroscoptes montanus, 265. Ortalis vetula maccalli, 108. Osprey, 120-121. Otocoris alpestris, 155. alpestris arenicola, 156. alpestris giraudi, 156. alpestris lencolzma, 156. alpestris praticola, 156, 185. Ouzel, Water. 264. Oven-bird, 35, 255-256. Owl, Acadian, 121. ™ Arctic Horned, 122. Barn, 121. Barred, 121. Burrowing, 123-124. Ferruginous Pygmy, 124, Florida Barred, 121. Florida Screech, 122. Great Gray, 121. Great Horned, 122. Hawk, 123. Long-eared, 121. Richardson’s, 121. Saw-whet, 121. Screech, 121. Short-eared, 121. Snowy, 123. Texas Screech, 122. Western Horned, 122, Oyster-catcher, 101. Painted Bunting, 161, 219-220. Painted Redstart, 263. Pallid Horned Lark, 156. 306 © Palm Warbler, 35, 36, 254-255. Yellow, 255. Pandion haliztus carolinensis, 120-121. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi, 114. Parasitic Jaeger, 55. Parauque, 137. Parkman’s Wren, 272-273. Paroquet or Parakeet, Carolina, 124. Parrot, Carolina, 124. Thick-billed, 124. Partridge, Chestnut-bellied Scaled, 103. Gambel’s, 103. Massena, 103. Scaled, 102-103. Spruce, 103. Virginia, 102. Parula Warbler, 35, 36, 243, 244. _ Parus atricapillus, 33, 277-278. atricapillus septentrionalis, 278. atricristatus, 277. atricristatus castaneifrons, 277. bicolor, 34, 277. bicolor texensis, 277. carolinensis, 278. hudsonicus, 278. wollweberi, 277. | Passenger Pigeon, 108. | Passer domesticus, 34, 184. montanus, 184. Passerella iliaca, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 211-212. iliaca schistacea, 212. Passerina amecena, 219. ciris, 161, 219-220, cyanea, 23, 35, 36, 218-219. versicolor, 219. Pectoral Sandpiper, 30, 34, 92-93. Pediocetes phasianellus, 106. phasianellus campestris, 106. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 35, 60. fuscus, 60. = Pelican, Brown, 60. White, 35, 60. Peregrine Falcon, 119. Perisoreus canadensis, 158. Petrochelidon Innifrons, 15, 35, 36, 227-228. Peucea xstivalis bachmanii, 207. cassini, 207. mexicana, 207. ruficeps boucardi, 207. ruficeps eremeca, 207. Pewee, 30, 34, 149-151, 175, 206. Western Wood, 152, 153. W 004, 36, 37, 152-153, 154. Phainopepla nitens, 232. Phainopepla, 232. Phalacrocorax dilophus, 34, 35, 37, 59. dilophus floridanus, 59. mexicanus, 59. Phalenoptilus nuttalli, 136-137. nuttalli nitidus, 137. Phalarope, Northern, 89. Red, 89. Wilson’s, 89. Phalaropus lobatus, 89. cricolo7, 89. Philadelphia Vireo, 234, . 4 j a (307 | Prairie Horned Lark, 156, 185. Philohela minor, 90. Phebe, 30,34, 149-151, 175, 206. Black, 152. Say’s, 151. Pheenicopterus ruber, 80. Pica pica hudsonica, 26, 157. Picicorvus columbianus, 159. Picoides arcticus, 129. Pied-billed Grebe, 54. Pigeon, Passenger, 108. Red-billed, 108. Wild, 108. Pigeon Hawk, 119. Pileated Woodpecker, 130. Pine-creeping Warbler, 35, 36, 254. Pine Finch or Linnet, 183-184. Pine Goldfinch, 183-184. Pine Grosbeak, 178-179, 288. Pine Siskin, 183-184. Pine Warbler, 35, 36, 254. Pinicola enucleator, 178-179, 288. Pinnated Grouse, 104-106. Pifion Jay, 159. Pintail, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. Pipilo chlorurus, 215. erythrophthalmus, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 85, 212-214, 215. fuscus mesoleucus, 215, 245. maculatus arcticus, 214-215. Piping Plover, Belted, 101. Pipit, 263-264. Sprague’s, 264. Piranga erythromelas, 36, 37, 222-223. ludoviciana, 222. rubra, 15, 37, 223. Pitangus derbianus, 148. Plectrophenax nivalis, 33, 184-185. Plegadis autumnalis, 80. guarauna, 80. Plover, Belted Piping, 101. Black-bellied, 98-99. Field, 30, 34, 96-97. Golden, 99. Killdeer, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 99-101, 111, 294. Mountain, 101. Semipaimated, 101. Snowy, 101. Upland, 30, 34, 96-97. Wilson’s, 101. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher, 282. Podilymbus podiceps, 54. Polioptila czrulea, 35, 233, 281-282. plumbea, 282. Polyborus cheriway, 120. Pomarine Jaeger, 55. Poocetes gramineus, 30, 31, 34, 187-188. gramineus confinis, 187, 188. Poor-will, 136-137. Frosted, 137. Porzana carolina, 87. jamaicensis, 88. noveboracensis, 30, 34, 88, Prairie Chicken, 104-106. Prairie Falcon, 118. Prairie Hen, 104-106. Lesser, 106. a — Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse, 106. Prairie Warbler, 255. Progne subis, 14, 16, 34, 35, 37, 223-226, 227, 229. Prothonotary Warbler, 35, 238-239. Protonotaria citrea, 35, 238-239. Psaltriparus plumbens, 278. Ptarmigan, Willow, 104. Purple Finch, 28, 30, 33, 34,36, 179-180. Cassin’s, 180. Purple Gallinule, 88. Purple Grackle, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 158, 174-177. Purple Martin, 14, 16, 34, 35, 37, 223-226, 227, 229. Purple Sandpiper, 92. Pygmy Nuthatch, 276. Pygmy Owl, Ferruginous, 124. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus, 155. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, 216. sinuata beckhami, 216. Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona, 216. Quail, 102. Blue, 102. Gambel’s, 103. Massena, 103. Texas, 102, Virginia, 102. Quiscalus macrourus, 77. major, 174, 177. quiscula, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 158, 174-177. quiscula zneus, 174-177. quiscula agleeus, 174. Rail, Black, 88. Carolina, 87. Clapper, 86-87. King, 86. Little Black, 88: Louisiana Clapper, 87. Virginia, 87. Yellow, 30, 34, 88. Rallus elegans, 86. longirostris crepitans, 86-87. longirostris saturatus, 87. virginianus, 87. Raven, 31, 158. White-necked, 158. Recurvirostra americana, 90. Red-backed Junco, 206. Red-backed Sandpiper, 93-94. Red-bellied Nuthatch, 36, 276. Red-bellied Redstart, 263. Red-bellied Woodpecker, 34, 132. Red-billed Pigeon, 208. Redbird, Summer, 15, 37, 223. Red-breasted Merganser, 61. Red-breasted Sheldrake, 61. Red-breasted Snipe, 92. Red-cockaded Woodpecker, 128-129. Red Crossbill, 180, 181. Reddish Egret or Heron, 83. Red-eyed Vireo, 35, 36, 37, 233-234. Red-faced Warbler, 263. Redhead (Duck), 31, 32, 70. Red-headed Woodpecker, 11, 23, 30, 34, 36, 37, 130- 132. Red-naped Sapsucker, 130, 206. | Red-necked Grebe, 53. 308 Red Phalarope, 89. Redpoli, Common, 181, Greater, 182. Hoary, 181. Holbell’s, 181. / Red-poll Warbler, 35, 36, 254-255. Red-shafted Flicker, 133, 134-135. Red-shouldered Blackbird, 27, 28, 35, 37, 111, 161, 163-165. Red-shoulcered Hawk, 26, 27, 115-116. Redstart, 35, 36, 37, 262-263. Painted, 263. Red-bellied, 263. Red-tailed Hawk, 26, 27, 33, 111, 114-115. Western, 115. Red-throated Diver or Loon, 54. Red Warbler, 263. Red-winged Blackbird, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 38, 34, 35, 37, 111, 161, 163-165. Regulus calendula, 34, 35, 279-281. satrapa, 34, 279. Rhynchophanes mccownii, 186, 187. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 124. Richardson’s Falcon or Merlin, 119. Richardson’s Owl, 121. Rieffer’s Hummingbird, 141. Ring-billed Gull, 56,111. Ring-necked Duck, 71-72. Ring-necked Plover, 101. Rissa tridactyla, 55. Road-runner, 124-125. Robin, 11, 18, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 111, 163, 287-292, 293, 294. Western, 292. Robin Snipe, 92. Rock Sparrow, 207. Rock Wren, 270. Rocky Mountain Bluebird, 294-295. Rocky Mountain Hermit Thrush, 286. Roseate Spoonbill, 80. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 23, 35, 36, 37, 216-217. Rough-legged Hawk or Buzzard, 117. Ferruginous, 117. : Rough-winged Swallow, 35, 230-231. Royal Tern, 57. Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 34, 35, 279-281. Ruby-throated Hummingbird, 15, 36, 140-141. Ruddy Duck, 29, 33, 74. Ruffed Grouse, 103. Canadian, 103. Gray, 104. Rusty Blackbird, 29, 30, 38, 34, 172-173. Rusty Grackle, 29, 30, 33, 34, 172-173. Rynchops nigra, 58. Sabine’s Guill, 57. Sage Cock or Hen, 107. Sage Sparrow, 206. Sage Trasher, 265. Saint Domingo Grebe, 53. Salpinctes obsoletus, 270. Sanderling, 94. Sandhill Crane, 29,85. Sandpiper, Bartramian, 30, 34, 96-97. Baird’s, 93. Buff-breasted, 97. Least, 93. 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, A | Sandpiper, Pectoral, 30, 34, 92-93. Purple, 92. Red-backed, 93-94. Semipalmated, 94. Spotted, 97. Solitary, 36, 37, 95-96. Stilt, 92. Western, 94. White-rumped, 93. Sapsucker, Black-breasted, 130. Red-naped, 130, 206. Williamson’s, 130. Yellow-bellied, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. Savanna Sparrow, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 188-189. Western, 188, 189. Saw-whet Ow], 121. Say’s Pheebe, 151. Sayornis pheebe, 30, 34, 149-151, 175, 206. nigricans, 152. saya, 151. Scaled Partridge, 102. Scardafella inca, 110. Scarlet Ibis, 80. Scarlet Tanager, 36, 37, 222-223. Seaup Duck, 31, 71. Lesser or Little, 31, 71. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, 142. . Scolecophagus carolinus, 29, 30, 33, 34, 172-173. cyanocephalus, 111, 172, 173-174, 176. Scoter, 73. American, 73. Surf, 73. White-winged, 73. Scotiaptex (=Ulula) cinerea, 121. Screech Owl, 121 Florida, 122. Texas, 122. Seaside Sparrow or Finch, 192. Seed-eater, Morellet’s, 220. Seiurus aurocapillus, 35, 255-256. motacilla, 34, 257. noveboracensis, 35, 36, 37, 256. noveboracensis notabilis, 256-257. Semipalmated Plover, 101. Semipalmated Sandpiper, 94. Sennett’s Warbler, 244. Setophaga miniata, 263. picta, 263. ruticilla, 35, 36, 37, 262-263. Sharp-shinned Hawk, 114. Sharp-tailed Finch or Sparrow, 192. Nelson’s, 192. Sharp-tailed Grouse, 106. Northern, 106. Prairie, 106. Sheldrake, 31, 60-61. Red-breasted, 61. Shore Lark, 155. Short-billed Marsh Wren, 274. Short-eared Owl, 121. Shoveller, 31, 36, 68. Shrike, Great Northern, 232. Loggerhead, 27, 30, 33, 232-233. White-rumped, 232-233. Sialia arctica, 292, 294-295. mexicana, 294, 295. 309 — Sialia sialis, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 292-294, 295. Sickle-billed curlew, 97. Sitta canadensis, 36, 276. carolinensis, 48, 276. carolinensis aculeata, 276. pusilla, 276. pygmea, 276. Siskin, Pine, 183-184. Skimmer, Black, 58. Slate-colored Snowbird or Junco, 32, 34, 35, 198,203- — 206. Slate-colored Sparrow, 212. Slender-billed Nuthatch, 276. Small-biilled Water-Thrush, 35, 36, 37, 256. Smith’s Longspur, 185-186. Snake Bird, 59. Snipe, Jack, 30, 34. 92-93. Red-breasted, 92. Robin, 22, Wilson's, 11, 29, 30, 34, 35, 90-92. Snowbird, Slate-colored (=Junco). Snow Bunting, 33, 184-185. Snowflake, 33, 184-185. Snow Goose, Greater, 75. Lesser, 27, 29, 33, 35, 74-75. Snowy Heron, 83. Snowy Owl, 123. Snow Plover, 101. Solitaire, Townsend’s 206, 282. Solitary Sandpiper, 36, 37, 95-96. Solitary Tattler, 36,37, 95-96. Solitary Vireo, 235-236. Somateria dresseri, 73. spectabilis, 73. Song Sparrow, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 207-209. Mountain, 209. Sooty Tein, 58. Sora, 87. Southern Hairy Woodpecker, 128. Sparrow, Bachman’s, 207. Baird’s, 189-190. Black-chinned, 203. Black-throated, 206. Boucard’s, 207. Brewer's, 201-202. Cassin’s, 207. Chadbourne’s, 202-203. Chipping, 30, 34, 35, 200, 233. Clay-colored, 201. English, 34, 184. European House, 34, 184. European Tree, 184. Field, 28, 30, 33, 34, 202. Fox, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 211-212, Golden-crowned, 196. Grasshopper, 36, 190. Harris’s, 27, 32, 193-195. Henslow’s, 191. Intermediate, 196. Ipswich, 188. Lark, 35, 192-193. Le Conte’s, 191-192. Lincoln’s, 36, 37, 110, 209-210. Mexican, 207. - | Sparrow, Mountain Song, 209. Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, 192. Rock, 207. Sage, 206. Savanna, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 188-189. Seaside, 192. Sharp-tailed, 192. Slate-colored, 212. Song, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 207-209. Swamp, 28, 30,,33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 206, 208, 210-211. Texas, 212. Tree, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 182, 198-199. Vesper, 30, 31, 34, 187-188. Western Chipping, 200-203, 233. Western Grasshopper, 191. Western Lark, 193. Western Savanna, 188, 189. Western Tree, 199-200. Western Vesper, 187, 188. White-crowned, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 195-196. White-throated, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 196-198. Yellow-winged, 36, 190. Sparrow Hawk, 29, 33, 34, 111, 119-120. Spatula clypeata, 31, 36, 68. Speotyto cunicularia hypogea, 123. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, 130. varius, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. varius nuchalis, 130, 206. Spinus pinus, 183-184. psaltria, 183. psaltria arizone, 183. psaltria mexicanus, 183. tristis, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. Spiza americana, 35, 36, 37, 220-221. Spizella arenacea, 202-203. atrigularis, 203. breweri, 201-202. monticola, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 182, 198-199. monticola ochracea, 199-200. pallida, 201. pusilla, 28, 30, 33, 34, 202. socialis, 30, 34, 35, 200, 233. socialis arizone, 200-201, 233. Spoon-bill, Roseate, 80. Spoon-billed Duck, 31, 36, 68. Sporophila morelleti, 220. Spetted Sandpiper, 97. Sprague’s Lark or Pipit, 264. Sprague’s Titlark, 264. Sprig-tail, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 68-69. Spruce Partridge or Grouse, 103. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 35, 230-231. Stephens’s Vireo, 206, 237. Stercorarius longicaudus, 55. parasiticus, 55. pomarinus, 55. Sterna antillarum, 58. forsteri, 57. fuliginosa, 58. hirundo, 58. maxima, 57. gandvicensis acuflavida, 57. tschegraya, 57, 310 Stilt, Black-necked, 90. Texas Guan, 108. Stilt Sandpiper, 92. Texas Horned Lark, 156. Strix pratincola, 121. Texas Kingfisher, 127. Sturnella magna, 18, 29, 30, 32, 34, 111, 165-167, 168, | Texas Nighthawk, 139. 273. Texas Screech Owl, 122. magna neglecta, 165, 167-168, 273. Texas Sparrow, 212. magna mexicana, 167. Texas Tufted Titmouse, 277. Sula bassana, 59. Texas Woodpecker, 129. sula, 58. Thick-billed Parrot, 124. Summer Duck, 69. Thistle Bird, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. Summer Redbird, 15, 37, 223. Thrasaétus harpyia, 118. Summer Tanager, 15. 37, 223. Thrasher, Brown, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 146, 147, 268-270. Summer Yellowbird, 35, 36, 244-246. Curved-billed, 270. Surf Scoter, 73. Long-billed, 270. Surnia ulula caparoch, 123. Sage, 265. Swainson’s Hawk, 116. Three-toed Woodpecker, Arctic, 129. Swainson’s Thrush, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285-286. Thrush, Alice’s, 37, 285. Swainson’s Warbler, 239. Brown, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 146, 147, 268, 269-270. Swallow, Bank, 36, 230, 231. Dwarf Hermit, 286. Barn, 36, 37, 227, 228-229. Golden-crowned, 35, 255-256. Cliff, 15, 35, 36, 227-228. Gray-cheeked, 37, 285. 3 Rough-win ed. 35, 230-231. Grinnell’s Water, 256-257. Tree, 34, 227, 229-230. Hermit, 35, 36, 212, 282, 283, 286-287. Violet-green, 230. Large-billed Water, 34, 257. White-bellied, 34, 227, 229-230. Louisiana Water, 34, 257. Swallow-tailed Kite, 112. Olive- backed, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285. Swamp Sparrow, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 206, 208, Rocky Mountain Hermit, 286. 210-211. Small-billed Water, 35, 36, 37, 256. Swan, Trumpeter, 79. Swainson’s, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285-286. Whistling, 79. Swift, Chimney, 35, 36, 139-140. White-throated, 140. Sycamore Warbler, 35, 252-253. Sylvania canadensis, 37, 241, 262. mitrata, 36, 261. pusilla, 36, 37, 245, 261-262. Symphemia semipalmata inornata, 96. Synthliboramphus antiquus, 54-55. Syrnium nebulosum, 121. nebulosum alleni, 121. Tachycineta bicolor, 34, 227, 229-230. thalassina, 230. Tanager, Louisiana, 222. Scarlet, 36, 37, 222-223. Summer, 15, 37, 223. Texes Tufted, 277. Tantalus loculator, 80. Tufted, 34, 277. Water, 35, 36, 37, 256. Tattler, Solitary, 36, 37, 95-96. Yellow-headed, 278-279. Willow, 284. Wilson’s, 36, 37, 283, 284. Wood, 35, 36, 37, 282-284. Thryothorus bewickii, 30, 32, 34, 271, 272.” bewickii bairdi, 271-272. ludovicianus, 34, 27i. ludovicianus berlandieri, 271. Titlark, 263-264. Sprague’s, 264. Titmouse, Black-capped, 33, 277-278. Black-crested, 277. Bridled, 277. Chestnut-fronted,.277. Lead-colored Bush, 278, 279. Teal, Blue-winged, 30, 34, 66-67. Totanus flavipes, 34, 95. Cinnamon, 67-68. melanoleucus, 95. Green-winged, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66. solitarius, 36, 37, 95-96. Tennessee Warbler, 36, 37, 243. Towhee, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 212-214, 215. Tern, Black, 58. * Arctic, 214-215. Cabot’s, 57. Caiion, 215, 245. Caspian, 57. Green-tailed, 215. Common, 58. Townsend’s Solitaire, 206, 282. Forster’s, 57. Townsend’s Warbler, 254. Gull-billed, 57. Traill’s Flycatcher, 36, 37, 154. ’ Least, 58. Tree-duck, Black-bellied, 78-79. Marsh, 57. Fulvous, 79. s Noddy, 58. Tree Sparrow, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 182, 198-199. Royal, 57. European, 184. Sooty, 58. Western, 199-200. White-winged Black, 58: Texas Bewick’s Wren, 271-272. Texas Bob-white or Quail, 102. Texas Cardinal, 216. Tree Swallow, 34, 227, 229-230. Tringa alpina pacifica, 93-94. bairdii, 93. canutus, 92. ks Tringa fuscicollis, 93. maculata, 30, 34, 92-93. maritima, 92. minutilla, 93. Trochilus alexandri, 141. colubris, 15, 36, 140-141. heloisa, 141. platycercus, 141. Troglodytes aedon, 35, 36, 271, 272-973, 274. aedon parkmanii, 272, 273. hiemalis, 34, 35, 272, 273-274. Trogon ambiguus, 126. Trogon, Coppery tailed, 126. Trumpeter Swan, 79. Tryngites subruficollis, 97, Tufted Titmouse, 34, 277. Texas, 277. Turdus aliciz. 37, 285. aonalaschke, 286. aonalaschke auduboni, 286. aonalaschke pallasii, 35, 36, 212, 282, 283, 286- 287. fuscescens, 36, 37, 283, 284. - fuscescens salicicolus, 284. mustelinus, 35, 36, 37, 282-284. ustnlatus swainsonii, 35, 36, 37, 282, 283, 285- 2286. Turkey, Mexican, 107. Wild, 107-108. Turkey Buzzard or Vulture, 29, 33, 110, 175. Turnstone, 101. Tympanuchus americanus, 104-106. pallidicinctus, 106. Tyrannus dominicensis, 148. melancholicus couchi, 148. tyrannus, 35, 37, 142-147, 160. verticalis, 148. vociferans, 148. Ulula (Scotiaptex) cinerea, 121. Upland Plover, 30, 34, 96-97. Urinator arcticus, 54. imber, 35, 54. lumme, 54. Varied Bunting, 219. Verdin, 278-279. Vermilion Flycatcher, 155. Vesper Sparrow, 30, 34, 187-188. Western, 187, 188. Violet-green Swallow, 230. Vireo atricapillus, 236. bellii, 35, 36, 37, 161, 233, 237. flavifrons, 35, 235. flavoviridis, 234. gilvus, 35, 36, 37, 234. huttoni stephensi, 206, 237. noveboracensis, 35, 36, 236-237. olivaceus, 35, 36, 37, 233-234, solitarius, 36, 37, 235-236. swainsoni, 234, philadelphicus, 234. vicinior, 237. Vireo, Bell’s, 35, 36, 37, 161, 233, 237. Black-capped, 236. Blue-headed, 36, 37, 235-236. Gray, 237. Philadelphia, 234, dll Vireo, Red-eyed, 35, 36, 37, 233-234. Solitary, 36, 37, 235-236. Stephens’s, 206, 237. Warbling, 35, 36, 37, 234. Western Warbling, 234. White-eyed, 35, 36, 236-237. Yellow-green, 234. Yellow-throated, 35, 235. Virginia Partridge or Quail, 102. Virginia Rail, 87. Vulture, Black, 112. Turkey, 29, 33, 110-112, 175. Warbler, Audubon’s, 248. Bachman’s, 239-240. Bay-breasted, 34, 37, 250-251. Bell’s, 263. Black and White, 35, 36, 237-238, 245. Black and Yellow, 36, 37, 248-249. Blackburnian, 37, 252. Black-capped Flycatching, 36, 37, 245, 261-262, Black-capped Yellow, 36, 37, 245, 261-262. Black-poll, 36, 37, 251-252, 258. Black-throated Blue, 246. Black-throated Green, 35, 36, 37, 246, 247, 248 253. Blue-winged Yellow, 240. Blue Yellow-backed, 35, 36, 243-244. Brasher’s 263. Calaveras, 242. Canadian, 37, 241, 262. Canadian Flycatching, 37, 241, 262. Cape May, 244. Cerulean, 35, 36, 249. Chestnut-sided, 36, 37, 249-250. Connecticut, 37, 258. Golden, 35, 36, 244-246. Golden-cheeked, 253. Golden-winged, 36, 240-241. Hooded, 36,261. _ Kentucky, 35, 36, 257, Kirtland’s, 254. Maegillivray’s, 258-259. Magnolia, 36, 37, 248-249. Maryland Yellow-throat, 35, 36, 92, 259. Mourning, 37, 258. Myrtle, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. Nashville, 36, 37, 241-242. Olive, 244. Orange-crowned, 36, 242. Palm, 35, 36, 254-255. Parula, 35, 36, 243-244. Pine, 35, 36, 254. Pine-creeping, 35, 36, 254. Prairie, 255. Prothonotary, 35, 238-239. Red, 263. Red-faced, 263. Red-poll, 35, 36, 254-255. Sennett’s, 244. Swainson’s, 239. Sycamore, 35, 252-253. Tennessee, 36, 37, 243. Townsend’s, 254. Western Maryland Yellow-throat, 259-260. Wilson’s, 36, 37, 261-262. White-browed Yellow-throated, 35, 252-253. ? 312 Warbler, Worm-eating, 36, 239. Yellow, 35, 36, 244-246. Yellow Palm, 255. Yellow Red-poll, 255. Yellow-rumped, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. Yellow-throated, 252. Warbling Vireo, 35, 36, 37, 234. Western, 234. Water Ouzel, 264. Water-thrush, 35, 36, 37,256. Grinnell’s, 256-257. Large-bilied, 34, 257. Louisiana, 34, 257. Small-billed, 35, 36, 37, 256. Waxwing, Bohemian, 26, 231. Cedar, 26, 231-232. Northern, 231. Western Bluebird, 294-295. Western Bobolink, 160. Western Chipping Sparrow, 200-201, 233, Western Grass Finch, 187-188. Western Grebe, 53. Western Goshawk, 114. Western Grasshopper Sparrow, 191. Western Horned Owl, 122. Western House Wren, 272, 273. Western Kingbird, 148. Western Lark Finch, 193. Western Maryland Yellow-throat, 259-260. Western Meadowlark, 165, 167-168, 273. Western Nighthawk, 138. Western Red-tailed Hawk, 115. Western Robin, 292. Western Sandpiper, 94. Western Savanna Sparrow, 188, 189. Western Tree Sparrow, 199-200. Western Vesper Sparrow, 187-188. Western Warbling Vireo, 234. Western Willet, 96. : Western Wood Pewee, 152, 153. Whip-poor-will, 25, 135-136, 146, 147. Whistler (Duck), 31,72. Whistling Swan, 79. White-bellied Nuthatch, 48, 276. White-bellied Swallow, 34, 227, 229-230. White-browed Yellow-throated Warbler, 35, 252- 258. White-crowned Sparrow, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 195-196. White-eyed Vireo, 35, 36, 236-237. White-faced Glossy Ibis, 80. White-fronted Dove, 110. W hite-fronted Goose, 75. White Heron, 82. White Ibis, 80. White-necked Raven, 158. White Pelican, 60. White-rumped Sandpiper, 93. White-rumped Shrike, 232, 233. White-tailed Hawk, 116. White-tailed Kite, 113. White-throated Horned Lark, 156. White-throated Sparrow, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 196-198. White-throated Swift, 140. White-throated Wren, 270. White-winged Black Tern, 58. . White-winged Crossbill, 181. White-winged Dove, 110. White-winged Junco, 203. White-winged Scoter, 73. Whooping Crane, 84-85. Widgeon, 31, 34, 66. Wild Pigeon, 108. Wild Turkey, 107. Mexican, 107-108. Willet, 96. Western. 96. Williamson’s Woodpecker or Sapsucker, 130. Willow Grouse or Ptarmigan, 104. Willow Thrush, 284. Wilson’s Phalarope, 89. Wilson’s Plover, 101. Wilson’s Snipe, 11, 29, 30, 34, 35, 90-92. Wilson’s Thrush, 36, 37, 283, 284. _ Wilson’s Flycatching Warbler, 36, 37, 245, 261- 262. Winter Wren, 34, 35, 272, 273-274. Woodcock, 90. Wood Duck, 69-70. Woodhouse’s Jay, 157. Wood Ibis, 80. Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed, 129. Black-breasted, 130. Downy, 128. Gairdner’s, 128. Golden-fronted, 132-133. Golden-winged, 15, 29, 30, 34, 111, 133-134, 135. Hairy, 128. Harris’s, 128. Ivory-billed, 127-128. Lewis’s, 132. Northern Hairy, 128. Pileated, 130. Red-bellied, 34, 132. Red-cockaded, 128. Red-heaéed, 11, 23, 30, 34, 36, 37, 130-132. Red-naped, 130, 206. Southern Hairy, 128. Texas, 129. Williamson’s, 130. Yellow-bellied, 34, 35, 37, 129--130. Wood Pewee, 36, 37, 152-153, 154. Western, 152, 153. Wood Thrush, 35, 36, 37, 282-284. Worm-eating Warbler, 36, 239. Wren, Baird’s, 271-272. Bewick’s, 30, 32, 34, 271, 272. Berlandier’s, 271. Cactus, 270. Caiion, 270-271. Carolina, 34, 271. House, 35, 36, 271, 272-2738, 274. Long-billed Marsh, 274. Parkman’s, 272, 273. Rock, 270. Short-billed Marsh, 274. Texas Bewick’s, 271-272. Western House, 272, 273. White-throated, 270. Winter, 34, 35, 272, 273-274. Wright’s Flycatcher, 155. _.- — ~~ s le ie -. -- 2 ore: oa —_ * 313 Wiurdemann’s Heron, 81. Yellow Rail, 30, 34, 88. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 162-163. Yellow Red-poll Warbler, 255. Xanthoura luxuosa, 157. Yellow-rumped Warbler, 23, 35, 36, 37, 246-248. Xema sabinii, 57. Yellow-shafted Flicker, 29, 34, 133-134, 135. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 36, 153. Yellow-throat, Maryland, 35, 36, 92, 259. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. Yellow-throated Vireo, 35, 235 Yeilow-bellied Woodpecker, 34, 35, 37, 129-130. Yellow-throated Warbler, 252. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 36, 125-126. White-browed, 35, 252-253. Yellowbird, 28, 33, 35, 36, 182-183, 245. Yellow Warbler, 35, 36, 244-246. Summer, 35, 36, 244-246. Yellow-winged Sparrow, 36, 190. Yellow-breasted Chat, 35, 36, 37, 260. Zenaidura macroura, 31, 34, 35, 37, 109-110. Yellow-crowned Night Heron, 84. Zone-tailed Hawk, 116. Yellow-green Vireo, 234. Zonotrichia albicollis, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34,35, 36, 37, Yellow-headed Blackbird, 162-163. 196-198. Yellow-headed Tit, 278-279. coronata, 196. Yellow-legs, 34, 95. intermedia, 196. Greater, 95. leucophrys, 23, 28, 30, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 195- Lesser, 34, 95. 196. Yellow Palm Warbler, 255. querula, 27, 32, 193-195. © 7365 Bull 2——21 agit Pee ey re Pa ion nes, JpMonarr send pp oe Iland ek MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, Showing He 1 Hira Sige Nea 7 ‘case pa Pm lh : 13 >! F mea me were or ; < “J g * oe F PER AEEN, OP re ye re De d . = y > iit