TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. LETTER OP TRANSMITTAL PART I. THE FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. THE FORESTS OP NORTH AMERICA — GENERAL REMARKS 3-16 TUB ATLANTIC REGION 3-6 THE PACIFIC REGION 6-10 DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA 10-12 DISTRIBUTION OP SPECIES 1-2-16 A CATALOGUE OF THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO, WITH REMARKS UPON THEIR SYHONOMY, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUES, AND USES 17-219 INDEX TO CATALOGUE 220-243 PART II. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. PRELIMINARY REMARKS '- 247 SPECIFIC OKA ITY AND ASH 248-251 Fl'KL VALUE 251,252 THE STRENGTH OF WOOD COMPARATIVE VALUES TABLE OP RELATIVE VALUES 253-255 TABLE OP AVERAGES 256-259 TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD OF CERTAIN SPECIES 259-264 GENERAL REMARKS 264,265 TANNIN VALUES 265 TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT OP DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 266-349 TABLE II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OP SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES 350-353 TABLE III. — BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN 354-415 TABLE IV,— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE 414-117 TABLE V. — BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION 416-481 PART III. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. GENERAL REMARKS THE LUMBER INDUSTRY f 485-489 FUEL 489 WOOD USED AS FUEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES 489 ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES CONSUMPTION OP CHARCOAL FOREST PIRES 491-493 TABLE OF FOREST PIRES OCCURRING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR '. 491,492 NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION 494-510 MAINE 494-496 NEW HAMPSHIRE 496-498 VERMONT '... 498-500 MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT 500,501 NEW YORK 501 506 NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA 506-510 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION .................................................................................................. 511-523 LA WARE .............................................................................................................. 511 KYLAND .............................................................................................................. 511 DISTRICT or COLOMBIA .................................................................................................. 511 VIRGINIA ................................................................................................................ 511,512 :ST VIRGINIA ......................................................................................................... 512-515 NORTH CAROLINA ........................................................................................................ 515-518 Naval stores ........................................................................................................ 516,517 SOUTH CAROLINA ........................................................................................................ 518,519 I Burning oft' dead herbage ............................................................................................ 518 BORGIA: ............................................................................................................... SIP.BSO FLORIDA ............... ................................................................................................. 520-523 Pencil cedar ......................................................................................................... 522 Cypress ............................................................................................................. SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION ............................................................................................... 524-546 ALABAMA ..... ... ........................................................................................................ 524-580 The Maritime pine region ................................................................... •• ........................ 525-527 Cypress swamps of the Tensas river .............................................................................. 525-527 The forests of the Chattahoochee in eastern Alabama, mixed forest growth, etc ....... .................................. 527, 598 Forests of the Tennessee valley ...................................................................................... 528,529 General remarks ..................................................................................................... 529 The pine belt of central Alabama ..................................................................................... 529 The pine region of the Coosa ......................................................................................... 529 Kaval stores ......................................................................................................... 529,530 MISSISSIPPI .............................................................................................................. 530-536 The pine forests of southern Mississippi .............................................................................. 531,532 The northeastern counties ............................................................................................ 532-534 Central pine hills .................................................................................................... 534 Western Mississippi ....................... - ........................... -- ............................................. 534, 535 The Yazoo delta .................................. ................................................................... 535,536 LOUISIANA .............................................................................................................. 536-540 Moss ginning ........................................................................................................ 536,537 TEXAS....: .............................................................................................................. 540-543 INDIAN TERRITORY .................................................................................................. ---- 543 ARKANSAS ........................................................................ ........... ............................. 543,544 TENNESSEE .............................................................................................................. 544,545 Eflect of fires upon the forest .. ...................................................................................... 545 KENTUCKY .............................................................................................................. 545,546 Pasturage of woodlands .............................................................................................. 546 NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION ............................................................................................... 547-563 OHIO .................................................................................................................... 547 JNDIANA ..................................................................................................... ........... 547 ILLINOIS ................................................................................................................. 547-550 MICHIGAN ............................................................................................................... 550-554 Forest fires ................................ , ......................................................................... 550,551 Statistics of growing timber .......................................................................................... 551 WISCONSIN .............................................................................................................. 554-558 MINNESOTA .............................................................................................................. 558-560 Forests on Indian reservations ......................... : .............................. . ............................... 559, £60 IOWA .................................................................................................................... 560 MISSOURI ............ .................................................................................................... 560,561 DAKOTA ................................................................................................................. 561,562 NEBRASKA ............................................................................................................... 5C2 KANSAS ............ i. .......................................... ........................................................... 562,563 n:ux DIVISION .......................................................................................................... 564-580 MONTANA ............................................................................................................... ; 564-566 WYOMING ............................................................................................................... 560,567 COLORADO ............................................................................................................... 567,568 NEW MEXICO ............................................................................................................ 508 ARIZONA ................................................................................................................. 568,569 UTAU .................................................................................................................... 569-571 Lake range, west of Utah lake ....................................................................................... 570 San pete Valley rauge .......................................................... 570 Sevier River mountains .................................................... 570 NEVADA ....................... . ................................ r~ 571-573 WASHINGTON ........................................................................................................... 573-576 OREGON ................................................................................................................. 576-578 CALIFORNIA ............................................................................................................. 578-560 Pasturage of mountain forests ................................................ _ 579 5^j ALASKA ............................................................ r DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CENSUS OFFICE. A.. WA-LKKK, Superintendent, Appointed April 1, 1879; resigned November 3, 1881. CH.A.S. "W. SKATON, Superintendent, Appointed November 4, 1881. REPORT ON THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO), •BY CHARLES S. SARGENT, *« ARNOLD PROFESSOR OF ARBORICULTURE IN HARVARD COLLEGE, SPECIAL A.&ENT TENTH CENSUS. WA$«¥ffffirjJ/}Sr: GOVERNM ENT"~T R mtri N G OFFICE. 1884. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CENSUS OFFICE, Washington, D. C., September 1, 1884. Hon. H. M. TELLER, Secretary of the Interior. SIB : I Lave the honor to transmit herewith the Report on the Forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico), •by Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College. This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. W. SEATON, Superintendent of Census. til TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE CHARACTER OK THE FUEL USED IN THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE SETTLED PORTION OF THE COUNTRY 489 MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF WOODLAND WITHIN THE SETTLED AREA BURNED OVER DURING THE CENSUS YEAR 491 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, VERMONT, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT, NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA 495 MAP OF MAINE, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PINE AND SPRUCE FORESTS 496 MAP OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE AND SPRUCE FORESTS 497 MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE AND HEMLOCK FORESTS 506 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN DELAWARE, MARYLAND, WEST VIRGINIA, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, OHIO, KENTUCKY, TENNESSEE, INDIANA, AND ILLINOIS 511 MAP OF WEST VIRGINIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD, SPRUCE, AND PINE FORESTS 512 MAP OF NORTH CAROLINA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 515 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA 518 MAP OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 519 MAP OF GEORGIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 520 MAP OF FLORIDA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 522 MAP OF ALABAMA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 524 MAP OF MISSISSIPPI, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PlNE FORESTS 530 MAP OF LOUISIANA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 536 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN TEXAS 540 MAP OF TEXAS, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE FORESTS 541 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MISSOURI, ARKANSAS, KANSAS, AND INDIAN TERRITORY 543 MAP OF ARKANSAS, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PINE AND HARDWOOD FORESTS 544 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, AND IOWA 550 MAP OF THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINK FORESTS 551 MAP OF THE UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINE FORESTS 551 MAP OF WISCONSIN, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINE FORESTS 554 MAP OF MINNESOTA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HARDWOOD AND PINE FORESTS 558 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN DAKOTA 561 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN NEBRASKA 562 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN MONTANA 564 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN WYOMING 566 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN COLORADO 567 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN NEW MEXICO 568 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN ARIZONA 569 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IK UTAH 570 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN NEVADA 571 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN IDAHO 572 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN WASHINGTON 574 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN OREGON 576 MAP SHOWING DENSITY OF FORESTS IN CALIFORNIA 578 MAP OF A PORTION OF CALIFORNIA, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE REDWOOD FORESTS 580 MAPS CONTAINED IN PORTFOLIO ACCOMPANYING THIS VOLUME. No. 1. — MAP SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE FOREST, PRAIRIE, AND TREELESS REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. No. 2. — MAP SHOWING THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. No. 3. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS FRAX1NUS (THE ASHES) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. No. 4.— MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA CARYA AND UMBELLULARIA (THE HICKORIES AND CALIFORNIA LAUREL). No. 5.— MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS JUGLANS (THE WALNUTS). No. 6. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS QUERCUS (THE OAKS) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. No. 7. — MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA CASTANEA AND CASTANOPSIS (THE CHESTNUTS AND CHINQUAPINS). No. 8. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS PlNUS (THE PlNES) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. No. 9. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA ABIES AND PlCEA (THE FlRS AND SPRUCES) IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLU- SIVE OF MEXICO. No. 10.— MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA AND PINUS LAMBERTIANA. No. 11. — MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA, QUERCUS ALBA, AND QUERCUS DENSIFLORA. No. 12.— MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRAXINUS AMERICANA AND PlNUS PONDEROSA IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OP MEXICO. No. 13.— MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA CHAM^ECYPARIS AND CUPRESSUS IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. No. 14. — MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA TlIUYA, TAXODIUM, AND SEQUOIA IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OP MEXICO. No. 15.— MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PlNUS STKOBUS, PlNUS PALUSTRIS, AND PSEUDOTSUGA DOUGLASII IN NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. No. 16. — MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING THE RELATIVE AVERAGE DENSITY OF EXISTING FORESTS. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. BKOOKLINE, MASSACHUSETTS, July 1, 1883. To THE SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS. SIK: I have the honor to submit the following report upon the nature and condition of the forests of the United States, to which are added statistics of the lumber and other industries directly dependent upon the forest for their support. Mr. Andrew Robeson, of Brookline, Massachusetts, has prepared the maps which accompany this report; he has supervised the entire statistical work of this division and has conducted its correspondence. Mr. Stephen P. Sharpies, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has conducted the various experiments undertaken with the view of determining the value of the different woods produced in the forests of the United States. Mr. C. G. Pringle, of East Charlotte, Vermont, has examined the forests of northern New England and New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia ; and subsequently, as an agent for the American Museum of Natural History, has greatly increased our knowledge of the trees of Arizona and southern California. Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville, Florida, has studied the forests of Georgia and Florida, and subsequently, as an agent of the American Museum of Natural History, has added to our knowledge of the semi-tropical forests of southern Florida. Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama, has explored the forests of the Gulf states. Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has gathered the forest statistics of Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Mr. George W. Letternian, of Allenton, Missouri, has examined the forests extending west of the Lower Mississippi River, and Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, has gathered the forest statistics of that state. Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has studied, during a long and arduous journey, the forests of the northern Eocky Mountain region, and Mr. Robert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, those of the Black hills of Dakota. I take this opportunity to call your attention to the faithful and admirable manner in which my associates have performed the difficult duties to which they were assigned; their zeal and intelligence have made possible the preparation of this report. It is my pleasant duty also to call your attention to the fact that this investigation has been greatly aided from the first by the experience and knowledge of Messrs. G. M. Dawson, John Macoun, and Robert Bell, members of the Geological Survey of Canada; the information in regard to the distribution northward of the trees of the eastern United States is entirely derived from the latter's paper upon the Canadian, forests, published in the Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for the years 1879-'SO. I am under special obligatiou to Dr. George Engelmann, of Saint Louis, Missouri, my companion in a long journey through the forests of the Pacific region, for valuable assistance and advice; his unrivaled knowledge of our oaks, pines, firs, and other trees has been lavishly placed at my disposal. Mr. M. S. Bebb, of Rockford, Illinois, the highest American authority upon the willow, has given me the benefit of his critical advice in the study of this difficult genus. I desire to express to him and to Dr. Laurence Johnson, of New York, who has furnished me with a full series of notes upon the medical properties of the trees of the United States, the deep sense of my obligation. My thanks are also due to Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer of the Tenth Census, for cordial co-operation in the work of this division; to Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the United States army, in command of the arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts, and to Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the testing machine there, for advice and assistance afforded Mr. Sharpies while conducting the experiments upon the strength of woods, as well as to a large number of correspondents in all parts of the United States who have favored me with their cordial co-operation. I am, sir, your obedient servant, CHARLES S. SARGENT, Special Agent. ix THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA. GENERAL BEMAKKS. The North American continent, or that part of it situated north of Mexico, which will alone be considered here, may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to the Eio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, in natural features, composition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topographical formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the-central part of the continent, are united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth degree of latitude. One-half of the species of which this northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conformity with the climatic conditions peculiar to the Atlantic and the Pacific sides of the continent, still possess considerable uniformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions arc also united at the south by a narrow strip of the flora peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain characteristic species of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar features of the eastern and the western slopes of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained here, the Atlantic and the Pacific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess many general features in common. Typical North American species, moreover, peculiar to the forests of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, mingle upon the Black hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of western Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the Eocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. THE ATLANTIC REGION. The forests of the Atlantic region may be considered under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the Northern Pine Belt, the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. 2, portfolio). These natural divisions, although composed in part of species found in other divisions and possessing many general features in common, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of species, making such a separation natural and convenient. The Northern Forest stretches along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north latitude, sweeps to the south of Hudson bay., and then northwestward to within the Arctic circle. This Northern Forest extends southward to the filtieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth degree at the 100th meridian. It occupies 10 degrees of latitude upon the Atlantic sea- board and nearly 20 degrees in its greatest extension north and south along the eastern base of the Eocky mountains. The region occupied by this Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, enjoys a copious rainfall; it is divided by innumerable streams and lakes, and abounds in swampy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low annual mean temperature check the spread of forest growth and reduce the number of arborescent species, of which this forest is composed, to eight ; of these, four cross to the Pacific coast, while the remainder, with a single exception, are replaced west of the continental divide by closely allied forms of the Pacific forest. The white and the black spruces are characteristic trees of this region ; they form an open, stunted forest upon the low divides of the 3 4 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. water sheds, and reach a higher latitude than any other arborescent species of the continent; the valleys and wide bottoms are clothed with broad sheets of poplars, dwarf birches, and willows. The forest of this entire region is scattered, open, stunted, and of no great economic value. It embraces, south of the sixtieth degree of north latitude, the northern extension of the great midcontinental plateau, which will be considered hereafter. South of the Northern Forest the Northern Pine Belt extends from the Atlantic coast to the ninety-sixth meridian of longitude ; east of the Apalachiau Mountain system it extends south over nearly 6 degrees of latitude, with a long, narrow spur following the higher Alleghany ridges for nearly 3 degrees farther south ; west of the Alleghany mountains, in the region of the great lakes, the pine forest is replaced south of the forty- third degree of latitude by the deciduous growth of the Mississippi basin. This second division of the Atlantic forest may be characterized by the white pine (Pinus Strobus}, its most important, if not its most generally-distributed, species. East of the Apalachian system this tree often forms extensive forests upon the gravelly drift plain of the Saint Lawrence basin, or farther south and west appears in isolated groves, often of considerable extent, scattered through the deciduous forest. Forests of black spruce are still an important feature of this region, especially at the north, and within its boundaries the hemlock, the yellow cedar, the basswood, the black and the white ash, the sugar maple, and several species of birch and elm find their northern limits and the center of their most important distribution. The hickories and the oaks, characteristic features of the deciduous forests of all the central portion of the Atlantic region, reach here the northern limits of their distribution, as do the chestnut, the sassafras, the tulip tree, the magnolia, here represented by a single species, the red cedar, the tupelo, the sycamore, the beech, and other important genera. The Southern Maritime Pine Belt extends from the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude along the coast in a narrow belt, varying from one hundred to two hundred miles in width, as far south as cape Malabar and Tampa bay ; it stretches across the Florida peninsula and along the coast of the gulf of Mexico until the alluvial deposits of the Mississippi are encountered; it reappears west of that river in Louisiana, north and south of the Bed river, and here gradually mingles with the deciduous forests of the Mississippi basin in Arkansas and eastern Texas. This belt is well characterized by the almost continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate neighborhood of the coast, by the open forest of the long-leaved pine (P. palu'stris). The live oak, the palmetto, and various species of pine characterize the coast forest of this region; through the river bottoms and along the borders of the shallow ponds, scattered through the pine forest, different gums, water oaks, hickories, and ashes attain noble dimensions. The southern cypress (Taxodium), although extending far beyond the limits of this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, and, next to the long-leaved pine, may be considered the characteristic species of the maritime pin* belt. The Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain occupies, with two unimportant exceptions to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where peculiar geological features have favored the growth of Coniferce, belts of pine, growing gregariously or mixed with oaks and other broad-leaved trees, occur, especially upon some portions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of this whole region are found, however, in the broad-leaved species of which it is largely composed. Oaks, hickories, walnuts, magnolias, and ashes give variety and value to this forest, and here, with the exception of a few species peculiar to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic region attain their greatest development and value. Upon the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the lower lied river, regions of copious rainfall and rich soil, the deciduous forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness. Upon the Alleghany mountains northern and southern species are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude of these mountains ; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their maximum development, enliven the forests of northern pines and hemlocks which clothe the flanks of these mountains or are scattered through forests of other broad leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other parts of the country. The forest of the Bed River valley is hardly less varied. The northern species which the elevation of the Alleghauy mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts are here mingled with plants of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of Carya (the hickories) are nowhere else closely associated. A great variety of the most important oaks grow here side by side ; here is the center of distribution of the North American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain such size and beauty. The osage orange is peculiar to this region; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of American Coniferas, the southern and the yellow pine (Pinus palustris and mitis) here reach their best development. Just outside of this region, upon the " bluff1' formation of the lower Mississippi valley and of western Louisiana, the stately southern magnolia, perhaps the most beautiful of the North American trees, and the beech assume their greatest beauty, and give a peculiar charm to this southern forest. The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to very different climatic conditions from those prevailing in the eastern portion of the continent ; it consists of an elevated plateau which falls away from the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, forming what is known as the Great Plains. This great interior region, on account of its remoteness from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager and uncertain rainfall, sufficient to insure a growth of herbage, but not sufficient to support, outside the narrow bottoms of the infrequent streams, the scantiest GENERAL REMARKS. 5 forests. This treeless plateau extends north to the fifty-second degree of north latitude ; it follows southward the trend of the Eocky mountains far into Mexico, extending eastward at the point of its greatest width, in about latitude 40° 2f ., nearly to the ninety-seventh meridian. This whole region is generally destitute of forest. The narrow bottoms of the large streams are lined, however, with willows, poplars, elms, and hackherries, trees adapted to nourish under such unfavorable conditions. These diminish in size and number with the rainfall, and often disappear entirely from the banks of even the largest .streams toward the western limits of the plateau, south of the forty-fifth degree of latitude. North and east of these central treeless plains a belt of prairie extends from the sixtieth degree of north latitude to southern Texas. The average width east and west of this prairie region, through much of its extent, is not far from 150 miles. Its eastern extension, between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, is much greater, however, here reaching the western shores of lake Michigan, and forming a great recess in the western line of the heavy forest of the Atlantic region with a depth of nearly 000 miles. The transition from the heavy forest of the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region to the treeless plateau is gradual. The change occurs within the prairie region. Here is the strip of debatable ground where a continuous struggle between the forest and the plain takes place. There is here sufficient precipitation of moisture to cause, under normal conditions, a growth of open forest, but so nicely balanced is the struggle that any interference quickly turns the scale. Trees planted within this prairie belt thrive if protected from lire and the encroachment of the tough prairie sod, and so extend the forest line westward ; if the forest which fringes the eastern edge of the prairie is destroyed it does not soon regain possession of the soil, and the prairie is gradually pushed eastward. The eastern line of the plain where arborescent vegetation is confined to the river bottoms, and which divides it from the prairie where trees grow naturally, to some extent, outside of the bottoms, and where they may be made to grow under favorable conditions everywhere, is determined by the rainfall enjoyed by this part of the continent. The extreme eastern point reached by this line is found, upon the fortieth degree of north latitude, near the northern boundary of the state of Kansas. Xorth of the fortieth degree it gradually trends to the west, reaching the eastern base of the Eocky mountains in about latitude 52°. This northwestern trend of the eastern plain line may be ascribed to the comparatively small evaporation which takes place during the shorter summer of the north and to a slight local increase of spring and summer rainfall. South of the fortieth degree the plain line gradually trends to the southwest under the influence of the gulf of Mexico, reaching its extreme western point in Texas upon the one hundredth meridian. Other causes, however, than insufficient rainfall and a nicely balanced struggle between the forest and the plain have prevented the general growth of trees in the prairie region east of the ninety-fifth meridian. The rainfall of this region is sufficient to insure the growth of a heavy forest. The rain falling upon the prairies of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri equals in amount that enjoyed by the Michigan peninsula and the whole region south of lakes Ontario and Erie, while prairies exist within the region of the heaviest forest growth. It is not want of sufficient heat, or of sufficient or equally distributed moisture, which has checked the general spread of forest over these prairies. The soil of which the prairies are composed, as is shown by the fact thai trees planted upon them grow with vigor and rapidity, is not unsuited to tree growth. It is not perhaps improbable that the forests of the Atlantic region once extended continuously as far west at least as the ninety-fifth meridian, although, circumstantial evidence of such a theory does not exist ; and the causes which first led to the destruction of the forests in this region, supposing that they ever existed, cannot with the present knowledge of the subject be even guessed at. It is, however, fair to assume that forests once existed iu a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, and soil, to produce forests, and that their absence under such conditions must be traced to accidental causes. It is not difficult to understand that the forest once destroyed over such a vast area could not easily regain possession of the soil protected by an impenetrable covering of sod and subjected to the annual burnings which have occurred down to the present time; while the force of the wind, unchecked by any forest barrier, over such an area would, even without the aid of fires, have made the spread of forest growth slow and difficult. The assumption that these eastern prairies may have once been covered with forests is strengthened by the fact that since they have been devoted to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms have gradually spread to the uplands. Small prairies situated just within the western, edge of the forest have entirely disappeared within the memory of persons still living ; the oak openings — open forests of large oaks through which the annual fires played without greatly injuring the full-grown trees — once the characteristic feature of these prairies, have disappeared. They are replaced by dense forests of oak, which only require protection from fire to spring into existence. In western Texas, the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grow almost entirely below the surface of the ground, is, now that prairie fires are less common and destructive, spreading over what a few years ago was treeless prairie. The prairies, then, or the eastern portions of them situated iu the region of abundant rainfall, are fast losing their treeless character, and the forest protected from fire is gradually gaining in every direction ; regions which fifty years ago were treeless outside the river bottoms now contain forests covering 10 or even 20 per cent, of their area. These eastern, well-watered prairies must not, however, be confounded with their dry western rim adjoining the plains — the debatable ground between forest and plain — or with the plains themselves. There is now no gradual, constant spread of forest growth upon the plains. They are treeless, on account of insufficient moisture to develop forest growth; and while trees may, perhaps, if planted, survive during a few years 6 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. beyond the western limits of the prairie as here laid down, the permanent establishment of forests there does not seem practicable, and, sooner or later, a period of unusual drought must put an end to all attempts at forest cultivation in a region of such insufficient and uncertain rainfall (Map No. 1, portfolio). It remains to consider the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas. A group of arborescent species of West Indian origin occupies the narrow strip of coast and islands of southern Florida. This belt of semi-tropical vegetation is confined to the immediate neighborhood of the coast and to occasional hummocks or islands of high ground situated in the savannas which cover a great portion of southern Florida, checking, by the nature of the soil and want of drainage, the spread of forest growth across the peninsula. This semi-tropical forest belt reaches cape Malabar on the east and the shores of Tampa bay on the west coast, while some of its representatives extend fully 2 degrees farther north. It is rich in composition ; nearly a quarter of all the arborescent species of the Atlantic forest are found within this insignificant region. The semi-tropical forest, in spite of its variety, is of little economic importance. The species of which it is composed here reach the extreme northern limit of their distribution; they are generally small, stunted, and of comparatively little value. Certain speeies, however, attain respectable proportions; the mahogany, the mastic, the royal palm, the mangrove, the sea-grape, the Jamaica dogwood, the manchineel, and other species here become considerable and important trees. In western and southern Texas the trees of the Mississippi basin, checked by insufficient moisture from farther extension soutli ward outside the river bottoms, are replaced by species of the plateau of northern Mexico. The streams flowing into the gulf of Mexico are still lined, however, east of the one-hundredth meridian, with the species of the Atlantic basin, which thus reach southward to beyond the Rio Grande. The Mexican forest belt of Texas extends from the valley of the Colorado river, near the ninety-eighth meridian, to the Rio Grande. It touches the coast not far from the Nueces river and extends to the eastern base of the mountain ranges west of the Pecos; here the species of which it is composed mingle with those peculiar to the Pacific-Mexican'forest. The forest of this region, like that of all countries of insufficient moisture, is open, stunted, and comparatively of little value. It is characterized by enormous areas covered with chaparral (dense and often impenetrable thickets of thorny shrubs and small trees), by a stunted and occasional arborescent growth upon the hills and plains, and by fringes of heavier timber along the river bottoms. The most valuable and perhaps the most characteristic species of this , whole region, the mesquit, extends to the Pacific coast. With this exception, none of the arborescent species peculiar to this region attain any considerable size or importance, although the forest of small junipers which covers the low limestone hills of the Colorado valley are locally valuable in a country so generally destitute of trees. The region immediately adjoining the Rio Grande abounds in different speciesof Acacia, Leucccna, and other Mexican LegwminotfBj and farther west, upon the dry plains of the Presidio, the Spanish bayonet (Yucca baccata) covers wide areas with a low, open, and characteristic forest growth. THE PACIFIC REGION. The Pacific forest region is coextensive with the great Cordilleran Mountain system of the continent. Thecauses which have influenced the present position and density of these forests must be sought in the peculiar distribution of the rainfall of the region. The precipitation of moisture upou the northwest coast is unequaled by that of any other part of the continent. It gradually decreases with the latitude until, in southern California, the temperature of the land so far exceeds that of the ocean that precipitation is impossible through a large part of the year. The interior of all this great region, shut otf by the high mountain ranges which face the ocean along its entire extent, is very imperfectly supplied with moisture. It is a region of light, uncertain, and unequally distributed rainfall, heavier at the north, as upou the coast, and decreasing gradually with the latitude in nearly the same proportion. This entire region is composed of a mass of mountain ranges with a general north and south trend, separating long and generally narrow valleys. The precipitation of moisture within the interior region is largely regulated by the position of the mountain chains. Warm currents ascending their sides become cold and are forced to deposit the moisture they contain. It follows that, while the interior valleys are rainless or nearly so, the mountain ranges, and especially the high ones, receive during the year a considerable precipitatioii of both rain and snow. If the distribution of the forests of any region is. dependent upon the distribution and amount of moisture it receives, forests exceeding in density those of any other part of the continent would be found upon the northwest coast; they would gradually diminish toward the south, and entirely disappear near the southern boundary of the United States, while the forests of all the interi >r region, from the summit of the principal Coast Ranges to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, woul'-. be confined to the flanks and summits of the mountains. These forests would be heavy upon the high ranges, especially toward the north ; they would disappear entirely from the valleys and low mountain ranges. An examination of the forests of the Pacific region will show that in general distribution and density they actually follow the distribution of the rainfall of the region. These forests well illustrate the influence of moisture upon forest growth. Within the Pacific region the heaviest and the lightest forests of the continent coexist with its heaviest and lightest rainfall. The forests of the Pacific region may be considered under four divisions : the Northern Forest, the Coast Forest, the Interior Forest, and the Mexican Forest (Map No. 2, portfolio). GENERAL REMARKS. 7 The Northern Forest of the Pacific region extends from nearly the seventieth to about the fifty eighth degree of. north latitude, or, immediately upon the coast, is replaced by the Coast Forest nearly 2 degrees farther north; it extends from the continental divide, here mingled with the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, to the shores of the Pacific. The southern limit of this open, scanty Northern Forest, composed of species which extend across the continent, or of species closely allied to those of the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, is still imperfectly known, especially in the interior. The determination of the southern range in Alaska and British Columbia of several species, as well as the northern range here of a few others, must still be left to further exploration. The white spruce, the most important and the most northern species of the forest of the North Atlantic region, is here also the most important species. It attains a considerable size as far north as the sixty-fifth degree, forming, in the valley of the Yukon, forests of no little local importance. The canoe-birch, the balsam poplar, and the aspen, familiar trees of the North Atlantic region, also occur here. The gray pine and the balsam fir of the Atlantic region are replaced by allied forms of the same genera. The larch alone, of the denizens of the extreme Northern Forest of the Atlantic coast, finds no congener here in the northern Pacific forest. The Pacific Coast Forest, the heaviest, although far from the most varied, forest of the continent, extends south along the coast in a narrow strip from the sixtieth to the fiftieth parallel; here it widens, embracing the shores of Puget sound and extending eastward over the high mountain ranges north and south of the boundary of the United States. This interior development of the Coast Forest, following the abundant rainfall of the region, is carried northward over the Gold, Selkirk, and other interior ranges of British Columbia in a narrow spur extending north nearly to the fifty-fourth parallel. It reaches southward along the Coaur d'Alene, Bitter-Koot, and the western ranges of the Rocky Mountain system to about latitude 47° 30', covering northern Washington territory, Idaho, and portions of western Montana. The Coast Forest south of the fiftieth degree of latitude occupies the region between the ocean and the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range; in California the summits of the principal southern prolongation of these mountains, the Sierra Nevada, marks the eastern limits of the Coast Forest, which gradually disappears south of the thirty-fifth parallel, although still carried by the high ridges of the southern Coast Range nearly to the southern boundary of the United States. The Coast Forest, like the forests of the whole Pacific region, is largely composed of a few coniferous species, generally of wide distribution. The absence of broad-leaved trees in the Pacific region is striking; they nowhere form great forests as in the Atlantic region; when they occur they are confined to the valleys of the coast and to the banks of mountain streams, and, economically, are of comparatively little value or importance. The characteristic and most valuable species of the northern Coast Forest are the Alaska cedar (Chamatcyparis), the tide-land spruce, and the hemlock. These form the principal forest growth which covers the ranges and islands of the coast between the sixty-first and the fiftieth parallels. Other species of the Coast Forest reach here the northern limits of their distribution, although the center of their greatest development is found farther south. The red fir (Pseudotsuga), the most important and widely-distributed timber tree of the Pacific region, reaches the coast archipelago in latitude 51° ; farther inland it extends fully 4 degrees farther north, and in the region of Puget sound and through the Coast Forest of Washington territory and Oregon it is the prevailing forest tree. The characteristic forest of the northwest coast, although represented by several species extending south as far aa cape Mendiciuo, near the fortieth parallel, is replaced south of the Rogue River valley by a forest in which forms peculiar to the south rather than to the north gradually predominate. The forest of the northwest coast reaches its greatest density and variety in the narrow region between the summits of the Cascade Range and the ocean. North of the fifty-first parallel it gradually decreases in density, and south of the forty-third parallel it changes in composition and character. This belt of Coast Forest is only surpassed in density by that of some portions of the redwood forest of the California coast. The red fir, the great tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the red cedar (Thuya) reach here enormous dimensions. The wide river bottoms are lined with a heavy growth of maple, cottouwood, ash, and alder, the narrow interior valley with an open growth of oak. In this great coniferous forest the trunks of trees two or three hundred feet in height are often only separated by the space of a few feet. The ground, shaded throughout the year by the impenetrable canopy of the forest, never becomes dry ; it is densely covered by a thick carpet of mosses and ferns, often of enormous size. The more open portions of this forest are choked by an impenetrable growth of various Vacdnece of almost arborescent proportions, of hazel, the vine-maple, and other shrubs. The soil which has produced the maximum growth of forest in this region is, outside the river bottoms, a thin, porous gravel of glacial origin, rarely more than a few inches in depth ; the luxuriance of vegetable growth, therefore, illustrates the influence of a heavy rainfall and temperate climate upon the forest. The general character of this forest in the interior, although composed largely of the species peculiar to the coast, differs somewhat from the Coast Forest proper in composition and largely in natural features. The dense, impenetrable forest of the coast is replaced, east of the summit of the Cascade Range, by a more open growth, generally largely destitute of undergrowth. The red fir, the hemlock, and the red cedar (Thuya) are still important elements of the forest. Less valuable species of the Coast Forest — the white fir (AMcs grandis), the yew, the alders, the mountain hemlock (Tsuga Pattoniana), the hawthorn, the buckthorn, and the white pine (Pinus monticola) — are still represented. The latter, a local species upon the coast, only reaches its greatest development toward the eastern limit of this region, here forming considerable and important forests. Other species peculiar to the Coast Forest, the maples, the ash, the oak, the arbutus, and the Alaska cedar, do not extend east of the Cascades. The tide- 8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. land spruce is replaced by an allied species of the interior region. The widely-distributed yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa ), barely represented in the northern portions of the immediate Coast Forest, becomes east of the mountains one of the most important and characteristic elements of the forest. The Coast Forest south of the forty-third degree of latitude changes in composition. The tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the Thuya are gradually replaced by more southern species. The sugar pine (P. Lambertiana) here first appears. The California laurel (Umbellularia) covers with magnificent growth the broad river bottoms. The Libocedrus, several oaks, and the chinquapin here reach the northern limits of their distribution. The change from the northern to the southern forest is marked by the appearance of the Port Orford cedar (Chamcccyparis Laicsoniana), adding variety and value to the forests of the southern Oregon coast. Farther south, near the northern boundary of California, the redwood forests (Sequoia) appear. The Coast Forest of California will be most conveniently discussed under three subdivisions : the forest of the Coast Eauge, the forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, which, toward the northern boundary of the etate, extends to the coast, covering the mass of mountains which here unite the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Bange ; and, third, the open forest of the long, narrow valleys lying -between the Coast Eange and the Sierra Nevada, south of this northern connection. The important feature of the Coast Eange, as far south as the thirty- seventh degree of latitude, is the belt of redwood occupying an irregular, interrupted strip of territory facing the ocean, and hardly exceeding thirty miles in width at the points of its greatest development. The heaviest growth of the redwood forest occurs north of the bay of San Francisco, and here, along the slopes and bottom of the narrow carious of the western slope of the Coast Eange, the maximum productive capacity of the forest is reached. No other forest of similar extent equals in the amount of material which they contain the groups of redwood scattered along the coast of northern California. The red fir reaches, in the California Coast Eange, a size and value only surpassed in the more northern forests of the coast; the yellow pine is an important tree in the northern portions of this region, and here flourish other species of the genus endemic to this region. The forest of the Coast Eange is marked by the presence within its limits of several species of singularly restricted distribution. Gupressus macrocarpa and Pinus insignis are confined to a few isolated groves upon the shores of the bay of Monterey ; Abies bracteata occupies three or four canons high up in the Santa Lucia mountains; it is found nowhere else ; and Pinus Torreyana, the most local arborescent species of North America, has been detected only in one or two small groups upon the sand-dunes just north of the bay of San Diego. The characteristic forest of the Coast Eange is checked from farther southern development, a little below the thirty-fifth parallel, by insufficient moisture ; the scanty forests which clothe the high declivities of the Coast Eange farther south belong in composition to the Sierra forests. The heavy forest which covers the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, a forest only surpassed in density by the redwood belt of the coast and the fir forest of Puget sound, occupies, in its greatest development, a belt situated between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. This forest belt extends from about the base of mount Shasta at the north to the thirty-fifth parallel ; farther south it diminishes in density and disappears upon the southern ridges of the Coast Eange just north of the southern boundary of California. Its greatest width occurs in northern California, where to the south of mount Shasta the Sierra system is broken down into a broad mass of low ridges and peaks. The characteristic species of this forest is the great sugar pine (P. Lambertiana), which here reaches its greatest development and value, and gives unsurpassed beauty to this mountain forest. With the sugar pine are associated the red fir, the yellow pine, two noble Abies, the Libocedrus; and, toward the central part of the state, the great Sequoia, appearing first in small isolated groups, and then, farther south, near the headwaters of Kern river, in a narrow belt extending more or less continuously for several miles. This heavy forest of the Sierras, unlike the forest which farther north covers the western flanks of the Cascade Eauge, is almost destitute of undergrowth and young trees. It shows the influence of a warm climate and unevenly distributed rainfall upon forest growth. The trees, often remote from one another, have attained an enormous size, but they have grown slowly. Above this belt the Sierra forest stretches upward to the limits of tree growth. It is here subalpine and alpine in character aud of little economic value. Different pines and firs, the mountain hemlock, and the western juniper are scattered in open stretches of forest upon the high ridges of the Sierras. The forest below the belt of heavy growth gradually becomes more open. Individual trees are smaller, while the number of species increases. The small pines of the upper foot-hills are mingled with oaks in considerable variety. These gradually increase in number. Pines are less frequent and finally disappear. The forest of the valleys is composed of oaks, the individuals often widely scattered and of great size, but nowhere forming a continuous, compact growth. The Coast Forest of the Pacific region, unsurpassed in density, is composed of a comparatively small number of species, often attaining enormous size. It presents the same general features throughout its entire extent, except as modified by the climatic conditions of the regions which it covers. The species which compose this forest range through nearly 26 degrees of latitude, or northern species, are replaced in the south by closely allied forms ; and, as in the Atlantic region, the southern species far exceed in number those peculiar to the north. The Interior Forest extends from the southern limits of the northern subarctic forest to the plateau of northern Mexico ; it occupies the entire region between the eastern limits of the Pacific Coast Forest and the extreme western limits of the Atlantic region. The forests of this entire region, as compared with the forests east and west of it, are stunted and remarkable in their poverty of composition. They are confined to the high slopes GENERAL REMARKS. $ arid canons of the numerous mountain ranges composing the interior region, while the valleys are treeless, or, outside of the narrow river bottoms, nearly treeless. The interior forest attains its greatest development and considerable importance upon the western slope of the California Sierras and upon the flanks of the high peaks of the southern Eocky Mountain system, from Colorado, where the timber line reaches an extreme elevation of 13,500 feet, to southern New Mexico and western Arizona. The minimum in North American forest development, outside the absolutely treeless regions, both in the number of species and in the proportion of forest to entire area, is found south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, in the arid region between the "\Yalisatch mountains and the Sierra Nevada, known as the Great Basin. Here the open, stunted forest is confined to the highest ridges and slopes of the infrequent canons of the low mountain ranges which occupy, with a general north and south trend, this entire region. The individuals which compose this forest are small, although oftcu of immense age, and everywhere show the marks of a severe struggle for existence. Seven arborescent species only have been detected in the forests of the northern and central portions of this region. The mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus), the only broad-leaved species of the region, with the exception of the aspen, which throughout the entire interior region borders, above an elevation of 8,000 feet, all mountain streams, reaches here its greatest development. This tree, with the nut pine (Pinus monophylla), characterizes this region. Stunted junipers are scattered over the lowest slopes of the mountains, or farther south often cross the high valleys, and cover with open growth the mesas, as the lower foot-hills are locally known. An open forest of arborescent yuccas (Yucca brevifolia] upon the high Mojave plateau is a characteristic and peculiar feature of the flora of this interior region.- The red fir and the yellow pine, widely distributed throughout the Pacific region, do not occur upon the mountain ranges of the Great Basin. The heavy forests of the interior region, found along the western slopes of the California Sierras and upon the Kocky Mountain system, are, for the most part, situated south of the forty second degree of latitude. The forests of the whole northern interior portion of the continent, outside the region occupied in the northern Eocky mountains by the eastern development of the Coast Forest, feel the influence of insufficient moisture; the number of species of which they are composed is not large; the individuals are often small and stunted, while the forests are open, scattered, without undergrowth, and confined to the canons and high slopes of the mountains. The most generally distributed species of this northern region, a scrub pine (Pinus Murrayana), occupies vast areas, almost to the exclusion of other species, and is gradually taking possession of grotind cleared by fire of more valuable trees. South of the fifty- second parallel the red fir (Pseudotsuga) and the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) appear; with them is associated, in the Blue mountains and in some of the ranges of the northern. Kocky mountains, the western larch (Larix occidentaUs), the largest and mosfe valuable tree of the Columbian basin. The forest covering the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada consists almost exclusively of various species of pine, often of great size and value. The characteristic species of this region are the yellow pine and the closely- allied Pinus Jeffreyi, here reaching its greatest development. The red fir is absent from this forest, while the oaks, multiplied in many forms on the western slopes of these mountains, have here no representative. The forests of the southern Eocky Mountain region, less heavy and less generally distributed than those of the western slope of the Sierras, are, as compared with those of the Great Basin, heavy, dense, and valuable. They owe their existence to the comparatively large precipitation of moisture distributed over this elevated region. The characteristic species of the Colorado mountains is a spruce (Picea Engelmanni) ; it forms, at between 8,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, extensive and valuable forests of considerable density and great beauty; with it are associated a balsam fir of wide northern distribution, and various alpine and subalpiue species of pine; at lower elevations forests of yellow pine and red fir cover the mountain slopes, while the bottoms of the streams are lined with cottonwood, alder, and maple, or with an open growth of the white fir (Abies concolor), a species of the Coast Forest, here reaching the eastern limits of its distribution ; the foot-hills above the treeless plain are covered with scant groves of the nut-pine (Pinus cdidis}, stunted junipers, and a small oak, which in many forms extends through a large area of the southern interior region. A forest similar in general features to that of Colorado, and largely composed of the same species, extends ever the high mountains of New Mexico to those of western Texas and western and northwestern Arizona, where a heavier forest of pine covers the elevated region lying along the thirty-filth parallel, culminating in the high forest-clad San Francisco mountains of northern Arizona. The species of the interior Pacific region mingle along its southern borders with the species peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico. The Pacific-Mexican Forest, although differing widely in natural features from the Atlantic-Mexican Forest, possesses several species peculiar to the two. The forests of this region are confined to the high mountains and their foot-hills, and to the banks of the rare water-courses. They disappear entirely from the Colorado desert and from the valleys and low mountain ranges of southwestern Arizona. The most important and generally distributed species peculiar to the valleys of this region is the uiesquit, the characteristic species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. The suwarrow, however, the great tree cactus, is perhaps the most remarkable species of the region, giving an unusual and striking appearance to the dry mesas of central and southern Arizona. The high mountain ranges, extending across the boundary of the United States, between the one hundred and fifth and the one hundred and eleventh meridians, enjoy a larger and more regularly-distributed rainfall than the regions east, and especially west, of these meridians. The forests which cover these southern mountain ranges are often dense and varied. Upon their summits and almost inaccessible upper slopes the firs and pines of 10 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. the Pacific region are mingled with pines, a juniper, an arbutus, and various other species peculiar to the Mexican plateau. Extensive forests of a cypress of Mexican origin also characterize this mountain vegetation. The bottoms of the canons are lined with a dense growth of cotton wood, hackberry, a noble sycamore, an ash, a cherry, and other deciduous trees. The high foot-hills and wcsas are covered with open groves of various oaks peculiar to the Mexican-Pacific region, here reaching, within the United States at least, their greatest development. Such are some of the prominent forest features of North America; a dense forest, largely composed, except at the north, of a great variety of broad-leaved species, and extending from the Atlantic sea-board in one nearly unbroken -sheet until checked by insufficient moisture from further western development — the forest of the Atlantic region ; a forest of conifers, occupying the ranges of the great Cordilleran mountain system, unsurpassed in density in the humid climate of the coast, open and stunted in the arid interior — the forest of the Pacific region. A more detailed examination of the distribution of North American arborescent genera and species will serve to illustrate the wealth of the forests of the Atlantic and the comparative poverty of those of the Pacific region. It will show, too, more clearly how widely the forests of these two great regions differ in composition. DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA. The forests of North America contain arborescent representatives of 158 genera; 142 genera occur in the Atlantic and 59 genera in the Pacific region. Of the Atlantic genera, 48 are not represented in the United States •outside the semi-tropical region of Florida. The following table illustrates the distribution of these genera; the genera of semi-tropical Florida are designated by a *. Genera represented by arbo- rescent species in the Atlantic region. Genera represented by arbo- rescent species in the Pacific region. Genera represented by arbo- rescent species in the Atlantic region. Genera represented by arbo- rescent species in : the Pacific region. Magnolia . -. T/ Ey senh ardt i a ,/ Liriodendron .'...... V Dalea V V V Robinia ,/ v * Anona v Olneya . ...... V V v j*Piscidia . ..... , / V "Caiiella ,. .... . . ... \/ 1 Cladrastis ,/ "Clusia v/ i Sop bora V -/ Gordouia V Gymnocladus V _/ Fremontia I/ Gleditschia V ,/ Tilia T/ V (/ ,/ "Byrsenima v Cercis •s "Guaiacum •/ Prosopis I/ ,/ Porliera I/ •>/ ^ •>/ •I/ Ptelia v I/ T^ysilornft v/ ^ r/ "Simaruba •v/ *Chrysobalanus y "Bnrscra T/ Prunus -,/ ,/ * Amyris !/ -I/ "Swietenia v Cercocarpus •/ *Ximenia . _ . . i v/ ,/ ,/ Ilex V/ +/ ,/ Cyrilla •/ r/ Cliftonia •/ v/ Euonyinus y ,/ 'Myginda i/ ,/ •Sclucfferia •v/ ,/ 'Reynosia •i/ ./ Condalia •/ •/ r/ Rhamnus -i/ ,/ ,/ Ccanoth us ,/ v/ •Colubrina -/ ./ -lEsculus -i/ v/ ,/ T/ Ungnadia i/ I/ ./ Sapindus -,/ v/ ,/ ./ "Hypelate i/ ./ Acer i/ I/ ,/ Negundo i/ ,/ ,/ Rhus •i/ V ,/ V V V GENERAL REMARKS. 11 Gfnora reprenf-ntt'it by arbo- reecc-nt spec-it's in tho Atlantic region. Gem'ia I'epreHeutcd l>y ;1T lin- rescent sj,cci.-s In til.: Pacific region. Genora represented by nrl»o- H'KCCIlt apecicM in tin- Atlantic region. Genera ri'prrttrllU'd ny arbo- IfSC, Ht HJH-CICH 1U the I'acitie region. V Planera -/ -,/ Celtis ..-. ^/ +/ ,/ ,/ T/ I/ I/ v/ I/ T/ -/ T/ ,/ ^/ -I/ ,/ I/ ^ y Myrica .. -I/ v/ I/ */ ,/ I/ v/ I/ I/ •/ ^/ ,/ T/ I/ •^ ,/ •/ Bctula ,/ V/ T/ ,/ v/ y v/ Sails T/ T/ T/ ,/ ,/ I/ ,/ .,/ Thuya * -,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ v/ "Ehretia ... ^/ ,/ T/ Taxodium ,/ !/ ,/ Sequoia ... v/ ^/ Taxus * --.. •L/ T/ *Ci than1 whim T/ Torreya - T/ ,/ ,/ •./ ,/ !/ v/ ,/ •,/ Tsuga . ... ,/ ,/ •/ Pseudotsuga v/ *Nectandra •/ Abies •/ ,/ ,/ I/ -/ ,/ Sabal .. ,/ I/ AVasbingtonia v/ ,/ *Thrinax ,/ i/ **0reodoxa x/ Ill in us .. V Yucca , . I/ I/ Arborescent species of 43 genera occur within the limits of the two regions. They are : Ptelia. Condalia. Rhammis. .iBsciilus. Ungnadia. Sapiudus. Acer. Negundo. Eysenhardtia. Robinia. Parkinsonia. Prosopis. Acacia. Prunus. Pyrus. Crata3gns. Corn us. Sumbucus. Arbutus. Bumelia. Fraxinns. Chilopsis. Celtis. Morus. Platanus. Juglans. Myrica. Quercus. Betula. Alnus. Salix. ." Populua. Thuya. Chamjecyparis. Juniperus. Taxus. Torreya. Pinus. Picea. Tsuga. Abies. Larix. Yucca. The following genera, 44 in number, of the Atlantic region, exclusive of those of semi-tropical Florida, are not represented in the Pacific forest : Magnolia. Liriodendrou. Asimina. Gordonia. Tilia. Porlicra. Xanthoxylum. Ilex. Cyrilla. Cliftonia. Pistacia. Cladrastis. Sophora. Gymnocladus. Gleditschia. Lencsena. Hamamelis. Liquidambar. Rbizophora. Nyssa. Viburnum. Piuckueya. Andromeda. Oxydendruin. Diospyros. Symplocos. Halesia. Forestiera. Chionautlius. Osniantbus. Cordiu. Catalpa. Persea. Sassafras. Uloius. Plauera. Maclura. Carya. Castanea. Fagus. Ostrya. Carpiuus. Taxodium. Sabal. 12 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. The following genera of the Atlantic region, 9 in number, are represented in the Pacific flora by one or more frutescent, but by no arborescent, species : Euonymus. Ainelanchier. Vaccinum. Rhododendron. Rhus. Viburnum. Kalmia. Forestiera. Cercis. Ptelia, Condalia, Sapindus, Eobinia, Bumelia, Celtis, Morns, and Jitglans, genera reaching their greatest development in North America in the Atlantic region, extend with a single arborescent representative into the Pacific region. Rhamnus, jEsculus, Acer, Nee/undo, Primus, Pyrus, Cratcegus, Gornus, Sambuous, Fraxinus, Platamts Myrica, Qucrcus, Betula, Alnus, Salix, Populus, Thuya, Cltamwcyparis, Juniperus, Taxus, Torrcya, Pinus, Picea, Tsuga, Abies, and Larix, characteristic North American genera, are widely represented. in the two regions. Ungnadia, Eyscnhardtia, ParMnsonia, Prosopis, Acacia, Chilopsis, and Yucca, genera of the Mexican flora, are common to the two regions. Arbutus, a genus of the Pacific region, jiist reaches, with a doubtful species, the Atlantic region through western Texas. The following genera of the Pacific region, 13 in number, have no representatives in the Atlantic region: Fremontia. Cercocarpus. Castanopsis. Sequoia. Canotia. Heterorueles. Libocedrus. Pseudotsnga. Olneya. UnYbellularia. Cupressus. Wasliingtonia. Vauquelinia. The following genera of the Pacific, 3 in number, are represented in the Atlantic region by frutescent species : Ceanothus. Dalea. Cereus. The Atlantic forest, exclusive of semi-tropical Florida, contains 45 genera entirely unrepresented in the Pacific region and 7 genera without Pacific arborescent representatives. The Pacific forest contains 13 genera unrepresented in the Atlantic region and 3 genera without Atlantic arborescent representatives. The following genera of the Mexican region, 14 in number, are not elsewhere represented in North America. Genera with arborescent representatives in both the Atlantic- and Pacific-Mexican regions are designated by a star (*) : Porliera. Pistacia. Olneya. Acacia. "Chilopsis. Canotia. "Eysenliardtia. *Parkiusonia. Vauquelinia. Wasliingtonia. *Ungna3ia. Dalea. Leucama. Cereus. Porliera and Leuccena belong to the Atlantic; Canotia, Dalea, Olneya, Vauquelinia, Cereus, and Wasliingtonia to the Pacific region. DISTEIBUTION OF SPECIES. In the forests of North America 412 arborescent species have been detected; of these, 292 species belong to the Atlantic region, and 153 occur within the limits of the Pacific region. Species common to the two regions are rare; they are principally confined to the subarctic Northern Forest and to the narrow belt along the southern boundary of the United States. The following species, 10 in number, cross the continent: Prosopisjuliflora. Sarnbucus Mexicana. Salix longifolia. Populus balsamifera. Picea alba. Pyrus saiubucifolia. Betula papyrifera. Popnlus tremuloides. Juniperns Virginiaua. Yucca baocata. Prosopis juliflora, Sambucus Mexicana, and Yucca baccata belong to the Mexi-jan flora of the south; Salix lonyifolia also belongs here, although extending northward into the Atlantic and through the Pacific Coast region of the United States. Populus balsamifera, Betula papyrifera, and Picea alba belong to the Northern Forest. Pyrus sambncifolia, Populus tremuloides and Juniperus Virginiana are widely distributed through the central portions of the Atlantic and Pacific regions; they are the only really continental arborescent species. The following species of the Atlantic region, 15 in number, extend from the Atlantic into the Pacific region : Ptelia trifoliata. Negundo aceroidcs. Crataegus tomentosa. Quercns Etnoryi. Coudalia obovata. Parkinsonia aculeata. Fruxinus viridis. Alnus incana. Sapindus marginatus. Prunus Americana. Celtis occidentalis. Salix nigra. Ungnadia speciosa. Prunus Penusylvanica. Morus microphylla. Ptelia trifoliata, a widely distributed species of the Atlantic region, extends through western Texas into the- extreme southeastern portion of the Pacific region. Condalia obovata, Ungnadia speciosa, Parldnsonia aculeata, Morus microphylla, and Qucrcus Emoryi, of the Atlantic-Mexican forest, extend into the Pacific-Mexican region. Sapindus marginatus, of the southern Atlantic region, extends through western Texas to the Pacific-Mexican region. Prunus Americana, Prunus Pennsylvania, and Alnus incana, widely distributed through the northern portions of the Atlantic region, just reach the eastern limits of the central Pacific region. Negundo aceroides, Cratatgus tomentosa, Fraxinus viridis, and Celtis occidentalis are widely distributed through the interior Pacific region, although nowhere reaching the coast. GENERAL REMARKS. 13 The following species of the Pacific region, 8 in number, extend through the Mexican into the Atlantic region : Eysenhardtia orthocarpa. Acacia Greggii. Chilopsis saligua. Juniperus occideutalis. Prosopis pubescens. Fraxinus pistacisefolia. Juglans rnpestris. Juniperus pachyphloea. •Juglans rnpestris and Juniperus occidentalis reach their greatest development in the Pacific Coast region, and extend through the Pacific- Mexican region into western Texas ; no other species are common to the Pacific Coast forest and the Atlantic-Mexican region. The 6 remaining Pacific-Atlantic species belong to the Pacific-Mexican region, just reaching western Texas. The following species of the Southern Pacific region extends into the Atlantic region : Salix amygdaloides. The following species of the Pacific forest, 12 in number, endemic to the interior arid region, do not extend beyond its limits : Acer grandidentatum. Cratiegus rivularis. Populus angustifolia. . Pinus monophylla. Robinia Neo-Mexieana. Fraxiuus auoinala. Pinus flexilis. Picea pungens. Cercocarpus ledifolius. Quercus undulata. Pinus edulis. Yucca brevifolia. A detailed examination of the distribution of the arborescent species composing the North American forests shows that — Maynolia is represented by seven Atlantic species, with the center of its distribution in the southern Alleghany region. Liriodendron is represented by a single species, widely-distributed through the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region. Asimina is represented by a single widely-distributed arborescent species and by three frutescent species of the Atlantic region. Anona, Capparis, Canella, and Clusia are represented each by a single. semi-tropical species. Gordonia is represented by two species of the southern Atlantic region, one of wide distribution, the other rare and local. Fremontia, a genus endemic to the Pacific region, is represented by a single species of the southern Pacific Coast region. Tilia is represented by two Atlantic species, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region. JByrsonima is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Guaiacum is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Porliera is represented by a single species of the Atlantic-Mexican region. Xanlhoxyhtm is represented by two species of the Atlantic region, by a semi-tropical species, and by a second seini- tropical species which reaches the Atlantic-Mexican region. Ptelia is represented by a single arborescent species of wide distribution in the Atlantic, reaching also the Pacific region, where a frutescent species occurs, and by a second frutescent species of the south Atlantic region. Canotia, a -genus endemic to the Pacific-Mexican region, is represented by a single species. Simaruba, Amyris, Swietenia, Ximenia, are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Bursera is represented by a single semi-tropical species and by a second frntescent species of the Pacific- Mexican region. Ilex, an Atlantic genus, is represented by four arborescent and several frutesceut species, with its center of distribution in the southern Atlantic region. Cyrilla and Cliftonia are each represented by a single species of the southern Atlantic region. Euonymus is represented by a widely-distributed arborescent species in the Atlantic, and by a frutescent species in both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Myginda, Schcefferia, and Reynosla are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Condalia is represented by one semi-tropical and by one species of the Atlantic-Mexican reaching the Pacific- Mexican region. Rhamnus is represented by one arborescent and by one frutesceut species in the Atlantic, by two arborescent and one frutesceut species in the Pacific region, and by one frutescent species common to the two regions. Ceanothus is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region and by several frutescent species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Golubrina is represented by a single semi-tropical species. jfflsculus is represented by two arborescent and by three frutesceut species in the Atlantic, and by an arborescent species in the Pacific region. Ungnadia, an endemic genus of the Atlantic-Mexican region, and just reaching the Pacific-Mexican region, is represented by a single species. Sapindus is represented by one species widely distributed through the southern Atlantic, and reaching the Pacific region, and by one semi-tropical species. Acer is represented by five Atlantic and four Pacific species. Negundo is represented by one species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions and by a second species in the Pacific region. 14 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Rhus is represented by five arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Pistacia is represented by a single species in the Atlantic-Mexican region. Eysenhardtia is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific- Mexican, extending into the Atlantic- Mexican region, where a second frutescent species occurs. Dalea is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific-Mexican and by numerous frutesceut and herbaceous species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Robinia, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region, is represented by two arborescent and one frutesceut species in the Atlantic and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region. Olneya, an endemic genus of the Pacific-Mexican region, is there represented by a single species. Piscidia is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Ciadragtis is represented by a single local species in the southern Atlantic region. Sophora is represented by a species in the southern Atlantic and by a second species in the Atlantic-Mexican, region, and by four frutescent or sufl'rutescent species. Gymnocladus is represented by a single species in the central Atlantic region. Gleditschia is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. Parkinsonia is represented by an arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regionsr by two arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific-Mexican, and by a frutescent species in the Atlantic- Mexican region. Cercis is represented by a widely-distributed species in the Atlantic, by a second species in the Atlantic- Mexican, and a frutescent species of the California Coast region. Prosopis is represented by two arborescent species common to the Atlantic- and the Pacific-Mexican regions^ and by two frutescent species. Leuccena is represented by two species in the Atlantic-Mexican region. Acacia is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic-Mexican, by one arborescent species of the Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by several frutescent species widely distributed through the two regions. Lysiloma is represented by a single semi-tropical species. PithecoloMum is represented by a single polymorphous arborescent species of semi-tropical Florida, and by a shrubby species of the Mexican Boundary region. Chrysobalanus is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent semi-tropical species. Prunus is represented by seven arborescent species in the Atlantic region ; of these, one is semi-tropical and two extend into the Pacific region. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by four species, ef which one belongs to the Mexican region, and by several frutescent species. Vauquelinia, an endemic genus of the Pacific-Mexican region, is there represented by a single species. Cercocarpus is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Pacific region. Pyrus is represented by one species common to both Atlantic and Pacific, by three arborescent and one frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region. Cratcegus is represented by twelve arborescent and frutescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends, into the Pacific region, and by two species in the Pacific region. Heteromeles is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Amelanchier is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by one frutesc-int species in the Pacific region. Hamamelis and Liquidambar are each represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. Rhizophora is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Conocarpus, Laguncularia, and Calyptranthes are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Eugenia is represented by five semi-tropical species. Cereus is represented by a single arborescent species in the Pacific and by several frutesceut species in the Atlantic and Pacific regions. C&rnus is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic, by a single arborescent species in the Pacific region, and by several frutescent and herbaceous species in the two regions. Nyissa is represented by three species in the Atlantic region. Sambucus is represented by one arborescent species of wide distribution in the Pacific, by one species in the Pacific-Mexican extending into the Atlantic-Mexican, by a frutescent species in the Atlantic, by a second frutesceut species in the Pacific, and by a frutescent species common to the Atlantic and Pacific regions. Viburnum is represented by two arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutesceut species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Exostemma is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Pinckneya, an endemic genus of the southern Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species. Oenipa is represented by a single semi-tropical species. GENERAL REMARKS. 15 Guettarda is represented by one arborescent and by one frnte.scent semi- tropical species. Vacdnium is represented by one arborescent species in tlie Atlantic and by several frntescent species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Andromeda is represented by an arborescent and several frutescent species in the Atlantic region. ArbutiiH is represented by one species in the Pacitlo Coast, by a second species in the Pacific Mexican, and by one species in the Atlantic-Mexican region. Oxydeiidiniii, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, is there represented by a single, species. Kalmia is represented by one arborescent species and by three fruteseent species in the Atlantic region, of which one extends to the Pacific region. Rhododendron is represented by one arborescent and by several frutescent species in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in the Pacific region. Myrsine, Ardiai-a, Jacquinia, Ohrysophyllum, iSidcro.rylon, and Dipholix are each represented by a single semi- tropical species. Bumelia is represented by four species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific-Mexican region. Mimmopti is represented by one semi-tropical species. Diospyrofs is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one in the Atlantic-Mexican region. Synqjlocos is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region. Halersia is represented by two arborescent and by one frutescent species in the southern Atlantic region. Frcaimis, with its center of distribution in the southern Atlantic region, is represented by seven species in the Atlantic, of which one extends into the Pacific region, and one belongs to tbe Mexican region, and by three arborescent and one frutescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the Mexican region. ForcKticra is represented by one arborescent and seven frutescent species in the Atlantic region, of which one reaches the Mexican-Pacific region. Chionanthus and Osmantlim are each represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Cordia is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent semi-tropical species and by one arborescent and one frutescent species in the Atlantic Mexican region. Boitrrcria and Ehrciia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Catalpa is represented by two species in the southern Atlantic region. Chilopsift is represented by a single species in the Pacific-Mexican region, extending into the Atlantic-Mexican region. Orescentia, Citharcxylum, and Ariccnnia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Pisonia is represented by one arborescent and by two frutescent semi-tropical species. Ooccoloba is represented by two semi-tropical species. Persca is represented by one species in the southern Atlantic region. Nectandra is represented by one semi-tropical species. Sassafras is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. Umbcllularia is represented by a single species in tlie Pacific Coast region. Drypetes, Sebastiania, and Hippomane are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Ulmuit, with its center of distribution in the Mississippi basin, is represented in the Atlantic region by five species. Planera is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Celtis is represented by a single polymorphous species of wide distribution in the Atlantic region, extending into the Pacific region, and by a frutescent species common to tbe Atlantic- Mexican and the Pacific-Mexican regions. F ivus is represented by three semi-tropical gpecies. MOTUK is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, and by one species in the Atlantic- Mexican, extending into the Pacific-Mexican region. Maclura is represented by a single local species in the southern Atlantic region. Platnnm is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region, by a species in the Pacific coast, and by a species in the Pacific-Mexican region. Juglans is represented by two widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region and by a species in the Pacific coast, extending through Ihe Pacific-Mexican into the Atlantic-Mexican region. Garya, an endemic genus of the Atlantic region, with its center of distribution west of the Mississippi river, is represented by seven species. Myrii-a is represented by one arborescent and two frutescent species in the Atlantic region and by one arborescent species in the Pacilic Coast region. Qtierciui, with its center of most important distribution in the basin of the lower Ohio river, is represented in the Atlantic region by twenty-four arborescent species, of which one, belonging to the Mexican region, extends into the Pacific-Mexican region ; and in the Pacific region by twelve arborescent species, of which one belongs to the interior and four to the Mexican region, and by two frutescent species. Caslanopsis is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. 16 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Castanea is represented by two species in the Atlantic region. Fagus, Ostrya, and Carpinus are each represented by a single widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. Betula, with its center of distribution in the northern Atlantic region, is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by four arborescent and one frutescent species in the Atlantic region, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region. Alnus is represented by three arborescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends to the Pacific region, by three arborescent species in the Pacific region, and by two frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Salix is represented in the Atlantic region by five arborescent species, of which three are found in the Pacific region, and by many frutescent species. This genus is represented in the Pacific region by ten arborescent and by many frntescent species. Populus is represented by two species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by three species in the Atlantic region, and by three species in the Pacific region. Libocedrus is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Thuya is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific region. Chamcecyparis is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific Coast region. Cupressm is represented by four species in the Pacific region, of which three occur in the coast and one in the Mexican region. Juniperus is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic region, by three arborescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the Pacific-Mexican and one extends to the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by two frutescent species common to both regions. Taxodium is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Sequoia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Coast region, is there represented by two species. Taxus is represented by an exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region, by a frutesceut species in the northern Atlantic region, and by an arborescent species in the Pacific Coast region. Torreya is represented by a single exceedingly local arborescent species in the southern Atlantic region and by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Pinus, with its center of distribution in the southern Pacific Coast region, is represented by thirteen species in the Atlantic and by twenty-two species in the Pacific region, of which three belong to the interior and four to the Mexican region. Picea is represented by one species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one species in the Atlantic, and by three species in the Pacific region, of which one belongs to the interior region. Tsuga is represented by two species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region. Pxeudoisuga, an endemic genus of the Pacific region, is there represented by a single widely-distributed species. Abies is represented by one widely-distributed and by one exceedingly local species in the Atlantic region and by seven species in the Pacific region, of which one is exceedingly local. Larix is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by two species in the Pacific region. Sabal is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic region. Was/tingtonia is represented by a single species in the Pacific Mexican region. Thrinax is represented by two semi-tropical species, and Oreodoxa by one. Yucca is represented by one arborescent and one frutescent species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one arborescent and by two frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by two arborescent and by one frutesceut species in the Pacific region. A CATALOGUE OF THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO, WITH REMARKS UPON THEIR SYNONYMY, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUE, AND USES. 2 FOR FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Species which grow from the ground with a single stein, either wholly or over a large portion of the area of their distribution, are admitted as trees into the following catalogue, without reference to the height or size they may attain. The line which divides trees from shrubs is entirely arbitrary, and is often unsatisfactory in application. A separation of this nature, however, based upon habit rather than upon size, is perhaps less objectionable, all things considered, than any other, and serves at least to keep this catalogue within reasonable limits. The word "compact", used in the description of. various woods mentioned in the catalogue, indicates that they show no tendency to check or open in drying, and does not refer to their structure. 18 CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. MAGNOLIACEJS. 1. — Magnolia grandiflora, Linnaeus, fipec. 2 ed. 755. — Marshall, Arbustuui, 84. — Am. Gowiit-li. t. 1-5, 186. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 158. — Gsertuer, Fruct. i, 343, t. 70. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; ii,20. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii,:!29. — Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 82. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 672; 111. iii,35, t 490. — Moancb, Meth. 274. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1255; Enum. i, 579. — Hicliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 219, t. 65. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 265. — Andrews, Bot. Rep. viii, t. 518. — T itt'ord, Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 71, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 8, t. 51.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, 81 ; 2 ed. i, 96.— De Candollo, Syst. i,450 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 30.— Luddigcs, Bot. Cab. t. 814.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,642. — Audubou, Birds, t. 5,32. — Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii,32. — Don, Miller's Diet. i,82. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 314. — London, Arboretum, i, 261 &t. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 18S. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. vii, 470.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 308.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 225.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 210.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 6(>.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 133, f. 165-169.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 367.— Young, Bot. Texas, 148.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. Virginiana, var. ft. /OBtida, Liumeu.s, Spec. 1 ed. 536, in part. M. grandiflora, var. elliptica and obovata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380. M. grandifora, var. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Bot. Mag. t. 1952.— Eaton, Mauual, 6 ed. 218. BTG LAUREL. BULL BAY. Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet, and Tampa bay, Florida ; basin of the Mississippi river south of latitude 32° 30', extending westward to southwestern Arkansas, and along the Texas coast to the vai'ej of the Brazos river. One of tby ciost magnificent trees of the Atlantic forest, evergreen, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 juoter in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the "bluff" formations along the eastern bank of the Mississippi river from Vicksburg to Natchez, and of western Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6360; ash, 0.53 ; little used except as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc. 2. — Magnolia glauca, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 755.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 204.— Schcepf, Mat. Med. Am. 91.— Marshall, Arbustum, 83.— Wangenheirn, Amer. 60, 1. 19, f. 46.— Walter, FJ. Caroliniana, 158. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; ii, 20.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii, 329.— Mcench, Meth. 274.— Willdenovr, Spec, ii, 1256; Enum. i, 579.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 1441, t. 148.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 223, t. 66.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Titlbrd, Hort. Bot. Am. 76.— Bonpland, PI. Malm. 103, t. 42.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 77, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 12, t. 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 67, t. 27 ; Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i, 77,t.7; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 215.— De Caudolle, Syst. i, 452; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 2164.— Sprengel, Syst. 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 17, t.5.— Audubon, Birds, t. 118.— Raflnesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertum Botauicum, v & t.— Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. v, 37, t. 342.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 23.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 96, f. 56.— Loudou, Arboretum, i, 267 & t. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 527 ; 2 ed. ii, 603 & t. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 226. — Gray, Genera, i,61,t.33; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 176.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 8.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 66. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 36.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 369.— Young, Bot. Texas, 148.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. 19 20 FOKEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. M. Virginiana, var. a. glauca, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 535. Jf. fragrans, Salisbury, Prodr. 379.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 91 ; Med. Bot. ii, 32. M. longifolia, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 11.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308. M. glauca, var. latifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 350. — Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. If. glauca, var. longifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed. iii, 330. — Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 361. — Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 91.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 218. SWEET BAY. WHITE BAY. BEAVER TREE. WHITE LAUREL. SWAMP LAUREL. Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Jersey southward, generally near the coast, to bay Biscayne and Tainpa bay, Florida ; basin of the Mississippi river south of latitude 35°, extending west to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula and along the low sandy banks of pine-barren streams of the Gulf states. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5035 ; ash, 0.47 ; in the Gulf states sometimes used in the manufacture of broom handles and small woodenware. The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M, acuminata and M. Umbrella is included in the American Materia Medica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remittent fevers ; a tincture made by macerating the fresh fruit or bark in brandy is a popular remedy for rheumatism (U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 567. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891). 3. — Magnolia acuminata, Linnaeus, Spec. 2. ed. 75G.— Marshall, Arbustum, 83.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251; 2 ed. iii, 331. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674. — Willtlenow, Spec, ii, 1257 ; Ennm. i, 579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ara. i, 329. — Nouveau Duliamel, ii, 222. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 82, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 15, t. 53. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 453 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 418.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18. — Bot. Mag. t. 2427.— Hayne, Deiid. Fl. 117. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 37. — Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32. — Guiinpol, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 18, t. 17. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertum Botanicum, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, &3. — Reicheubacli, Fl. Exot. t. 251. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — London, Arboretum, i, 273 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3. ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Baillou, Hist. PI. i, 140.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5. ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Young, Bot. Texas, 149._Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 58. M. Virginiana, var. e. Linnseus, Spec, l ed. 536. M. DeCandollii, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t. Tulipastrum Americanum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. Western ¥ew York to southern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama (Stockton, Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the state (Texarkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, and Pike counties). A large tree, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4690; ash, 0.29; used for pump-logs, water- troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc. 4. — Magnolia cordata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 331.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 547. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 87, t. 4; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 18, t. 54.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. iv, t. 325.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 455; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 118. — Elliott, SK. ii, 38.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 474.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Raimesque,. Med. Bot. ii, 32. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Sertum IJotanicum, v & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 250.— London, Arboretum, i, 275 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Hep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. Tvlipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 21 CUCUMBER TREE. Southern Alleghany Mountain region, near Augusta, Georgia (Michaux, Elliott), head of Sipsey creek, "valley of Davidson creek", Winston county, Alabama (Mohr). A tree 22 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods ; very rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.4139; ash, 0.32. 5. — Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouvcau Dubamel, ii, 221.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5.— Aiton, Hort. KOTV. 2 ed. iii, 331. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 573.— Michaux f. Hist. Avb. Am. iii, 99, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, ii, 26, t. 57.— Bonpland, PI. Malm. 84, t. 33.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 18 ; Sylva, i, 83 ; 2 ed. i, 99.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Bot. Mag. t. 2189.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Rafinesque, Mod. Bot. ii, 31, t. 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Sertuin Botanicum, v & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxv, 76. — Reicheubach, Fl. Exot. ii, 44, t. 139.— London, Arboretum, i, 271 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 479.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Mod. Bot. 98, f. 57.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. LARGE-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE. North Carolina, eastern base of the Alleghany mountains (Iredell and Lincoln counties); southeastern Kentucky southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Louisiana; central Arkansas (Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and Sebastian counties). A tree 6 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5309; ash, 0.35. 6. — Magnolia Umbrella, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 221. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 80. — Loiseleur, Herb. Amat. iii, t. 198. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 475.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 227. — Gray, Genera, i, 62, t. 24; Proc. Linnsean Soc. ii, 106, f. 1-18; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.--Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. Virginiana, var. tripetala, Linnams, Spec, l ed. 536. M. tripetala, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustuin, 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 252; 2 ed. iii, 331.— WUldenow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 452.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 90, t. 5 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 20, t. 5.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 20, t. 18.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— Torrqy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 321.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Griffith, Mod. Bot. 98.— London, Arboretum, i, 269, t. 5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 37«.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891. UMBRELLA TREE. ELK WOOD. Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama (Prattville, Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee; in central (Hot Springs) and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton, valley of the Ked river, Harvey}. A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 meter in diameter; rich, shady hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood" light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4487; ash, 0.20. 22 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 7. — Magnolia Fraseri, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, i, 59 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Walpers, Eep. i, 70.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Chapman, PI. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68.— Wood, Cl. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N_ States, 5 ed. 49.— Koch, Dendrologio, i, 372.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. auriculata, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 337.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 22'Z — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 94, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 23, t. 56.— Andrews, Bot. Rep. ix, t. 573.— Bot. Mag. t. 1206.— Cubieres, Mem. Mag. & t.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 332.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 98.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 39.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audubon, Birds, t. 38.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 477.— London, Arboretum, i, 276 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 229. M . pyramidata, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 338.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 454 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayrie, Dend. Fl. 117.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. v,t. 407.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1092.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii,32.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 221.— London, Arboretum, i, 277 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. M. auricularis, Salisbury, Parad. Lond. i, t. 43.— Kerner, Hort. t. 360. LONG-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREE. Alleghany mountains, from Virginia southward to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and southern Alabama (Clark county, Mohr), extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Mississippi. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; rich woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5003; ash, 0.28. 8. — Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linnjeus, Spec. 1 ed. i, 535.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 202.— Marshall, Arbustum, 78. — Wangenheim, Amer. 32, t. 13, f. 32.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— Schmidt, Arb. i, 48.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14, 45.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 250; 2 ed. iii, 329.— Gajrtner, Fruct. ii, t. 178.— Bot. Mag. t .275.— Meeuch, Meth. 222.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 102.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 93, t. 147.— Trew, Icon. 1. 10. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1254; Enum. i, 579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 326. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 62, 1. 18. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 15.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 137; 111. iii, 36, t. 491.— St. Hilaire, PI. France, iii, t. 377.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 76.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 2U2, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 35, t. 61,— Eaton, Manual, 63; 6 ed. 208.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i, 91, t. 8; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 18.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 462; Prodr. i, 82.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 107, t. 31.— Hayue, Deiid. Fl. 115.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 239.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 34, t. 29.— Cobbett, Woodlands, No. 516.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audubon, Birds, t. 12. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 86.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Liudley, Fl. Med. 23.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vi, 488.— London, Arboretum, i, 284 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 302.— Ponn. Cycl. xxv, 341.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 44.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 309.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98, f. 58.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 529; 2 ed. ii, 605 & t. — Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 240. — Gray, Genera, i, 64, t. 25; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 50. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 212.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 11, f. 2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. 15, t. 571. — Wood, Cl. Book, 215; Bot. & Fl. 25. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 39. — Engelmanu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 183. — Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 143, f. 175-178. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 380. — Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 746. — Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 663 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 59.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Eichler, Sit. Bot. Brand, xxii, 83, f. 1-3.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879- '80, 53C. Tulipifera Liriodendron, Miller, Diet. No. l. L. procera, Salisbury, Prodr. 379. TULIP TREE. YELLOW POPLAE. WHITE WOOD. Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to northern Florida (latitude 30°) ; west through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30', thence south to latitude 31° in the Gulf states east of the Mississippi river ; through southern Illinois and southeastern Missouri to Crowley'e ridge, northeastern Arkansas. One of the largest and most valuable trees of the Atlantic forests, 30 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 2 to 4 meters in diameter (Ridgicay) ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash river and along the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color, light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4230 ; ash, 0.23 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building, and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, woodenware, etc. ; varieties varying slightly in color and density are recognized by lumbermen. Liriodendrin, a stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained by macerating the inner bark, especially of the root ( Jour. Philadelphia Col. Phar. iii.5. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 556. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 871). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 23 ANONAOEJil. 9. — Asimina triloba, Dunal, Mon. Auon. 83.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 479; Prodr. i, 87.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 42.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 66, t. 53.— Hayuo, Dend. Fl. 118.— Spivngel, Syst. ii, 639.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 222; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 165 —Beck, Bot. 16.— Don| Miller's Diet, i, 91.— Nuttall in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. vii, 11.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 304.— London, Arboretum, i, 293, f. 39.— Gray, Genera, i, 69, t. 26,27; Manual N. State*, 5 ed. 50.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 609.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 212.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 15.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 94.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 347.— Maont & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 199 & figs.— Bot. Mag. t. 5854.— Wood, Cl. Book, 215; Bot. & Fl. 26.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 41.— Engehnann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 183.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 383.— Young, Bot. Texas, 149.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882, 60.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. Anona triloba, Linnanis, Spec. led. 537.— Marshall, Arbustum, 10.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 125.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 29.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii,254 ; 2 ed. iii, 335.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1267 ; Enum. i, 580.— Nouvean Duhamel, ii, 83, t. 25.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 21.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 161, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 33, t. 60.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 95, t. 149. Anona pendula, Salisbury, Prodr. 380. Orchidocarpum arietinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329. Porcelid triloba, Persoon, Syn. ii, 95.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 383.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 92.— Barton, Compond. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 18.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 19.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 529.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— Andubon, Birds, t. 2, 162.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371. Uvaria trilol)Cl, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 45.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 30.— Caruel in Ann. Mus. Firenze, 1864, 9, t. 1, f. 1-7.— Baillon, Adansonia, viii, 333; Hist. PI. i, 193, f. 220-228. A. campaniflora, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 529. PAPAW. CUSTARD APPLE. Western New York (Lockport and in Monroe county); Ontario (Queen stown heights); eastern and central Pennsylvania, west to southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas (Manhattan), south to middle Florida and the valley of the Sabine river, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower Wabash valley and in the valley of the White river, Arkansas. Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; color, light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.3969; ash, 0.21. 10. — Anona laurifolia, Dunal, Mon. Anon. 65.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 468; Prodr. i, 84.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 641.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xvi, t. 1328.— Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 174, f. 9.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I860, 439.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 603. A. glabra, Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 2 [not Linnaeus]. A. Species, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. POND APPLE. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Malabar to bay Biscayne, on the west coast, Pease creek to the Caloosa river, and through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limit and on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the low islands and shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of bay Biscayue. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing many scattered open ducts ; color, light brown streaked with yellow, sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5053 ; ash, 4.86. The large fruit (0.14 to 0.28 meter long) scarcely edible. 24 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPPARIDACE^E. 11. — Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 160, t. 101.— Alton, Hurt. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252.— DescourtUz, Fl. Med. Antilles, v. t. 273.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, -39.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 18.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 32.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 75.— Eichler in Martius, Fl.Brasil. xiii, 270, t. 04, f. 11.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. C. Breynia, Liuujeus, Spec. 2 ed. 721, in part.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252, in part.— Swartz, Obs. 210 [not Jacquin].— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39. C. cynophyllopkora, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 504 [not subsequent ed. fide Eichler, I. c.].— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 285.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39. G. Siliquosa, Linnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 721. C. torulosa, Swartz, Prodr. 81.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 18. 0. wndnata, Loddiges, Cat. [not Wallich]. C. emarginata, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 78, t. 9.— Walpers, Rep. i, 201. Seini- tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest development within the United States OH Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6971 ; ash, 4.76. CANELLACE.E. 12. — Canella alba, Murray; Linnaeus, Syst. 14 ed. iv, 443.— Swartz, Obs. 190 ; Trans. Linnaean Soc. i, 96, t. 8.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 851 ; Enum. i, 4%.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.Sed. iii, 144.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Suppl. 3, t. 10, f. 4.— De Candolle, Prodr. i. 563.— Hayne, Arzn. 9, t. 5.— Stevenson & Churchill, Med. Bot. ii, t. 66.— Woodville, Med. Bot. 3 ed. iv, 694, t. 237.— Liudley, Med. Bot. 116.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 24, t. 16.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 181, f. 98.— Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. i, 348 ; Contrib. i, 116.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 109.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 93.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 621, f. 767.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. i, 26, t. 26. C. Winterana, Gsertner, Fruct. i, 377, t. 77. Wintera Canella, Linnasus, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 799, t. 399. G. laurifolia, Loddiges, Cat.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. 65.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 680. WHITE WOOD. CINNAMON BARK. WILD CINNAMON. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Elliott's Key, Key Largo to Jew Fish Key); through the West Indies. A small tree, often 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.22 meter in diameter ; not rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.9893; ash, 1.75. The pale inner bark appears in the Pharmacopcea under the name of Cortex canellce albce, furnishing an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occasionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct to more active remedies (Miers, 1. c. — Fluckiger & Hanbury, PJiarmacographia, 68. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 210.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 337). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 25 GUTTIFER^l. 13. — Clusia flava. Linnams, Spec. 2 ed. 1495.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 977; Enuin. ii, 1043.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 444.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 559.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 134.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 111, t. 77; 2 ed. ii, 58, t. 77.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 407.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 20-1.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 43.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xiii, 352.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 340.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. C. rosea, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 168. Jamaica and other West Indian islands; Key West (Blodgett) prior to 1840. Not detected by later explorers (Palmer, Garber, Chapman, Curtiss) of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States. Wood not examined. TERNSTRCEMIACE^. 14. — Gordonia Lasianthus, Linnaeus, Mant. i, 570.— Ellis, Phil. Trans. 60, 518, 1. 11; Letters, t. 2.— L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Cavanilles, Diss.ii, 307, 1. 161.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 177.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 231 ; 2ed.iv, 234.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770; 111. iii, 140, t.594, f. 1.— Swartz, Obs. 271.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 840.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Bot. Mag. t. 668.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 236, t. 68.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 259. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 131, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 29, t. 58. — Pursh, Fl. Am. , Sept. i, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84.— De Caudolle, Prodr. i, 528.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet. i, 573, f. 99.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 168.— Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 151.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 79.— London, Arboretum, i, 379, f. 93.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258.— Browne, Trees of America, 52. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862.— Gray, Genera, ii, 103, t. 140, 141; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 104. — Choisy, Mem. Ternst. :>.— London, Arboretum, ii, 517.— Eaton, Manual, 6cd. 18<>.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282. I. quercifolia, Mecrburgh, Icon, ii, t. 5. Ageria opaca, Rnfinesquo, Sylva Telluriana. 47. AMERICAN HOLLY. Quincy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito inlet and Charlotte harbor, Florida, valley of the Mississippi river, southern Indiana southward to the gulf of Mexico, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado river. An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a shrub; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottoms of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color, nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5818; ash, 0.76; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and turnery of the highest class. A bitter principle (Ilicln), common to other species of the genus, has been obtained from the fruit of this tree (Am. Jour. Pharm. xxviii, 314. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1670. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 7-'>4). 34.— Ilex Dahoon, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiaua, 241.— Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 228.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Kuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Roeiner & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489 ; Mant. 332.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 680.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 114.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Audubon, Birds, t. 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i. 202.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— London, Arboretum, ii, 519.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 433.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 58.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 207.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 30(>. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maxiinowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 29. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 75,"). I. Cassinc, Linnaeus, Spec. 125, in part. — Marshall, Arbustum, 64. — Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part ; 2 ed. i, 279. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147 ; 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709 ; Enurn. i, 172 ; Hort. Berol. i, t. 31.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 9.— Persoon, Syn. 151. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117. — Kramer & Schultes, Svst. iii, 490.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 544— London, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 184.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282. — Gceppert in Del. Sein. Vratisl. 1885 (Linnwa, xxvi, 746). I. Cassine, var. latifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 278. I. CttSSinoides, Link, Enurn. i, 148.— Rueiner & Schultes, Syst. iii; Mant. 332. I. laurifolia, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. v, 289.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282. Ageria palustris, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriaua, 47. Ageria obovata, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47. Ageria heterophylla, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 48. DAHOON. DAHOON HOLLY. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the prairie region of western Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, wet soil ; not common, and running into numerous forms, of which the best marked are — var. angustifolia, Torrey & Gray, FL N. America, ined. I. Cassine, var. angustifolia, Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Alton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. i, 278.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 9, t. 3. I. angustifolia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 172.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Roomer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 4.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— London, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 185. 36 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. I. ligmtrina, Elliott, Sk. ii, 708 [not Jaequin].— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 123. ' f I. WatSOniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 429. 'VAT. ttiyrtifolia (only in low cypress swamps and ponds), Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755. I. myrtifolia, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 214.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 10, t. 4.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — Willdenow, Euum. Suppl. 8. — Rffimer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489. — Link, Enum. 148. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, * 429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306. — Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 2(i. I. rosmarifolia, Lamarck, 111. i. 356.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, . I. ligustrifolia, Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Wood, Cl. Book, 497; Bot. & Fl. 207. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the Bap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4806; asb, 0.91; that of var. myrtifolia heavier, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5873 ; ash, 0.90. 35. — Ilex Cassine, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 241. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part. — James, Cat. 176; Long's Exped. ii, 294. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 373.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 22. I. Cassine, [3. Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 125. Cassine Peragua, Linnaeus, Mant. ii, 220.— Marshall, Arbustum, 26.— Plenck, Icon. t. 239. Cassine Caroliniana, Lamarck, Diet, i, 652 I. VOmitoria, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 170; 2 ed. i, 278.— Salisbury, Prodr. 70.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Enum. Suppl. 8. — B. S. Barton, 9; 'i ed. i, 'J7H. — Lamarck, 111. i, 355. — Willdrnow, Spec, i, 70U. — Kouveau Dubaiuel, i, 11. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am., ii, 229. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — DesCc.iitaincs. llii-t. Arli. ii. 362.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Rccmer & Scliultes, Syst. iii, 488; Mant. 332.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 15. - Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Audul>on, Birds, t. *;».— Eaton, Manual, U ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426. /. ceativalis, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147 ; 111. i, 350. Prinos deciduus, Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 16.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 20.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— London, Arboretum, ii, 520. /. ambiguuti, Elliott, Sk. ii, 705. Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida, valley of the Mississippi river, southern Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico, and through southeastern Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado river. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states a tall, straggling shrub ; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Mountain region of Missouri and in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7420; ash, 0.70. CYRILLACEJ;. 37. — Cyrilla racemiflora, Liuuseus, Mant.i, 50; Syst. 14 ed. 241.— Jacquin, Icon. Rar. t. 47; Coll. i, 162.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 103.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 245; 111. ii, 144, t. 147, f. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 215, t. 46.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i, 294.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 119.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 218.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 96, t. 74 ; 2 ed. ii, 43, t. 74.— Planchon in Hooker's Jour. Bot. v, 254.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 240, f. 1-4, 6, 17, 19, 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 417.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 105.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 130.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 540 & f.— Baillon, Adansonia, i, 203, t. 4.— Wood, Cl. Book, 493 ; Bot. & Fl. 205.— Vasey, Cat, Forest Trees, 18. Andromeda plumata, Bartram, Cat.— Marshall, Arhustnm, 9. C. Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 158.— Gartner, f. Fruet. Suppl. 147, t. 209, f. 8.— Persoon, Syn. i, 175.— Pursh, FL Am. Sept, i, 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 145.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 436.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 408.— Bot. Mag. t. 2456. — Walpers, Rep. vi, 421.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 805. Itea Gyrilla, L'Heritier, Stirp. i, 137, t, 66.— Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 506 ; Ohs. 94, t. 4.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1146.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 37. C. racemosa, London, Arboretnm, iv, 2577, f. 2503. C.polystachia, G. parvifolia, C.fwcata, Rannesque, Aulikon Botanikon, 8. IRON WOOD. North Carolina southward, near the coast, to middle Florida (latitude 30°), westward, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl river, Mississippi. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the root; open swamps and low thickets; a variety (Chapman, Curti/ss) with narrower, persistent leaves, and thicker spongy bark, in pond holes and wet depressions of the pine barrens of the Apalachicola region of western Florida, forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-graiifed, compact; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous; color, brown tinged! with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6784 ; ash, 0.42. 38 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 38. — Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks, Ex. Gsertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 246, t. 225.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 31.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 92, t. 73 : 2 ed. ii, 39, t. 73.— Planchon in Hooker's Jour. Bot. v, 255.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 422.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1412.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 240**, f. 5, 7-10, 20.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 273.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 130.— Baillon in Adansouia, i, 202, t. 4, f. 3-6.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. Mylocaryum ligustrinum, Willdenow, Enum. i, 454.— Bot. Mag. t. 1625.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 616, t. 952, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 302, t. 14.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 41.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 323.— Darby, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, Cl. Book, 493; Bot. & Fl. 205. TITI. IKON WOOD. BUCKWHEAT TEEE. Valley of the Savannah river, Georgia, southward to the Chattahoochee region of west Florida, westward along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced/to a shrub; margins of pine-barren ponds and streams. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6249; ash, 0.42; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame. CELASTRACE.E. 39. — Euonymus atropurpureus, jacquin, Hort. Vind. ii, 155, t. 120.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 573 ; 111. ii, 98.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. i, 274 ; 2 ed. ii, 29.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1132 ; Enum. i, 256. — Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 155. — Persoon, Syn. i,243. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iii, 26. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 356. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 168. — Tnrpiu, Diet. Sci. Nat. xvii, 532, t. 272.— Eaton, Manual, 28 ; 6 ed. 140.— Nuttall, Genera, 155.— Rffirner & Schultes, Syst. v, 466.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 24.— Elliott, Sk. i, 293.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 4.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173 ; Fl. U. S. 261; Compend. Fl. N. States, 120; Fl. N. York, i, 141; Nicollet's Rep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 788.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 5.— Beck, Bot. 72.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 405.— Rafinesque, New Fl. 60.— London, Arboretum, ii, 499, f. 167.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 257.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 819.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 240.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 219, f. 112.— Gray, Genera, ii, 188; Manual N. States, 5 e ed. i, 193, t. 57.— Bentbam, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Ann. Gand. 1847, 1. 107.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 14; Bot. MPX. Boundary Survey, 45; Bot. Wilkes Kxpcd. 263.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii», 57.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 78.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, Gill.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x, 334.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 102.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. BLUE MYRTLE. California Coast ranges, from Mendiciuo county south to the valley of the San Louis Eey river (Pala, Parish Brothers). A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa Cruz. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.69. The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby C. Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in throat troubles ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1609. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 373). 49. — Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. t ser. x, 369.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 359.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 101.— Eggers in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 40. Rhamnus ellipticus, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 265 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1098.— Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 497. Zizyphus Dominigensis, Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 56. Ceanothus reclinatus, L'Heritier, Sert. 6.— Reamer & Schultcs, Syst. v, 288.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 31.— Macfadycn, Fl. Jamaica, 211. 42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. NAKED WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Umbrella Key, on the north end of Key Largo, and sparingly on the small islands south of Elliott's Key ; through the West Indies. One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.25 meter in diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United States on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense forest. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8208 ; ash, 1.75. "The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordinary. When 0.152 meter thick it becomes furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiply and extend in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter appear like a mass of braided serpents. On small trunks the bark breaks up into flakes which curl up and drop off. Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozens of papery layers may be seen " (Gurtiss in let). SAPINDACEJL 50. — ./Esculus glabra, Willdenow, Enum. 405.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255. — Nnttall, Genera, i, 241.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 384 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 164.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 28, t. 24.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Beck, Bot. 65.— London, Arboretum, i, 467, f. 133. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 115.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii, 207, 1. 176, 177; Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Wood, 01. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 508.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. M. pallida, Willdenow, Euum. 406.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 29, t. 25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Eaton, Manual, Oed. 6.— Liudley, Bot. Reg. xxiv, t. 51. — London, Arboretum, i, 463, f. 134. JR. ecjlinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38. JH. Ohioensis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 156, t. 92. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 593. — De Caudolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 34.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 17. ME. earned, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xiii,t. 1056.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.— Walpers, Rep. i, 425. Pama glabra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. Pavia pallida, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. f Pavia carnea, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. — Don in Sweet's Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. t. 301. f Pavia Watsoniana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253. f 2E. Watsoniana,- Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Walpers, Rep. i, 425. JE. Hippocastanum, var. Ohioensis, London, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 110. JE. HippOCOStanum, var. glabra, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467. — Browne, Trees of America, 111. JE. Hippocastanum, var. pallida, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468.— Browne, Trees of America, 111. OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE. Western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, westward through southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 97° west, and the Indian territory. A small tree, 8 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter; rich soil along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of decay; medullary rays obscure; color, white, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.4542; ash, 0.80; largely used in CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 43 common with that of the other species of the genus in the manufacture of woodenware, artificial limbs (for which the wood of JEsculus is preferred to that of all other American trees), paper-pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for the bearings of shafting and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber. The bark of the allied old world species M. Hippocaatanvm occasionally has been found efficacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1565. — Sat. T>ixpcmatory, 2 ed. 712), and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of JE. ylalra. 51. — ./Esculus flava, Alton, Hort. Kew.i,494; 2 ed. ii, 335.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13; Bot. Appx. 26, t. 15, f.2.— Willdeuow, Spec. ii,286; Enurn. i, 405; Berl. Bauraz. IS.^Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 385. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 242. — Jamos in Long's Exped. i, 22. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 27, t. 23.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 44.— Elliott, 8k. i, 430.— Watson, Demi. Brit, ii, 1. 103.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1280.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Eaton & Wriglit, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 266. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74. — Browne, Trees of America, 118. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230XX, f. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 288 ; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. t ^2?. OCtandra, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.— Miller's Diet. No. 1. Pavia Jlava, Mcench, Meth. 66.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 55; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 471 & t. j3H. lutea, Wangenheim in Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii, 133, t. 6. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 219. — Persoon, Syn. i, 403.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 509. Pavia lutea, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 94. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 15r>, t. 38. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 237, 1. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 153, t. 91. JE. neglecta, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xii, t. 1009. Pavia neglecta, Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 55; Hist. Veg. iii, 24.— London, Arboretum, i. 472. SWEET BUCKEYE. Allegheny county, Pennsylvania (T. G. Porter), southward along the Alleghauy mountains to northern Georgia (Augusta) and Alabama, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern lown, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Brazos river, eastern Texas. A tree 18 to 28 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and along streams, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is — var. purpurascens, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 118. M. hybrida, De Candolle, Hort. Monsp. 1813, 75.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 334. J13. discolor, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— Bot. Reg. iv, t. 310.— Elliott, Sk. i, 4:36.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 167.— Sertum Botanicum, iv & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 381. Pavia discolor, Poiret, Suppl. v, 769.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 57; Hist. Veg. iii, 28. — London, Arboretum, i, 472. Pavia hybrida, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 56; Hist. Veg. iii, 27.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 512. JE. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, creamy- white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4274 ; ash, 1.00. 52. — ^Esculus Californica, Nuttall; Torrey & .Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251 ; Sylva, ii, 69, t. 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 16, t. 64.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beeckey, 327.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116. — Walpers, Rep. i, 424. — Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 9; P). Hartweg. 301. — Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 85.— Rev. Hort. iv, 150, f. 10, 11.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 48; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 260.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 20, 69, f. 1.— Bot, Mag. t, 5077.— Fl. des Serres, xiii, 39, t. 1312.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1858, 844. — Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t. — Gray in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146. — Belander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 78. — Walpers, Ann. 624. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 513. — Brewer & Watson, Bot, California, i, 106. — Vasey, €at. Forest Trees, 9. Calothyrsus Californica, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 62; Hist. Veg. iii , 35. Pavia Californica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 123.— Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1862, 369 & f. 44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE. California, valley of the upper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A low, widely-branching tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a short trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Range, north of San Francisco bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4980 ; ash, 0.70. 53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Endlicher, AtactaBot. t. 36; Nov. Stirp. Desc. ix, 75.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,684; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii,162.— Walpers, Rep. i, 423; v, 371; Ann. vii, 625.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38; v, 30 j Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 299 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Fl. des Serres, x, 217, t. 1059.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 2, 8.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 515.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 423. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 337. U. heterophylla, Scheele in Linneea, xxi, 589 ; Reamer, Texas, 589. U. heptaphylla, Scheele in Linnaea, xxii, 352 ; Reamer. Texas, 432. SPANISH BUCKEYE. Valley of the -Trinity river (Dallas, Keverchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains. New Mexico (Bigelow) ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern and western limits reduced to a low shrub ; common west of the Colorado river ; bottoms and rich hillsides, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Braunfels and the coast. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6332 ; ash, 1.17. Fruit reputed poisonous. 54. — Sapindus marginatus, Willdcnow, / Enum. i, 432.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 41.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 250.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 665.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 54.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 255, (585 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 162.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 323.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 411. — Nuttall, Svlva, ii, 72, t. 65; 2 ed. ii, 19, t. 65.— Leavenworth in AID. Jour. Sci. i, 49, 130.— Eugelmaun & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 241. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ri, 169; Genera, ii, 214, t. 180; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Engelmann in Wislizeuus' Rep. 12. — Torrey in Emory's Rep. 138; Marcy's Rep. 282; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 2, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47.— Scheele in Kcciner, Texas, 433.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 22.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 85.— Young, Bot. Texas, 208. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 337. • 8. saponaria, Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307 [not Linnreus].— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Arn. i, 242.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663, in part.— Persoon, Syn. i, 444.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 274.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliott, Sk. i, 460.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 267. f S. inCEqualis, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 608. S. fdlcatUS, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 261. 8. acuminata, Rafinesque, New Fl. 22. S. Drummondi, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 281 (excl. var.).— Walpers, Rep. i, 417. WILD CHINA. SOAPBERRY. Atlantic coast, Savannah river to the Saint John's river, Florida, and on Cedar Keys ; southern Arkansas, valley of the Washita river (Prescott, Letterman) through western Louisiana and Texas to the mountain valleys of southern New Mexico and Arizona; southward into Mexico, and in the West Indies (? 8. incequalis). A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; west of the Colorado river much smaller, rarely 9 meters in height; along streams or toward the western limits of its distribution only in mountain valleys, reaching its greatest development along the river bottoms of eastern Texas. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 45 Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin strips ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8126 ; ash, 1.50; largely used in Texas in the manufacture of cotton-baskets, and in ^N"ew Mexico for the frames of pack-saddles. Saponin, common in several species of the genus, and affording a substitute for soap, may be looked for in the fruit and roots of this tree. 55. — Sapindus Saponaria, Linua?us, Spec. 1 ed. 367; Swartz, Obs. 152.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 441, t. 307.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 468.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 424.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 61.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663.— Descourtilz, Fl. Mcd. Antilles, iv, 121, t. 261.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 607.— Spach. Hist. Veg. iii, 53. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323. — Macfadyeu, Fl. Jamaica, 159. — Raiinesque, New Fl. 22. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 72 ; 2 ed. 20.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 280.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 126.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 349, f. 353.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 613. SOAPBERRY. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, cape Sable, Caximbas bay, Thousand Islands, Key Largo, Elliott's Key; in the West Indies. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38 meter in diameter; common on cape Sable, and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the Thousand Islands and along the shores of Caximbas bay. Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.8367 ; ash, 4.34. The fruit and roots rich in saponin and used in the West Indies as a substitute for soap ( Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 1 ed. iii, 598. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1 751) ; the round, black seeds for beads, buttons, and small ornaments. 56. — Hypelate paniculata, Cambessedes, Mem. Mus. xviii, 32.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 671.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 295.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 127.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. MelicOCCtt paniculata, Jussieu in Mem. Mas. iii, 187, t. 5.— De Candolle, Prodr. j, 615.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 74, t. 66; 2 ed. ii, 21, t. 66. Exotliea oblongifolia, Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 232. H. oblongifolia, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. iii, 226, t. 7. INK WOOD. IRON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, east coast, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, susceptible of a good polish, checking in drying; medullary rays obscure ; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.9533 ; ash, 1.25 ; used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, and piles; resisting the attacks of the teredo. 57. — Hypelate trifoliata, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 655, t. 14.— Delessert, Icon, iii, t. 39.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 614.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 78.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 127; Cat. PI. Cuba, 46. WHITE IKON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, durable in contact with the soil; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, rich light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.9102; ash, 1.38; used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, posts, etc. 46 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 58. — Acer Pennsylvanicum, Linn»us, Spec. 1 ed. 1055.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii,435.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 252.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,989; Enum. i, 1045.— Desfontaines,. Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nonvcan Duhamel, iv, 32.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, 1. 11.— Hayne, Deiid. Fl. 210.— Elliott, Sk. i, 451.— Torrey, Fl. U, S. 397; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 224.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 246.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 111.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 496; 2 ed. ii, 566 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174, f. 1-3; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,. 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 52.— Bucheuau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 2, f. 24.— Wood, Cl.Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Koch, DendroloKie, i, 521.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 373, f. 418-420.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53C. A. Canadense, Marshall, Arbnstum, 4. A. Striatum, Du Roi, Diss. 58; Harbk. i, 8, 1. 1.— Wangenheim, Amer. 29, 1. 12, f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381. — Ehrhart, Beitr iv, 25.— Moanch, Meth. 56.— Persoon, Syn. i 417.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 242, 1. 17; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 47.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258.— De Camlolle, Prodr. i, 593.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 70. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648. — Beck, Bot. 64. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 407 & t. — Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 85; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 162.— Dietrich, Syn. 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Browne, Trees of America, 76. STRIPED MAPLE. MOOSE WOOD. STRIPED DOGWOOD. GOOSE-FOOT MAPLE. WHISTLE WOOD. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river (Ha-Ha bay), northern shores of lake Ontario, islands of lake Huron, south through the northern Atlantic states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, west through the lake region to northeastern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; cool ravines and mountain sides. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5299 ; ash, 0.36. 59. — Acer Spicatum, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 381. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 485. — Persoou, Syn. i, 417. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 593. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 648-i-Audiibon, Birds, t. 134.— Penn. Cycl. i, 77.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 87; Aun. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 163.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 406, t. 26.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 246.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 185. — Browne, Trees of America, 74. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 497; 2 ed. ii, 567 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 52. — Wood, Cl. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 522. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172. A. Pennsylvanicum, Du Roi, Diss. 61 ; Harbk. i, 22, t. 1 [not LinntBus]. — Waugcnheiui, Amer. 82, t. 12, f. 30.— Marshall, Arbustuni, 2. A. parvifiorum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 25; vi, 40.— Moench, Meth. 56. A. montanum, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 435; 2 cd. v, 447 (excl. syu. striatiim).— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 988; Ennm. i, 1045.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Nouveau Duhanu'l, iv, 33.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 13.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 59, t. 48.^Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 398; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 111.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan region, south through the northern states, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; cool woods and mountain ravines, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays inconspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5330; ash, 0.43. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 47 60. — Acer macrophyllum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 267.— Poirct, Suppl. v, 669.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 253; Sylva, ii, 77, t. (17: 2 ed. ii, 24, t. (!'.— DC faiidolle, Prodr. i, 594.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Pcnn. Cycl. i, 78.— Eaton, Manual, 6 e.— Bentham. PI. Mart \vcjr. 301.— Browne, Trees of America, 78. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Dnranil in Jonr. Pliiladel]>hi:i Acad. 1855, 84. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 25,-J.- -Newberry in Pacific, K. R. ]{ep. vi, 21. 07.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, '28, 57; Smithsonian Rep. 1858, a">8. — Lyall in Jonr. Linmcan Sue. vii, 1:54, 144. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 78. — Wood, Cl. Book, 287; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Rothrock in Smithsonian ]{cp. 1867, 3I!4. — Koch, Demlrologic. i, 528. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 379. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 10. A. palmatum, Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48 [not Thuuberg]. BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE. Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon, and along the California Coast ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains and Hot Spring valley, San Diego county (Parish Brothers), not ascending above 4,000 feet altitude. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom lauds of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon, where, with the California laurel, it forms dense, heavy forests. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4909 ; ash, 0.54; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for ax and broom handles, frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common and valued in cabinet-making. 61. — Acer circinatum, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 669. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 25;!; Jour. Philadelphia Acad. vii, 16 (excl. syn.); Sylva, ii, 80, t. 67 ; 2 cd. ii, 27, t. 67.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 651.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 166; Hist. Veg. iii, 97.— London, Arboretum, i, 422, f. 112, 127.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 112, t. :59.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Browne, Trees of America, 91. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Lindley in Paxton's Fl. Gard. ii, 156, f. 210 (London Gard. Chronicle, 1851, 791, f. 211).— Newberry in Pacific R. R.Rep.vi, 21, 69.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 28, 57 ; Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258.— Lyall in Jour. Liumean Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 379. — Wood, Cl. Book, 287, Bot. & Fl. 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 523.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 258.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii. 85. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192. — G. M. Dawson, Canadian Nat. new ser. ix. 330.— Nicholson in London Gaid. Chronicle, 1881, 10. A. virgatum, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48. VINE MAPLE. British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river (Yale) and probably farther north, southward through Washington territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California, rarely ascending to 4,000 feet altitude. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 meters in height, with a truuk 0.20 to 0.30 metertin diameter; along streams; the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6060 ; ash, 0.39 ; used as fuel ; by lumbermen for ax and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing nets. 62. — Acer glabrum, Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 259.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 86; 2. ed.,ii,33.— Newbcrry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 69. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 51, 57; Am. Nat. iii, 406. — Eugelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Gray in Am. Jonr. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 259 ; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 59. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 474; 1871,480.— Watson in King's- Rep. v, 52.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 763. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 107. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 750. 48 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A. barbatum, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113.— London, Arboretum, i, 420, f. 125 (excl. syn.). A. Douglasii, Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi, 77, t. 6. A. tripartitum, Nnttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 85, t. 71; 2 ed. ii, 33, t. 71.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 28; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69. DWAKF MAPLE. British Columbia, valley of the Fraser river and probably farther north, south through Washington territory, Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevada of California to the Yosemite valley; east along the mountain ranges of Idaho and Montana to the eastern base of the Kocky mountains, south through Colorado and Utah, in the east Humboldt Range, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub 1 to 2 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6028; ash, 0.30. 63. — Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn.ii, 1283.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 82, t. 69; 2ed. ii, 29, t. 69.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 480.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 208.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 83.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 338.— Nicholson in London Card. Chronicle, 1881, 172. Western Montana, headwaters of the Columbia river (Nuttall), canons of the Wahsatcli mountains, Utah, and south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico (Mogollon mountains, E. L. Greene], and reported in the ranges east of the Eio Grande; southward into Coahuila (Palmer}. A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; along streams; not common. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct; color, light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, O.G902; ash, 0.64. 64. — Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim, Amer. 36, 1. 11, f. 26.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 379.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 251.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 434 ; 2 ed. v, 447.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 24. — Persoou, Syu. i, 417. — Nouveau Duhauiel, iv, 29, t. 8. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985 ; Euum. ii, 1044. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 3.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 218, 1. 15; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 153, t.42.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 2G6.— Eaton, Manual, 44; 6 ed. 2.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 214.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— Richardson, Franklin Jour. 26; Arctic Exped. 422.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 225.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 99.— London, Arboretum, i, 411, t. 31, f. 122.-Torrey & Gray, Fl. N-. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. —Walpers, Rep. i, 410.— Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 88 ; 2 ed. ii, 35. — Browne, Trees of America, 83. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 480 ; 2 ed. ii, 258 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 286 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 80.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Young, Bot. Texas, 206.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. A. saccharum, Marshall, Arbustum, 4. A. barbatum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 989.— Potret, Suppl. ii, 575.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 255.— Elliott, Sk.i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl.U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 169.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 178; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 118.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 112.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51. SUGAR MAPLE. SUGAR TKEE. HAKD MAPLE. ROCK MAPLE. Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake Saint John, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and the Chattahoochee region of west Florida (var. Floridanum, Chapman, I. c.) ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (rare), and eastern Texas. A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size; rich woods, often forming extensive forests, and reaching its greatest development in region of the great lakes. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 49 Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6912; ash, 0.54; largely used in the manufacture of furniture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish, and flooring; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel; "curled" maple and "bird's-eye" maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and highly prized in cabinet-making. Maple sugar is principally made from this species; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities of potash. Var. nigrum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 136.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411.— Browne, Trees of America, 84.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C. A. saccharinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 252 [not Wangenheim]. A. nigrum, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 238, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 od. i, 163, t. 43.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,266.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 397 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 104 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 170.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 532.— Gray in Am. Nat. vi, 767; vii, 422.— Wood, Cl. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74. BLACK SUGAR MAPLE. West«m Vermont, shores of lake Champlain, westward to southern Missouri, south through Tennessee to northern Alabama, the valley of the Chickasaw river, Mississippi (Mohr), and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton, Letterman). , A large tree along streams and river bottoms, in lower ground than the species with which it is connected by numerous intermediate forms. Wood heavier than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.6915 ; ash, 0.71. 65. — Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 24.— Mcouch, Moth. 56.— Persoon, Syii. i, 417.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985; Enum. ii, 1044.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 446.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 252; Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 35.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 109; Fl. N. York, i, 136, t. 18; Nicollet's Rep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Tausch, Regensb. Fl. xii2, 553. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 423, fig. 129 & t. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113; Jour. Bot. i, 200.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 487; 2 ed. ii, 556 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, Cl. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii. 187.— Buchcnau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 88.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 541.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'«0, 53=.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 136, f. 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. A. saccliarinum, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1055. • A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434. A. eriocarpum, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,253.— Dosfontaines in Ann. Mus. vii, 412, t. 25, f. 1 ; Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Poiret, Suppl. it, 573.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 8.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 205, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 146, t. 40.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 30.— Do Candollo, Prodr. i, 595.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 116; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 177. — Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 2 ed. 245. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. — Browne, Trees of America, 95. — Moohan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1868, 140. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVER MAPLE. Valley of the Saint John's river, New Brunswick, to Ontario, south of latitude 45°, south to western Florida; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue river, Kansas, and the Indian territory. A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; along streams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, thin ; specific gravity, 0.5269 ; ash, 0.33 ; somewhat used in the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, etc. ; maple sugar is occasionally made from this species. 4 FOR 50 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 66. — Acer rubrum, Linnrens, Spec. 1 ed. 1055.— Du Roi, Diss. 59.— Marshall, Arbusturn, 3.— Lamarck, Diet. ii,300; 111. iii,438, t. 844, f. 3.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iv,23.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 93. — Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 434 (excl. var. ) ; '2 ed. v, 446. — Mceuch, Meth. 56. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,253. — Persoon, Syu. i, 417. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 471. — Nonvcau Duhamel, iv, 31. — WQldOBOW, Spec. iv,984; Eiunn. ii, 1044. — • Desfontaines in Ann. Mus.vii,413, t. 25, f.2; Hist. Arb. i, 391.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 574.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 9.— Micliaux f. Hist.Arb. Am. ii,810,t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i 149, t.41.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 377.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 252.— Eaton, Manual, 44 ; 6 ed. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213. — Elliott, Sk. i, 449.— Torrey, Fl.U. S. 395 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 169; Fl. N. York, i, 137.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 169.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Audubon, Birds, t. 54, 67.— Tanscb, Regensb. Fl. xii», 552.— Penn.Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114 ; Jour. Bot. i, 199.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach,Hist. Veg. iii, 113 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 424, f. 130 & t. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, 684.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 405.— Walpers, Rep. i, 409.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 483; 2 ed. ii, 551 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 34. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46. — :Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Losquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, Cl. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Engelmann in Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,187. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 79. — Bnchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 542.— Young, Bot. Texas, 206.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 192.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172, f. 30, 31.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. f A. glauciim, Marshall, Arbustum, 2. f A. Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 251. A. COCcineum, Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 203 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 142. A. sanguineum, Spach, Hist. Veg. Hi, 115 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. / RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WATER MAPLE. New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa rivers, Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Wabash and Yazoo rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6178 ; ash, 0.37 ; largely used in cabinet- making, turnery, and for woodenware, gun stocks, etc. ; an accidental variety with undulating grain is highly valued. Ink is occasionally made, domestically, by boiling the bark of this species in soft water and combining the tannin with sulphate of iron ; formerly somewhat used in dyeing. Var. Drummondii. A. Drummondii, Hooker & Arnott in Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 199.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 83, t. 70 ; 2 ed. ii, 30, t. 70. Southern Arkansas, eastern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf states to southern Georgia. Well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves, the base entire or slightly creuulate-toothed, densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentum ; fruit convergent, the wings bright red, even when fully ripe. A large tree, in deep, wet swamps, connected with the species by numerous intermediate forms of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Wood lighter than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.5459; ash, 0.34. 67. — Negundo aceroides, Mcench, Meth. 334.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep, 147; Fremont's Rep. 88; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 38,— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 166 ; Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv, 29; v, 309; Genera, ii, 202, t. 175; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 41; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 120.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251 ; Am. Nat. iii, 306.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53.— Wood, Cl. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 188.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. Ib70, 474.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 52 ; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19.— Macoun & Gibson in Trans. Bot Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 319.— Young, Bot. Texas, 207.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 192.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 84.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 214.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48C.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 815.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mna. 1882, 63.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 338. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 51 Acer NegutldO) Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1056. — Wangenheim, Amer. 30, t. 12, f. 29. — Marshall, Arbii8tum,2. — Lamarck, Diet, ii, 380.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 250.— Aiton, Hurt. Kew. iii, 436; 2ed. v, 448.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 253.— Persoon, Syn. i, 418. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,391. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 992; Euum. ii, 1046. — Nouveau Duhamol, iv, 27, t. 7.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 40.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 247, 1. 18; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 172, t. 46.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 268.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 216.— Elliott, Sk. i, 452.— James in Long's Exped. ii, C9.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 298 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170 ; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172 ; Emory's Rep. 407.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t. 95. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283. — London, Arboretum, i, 460, t. 46, 47.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xiv, 285, t. 11 & figs.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 544.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 374, f. 426. Negundium fraxinifoKum, Rafinesque, Med. Rep. v, 354.— Desvaux, Jonr. Bot. v, 170. Negundo frajcinifolium, Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— De Candollc, Prodr. i, 596.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114 ; Jlour. Bot. i, 200.— Don, Minor's Diet, i, 651.— Beck, Bot. 64.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 119.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48.— Browne, .Trees of America, 106. — Scheele in Reamer, Texas, 433. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 227, f. 2, 18. f N. Mexicanum, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214. N. trifoliatum, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48. N. lobatum, Rafinesqne, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48. N. Califprnicum, Scheele in Roomer, Texas, 433 [not Torrey & Gray]. • BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Shores of the Winooski river and lake Champlain, Vermont, near Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and south to Hernando county, Florida (not detected in northeastern Florida) ; northwest through the lake region of the United States and Manitoba to the Dog's Head, lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan to the eastern base of the Bocky mountains ; west in the United States to the eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana, through Colorado to the Wahsatch mountains, Utah; southwest through the basin of the Mississippi river, western Texas, and New Mexico to the Mogollon mountains, eastern Arizona ; southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 or, exceptionally, 1.20 meter in diameter ; moist soil, borders of streams, etc.; in the Eocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 6,000 feet elevation; one of the most widely distributed trees of the American forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4328 ; ash, 1.07; occasionally used in the interior finish of houses, for woodenware, cooperage, and paper-pulp. Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this species. 68. — Negundo Californicum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250, 684.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,S27, t. 77.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Walpers, Rep. i, 410.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 301.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 90, t. 72 ; 2 ed. ii, 37, t. 72.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258, in part.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 545. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle,1881,815. Acer Californicum, Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283. N. aceroides, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 250 [not Mfflnch].— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 78. BOX ELDEE. California, valley of the lower Sacramento river (Sacramento, and in Marin and Contra Costa counties), southward in the interior valleys of the Coast ranges to about latitude 35°, canons of the western slopes of the San Bernardino mountains (Pariah Brothers). A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly white, or slightly tinged with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4821 ; ash, 0.54 ; occasionally used in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 52 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A N A C A R D I A C E 69. — Rhus cotinoides, Nuttall, MBS. in Herb. Philadelphia Acad. ; Travels, 177.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 70.— Wood, Cl. Book, 285 ; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 125.— Mohr in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 217. B. COtinUK? Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 21C. — Wood, Cl. Book, 285. Cotinus Americanus, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 1, t. 81 ; 2 ed. ii, 71, t. 81. Gotinus coggygria, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 351, in part. Indian territory, " on the light, broken, calcareous, rocky banks of the Grand river, a large tributary of the Arkansas, at a place then known as the Eagle's Nest," (Nuttall, 1. c.) ; Alabama, north of the Tennessee river on southern slopes of the Cumberland mountains (on a hill near Bailie's farm, twelve miles from Huntsville, on the Madison road, Buckley, Mohr), and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee. CHITTAM WOOD. In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; on limestone benches from 700 to 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple, etc.; local and very rare; not rediscovered in Arkansas or the Indian territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays, numerous, very obscure ; color, bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6425; ash, 0.50; largely used locally for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye. 70. — Rhus typhina, Linnaius, Amcen. iv, 311.— Medicns, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 228.— Wangenheim, Amer. 95.— Marshall, Arbustum, 129.— Walter, Fl. Carolinians, 255.— Aiton, Hort. Ke-w.i, 365; 2ed.ii, 162.— Ehrhart, Beitr.vi, 89.— Mcench, Meth. 72.— Willdenow, Spec.i, 1478; Enum. i, 323.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 51. — Schkuhr, Handb. 237.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 182.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 164, t. 47.— Persoon, Syn. i, 324.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 325.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 503.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 39; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i,153.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 204.— Eaton, Manual, 35 ; 6 ed. 302.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 643.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 33.— Elliott, Sk. i, 360.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 322 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140; Fl. N. York, i, 128.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 936.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 17, 18.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.— Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 212.— Bennett, PI. Jav. Rar. 80.— London, Arboretum, ii, 550, f. 224.— Torrey & Gray, FL N. America, i, 217, 680.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 501; 2 ed. ii, 571 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 184.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 186.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 43.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 98.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353.— Wood, Cl. Book, 384; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 576.— Young, Bot. Texas, 197.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 488.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1230.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 377. Datisca Mrta, Liunicus, Spec. 1 ed. 1037.— Dou, Miller's Diet, i, 290. E. hypselodendron, Moench, Meth. 73. B. Canadense, Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 163. R. viridiflora, Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 163.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 504.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— London, Arboretum, ii, 551.— Browne, Trees of America, 184. R. typhina, var. viridiflora, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 378. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 53 STAGHOBN SUMACH. New Brunswick, west through the valley of the Saiut Lawrence river to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; dry hillsides or often along streams in sandy, moist soil. A variety with laciniate leaves occurs near Hanover, New Hampshire, var. laciniata, Wood, Cl. Book, 284.— Bot. & Fl. 73). Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow streaked with green, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4357; ash, 0.50; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet work; the young shoots for "sap quills" in drawing the sap of the sugar maple. Bark and leaves astringent, rich in tannin, and somewhat used locally as a dye and in dressing skins (Special Rep. No. 26, U. 8. Ay. Dep. 22, t. 3) ; an infusion of the berries used domestically as a gargle in cases of catarrhal sore throat. 71. — Rhus copallina, Liunseus, Spec. 1 cd. 266.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 224.— Marshall, Arbustum, 128.— Wangenheim, Amer. 96. —Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 255.— Gsortner, Fruct. i, 205, t. 44.— Aiton, Hort. Kc\v. i, 366; 2 ed. ii, 163.— Plenck, Icon. t. 233.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 346, t. 207, f. 3.— Jacquin, Hort. SchiJnb. iii, 50, t. 341.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1480; Enum. i, 324.— Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 182.— Schkuhr, Handb. 237.— Nouveau Dnbanicl, ii, 160.— Persoon, Syii. i, 324.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 325.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 506.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 205.— Eaton, Manual, 34; 6ed. 302.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 647.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 34.— Elliott, Sk. i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 140 ; Fl. N. York, 129.— De Candollo, Prodr. ii, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 936.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 72.— Beck, Bot. 75.— Hooker in Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 214.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 217.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Dietrich, Syii. ii, 1003.— London, Arboretum, ii, 554.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 503 ; 2 ed. ii, 574. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 186.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. vi, 28; Manual N. States, 5 ed. Ill ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Scheele In Roemer, Texas, 431.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 43.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352.— Wood, Cl. Book, 284 ; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 207.— Koch, Deudrologie, 575.— Young, Bot. Texas, 197.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1236.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Caudolle, Suites, iv, 384. f R. copallina, vars. latifolia, latialata, angustifolia, and serrata, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384. DWARF SUMACH. Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas bay, Florida, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or at the north a low shrub 1 to 2 meters in height; dry hills and ridges, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas ; running into various forms. The best marked is — var. leucantha, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 68.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158. K. leucantha, Jacquin, Hort. Schonb. iii, 50, t. 342.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 215. B. copallina, var. angustialata, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384. Shrubby, leaflets lanceolate, flowers- white. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, not prominent; color, light brown streaked with green, or often tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5273 ; ash, 0.60. Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tannin ; the leaves largely collected, principally in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and ground for tanning and dyeing (Special Rep. No. 26, V. S. Ag. Dep. 26, t. 5); the fruit, acid and astringent, used, as well as that of the shrubby Rhus glabra, by herbalists in the form of decoctions, fluid extracts, etc., as a gargle in the treatment of sore throat. Var. lanceolata, Gray, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 44.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 33d. R. copallina, var. integrifolia, Eugler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 384. Western Texas, Dallas (Reverchon) to the Eio Grande. A small tree, with lanceolate, elongated leaflets, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter; calcareous soil; common; specific gravity, 0.5184; ash, 0.85. 54 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 72. — Rhus venenata, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 68.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 71.— Beck, Bot. 76.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,215.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 284.- London, Arboretum, ii, 552, f. 226.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 218, 681.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1003.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 130.— Browne, Trees of America, 186.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 185.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 504; 2 ed. ii, 575 &. t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 44.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 93.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 353.— Wood, Cl. Book, 284; Bot. & Fl. 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 111.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Bailey in Am. Nat. vii, 5, f. 3.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 397. B. vernix, Linnanis, Spec. 1 ed. 265, in part.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. 177.— Medicus, Bot. Beobaeht. 1782, 223.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 92.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 366 ; 2 ed. ii, 163.— Plenck, Icon. t. 234.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 346, t. 207, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1479; Enum. i, 323.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 23, 50.— Schkuhr, Handb. 236.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 183. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 165. — Persoon, Syn. i, 324. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 325. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 505.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 39 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 154.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,205.— Eaton, Manual, 34; 6 ed. 302.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 96, 1. 10; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Rremer & Schultes, Syst.vi, 646.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 34.— Elliott, Sk.i, 362.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 323; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 936.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i,202.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 255.— Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 206. POISON SUMACH. POISON ELDEE. Northern New England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama, and western Louisiana, west to northern Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub; low, wet swamps or, more rarely, on higher ground. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by three or four rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4382 ; ash, 0.64. The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, to most persons exceedingly poisonous to the touch, owing to the presence of a volatile principle, Toxicodendric acid ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 908. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1464); the white milky sap turning black in drying and yielding a valuable lacquer (Bigelow, Med. Bot. I. c.) 73. — Rhus Metopium, Linnaeus, Amcen. v, 395.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 51.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 49, t. 79.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 225.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 121, t. 80 ; 2 ed. ii, 68, t. 80.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 381.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 175.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. Metopium Linncei, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 367. POISON WOOD. CORAL SUMACH. MOUNTAIN MANCHINEEL. BUM WOOD. HOG PLUM. DOCTOR GUM. Semir tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, reaching in the United States its greatest development on the shores of bay Biscayne, near Miami; one of the most common trees of the region, the large specimens generally decayed. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red. the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7917; ash, 2.39; little esteemed. A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incisions made in the bark of this species (Pharm. Jour, vii, 270. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 489). 74. — Pistacia Mexicana, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, vii, 22, t. 608.— De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 64.— Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 27.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 44.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 109.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Hemsley, Bot. Ain.-Cent. i, 221.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 338. Texas, valley of the Eio Grande (near the mouth of the Pecos river, Bigelow)', southward into Mexico (Saltillo, Palmer, etc.). Wood not collected. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 55 LEGUMINOSJE. 75. — Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 339. E. amorpholdes, var. orthocarpa, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. Hi, 46; v,237. E, amorphoides, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 51, in part. Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Eio Grande, west to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona (Pringle) ; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development near the summit of the Santa Catalina mountains, at 3,000 feet altitude. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth clearly denned by numerous rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light reddish-brown, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity 0.8740; ash, 1.28. 76. — Dalea spinosa, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 315; Ives' Rep. 10.— Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 78; vii, 9, t. 3.— Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.— Walpors, Ann. iv, 485.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 132.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 143.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. 249. Asagrcea spinosa, Baillon in Adansonia, ix, 232 ; Hist. PI. ii, 288. Colorado desert, southern California (Agua Calieute, Toras, etc.), and eastward to the valley of the lower Gila river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter (Parry, Parish Brothers], or often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly, rocky soil. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, walnut-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5536; ash, 4.04. 77. — Robinia Pseudacacia, Linnreus, Spec. 1 ed. 722. — Marshall, Arbustum, 133. — Wangenheim, Amer. 16, t. 7. — L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 158. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 186. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 53 ; 2 ed. iv, 323.— Giertner, Fruct. ii, 307, 1. 145.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Enum. i, 769.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.- Am. ii, 65.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 60, t. 16. — Poiret in Lamarck Diet, vi, 222; 111. iii, 163, t. 606. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 311. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 302. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 245, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 92, t. 76. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 487.— Eaton, Manual, 82; 6 ed. 306.— Thomas in Am. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 90.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 118.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 261.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 247.— Torrey m Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 178; Compend. Fl. N. States, 271; Fl. N. York, i, 165; Emory's Rep. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 140.— Audnbon, Birds, t. 104.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 237.— Beck, Bot. 82.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 258.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 294.— London, Arboretum, ii, 609, f. 305 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 295.— Browne, Trees of America, 197.— Emerson, Trees, Massachusetts, 460 ; 2 ed. ii,522 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 238, f. 123.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 1053.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 65.— Darby Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 94.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 356.— Wood, Cl. Book, 319 ; Bot. & Fl. 95. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. xii, t. 427. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 188. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 55.— Verlot in Rev. Hort. 1873, 152 & f.— Young, Bot. Texas, 226.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 65\ Pseudacacia odorata, Mosnch, Meth. 145. R.fragilis, Salisbury, Prodr. 336. LOCUST. BLACK LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST. Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania f Locust ridge, Monroe county, Porter) to northern Georgia; widely and generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Eocky mountains, and possibly indigenous in northeastern (Crowley's ridge) and western Arkansas and the prairies of eastern Indian territory. A tree 22 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; west of the Mississippi river much smaller or often a low shrub 1.80 to 3 meters in height, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the mountains of West Virginia. 56 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of large open ducts; color, brown or, more rarely, light green, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7333 ; ash, 0.51 (Trecul in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xix, 182, t. 2, f. 1; t. 6, 7, f. 10.); largely used in ship-building, for posts, of all sorts, construction, and in turnery; preferred to other American woods for treenails, and in this form largely exported. The bark of the root tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1746. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1233) ; formerly widely planted as a timber tree (Cobbett, Woodlands, par. 323) ; its cultivation in the United States now generally abandoned on account of the destructive attacks of the locust borer (Oyllene picta, Packard in Bull. U. S. Entomological Com. No. 7, 95). 78. — Robinia viscosa, Ventenat, Hort. Cels. 4, t. 4.— Bot. Mag. t. 5uH, Spec. 1 ed. 374.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 10.— Marshall, Arbustum. 32.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 586.— Wangenbeim, Amer. 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 135.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 47; 2 ed. iii, 2-2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 508; Euum. 439; Berl. Baumz. 84.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 19. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 265. — Scbkubr, Handb. 354. — Persoon, Syn. i, 454. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 254. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Eaton, Manual, 46 ; 6 ed. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 283.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 53.— Elliott, Sk. i, 470.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194 ; Fl. U. S. 441 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 188; Fl. N. York, i, 188; Nicollet's Rep. 149 ; Emory's Rep. 408.— De Candollo, Prodr. ii, 518.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 346.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 116, t. 92.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 167; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 468.— Beck, Bot. 94.— Spach, Hist. Yog. i, 129. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 392.— London, Arboretum, ii, 659 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 155.— Browne, Trees of America, 221.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 38; Manual N. States, 5 cd. 144. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 67.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 294.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 114.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 357. — Wood, Cl. Book, 301; Bot. & Fl. 84. — Engelmanu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 197. — Koch, Dendrologie i, 14. — Baillon, Hist. PI. ii, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. Siliquastrum cordatum, Ma-nch, Meth. 54. C. Canadensis, var. pubescens, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 659. REDBUD. JUDAS TREE. Western Pennsylvania, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, northern Alabama and Mississippi, westward through southern Michigan and, Minnesota to eastern Nebraska; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern portions of the Indian territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, 12 to 16 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; rich woods, borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas, here, when in bloom, a conspicuous feature of the forest. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6363; ash, 0.72. 92. — Cercis reniformis, Engelmann; Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 428. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 348. C. occidentalis, var. Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 177.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 440.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 58. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 161. C. occidentalis, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7 [not Torrey].— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 340, in part. C. occidentalis, var. Texensis, Watson, Index, i, 209. REDBTJD. Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado river ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense thickets ; limestone hills ; formerly often confounded with the shrubby C. occidentalis of the California coast region. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color, brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7513 ; ash, 0.77. 93. — Prosopis juliflora, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 447.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, viii, 107, t. 550.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 270.— Walpers, Rep. i, 861.— Bentham, Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 377. — Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 277, f. 13. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163. — Kothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 42, 107.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 344. P. glandulosa, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 192, t. 2; Emory's Rep. 139; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii, 400.— Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1424. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 376. — Walpers, Rep. i, 861. — Bentham in Hooker's Jour. Bot. iv, 348; London Jour. Bot. v, 81.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 217.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 420; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 7.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. Algarobia glandulosa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 399 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 242.— Engelmann in Wislizenns' Rep. 10.— Scheele in Rojmer, Texas, 427.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 181 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60; v, 51 ; Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 304 ; Ives' Rep. 11.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 20, 82 ; vii, 10 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871, & f.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. P. odordta, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, t. 1 (excl. fruit). 62 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. MESQUIT. ALGAROBA. HONEY LOCUST. HONEY POD. Texas, valley of the Trinity river (Dallas, etc.) to the northern and western limits of the state ; west through New Mexico aud Arizona to the mesas west of the San Bernardino mountains, California, reaching southern Colorado, southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada; southward through southern Mexico ; in Jamaica. A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter, or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; on dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Eocky mountains, along desert streams, here often forming open forests, and reaching its greatest development within the United States in the valley of the Santa Cruz and other streams of southern Arizona ; in western Texas (Fort Stockton, etc.), on account of the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 meter in height, the roots then enormously developed, often weighing several hundred pounds, forming, as they are here locally known, " underground forests" and furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region. Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, almost indestructible in contact with the soil, containing many evenly-distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, distinct ; color, rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7652 ; ash, 2.18 ; of the root, specific gravity, 0.8493 ; ash, 3.02 ; exclusively used for the beams and underpinnings of the adobe houses of New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico; for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with a clear flame, and producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the generation of steam on account of its destructive action upon boilers. A gum resembling gum arable is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, edible, and furnishing valuable and important fodder. 94. — Prosopis pubescens, Bentham, London Jour. Bot. v, 82 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 380. — Walpers, Ann. i. 259. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 420 ; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 163.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 42, 107.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 344. P. odorata, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 313, 1. 1 (for fruit). P. Emoryi, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 139. Strombocarpa pubescens, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 60 ; v, 51 ; Ives' Rep. 9.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 163.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 20, 82; v, 360, t. 4; vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 60.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Scientific Press, San Francisco, Nov. 1871 & f.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. Strombocarpa odorata, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158. SCREW BEAN. SCREW-POD MESQUIT. TORNILLA. Valley of the Eio Grande (Presidio), western Texas, westward through New Mexico and Arizona (valley of the Gila and Colorado rivers) to southern California (White Water, Parish Brothers, Vallecito, Thurber), and southward into Mexico; southern Utah (Saint George), and southern Nevada (Ash Meadows). A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub; sandy or gravelly bottom lands, reaching its greatest development within the United States in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7609 ; ash, 0.95 ; used for fuel and fencing. The pods used as fodder, and sometimes made into flour by the Indians. 95. — Leucaena glauca, Bentham, Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iv, 417 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 443.— Walpers, Rep. i, 884.— Griaebach, Fl. British Weet Indies, 220.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 351.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 350.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 619. Mimosa glauca, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 1504. Acacia glauca, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1075.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 467. Acacia frondosa, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1076.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 468. Acacia biceps, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1075.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 467. Mimosa leucocephala, Lamarck, Diet, i, 12. Acacia leucocephala, Link, Enum. Hort. Berl. ii, 444.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 467. Mimosa biceps, Poiret, Suppl. i, 75. Mimosa frondosa, Klein in Poiret, Suppl. i, 76. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 63 Western Texas, San Saba to Devil's river (Buckley) ; southward into Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (introduced, Curtiss), and through the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a tall or, in Florida, low shrub, sending up many stems from the ground. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9235 ; ash, 3.29. 96. — Leucsena pulverulenta, Bentham, Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iv, 417 ; Rev. Mini, in Trans. Linuican Soc. xxx, 443.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 351. Acacia pulverulenta, Schlechtendal in Linnasa, xii, 571. Acacia esculenta, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Brux. x2, 312. Southern Texas, valley of the lower Bio Grande ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, often forming dense thickets; rich, sandy loam. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing-many small, regularly- distributed open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6732 ; ash, 1.01. 97. — Acacia Wrightii, Bentham, Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 64 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 521.— Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v, 53.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 626.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 161.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 61.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 351. CAT'S CLAW. Western Texas, valley of the Guadalupe river (New Braunfels), westward and Southward to the valley of the Eio Grande; in northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color, bright, clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9392; ash, 0.63. 98.— Acacia Greggii, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v, 53; Ives' Rep. 11. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' 'Rep. 158; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 61. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 625. — Bentham, Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 521. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i. 164.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 108.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 353.— James in Am. Nat. xv, 981. CAT'S CLAW. Western Texas, valley of the Eio Grande, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California; southward into northern Mexico. A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry mesas and in low canons ; common ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown or red, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8550 ; ash, 0.91 ; used for fuel. A resinous gum resembling gum arabic is produced by this species (Am. Jour. Pharm. Iii, 419). 99. — Acacia Berlandieri, Beutham, London Jour. Bot. i, 522 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 529. — Walpers, Rep. i, 919. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 500. A. tephroloba, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v, 54.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 625.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 61. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,352. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 351. Southern Texas, valley of the Nueces (La Salle county) to Devil's river ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground; the large specimens usually hollow and defective. Wood not examined. 64 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 100. — Lysiloma latisiliqua, Bentham, Kev. Mim. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxx, 534. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, SuppL 619. Mimosa latisiliqua, Linnsens, Spec. 2 ed. 1504. Acacia latisiliqua, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1067.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 255.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 467.— Maofadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 318.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 34, t. 53 ; 2 ed. i, 183, t. 53.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. L. Bahamensis, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii,82. Acacia Bahamensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 221. WILD TAMARIND. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica Keys) ; through the West Indies. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; bark of the young, vigorous trees smooth; the older trees generally decayed and defective, with rough, dark bark (Curtiss). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, containing many •cattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood white; specific gravity, 0.6418; ash, 2.12; somewhat used locally in boat- and ship-building, and considered equal to mahogany for this purpose. 101. — Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, Bentham, Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 200; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 572, 648. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 276. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 116.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. Mimosa Unguis-cati, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 1497.— Jacquin, Hort. Schcenb. iii, 74, t. 392.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i,t. 11. Inga Unguis-cati, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1006.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 37, t. 54; 2 ed. i, 86, t. 54. Mimosa rosea, Vahl, Eclogse, iii, 33, t. 25. Inga rosea, Stendel in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 437. Ingaforfex, Kunth.Mim. 12, t. 16. P. forfex, Bentham in Hooker's London Jonr. Bot. iii, 199. Inga Guadalupensis, Desvanx, Jour, i, 70. Mimosa Guadalupensis, Persoon.syn. ii,26a. Inga microphylla, Humboldt & Bonpland in Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1004. P. microphyllum, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 200. P. Guadalupensis, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 116. OAT'S CLAW. Semi-tropical Florida, Caximbas bay, and on the southern keys ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, rich red varying to purple, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9049; ash, 2.46. ROSACES. 102. — Chrysobalanus Icaco, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 513.— Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 154, t. 94.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 224 ; 111. ii, 542, t. 428.— Poiret, Snppl. iii, 135.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 200.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 525.— Lindloy in Trans. Hort. Soc. London, v, 98.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. 236.— Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 91, t. 31.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 369, t. 5, f. 4.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 406.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 1 ; Ann. iv, 642.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 91 ; Fl. Nigritiana, 336.— Spreugel, Icon. t. 274, f. 1-13.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 439.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, :£*).— Baillou in Adansonia, vii, 221 ; Hist. PI. i, 427, f. 486, 487.— Hooker f. in Martins, Fl. Brasil. ii, 7. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 287. — Henisley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 365. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 65 COCOA PLUM. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, west coast Caxiinbas bay, and oil the southern keys ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil. A small tree, 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or along sandy beaches a low, prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.16 meters in height ; reaching its greatest development within the United States on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly-distributed, not large, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown often tinged with red, the sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7709 ; ash, 0.87. Varieties are distinguished by A. II. Curtiss with the skin of the edible fruit white or black, the latter more ovate with narrower, softer stones (? var. pellocarpa, Hooker f. 1. c. — G. pellocarpa, Miquel,Prim. Esseq. 193. — Orisebach, I. c.). 103. — Prunus Americana, Marshall, Arbustum.iii. — Darlington in Ann. Lye. N. York, iii, 87, 1. 1 ; Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 72. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 285. — Beck, Bot. 95. — Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 104.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 19, t. 48 ; 2 ed. i, 169, t. 48.— Torrey.Fl. N. York, i, 194; Emory's Rep. 408 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 449; 2 ed.ii, 511. —Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi, 217. — Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. — Gray in Mein. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 40 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 430.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 611.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 56. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, Cl. Book, 32? ; Bot. & Fl. 102. — Engelrnann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xiii, 190.— Koch, Drendrologie, i, 101. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76,194. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 52.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54".— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. P. Mississippi, Marshall, Arbustum, 112. P. spinosa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146 [not Linnaeus]. P. nigra, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 165 ; 2 ed. iii, 198.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 993 ; Berl. Baumz, 311.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet. v, 674.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Bot. Mag. 1. 1117.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 469; Compend. Fl. N. States, 199. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. Gerasus nigra, Loiselenr in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 167; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot. 96. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 399.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii,704,f.411, 412. P. Memalis, Elliott, Sk. i, 542 [not Michaux]. P. COCCinea, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 135. WILD PLUM. CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM. Valley of the Saint Lawrence (Quebec) to the valley of Bainy and Assinaboine rivers and southern shores of lake Manitoba; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through" the Atlantic states to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river, Dakota, and Cheyenne canon, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, southwest through Arkansas, the Indian territory, to about longitude 102°, and the valley of the lower Concho river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; rich woods, or along streams and borders of ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom lands of eastern Texas. A form with the young leaves and pedicles pubescent is — var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407. P. Memalis, Michaux, FL Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 679.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,206.— Nonvean Duhamel, v, 184.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 398.— Rasmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. P. mollis, Torrey, Fl. U. S. 470 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 199.— Beck, Bot. 95. Gerasus Memalis, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Beck, Bot. 96.— London, Arboretnm, ii, 704. —Don, Miller's Diet. ii,504. Cerasus Americana, Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7215; ash, 0.18 j nsed for the handles of tools, etc. Often cultivated for theyellow, red, or rarely nearly black, acid or rarely sweet fruit, and furnishing an excellent stock on which to graft the varieties of the domestic plum. 5 FOE 66 FOEEST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 104. — Prunus angustifolia, Marshall, Artrastmn, iii. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 103. P. Chicasa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 680. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 183.— Elliott, Sk. i, 542.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194 ; Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 82. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 476. — Audubon, Birds, t. 53.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 285. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 397. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377.— Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 58.— Darlingtou, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 73.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299. — Browne, Trees of America, 250.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina 1860, iii, 56.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 858.— Wood, Cl. Book, 328 ; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Young, Bot. Texas, 1251.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. P. insititid, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 60. CerOSUS Chicasa, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 5:58.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514. — London, Arboretum, ii, 705. CHICKASAW PLUM. HOG PLUM. Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky mountains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania, and west of the Alleghany mountains extending as far north as southern Michigan. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk, 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub; generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6884; ash, 0.28; often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit. 105. — Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linnaeus f. Snppl. 252. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 992 ; Euum. 518 ; Berl. Baumz. 310. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 45. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 673. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 35. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 9. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 198. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 468; Compend. Fl. N. States, 198.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed., 285.— Beck in Am. Journal Sci. 1 ser. xiv, 112. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 130. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 117. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. ii, 513.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176. fP. lanceolata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 240, t. 3,f. 3. Cerasus borealis, Michaux. Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 286.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 159, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3ed.il, 152, t. 90.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 558.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot. 97. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 703, f. 410. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78. P. borealis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 674.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 538.— Eaton, Manual, 54.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 223.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1598.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 205. ?P. persicifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 205. ? Cerasus persicifolia, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 9.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 537.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 512. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 411. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 81. Qerasus Pennsylvanica, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514.— Beck, Bot. 97.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— London, Arboretum, ii, 705.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 196.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 15; 2 ed. i, 165.— Browne, Trees of America, 265.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 451.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 57. —Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Wood, Cl. Book, 327. WILD BED CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY. Labrador, shores of Hudson's bay, and west through the Saskatchewan region to the valley of the upper Fraser river (Soda creek, Macoun); south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Eocky mountains of Colorado. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 67 A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a truuk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or in the Eocky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; common in all the northern forests, in northern New England taking possession of ground cleared by fire of the coniferous forests. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.5023; ash, 0.40. The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the preparation of cough mixtures, etc. * 106. — Prunus umbellata, Elliott, 6k. i, 541.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286.— Dietrich, Syn. hi, 44.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Wood, Cl. Book, 328; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Young, Bot. Texas, 251. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. P.pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146 [not Linnaeus], CeraSUS umbellata, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78. SLOE. BLACK .SLOE. South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi (Holly Springs and Enterprise, Mohr). A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8202 ; ash, 0.12. The black or red pleasantly acid fruit used as a preserve. 107. — Prunus emarginata, Walpers, Rep. ii, 9. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42. — London, Arboretum, ii, 714. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 79. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167. GerasUS emarginata, Douglas in Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 79. CeraSUS erecta, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 194.— Walpers, Ann, iii, 854. Cerasus glandulosa, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i, 59. Vancouver's island and the valley of the lower Fraser river, south through western Washington territory and Oregon, cast to the western slopes of the Bitter Boot mountain, Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the valley of the Jocko river, Montana (Canby & Sargent). California along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas and on the Coast ranges, from San Francisco bay to the Santa Lucia mountains ( G. E. Vasey), reaching an elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A tree often 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout central California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 meters in height, or in the Santa Lucia mountains 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter (Vasey) ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The wood of the type not collected. Var. mollis, Brewer, Bot. California, i, 167.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. Cera&US mollis, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi, 217.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410. — London, Arboretum, ii, 417. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 14, t. 46; 2 ed. i, 164, t. 46. — Rffimer, Syn. Mou. iii, 79. — Richardson, Arctic Exped, 425. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73. — Cooper in Pacific K. R. Rep. xii, 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii, 406. — Lyall in Jour. Linn:ean Soc. vii, 131. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii,. 381. P. mollis, Walpers, Rep. ii, 9.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 194. The common northern and Idaho form, more or less wooly pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown streaked with green ; specific gravity, 0.4502 ; ash, 0.21. 68 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 108. — Prunus serotina, Ehrbart, Beitr. iii,20.— WilldenoW, Spec, ii, 988; Enum. 517; Berl. Baumz. 301.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 204.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 196.— Eaton, Manual, 54 ; 6 ed. 284.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 54.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 45, t. 37. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 70. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 478. — Nees, PI. Neuwied, 9. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linuiciin Soc. xxii2, 327. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 56. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 190.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 149 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 122.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. ii, 515 & t.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 97, t. 97.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1«79-'80, 54C.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. P. Virginiana. Miller, Diet. No. 3 [not Linnseus].— Du Eoi, Obs. Bot. 12; Harbk. ii, 191.— Wangenheim, Amer.34, t. 14.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 345. — Marshall, Arbustum, 112. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 163.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 664.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 329.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 467; Compend. Fl. N. States, 189.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 204. CeraSUS Virginiana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 151, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 147, t. 88.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169 (excl. syn.).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Beck, Bot. 97.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 289. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 710, f. 418. — Browne, Trees of America, 268. CeraSUS Serotina, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 3.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 416. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 712, f. 419 &t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 196; Pacific R. E. Eep. vii, 11.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 41, t. 35.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 288. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 453. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115 ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 75.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 169.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425.— Wood, Cl. Book, 326.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 79. P. cartilaginea, Lehmann, Ind. Seui. Hamburg, 1833. Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 14, f. 8. Padus Virginiana, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86. Padus cartilaginea, Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86. WILD BLACK CHERRY. RUM CHERRY. Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of the Missouri river, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the upper San Antonio River, Texas. A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 or, exceptionally, 1.50 meter in diameter; rich, generally elevated woodlands; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the Gulf region and Texas Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.5822; ash, 0.15; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid ; employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold infusions, sirups, and fluid extracts (Proc. Am, Phar. Assoc. xxiii, 209. — Globley in Jour. Pharm. et Ohimie, xv, 40. — Ouibourt, Hist. Drogues, 1 ed. iii, 317. — Pharm. Jour. 3 ser. iv, 44. — Fluckiger & Hanbury, Pharmocographia, 224. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 749. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 1177) ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. NOTE. — The closely-allied P. Virginiana of the north Atlantic region, a tall ahrub, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, does not assume arborescent habit. 109. — Prunus Capuli, Cavanilles, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Schlechtendal in Limisca, xiii, 69, 404.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 123.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 367.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 352. CeraSUS Capollin, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 539.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 713, f. 420.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 10.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 412.— Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 54. CeraSUS Capuli, Seringe in De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 541.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 422. P. Capollin, Zuccarini in Abhandl. Acad. Munich, ii, 345, t. 8.— Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 62.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 53. P. Canadensis, Mocino & Sesse", PI. Mex. Icon. ined. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 69 WILD CHEERY. Apache and Guadalnpc mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the San Francisco mountains; southward through northern New Mexico, and in Peru. A small tree, in the United States, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter ; bottoms of canons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 aud 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, or often bright, clear red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7879 ; ash, 0.20. 110. — Prunus demissa, Walpors, Kep. ii, 10.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 43.— Benthaui, PI. Hartweg. 307.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 80 ; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 764.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 37.— Braudegee in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167.— Vasey, Cat, Forest Trees, 13.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada. 1875-76, 194.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 368. Cerasus serotina, Hooker, Fl. Bur. -Am. i, 169, iii parr. Cerasus demissa, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 40.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. iar>5, 87.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 59. Padus demissa, Rremer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87. P. Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 381. WILD CHERRY. Vancouver's island east to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region; in Sonora. . A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern California, near the coast; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, a low shrub confined to high, mountain valleys. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6951 ; ash, 0.50. 111. — Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 163; 2 ed. iii, 196.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 667.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 203.— Nuttall, Genera,!, 302.— Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. i, 304; Syst. ii, 478.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Audubon, Birds, t. 159, 190.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286.— Schlechtendal in Linn&a, xiii, 89.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 103.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 124.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 252.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. P. Carolina, Miller, Diet.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198. P. serratifolia, Marshall, Arbnstum, 114. . P. Lusitanica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. Cerasus Caroliniana, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 5.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 156, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 150, t. 89.— Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 420.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 720, f. 423.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Browne, Trees of America, 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 291.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 171.— Wood, Cl. Book, 326. P. sempervirens, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 33. fBumelia serrata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 155.— Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. iv, 498. fAchras serrata, Poiret, Suppl. v, 36. Leptocarpa Caroliniana, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 18; 2ed. i, 167. Ghimanthus amygdalinus, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159. Laurocera&m Garoliniana, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 90. 70 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WILD ORANGE. MOCK ORANGE. WILD PEACH. North Carolina, south, near the coast, to bay Biscayne, Florida, and southern Alabama, west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas. A small tree, evergreen, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottoms of eastern Texas, here often covering extensive tracts known as "peach brakes"; not common in the eastern Gulf states. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in seasoning, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8C88 ; ash, 0.41. Generally planted in the southern states as an ornamental and hedge plant; foliage, bark, and fruit contain prnssic acid, the leaves, especially when partly withered, often proving fatal to animals browsing upon them. 112. — Prunus sphserocarpa, Swartz, Prodr. 81; Fl. lud. Occ. ii,927 [not Michaux]. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 937. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet. v,G66. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516. — Schlechtendal in Liniuua, xiii, 87. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 10. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 231. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl.620. , CerasUS sphcerocarpa, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 4. — Seriuge in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540. — London, Arboretum ii, 721.— Bot. Mag. t. 3141.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 421. Semi-tropical Florida, western shores of bay Biscayne (Curtiss); in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida not exceeding C meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; high rocky woods or, more rarely, along the borders of streams and ponds ; rare. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color; light, clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow; specific gravity, 0.8998; ash, 0.87. 113. — Prunus ilicifolia, Walpere, Eep. ii, 10.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 285. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 168; ii, 443. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. CerasUS ilicifolia, Nuttall in Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 340, t. 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 16, t. 47 ; 2 ed. i, 165, t. 47.— Torrey in Emory's Rep. 139 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Paxton, Brit Fl. Garden, iii, 44, f. 254. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 654. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, •22.— Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 79; iv, 22.— London Garden, 1873, 131 & fig. LaurOCCraSUS ilicifolia, Rceiner, Syn. Mon. iii, 92. ISLAY. California, Coast ranges from San Francisco bay south to the southern boundary of the state, extending to the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A small tree, evergreen, often 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or when distant from the coast often reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly -distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.9803; ash, 0.78; furnishing valuable fuel. 114. — Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 147.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 169.— Maximowicz in Act! Hort. St. Petersburg, v1, 237.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 370. Spiraea Californica, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 140. V. COrymbosa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 [not Correa]. Arizona, high mountains near the Gila (Emory), summits of the Santa Catalina mountains (Pringle, Lemmon) ; in Sonora. A small tree in the Santa Catalina mountains, 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs at 2,700 to 4,000 feet elevation, granitic soil; generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 1.1374; ash, 1.45. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 71 115. — Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker, Icon. t. 324.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 28,t.51; 2 ed. i, 178, t. 51.— Walpers, Rep. ii,46.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 119.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 83, 420; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in Hayden% Rep. 1872,765. — Parry iu Am. Nat. ix,201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad. i, 146. — Engelmann in Simpson's Rep. 435. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 174. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 421. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 43, 111, 360. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. Coeur d'Alene mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana and Wyoming ; eastern extremities of the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, Wahsatch mountains, Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of •California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico. A small, low tree, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub ; dry, rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada. A shrubby variety of the Wahsatch mountain and other ranges of Utah, characterized by its rigid, intricately branched growth, short, revolute leaves and smaller flowers and fruit, is — var. intricatus, M. E. Jones in herb. C. intricatus, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x, 346.— Parry in Am. Nat. fx, 270 ; Proc. Davenport Acad. i, 147. C. brevifolius, Watson in King's Rep. v,83 [not Gray]. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, bright, clear red, or often rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 1.0731 ; ash, 1.04 ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into •charcoal. 116. — Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall; Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 337.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Hooker, Icon. t. 323.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 45.— Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 89 ; Emory's Rep. 139; Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,83; Bot. Hex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 287. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 119. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. iv1, 41; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 68; v, 54; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vii,146; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 411; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863,61.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.iiew ser. xii, 190. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 79. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 475; 1871, 481.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 82.— Porter .& Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 34.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 37; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 111, 359.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 174; ii, 444.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— M. E. Jones, Excur. Bot. 12, 15, 20, 21. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 374. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 353. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and in Lower California ; Eocky mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Sonora. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona, ..at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. A glabrous variety of southern California, with dark green leaves, is — var. glaber, Watson, Bot. California, i,175. C, betulcefolillS, Nuttall in Hooker, Icon. t. 322.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 46. C. betutoides, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi,218. A form with small entire or sparingly toothed leaves, of northern Mexico, is — var. paucidentatUS, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 353. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.9365 ; ash, 0.46 j furnishing valuable fuel. 72 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 117. — Pyrus coronaria, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 480.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 166.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 229.— Marshall, Arbustum, 118.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 176; 2 ed. iii, 209. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1019; Enum. 527; Berl. Baumz. 330.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 40.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Eaton, Manual, 56; 6 ed. 291.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 307.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 228.— Hayne, Dend. F1.86. — Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 180; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203; Fl. N. York, i, 223.— Bot. Mag. t. 2009.— Elliott, Sk. i, 559.— Bot. Reg. viii, 651.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 510. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 635. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 617. — Beck, Bot. 113. — Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 240. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154. — London, Arboretum, ii, 908 &t. — Browne, Trees of America, 297. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, Cl. Book, 532; Bot. & Fl. 112. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 149. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 214. — Weuzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 40 (excl. var. ). — Macoun & Gibson in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 325.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— London Garden, xix, 400, t. 280.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22,78.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. Malus coronaria, Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Moanch, Meth. (182.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 562.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 140. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 139, t. 44, f. 1.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 65, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 58, t. 65. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 55.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 136, t. 8. — Reamer, Syn. Hon. iii, 191. — Decaisue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 154. — Carriore in Rev. Hort. 1877, 410 & t. Cratcegus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357. Mains microcarpa coronaria, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24. AMERICAN CRAB. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB. Ontario, valley of the Humber river, shores of lake Erie, southward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and northern Louisiana. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Ohio region. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, Jbrown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7048 ; ash, 0.52 ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. Often planted for ornament on account of its fragrant blossoms ; the small, yellow-green austere fruit used for preserves, and occasionally made into cider. 118. — Pyrus angustifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 176; 2 ed. iii, 209. — Willdenow, Spec. ii,1020. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet.- v, 455. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 40. — Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. i,341.— Elliott, Sk.i, 559.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 480 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 635.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 132.— Bot. Reg. xiv, 1207.— Don, Miller's Diet. 647.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 909 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 382.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 24; 2 ed. i, 174. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, Cl. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 213.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Ridgway in Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,66. P. coronaria, Wangeuheim, Anier. 61, t. 21, f. 47 [not Linnasus].— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148. Malus angustifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mns. x, 155. Malus sempervirens, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 141. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 638, t. 43, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 524.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 135, t. 8, 6gs.— Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 191. P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 41. Chloromeles sempervirens, Decaisne in Fl. des Serres, xxiii, 126. AMERICAN CRAB APPLE. SOUTHERN CBAB APPLE. Pennsylvania ?, southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods; most common and reaching its greatest development along the river bottoms of the south Atlantic states ; less common west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure : color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6895 ; ash, 0.33; used for levers, handles of tools, etc. The austere fruit used for preserves and made into cider. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 73 119. — Pyrus rivularis, Douglas ; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 203, t. 68.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 647.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 471.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154.— Lcdebour, Fl. Rossica, ii, 99.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 22, t.49; 2ed. i, 172, t. 49.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. —Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 85; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, '259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 29, 60.— Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 435, 446.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 212. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 382. — Wenzig iu Linnsea, xxxviii, 38. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 188. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — Macouii in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 195. — Dawson in • Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330. P. diversifoUa, Bougard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133. P.fuSCtt, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii,254. P. subcordata, Ledebonr, Fl. Rossica, ii, 95. Mdlus rivularis, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215.— Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155. Malus diversifoUa, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155. Mai us Subcordata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 192. OREGON CRAB APPLE. Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains, to Sonoma county, California. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; rich, low woods, generally along streams, often forming dense thickets. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8316; ash, 0.41; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc. The small, black, pleasantly acid fruit occasionally used as a preserve, and prized by the Indians as food. 120.— Pyrus Americana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 637.— Watson, Dend. Brit. i. t. 54.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 511.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 204.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Audubou, Birds, t. 363.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— London, Arboretum, iii, 920 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 224.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 25, t. 50; 2 ed. i, 175, t. 50.— Browne, Trees of America, 326. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 439 ; 2 ed. ii, 499. — Parry iu Owen's Rep. 612. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Lange, PI. Greenl. 134. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 129. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70.— Wood, Cl. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 190.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Macoun in. Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176.— Bell iii Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54°. Sorbus Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 145.— Willdenow, Euum. 520.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 164.— Eaton, Manual, 55 ; 6 ed. 351.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Hayrie, Dend. Fl. 75.— Torrey, Fl .17. S. 477 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii , 95.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 207.— Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 138.— Maximo wicz • in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 174. — Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 71. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 158. SorbltS aucuparia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 234, in part.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 1. ed. 119.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. . x, 158, in part. Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana, Persoon, Syn. ii, 38 & addend. P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Sehlechtendal in Linnaea, x, 99. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnxan Soo. xxii',. 290, 327, in part. Sorbus humifusa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 265. MOUNTAIN ASH. Greenland?, Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti island, and westward along the southern shore of James' bay to the valley of the Nelson river (White Mud falls), southward through all mountainous regions of the northeastern states, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina; in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; borders of swamps and in moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior. 74 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A form with smaller fruit, peculiar to the high southern Alleghany mountains, is — var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472. Sorbus aucuparia, var. a. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 280. Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 164.— Elliott, Sk. i, 555.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 477.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 351.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 95. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 138. P. microcarpa, Sprongel, Syst. ii, 511.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 636.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bot. 113.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— London, Arboretum, ii, 921. Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, Wenzig in Liunaea, xxxviii, 71. Sorbus riparia, Rafinesque, New Sylva, 15. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5451 ; ash, 0.83. Often planted for ornament. 121. — Pyrus sambucifolia, Chamisso &Schlechtendal inLinnsea, ii, 36.— Bongard iiiMem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133.— Don, Miller'sDict. ii, 648.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, ii, 99.— Trautverter & Meyer, Fl. Ochot. 37.— Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 103.— Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 446.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161 ; Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 3c«2.— Porter in llaycleirs Rep. 1870, 475.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 38. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 176. Sorbus aucuparia, var. /9. Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290. Sorbus aucuparia, Schrank, PI. Labrador, 25, in part [not Linnaeus]. P. Americana, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73 [not De Candolle].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 60.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292. P. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part.— Schlechtendal in Linncea, x, 99, in part.— Hooker in Trans. Liniuuau Soc. xxii2,290, 327. in part. Sorbus sambucifolia, Reamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.— Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, xix, 174.— Wenzig in Linntea, xxxviii, 73. — Decaisue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 159. Sorbus Sitchensis, Reemer, Syu. Mon. iii, 139. MOUNTAIN ASH. Labrador to northern New England and the shores of lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtchatka. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development. in northern New England and Minnesota. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5928 ; ash, 0.35. The bark and unripe fruit of tbe American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly-allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment of diarrhea (Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333). 122. — Crataegus rivularis, Nnttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 161.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii,9; 2 ed. i, 160.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 107.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 482.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765.— Brandegee in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. C. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765 [not Torrey & Gray]. British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington territory, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, to the Pinos Altos mountains, New Mexico (Greene). A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish -brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7703 ; ash, 0.35. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 75 123. — Cratsegus Douglasii, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxi, 1. 1810. — London, Arboretum, ii, 823, f. 584 & t. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 147. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 26. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 195. — Engelmanu in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. f O. glandulosa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337, in part. C. punctata, var. brevispina, Douglas iu Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201. C. sanguined, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 58.— Dietrich , Syn. iii, 160.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292.— Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 116. C. SCtnguinea, Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 6, t. 44; 2 ed. i, 157, t.44 [not Pallas].— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 259; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. Anthomeles Douglasii, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 140. C. rivularis, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189 [not Nuttall]. British Columbia, valley of the Parsnip river, in about latitude 55° N., south through Washington territory and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt river, California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base of the Rocky mountains (valley of the Flathead river, Canby & Sargent). A small tree, sometimes 12 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade mountains; toward its eastern limits a low shrub. Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6950 ; ash, 0.33; used for wedges, mauls, etc. The small, sweet, black fruit, ripening in August, is largely collected by the Indians. 124. — CratfiCgUS brachyacantha, Sargent & Englemann; Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. HOGS' HAW. New Orleans?, (Drummond in herb. GVa^pMinden, Louisiana (Mohr) ; Concord, Texas (Sargent); Longview, 'Texas (in fruit, Lettermari). A tree 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low» very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6793 ; ash, 0.42. The large blue-black fruit greedily eaten by hogs and other animals. 125. — Crataegus arborescens, Elliott, 8k. i, 550.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i , 466.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, f>8.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 10, t. 45 ; 2 ed. i, 160, t. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306. —Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Fl. Texas, 259.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Engelmanu in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 4. Phcenopyrum arborescens, Eosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 153. C. CrUS-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in part. Valley of the Savannah river, South Carolina (Aiken, Ravenel), south to the Ghattahoochee region of western Florida; valley of the Mississippi river, near Saint Louis (Engelmann), south and southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and in rather low, wet swamps. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6491 ; ash, 0.57. The small globular fruit bright red or, more rarely, orange. 76 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 126. — Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 115.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 344.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 147.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,170; 2 ed. iii, 202.— WUldenow, Spec, ii, 1004.— Micaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,288.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept: i, 338.— Eaton, Manual, 55 ; 6 ed. 111.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Barton, Compcud. Fl. Philadelph. i, 225 ; Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 54.— Elliott, Sk. i, 548.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 476 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 202 ; Fl. N. York, i, 221.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 56.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 200 ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 463.— London, Arboretum, ii, 820, f. 574, 575 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.— Browne, Trees of America, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 433 ; 2 ed. ii, 492 & t. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 83. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 30o. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Poreher, Resources S. Forests, 148.— Gray, Manual X. States, 5 od. 100; Hall's PL Texas, 9. — Young, Bot. Texas, 258.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 108.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. C. ludda, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 13.— Wangenheim, Amer. 53, 1. 17, f. 42.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,506.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii,629.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212. Mespilus Crus-galli, Marshall, Arbustum, 88.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 441.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 157.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 149.— Willdenow, Enum. 522; Berl. Baumz. 244.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 80.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 142. f Mespilus cuneiformis, Marshall, Arbnstum, 88. • Mespilus lucida, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 17.— Moench, Meth. 685.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 57. Mespilus cuneifolia, Mcench, Meft. 684. C. Crus-galli, var. splendens, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202. Mespilus Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 57. C. Watsoniana, Rojmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. COCKSPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to the valley of the Chipola river, western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, running into various forms. The best marked are — var. pyracanthifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 170 ; 2 ed. iii, 202.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 404.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 820, 1. 128, f. 580.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in part. C. salicifolia, Medicns, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 345. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. C. Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Alton, I. c. ; 2 ed. I. c.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 244.— De Candolle, I. o.— London, I. c. f. 551-553, 578 & t.— Browne, 1. c.— Regel, I. c. 110. Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salicifolia, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 80. Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, I. c. Mespilus salicifolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 144. C. Coursetiana, Roamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. var. ovalifolia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. I860.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— London, Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 579 & t.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109. Mespilus ovalifolia, Hornemann, Hort. Hafn. Snppl. 52.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 143. Mespilus prunellifolia, Poiret, Suppl. iv, 72. C. ovalifolia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Rojmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. C. prunellifolia, De Candolle, 1. c.— Don, I. c.— Rosmer, 7. c. Mespilus elliptica, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 170. t. 144 [not Lamarck].— Spach. Hist. Veg. ii,68. var. linearis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— London, Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 577.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 77 Mespilus lucida, var. angustifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, la C. linearis, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Rcomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118. Mespilus linearis, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 70.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii, 57. var. prunifolia, Torrey & Gray, PI. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— London, Arboretum, ii, 821, f. 576 & t.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 110. Mespilus prunifolia, T Marshall, Arbustuui, 90.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 443.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 150, t. 40.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506. Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Boitr. iii, 20. C. prunifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Bosc in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxii, t. 1868.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212. Mespilus Bosciana, Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 58. G. Bosciana, Rremer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118. Wood heavy, bard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7194 ; ash, 0.56. The long, strong spines are occasionally collected and used to fasten sacks and for similar purposes. ' 127. — Crataegus coccinea, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 167 ; 2 ed. iii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000 (excl. syn.).— Michaux, PI. Bor.-Am. i, 288.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Eaton, Manual, 55; 6ed. 111.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Schrank, Pfl.Labrad'or, 26. -Barton, Compend, Fl. Philadelph. i, 226.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 77.— Elliott, Sk. i, 553.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 474 ; Compend. Bot. N. States, 201; Fl. N. York, i, 221 ; Emory's Rep. 408.— De Candolle, -Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201 ; Bot. Mag. t, 3432.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Meyer, PL Labrador, 8i.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Lindley, Bot. Keg. 23, 1. 1957.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Bigelo w, Fl. Beston. 3 ed. 206.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.— London, Arboretum, ii, 816, f. 564-566, t. 121.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 270, f. 18-20, 22.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 434 ; 2 ed. ii, 493 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 83. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 305. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 43 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 309.— Wood, Cl. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Kaleniczonko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 9. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 177. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. Mespilus COCCinea, Marshall, Arbustum, 87.— Mcench, Meth. 684.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,442.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.— Willdenow, Enum. 523; Berl. Baumz. 238.— Wendland in.Regensb. Fl. 1823, 699.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 64. Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 20.— Wendland in Regensb.Fl. 1823, 700 — Watsoh, Dend. Brit, i, t. 58.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 148. Pyrus glandulosa, Moench, Meth. 680. G. glandulosa, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002 (excl.syn.).— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,337, in part.— Torrey, FLU. 8.475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 10 12.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— London, Arboretum, ii, 817, f. 550, 567, 568 & t.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 84.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 120. Mespilus glandulosa, Willdenow, Enum. 523.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 62.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 145. Mespilus pubescens, Wendland in Regensb.Fl. 1823,700. C. Crus-galli, Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 2 ed. 194 [not Linnaeus]. / Mespilus Wendlandii, Opiz in Regensb.Fl. 1834,590. C. macracantha, Loddiges in London, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. 572, 573 & t. 0. glandulosa, var. macracantha, Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1912. Mespilus flabellata, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 63. —Koch, Dendrologie, 1,148. Halmia flabellata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 136. Anthomeles rotundifolia, Kramer, Syn. Mon. iii, 140. Phcenopyrum C0CCJ»ewm,Ro3tner, Syn. Mou. iii, 156. Phcenopyrum Wendlandii, Roemor, Syn. Mon. iii, 156. 78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SCAELET HAW. EED HAW. WHITE THORN. West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; open upland woods or along streams and borders of prairies ; very common at the north, rare at the south ; running into many forms, varying in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. The best marked are — var. viridis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 149. C. viridis, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 551.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 630.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 601.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,2 ed. 293.— Eaton & Wright^ Bot. 212.— Beck, Bot. 305.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Wood, Cl. Book, 332; Bot. & Fl. 111. f Phcenopyrum Viride, Kramer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156. Mespilus viridis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 149. C. glandulosa, var. rotundifolia, Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 120. var. populifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465. C. populifolia, Elliott, Sk. i, 553 [not Walter].— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305. Mespilus populifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. Phcenopyrum populifolium, Eoeraer, Syn. Mon. iii, 156. 0. COCdinea, var. typica, Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121. var. oligandra, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red,, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8618; ash, 0.38. k 128. — Crataegus subvillosa, Schrader, Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. — Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 35.— Ridgway in Proc. TI. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. C. coccinea, var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 465. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Parry ift Owen's Eep. 612.— Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121. * Pheenopyrum subvillosum, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 154. C. mollis, Scheele in Linnaea, xxi, 569; Eoemer, Texas, Appx. 473. — Walpers, Ann. ii,523. G. sanguinea, var. mllosa, Euprecht & Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 101. C. Texana, Buckley in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 454 (see Gray in same, 1862, 163).— Yonng, Fl. Texas, 258. * C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, Cl. Book, 330 ; Bot. & Fl. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. Mespilus tilicefolia, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 151. SCAELET HAW. Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced) ; central Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio river. A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter; rich woods and along borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light brown or light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7953 ; ash, 0.69. The large red fruit often downy, edible, and of agreeable flavor. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 79 129. — Crataegus tomentosa, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius). — Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 151. — Du Roi, Harbk. i, 183. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 466.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 160.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 222.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 435; 2 ed. ii, 494 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, Cl. Book, 330. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 191. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160. — Young, Bot. Texas, 258. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66. C. leucophlceos, Meench, Hort. Weiss. 31, t. 2.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 106. Mespilus Calpodendron, Ehrhart, Beitr. ii, 67. C. pyrifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 131.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, Sk. i, 550.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Lind]"y, Bot. Reg. xxii, 1. 1877.— Louden, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. 571 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211. Mespilus latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.— Nouvean Duhamel, iv, 150.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,60. 0. latifolia, Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Roomer, Syn. Mou. 119. Mespilus pyrifolia, Willdenow, Enum.523; Berl. Baumz. 240.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 15.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 507.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 78. Mespilus lobata, Poiret, Suppl. iv, 71. Mespilus odorata, Wondland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700. Mespilus pruinosa, Wendlaud in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700. C. lobata, Bosc in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 628. C. flava, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202 (excl. syn.). Halmia tomentosa, Reamer, Syn. Mon. 135. Halmia lobata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. 135. Phcenopyrum pruinosum, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. 155. • t C. coccinea, var. viridis, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 86 [not Torrey 8.— Nees, Fl. Offic. t. 95.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 621.— Sprengel, Sy.st. iii, 864.— Humboldt, Bonpland & Kuutb, Nou v. Gen. & Spec, vii, 273. — Andubon, Birds, t. 44. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 217.— Beck, Bot. 326.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 64. —Eat on & Wright, Bot. 302.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 84.— London, Arbore turn, iv, 2049, f. 1961 & t.— Lindley.Fl. Med. 322.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 581, f. 254.— Broomfield in London Jour. Bot. vii, 144.— Scbnizleiu, Icon. t. 98, f. 5-21. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 34(5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 157.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 77.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 362.— Wood, Cl. Book, 375 ; Bot. & Fl. 120.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 344.— Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 157.— Oliver in Hooker f. Icon, xi, 13. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 174. — Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 464. — Young, Bot. Texas, 291. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 412 & figs.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iii, 397, f. 471-474.— Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 300, f. 445.— Ridgway in Am. Nat. vi, 664; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 400. L. Styraciflva, var. Mexicana, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 11. L. macrophylla, Orsted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 10. SWEET GUM. STAR-LEAVED GUM. LIQUIDAMBER. RED GUM. BILSTED. Fairfleld county, Connecticut, to the valleys of the lower Ohio, White, and Wabash rivers, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, southwest through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas; in central and southern Mexico. A large tree, often 30 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; in low, wet soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the Mississippi basin, here, with the cotton gum, forming a large proportion of the heavy forest growth. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, bright browii tinged with red, the sap- wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5910; ash, 0.61; manufactured into lumber and used in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street pavements; its great economic value hardly appreciated on account of the difficulty experienced in properly seasoning it. The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the south collected by herbalists and sometimes used in the form of a sirup as a substitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment in dressing frost-bite, abscess, etc., and in the manufacture of chewing gums (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 246.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 834). RHIZOPHORACE^E. 14O. — Rhizophora Mangle, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 443.— Jacquin, Amer. 141, t. 89.— Gartner, Fruct. i, 212, t. 45, f. L— Lamarck, III. ii, 517, t. 396; Diet, vi, 160.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 844.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 2.— Decourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 45, 1. 10.— Vellozo, Fl. Fluin. 1. 1.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 301.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 332, t. 34.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 484.— Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. v, 295.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 290.— Arnott in Ann. Nat. Hist. i,361.— Walpere, Rep. ii, 70.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 14.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 312.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 55. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 274.— Schnizlein, loon. t. 263, f. 1-7.— Maout & Deeaisne, Bot. English ed. 419.— Eichler in Martius, Fl. Brasil. xii-, 420, t. 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Baillon, Hist^Pl. vi, 284,/. 253-259. R. racemosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl.-Esseq. 185.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, :i2. R. Americana, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 95, t. 24; 2 ed. i, 112, t. 24.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 87 MANGROVE. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern keys ; delta of the Mississippi river and coast of Texas ; southward through the West Indies and tropical America ; now widely naturalized throughout the tropics of the old world (A. De Candolle, Geog. Bot. ii, 772). A tree 12 to 18, or, exceptionally, 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or more commonly not exceeding 4 to 7 meters in height ; low saline shores, reaching in the United States its greatest development on bay Biscayue and cape Sable ; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets the coast of the Florida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades, and entirely covering many of the southern keys. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly-distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1.1617; ash, 1.82; furnishing valuable fuel ; not greatly affected by the teredo, and used for piles. COMBRETACEJ;. l4l. — Conocarpus erecta, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 176.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 96; 111. i, 126, f. 1.— Jacquin, Amer. t. 78.— Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 470, t. 177, f. 3.— Swartz, Obs'. 79.— Willdenow, Sp. i, 994.— Alton, Hort. Ke-sv. 2 ed. i, 381.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 47.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 16.— Decourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, vi, 68, t. 399.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 304.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. K. America, i, 485.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 113, t. 33 ; 2 ed. i, 128, t. 33.— Kichard, Fl. Cuba, 526.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 277.— Eichler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xiv2, 101, t. 35, f. 2.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. BUTTON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, often 8 or, exceptionally, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest development in the United States on Lost Man's river, north of cape Sable; or reduced to a low under shrub (var. procumbens, De Candolle, l. c.— Eichler, l. c.; C. procumbens, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 177.— Jacquin 1. c. 79, t. 52, f. 2. — G?ertner, 1. c. iii, 205, f. 4— Grisebach, I. c. ; C. acutifolia, Willdenow in Kramer & Schultes, Syst. v, 574). Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark yellow brown, the sap -wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9900; ash, 0.32; burning •lowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel. 142. — Laguncularia racemosa, Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 209, t. 217.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 305.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 117, t. 34 ; 2 ed. i, 132, t. 34.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 14, 92.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 527.— Eichler in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xiv2, 102, t. 35, f. 3.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 276.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Baillon, Hist. PI. vi, 278. Conocarpus racemosa, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 251 ; Syst. 181.— Jacquin, Amer. 80, t. 53.— Swartz, Obs. 79.— Willdenow, Spec. i,995. COmmutata, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 332. Bucida Buceras, Vellozo, Fl. Flum. iv, t. 87 [not Linnaeus]. L. glabrifolia, Presl, Reil. Hamk, ii, 22.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 63.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 136. WHITE BUTTON WOOD. WHITE MANGKOVE. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cedar Keys to cape Sable; through the West Indies and tropical America ; coast of tropical Africa. A small tree, sometimes 6 or, exceptionally, 22 meters in height (Shark river, Florida, Curtiss), with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shores of lagoons and bays. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; susceptible of a beautiful polish : medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7137; -ash, 1.62. 88 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRTACE^. 143. — Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Swartz, Prodr. 79 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 921.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 975.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 192.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 237.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 101, t. 26 ; 2 ed. i, 117, t. 2(5.— Berg in Linnsea, xxvii, 26. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. 8. State*, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 232.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 408. MyrtUS Chytraculia, Linnaeus, Amren. v, 398.— Swartz, Obs. 202. Eugenia pollens, poiret, Suppl. iii, 122. Semi-tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8902; ash, 3.32. 144. — Eugenia buxifolia, Willdenow, Spec. ii,960.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 28.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 275. -Nuttall, Sylva, i, 108, t. 29; 2 ed. i, 123, t. 29.— Cooper in Smithsoniam Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. Myrtus buxifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 78 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 899. Myrtus axillaris, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 412. E. myrtoides, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 125. MyrtUS Poireti, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 483. U. triplinervia, Berg in Linnaea, xxvii, 190, in part. GTJRaEON STOPPER. SPANISH STOPPER. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Eomano ; i» the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, reaching iim greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Everglades. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9360; ash, 1.50 ; somewhat used for fuel. 145. — Eugenia dichotoma, De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 278.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 103, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 120, t. 27.— Berg in Linnsea, xxvii, 261.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. E. divaricata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 202. ? MyrtUS dichotoma, Vahl in Poiret, Suppl. iv, 53. AnamomiS punctata, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 240. NAKED WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to cape Canaveral, common ; west coast, Caloosa river to cape Eomano; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter. A form with the leaves, buds, and calyx more or less pubescent (E. dichotoma, var. fragrans, Nuttall, l, c.; E. pungens, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 964 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1242 ; E. montana, Aublet, Guian. i, 495, t. 195), not rare in West Indies, and, according to Nuttall, collected by Mr. Baldwin in the vicinity of New Smyrna, Florida, has not been rediscovered within the limits of the United States. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or red, sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8983 ; ash, 0.74. The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor, and greatly improved by cultivation in rich soil. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 89 146. — Eugenia monticola, De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 275.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach , Fl. British West Indies, 236.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. Myrtus monticola, Swartz, Fl.Ind. Occ.ii, 898. E, triplinervia, Berg in Liniuea, xxvii, 19J, in part. E. amllaris, Berg in Linnoja, xxvii, 201, in part. STOPPER. WHITE STOPPER. Florida, Saint John's river to Umbrella Key ; rare; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.9156 ; ash, 1.89. 147. — Eugenia longipes, Berg, Linnoea, xxvii, 150.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 620. STOPPEE. Semi-tropical Florida, No-Name Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; rare. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged with red ; specific gravity, 1.1235 ; ash, 3.48. The small red fruit with the flavor of cranberries. » 148. — Eugenia procera, Poiret, Suppl. ii, 129.— De Candolle, Prodr. iii, 268.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 106, t. 28; 2 ed. i, 122, t. 28.— Berg in Linntea, xxvii, 207.— Cooper ui Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 131.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 238.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. Myrtus procera, Swartz, Prodr. 77; Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 887.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 968. E. Baruemis, Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. [not Jacquin], 87. EED STOPPER. Semi-tropical Florida, shores of bay Biscay ne, Key Largo, Elliott's Key; in the West Indies. A tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest development in the United States in the neighborhood of Miami, bay Biscayne. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color, light yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.9453 ; ash, 2.62 ; probably valuable in cabinet-making and as a substitute for box-wood for coarse wood-engraving. NOTE.— Ptridium Gitaiai-a, Raddi, the Guava, widely cultivated in the tropics for its fruit, is now sparingly naturalized in semi-tropical Florida. CACTACE^. 149. — Cereus giganteus, Engelmann; Emory's Eep. 158 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiv, 335 ; xvii, 231 ; Proc. Am. Acad. iii, 287 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, Cactacese, 42, t. 61, 62 & front.; Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 247.— Thurber in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. v, 302, 305.— Fl. des Serres, x, 24, & t. ; xv, 187, t. 1600.— Bigelow in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 12.— Engelmann & Bigelow iii Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 36.— Walpers, Ann. v, 46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1*58, 259. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. ix, Misc. 95. — Marcou in Jour. Hort. Soc. France, 2 ser. iii, 676.— Lindley, Treasury Bot. 256, t. 17. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. — Eotbrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, front. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, :i4;i. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982, f. 3. PiloCi'TCUK Engdmanni, Lemaire, 111. Hort. ix, Misc. 95. 90 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SUWARROW. SAGUARO. GIANT CACTUS. Valley of Bill Williams river, Arizona, south and east through central Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro river ; southward in Sonora. A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, stony mesas or low hills rising from the desert. Wood of the large, strong ribs, very light, soft, rather coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, almost indestructible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color, light brown tinged with yellow; specific gravity, 0.3188 ; ash, 3.45; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc. The edible fruit largely collected and dried by the Indians. 150. — Cornus alternifolia, Linnaeus f. Suppl. 125.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 116; 111. i, 303.— L'Heritier, Cornns, 10, t. 6.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 19.— Alton, Hort.Kew. i, 159; 2 ed. i, 262.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 664; Enum. 165; fieri. Bauinz. 104.— Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 93.— Porsoon, Syn. i, 144.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb.i, 351.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 157, t. 45.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 109.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 99.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 323; Mant. 251.— Elliott, Sk. i, 210.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abl). Holz. 53, t. 43.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 180 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 83; Fl. N. York, i, 288.— Sprengel, Syst, i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 271.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 275.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 398.— Beck, Bot. 154.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 109.— Tausch in Regensb. Fl. xxi,732.— Spach, Hist. Veg.viii, 92.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 503.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 649.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1010, f. 760.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 210.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 60.— C. A. Meyer in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, v, 6, 13.— Walpers, Rep. v, 932.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 409; 2 ed. ii, 463 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 613.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 110.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 167.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 167.— Wood, Cl. Book, 391 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 690.— Young, Bot. Texas, 303. C. alterna, Marshall, Arbustum, 35. DOGWOOD. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the northern shores of lake Superior, eouth through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. A small tree, 4 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; low, rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6696; ash, 0.41. 151. — Cornus florida, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 117.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 35.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 114; 111. i, 302.— Wangenheim, Amer. 51, t. 17, f. 41.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 88. — L'Heritier, Cornus, 4.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 157; 2 ed. i, 261. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 661; Enum. 164; Berl. Baumz. 100.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 73.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 12, 45; ii, 17, 19.— Bot. Mag. t. 526.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 91.— Persoon, Syn. i, 143.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 350.— Schkuhr, Handb. 82.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41, 1. 16, f. 7.— Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 153.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 138, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 176, t. 48.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 108.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 69, t.73; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 59.— Eaton, Manual, 19; 6 ed. 108.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 98.— Barton, Med. Bot. i, 43, t. 3.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 319.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 6.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 21, t. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 207.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 208; Fl. U. S. 178; Compend. Fl. N. States, 82; Fl. N. York, i, 290; Nicollet's Rep. 151; Emory's Rep. 408.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 451.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264 ; Bot. 153. — Andubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122.— Rafinesqtie, Med. Bot. i, 131, f. 28 — De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 273.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part ; Companion Bot, Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 400.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 81.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 504.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1017, f. 769.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 209.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276.— Browne, Trees of America, 350.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 413; 2 ed. ii, 467 & t. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 347, f. 164.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 50, t. 42.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 111.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 60.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.— Wood, Cl. Book, 391; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Blakio in Canadian Nat. vi, 1.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 194.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 200 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 11. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 694.— Young, Bot. Texas, 303.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Baillon, Hist. PI. vii, 68, f. 46.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 136, t. 136.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67. Benthamidia fiorida, Spach, Hist, Veg. viii, 107. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 91 FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOX WOOD. Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to latitude 28° 50' in Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; rich woods ; very common, especially at the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green and red, the sap-wood lighter; specific; gravity, 0.8153; ash, 0.67; used in turnery, for wood engravings and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other species of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers (Am. Jour. Pharm. vii, 109.— Maisch in Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 315.— U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 352.— Nat. Dispensatory. 2 ed. 4G7). 152. — Cornus Nuttallii, Audnbon, Birds, t. 467.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 435.— Bentham, PI. Hartwcg. 312.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 51, t. 97; 2 ed. ii, 117, t. 97.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 89.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 94; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 326.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 75.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29, 63.— Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 387.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 274; ii, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, !<>.— Hall in Co.ilter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 88.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1P75-76, 198. — G. M. Dawsoii in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. C. florida, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascending the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the San Bernardino mountains to from 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation; common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with 'red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7481; ash, 0.50 ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 257, t. 20 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 480.— Poiret, Snppl. v, 740.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 685.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.— Wood, Cl. Book, 392 ; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 456. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. N. Ogeche, Marshall, Arbustum, 97. N. COCCinea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17. N. tomentosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508. N. candicans, Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii,614.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Poiret, Suppl.iv, 116.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 557.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1318, f. 1199.— Browne, Trees of America, 426. N. montana, Gicrtner, Fruct. iii, 201, t. 216. OGEECHEE LIME. SOUR TUPELO. GOPHER PLUM. Georgia, from the valley of the Ogeechee to the Saint Mary's river, west Florida (near Vernon, Mohr), and in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly- distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4G13 ; ash, 0.34. A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes", is made from the large, acid fruit. 92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. » 154. — Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall, Arbustum, 97.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 260, t. 21 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 29, 1. 110.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 116.— Barton, Prodr. FL Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 193. 2f. aquatica, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 1058, in part.— St. Hilaire, Fam. Nat. ii, 152.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 165, t. 22; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 31, t. 111.— Rffimer& Schultes, Syst. v, 576.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 133.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 492.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii. 168.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 347.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. N. multiflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 46, 1. 16, f. 39.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 463.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 161, t. 95.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 312, t. 17 ; 2 ed. ii, 353 & t.— Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 108, f. 1, 2.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 254.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 492.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, Cl. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 554.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53. — Bessey in Am. Nat. xv, 134.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. N. Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507 ; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 1. N. biflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 259.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113 ; Enum. 1061 ; Berl. Baumz. 256.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Gsrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,479.— Pursh.Fl.Am. Sept. i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.v, 167.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 115.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 200 ; Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual, 116.— Beck, Bot. 307.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1317, f. 1195, 1196.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 266, f. 241-244. JV. integrifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446.— Peraoon, Syn. ii, 614. N. Canadensis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. N. villosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii,258.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1112.— Desfontaines Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed- v, 479.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 380.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 276.— Roemer & Schnltes, Syst. v, 575.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Torrey, Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1317, f. 1197, 1198. N". multiflora, var. sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442. TUPELO. SOUR GUM. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK GUM. Valley of the Kennebec river, Maine (Kent's Hill, Prof. Stone), West Milton, Vermont, west to central Michigan, south to Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree 15 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller; borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen (N. aquatica). Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to work, inclined. to check unless carefully seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly-distributed small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light yellow or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.6353; ash, 0.52; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox yokes, and on the gulf coast for wharf piles. NOTE.— Various forms of Nyssa, which at different times have beeu considered by botanists as entitled to specific rank, are connected by so many intermediate forms, and offer so few distinctive characters, that they are hero united into one polymorphous species, which thus enlarged may properly bear Marshall's earlier name of Nyssa, sylvatica, rather than the more familiar Nyssa multiflora of Wangenheim. 155. — Nyssa uniflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 83, t. 27, f. 57.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 686.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 62.— Wood, Cl. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 16. N. aquatica, Linnaeus, Spec. 1058, in part.— Marshal], Arbustum, 96.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. —Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 36. N. denticulata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 480.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 015.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1114.— Gajrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 216.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 178.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 229.— Roomer & Schultes, Syst, T, 577.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 93 N. angulosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507; 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 2.— Roemer & Sehultes, Syst. v, 578. N. palustris, Salisbury, Prodr. 175- N. tomentosa, Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 615.— Willdeuow, Spec.iv, 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Rcemer & Sehultes, Syst. v, 577.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 685.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Audnbon, Birds, t. 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493. N. angulisans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 465. N. grandidcntata, Michaux f. Hist. Arl>. Am. ii, 252, t. 19; N. Ame 1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, N. capitata var. grandidentata, Browne, Trees of America, 426. N. grandidcntata, Michaux f. Hist. Arl>. Am. ii, 252, t. 19 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 34, t. 112.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. LARGE TUPELO. COTTON GUM. TUPELO GUM. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's river, Georgia, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Neches river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and southeastern Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois. A large tree, 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; deep swamps and river bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lauds of the lower Mississippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used in turnery, largely for woodenware, broom handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. CAPRIFOLIAOE^E. 156. — Sambucus glauca, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 13.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 453.— Torrey in Pacific R.R.Rep.vi, 12; Ives' Rep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.v,66; Proc. Am. Acad. vii,387; Syn. Fl. N.America, i*, 9. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 134.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 88.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135, 363. IS. Caiifbrnica, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 72. ? 8. Mexicana, Ne wherry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 75 [not Presl]. ELDER. Valley of the Fraser river and Vancouver's island, British Columbia, southward through California to the Mexican boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch range, Utah. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; confined to valleys, in dry, gravelly soil. Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color, yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5087 ; ash, 1.57. The large blue-black fruit edible and sometimes cooked. 157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Presl, Hort. Hasnk. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 322. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1030. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 66; Syn. Fl. N. America, i3, 9.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 95; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 1. S. glauca, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 313 [not Nuttall]. S. vellttina, Dnrand «fe Hilgard in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. new ser. iii, 39. 94 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ELDER. Valley of the Nueces river (San Patricio), south and west along the southern boundary of the United States to Posa creek, Kern county, California, and southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; bottom lands, in moist, gravelly loam. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4014; ash, 2.00. 158. — Viburnum Lentago, Linnasus, Spec. 1 ed. 268.— Marshall, Arbustum, 160.— Wangenheim, Amer. 100. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 372; 2 ed. ii, 168.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1491; Enum. 327; Berl. Baumz. 531.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 129.— Schkuhr, Handb. 234.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Atn. i, 178. — Persoon, Syn. i, 327. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 658. — Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. i, 201.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 34 ; 6 ed. 387.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Hayne, Dencl. Fl. 37.— Rcemer& Schultes, Syst. vi, 637. —Elliott, Sk. i, 365.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 318; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138; Fl. N. York, i, 305.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 21.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 934.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 102.— De Caudolle, Prodr. iv, 325.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 279. —Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 311. —London, Arboretum, ii, 1033, f. 780.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1011.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 473.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.— Bigelovr, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 123.— Penn. Cycl. xxvii, 294. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 364 ; 2 ed. ii, 412. — Darlington, Fl. Cestvica, 3 ed. 115. — Darby, Bot. 8. States, 342.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, Cl. Book, 398; Bot. & Fl. 147.— Eugclmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,194; Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 269.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 206 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 12.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 62. — Young, Bot. Texas, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Macoun in Rep. Geological Snrv. Canada, 1875-76, 198.— Bidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882, 68. SHEEPBERRY. NANNYBERRY. Southern shores of Hudson bay west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern states to southern Indiana and Saint Louis county, Missouri, and along the Alleghauy mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; rocky ridges and along borders of streams and swamps, in rich, moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development far north. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable; color, dark orange-brown, the sap-wood nearly white;' specific gravity, 0.7303; ash, 0.29. 159. — Viburnum prunifolium, Linnaras, Spec. led. 268.— Marshall, Arbustum, 160.— Wangenheim, Amer. 98.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 116.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 371; 2 ed. ii, 167.— Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1487; Enum. 326; Berl. Bauinz. 530.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 53.— Nonveau Duhamel, ii, 128, t. 38.— Schkuhr, Handb. 233. — Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. i, 178. — Persoon, Syu. i, 32G. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 344. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 653.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadeph. 39 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 151.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202. — Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.- Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37. — Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 318 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 138.— Elliott, Sk. i, 365.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 933.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 125, 1. 101.— Watson, Deud. Brit, i, t. 23.— Audubon, Birds, t. 23.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 325. — Beck, Bot. 156.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 312.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1034, 1. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 27 9. —Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 14.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 451.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 342.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171.— Wood, Cl. Book. 398; Bot, & Fl. 147.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 206; Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 12.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 269.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 62.— Young, Bot. Texas, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 96. V. pyrifolium, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 658.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 201.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 152.— Reemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 631.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 37.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 22.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 345; Cat. Hort. Paris, 3 ed. 404.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 325.— Beck, Bot. 156.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1034, f. 781, 782.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston, 3 ed. 123. V. prunifolium, var. ferrugineum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 15. BLACK HAW. STAG BUSH. Fairfield county, Connecticut, valley of the lower Hudson river (Fishkill landing), south to Hernando county, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9. meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on rocky hillsides, in rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8332; ash, 0.52. The edible fruit sweet and insipid ; the tonic and astringent bark somewhat used in the treatment of uterine disorders in the form of decoctions or fluid extracts (Bunion Mcd. and Sury. Jour. October 10, 1867. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1783.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1821). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 95 RUBIACEJ]. 160. — Exostemma Caribaeum, Rcemer & Schnltes, Syst. v, 18.— Sprengcl, Syst. i,705.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 359.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 481.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 722.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 395.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 36.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 180.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 324.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii. 187, f. 628.— Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, i3, 23. Cinchona Caribwa, Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. t. 176, f. 65.— Gaertner, Fruct. i, 109, t. 33.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 228; 2 ed. i, 372. — Lambert, Cinchoua, 38, 1. 12 (excl. syu. ). — Andrews, Dot. Rep. vii, t. 481. Cinchona Jamaicencis, Wright in Trans. Royal Soc. Ixvii, 504, 1. 10. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light brown, beautifully streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear, rich yellow; specific gravity, 0.9310; ash, 0.23. » 161. — Pinckneya pubens, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 103, t. 13.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 30.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 372.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Ain.ii,276,t.24; N. American Sylva, i, 180, t. 49.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 158.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 37.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 25, t. 7.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 705.— Elliott, Sk. i, 269.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 57, t. 72.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 366.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 165.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 263.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 486.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 433.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 400.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 357.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 37.— Browne, Trees of America, 354.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 365, f. 174.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 347.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Wood, Cl. Book, 401; Bot. & Fl. 150.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 404.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i3, 23. Cinchona Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 40. P. pubescens, Persoon, Syn. i, 197.— Gasrtner f. Fruct'. Suppl. 81, t. 194, f. 3. GEORGIA BAEK. South Carolina, near the coast; basin of the upper Apalachicola river in Georgia and Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, sandy swamps ; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.41. Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of intermittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona (U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed.1734). 162. — Genipa clusiaefolia, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 317.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 29. Gardenia clusiaifolia, Jacquin, Coll. Appx. 37, t. 4, f. 3.— Persoon, Syn. i, 199.— De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 381 ; Dietrich, Syn. i, 796. Randia clusiwfolia, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 179.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. SEVEN-YEAR APPLE. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub ; saline shores. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 1.0310; ash, 1.06. The large insipid fruit popularly but incorrectly supposed to require seven years in which to ripen. 96 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 163. — Guettarda elliptica, Swartz, Prodr. 59 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 634.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 218.— Persoon, Syn. i, 200.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 859.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 4*12.— De Candolle,Prodr. iv, 457.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 787.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 551.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, ii, 35.— Grisebach, PI. British West Indies, 332.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i2, 30. G. Blodgettii, Shuttleworth in herb.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 178.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. Semi-tropical Florida, ou the southern keys ; through the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red; •peciflc gravity, 0.8337 ; ash, 1.05. ERICACEJ5. 164. — Vaccinium arboreum, Marshall, Arbnetum, 157.— Michonx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 230.— Persoou, Syn. i, 479.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 270.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 285.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 263.— Elliott, Sk. i, 495.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 853.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1159.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 567.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1264.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 414.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1885.— Walpera, Ann. ii, 1096.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 259.— Wood, Cl. Book, 482; Bot. & Fl. 198.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 373.— Young, Bot. Texas, 369.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',20.— Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 71. V. mucronatum, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 139 [not Linnaeus]. V. diffusum, Aitou.Hort. Kew. ii, 356.— Bot. Mag. t. 1607.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 96. Batodendron arboreum, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2ser. viii,261; Sylva, iii, 43; 2 ed. ii.lll. FARKI.EBEEET. North Carolina, south near the coast to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states, and from southern Illinois and southern Missouri south through Arkansas and eastern Texas to the shores of Matagorda bay. A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits often reduced to a low shrub; very common throughout the pine belt of the Gulf states along the larger ponds and streams, in moist, sandy soil, and reaching its greatest development in eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7610; ash, 0.39; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of small handles, etc. 165. — Andromeda ferruginea, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 67 ; 2 ed. iii, 52.— Willdenow, Sp. ii, 609.— Mlchaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 252.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 190.— Ventenat, Hort. Malmaison, 80, t. 80.— Persoon, Syn. i, 480.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 292.— Elliott, Sk.i, 489. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 420. -Chapman, Fl. S. States, 263.— Wood, Cl. Book, 488; Bot. & FL 202.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. American1, 33. A. rhomboid alis, Nouveau Duhamel, i, 192. A.ferruglnca, var. arborcsctns, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,252. A. ferruginea, var. frulicosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i,252. A. rigida, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 292.— Loddiges, Bot, Cab. t. 430. Lyonin ferruginea, Nuttall, Genera, i, 266.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 830.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1109.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1399.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, fi()0.— Koch. Dendrologie, ii, 122. Lyonia rigida, Nnttall, Genera, i,26C.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 830.— De Candolle, Prodr, vii, 600. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 97 South Carolina to iiorthern Florida, near the coast. A small tree, in rich hummocks, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, often crooked or semi-prostrate; or in sandy pine-barren soil reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 meter in height; the leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc. Wood lu'uvy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.7f>00 ; ash, 0.40. 166. — Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. i,282.— Sprengcl, Syst. ii, 286.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1122.— De Camlolle, Prodr. vii, 582.— Dietrich, Syu. ii, Ki37.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 36.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 143.— Kuttall, Sylva, iii, 42, t. 95 ; 2 ed. ii, 109, t.95.— Torroy in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 116; Bot. \Vilkes Exped. 378.— Xewbcrry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 23, 79, f. 22.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, •-!', 6i>. — Lyall in Jonr. Linnacan Soc. vii, 131. — Grayiu Proc. Am. Acad. vii,393; B t. California, i, •)">-', in pait ; Syn. Fl. N. Anu'rica, ii1, 27, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7(i, 'J(i:i. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,331. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 276. A. 2>rocera, Douglas in Liudley's Bot. Reg. xxi, t. 1753.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1121.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 582.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1387.— Paxton, Mag. Bot. ii, 147 & t.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 416. A. laurifolia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxx, t. 67.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 36. MADRONA. Islands of British Columbia, from Seymour narrows southward through Washington territory and Oregon, near the coast, and through the Coast ranges of California to the Santa Lucia mountains. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, much larger (the great specimen near San Rafael, Marin county, California, 6.85 meters in circumference 2 meters from the ground); south of San Francisco bay much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; hillsides, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7052; ash, 0.40; largely used in the manufacture of gunpowder, the bark in tanning. 167.— Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, iii, 281.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 286.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834.— Hooker, Icon, i, t. 27.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 66.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 583.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1388.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1105.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 192 & t. ?A. variens, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 77.— Paxton, Brit. FJ. Card, ii, 118.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 277. fA. macrophylla, Martens & Galcotti in Bull. Acad. Brux.ix, 9.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 725. A. Menziesii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 27, in part.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 25, 183 [not Pursh]. Southern Arizona, Santa Kita mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation ; southward through northern Mexico. A small tree, with white, scaly bark, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes; large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7099; ash, 0.25. 168. — Arbutus Texana, Buckley, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861,460.— Gray in Proe. Philadelphia Acad. 18C2, 165.— Young, Bot. Texas, 370. A. Menziesii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part; Syn. Fl.N. America, ii',27, in part. ?A. Xalapensis, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 111. Western Texas, Hays and Travis counties (Buckley), west tb the Guadalupe and Eagle mountains (Havard), .and southward, probably into northern Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; dry limestone hills and ridges; rare. 7 FOR 98 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter, tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.7500; ash, 0.51; used in turnery, the manufacture of mathematical instruments, etc. NOTE. — The synononiy and specific position of the Mexican species of Arbutus which reach the southern boundary of the United States are still obscure, and cannot be well elucidated with the existing knowledge of the Mexican flora. 169. — Oxydendrum arboreum, De Candolle, Prodr. vli, 601.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1389.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 263.--Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 372.- Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, Cl. Book, 489 : Bot. & Fl. 203.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 296; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 33.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 128.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798. Andromeda arborea, Linnams, Spec. 1 ed. 394.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 158.— Marshall, Arbustuin, 7.— Wangenheim, Amer. 105. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 69 ; 2 ed. iii, 53. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 612; Ennm. 452 ; Berl. Baumz. 31.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 255.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 178.— Bot. Mag. t. 905.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 222, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3ed.ii, 126, t. 85.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 295.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 265.— Elliott, Sk. i, 491.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 105, t. 30.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 59.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 420; Compend. Fl. N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 291.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 419. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 379. 6 Andromeda arborescens, Persoon, Syn.i, 480.— Willdeuow, Enum. 453.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1210. Lyonia arborea, Don in Edinburgh Phil. Jour, xvii, 159. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 831. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1111. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 486.— Browne, Trees of America, 356. SORREL TREE. SOUR WOOD. Western Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany mountains to western Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile bay, west to middle Tennessee and through the upper regions of the Gulf states to western Louisiana. A small tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 meter in diameter; usually in rather dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7458 j- ash, 0.37 ; used for the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc. * 170. — Kalmia latifolia, Linnams, Spec. 1 ed. 301.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 335.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 72.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 345; 111. ii,487,t. 363, f. 1.— Gsertner, Fruct. i, 305, t. 63, f. 7.— Wangenheim, Amer. 64, t. 24, f. 50.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort, Kew. ii, 64; 2 ed. iii, 47. — Lamarck, 111. 487, t. 363, f. 1.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,t. 87.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 600; Enum. 450; Berl. Bauniz. 202.— Schkuhr, Handb. 359, 1. 116.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 258.— Persoon, Syn. i, 477.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 220.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 62, t. 67.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 296.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 49.— Eaton, Manual, 47; 6 ed. 195.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 113, 1. 13 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 179.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 267.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 54.— Elliott, Sk. i, 481.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 422 ; Compend. Fl.N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,293.— Andubon, Birds, t. 55.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 16, t. 57.— Sertnm Botauicum.iv & t.— Beck, Bot. 219.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 850.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 380.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1151, f. 959.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 729.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 498, 1. 139.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.- Am. ii, 41. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1407. — Browne, Trees of America, 363. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 392 ; 2 ed. ii. 443 & t. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 428, f. 192.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 420.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 264. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 99. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Cl. Book, 484; Bot. & Fl. 200.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 381.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 298; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 38. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 152. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — London Garden, xxii, 6, t. 343. LAUREL. CALICO BUSH. SPOON WOOD. IVY. New Brunswick and the northern shores of lake Erie, south to western Florida, and through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and the valley of the Bed river, Arkansas (Hot Springs, Letterman). A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub; rich woodlands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous, intermediate rays numerous, thin, inconspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7KJO ; ash, 0.41 ; used for tool handles, in turnery, and for fuel. The leaves, buds, and fruit, reputed poisonous to cattle, are occasionally used medicinally ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1682.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 99 171. — Rhododendron maximum, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 391.— Marshall, Arlmstum, 127.— Gtertuer, Fruct. i, 304, t. 63, f. 6.— Wangenheim, Amer. 63, t. 22, f. 49.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 67; 2 ed. iii, 50.— Moenrh, Meth. 45.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 365; 111. ii, 44H, t. 364, f. 1.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 18.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 606; Enum. '451; Berl. Bauin/. 357. — Xouveau Duliamel, ii, 141. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 259. — Schkiihr, Handb. 362. — Persoon, Syn. i, 478. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 221. — Bot. Mag. t. 951. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 64, t. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 47 ; 6 ed. 301.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 268.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 101, t. 51 ; Fl. Boston. 3 rd. 17b.— Elliott, Sk. i, 483.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 57.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 426 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 184.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 292.— Audubon, Birds, t. 103.— Beck, Bot. 220.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1134, f. 932.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 722.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 503.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 391. —Browne, Trees of America, 359.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 384 ; 2 ed. ii, 435 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 428.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 171. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 265. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 97. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, Cl. Book, 491 ; Bot. & Fl. 204.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 380.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 300 ; Syn. Fl. N. America ii1, 42.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. B.prOCerum, Salisbury, Prodr. 287. R. maximum, var. roseum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk.i,484. B. maximum, var. album, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i, 484. B. maximum, var. purpureum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i, 484. B. purpureum, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1134.— Dietrich, Syn, ii, 1404. B. Purshii, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1135. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404 (var. album, Pursh, I. c.). GREAT LATJEEL. ROSE BAY. Nova Scotia and the northern shores of lake Erie, south through Kew England, New York, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a tall, straggling shrub; at the north in cold swamps; rare; very common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains, steep, rocky banks of streams, etc.; never on limestone. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6303; ash, 0.36; occasionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., and a possible substitute for box-wood in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used domestically in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, etc. MYRSINACE^. 172. — Myrsine Rapanea, Roemer & Schultes, Syet. iv, 509.— Don, Miller's Diet, iy, 10.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 618.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 97.— Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. ix, 307, t. 50-52.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii1, 65. Bapanea Cfuyanensis, Aublet, Gnian.i, 121, t. 46.— Swartz, Obs. 51; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 48, t. 122, f. 1. Samara pentandra, Swartz, Obs. 51 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262 [not Aitou]. Samara floribunda, Willdenow, Spec, i, 6ti5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 122, f. 1. Caballeria coriacea, Meyer, Prim.Fl. Esseq. 118. M. Floridana, A. De Caudolle in Trans. Linnrean Soc. xvii, 107; Prodr. viii, 98.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 98.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 277. M. Jioribunda, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 393. Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river southward to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub ; borders of ponds and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very conspicuous; color, brown tinged with red and beautifully striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8341 ; ash, 0.81. 100 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 173- — Ardisia Pickeringia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 69, t. 102; 2 ed. ii, 133, t. 102.— A. De Canclolle, Prodr. viii, 124.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 277.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, ii1, 65.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 294. Cyrilla- paniculata, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. v,290. Picker ingia patniculala, Nuttall iu Jour. Philadelphia Acad. vii, 1. MABLBEEEY. CHEEEY. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa river to cape Romano; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very numerous, conspicuous; color, rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8602; ash, 1.85. 174. — Jacquinia armillaris, Jacquiu, * Amer. 53, t. 39.— Liunieus, Spec. 2 ed. 272.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 257 ; 2 ed. ii, 5. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 39.— Vahl, Eclog. i, 26.— Swartz^ Obs. 85.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1064 ; Euum. 246.— Persoon, Syn. i, 234.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 490.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 668.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 24.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 123.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 149.— Miquel in Martius, Fl. Brasil. ix, 282, t. 27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 276.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 397. — Seemanu, Jour. Bot. iii, 279. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii!, 66. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 294. Chrysophylhtm Barbasco, Lcefling, Iter. 204, 277. JOE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 meter in diameter ; in the Bahamas and other West Indian islands probably much larger. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous; color, light clear brown tinged with yellow; specific gravity, 0.6948; ash, 3.45. The saponaceous leaves sometimes used as a substitute for soap. SAPOTAOEJB. 175. — Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lamarck, Diet, i, 552; 111. ii, 42.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 71.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 158.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 398.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 67.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 634. 0. Ganeto, ft. Linnams, Sp. 3 ed. 278 (excl. syn. Lcefling). C. monopyrenum, Swartz, Prodr. 49; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 480.— Persoon, Syn. i, 236.— Rojnier & Schultes, Syst. iv 703.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— Bot. Mag.'t. 3303.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638. —Miquel in Martius, Fl. Brasil. vii, 94. C.ferrugineum, Gartner f. Fruct. Suppl. 120, t. 202, f. 1. C. microphylhim, Chapman in Coulters Bot. Gazette, iii, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18 [not A. De Candolle]. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys (Elliott's Key, No-Name Key, Key Largo), west coast, Caloosa river to cape Sable; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, light brown shaded with red, the thin sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.9360; ash, 1.24. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 101 176. — Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacquin, Coll. ii, 1. 17, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 41, 1. 120, f. 2.— Gacrtner f. Fruct. Snppl. 125.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 666.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 622.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 181.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 399.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 67. Bumelia pallida, Swartz, Prodr.40; Fl.Iud.Occ.4K). Acliras pallida, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 533. Bumelia Mastichodendron, itemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 493. S. pallidum, Sprengcl, .SyKt. i. 666.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 180. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 274.— Vasey, €at. Forest Trees, 18. Bumelia fatidissima, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 39, t.94 ; 2 ed. ii, 108, t. 94.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 265. MASTIC. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, cape Romano to cape Sable ; in the West Indies. A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; the largest and most valuable tree of semi-tropical Florida ; common. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing few" scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color, bright orange, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 1.0109 ; ash, 5.14 ; not affected by the teredo; largely used in ship- and boat-building. The dry fruit, of a pleasant subacid flavor, eagerly eaten by animals. 177- — Dipholis salicifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 188 (Delessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 40). — Richard, Fl. Cuba, t. 542. — Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 45, 1. 18. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 274.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii1, 67. Achras salicifolia, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 470. Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 491.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 42.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1086.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 494.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621. Sideroxylon saHcifolium, Gartner f. Fruct. Snppl. 124, t. 202. — Lamarck, HI. ii, 42. BUSTIC. CASSADA. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; the large trees hollow and defective; rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, compact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many scattered large open ducts; color, dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.931G ; ash, 0.32. 178. — Bumelia tenax, Willdenow, Spec, i, 1088; Ennm. 248; Berl. Baumz. 67. -Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 12.— Rrerner &, Schultes, Syst. iv, 496.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.— Persoon,Syn. i,237.- Hayne.Dend. Fl. 18.— Sprcugel, Syst. i,664.— Eaton, Manual, 6*ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1017.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 388.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 35, t. 92; 2ed. ii, 104, t. 92.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 196.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68. Sideroxylon tenax, Liumeus, Mant. 48.— Jacquin, Coll. ii, 252.— Lamarck, Diet. i, 245; 111. ii, 42. —Aiton, Hort. Kew, i, 262.— Stvartz, Obs. 91.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 204.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 461. Sideroxylon Carolinensc, Jacquin, Obs. iii, 3, t.54. Sideroxylon sericeum, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 100. Sideroxylon chrysophylloidefi, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Ara. i, 123.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 53. B. chrysophylloides, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 1">5.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 135.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 10. fB. reclinatd, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275 [not Ventenat]. 102 .FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 meter in diameter; sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; well characterized, as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth, and connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts, giving to a cross-section a beautifully reticulated appearance ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7293 ; ash, 0.78. 179. — Bumelia lanuginosa, Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 135.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 497.— Elliott, Sk. i, 288.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapmaa, Fl. 8. States, 275. — Lesqaereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & F1.210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn.Fl.N. America, ii1, 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 377.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. fSideroxylon tenax, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100. Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i,l22. ?B. oblongifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 135 ; Sylva,iii,33; 2 ed. ii, 102.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Eaton & Wrfght, Bot. 162.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. B. ferruginea, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 103. B. tomentOStt, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190. B. arborea, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 461. GUM ELASTIC. SHITTIM WOOD. Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile bay, Alabama ; southern Illinois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Bio Grande, Texas (Eagle pass, Havard) (B. oblongifolia). An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states much smaller, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height ; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of eastern Texas. A low, depressed form of the sand-hills of the Altamaha river, Georgia, still to be rediscovered, with small leaves and "edible fruit as large as a small date", is var. macrocarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68 (B. macrocarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 37; 2 ed. ii, 106). Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6544; ash, 1.23; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for which it is well suited. A clear, very viscid gum exuded from the freshly-cut wood is sometimes used domestically. 180. — Bumelia spinosa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 191 (Delessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 75).— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 299.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 112. Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona, at an elevation of 2,700 feet (Pringle) ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico (Palmer, No. 787). A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity. 0.6603 ; ash, 1.24. 181. — Bumelia lycioides, Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 127, 1. 120.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Willdenow, Enum. 249 ; Berl. Baumz. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 237.— Nuttall, Genera. i,135; Sylva, iii, 31, t. 91; 2ed.ii,101,t.91.— Rremer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 495.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 19.— Elliott, Sk.i, 287. —Sprengel, Syst. i, 664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1016.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— Spach, Hist. Veg.ix, 388. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 189.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 441.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 427.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. ii,298. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 103 Sideroxylon lycioides, Liuuams, Hort. Clift'. 488 (rxol. hub.).— Lamarck. Diet, i, 246; 111. ii, 42.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i,262; 2 ed. ii, 13.— Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1090.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122.— Pnrsh, PI. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Jaume St. Hilaire, Fl. & Pom. Am. Franc, t. 81. Sideroxylon decandrum, Liuim-iis, Mant. Id.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1091. Syderoxylon Ifeve, Walter, Fl. Carolinian:i. ion. IKON WOOD. SOX'THERN BUCKTHORN. Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito inlet and Caloosa river, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Eio Concho, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf states, a low, semi-prostrate shrub, described as — var. reclinatum, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, iitii. B. redinata, Ventenat, Cboix, t. 22.— Persoou, Syn. i,237.— Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Reamer & Schultes, Syst. iv,496.— Elliott, Sk.i, 287.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.fiO.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621. —Don, Miner's Diet, iv, 30.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1193.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428.— Wood, Cl. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thjn; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7467 ; ash, 0.81 . 182. — Bumelia cuneata, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 496.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Reamer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 498.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 665.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401. —Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 68.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. u.297. Achras CUneifolia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 534. B. angustifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 38, t. 93 ; 2 ed. ii, 106, t. 93.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265. Sideroxylon cuneatum, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 181. B. parvifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. B. myrsinifolia , A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 192. B. reclinata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109 [not Ventenat]. ANTS' WOOD. DOWNWARD PLUM. SAFFRON PLUM. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter. Semi-tropical Florida, Merritt's island, Indian river, and southward to the southern keys, not rare; west coast, Cedar Keys to cape Eomano, rare ; rocky shores and in the interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande, Boss to Laredo, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7959; ash, 1.90. 183. — Mimusops Sieberi, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 204.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 69. Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 28, t. 90; 2 ed. ii,97, t. 90. M. dissecta, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 400, in part. Aehras mammosa, Sieber, PI. Triu. No. 33 [not Liunseus nor Bonpland]. WILD DILLY. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys, common ; in the West Indies. A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter ; generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 1.0838 ; ash, 2.G1. 104 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. EBENACE^l. 184. — Diospyros Virginiana, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 1057.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 127, 345.— Marshall, Arbustuiu, 40.— Wangenheim, Amer. 84, t. 28, f. 58.— Walter. PI. Caroliniana, 253.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 478.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 61, 74.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 11,45; ii, 52.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 258.— Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 138, t. 207.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1107; Enurn. 1061; fieri. Banmz. 127.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 528.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 1806.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 208.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 106.-- Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii, 195, t. 12; N. American Sylva, :i ed. ii, 157, t. 93.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 265.— Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 84.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Plnladelph. ii, 198.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 126.— Nuttall, Gi-m-ra. ii, 240.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 228.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.— Collin, Forslag af nagra Nord-Americas Trad. 23.— Ton-ey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375.— Audubon, Birds, t. 87.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 202.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 146.— Rarinesque, Med. Bot. i, 153, t. 32.— Beck, Bot. 229.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 39.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1195, t. 200, 201.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 225.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 228.— Browne, Trees of America, 368.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 435, f. 196.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 437.— Belg. Hort. iv, 118 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 176.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, « 273. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. — "Ettingsh. Blatt- Skel. Dikot. 89, t. 38, f. 12."— Wood, Cl. Book, 500 ; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 385.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 200.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308 ; Hall's PL Texas, 15; Syn. PL N. America, ii1, 69.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 204.— Hieru in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii1, 224.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 68. D. concolor, Mtsnch, Meth. 471. D. Guaiacana, Robin, Voyages, iii, 417. D.pubescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265 [not Persoon].— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 139.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 38.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1196. D. Virginiana, var. pubescem, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 240.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 713. D. Virginiana, var. microcarpa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 115. D. Virginiana, var. concolor, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 155. D. Virginiana, var. macrocarpa, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 155. D. Persimon, Wikstrom, Jahr. Schwed. 1830, 92. D. dliata, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 25 [not A. De Candolle]. D. calytina, Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spach).— London, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394. D. angustifolia. Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spach).— London, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394. D. ludfla, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394. D. intermedia, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841,394. PERSIMMON. Light-house point, New Haven, Connecticut, Long Island, New York, and southward to bay Biscayne and the Caloosa river, Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi; southern Ohio to southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri, Arkansas, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters in height (Ridgway), with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields throughout the middle and lower regions of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the lower Ohio basin. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered, open ducts, the rings of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots; specific gravity of the sap-wood, 0.7908; ash, 0.96; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles; the dark heart- wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen. The yellow edible fruit exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf states ripening in August without austerity ; sometimes used domestically, fermented with hops, corn-meal, or wheat bran, as a beverage under the name of " simrnon beer". A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. (B. R. Smith in Am. Jour. Pharm. October, 1846, 215. — J. E. Bryan in same, May, 1860, 215.— U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 380.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 514). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. .105 185. — Diospyros Texana, Scheele, Linntea, xxii, 145 ; Roomer, Texas, 441 ; Appx. 763.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 14.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.— Hieru in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii1, 238.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 70.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 300. BLACK PERSIMMON. MEXICAN PERSIMMON. CHAPOTE. Western Texas, Matagorda bay to the valley of the Concho river ; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub; not rare, and reaching its greatest development in Texas along the rich bottoms of the Guadalupe river ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beautiful polish, containing few minute, scattered, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood clear bright yellow; specific gravity, 0.8460; ash, 3.33; used iu turnery for the handles of tools, etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for box-wood. The small black fruit sweet and insipid. STYRACACE^. 186. — Symplocos tinctoria, L'Heritier, Trans. Linnaean Soc. i, 176. — Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1436. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iv, 419. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 339. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 2.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 65.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, Cl. Book, 499; Bot. & F1.209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 71.— Young, Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. Hopea tinctoria, Liuna;us, Mant. 105.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 189.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 42.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 72.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 217.— Gicrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 146, t. 209, f. 2.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 61, t. 9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 45, 1. 117.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 83.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 173.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 176.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 388. HORSE SUGAR. SWEET LEAF. Southern Delaware, south to about latitude 30° in Florida, and west, through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas (Malveru, Texarkana, Letterman). A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub; borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5325; ash, 0.68. Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yielding, as does also the bark, a yellow dye. 187. — Halesia diptera, Linnsens, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Marshall, Arbustum, 57.— Lamarck, Diet. ii,66.— Willdenow, Spec. ii,849; Enum.496; Berl. Baumz. 171.— Cavanilles, Diss. vi, 333, t. 187.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 40.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 4.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 143.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 144._pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 450.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 83.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1172.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 7.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1191, f. 1014.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Miers, Contrib. i, 193.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Wood, Cl. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 201.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 71. H. retlCUlatd, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444. SNOW-DROP TREE. SILVER-BELL TREE. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf states to eastern Texas and Garland county, Arkansas (Harvey). A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems from the root; borders of swamps, in low, wet woods. Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity. 0.5705; ash, 0.42. 106 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 188. — Halesia tetraptera, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Marshall, Arbustum, 57.— Gtertner, Fruct. i, 160, t. 32, f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66 ; 111. ii, 521, t. 404, f. 1.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 125; 2 ed. iii, 143.— Mcench, Meth. 507.— Abbot, Insects Georgia i, t. 46.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 849; Enum. 496; Berl. Baumz. 170.— Cavanilles, Diss. vi, 338, 1. 186. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 4.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 216.— Nouveau Duharnel, v, 143, t. 45.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 449.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 82.— Bot. Mag. t. 910.— Elliott, Sk. i, 507.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1173.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 43, t. 35.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 6.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1190, f. 1012, t. 196, 197.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Browne, Trees of America, 366.— Miers, Contrib. i, 191, t. 93.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Agardh, .Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 16, 17.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, • 271.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 80. — Wood, Cl. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— O'rsted in Saerskitt. Affcryk. af Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18(56, 89, f. 2.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 71.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 199.— Young, Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. RATTLEBOX. SNOW-DROP TREE. SILVER-BELL TREE. CALICO WOOD. Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains; common in cultivation. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5628; ash, 0.40. NOTE. — Halesia parviAora, Michaux, of southern Georgia, and Florida, does not attain the size or habit of a tree. OLEACE.E. 189. — Fraxinus Greggii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 64 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305. F. ScMedeana, var. parvifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166. Western Texas, valley of the Bio Grande, from the San Pedro to the Pecos river; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter (Lampasas mountains, Mexico, Buckley], or often a graceful shrub; limestone soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7904; ash, 0.93. 190. — Fraxinus anomala, Torrey; Watson in King's Rep. v, 283.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 203.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74. Southwestern Colorado, McElmo river (Brandegce), southern Utah, Kanawa, Leeds, Silver Leaf, Labyrinth canon of the Colorado river, valley of the Eio Virgen, near Saint George. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, with the habit of a dwarf pear tree; common on elevated sandstone mesas and plateaus. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6597; ash, 0.85. 191. — Fraxinus pistacisefolia, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 128 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 113. F. velutina, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 149. F. COriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 186, t. 22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. . F. pistacicefolia, var. COriacea, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 107 ASH. Mountains of western Texas, through southern New Mexico, southern and eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada (Ash Meadows, Rotlirock) ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diamrtcr; generally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely, velvety toinentose (var. coriacea, Gray, I. c.) ; the large specimens generally hollow and detective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin: cole;-, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6810; ash, 0.02; occasionally used in wagon-building, for ax handles, etc. 192. — Fraxinus Americana, LinmcuN, Spec. 2ed. 1510.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Alton, Hort. Ke\v. iii, 445; 2 ed. v, 476.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; Enum. 1060; fieri. Baumz. 145.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Xat. Fr. Berliu, iii, 393.— Vabl Enum. i, 49.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 604. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,102. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iv, 63. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 106, t. H; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 49, t. 118 (excl. fruit).— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii. 192.— Eaton, Manual, 114. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 131.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Beck, Bot. 232.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1232, f. 1055 & t.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 125, t. 89.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 177. — Browne, Trees of America, 394. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369.— Curtis in Geological Eep. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— Wood, Cl. Book, 597; Bot. & Fl. 277. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 206. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 74.— Koch, Dendrologie, U, 252. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 207. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 177.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68. F. Caroliniensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 81. F. alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 223. F. aeuminata, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 205.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Nuttall, Genera, H.231; Sylva, iii, 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 129.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 220.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, l!71 ; Nicollot's Rep. 154. — Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 277. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 8. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 333; 2 ed. ii, 376 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494. ' ? F. jicglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 208.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Beck, Hots 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55. F. CanadensiS; Gartner, Fruct.i, 222, t. 49. F. epiptera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; fieri. Baumz. 147.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 603 — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 96.— Rcerner & Schultes, Syst. 278.— Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv,55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1237.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bqt.247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 399. F. lancea, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209 (fide London, Arboretum, ii, 1237). F. discolor, Mnhlenberg, Cat. 111.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 37.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 297. F. Americana, var. latifolia, London, Arboretum, ii, 123-2.— Browne, Trees of America, 396. f F. juglandifolia, var. serrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221. t F. juglandifolid,vsir. xubserrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl.221. WHITE ASH. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio Eiver basin; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash (Fraxinvx riridis). \ form of the southern states with remarkably small fruit has been described as — 108 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. var. microcarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 75. F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1H62, 4, in part. F. Curtissii, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, '20. Wood heavy, hurd, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, occupying in slowly-grown specimens nearly the entire width of the annual rings; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6543; ash, 0.42; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7180; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work. Var. Texensis, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, iil, 75. F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 4, in part. F. COriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part. F. pistadcefolia, Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19 [not Torrey]. Western Texas, Dallas (Eeverchon), to the valley of the Devil's river. A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky hills and ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7636; ash, 0.70 ; used for the same purposes as that of the species. 193. — Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 548. —Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vahl, Enum. i, 51. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 604. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 102. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Rcerner & Schultes, Syst. 279.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Sprengel, Syst. i , 95.— Torrey , Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don. Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1233, f. 1056.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 337 ; 2 ed. ii, 380.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 239.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 370.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— Wood, 01. Book, 597; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 75.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 177.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69. F. Pennsylvanica, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 253. F. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk.2 ed. i,398 [not Marshall]. F. pubescens, var. longifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— -London, Arboretum, ii, 1233. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. F. pubescens, var. lalifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. F. pubescent*, var. SubpubescellS, Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1234. — A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 395. F. longifolia, Bosc in Meni. Inst. 1808, 209. F. subvillosa, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209. F. totnentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 112, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 53, t. 119.— Barton, Compend. FL Philadclph. ii, 192. F. Americano, vaT.pubescens, Browne, Trees of America, 395. F. oblongocarpa, Buckley iu Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1864, 4. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 109 RED ASH. New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, .south to northern Florida and central Alabama. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground ; common and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic states ; rare west of the Alleghany mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi river. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6251 ; ash, 0.26 ; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood, 0.5609; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded. 194. — Fraxinus viridis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 115, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 oil. iii, 54, t. 120 (excl. fruit).— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 222.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, :i70.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii*, 46 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn.Fl. N.America, ii1, 75. — Curtis iii Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, Cl. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 284.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 207.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. F. juglandifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 140 [not Lamarck].— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 604.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63, t. 16.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Roemer &Schultes, Syst. i, 278; iii, Suppl. 255.— Eaton, Manual, 114.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371.— Beck, Bot. 233.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1236, f. 1061, 1062 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 373. ?F. Caroliniana, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Vahl, Enum. i, 51.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. ij 400.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. ' 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. F. juglandifolia, var. subintegerrima, Vahl, Enum. i, 50. F. expanm, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 150.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1238.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— Browne, Trees of America, 399. F. Americana, var. juglandifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 398. F. Novai- Anglim, Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 251 [not Miller nor Wangenheim] GREEN ASH. Shores of lake Champlain, Tiverton, Rhode Island, and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Rocky mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the west confined to the bottom lands of the large streams and to high mountain canons. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered, small, open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7117 ; ash, 0.65; inferior iu quality, although often used as a substitute for white ash. Var. Berlandieriana, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 75.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 113. F. Berlandieriana, De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. F. trialata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5. Texas, west of the Colorado river; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in low, rich soil. Wood light, soft, rather close-grained, compact, containing few small, scattered, open ducts, the layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5780; ash, 0.54. 110 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 195. — Fraxinus platycarpa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enurn. i, 49. — Persoon, S.yn. ii, 605. — Desfontaines, Hist. Amb. i, 103. — Nouvean Duhamel, iv, 64. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 128, 1. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 124.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Reamer & Schnlteg, Syst. i,278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2-25.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Sprengel, Syst.i, 96. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 247.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 53. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, Cl. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 75. — Young, Bot. Texas, 453. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. ?F. Caroliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 6.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 518.— Reamer & Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1237. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 258. F. excelsior, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254 [not Linnaeus]. F. Americana, Marshall, Arbustum,50 [not LiBnseus]. F. pallidtt, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209. F. pubescens, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808,210 [not Lamarck]. F. triptera, Nuttall, Genera, ii,232 ; Sylva, iii, 62, 1. 100; 2 ed. 127, 1. 100.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 674.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— London, Arboretum, ii,1240. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 274. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. F. curvidens, Hoffrnannsegg, Vcrz. d. Pflanzenkult. 29. F. pauciftora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 61, 1. 100 ; 2 ed. ii, 126, t. 100. F. Americana, var. Caroliniana, Browne, Trees of America, 398 F. Americana, var. triptera, Browne, Trees of America, 399. F. Nuttallii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444. F. nigrescens, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5. WATER ASH. Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to cape Canaveral and the Caloosa river, Florida, west through the Gulf states to the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and the Washita river, southwestern Arkansas ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; deep river swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous ; medullary rays few, obscure; color, nearly white, or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3541 ; ash, 0.73. 196. — Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 255. — Willdenpw, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Bosc inMem. Inst. 1808, 211.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 64.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 118, t. 11 ; 2 ed. iii, 61, t. 123.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Pursh, Fl. Am; Sept. i, 8.— Rcetner & Schultes, Syst. i, 278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 96.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 149.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1235, f. 1059, 1060.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viiir 296.— Penn. Cyel. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, Cl. Book, 598 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 75.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 259.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 63. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. F. tetragona, Cels in Nouv. Cours, Agr. vii, 73. F. quadrangular is, Loddiges, Cat. 1836. F. nervosa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836. F. quadrangulata, var. nervosa, Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1235. F. Americana, var. quadrangulata, Browne, Trees of America, 397. F. Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa, Browne, Trees of America, 397. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. Ill BLUE ASH. Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern- Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas (Duvall's bluff, Letterman). A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on limestone hills, rarely extending into the bottom lands, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Wabash river. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7184 ; ash, 0.78 ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc. The inner bark, macerated, dyes blue. 197. — Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall. Sylva, iii, 59, t. 99 ; 2 ed. ii, 124, t. 99.— Torrey in Pacific K. R. Rep. iv, 128.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 25, 87.— Cooper ia Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 28, 68; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 260.— Gray in Bot. California, i, 472 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. F. pubescens, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51. F. grandifolia, Bent-ham, Bot. Sulphur, 33. OREGON ASH. Shores of Puget sound, south through Washington territory and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the Cascade mountains, along the California Coast ranges to San Francisco bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring mountains, California. A tree sometimes 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of southwestern Oregon. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5731 ; ash, 0.34; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood, 0.5030 ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc. 198. — Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 549.— Muhlcnberg & Willdenowin Neue Schrii'ten Gesell. Nat.Fr. Berlin, iii, 393.— Willderiow, Spec, iv, 1099 ; Enum. 1059 ; Berl. Baumz. 150. — Vahl, Eiitim. i, 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Desibntaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Bosc in Mem. lust. 1808, 211. — Nouveau Diihamcl, iv, 60. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. v, 475. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 122, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 159, t. 122. — Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept. i,8.— Rconier & Schnltes, Syst. i, 279.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 2!!1.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii,192.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 224.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 12G.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 54.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234, f. 1057, 1058.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 299.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278.— EmeL-son, Trees Massachusetts, 338; 2 ed. ii,381 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 239.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, Cl. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 69.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46<=. F. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 51. F. NoVW-Anglice, Wangenheim, Amer. 51. F. crispa, Hort. F. sambltcifolia, var. crispa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234. F. Americana, var. sambucifolia, Bro wne, Trees of America, 393- BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. GROUND ASH. Southern Newfoundland, along the northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of lake Winnipeg, south through the northern states to New Castle county, Delaware, the mountains of Virginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas. A tree 25 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; swamps and low river batiks; the most northern representative of the genus in America. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin layers; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, 112 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. thin; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6318; ash, 0.72; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7465; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel hoops, in cabinet- making, and the manufacture of baskets. NOTE. — Fraxinus dipetala, Hooker & Arnott, of the California Coast ranges and the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevadas, and F, euspidata, Torrey, of the valley of the Rio Grande, do not attain arborescent habit or dimensions. The following, characterized by Bosc in Mem. lust. 1808, niaiuly from the foliage of garden specimens of supposed North American origin, cannot be safely referred to our species : F. alba, cinerea, elliptica, fusca, mixta, nigra, orata, pannosa, pulveruUnta, Eichardi, rubicttnda, and rufa. < 199. — Forestiera acuminata, Poiret, Snpplj ii, 664. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 194. — Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 176. — Toriey in Nicollet's Rep. 154. — Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, Cl. Book, 600; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 363 (excl. var.).; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 76. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 224. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. Adelia acuminata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225, t. 48. Borya acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 675.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 57.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 159. Borya ligustrina, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 711, in part.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366, in part.— Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed." 358, iu part. Borya nitida, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 66. Bigelovia acuminata, Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 4. PRIVET. Western Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and Cahokia creek, Illinois (opposite Saint Louis). A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 meter in diameter; borders of swatnps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous; /color, light yellow streaked with brown; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6345; ash, 0.72. 200. — Chionanthus Virginica, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 8.— Marshall, Arbustum, 33. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 60. — Wangenheim, Amer. 92. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 14; 2 ed. i,23. — Lamarck, 111. i,30, t. 9, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 46; Enum. 14; fieri. Baumz. 87.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 98.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 3. — Vahl, Enum. i, 44. — Persoon, Syn. i, 9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 111. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst.i, 72.— Nuttall, Genera, i,5; Sylva, iii, 56, t. 88; 2ed.il, 122, t. 88.— Elliott, Sk.i, 6.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 2.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 34.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1264.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 93, t. 73.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1206, f. 1029, 1030.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 259. —Dietrich, Syn. i, 37. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 193. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295. — Browne, Trees of America, 371. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 3i9. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 95.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, Cl. Book, 599 ; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 262. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. C. trifida, Moench, Meth. 437. C. Virginica, var. latifolia, Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 23.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50. C. Virginica, var. angusti/olia, Vah'l, Enum. i,44.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2. —Watson, Dead. Brit, i, 1. 1.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50. C. Virginica, var. montana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. II. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295. C. Virginica, var. maritima, Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295.— Regel, Gartenflora, xvi, t. 564. C. maritima, Loddiges, Cat. 1836. . — Sprengel, Syst. i, 34. — Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 315. — Dietrich, Syn. 1,37.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv,48.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 267.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 239.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 333.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 286.— Browne, Trees of America, 381.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood,Cl. Book, 599; Bot. & Fl. 276. — Porcher, Resoxirces S. Forests, 493.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401.— Young, Bot. Texas, 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. DEVIL WOOD. Southern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to eastern Louisiana, near the coast. A small tree, 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, difficult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin, obscure, medullary rays ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8111 ; ash, 0.46. BORRAGINACE^E. 202. — Cordia Sebestena, Spec. 1 ed. 190.— Jacqnin, Amer. t. 42.— Lamarck, 111. i, 421, t. 96, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1073; Enum. 248.— Andrews, Bot. Rep. iii, 157, 1. 157. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 45. — Persoon, Syn. i, 166. — Trattinick, Archiv. t. 354. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 452. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 649.— Bot. Mag. t. 794.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 8.— Descourtilz, Fl. Antilles, iv, 205, t. 277.— Chamisso in Linnsea, vi, 755.— Audubou, Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Miller s Diet, iv, 375.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 611.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 81, 1. 106; 2 ed. ii, 145, 1. 106.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 478.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 180. ? G. juglandifolia, Jacquin, Amer. t. 43. C. spetiosa, Willdenow in Reemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 799.— A. De Camlolle, Prodr. ix, 476. Sebestena scabra, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 38. GEIGER TREE. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; rare; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.08 meter in diameter; rich hummock soil; ornamental and becoming a large tree in cultivation. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scattered, small, open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thiu, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7108; ash, 4.22. 8 FOR 114 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 203.— Cordia Boissieri, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. ix, 478. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 135. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1860,442. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 180. Texas, valley of the Bio Grande, westward to New Mexico and southward into Mexico. A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub. Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6790 ; ash, 3.53. 204.— Bourreria Havanensis, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181. Ehretia Havanensis, Willdenow in Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 805.— Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec, vii, 206.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 508. Ehretia tomentosa, Lamarck, 111. i, 425.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 1.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 648. —Dietrich, Syn. i, 630. B. tomentosa, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 390. B. recurva, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238. B. OVata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238. Ehretia Bourreria, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 329 [not Linnaeus].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 482. STKONG BAKE. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key, etc.) ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 meters (Key Largo, Gurtiss) in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or hispidulous leaves is — var. radula, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 181. Ehretia radula, Poiret, Suppl. ii, 2. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. ix, 506.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 329. B. radula, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 390.— Chamisso in Linnsea, viii, 120.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238. Cordia Floridana, Nuttall, Sylva, Hi, 83, t. 107; 2 ed. ii, 147, t. 107.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.8073; ash, 2.79. 205. — Ehretia elliptica, De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 503.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 138.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 228, t. 85.— • Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 181. KNACKAWAY. ANAQUA. Texas, Corpus Christi to New Braunfels (Mohr), and southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande. A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 meter in diameter ; generally along borders of streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers, 50 to 75 miles from the Gulf coast. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many small open ducts arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.6440; ash, 1.31. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 115 BIGNONIACE^l. 206. — Catalpa bignonioides, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 64.— De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 226.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 182.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 285.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50.— Wood, Cl. Book, 513; Bot. & Fl. 218.— Bureau, Mon. Bignoniaceae, t. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 319, in part.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 302.— Young, Bot. Texas, 385.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 548. Bignonid Catalpa, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 cd. 622 (excl. syn.).— Lamarck, Diet, i, 417.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 21.— Wangenheira, Amer. 58, t. 20, f. 45.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 289 ; Enum. (>49.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 25.— Desibntaines, Hist. Arb. i, 189.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 217, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 55, t. 64.— Bartou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 66. — Rafinesque, FL Ludoviciana, 159. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 460. — Mauut & Decaiaue, Bot. English ed. 602 &f. C. COrdifolia, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 13, in part (excl. t. 5).— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 9.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 10.— Elliott, Sk. i, 24.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 16; Compend. Fl. N. States, 20.— Beck, Bot. 245.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 85.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 363.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 1*2.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 184.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 439. G. syringaifolia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1094.— Schkuhr, Handb. t. 175.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 24.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 10.— Eaton, Manual, 8; 6 ed. 85.— Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 3.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1285.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 70.— Sertum Botanicum, i, t.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 499; Penn. Cycl. vi,363.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 230.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1261 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 82.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 77 ; 2 ed. ii, 140.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 25.— Browne, Trees of America, 406. C. COmmunis, Du Mont, Bot. Cult. 2 ed. iii, 242. CATALPA. CATAWBA. BEAN TEEE. CIGAR TREE. INDIAN BEAN. Southwestern Georgia, valleys of the Little and Apalachicola rivers, western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi. A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized throughout the middle and southern Atlantic states. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the thin (one or two years') sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4474; ash, 0.38; used and highly valued for fence posts, rails, etc.; a reputed emetic. A decoction of the seeds and dried bark occasionally used in cases of asthma and bronchitis (Am. Jour. Pharm. xlii, 204.— C7. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1608.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 367). 207. — Catalpa speciosa, Warder; Engelmaun in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 1.— Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle 1879, 784.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1862, 70.— Barnes in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ix, 74. C. COrdifolia, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 13, in part, t. 5.— Nuttall in Trails. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 183. * C. bignonioides, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 375 [not Walter.]— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 319, in part.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59. WESTERN CATALPA. Valley of the Vermilion river, Illinois, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas. A tree 20 to 35 or, exceptionally, 45 meters in height (Eidgicay), with a trunk 1 to 2 meters in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in rich bottom lands; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash river; cultivated and now widely naturalized through southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the thin sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4165 ; ash, 0.39 ; largely used for railway ties, fence posts, rails, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish. 116 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 208. — Chilopsis saligna, D. Don, Edinburgh Phil. Jour, ix, 261.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 22-!.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 566.— Gray in Bot. California, i, 587 ; Syu. Fl. N. America, iil, 320.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 217.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 494.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. i Bignonia Uncarts, Cavnnilles, Icon, iii, 35, t. 269. 0. UneariSj De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 227. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266. C. glutinosa, Engelmann in Wislizenus' Rep. 10. DESERT WILLOW. Valley of the Eio Grande, Texas (Laredo, Letterman), west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the San Gorgonio pass and the San Felipe caiion, San Diego county, California; southward into northern Mexico. . A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter ; mesas and banks of depressions and water-courses in the desert; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many scattered, small, open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5902; ash, 0.37. 209. — Crescentia cucurbitina, Linnseus, Mant. 2 ed. 250.— Swartz, Obs. 234.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 311.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 168.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iv, 37.— Gajrtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 230, t. 223. —Dietrich, Syn. iii, 567.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 232.— De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 246.— Seeinann in Jour. Bot. & Kew Gard. Misc. vi, 274 ; ix, 142. — Walpers, Ann. v, 524.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 445.— Hemsley, Fl. Am. Cent. ii,489. G. ovata, Burmann, Fl. Ind. 132. C. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 558 ; 111. iii, 96, t. 547.— Deseourtik, Fl. Antilles, iii, 143, 1. 182. G. lethifera, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17. G. toxicaria, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 50, 1. 17. G. obovata, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 130, t. 46. BLACK CALABASH TREE. f Semi-tropical Florida, near Miami, and on Little river (Garber, Gurtiss) ; in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.12 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly -distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6319 ; ash, 1.35. VERBENACEJE. 210. — Citharexylum villosum, Jacquin, Coll. i, 72 ; Icon. Rar. t. 118.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 142.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iv, 36.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 614.— Schauer in De Candollo, Prodr. xi, 610.— Walpers, Rep. iv, 76.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii1, 340.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 537. FIDDLE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys (Pumpkin Key, Curtiss); and through the West Indies to Mexico. A small tree, rarely exceeding iu Florida 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or north of bay Biscayne reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; common and reaching within the United States its greatest develop iieut on the shores of bay Biscayne, Lost Man's river, etc. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous small, regularly -distributed, open ducts; color, clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8710 ; ash, 0.52. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 117 211. — Avicennia nitida, Jacqnin, Amer. 177, t. 112, f. 1.— Pei-soon, Syn. ii, 143.— Chamisso in Linni«a, vii, 370.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 768.— Martius, Mat. Med. Brasil. 49; Bot. Brasil. ix, 303.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 619.— Schauor in De Caudolle, Prodr. xi, 699.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 502.— Gray, Syn. FI. N. America, ii', 341. A. tomentosa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 221 [not Jacquin].— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 79, t. 103; 2 ed. ii, 143, t. 105.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. A. oblongifolia, Nuttall?; Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tr.-es, 19. BLACK MANGROVE. BLACK TREE. BLACK WOOD. Florida coast, Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and from Cedar Keys to cape Sable; deltas of the Mississippi river ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO meter in diameter; north of Mosquito inlet reduced to a low shrub; common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless, corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Rhizoplibra), impenetrable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its greatest development in the United States on the west coast of Florida, north of cape Sable. Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact, the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap- wood brown; specific gravity, 0.9138; ash, 2.51. 212. — Pisonia obtusata, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. I960.— Jacquin, Hort. Schojnb. iii, 36, t. 314.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 449, t. 861.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1226. — Choisy in D« Candolle, Prodr. xiii2, 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 374.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 71.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. PIGEON WOOD. BEEF WOOD. CORK WOOD. PORK WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies. A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 meter in diameter; saline shores and beaches, reaching its greatest development in Florida on Elliott's and Old Ehodes Keys. Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.6529; ash, 7.62; probably of little value. NOTE. — The semi-prostrate and vine-like trunks of P. acultata, Linnaeus, of the same region, although attaining a considerable size, cannot be properly considered arborescent. POLYGONACE.E. 213. — Coccoloba Floridana, Meisner; De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 165.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 392.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 376.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. C. parvifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 25, t.89; 2 ed.ii,95, t.89 [not Poiret].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. PIGEON PLUM. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from cape Eomano to cape Sable. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; one of the largest and most common trees of the region. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing few small, scattered, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9S35; ash, 5.03; valuable and somewhat used for cabinet- making. The edible and abundant grape-like fruit, ripening in February and March, is eagerly devoured by raccoons and other animals. 118 , FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 214. — Coccoloba uvifera, Jacquin, Amer. 112, t. 73.— Gsortner, Fruct. i, 214, t. 45, f. 3.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 421.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 445, t. 316, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 457; Enum. 431. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 61. — Persoou,Syn. i, 442. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 61. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 421.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 252.— Descourtilz, Fl. Antilles, ii, 41, t. 77.— Bot. Mag. t. 3130.— Rafinesque, Fl. Telluriana, ii, 34.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 542.— Dietrich, Syn. Fl. ii, 1326.— Nattall, Sylva, iii, 23, t. 88; 2 ed. ii, 93, t. 88.— Carson, Mod. Bot. ii, 21, t. 67. — Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 152; Bot, Brasil. v1, 42. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858. 265. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 391. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 376. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 161. Polygonum nvifera, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 305. SEA GRAPE. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tarapa bay to cape Sable; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a gnarled and contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, generally prostrate shrub; saline shores and beaches; common. West Indian forms, differing in the shape of the leaves, etc., are — var. ovalifolia, Meisner, I. c. var. Lceganensis, Meisner, I. c. C. Leeganensis, j.icqnin, AUXT. 113, t. ITS, f. 33. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered, rather small, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9635; ash, 1.37; valuable for cabinet-making* The edible fruit of agreeable subacid flavor. LAURACE^E. 215. — Persea Carolinensis, Nees, t Syst. Laurinarum, 150.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 492.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 63.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63.— Wood, Cl. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv1, 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 eel. 422 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 473.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. Laurus Borbonia, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 370, in part,— Marshall, Arbustum, 73.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 133.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 39; 2 ed. ii, 429.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 450.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 481.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 65.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 163. Laurus Carolinensis, Catesby, Carol, i, 63, t. 63.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 245.— Persoon, Syn. i, 449.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 65.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 22.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, ItiO, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 116, t. 82.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276.— Elliott, Sk. i, 401.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 665.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 174.— Beck. Bot. 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 199.— Loudon, Aboretum, iii, 1299, f. 1168, 1169.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 414.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 491.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 106, f. 5-12. Laurus Carolinensis, var. glabra, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. • Laurus Carolinensis, var. obtusa, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. Laurus Caroliniana, Poiret, Suppl. iii, 323.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258. P. Borbonia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 268. P. (7aro/iwe?m'.?,var. (jlabriuscula, Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv1, 51. RED BAY. Southern Delaware?, south to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, near the coast. A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright red, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6429 ; ash, 0.76 ; formerly somewhat used in ship-build ing, interior finish, and for cabinet work. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 119 Var. palustris, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 393. Laurus Carolinensis, var. pubescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. P. Carolinensis, var. pubescens, Meisner in De Candollo, Prodr. xv', 51. North Carolina to Alabama, generally near the coast. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; low, sandy banks of pine-barren streams and swamps ; well distinguished from the species by the longer peduncles densely clothed, as are the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with short, brown toinentum, and by the somewhat coarser- grained orange-colored wood. Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, orange streaked with brown ; the sap-wood light brown or gray ; specific gravity, 0.6396 ; ash, 0.37. 216. — Nectandra Willdenoviana, Nees, Syst. Laurinarum, 290, 321.— Meisner in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi3, 165. Laurus sanguinea, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 707. Laurus Catesbyana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 244.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 275.— Elliott, Sk. i, 462.— Sprengel, Syat. ii, 265.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 199.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 294.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 491. Laurus Catcsbcei, Persoon, Syn. i, 499.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258. Gymnobalanus Catesbyana, Nees, Syst. Laurinarum, 483. S. Bredemeieriana, Nees in Linnsea, xxi, 505. Persea Catesbyana, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 393.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. LANCE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral and cape Romano to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Central America. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne and in the neighborhood of cape Romano. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small, regularly-distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7693 ; ash, 0.60. 217. — Sassafras officinale, Nees, Handb. der Med. Pharm. Bot. ii, 418; Syst. Laurinarum, 488.— Hayne, Arzn. i, 12, 1. 19.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 338.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1357.— Spach, Hist Veg. x, 503.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 158.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 359 ; 2 ed. ii, 359 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 551. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 251. — Spruce in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. vii, 278. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 394. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 63. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 384.— Wood, Cl. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 350.— Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv1, 171.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 423; Hall's PI. Texas, 19.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 364.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 59.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iii, 220, t. 220.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,70.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55". Laurus Sassafras, Limucus, Spec. 1 ed. 371.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 356.— Kalni, Travel*, English ed. i, 146, 341.— Marshall, Arbnstmn,74.— Waugenheim, Amer. 82, t. 27, f. 56.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 134. - Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii,40; 2 ed. ii, 429. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 454. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i. t. 11. — B. S. Barton, Coll. 11, 19; ii, 27. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 485; Enum. 435; Bed. Baumz. 208. —Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 243.— Schkuhr, Handb. 349.— Persoon, Syn. i, 450.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 361. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 66. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 130. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 173, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 113, t. 81. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 277. — Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 25. — Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 142, t. 35 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 259 ; Sylva, i, 88 ; 2 ed. i, 104.— Elliott, Sk. i, 464.— Nees, PI. Offic. t. 131.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 408 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 174.— Desconrtilz, Fl. Antilles, vii, 51, t. 464.— Audubon, Birds, t. 144.— Stephenson & Churchill, Med. Bot. iii, t. 126.— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 199.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 254.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 416.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 49-.>. Persea Sassafras, Sprengel, Syst, ii, 270.— Schnizlein, Icon, t, 106, f. 15-23. 120 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SASSAFRAS. Eastern Massachusetts, southwestern Vermont, and west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Hernando county, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter, exceptionally 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.25 meters in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or shrub; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; at the south often taking possession, witli the persimmon, of abandoned fields in the middle districts. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5042 ; ash, 0.10; used for light skiffs, ox yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage. The root, aud especially its bark, outers into commerce, affording a powerful aromatic stimulant; the oil of sassafras, distilled from the root, is largely used in imparting a pleasant flavor to many articles of domestic use; the pith of the young branches infused with water furnishes a mucilage used as a demulcent in febrile and inflammatory affections (Sharpe in Am. Jour. Pharm. 1863, 53. — Proctor in Proa. Am. Pharm. Aftsoc. 1866, 217. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 814. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1274; Fluckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 483). " Gumbo filet," a powder prepared by the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana from the mucilaginous leaves, is used at the south in the preparation of "gumbo" soup. 218. — Umbellularia Californica, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 87; 2 ed. i, 102.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 61. Laurus regia, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 137. Oreodaphne Californica, Nees, Syst. Laurinarum, 463.— Benthani, PI. Hartweg. 334; Bot. Sulphur, 49.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1356.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 389.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 133 ; v, 364 ; Mex. Boundary Survey, 184.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 88, f. 3.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Bot. Mag. t. 5320. Tetrantliera Californica, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 159.— Meisner in De Candolle, Prodr. xv', 192.— Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 451. Drimophyllwm pauciftorum, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 85, t.22; 2ed.i,102, t.22. t MOUNTAIN LAUREL. CALIFORNIA LAUREL. SPICE TREE. CAGIPUT. CALIFORNIA OLIVE. CALIFORNIA BAY TREE. Rogue River valley, Oregon, south through the California coast ranges to San Diego county, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high elevations a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small, regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6517 ; ash, 0.39 ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc.; the most valuable material produced by the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work. The leaves yield a volatile oil, Oreodaphne (Am. Jour. Pharm. xlvii, 105). ETJPHOKBIACE^. 219. — Drypetes crocea, Poiteau, Mem. Mus. i, 159, t. 8.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66, t. 63 ; 2 ed. ii, 12, t. 63.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 410.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 32 ; Cat. PI. Cuba, 15.— Miiller in De Candolle, Prodr. xv3, 455. Schcefferia lateriflora, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 329. D. sessiliflora, Baillon, Etucl. Gen. Euphorbiace®, Atlas, 45, t. 24, f. 34-40. D. glauca, Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. new ser. viii, 157 [not Vahl]. D. crocea, var. Ivngipes, Miiller in Do Candolle, Prodr. xva, 456. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 121 GUIANA PLUM. WHITE WOOD. • Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscay ne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9209; ash, 6.14. Var. latifolia, MUII.T, De Candolle, Prodr. xv2, 456. D. glauca, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66: 2 ed. ii, 14.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 410. D. alba, var. latifolia, Grisebach iu Nachrich. d. Konigl. Gesell. Wiss. Univ. Gutting. 1865, 165, in part. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscay ne to the southern keys; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.35 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked with bright yellow, the sap-wood dull brown ; specific gravity, 0.9346; ash, 8.29. Perhaps a distinct species, the fruit and flowers not recently collected. 220. — Sebastiania lucida, Mailer; De Candolle, Prodr. xv2, 1181. Gymnanthes lucida, Swartz, Prodr. 96. Exctecaria lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 1122.— WiMenow, Spec, iv, 865.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 155.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 634.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 60, t. 61 ; 2 ed. ii, 6, t. 61.— A. de Jussieu, Tent. Euphorh. 1. 16, f. 55.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 199.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 256.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 405.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 50.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. CEAB WOOD. POISON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue to the southern keys; common ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity, 1.0905 ; ash, 2.78 ; now largely manufactured into canes, and furnishing valuable fuel. 221. — Hippomane Mancinella, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 cd. 1191.— Jacquin, Amer. 250. t. 159.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 694.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 378; 2 ed. v, 333.— Swartz, Obs. 369.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 571.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 589.— Titford, Hort. Hot. Am. Suppl. 9, t. 12, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 374, t. 793, f. 1.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 805.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 524.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 54, t. 60; 2 ed. i, 202, t. 60.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 163.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 200.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 224.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Baillon, Etud. Gen. Eaphorbiacese, t. 6, f. 12-20.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 404.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 120.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 50.— Regel, Gartenflora, xv, 163, t. 510.— Milller in Do Candolle, Prodr. xv2, 1201.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 243, f. 3.— Maont & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 693 & f.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. Mancinella venenata, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, iii, 21, t. 5. MANCHINEEL. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys ; common ; through the West Indies and Central America to the Pacific. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter; abounding in white, milky, exceedingly caustic poisonous sap. " Rain washing the leaves becomes poisonous, and the smoke of the burning wood injures or destroys the eyes." — (A. H. Curtiss}. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous evenly-distributed, small, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity (sap-wood), 0.5772; ash, 5.16. 122 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. URTICAOE^E. 222. — Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 169. — Plauchon in Aim. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 279 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvu, 162. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386.— Wood, Cl. Book, 633.— Gray, Hall's, PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. U. opaca, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 35, t. 11 ; 2 ed. i, 51, t. 11.— Browne, Trees of America, 503. CEDAR ELM. Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, extending west to Eagle Pass. A tree 18 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southern or southwestern limits much smaller ; borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable timber trees of Texas west of the Trinity river, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregularly- arranged groups of small open ducts ; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7245 ; ash, 1.20 ; used in the manufacture of wagon hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing. 223. — Ulmus fulva, Michaux, PI. Bor.-Am. i, 172.— Persoon, Syn. i, 291.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 10.— Eaton, Manual, 31; 6 ed. 376.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Roeraer & Sehultes, Syst. vi, 301.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 32.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.i,299; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl. N. York, ii,166; Fremont's Rep. 97.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 931.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 271.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 114.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1407, f. 1247.— Dietrich, Syn. ii,992.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 363; Hist. Veg. xi, 107.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 297; 2 ed. ii, 334 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 501.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 551.— Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 276. — De Candolle, IJrodr. xvii, 161. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 446. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 426. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 255. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 55. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386.— Wood, Cl. Book, 633; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 310.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 422. — Young, Bot. Texas, 496. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 233, t. 233.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C. U. pubescens, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 111. U. Americana, var. rubra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 319 ; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1325.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 31. f U. crispa, Willdenow, Enum. 295 ; Berl. Banmz. 520. U. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 278, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 73, t, 128. • RED ELM. SLIPPERY ELM. MOOSE ELM. Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to Ontario and northern Dakota, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and hillsides, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the ground, splitting readily when green; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or red, the, thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6956; ash, 0.83; largely used for wheel stock, fence posts, rails, railway ties, sills, etc. The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various medicinal preparations (Am. Jour. Pharm. xxiv, 180.— Philadelphia Med. Times, 1874, 303.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 913.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1480.— Flilckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 501). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 123 224. — Ulmus Americana, Lindens. Spec. led. 226.— Kalm, Travels, English eil. ii, 298.— Marshall, Arbustimi, 150. -Wangcuheim, Amer. 4f>.— Gtertner, Fruct. i, 225, t. 49, f. 5.— Walter, Fl. Carol iniana, 111.— Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 319; 2 c <•, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3ed. iii, 38, 1. 114.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 31 ; (i od. 30.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Keeuier & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 216.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 584.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,300; Coinpcnd. Fl. N. States, 132; Fl.N. York, ii, 107 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 456.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t.9(i.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932.— Watson, Demi. Brit, ii, 147.— Beck, Bot. 334.— Kufinesquo, New Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— London, Arboretum, iii, M17 & t,— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 142.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. Mi.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 133.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne, Trees of America, 517.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 306, 1. 16; 2 ed. ii, 344 & t.— Plancbon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 288 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 174.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 436.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 256.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Ourtisin Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 61.— LesquereuxmOwen's2dRep. Arkansas, 386.— Wood, Cl. Book, 634 ; Bot. & Fl. 299. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 312. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Burbank iu Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 215.— Putzbys in Fl. des Serres, xxii, 206.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 209.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72. G. crassifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 138.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 37.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 228, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 40, t. 115.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi,307.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 300; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132; Fremont's Rep. 97 ; Emory's Rep. 412.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932.— Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83. — Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 34. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1418, f. 1254. — Eaton & Wright, Bot 186.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 130.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne, Trees of America, 519. — Emerson, Trees of Massachusetts, 309 ; 2 ed. ii, 347 & t. C. obliqua, Moench, Meth. 344. G. occidentalis, var. scabrimcula, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 995 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 cd. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1417. G. occidentalis, var. tenuifolia, Persoon, Syn. i, 292. C. cordata, Persoon, Syu. i, 292.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,448.— Du Mont, Cour. Bot. Cult. vi,389. C.Jaimgata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 81; Ennm. Suppl. 68.— Ro3mer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932. — Ralinesque, New. Fl. & Bot. i,34. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1420. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 432. G. pwmila, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i,300 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132. — Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 86.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 3i. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 186. G. alba, Raflnesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 25 ; New Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 177. C. canina and G. maritima, Rafinesque in Am. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 43, 44. G. occidentalis, var. cordata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1417. t C. tenuifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202; Sylva, i, 135; 2 ed. i, 149.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 36. C. occidentalis, var. integrifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, Cl. Book, 634; Bot. & Fl. 299. C. Mississippieiisis, Bosc, Diet. Ag. new ed. x, 41.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 088.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 42; Hist. Veg. xi, 136. — Plauchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 287 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 176.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 397.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S.Nat. Mns. 1882, 72. C. integrifolia, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. G. longifolia, Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 169 ; Sylva, i, 134, t. 40; 2 ed. i, 148, t. 40.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 33. — Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 177. G. heterophylla, G. patula, C. • Floridiana, G. fmcata, C. salicifolia, C. morifolia, C. maritima, Rafinesque, NewFl.& Bot. i. 31-37. C. occidentalis, var. grandidentata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 133.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. C. occidentalis, var. serrtllata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 4t ; Hist. Veg. xi, 134.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. C. crassifolia, var. tilicefolia, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. C. crassifolia, var. morifolia, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. G. crassifolia, var. eucalyptifolia, Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 40; Hist. Veg. xi, 131.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. 126 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. C. Audibertiana, Spach in Ann Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. PI. xi, 135.— Planchou in De Candolle, Prodr. rvii, 174. C. Audibertiana, var. OVata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41; Hist. Veg. si, 135. C. Audibertiana, var. oblongata, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 41 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 135. C. Lindheimeri, Engelmaim in herb. A. Braim. (Koeh, Drendrologie, ii, 434). C. Berlandieri, Klotsch in Linusea, xviii, 541.— Planchon in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178. C. Tcxana, Scbeelein Liniiica, xx, 146; Roomer, Texas, 446; Appx. 146. C. Occidentalism var. crassifolia, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 395 ; 5 ed. 443.— Wood, Cl. Book, 634 ; Bot. & PI. 299. C. OCeidentalis,VH,T.pumila, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 397; 5 ed. 443.— Chapman, Fl. S. States. 417.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860, 62. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 321. SUGAR BERRY. HACKBERRY. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's river, Texas. A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin; rich bottoms or dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (C. pumila), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves (C. Mississippiensis Iccvigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) : the extremes connected by innumerable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one polymorphous species of wide geographical range. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7287 ; ash, 1.09; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture. Var. reticulata. C. reticulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 247.— Eaton, Manual. 6 ed. 86.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 35.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 186.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 133, t. 39; 2 ed. i, 146, t. 39.— Browne, Trees of America, 518.— Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293; De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 178.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R.R. Rep. ii, 175.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260 ; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 401.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 16.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 238.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. C. Douglaffii, Planchon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 293 ; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvii, 178.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 396. fC. OCcidentalis, var. pumila, Watson in King's Rep. v, 321 [not Gray]. C. Itrevipes, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. 3 ser. xiv, 297.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 238. , . HACKBERRY. PALO BLANCO. Western Texas (Dallas, Ravenel) to the mountains of southern Arizona, and through the Rocky mountains to eastern Oregon ; in the Tehachipi pass, California (Pringle). A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely d.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, generally in high mountain canons, or in the more arid regions reduced to a low shrub ; well characterized by its small, thick, coriaceous leaves, slightly pubescent on the underside along the prominent reticulated veins, and by the light-colored, deeply-furrowed bark, but connected with the typical C. occidentalis by intermediate forms not rare in western Texas. Wood not distinguishable in structure or color from that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.7275; ash, 1.22. 229- — Ficus aurea, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 4, t. 43 ; 2 ed. i, 154, t. 43.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. F. aurea, var. latifoiia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 4 ; 2 ed. i, 154. Semi-tropical Florida, Indian river to the southern keys. A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the inclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter. Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not durable; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.2616; ash, 5.03. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 127 230. — Ficus brevifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 3, t. 42 ; 2 eel. i, 153, t. 42.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 415.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayiie to the southern keys (Key Largo, Pumpkin Key, Curtiss). A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large, open, scattered ducts and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in concentric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6398 ; ash, 4.36. 231. — Ficus pedunculata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 450; 2 ed. v, 486.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 151. F. complicata, Humboldt, Bouplaml & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec, ii, 48. Urostigma pedunculatum, Miqnel in Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi, 450.— Walpers, Ann. i, 677. WILD FIG. INDIA-RUBBER TREE. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys (Key Largo, Umbrella and Boca Chica Keys, etc. Curtiss); in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 meter in diameter, or often shrubby and much branched from the ground; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in concentric circles; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light orange-brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4739 ; ash, 4.92. 232. — Morus rubra, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 986.— Marshall, Arbustum, 93.— Waugenheim, Anier. 37, t. 15, f. 35.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 241.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 343; 2ed. v, 266.— Mcench.Meth. 343.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 377.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 70.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 369; Ennui. 967; Berl. Banmz. 252. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 91, t. 23. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 558. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 416.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 232, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 42, 1. 116.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Eaton, Manual, 105; 6 ed. 230.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 574.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 352 ; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 220 ; Emory's Rep. 412.— Raflnesque, Mod. Bot. ii, 243; New Fl. & Bot. i,43; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13.— Beck, Bot. 316.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 551.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1359 & t.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mur. 223, t. 20.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 323.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 48.— Browne, Trees of America, 457. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 280 ; 2ed. i, 314. — Darlington, Fl. Ceetrica, 2 ed. 285. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 503.— Cooper in Smithsoman Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 415.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 47 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 444. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 71. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, Cl. Book, 635 ; Bot. & Fl. 300.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 305.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 208.— Koch Deudrologie. ii, 447. — Young, Bot. Texas, 494. — Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 245. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 34.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 73.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. M. Canadensis, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 380.— Seringe, Descr. & Cult, du Mur. 224. M. scabra, Willdenow, Enum. 967 ; Berl. Baumz. 152. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 209. — Rafinesque, Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 29.— Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 154.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 492. — Loddiges, Cat. 1836. M. tomentosa, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 113; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 30. M. reticulata, M. Canadensis, M. parvifolia, and M . riparia, Ran uesque, Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 29-31. M. rubra, Var. Canadensis, London, Arboretum, iii, 1300. M. Missouriensis, Audibert, Cat. Jard. Tonnelle. M . rubra, var. tomentosa, Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 246. M, rubra, var. incisa, Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 247. 128 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BED MULBERRY. Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A large tree, 18 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter or, exceptionally, 2.15 meters in diameter (P. J. Bercfanans, Augusta, Georgia); generally in rich bottom lands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light orange-yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5898; ash, 0.71; largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the south in ship- and boat-building. The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible. 233. — Morus microphylla, Buckley, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 8.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 167.— Young, Bot. Texas, 494. M. parvifolia, Engelmann in herb.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U. 8. Dept.Ag.No.il, 34. MEXICAN MULBERRY. Valley of the Colorado river, through western Texas to the valley of the Gila river, New Mexico; and southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of southern New Mexico; in Texas generally on limestone formations. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked with several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.7715; ash, 0.68. The small acid fruit hardly edible. 234. — Maclura aurantiaca, Nuttall, ^ Genera, ii, 234; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser.v, 169; Sylva, i, 126, t. 37, 38; 2 ed.i, 140, t.37, 38.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 158.— Delile in Bull. Soc. Ag. Her. 1835 & t.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 217.— Seringe in Mem. Soc. Ag. Lyon, 1835,125 & t; Descr. & Cult, du Mur. 232, t. 273.— Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. ii, Appx. 4, t. 3.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1342, 1362, f. 1226-1228; Gard. Mag. xi, 312, f. 45-47.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 311.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 53.— Browne, Trees of America, 465.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 504.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Miquel in Martins, PI. Brasil. iv, 158.— Wood, Cl. Book, 635; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 101.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 437.— Bureau in De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 227. — Dumen in Proc. California Acad. v, 398. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 325.— Riley in Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 35. Toxylon Maclura, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 43 ; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13. loxylon pomiferum, Rafinesque in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev. ii, 118. Broussonetia tinctoria, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 246 [not Kunth]. OSAGE ORANGE. BOIS D'ARC. Southwestern Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river, southeastern portions of the Indian territory, and southward in northern Texas to about latitude 32° 50' N. (Dallas, Reverchon, etc.). A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; rich bottom lauds; most common and probably reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red river in the Indian territory. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained, compact, very durable iu contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of larger ducts; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous; color, bright orange, turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.7736; ash, 0.68; largely used for fence posts, paving blocks, railway ties, wheel stock; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the western states. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 129 PLATANACE^l. 235. — Platanus occidentalis, Limueus, :8pec. 1 ed. 999.— DuRoi, Harbk. ii, 134.— Marshall, Arbustum, lor,.— Wangenlieim, Amer. 31, t. 13, f. 31.— Walter, PI. Caroliniana,236.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 365; 2 ed. v, 305.— Mconch, Meth. 358.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 55.— Michaux, PI. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Lamarck, Diet, v, 438. — Nouveau Duharnel, ii, 6, t. 2. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 474 ; Enum. 984 ; Berl. Baumz. 284. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 575. — Desfoutaincs Hist. Arb. ii, 545. — Schkuhr, Haudb. iii, 274, t. 306. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 524. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 184, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 4-8, t. 63.— Pursh, PI. Am. Sept. ii, 6:!5.— Barton, Prodr. PI. Philadolph. 91 ; Coinpend. Fl. Philadolph. 176.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 267.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 171.— James in Long's Exped. i, 23.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 620.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 665.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 35G ; Fl. N. York, ii, 218 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Audubon, Birds, t. 206.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2043, f. 1959 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 361.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 227 ; 2 ed. i, 261 & t. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 446.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 399.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. xiii, f. 1,2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Hartig, Forst. 446, t. 54.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 76.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386.— Wood, Cl. Book, 640; Bot. & Fl. 303.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 159.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447 ; Hall's PL Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 468. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 97, f. 1-24. — Young, Bot. Texas, 498. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 73.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55". P. lobata, Meench.Meth. 358. P. hybriddS, Brotero, Fl. Lus. ii, 487. P. vulgaris, var. angulosa, Spach in Ann. Soi.Nat. 2 ser. xv, 293; Hist. Veg.xi,79. SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. WATEE BEECH. Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Vermont and the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, extending southwest to the valley of the Devil's river. The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 meters in diameter; generally along streams and river bottoms, in rich, moist soil; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that of all the North American species; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5678; ash, 0.46; largely used for tobacco boxes (its principal use), ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 236. — Platanus racemosa, Nuttall; Audubon, Birds, t. 362; Sylva, i, 47, t. 15; 2 ed. i, 63, t. 15.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 33, 89, t. 11, f. 10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204; Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 457.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 160.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 469.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 66. P. occidentalis, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160, 380 [not Linnaeus]. P. Californica, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 54. P. Mexicana, Moricand, PI. Rar. Amer. 1. 13 f— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii,20. SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. California, valley of the Sacramento river, south through the interior valleys and coast ranges to the southern boundary of the state. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich soil. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4880; ash, 1.11. 9 FOR 130 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 237. — Platanus Wrightii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x, 349.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. P. Mexicana, Torrey in Emory's Rep. 151 [not Moricand]. P. racemosa, Watson, PI. Wheeler, 16 [not Nuttall].— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239. SYCAMOKE. Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro river, Arizona ; southward into Mexico. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; banks of streams and high mountain canons. Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4736; ash, 1.35. JUGLANDACE^. 238.— Juglans cinerea, Spec. 2 ed. 1415.— Jacquin, Icon. Ear. i, t. 193.— Wangenheim, Amer. 21, t. 9, f. 21.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 503 ; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 7.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 22, 31 ; ii, 43.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am. ii, 191. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Ennm. 978; Bert. Banmz. 193.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 556.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 347.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 115, t. 32 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 378.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 180.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 234.— Audubon, Birds, t. 142.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 170.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 307.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1439, f. 1262.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 182 ; 2 ed. i, 207 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 42, t. 86.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 5t8.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2<1 Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, Cl. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 304. — C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 16, t. 4, f. 45; Prodr. xvi2, 137. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 317. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 589. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 247, t. 247. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 178. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1878-'80, 53".— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 76. J. oblonga, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 332— Mcench, Meth. 696.— Retzins, Obs. i, 10. J. oblonga alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. J. cathartica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 165, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 109, t. 31. Carya cathartica, Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 178. Wallia cinerea, Alefeld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334. BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota (lake Pokegoma, Garrison) and central Iowa, south to Delaware and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and southeastern Kansas. A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio Eiver basin. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary raj^s distant, thin, obscure; color, bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4086; ash, 0.51; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1874, 169. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 526. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 794), and furnishes a yellow dye. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 131 239. — Juglans nigra, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 997.— Jacqiiin, Icou. Ear. i, 1. 191.— Wangenheim, Amer. 20, t. 8, f. 20.— Walter, PI. Caroliniana, 235.— Aiton, Hort. Kew, iii, 360; 2 ed. v, 296.— Meeuch, Met-h. 696.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 502; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 6.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 88. — Muhlenberg & Willdeuow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Enum. 978; Borl. Biuimz. 193.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xx, No. 3.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 17<>, t. 48. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 158, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 140, t. 30. — Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 177.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220 ; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 179.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 158.— Audubon, Birds, t. 84, 156.— Rafinesque, Med. But. ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg.ii, 168.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1435, f. 1260 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, • 185; 2 ed. i, 211 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis in Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 34, t. l,f. 1, 8-10; Prodr. xvi2, 137. — Eugelmanu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. newser. xii, 209. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 318. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 587. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 244, f. 1, 8, 12, 13. — Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 302.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 5.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53".— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 76.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 780.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155. J. nigra oblonga, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. Wallia nigra, Alefcld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334. BLACK WALNUT. Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 meters in diameter; rich bottom lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; less common east of the Alleghany mountains, and now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large, regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.6115 ; ash, 0.79; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun stocks than that of any other North American tree, 240. — Juglans rupestris, Engelmann; Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 15.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Rep.27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 28, t. 2, f. 11; Prodr. xvi2, 138.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 93 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. J. rupestris, var. major, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 16; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 20.— C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 138.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 164. J. Californica, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x, 349 ; Bot. California, ii, 93.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249. WALNUT. Valley of the Colorado river (near Austin), west through western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, and in the California Coast ranges from the San Bernardino mountains to the neighborhood of San Francisco bay and the valley of the Sacramento river. A tree rarely 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, reaching its greatest development in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub : borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, susceptible of a good polish, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6554; ash, 1.01. The small nuts sweet and edible. 132 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 241. — Carya olivaeformis, Nuttail, Genera, ii, 221.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach. Hist. Veg. ii, 173.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 331.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1441, f. 1263.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheele iu Rcemer, Texas, 447.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 45, f. 2.— Torrey, Bot. Hex. Boundary Survey 205. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 3, t. 5, f. 59; Prodr. xvi'2, 144. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 333. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 163. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155. Juglans Pecan, Marshall, Arbustum, 69.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 236.— Muhleuberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 392. Juglans lllinoinensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 54, t. 18, f. 43. Juglans angustifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296. Juglans rubra, Gaertner, Fruct. ii, 51, t, 89, f. 1.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 4. Juglans cylindrica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 505 ; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 179. Juglans olivceformis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 457; Enurn. 979; fieri. Baumz. 194.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 175, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 114, t. 32.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 88.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 296.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.- Regel, Gartenflora, xviii, 89. C. angustifolia, Nuttail, Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57. t C. telraptera, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. 1850, 80. Hickorea species, LeConte in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. vi, 402. C. Illinoensis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593. PECAN. ILLINOIS NUT. I Near Davenport, Iowa (C. C. Parry), southern Illinois, and Indiana, northwestern Kentucky, south and southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and through western Louisiana and Texas to the valley of the Concho river. A tree 30 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter iu diameter ; borders of streams in low, r'ch soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of Arkansas and the Indian territory; the largest species of the genus and the largest and most important tree of western Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter brown ; specific gravity, 0.7180 ; ash, 1.13 ; less valuable than the wood of the other species and hardly used except for fuel. The sweet, edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an important article of commerce. 242. — Carya alba, Nuttail, Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 148.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl.N. York, 181.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1446, f. 1269 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 143.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 191; 2 ed. i, 217 & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 263.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 48, f. 8.— Cooper in Smithsonian R«p. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesquereux in Owen's 3d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 2, f. 13, 14, 18, t. 3, f. 24, t. 4, f. 44, 46 ; Prodr. xvi2, 142.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Aldrich in Am. Nat. xv, 227.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 179.— Ridg way in Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rep.Canada, 1879-'80, 55C. Juglans ovata, Miller, Diet. Juglans alba OVata, Marshall, Arbustum, 69. Juglans OUalis, Wangenheim, Amer. 24, t. 10, f. 23. Juglans compressa, Giertner, Fruct. ii, 50, t. 89, f. 1.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 300. — Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 458; Enum. 979; Berl. Baumz. 195. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 297.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 164.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 3. f Juglans exaltata, Burtram, Travels, 2 ed. 38. Juglans squamosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Desfontaines. Hist. Arb. ii, 348.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 190, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 123, t. 36.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 380. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 133 Juglans alba, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii 193 [not Linmeus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.— Eaton, Manual, 108. C. microcarpa, Nuttall, Con.-ra, ii. §21; Sylva.i, 38,t.l3; 2 ed. i,55, t. 13.— gprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Penn. Cycl.vi, 332.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1451.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 264.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Wood, Gl. Book, 642; Bot. & F1.304.— C. De CandolU-, Prodr. xvi2, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 596.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 77. SHELL-BARK HICKORY. SHAG-BAKK HICKORY. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, along tbe northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to southern Michigan and southeastern. Minnesota, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 meters in height (Ridgway), with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy ridges; common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with small, thin-shelled nuts (C. microcarpa, Nuttall I. c.) is not rare from Delaware southward, and in Michigan. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8372; ash, 0.73; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, ax handles, baskets, etc. The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce. 243. — Carya sulcata, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174. — Penn. Cycl. vi, 332. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1448, f. 1271. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 5, f. 51, 52; Prodr. xvi-, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78. Juglans sulcata, Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. I ed. 154, t. 7 ; Spec, iv, 457.— Muhleiiberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637. Juglans mucronata, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192. Juglans laciniosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 199, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 128, t. 37.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Audubon, Birds, t. 101. G. COrdiformis, Koch, Dendrologie, i. 597. BIG SHELL-BABK. BOTTOM SHELL-BARK. Chester county, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 (Ridgway) meters in height, wi th a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; bottom lands, in low, rich soil; rare and local; most common and reaching its greatest development along the streams of southern Arkansas and the Indian territory. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the sap- wood nearry white ; specific gravity, 0.8108 ; ash, 0.90 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory. The large nuts sweet and edible. 244. — Carya tomentosa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 625.— Spreugel, Syst. ii,849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, 357; Fl. N. York, ii, 182.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 176.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1267.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 194, 1. 13; 2 ed. i,222 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 263.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Coopor in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Sim-. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesqnerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641; Bot.& Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36 ; Prodr. xvi2, 143. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499._Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78. Jliglans alba, Linn;<>us, Spec. 1 ed. 997.— Du Roi, Harbk. i,333.— Kalin in Act. Holm. 1769, 117.— Wangenheim, Amcr. 23, t. 10, f. 2.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 360; 2 ed.v, 296.— Gicrtner, Fruct. ii,50, t. 89, f. 1.— Moench, Meth. 696.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 29.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,503; 111. iii, 364, t. 781, f. 2.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 389.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. xx, No. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 457; Berl. Bauniz. 154.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 379. 134 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Juglans tomentosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 184, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 120, t. 35.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92. • C. tomentosa, var. maxima, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 221; Sylva, 1,40; 2ed.i,56.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1830.— Beck, Bot. 336.— London, Arboretum, iii,1445. — C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 143. C. alba, Koch, Dendrologie.i, 596 [not NnttallJ. MOCKER NUT. BLACK HICKORY. BULL NUT. BIG-BUD HICKORY. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. KING NUT. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 33 (Ridgway} meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally on rich upland hillsides — less commonly in low river bottom lands; very common in the Gulf states, and throughout the south the most widely-distributed species of the genus. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, flexible, containing few large, regularly-distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color, rich dark brown, the thick sap- wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8216 ; ash, 1.06 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory. 245. — Carya porcina, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 222.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 627.— Watsou, Deud. Brit. ii,t. 167.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 178.— Penu. Cycl. vi, 332.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 546.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1449, f. 1272-1274.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 178.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 197, 1. 14 ; 2 ed, i, 224 & t.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 5, t. 5, f. 54; Prodr. xvi2, 143.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 332.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78. Juglans glabra, Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Wangenheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 24.— Muhlenberg & Willdenovr in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Berl. Baninz. 196.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 108.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 164. Juglans alba acuminata, Marshall, Arbustum, 68. Juglans obcordata, Lamarck Diet, iv, 504.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Sehriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458. — Persoon, Syu. 566. Juglans porcina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. 4m. i, 206, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 132, t. 38.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.ii, 638.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92.— Audubon, Birds, t. 91. Juglans pyriformis, Muhleuberg, Cat. 92. Juglans porcina, var. obcordata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 167. Juglans porcina, var. pisiformis, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 180. C. glabra, Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 182, 1. 101.— Gray, Manual N. States,! ed. 412.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 264.— Coopei in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, I860, iii, 44. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas. 387.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 594.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499. C. amara, var. porcina, Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. PIG NUT. BROWN HICKORY. BLACK HICKORY. SWITCH BUD HICKORY. Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas^ and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 40 (Bidgicay) meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; dry hills and uplands; common. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many large open ducts; color, dark or light bvown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8217; ash, 0.99 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 135 246. — Carya amara, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 222.— Barton, Couipend. Fl. Phila(lelph. ii, 180.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 626.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Coinpend. Fl. N. States, 358; Fl.N. York, ii, 183.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 177.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1443, f. 1264.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 144.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 199, 1. 15; 2 ed. i,226 & t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.264. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De CandoUe in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, 1. 1, f. 2, t. 5, f. 53-55 ; Prodr. xvi2, 144.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 592.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Sears in Bull. Essex last, xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77. Juglans alba minima, Marshall, Arbustum, 68. Juglans COrdiformis, Wangenheim, Amer. 25, t. 10, f. 25. Juglans angustifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504 [not Alton]. Juglans amara, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 177, t. 4 ; 3 ed. i, 116, t. 38.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638. Hickorius amara, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109. BITTER NUT. SWAMP HICKORY. Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence river, west through Ontario, central Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and tbe Indian territory, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7552; ash, 1.03; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc. 247. — Carya myristicaeformis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 222.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 626.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Penn. Cycl. v, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451, f. 1275.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1833.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 6, f. 58; Prodr. xvi2, 145.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 595.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Ravenel in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vi, 81. Juglans myrlsticceformls, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 211, t. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 135, t. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 161. C. amara, var. myristicceformis, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. NUTMEG HICKORY. South Carolina, "Goose creek" (Michaux), "Berkeley district" (Ravenel); Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river (Pine Bluff, Letter man}, south to the Red Eiver valley. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; sandy ridges along the borders of streams and swamps; rare and very local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8016; ash, 1.06. 248. — Carya aquatica, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 222.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 627.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1265, 1266.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 447.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 514.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 641; Bot. & F1.304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat..4 ser. xviii, 36, t. l,f.4, t.5,f. 56, 57; Prodr. xvi2, 144.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. Juglans aquatica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 182, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 119, t. 34.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 69.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63:!.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Coinpeml. Fl. Philmlelph. ii, 172.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215; Sylva, i. 13; 2 ed. i,23.— Nouveau Dnhamel, vii,166.— Spreugel, 8yst.lii,860.— Torrey, romprnd. Fl. N. States, 3f.9; Fl.N. York, ii, 192. — Beck, Bot. 331. — Bigeluw, Fl. Huston. I! (><1. 375.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 135, t. 4 ; 2 ed. i, 153 & t. — Buckley in Ain.Jonr. Sci.2 scr. xiii, 397. — Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 206. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas. ::-7.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646; Bot.it F1.306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', '20.— Orsted in Sacrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 67.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 47.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 389. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 179. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-VU, 5.V. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1682, 79. ? Q. Prlnm platanoides, Lamarck, Diet, i, 21. Q. alba palustris, Marshall, Arbustum, 120.— Muhleiiberg & Willdeuow iu Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395. Q. Prinus tomentoita, Miclumx, llist.Chenes Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 2 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1876, f. 1739. Q. PrinilS, var. discolor, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii,46,t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 41, t. 7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Breudel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 617, t. 3.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34. Q. bicolor, var. mollis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359. Q. Prinus, var. bicolor, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158. f Q. bicolor, var. platanoides, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 21. SWAMP WHITE OAK. Southern Maine, valley of tbe upper Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Missouri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas. A large tree, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 or, exceptionally, over 3 meters (" Wadsworth Oak", Geneseo, New York) in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; common and reaching its greatest development iu the region south of the great lakes. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad and conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7662; ash, 0.58; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba). 259. — Quercus Michauxii, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215 (excl. syn.).— Elliott, Sk. ii, 609.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. No. 22, 113.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 81. Q. Prinus palustris, Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. 5, t. 6; Fl. Bor-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 51, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 44, t. 8.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872, f. 1735 & t. Q. Prinus, var. Michauxii, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. Q. Prinus, Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33, in part. Q. bicolor, var. Michauxii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 390. BASKET OAK. COW OAK. New Gastle county, Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southwestern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, and the valley of the lower Wabash river. A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; borders of streams and deep, often submerged, swamps ; the common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lauds of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily split ; layers of annual growth marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.8039 ; ash, 0.45 ; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wheel stocks, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel. The large, sweet, edible acorns eagerly devoured by cattle and other animals. 142 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 260. — Quercus Prinus, Liuna-us, Spec. 1 ed. 995.— Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 276, t. 6, f. 3.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Marshal), Arbustum, 125.— Wangenhcim, Amer. 15, t. 4, f.. 8.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 356; 2 ed. v, 290.— Mcrncb, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 82.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397.— Jlidiaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1<15.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 439; Enum. 975; Berl. Baumz. 339.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 47.— Persoon, Syu. ii. 508.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb, ii, 509.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 171.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 164.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 608.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 85'J.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 50, 131.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1872. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 157. — Penu. Cycl. xix, 216. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.2u'~. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3r-7.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 264.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 21.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Ai'tryk. nf. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt, Nos. 1-fi, 67.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451. — Young, Bot. Texas, 5015. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 48. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 390. Q. Prinus, var. monticola, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 5, t. 7; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Michaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 55, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 46, t. 9.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1873, f. 1736. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 158.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 21.— Gray, Manual 1C. States, 5 ed. 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Bailey in Am. Nat. xiv, 892, f. 1-4. Q. montana, Willdenovr, Spec, iv, 440; Enum. 975; Berl. Baumz. 340.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 569.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,. No. 49.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 634.— Eaton, Manual, 107, 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 216. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 165, t. 47, f. 2. — Hayne, Deud. Fl. 156. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 009. — Sprcngol, Syst. iii, 860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 377.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 138, t. 6; 2 ed. i, 156 & t.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 414. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 266. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 263. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. Q. Prinus, var. lata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290. Q. CdStanea, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 137, t. 5 ; 2 ed. i, 155 & t. [not Muhlenberg & Willdenow]. CHESTNUT OAK. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK. Blue hills, eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of lake Champlain, shores of Quinte" bay, Ontario (Macoun), and the valley of the Genesee river, Kew York, south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain region to northern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter iu diameter; rocky banks and hillsides; very common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a large- portion of the forest growth. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, durable in contact with the soil, containing few open ducts; medullary rays very broad, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7499 ; ash, 0.77 ; largely used in fencing, for railway ties, etc. The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of other North American white oaks iu tanning leather. 261. — Quercus prinoides, Willdenow, None Schrifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397; Spec, iv, 440.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Nouveau Dnhamel, vii, 166.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 193, 1. 109.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 35.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 49.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506.— Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 391. Q. Prinus humilis, Marshall, Arbustum, 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452. Q. CdStanea, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in None Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 396 [not Ne'e].— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 441 ; Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 634.— Smith in Rees1 Cycl. xxx, No. 51.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 219.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172.— Nnttall, Genera, ii,. 216.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 610.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, 354; Fl.N.. York, ii, 193.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 385.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 619, t. 4.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 68.— Liebinann, Chenes Am. Trop, t. H, K. & 33, f. 31, 32.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506. Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michaux, Hist. Cbfines Am. No. 5, t. 8 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 61, t. 9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 49, 1. 10.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 167.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 1637.— Cooper in, Smithsonian Rep.'l858, 255.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. Q. Prinus pumila, Michaux, Hist, Cheues Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 1 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 1738. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 143 Q. Prinus Chinquapin, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, Co, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 50, t. 11.— A. Do Candollc, Prodr. xvi', 21. Q. Chinquapin, I'ursli, Fl. Am. .Sept. ii, 634.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 48.— Nuttull, Genera, ii, 216.— Klliott, .Sk. ii, Gil.— Torrey, Couipeud. Fl. N. States, 354.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Darlington, Fl. (Jrstrk-a, 2t-d. 536.— Eaton & Wright, lint. >.">.— liij-i-Iow, Fl. Boston. :i cd. 377.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 14(1; 2 cd. i, 15ft & t.— Darby, Bot. S. Stales, 511. Q. Prinus, var. oblongata, Aiton, Hort. Kcw. v, 290. Q. Prinus, var. prinoides, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 3UO. Q. Muhlenbcrgii, Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 591.— G. D. Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 77.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, tt>. YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. CHINQUAPIN OAK. Eastern Massachusetts, shores of lake Ohamplain, west along the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie, through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory; south to Delaware and through the Allegheny region to northern Alabama and Mississippi, southwest to the Guadalupe mountains, western Texas (Havard), A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 meters (Ridgway] in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter (Q. Muklenbergii), or often, especially toward the eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a low, slender shrub (Q. prinoides) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the Alleghany mountains ; very common in the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil; layers of annual growth marked by rows of small open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color,, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8C05 ; ash, 1.14; used for cooperage, wheel stock, fencing, railway ties, etc. The small acorns sweet and edible. NOTE. — Differences in the size and habit of individuals of this species, thus enlarged, seem to be dependent upon soil and climate, numerous intermediate forms connecting the extremes of eastern Massachusetts and the Mississippi valley. 262. — Quercus Douglasii, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 382, 383.— Benthain, PI. Hartweg. 337 ; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 10, t! 4; 2 ed. i, 20, t. 4.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. v, 365 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 462.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 23.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 230.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 66. — Liebmaun, Cheues Am. Trop. t. 41, f. 3, 4. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmanii in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 392 ; Bot. California, ii, 95. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Q. oblongifolia, var. brevilobala, Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460. MOUNTAIN WHITE OAK. BLUE OAK. California, from about latitude 39°, south along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation, and through the Coast ranges to the San Gabriel mountains. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter ; common on the low foot-hills of the sierras. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts and containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ;" medullary rays numerous, varying greatly in width; color, dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, the thick sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 0.8928 ; ash, 0.84. 263. — Quercus oblongifolia, Torrey, Sitgreaves' Eep. 173 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 36.— Watson, PI. Wheeler, 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 393; Bot. California, ii, 96. Q. undlllata, var. oblongata, Engelmann in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 250. 144 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE OAK. California, foot-bills of the San Gabriel mountains, and in San Diego county (here occupying a narrow belt, 30 miles iu width some 30 miles from the coast, Parish Brothers) ; foot-hills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico ; southward into Mexico. A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing few small open ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the bread and very conspicuous medullary rays ; color, very dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.9441 ; ash, 2.G1 ; of little economic value except as fuel. 264. — Quercus grisea, Liebmann, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854, 13 ; Chenes Am. Trop. t. 46, f. 1, 2.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 35.— Srsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Ensby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78.— Watson in Proc. Am. Aoad. xviii, 156. Q. pungens, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forbandl. 1854,13; Chenes Am. Trop. 22, t. 45, f. 1-3.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 36.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6,69. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club ix, 78. Q. Undulata, var. grisea, Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250. Q. Undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 392 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250 ; Bot. California, ii, 96.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596. Q. Undulata, var. Wrightii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382, 392. WHITE OAK. Mountains of southern Colorado and western Texas (Havard), southern New Mexico and Arizona from 5,000 to 10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California; southward into northern Mexico. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; a polymorphous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture of the leaves, but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous medullary rays; color, very dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 1.0092; ash, 1.82. 265. — Quercus reticulata, Humboldt & Bonpland, PI. ^Equin. ii, 40, t. 86.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 609.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 860.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1944, f. 1865.— Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 90.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 33.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 67.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t, H, t. 34, f. 10-16, t. 35, f. 15-22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 383; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii. 176. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156.1 Q. spicata, Humbolt & Bonpland, PI. ^Equin. ii, 46, t. 89.— Beutham, PI. Hartweg. No. 429. Q. decipiens, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Brux. v, 10. f Q. reticulata, Var. Qreggil, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 34.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 176. Southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Eita mountains from 7,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many small, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9479 ; ash, 0.52. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 145 266. — Quercus Durandii, Buckley, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860,445; 1881, 121.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156. Q. obtvsifolia, var. f breviloba, Torrey, Bot. Hex. Boundary Survey, 206. Q. annulata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 18CO, 445. Q. San-Sabeana, Buckley in Young, Bot. Texas, 507. Q. imdulata, Eugelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 392, in part [not Torrey]. Alabama, Wilcox county (Buckley), valley of the Little Cahaba river, Bibb county (Mohr); Shreveport, Louisiana?, (Buckley); Texas, Dallas (Rei;erchon), valley of the Colorado river (Buckley, Mohr, Sargent), west and south. A tree 21 to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands or dry mesas and limestone hills, then reduced to a low shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great extent (Q. San- Sabeana); rare and local in Alabama; the common and most valuable white oak of western Texas. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by few large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9507 ; ash, 1.78; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba). 267. — Quercus virens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 356 ; 2 ed. v, 287.— Bartram.Travels, 2 ed. 82.— Miehaux, Hist.Chenes Am. No. 6, 1. 10, 11 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425; Euum. 974.— Rohin, Voyages, iii, 264.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 5.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Desfont.iines, Hist. Arh. ii,507.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 213.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 67, t. 11; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 52, 1. 12.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 626.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 16; 2 ed, i, 28.— Nouveau Dnhamel, vii, 151.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 858.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 446.— Eaton, Manual. 6 ed.294.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1918, f. 1802, 1803 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 177.— Engelmaun & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Scheele in Rremer, Texas, 446 $ Appx. 147.— Penu. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl, S. States, 421.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 35.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests. 263.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 37.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 69.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-57.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 383 ; iv, 191.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 178.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 155. Q. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 57. Q. Phellos, var. sempervirens, Marshall, Arbustum, 124. Q. sempermrem, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. Q. oleoides, Chamisso & Schlechtendal in Linnsea, v, 79.— Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Brux. x, No. 3.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. Q. retusa, Liebmann iu Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 187.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. LIVE OAK. Mob Jack bay, Virginia, south along the coast to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, along the Gulf coast to Mexico, extending through western Texas to the valley of the Red river, the Apache and Gaudalupe mountains and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio Grande at 0,000 to 8,000 feet elevation (Havard); in Costa Rica (Q. retusa). An evergreen tree of great economic value, 15 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller, often shrubby ; on the coast, rich hummocks and ridges, a few feet above water-level; common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; layers of annual growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.9501; ash, 1.14 ; formerly very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building. 10 FOB 146 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 268. — Quercus chrysolepis, Lielimann, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173 ; Cheues Am. Trop. 23, t. 47.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 458. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, 45. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 37. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 231.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 383, 393; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii. 97. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xi, 119.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596. Q. fulvescena, Kellogg in Proc. California Ac-ail, i, (i7, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 27, 89. Q. craSS'ipOCUla, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137 ; v, 3(i.r>, t. St. f Q. oblongifolia, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 4 [not Torrey]. LIVE OAK. MAUL OAK. VALPARAISO OAK. Cow Creek valley, Oregon, south through the California Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower California; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco (Greene) and Santa Catalina mountains (Pringle). An evergreen tree of great economic value, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, narrow-leaved shrub (var. vaccinifolia, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 393; Sot. California, ii, 97. — Q. vaccinifolia, Kellogg in Trans. California Acad. ii, 96). Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, containing many rather small open ducts arranged in wide bands parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.8493; ash, O.CO; somewhat used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests. 269. — Quercus Emoryi, Torrey, Emory's Rep. 151, t. 9; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Ives' Rep. 28.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 382, 387, 394; Wheeler's Rep. vi. 250. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 170. Q. hastata, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 13; Chenes Am. Trop. 22.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 36.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. BLACK OAK. i Bexar and Coinal counties, Texas, through the mountain ranges of western Texas, of southern New Mexico, and of eastern and southern Arizona. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation near streams in open canons; dry, gravelly soil, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright brown tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.9263; ash, 2.36. 270. — Quercus agrifolia, Ne'e, Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii, 271. — Fischer, Misc. Hisp. i, 108.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 431.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 568.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 29.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva. i, 5, t. 2: 2 ed. i, 16, t. 2.— Nonveau Dnhamel, vii, 156.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 859. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Bentham, PL Hartweg. 337; Bot. Sulphur, 55. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 377.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, vi, 157 & t.— Carriore in Fl. des Serres, vii, 137 & f.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; v, 305; vii, 20; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Ives' Rep. 28; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460.— Paxton's Brit. Flower Gard. ii, 44.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 32, f. 9.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 229.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 37.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69.— Liebmann, Cheues Am. Trop. t. 44.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 383; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 98. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 167. Q. oxyadenia, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. Q. acutiglandis, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 147 BNCENO. COAST LIVE OAK. California, Mendocino county, south through the Coast Range valleys to Lower California. A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 98); rare at the north; common south of San Francisco bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme southwestern part of the state; dry slopes and ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; specific gravity, 0.8253;' ash, 1.28; of little value except as fuel. 271. — Quercus Wislizeni, A. DeCandolle, Prodr. xvi'2, 67.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louie Acad. iii, 385, 396; Bot. California, ii, 98. Q. Morehus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, :if>. LIVE OAK. California, mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, and in the Coast ranges south to the Santa Lucia mountains. An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 ineter iu diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a shrub 0.90 to 3 meters in height (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 99) ; not common. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bauds parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7855; ash, 1.02. 272. — Quercus rubra, Limneus, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Dn Roi, Harbk. ii, 265.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. v, 292.— Mcench, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 103.— Michaux, Hist. Chenes No. 2, t. 35, 36 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 445: Enum. 976; Berl. Banmz. 342. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 60. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 126, t. 26; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 84, t. 28.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 170.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 358; NicoUet's Rep. 1(50; Fl. N. York, 189, t. 106.— Bock. Bot. :!29.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877, f. 1740-1744 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— BigHow. Fl. Boston. I! ed. 376.— Katon & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 48, t. 10; 2 ed. i, 16:! &. t.— Scheele in Ra-uier, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 510. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 369, t. 9. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, Cl. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 2G2. — Eiigi'Imanu iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. v, 209; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,li94.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72. — Gray, Manual X. Siatrs, 5 ed. 454; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A, B. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'2, 70. — Young, Bot. Texas, 504.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— llacoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 209.— Sears iu Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 5K Q. rubra maxima, Marshall, Arbustuui, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow iu Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395. Q. ruhru, var. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 720. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 292. — Loudon. Arboretum, iii, 1877. Q. rubra, var. montana, Aitou.Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1877. (>. ambigua, Miehanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 120, t. 24 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 81, t. 26 [not HBK.].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1881, f. 1749 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Q. coceinea, var. rubra, SpAoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 166. Q. COCCinea, var. ambigua, Gray. Manual X. States, 5 ed. 454. Q, rubra. var. runcinata, A. De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi4, 60. — Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 542. 148 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. KED OAK. BLACK OAK. Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick to eastern Minnesota, western Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 45 meters (Ridgu-ay) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very common, especially at the north, in all soils and extending farther north than any Atlantic oak. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.6540; ash, 0.26; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc. • Var. Texana, Buckley, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 123. — Engehnanu in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vii, 14. Q. paluntris, Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 175 [not Du Roi]. Q. COCCinea, var. microcarpa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206. Q. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507. RED OAK. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river with the species and replacing it south and west, extending to the valley of the Nueces river and the Limpia mountains (Havard). A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter. Wood heavier, harder, much closer-grained than the species, not checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked with fewer and smaller open ducts ; specific gravity, 0.9080; ash, 0.85. 273. — Quercus coccinea, Wangouheim, Amer. 44, t. 4. f. 9.— Muhlenberg & Wilklenow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 398.— Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. 18, t. 31, 32; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199.—Willdenow, Spec. iv,445; Enum. 976; Berl. Bauraz. 343.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx,61.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 569.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Micbaux f. 1 list. Arb. Am. ii, 116, t. 23 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 79, t. 25.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed . v, 292.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Eatou, Manual, 108 ; 6 ed. 292.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend Fl. Philadclph. ii, 169.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 171.— Ilaync, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 863.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 189.— Beck, Bot. 329.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1879, f. 1746-1748 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 144, t. 9 ; 2 ed. i, 163 & t.— Scheele in Rocmer, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 268.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 40. — Lesqnereux iu Oweu's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, (il.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, I860, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. B.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii1, 69.— Young, Bot. Texas, 504.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385, 394.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156. • Q. rubra, ft. Linnsens, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357. • SCARLET OAK. Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern Florida. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 54 meters (Eidgway) in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter ; at the east iu dry, sandy soil or, less commonly, iu rich, deepsoil ; in the northwestern prairie region with Q. macrocarpa forming the oak-opening growth; not common and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; specific gravity, 0.7405 ; ash, 0.19 ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 149 274. — Quercus tinctoria, Bartram, Travels, 2 cd. 37.— Abbot, lusccts Georgia, ii, t.5G.— Michaux, Hist. Cl.eues Am. No. 13, t. 24, 25: Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 19".— Willdenow, Spee. iv,414; Einini.'JTt;; Berl. Banmz. 344.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arl>. ii, ;>()'.).— Poiret, Suppl. ii,221.— Michaux f. Hist. Arl>. Am. ii.110, t.22; X. American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 7(i, t. 24.— Aiton, Hort. Ke\v. -J od. v,291.— Pursli, Fl. AID. Sept. ii, 029.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 58.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadcliili. 91 ; Compcnd. Fl. Philadelpli. ii, 108.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6ed. 292.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,214 : Sylva, i,2l ; 2 i>d. i', 32.— Nouveau Dnhaniel, vii, 16H.— Hayne, Demi. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii^COL— Sprcugel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. X. .States. :;.".?; Fl. X. York.ii, 183. — Anduboii, Birds, t. 82. — Beck, Hot. I!'.!-'. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1884, f. 1753, 1754.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Big'elow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 370.— Eaton &, Wright, Hot. 384.— Spacli, llisi. Veg. xi, 164.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 141, t. 7; 2 ed. i, Kid A. I.— Grillith, Med. Bot. 586.— Gray, Manual X. Slates, 1 ed. 416.— Darlington. Fl. Cestrica, 3 eel. 20".— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lA>,'-'55.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 627, t. 8. — Chapman, Fl. S. States. 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. X. Carolina, 1SOU, iii, 39. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, Cl. Book, 045. — Engelmann in Proe. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 395.— Porehcr, Resources S. Forests, 238.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Ai'tryk. af. Nat. For. Vidcn. Meddelt. Nos. Mi, I860, 45, 72, f. 18.— Liebmaun, Chenes Am. Trop. 9, f. G. — Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — 1 layden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 288.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Bentley &, Trimen, Med. Fl. iv, 251, t.251.— Eidgway in Proc.U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84. f Q. velutina, Lamarck, Diet, i, 172.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 68. Q. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 120 [not Linmeus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 79, t. 6, f. 16. Q. rubra, Wangenheim, Amer. 14, t. 3, f. 7 [not Linnajus]. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. FT. Berlin, iii, 399. Q. discolor, Aiton, Hort. Ke'.v iii, 358.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 111.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444 ; Berl. Baumz. 345.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Smith in Rces' Cycl. xxx, No. 59.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 8fi3.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, fi ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Q. tinctoria, var. angulosa, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1858. Q. tinctoria, var. sinuosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1885, f. 1755-1757.— Liebmann, Chenes Arn. Trop. t. C. ? Q. Shlimardii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445. Q. COCcinea, var. tinctoria, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454.— Wood, Cl. Book, 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 61. BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BARK OAK. QUERCITRON OAK. YELLOW OAK. Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to the Ohattahoochee region of western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 24 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters (Eidgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter; generally on dry or gravelly uplands; very common. Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth ma'-k';-'l i-y -cvcral rows of very large open ducts; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter: specific gravity, 0.7045; ash, 0.28; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc. The bark largely used in tanning; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 750. — JVai1. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1196). 275. — Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry, ' Pacific R. R. Rep.vi,89, 286, f. 6.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 406.— R. Brown Campst. Horse Sylvana), 58, f. 4-6.— Engelmann in Bot. California, ii,99. Q. rubra, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337 [not Linnaeus]. Q. tinctoria, var. Californica, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Rep. 28. Q. Cdlifornica, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. Q. Sonomensis, Bentham in De Candolle Prodr. xvi-, <>2. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 230. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596. BLACK OAK. Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains to the southern borders of California. 150 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California Sierras. • Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6435 ; ash, 0.26 ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning. * 276. — Quercus nigra, LinnaW, Spec. 1 ed. 995. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. — Wangenheim, Ainer. 77, t. 5, f. 13. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. v, 291. —Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 50; ii, 58.— Jlichaux, Hist. Cheues Am. No. 17, t. 32,23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 442. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 53. — Persoon, Syn. ii,569.— Desfpntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 509.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 629. —Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 292.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168.— Nouvean Duhamel, vii, 168.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 600,— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 188; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 116.— Beck, Bot. 328.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1890, f. 1764, 17G5.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, C25, t. 7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 38. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 63.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 61. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Ridgway in Proc. Nat. Mus. 1882, 82. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 156. Q. nigra, var. latifolia, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. - Q. nigra integrifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. f Q. aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. Q. Marylandica, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. BLACK JACK. JACK OAK. • Long island, New York, west through northern Ohio and Indiana to about latitude 55° N. in Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about 99° west longitude, south to Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter, or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the southern states, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, Indian territory, and eastern Texas, forming, with the post-oak (Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers. Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous^ color, rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7324; ash, 1.16; of little value except as fuel. 277. — Quercus falcata, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 16, t. 28; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 104, t. 21 ; N.American Sylva, 3 ed.i, 73, t. 23.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. PI. Philadelph. ii, 170.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 169.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 604.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1882, f. 1750, 1751.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 39. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 256.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 59.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. A, t. 22, f. 3.— Young, Bot. Texas, 505.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80. Q. rubra Montana, Marshall, Arbustum, 123. Q. nigra digitata, Marshall,-Arbustum, 121. Q. cuneata, Wangenheim, Amer. 78, t. 5, f. 14.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 64. Q. elongata, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 400.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, 57.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291. Q. triloba, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 14, t. 26.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443; Berl. Baumz. 342.— Smith in Rces' Cycl. xxx, No. 54.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii,220. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,628.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 156.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 662.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck. Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & PI. 30C.. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 151 Q.fttlcata, var. triloba, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 004.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 59. Q.falcata, var. pagodafolia, Elliott, Sk. ii.liia.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N.Carolina, 1860, iii,39. Q. discolor, var. triloba, Sparh. Hist. Vrg.xi, 163. Q.falcata, var. Ludoviciana, A. DeCamloli.-. i-mdr. xvi-, 59. SPANISH OAK. RED OAK. t Long island, New York, south to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly uplands find barrens; in the north Atlantic states only near the coast; rare; most common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6928; ash, 0.25; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very largely for fuel. The bark rich in tannin. 278. — Quercus Catesbaei,. Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 17, t. 29, 30 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199,— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 27, 1. 14.— Willdenow', Spec, iv, 446.— Smith in Re«s Cycl. xxx, No. 62. — Persoon, Syn. 569.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 101, t. 20 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 71, t. 22.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 172.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 603.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 866.— Torrey, C'ompend. Fl. N. States, 358.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1889, f. 1762, 1763.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3H4.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Wood, Cl. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3' 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Koch, Dendrologie, iis, 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. ? Q. IcBvis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. TURKEY OAK. SCRUB OAK. FORKED-LEAF BLACK JACK. BLACK JACK. North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, 7 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; very common in the south Atlantic and east Gulf states upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine belt; rare in Mississippi. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large •open ducts and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7294; ash, O.S7 ; largely used for fuel. 279. — Quercus palustris, DU Roi, Harbk. ii, 268, t. 5, f. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5, f. 10.— Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 19, t. 33, 34 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.— Wilklemnv, Spec, iv, 446 ; Enum. 976 ; Berl. Baumz. 343. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 222.- Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 123, t. 25 ; N. American Sylva, i, 83, t. 27.— Aitou, Hort. Ken-. 2 ed. v, 292.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 6.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 631.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 170.— Eaton, Manual. 108; 6ed. 293. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 172.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 158. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358; Fl. N. York, ii, 190, t. 107.— Beck, Bot, 329.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1887, f. 1758-1761 & t,— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 166.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 631.— Leaqtiereux in Owen's 2<1 Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. J-6, 1866, 23, 72, f. 4.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454. — Liebmann, Chines Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Demlrologie, ii", 71. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. i, 167 & t. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— W. E. Stone in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 57.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 641). Q. rubra, var. dixsecta, Lamarck, Diet, i, 12°- Q. rubra ramosissima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg& Willdeuow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 398. 15U FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATER OAK. Valley of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts (Amherst, Stone), to central New York, south to Delaware and the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly in drying: layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.0938; ash, 0.81; somewhat used for shingles, clapboards, construction, and in cooperage. 280. — Quercus aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, '234. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357 ; 2 ed. v, '390. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 59, 79. — Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 11, t. 19, 20, 21; Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schrifteu Gesoll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. — Poiret, Snppl. ii, 220. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 89, 1. 17 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 65, 1. 19. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 52. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628. — Barton, Coinpencl. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168. — Nouveau Duharnel, vii, 167.— Elliott, Sk, ii, 599.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Andubou, Birds, t. 24.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1892. f. 1767.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 161.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1856, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 37.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 67.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Not). 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebinann, ChSnes Am. Trop.t. D.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. Q. nigra triftda, Marshall, Arbustvim, 121. f Q. uliginosa, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18. Q. hemisphcerica, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 628.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 56, 628.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 187. Q. nana, Willdenow, Spec. 448.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599. Q. aquatica, vars. cuneata, elongata, indivisa, attenuata, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290. Q. hemisphcerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fl. s. States, 421. Q. nigra, Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 61, in part. WATER OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK. Sussex county, Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Letterman), middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams and bottoms in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development along the large streams in the maritime piue belt of the eastern Gulf states. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous: color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7244 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel. ,- 281. — Quercus laurifolia, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 17 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, i v, 427.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 14.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nonveau Duhamel, vii, 153.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 597.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775,1776.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3S5.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(50, iii, 36.— Liebmaun, Chfines Am. Trop. t. D.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelroann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385, 395. Q. laurifolia hybrida, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 18. Q. laurifolia, var. obtusa, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288.— Wood, Cl. Book, 343. Q. laurifolia, var, OCWta, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288. Q. obtusa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. Q. Phellos, var. laurifolia, Chapman, Fl.S. States, 420.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502. Q. aquatica. var. laurifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 68. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 153 LAUREL OAK. North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the shores of Mobile bay. A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast. Wood heavy, very stroug and hard, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather small opeu ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7673 ; ash O.S2. 282. — Quercus heterophylla, Mk-haux t. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 87, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i,64, t. 18.— PurslyFl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i,15; 2 ed. i,24.— Green in Universal Herbal, ii,442.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Sweet, Cat. 2 ed. 466.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— Gale in Prop. Nat. lust. leT>.'>, 70, f. 1.— Wood, Cl. Book, 645.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Aead. 1862, 361 ; 1862, 100.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebinann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. B.— Meehan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 437, 465 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 10. — Leidy in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 415. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385, 391. — Martindale, Notes on. the Bartram Oak, 3; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 303.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114. Q. aquatica, var. heterophylla,, Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 68. Q. nigra, var. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. Q. Phellos X tinctoria, Gray, Manual N. States, 4 ed. 406. Q. Phellos, var. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453. Q. Phellos XCOCCinea, Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 541. BARTRAM'S OAK. New Jersey, Salem and Cumberland counties, "restricted to a line or belt bordering extreme tidal points of streams entering the Delaware river where the alluvial terminates and the upland commences," (Commons); Delaware, near Townsend station and Wilmington ; North Carolina (M. A. Curtis in herb. Canby) ; eastern Texas (E. Hall) ; this perhaps Q. Durandii. A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat darker ; specific gravity, 0.6834 ; ash, 0.17. 283. — Quercus cinerea, Miehaux, Hist. Cheues Am. No. 8, 1. 14 ; Fl. Bor.-Arn. ii, 197. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425. — Persoon, Syir. ii,567.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 212. — Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,82,t. 14; \. American Sylva, 3 ed. i,61,t. 16.— Aiton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. v, 288.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,626.— Smith in Rees' Cycl.xxx, No. fi. — Nuttall. Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 594. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 6 ed. 294. — Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Scheele iu Rosiner, Texas, 446. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 37.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 73.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1806, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch. Dendrologie, ii-, 58. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 385,395. Q. Primus, ft. Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 995. Q. hltmilis, Walter, Fl. Caroliiiiana, 234. • Q. Phellos, var. cinerea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895, f. 1773.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,161. UPLAND AVILLOW OAK. BLUE JACK. SAND JACK. North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude 33°. A tree 9 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter; sandy barrens and dry upland ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.6420 ; ash, 1.21. 154 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 284. — Quercus hypoleuca, Eugelmaun, Trans. St. Louie Acad. iii, 384 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 251.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78. Q. COnfertifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207 [uot HBK.].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261. Limpia mountains, Texas (Havard), valleys of the high mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa Eita mountains, Arizona, above 6,000 feet elevation; southward into Sonora. A small evergreen tree of great beauty, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by few small open ducts; me'dullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8009; ash, 1.34. \ 285. — Quercus imbricaria, Michaux, Hist. Chines Am. No. 9, t. 15, 16 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 428 ; Enum. Suppl. 64 ; Berl. Baumz. 338.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 214.— Michaux f. Hist. Art>. Am. ii, 78, 1. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 60, t. 15.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 15. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167.— Nouveau Duhauiel, vii, 153.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott', Sk. ii, 598. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual," 6 ed. 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1898, f. 1777.— Eaton & AVright, Bot. 383.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 623, t. 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 420. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 36.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 63.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1860, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. D, t. xxii, f. 5.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 60.— Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 80. Q. Phellos, var. imbricaria, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160. SHINGLE OAK. LAUREL OAK. Allentowu, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania (Porter), west through southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and southeastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee, and northern Arkansas. A tree 24 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich woodlands. Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7529 ; ash, 0.43 ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc. 286. — Quercus Phellos, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 994. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 722. — Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5, f. 11. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354; 2 ed. v, 287. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 52, 91. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 423 ; Enum. 974; Berl. Baumz. 337. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 7. — Persoon, Syn. ii,567. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 507. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,75, t. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 58, t. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 625.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 15 ; 2 ed. i, 17. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 150. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 593. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl. N. York, ii, 187.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 383.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894, f. 1774 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 420. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 36.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 63.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 59.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.— Gartenflora, . xxix, 221 & f.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 83. Q. Phellos angwstifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 124. Q. Phellos latifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 124.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895 & t. Q. Phellos, var. viridis, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354. Q. Phellos, var. humilis, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 625. WILLOW OAK. PEACH OAK. Totteuville, Stateu island, New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Sabine river, Texas, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri. Tennessee, and southern Kentucky. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 155 A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in diameter ; bottom lands or rich sandy uplands. AYood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays few, distant; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap wood lighter red; specific gravity 0.7472; ash, U..~>0; some what used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc. 287. — Quercus densiflora, Hooker & Arn< >tt, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 380.— Bentlmiu, I'l. HarUveg. 337.— Nuttall, Sylv.-i, i, 11, t. 5; •-' ed. i, 21, t. 5.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 138.— Bot. \Vilkcs Expi-d. 4:V.— X.-Nvlierry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 31, 89, f. 8.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 82.— Bolauder in Proc. California Ac ad. iii, '>:U.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 380; Bot. California, ii, 99. Q. echinacea, Torroy in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137, t. 14. Pasanitt densiflora, Orstcd in Saer&kitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viik-u. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73. Q. echinoiden, R. Brown Campst.in Ann. & Mag. Kat. Hist. April, 1871, '2. TANBARK OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. PEACH OAH. Valley of the Umpqua river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, California. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich, valleys and banks of streams; most common and reaching its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin, dark, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker brown ; specific gravity, O.GS27 ; ash, 1.49; largely used as fuel. The bark, rich in tannin, very largely used and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests for tanning. • NOTE .—The following shrubby species of Quercus do not properly find a place in this catalogue : Quercus undulata. Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248, t. 4. Interior Pacific region from Colorado southward. Quercus Breweri, Engehnann in'liot. California, ii, 96. Q. labata, var. fntticosa, En(;elmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 388. Western slopes of the high Sierra Nevadas, California. Quercus Georgiana, SI. A. Curtis iu Chapman's Fl. S. States. Stone Mountain, Georgia. Quercus myrtifolia, Willdenow, Sp. iv, 434. Q. Phellos, var. arenaria, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 420. Q. aquatica, var. myrtifolia, A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi, 68. South Atlantic and Gulf coast. Quercus ilicifolia, Wangcnheim, Amer. 79, 1 8, f. 17. Q. Banisteri, Michaux, Hist. Chcnea Am. t.27. North Atlantic region. Quercus pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliana, 234. Q. Phtllos pumila, Michaux, Ilist. Chenes Am. 1. 15, f. 1. Q. cinerea, var. pumila, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. 16, 74. Q. cinerea, var. sericea, Engolmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 384. Q. sericea, Willdenow, Spec. 424. Q, Phellos, var. sericea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 354. Pine barrens, South Carolina. Quercus dumosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 7. Q. berberidifolia, Lk-bmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Sclsk. Forbandl. 1854, 172, in part. Q. dumosa, var. bitllala, Engelmann in Bot. California, 296. Q. acuiidens, Torrey. Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207, t. 51. Coast ranges of southern California. Numerous hybrid or supposed hybrid oaks, variously described by American botanists, are not properly considered here. 156 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 288. — Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. De Candolle; Seemann'sJour. Bot. i, 182; Prodr. xvi2, 109. — Watsou in King's Rep. v,:522; Bot. California, ii, 100. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 401. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Expod. 463.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. -27.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Castanea chrytophylla, Douglas iu Hooker's London Jour. BoL ii, 490, t. !<;.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, al ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Bot. Mag. t. 4953.— Torrey in. Pacific E. E. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205. — Morreu iu Belg. Hort. vii. ~1~, t. 240. — New berry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 26, 89, f. 4.— Fl.des Serres, xii, 3, t. 1184.— Cooper iu Smitlisouian Rep. 1858, 261.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. ii, 280.— BolanderinProc. California Acad. iii, 231. — Eugelmann iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 375. — Shingles in London Gard. Chronicle, 18H2, 716. Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337- Castanea sempervirens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i, 71. C. chrysophylla, var. minor, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'-, 110. C. chrysophylla, var. pumila, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. CHINQUAPIN. % Cascade mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadasr and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jaciuto mountains. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a low shrub; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast Eange valleys of northern California; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, nor strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter: specific gravity, 0.5574; ash, 0.35; in southern Oregon occasionally used in the manufacture of plows and other agricultural implements. • 289. — Castanea pumila, Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,193. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 461; Enum. 980; Berl. Banm/,. 78.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xiv, No. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel,iii, 79.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 572.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 500.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 166, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 16, t. 105.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 298.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624 — Ratinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 159; New FL & Bot. i, 83. —Nuttall, Genera, ii,217 ; Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 168.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 165.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 287.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 196.— Audubon, Birds, t. 85.— Beck, But. 332.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 84.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— London, Arboretum, iii, 2002, f. 1927, 1928.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 184.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 192.— Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Lesqiiereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646 ; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 237.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 115. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 508.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 24.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 27. — Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 17. Fagus pumila, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 998.— DQ Roi, Harbk. i, 175.— Wangenheim, Amer. 57. t. 19, f. 44.— Walter, Fl- Caroliniana, 233. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 57. Fagus Castanea pumila, Marshall, Arbustum, 47. Fagus pumila, var. prcecox, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 233. C. nana, Muhlenberg, Cat. 86.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 83. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. C. alnifolia, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 217 ; Sylva, i, 19, t. 6 ; 2 eel. i, 36, t. 6. C, vesca, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkausas, 388 [not Gicrtner]. CHINQUAPIN. Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches river, Texas. A. tree sometimes 15 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 meter in diameter, or often, especially in the Atlantic states, reduced to a low shrub; rich hillsides and borders of swamps; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.5887; ash, 0.12; used for posts, rails, railway ties, etc. The small nuts sweet and edible. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 157 290. — Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DeCandolle, Prodr. xvi2, 114.— Schneck in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vi, 159.— Bell iu Geological Rep. C'auada, 1879-'80, 53C.— Ridgway in Proo. U.S. Nat, Mus. 1882, 84. Fagus Castanea dentata, Marshall, Arbnstum, 46. Fagus Castanea, Wangenheim.Amer. 47 [not Linnu'iis].— Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, y33.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361, in part.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 36. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 23. — Martindale in Proc. Philadelphia Aead. 1880, 2. C. vesca, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460, iu part.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 500, iu part.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 151, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 11, I. 104 [not Gsertner]. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 165, in part. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856, in part.— Beck, Bot. 332.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 224.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States. 511.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 46.— Wood, Cl. Book, 646; Bot, & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455. CHESTNUT. Southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski river, Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters iu diameter; rich woods and hillsides; very common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4504; ash, 0.18; largely used in cabinet-making, for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc. The fruit, although smaller, superior in sweetness and flavor to that of the European chestnut. An infusion or fluid extract of the dried leaves is successfully employed in the treatment of whooping-cough And other pectoral affections (U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 245. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed.,364). 291. — Fagus ferruginea, Aiton, Hort. K-w. iii, 362; 2ed. v, 298.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 75.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 400; Enum. 980; Berl. Baumz. 140.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 571.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 496.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 174, t.9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 21, 1. 106.— Smith in Rees' Cyol. xiv, No. 4.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 90 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph^ii, 174.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 145.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 194, t. 110.— Beck. Bot. 333.— Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 19cO, f. 1U17.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 374.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 271. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 425.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Wood, Bot. & F1.307.— A. Db Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 118.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455.— Koch, Dcudrologie, ii2, 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 179.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52^.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. F. sylvatica atropunicea, Marshall, Arbustum, 46. F. Americana latifolia, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1916. F. sylvatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 233 [not Liuna-us].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 538.— Darby, Bot, S. States, 512. F. sylvestria, Michanx, Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 170, t. 8 ; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 18, 1. 107.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. F. alba, Raflnesqne.Vl. Ludoviciana, 131. .F. sylvatica, var. Americana, Nuttall, Genera, ii.aili. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 174. — Elliott, Sk.ii, 613. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 145. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1953.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 153 ; 2 ed. i, 1M) &- t. — Wood, Cl. Book, 647. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 235. F. Americana, Sweet, Hort. Brit.— Spach, Hist. Veg. *i, 201. F. ferrvginea, var. Caroliniana, London, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1915. 158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BEECH. Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restegouche river to the northern shores of lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and Madison county, Arkansas (Letterman). A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 34 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich woods, or at the south sometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamps, reaching its greatest development upon the "bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin; very common. Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6883 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. 292. — Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 469 ; Euum. 9b2 : Berl. Baumz. 2(50.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 573.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. li, 623.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, i;, 219.— Hayne, Demi. Fl. 1G9.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 618.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Nicollet's Eep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, 1. 102.— Audubon, Birds, t. 40.— London, Arboretnm, iii, 2015, f. 1940.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Sui-v. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :!bU— Wood, Cl. Book, 647; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Porch er, Resources S. Forests, 233.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'-, 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456.— Young, Bot. Texas, 510.— Vasry. Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Sargent in Am. Nat, xi, 683.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 85. Carpinus Ostrya, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part.— Dn Roi, Harbk. i, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 48. —Marshall, Arbustum, 25.— Mrench, Meth. 694.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76.— Nouveau Duhamel,ii,200.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii. 27, 1. 109. Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708 ; Wangenheim, Amer. 49.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 201.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. vii, No. 5. Carpinus triflora, Mrench, Meth. 394. Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 202. 0. Virginica, var. glandulosa, Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginiana, Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 6. HOP HORNBEAM. IRON WOOD. LEVER WOOD. Bay of Chaleur. through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8284 ; ash, 0.50 ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. 293. — Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— A. De Candoile, Prodr. xvi2, 126.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 4.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xviii, 180.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. C. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Suppl. ii, 202.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 468; Enum. Suppl. 64; Berl. Biinrnz. 75. — Persoon. Syn. ii, 573. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 26, t. 108.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 301.— Eaton, Manual, 109 ; 6 ed. 82.— Bartou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 176.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne.Dend. Fl. 168.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 618.— Watson, Deud. Brit, ii, t. 157.— Sprengel, Syst, iii, 854.— Guiuipel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 107, t. 84.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl.N. York, ii, 185, t. 103.— Penn. Cycl. iv, 315.— London, Arboretum, iii, 2013, f. 1936.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 182.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 252 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 224. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 174 ; 2 ed. i, 198 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. ' 618. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 273. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 425. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina., 1860, iii, 75. — Lesqiieroux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, Cl. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5ed. 457; Hall's PI. Texas, 21— Young, Bot. Texas, 509.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadlirud in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada. C. Betulus Virginiana, Marshall, Arbustum, CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 159 HORNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATER BEECH. IRON WOOD. Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota (lake Tokegaina, Garrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay. Florida, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory. A small tree, 9 to lu meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub : borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.728G ; ash. <».'3 ; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc. BETTJLACEJE. 294. — Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 167 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 233. — Eiullicher, Genera, Snppl. iv, 19.— Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 76, t. 4, f. 19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C. B. lenta, Du Roi, Ilarbk. i, 92 [not LinnteueJ.— Wangenhelm, Amcr. 4">, t. 29. f. :'•-. B. populifolia, Marshall, Arbustnm, 19.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336; 2 ed. v, 299.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 cd. 37, t. 2, f. 5; Spec, iv, 403. — Pcra>on,Syn.ii, 572. — Desfonl nines. Hist. Arb. ii. 476.— NouveauDuhamel, iii, 204. — Poiret, Suppl. i, 687.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,620.— Smith iu Bees' Cycl. iv, No. 8. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compeud. Fl. Philadeiph. ii, 175. — Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed.53.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, i, 25; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Demi. Fl. 166.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 854.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl.N. States,355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, t. 112.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1707, f. 1560.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 213 ; 2 ed.i, 243 & t.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Wood, C'l. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 646. B. acuminata, Ehrhart, Bt-itr. vi, 9^.— Mo'iich, Moth. 69:!. B. alba, subspecies populifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 399; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi8, 164. WHITE BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware. A small, short-lived tiee of rapid growth, 0 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in eastern New England. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29 ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreuinatic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes (U. 8. Dispensatory, U ed. 1592.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287); the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufacture of ink. 295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall, Arbnfitnm, 19.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 180. B. papyracea, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Euum. 981; Berl. Banmz. 58,t.2,f.l.— Nouveau Dnlmmcl, iii, 205.— 1'ersoon, Syn. ii, 572.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 688.— Michaux ['. 1 1 i.st. Arb. Am. ii, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 70, t. 69.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. iv, No. 9.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,621.— B. S. [iarlon, I'.ot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 109; Ii ed. 53.— Barton, Compond.Fl. Philadeiph. ii, 175.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; .Sylva, i, 25 : 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 152.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Compeml. Fl. N. .States. 355; Fl.N. York, ii, 199.— Auduliou, Birds, t. 88. —London, Arboretum, iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Peini. Cycl. ii, 349.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 ed.i, 239 & t.— Parry iu Owen's Rep. 618.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Coorer in Smithsonian K.'|>. l"5-<, 256.— Hooker f. in Trans. Liumcan Soc. xxiii-, 300, 3?.9.— Wood, Cl. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States. 5 cd. 459.— Koch, Demlrologie, ii, 645.— Vascy, Cat. Fore-si Trees, 28.— Maromi in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45s. T160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. B. nic/ra, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, ii, t. 51 [not Linnaeus]. jB. grandis, Schrader in Ind. Hort. Goett. 1833, 2. B. rubra, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. B. Canadensis, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. B. alba, var. papyri/era, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 188 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 234.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv2, 19. — Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 81, t. 5, f. 5-16. B. cordifolia, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 86, 1. 12, f. 29-36. B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 166. B. alba, subspecies papyri/era, var. cordifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4,' 401; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi*, 166. B. alba, Subspecies papyri/era, var. COmmunis, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr. . xvi'2, 166. B. alba, subspecies comnmtata, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 401 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 166. B. OCCidentalis, Lyall in Jour. Liuujcan Soc. vii, 134 [not Hooker]. B. alba, var. populifolia, Winchell in Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 67 [not Spach]. CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIKCH. PAPEE BIRCH. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay and northwest to the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Wading river, Long island, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Michigan, northeastern Illinois and Saint Cloud, Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black hills of Dakota (R. Douglas), the Mullen trail of the Bitter Root mountains and Flathead lake, Montana, the neighborhood of Fort Colville. Washington territory ( Watson), and the valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia (Engelmann & Sargent). A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of the American forest. Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc. The very tough, durable bark easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the manufacture of canoes, tents, etc. 296. — Betula occidentalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 197.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 22, t. 7 ; 2 ed. i, 40, t. 7.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv*, 20. — Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 466. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261 ; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 131, t. 15, f. 35.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 493.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 323, t. 35 ; PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 79.— Porter & Hayden, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler. 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. B. alba, subspecies OCCidentalis typica, Regel in Bull. Sue. Nat, Moscow, xxxviii", 400; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 165. BLACK BIRCH. British Columbia, south to the Mount Shasta region (Strawberry vale) and the eastern canons of the Sierra Nevadas above Owen's valley (Lemmon), California, and through the interior ranges and the Bocky mountains to Utah and northern New Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; mountain caiions and along streams, in moist soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets. Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.G030; ash, 0.30; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 161 • 297.— Betula lutea, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,152,t.5; N. American Sylva, 3 cd.ii,82,t. 73.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 191 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 243.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv-, 20.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 640 .— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, ISO. B. excelm, Pursh,FI. Am. Sept. ii.Gil [not AitonJ.— Nut.ta.n,GeiH-.ra,ii, 218.— Sprengol, Syst. iii,854.— Tonvy, Coropend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 210. —Katun, Manual, C ed. 53.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1711, f. 15<>4, 1505 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150.— Kuton A Wright. Hut. loO.-Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 <•,-!>.— Chapman, Fl. S. .States, 428.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1830, iii, 74.— Wood, Cl. Book, 048.— Bell in Geologieal l.Yp. Canada, 1879-'80, 50*. B. lenta, Kegcl in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 125, iu part. ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 417, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 179, in part. YELLOW IUKCH. GRAY BIRCH. Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to Abittibi lake and the western shores of lake Superior and lluiny lake, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee. One of the largest and most valuable deciduous trees of the northern New England and Canadian forests, often 21 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly whi'e; specific gravity, 0.6553; ash, 0.31; largely used for fuel, iu the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel molds, pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels. 298. — Betula nigra, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 982. — Marshall, Arbustum, 18. — Walter, Fl. C'aroliniana, 231. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 33G; 2 ed. v, 299. — Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 54, t. 90, f. 1.— Willdeuow, Spec. iv,464; Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 56.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 51.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 572.— Destbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 166.— Lamarck, III. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 616.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 153.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Beck, Bot. 325.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1710, f. 1562, 1563 & t.— Peiin. Cycl. ii, 149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 256. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, f. 1-12 ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviir1, 412 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 175. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 266.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 044. — Young, Bot. Texas, 512. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Burbank in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 214.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 00.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. B. lanulona, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181.— Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 206. B. r libra, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 142, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 80S t. 72.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1248.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg. xi, 230. —Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv-, 19. B. anfjlllata, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. BED BIECH. RIVER BIRCH. Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts, Wading river, Long island, south through the coast and middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states and in the basin of the lower Mississippi river. Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5762 ; ash, 0.35; used in the manufacture of furniture, wooden ware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc. 11 FOR 162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. • 299. — Betula lenta, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 983.— Lamarck, Diet. i,453.— Marshall, Arbustiim, 19.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. 981 ; Berl. Baumz. 59. — Persoou, Syu. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 205. — Michauxf. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 147, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3ed. ii, 85, t. 74. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 3. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 63.— Bartoa, Compend. Fl. Philadelpli. ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 617.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 144.— Spreugel, Syst. ii,854.— Torrey, Compciid. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York.ii, 200.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 105, t. 83.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1713, f. 15GU.— Hooker, Fl. Bor -Am. ii, 156.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 190 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 241. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. — Endlicher, Genera. Suppl. iv2, 20. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256. — Cflapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. — Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii, 417, in part; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 179, in pait.— Wood, Cl. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 265.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 458.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 639.— Vasey, Cat. Forest, Trees, 28.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C.— Ridgwny in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882,85. B. nigra, Du Roi,Harbk. i,93.— Wangenheim, Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34. B. excelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2 ed. v, 209 [not Pursh].— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464. — Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f. 2.— Nouveau Dubamel, iii, 203, t. 52.— Persoon, Syn. ii,572.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 687.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv, No. 10.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. i, 7.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2ser. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi, 243.— Endlicher, Genera, iv2, 20. B. carpinifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. vi,99.— Willdenow, Euum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 49. CHERRY BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH. Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay river, west through Ontario to the Manitou islands of lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghauy mountains to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very common in all northern forests. Wood heavy, very strong aiid hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7617 ; ash, 0.26 ; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building. " Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine sap of this and perhaps some other species of the genus. 300. — Alnus maritima, Muhlenberg, » Mas.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 34, t. 10"; 2 ed. i, 50, 1. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Canby in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 1881. Betula-Alnus maritima, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. A. oblongata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t. vi, f. 3-9 [not Willdenow]. A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 427 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 186. SEASIDE ALDER. Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Red river, Indian territory, in about longitude 96° 30' W. (E, Hall); Manchuria and Japan (A. maritima, Japonica and arguta, Regel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 186). A small tree, 6 to 7 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.4996; ash, 0.39. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 163 301. — Alnus rubra, Bongard, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 162. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Auj. ii, 15ci. — Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 205. — Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv2, 21. — Lyall in Jour. Linuaean Soc. vii, 134. — Rcgel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviir1, 429; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", lg<5. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, riO. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. fA. glutinosa, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,622 [not Willdenow]. A. Oregana, Nuttall, Sylva, i,28,t. 9; 2 ed. i,44,t. 9.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1856, 261 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 28, 68.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. A. incana, var. rubra, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 157, t. 17, f. 3-4. ALDER. Sitka, south through the islands aud Coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington territory, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue mountains to northern Montana. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue mountains often reduced to a low shrub; river bottom lauds and borders of streams; most common and reaching its greatest development along the large streams of western Washington territory and Oregon. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays distant, broad; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4813 ; ash, 0.42 ; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture. 302. — Alnus rhombifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 33; 3 ed. i, 49.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467.— Vasey, Cat,. Forest Trees, 28.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80. A. glutinosa, var. serrulata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, in part. A. serrttklta, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 188, in part. ALDER. Valley of the lower Eraser river, British Columbia, south through the Coast ranges to southern California, extending east aloug the ranges of Washington territory to Clear creek, Idaho ( Watson), and the valley of the Flathead river, Montana (Cnnby <& Sargent}. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and eastern limits reduced to a shrub; borders of streams; the common alder of the California valleys. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4127; ash, 0.31. 303. — Alnus oblongifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary .Survey, 204.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 206.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 80.— Roturoqfe in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. A. serrulata, var. oblongifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii4, 443; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 188. ALDER. San Bernardino and Cayumaca mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and southern New Mexico to the valley of the Rio Grande; southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams in deep mountain canons. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3981; ash, 0.42. 164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 304. — Alnus serrulata, wiiidenow, Spec, iv, 33ti; Enuui. 965 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 21.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 216.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 550. — Desfoiitaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 488.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 259.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 320, t. 4, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 87, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Bartou, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 89; Compend. Fl. PMladelph. ii, 158.— Eaton, Mauual, 105; 6 ed. 12.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 206.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 122.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 567.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 350; Fl.N. York, ii, 202, 1. 115.— Beck, Bot. 326.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 276.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1688, f. 1544.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 220.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 251.— Emersou, Trees Massachusetts, 218 ; 2 ed. i, 248 & t.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv=, 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 429.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102.— Lesqueroux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 650; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Poreher, Resources S. Forests, 266.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461. — Young, Bot. Texas, 513.— Broadhcad iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. Betula rugosa, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 176.— Wangenheim, Amer. 86, t. 29, f. 60.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 21. ?Betula- Alnus glauca, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. Betula serrulata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 338.— Willdeuow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 183, t. 92.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181. A. serrulata, var. vulgaris, Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv,206. A. serrulata, var. macrophylla, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206. A. serrulata, var. oblongata, Spach,Hist. Veg. xi, 251. A. serrulata, var. latifolia, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 251. A. rubra, Tuckerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32. A. hybrida, Rcicheubach, Icon.Fl. Germ, xii.t. 630, f. 1292. A. glutinosa, Var. serrulata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, 1. 11, f. 6, 8, in part. A. glutinosa, var. rugosa, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 165, 1. 11, f. 9, 10. A. Serrulata genuina and obtusifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 188. A. Serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 188, in part. A. rugosa, Koch, Dendrologie.ii, 635. A. oblongata, undulata, rugosa, Canadensis, and Americana, Hort. • BLACK ALDEE. SMOOTH ALDER. Essex county, Massachusetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub forming dense thickets; borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4666; ash, 0.38. A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a popular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of diarrhoea and ha3inaturia, etc. ( Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 135). 305. — Alnus incana, Willdeuow, Spec.iv,335; Enum.965; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 20.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 550.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 259.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 152.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 12.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1687, f. 1543.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 157.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 2n6; Hist. Veg. xi, 252.— Nnttall, Sylva, i, 30; 2 ed. i,46.— Tutkerman in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xlv, 32. —Torrey, F1.N. York, ii, 202.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 220; 2 ed. i, 251 & t.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv2, 21.— Parry iu Owen's Rep. 618.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, .256.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linntean Soj. xxiii*, 301.— Wood, Cl. Book. 649; Bot. & Fl. 308. —Regel iu Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviiH, 433; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 188.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 636.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55C. Betula- Alnus, var. /?. incana, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 983.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 109. Betula incana, Linmeus, Snppl. 417.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 339.— Wiiidenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv,No. 7. ? Betula- Alnus rubra, Marshall. Arbustum, 20. A. glauca, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t. 4, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 89, t. 75, f. 2.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 367. A. incana, var. glauca, Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed.423; 3 ed. 461. A. incana, Americana, and genuina, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 155. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 165 SPECKLED ALDER. HOARY ALDER. BLACK ALDEE. Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, south to northern New England, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in Europe. A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub; borders of streams and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is — var. virescens, Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81. A. incana, var. glaitca, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 154, in part ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviir1 433, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 189, in part.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 326 [not Aiton] ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 5.0 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii«, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 188, in part. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4607 ; ash, 0.42 ; preferred and largely used in northern New England in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder. 8ALIOAOEJB, 306. — Salix nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 139.— Muhlenberg in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 237, t. 4, f. 5 (Ann. Bot. ii, 65, t. 5, f. 5).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 657 ; Enum. 1003 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 426. — Pereoon, Syn. ii, 599.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 324, t. 5, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 64, 1. 125, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 61.— Eaton, Manual, 118, 6ed. 320.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,231; Sylva, i, 79 ; 2 ed. i, 94.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 180.— Elliott, Sk, ii, 670.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 280.— W. Koch, Comment. 17.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Trautvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 614.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1529, 1604, f. 8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 148.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. ii, 35.— Emerson Trees Massachusetts, 271 ; 2 ed. i, 307 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 279.— Audersson in Ofr. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv,53) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 19, f. 15; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 200.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Walpere, Ann. v, 744.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 654 ; Bot.& Fl. 310. — Porcher, Resources S.Forests, 334. — Engelmann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. newser. xii, 209. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 460 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 513. —Young, Bot. Texas, 514.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 83.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 181.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-£ent. iii, 180 S. pentanctra, Walter, Fl. C'aroliniaua, 243. S. Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 226.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 662.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 62. 8. Houstoniana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 68.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 670.— Trantvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 615.— Forbes,' Sal. Wobnrn. 21, t. 21.— Eaton & Wright, Bet. 409. 8. falcata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614 [not HBK.].— Poiret, Suppl. v, 70.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 21.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420. ? $. ambigua, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 617.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 282.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409. S. ligustrina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 326, t. 5, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 65, t. 125, f. 2.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 61. 8. Plirshiana, Spreugel, Syst. iii, 603. —Beck, Bot. 320.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 560. S. flavo-virens, Hornemann in Cat. Hort. Hafn. Suypl. ii, 11. f S. COrdata, var. falcata, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370. 8. nigra, var. falcata, Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 209.— Carey jn Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 280. 166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BLACK WILLOW. Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior southward through the Atlantic region to bay Biscayue and the Caloosa river, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas ; Pacific region, valleys of the Sacramento river, California, and the Colorado river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub; usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the Mississippi river and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern Texas; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifolia, longifolia, latifolia, etc., Anderssonin Kongl. Sven. Akad. Hancll. vi, 20), length and habit of the aments, etc. The best marked forms are — var. marginata, Anderssou in Kougl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi8, 201. S. marginata, Wimmer in Schedul. Herb. Vindab. var. longipes, Audersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 201. 8. longipes, Sbuttleworth in herb. Hooker.— Audersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744. Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 201, as subvars. venulosa and gongylocarpa [Shuttleicorth], (8. longipes, var. pubescens, Andersson in Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53; 8. subvillosa, Elliott in herb. Schweinitz ex. Nuttall, Sylva, i, 79; 2 ed. i, 94, vide Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53, note). var. Wrightii, Audersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl.vi, 22 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 201.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 180. 8. Wrightii, Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 55- —Walpers, Ann. v, 745.— Torrey in Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204. var. Wardii, Bebb in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.445(> ; ash, 0.70. The tonic and astringent bark used domestically as a popular febrifuge, and containing, in common with that of all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, a powerful anti-pyritic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1875, 303.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 796, 1748. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1248). NOTE. — The closely allied Salix occidentalis, Bosc, of the West Indies is not perhaps specifically distinct from S. nigra, with which some of the forms of var. longipes from southern Florida seem to connect it. 307.— Salix amygdaloides, Andersson, Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Bebb in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 240. f 8. melanopsis, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 78, t. 21 ; 2 ed. i, 93, t. 21. 8. nigra, var. amygdaloides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 21 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 201.— Eothrock, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. WILLOW. Shores of the great lakes (Wayne county, New York, Hankenson ; Painesville, Ohio, Beardslee), westward to the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Eocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico ; banks of the lower Columbia river, Oregon (Howells). A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter; along streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; the heart- wood light brown, sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4509; ash, 0.92. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 167 308.— Salix leevigata, Bebb, Am. Nat. viii, 202 ; Bot. California, ii, 83. WILLOW. California, Sierra county (Lemmon) and the valley of the Sacramento river to the southern boundary of the state. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and bottom lauds. A form with narrower falcate leaves (Yreka, E. L. Greene) is— var. angUStifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84.— Rotbrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 374. A form with short, densely-flowered ameiits is — Vlir. COngCSta, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; niedullary rays numerous, very thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; specific gravity, 0.4872 ; ash, 0.58. 309. — Salix lasiandra, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. 8. Hoffmanniana, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 159. 8. spedosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 58, t. 17 ; 2 ed. i, 74, 1. 17 [not Hooker & Arnott].— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29. S. hicida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv,54). 8. arguta, var. lasiandra, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 33; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi8, 206. WILLOW. British Columbia, shores of lake Kamloop (Macoun), southward to the valley of the Sacramento river, California; Eocky mountains, Utah, and through Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana). A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; banks of streams; very common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments. The best marked forms are — var. lancifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. 8. lancifolia, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 34, f. 23.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. 8. hlrida, var. macrophylla, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 205. The common form of British Columbia and western Washington territory and Oregon, var. Fendleriana, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. 8. pentandra, var. caudata, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 61, t. 18; 2 ed. i, 77, 1. 18. 8. Fendleriana, Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 54).— Walpers, Ann. v, 745. 8. arguta, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 32; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 205, in part. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4756; ash, 0.60. Var. lancifolia, specific gravity, 0.4547 ; ash, 0.79. Var. Fendleriana, the heart-wood brown, sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4598 ; ash, 0.56. 168 FOREST TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA 310. — Salix longifolia, Muhlenberg, Neue Sckriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv,238,t. 6, f. 6 (Ann. Bot. ii, 66, t. 5, f. 6).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 670.— Persoon, Syn.ii, 600.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 23.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton, Mannal, 6 cd. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 439, 440. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akacl. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Ain. Acad. iv, 5G) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 54, f. 35; Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi3, 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 745. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 369. — Wood, Cl. Book, 653 ; Bot. & Fl. 310. — Engelinann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 465.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 324 ; Wheeler's Rep. 1872, 493.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Bebb in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 240 ; Bot. California, ii, 84.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116. S. fluviatalis, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 73; 2 ed. i,89. f S. rubra, Richardson, Arctic Exped. Appx. 37. S. longifolia, var. pedicellata, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 35 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 214.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. SAND-BAB WILLOW. Valley of the Connecticut river (Sunderland, Massachusetts, N. G. Jesup) and of the Potomac river at Washington ( Ward) ; west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie river, in latitude 66° N. (Richardson), through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Eocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast states. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alleghauy mountains; very common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and northern California. Well-marked forms, varying from the type in the form of the leaves, aments, and nature of pubescens, etc., are — var. exigua, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. S. exigtta, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 75 ; 2 ed. i,90. 8. longifolia, var. angustissima, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 56). Western Texas to California and Oregon. var. argyrophylla, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De Candolle, Prodr. xvia, 214.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 324.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 493.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. 8. argophylla, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 71, t, 20; 2ed.i, 87, t.20. t 8. brachycarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 69 ; 2 ed. i, 85. S. longifolia, var. opaca, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55. 8. longifolia, var. argyrophylla angttstissima, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*. 214. S. longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca, Auderssoa in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 214. Western Texas to Oregon. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.4930 ; ash, 0.48. Var. exigua, heavier, the heart- and sap-wood darker colored ; specific gravity, 0.5342 ; ash, 1.06. 311. — Salix sessilifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 68; 2 ed. i, 84.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 56) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 36; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. 8. sessilifolia, var. Villosa, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 215. Puget sound southward to northern California, near the coast. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in low, wet ground. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 169 A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento valley and the California Coast ranges, is — var. Hindsiana, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 56).— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. S. Hindsiana, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 335.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.— Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Hand!, vi, 56, f. 37 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 215.— Walpers, Ann. v, 746. S. Hindsiana, var. tenitifolia, Auderssou iu Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 56; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 215. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4397 ; ash, 0.50. 312. — Salix discolor, Muhlcnberg, Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 234, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, 62, t. 5, f. 1).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 665.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 599.— Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,613.— Poiret, Suppl. v, i>6.— Nuttall. Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 669.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 369; Fl. N. York, ii,206.— Sprcugel, Syst. i, 104.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 279. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 25.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 257.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1630, f. 147.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 392. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 147.--Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 3. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 258 ; 2 ed. i, 296 & t. — Dietrich, Syu. v, 419.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 312.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 63) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 83, f. 49 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 225.— Walpers, Ann. v, 750.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 462.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 570.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada,. 1874-75, 210.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86. 8. Sensitiva, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 8. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca rivers, southward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri. A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 meters in height; along streams and borders of swamps in low, wet soil; varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence. The best marked forms are — var. eriocephala, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 85; De CaDdolle, Prodr, xvi2, 225. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 463. S. eriocephala, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 661.— Bigelo-w, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 391.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 259 ; 2 ed. i, 196 & t.— Carey in Gray's Manual N. States, 1 ed. 426.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 57).— Walpers, Ann. v, 746. 8. crassa, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 7. var. prinoides, Anderssou in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 86 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 225.— Emerson,Tree8 Massachu- setts, 2ed. i,297. 8. prinoides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Ntittall, Genera, ii, 231.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 102.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 67.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 36(i.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 26.— Forbes, Sal.Wobum. 79, t. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Beck, Bot. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 407.— W. Koch, Comment. 46.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1612, f. 40.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1, ed. 259.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed, small, open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity. 0.4261 ; ash, 0.43. 313.— Salix flavescens, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 65; 2 ed. i, 81.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part. Rocky mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to the Mogollou range, New Mexico (U. L. Greene) ; on the Cascade mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the southern Rocky Mountain region. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4969 ; ash, 0.61. 170 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Var. Scouleriana, Bcbb; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 120. 8. brachystachys, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 121 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 61) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 82, f. 48 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 224. 8. Scouleriana, Barratt iu Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiu. ii, 145, in part.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29. 8. Irachystachys, var. Scouleriana, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 224. S. flavescens, Bebb in Bot. California, ii. 86, in part. BLACK WILLOW. Kadiak island, Alaska (Kellogg), southward through British Columbia, western Washington territory, and Oregon to Santa Barbara, California. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters iu height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; uplands, near springs or streams, or often in quite dry soil; common and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound. Wood light, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.5412 ; ash, 0.39. 314. — Salix Hookeriana, Barratt; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 145, t. ISO.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 64; 2 ed. i, 80.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 119 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 59); De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 274. — Walpers, Ann. v, 747. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan (Douglas) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate stems; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.32. 315. — Salix cordata, var. vestita, Andersson, Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 159 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvis, 252. DIAMOND WILLOW. Valley of the Missouri river and its tributaries, Fort Osage, Missouri (Prince Neuwied), Iowa, Nebraska, and westward to about the one hundred and tenth degree of longitude. A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub not exceeding 1.80 to 3 meters in height; low bottom lands, in wet, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, the annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very obscure; color, brown or often tinged red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6069; ash, 0.59; heavier than that of other species examined, and largely used for fence posts, being said to equal, when thoroughly seasoned, red cedar in durability iu contact with the soil. NOTE. — The typical Salix cordata, Muhlenberg, of wide distributiou through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent size or habit. 316. — Salix lasiolepis, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 335.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 261.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 58) ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 264.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86. 8. lasiolepis, var. Bigelovii, Bebb in Bot. California, ii,86 (a vernal state, teste Bebb in lit.). 8. Bigelovii, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 139.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 113 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 58) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163, f. 94 ; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 255.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747. 8. Bigelovii, var./wm'or, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163: De Candolle, Prodr. xvi!, 255. 8. — , ? Watson iu King's Rep. v, 325. \ S. losiolepis, var. /a/to, Bebb in Bot. California.il. 86. CATALOGUE OF FORKST TREES. 171 WILLOW. California, valley of the Klamatb river, southward through the western portions of the state, reaching in the Sierra Nevadas an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. uitguntifolia and latifolia, Andersson in De Candolle Prodr. xvi2, 255), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring (8. Hartweyi, Sent ham in PI. Harticeg, 52; S. humilis, var. JItirtiregi, Andersson, I. c. 2.'56). Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5587 ; ash, 0.98 : somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part •of the state. 317. — Salix Sitchensis, s Bougurd in Mem. Acail. St. Petersburg, C ser. ii, 162. — Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 609.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 43l>. — Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forli. 1858, 126 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv, 6(5) : Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 106, f. 59 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 233.— Walpers, Ann. v,752. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Hall in Coulter's Dot. Gazette, ii, 93. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 87; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 25. 8. cuneata, Kuttall, Sylva, i,66; 2 ed. i,82. SILKY WILLOW. Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California. A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is — var. angUStifolia, Bebb in Hot. California, ii, 87. /S. chlorophylla, var. pellita, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. 139, f. 72; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 244. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.59. 318. — Populus tremuloides, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 243.— Nouveau Duhamcl, ii, 184, t. 53.— Persoou, Syu. ii, 623.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 465.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. iii, 285, t. 8, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 99, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Willdenow, Enum. Snppl. 67.— Torrey.Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fremont's Rep. 97; Fl. N.York, ii, 214; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped, 468.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277?— Lindley, Fl. Med. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 30 ; Hist. Veg. x, 384.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 55 ; 2 ed. i, 70.— Seringe, Fl. des Jard. ii, 56.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Newberry in Pacilic R. R. Rep. vi,25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29, 68 ; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiil9, 301.— Wood, Cl. Book, 655 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 46(5.— Wesmrcl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 325.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1871, 683.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327; PI. Wheeler, 17: Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135; Bot. California, ii, 91.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871,494.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological :Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 51.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 32, f. 1.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 284, f. 6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 183. — G. M. Dawsou in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 231. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87. P. trepida, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 803.— Alton, Hort. Kew.2ed. 395.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, CIS.— Eaton, Manual, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1649, f. 1510. P. tremuliformis, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 243; 2 ed. i.279 & t. P. Atheniensis, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 486 (excl. syn.). ASPEN. QUAKING ASP. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south in the Atlantic region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, the valley of the lower Wabash river, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific region south to the valley of the Sacramento river, California, and along the Eocky mountains and interior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada. A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.tiO meter iu diameter; very common through British America and spreading over enormous areas bared by fire of the coniferous forest : in the Pacific region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms at an elevation of 6,000 to 10,000 feet ; the most widelv-distributed. North American tree. 172 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, containing, as does that of the whole genus, numerous minute, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4032 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp, a substitute for rags in the manufacture of paper; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc. A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1763). 319. — Populus grandidentata, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-AlD.il, 243. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 624. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 460. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 287, t. 8, f. 2; N.American Syl va, 3 ed. ii, 176, t. 99, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 197.— Nuttall, Geuera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 200.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 07.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl. N.York, ii, ?14.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 277.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1650, f. 1511.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 2 ser. 33; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 242; 2ed.i,278&t. — Seriuge in Fl. -'76, 211. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285,. f. 5. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. P. bahamifera, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154. P. angustifolia, Nowberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89 [not James].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 29, 68. P. balsamifera, Lyall in Jour. Linmean Soc. vii, 134 [not Linnaeus].— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. P. trichocarpa, var. cupulata, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 91. P. balsamifera, var. I Californica, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136. BLACK COTTONWOOD. BALSAM COTTONWOOD. Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Boot mountains, Montana ( Watsan), south through Washington territory, western Oregon and California to the southern borders of the state. A large tree, 24 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom lauds below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Columbia river and the streams flowing into Puget sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3814 ; ash, 1.27 ; in Oregon and Washington territory largely manufactured into staves of sugar barrels, woodenware, etc. 324. — Populus monilifera, Alton, Hort. Ke\v. iii, 406 ; 2 ed. v, 390.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 71. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 186.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805 ; Euum. 1017 ; Berl. Baumz. 292.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 623.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 465.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 295, 1. 10, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 168, t. 96, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 167.— Hayne, Dend. F1.202.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 102.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1657, f. 1517 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 371.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 389.— Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 215 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 365.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 249 ; 2 ed. i, 287.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 63.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 47; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(iO, iii, 72. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 655. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. See. xii, 209.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota,-' IM|. 121.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, l-7:>-'70, 211.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 3, 4.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat . Mns.No.22, llli.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56C.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils. 1882, 87.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 049. f P. deltoidf, Marshall, Ai-bustum, 100. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175 P. angulata, Aitou, Hort. Kew. Hi, 400; -I ed. v, 396.— Nouveau Diihauiel, ii, 186.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 466.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 805; Eiium. 1017 ; Bcrl. Baumz.294.— Michuux t'. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 302, t. 12 ; N. American Sylva, :: ed. ii, 161, t. 94.— Pnnsh. Fl. Ann. Sept. ii, (ill).— Eaton, Manual, 117; (> ed. 27T.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— James iu Long's Expert, ii, Ki4.— Torroy in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, '.M9.— Elliott, .Sk. ii, 711.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1670, 1533 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 321; Hist. Veg. x, 391.— Seringe in Fl. ilcsJard. ii,64. — Scheele in lin-mer, Texas, 446. — Darby, Bot. S. States, ,")(I7. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1S58, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431. — Lesquereux iu Owen's 2d I?ep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 655; Bot. & Fl. 311. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. -107. — Wisuuel in De Candolle, 1'rodr. xvi-, 328. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 494. — Young, Bot. Texas, 514.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Tub. No. 4, 129.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 29., — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 182. P. kevigata, Aiton.Hort. Kew. iii, 406; 2 ed. v,395.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,603.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,619.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239; Sylva, i, 54; 2 ed. i,70.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 t,,l -J7H.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 246 ; 2 ed. i, 283. P. glandulosa, Mcrnch, Meth. 339. P. an(/1l1osa. Miebaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,243. P. CunadenxiXj Miebaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 302, 1. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 164, t. 95. — Spach in Ann. Soi. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 390.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 65.— Fescali, Forst. Pfl. 122, t. 8, f. 10-14.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wcsnuel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-', 329. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 491. P. Virginiana, Du Mont, Cours. Bot. Cult, vi, 400. • P. Marylandica, Bosu in Nouv. Diet, xi, 409.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244. P. macrophylla, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. P. Lindleyana, P. neglccta. and P. Icevigata, Hort. COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. BIG COTTONWOOD. Shores of lake Chaniplain, Vermont, south through western New England to the Chattahoochee region of wesrtern Florida, west along the northern shores of lake Ontario to the eastern base of the ranges of the Eocky mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico. A large tree, 24 to 51 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common cottouwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Eocky mountains. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3889; ash, 0.96; largely used in the manufacture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence boards, and fuel. 325. — Populus Fremontii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, x, 350 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 92. P. monilifera, Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 327 [not Aiton].— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. COTTONWOOD. California, valley of the upper Sacramento river, south to San Bernardino county (Colton, Parry), and eastward in Nevada and Utah. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; borders of streams; the common cottonwood of the valleys of central California. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays thin, .very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4914; ash, 0.77. Var. Wislizeni, Watson, Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 137 ; Bot. California, ii, 92 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 157. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. P. monilifera, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204 ; Ives' Rep. 27 [not Alton].— Bigelow in Pacific R.R. Rep. iv,21. COTTONWOOD. WHITE COTTONWOOD. San Diego county, California, through Arizona and New Mexico to western Texas and southern Colorado. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to l.SO meter in diameter; borders of streams; the prevalent cottonwood of the arid southwestern region, there largely planted as a shade tree and for fuel. Wood light, soft, not strong, compact; specific gravity, 0.4621; ash, 1.13; furnishing the ordinary domestic fuel of the region. 176 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERS. 326. — Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey, Smithsonian Contrib., vi, 7, t. 3; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped.t. 16. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 338. — Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 185:!, 695. — -Newberry iu Pacific E. R. Eep. vi, 63. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Walpers, Ann. v, 795. — Bolander iu Proc. California Acad. iii, 226. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 456. — R. Brown Campst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 373. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 309, f. 40. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 335; Bot. California, ii, 116. — A. Murray in London Garden, ii, 542. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 402. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 267. Thuya Craigana, Murray in Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 5. Thuya gigantea, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 12-14, in part; Fl.des Serres, ix, 199, f.3-5, in part; Trait. Conif. 106, in part; 2 ed. 112, in part. — Gordon, Pinetum, 321, in part; Suppl. 102, iu part. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 280, in part. Heyderia decurrens, Koch, Dendroiogie, ii2, 179. WHITE CEDAR. BASTARD CEDAR. POST CEDAR. INCENSE CEDAR. North fork of the Santian river, Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and Cayumaca mountains. A large tree, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; slopes and valleys; common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4017 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc.; often injured by a species of dry rot (Dcedalia vorax, Harkness in Pacific Rural Press, Jan. 25, 1879, f. 1, 2), rendering it unfit for lumber. 327. — Thuya occidentalis, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. iii, 170.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 152.— Wangenheim, Amer.7, t. 2, f. 3.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. iii, 371 ; 2 cd. v, 321.— Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 62, t. 91, f. 2.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 209.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 508 ; Ennm.990; Berl. Baumz. 504.— Nouvean Duhamel, iii, 12, t. 4.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 369; 111. iii, 369.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 287, t. 309.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 580.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 575.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 98.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 29, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 177, t. 156.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6 ed. 364.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 641.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 150.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 888.— Richard, Conif. 43, t. 71, f. 1.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 361; Fl. N. York, ii, 234.— Rafiuesque, Mcd. Bot. ii, 268.— Bock, Bot. 338.— Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2454, f. 2312-2314 & t. — Forbes, Piuetum Woburn. 193.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 451.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 388.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 339.— Penu. Cycl. xxiv, 409. — Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 96; 2 ed. i, 112. — Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 51. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Parry iu Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 294.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 224, f. 15; Trait, Conif. 103; 2 ed. 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, r>10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Gordon, Pinetum, 323; 2 ed. 403.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, Cl. Book, 662; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 507.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 278.— Nelson, Pinaceaj, 68.— R. Brown Carapst. in Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc. ix, 363.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 317.— Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi", 458.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 76, f. 2.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 173. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 183.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 261.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 47C. T. odorata, Marshall, Arbustum, 152. T. obtusa, M32. — Destbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3ed. 173, t. 155.— Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept (547.— Nonveau Duhamel, vi, 49, t. 16.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 96; Coinpend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 118; 2 ed. 194.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97;2ed. ii, 159.— Bigelow, Mcd. Bot. iii, 49, t. 45; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Hayue, Demi. Fl. 205.— Elliott,, Sk. ii, 717.— Torrey in Nieollat's Kep. 167; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377; Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Marcy's Rep. 284 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142 ; 5t;.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2495, f. 2357.— Forbes, Piiietuiu Woburn. 199.— Penn. Cycl. xiii, 147.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 288. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. i, 118. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27, iii part. — Scheele in Rosnier, Texas, Appx. 447. — Lindloy & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202. — P.irry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 515.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1S55, 101.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130, 175. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44. — Bigelow in Pacific B. R. Rep. 20. — Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 ed. 154. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 48; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 474; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Hooker f. in Trans. Liunaean Soc. xxiii-, 302.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 71.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 510.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 591; Wheeler's Rep. vi,263. — Lyall in Jour. Lijinasan Soc. vii, 144. — Henkel &, Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 335. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 153. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 291. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 488.— Young, Bot. Texas, 517.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii', 138.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 335.— Rothrock iu PI. Wheeler, 28, 50 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— Haydoii in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. — Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 242. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Ga/cttc, iii, 60.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 183. — VeitcL, Manual Conif. 282.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52r.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 87.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.- Cent. iii, 184. J. Caroliniana, Marshal!, Arbustum, 71.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 497. J. arborcscens, Mceuch, Metli. 699. J. Barbadensix, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 246 [not Liunteus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 96 ; 2 cd. ii,158. J. Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. Bauniz. 198.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 205. —London, Arboretum, iv, 2495. J. Virginiana, var. Hermanni, Persoou, Syn. ii, 632. J. Hermann!, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 908. J. fatida, var. Virginiana, Spach in Aun. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 298 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 318. J. Virffiniana vulgaris, Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 28. J. Salina, var. Virginiana, Antoine, Knpress. t. 83, 84. o CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 18 BED CEDAR. SAVIN. Southern New Brunswick to the northern shores of Georgian bay, northern Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundredth parallel of west longitude; in the Pacific region, Rocky mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia; not extending to western Texas, California, or Oregon ; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local. The most widely distributed of N,orth American Conifenc, a tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a. low shrub; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamps ; in northern Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red river, Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4926 ; ash, 0.13 ; largely used for posts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for saviue cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic ( U. S. JMspensatory, 14 ed. 529. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 795). 340. — Taxodium distichum, Richard, Ann. Mns. xvi, 298; Conif. 52, t. 10. — Nouvean Dnhamel, iii, 8. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 525. — Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. 25 & t. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 361; Bot. Mex. Boundary Surrey, 210.— Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2481, f. 2335-233!).— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 177, t. 60.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68, iu part.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, Appx. 447.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. —Knight, Syn. Conif. 20.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 143; 2ed. 180; Rev. Hort. viii, 62 & f.— Morren in Belg. Hort. vi, 74 & t.— Gordon, Pinetum, 305 ; 2 ed. 382.— London Card. Chronicle, 1857, 549.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 29.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, Cl. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Henkol & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 258.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 364, f. 58.— Parlatorc in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 440.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit. ii. 305, f. 1-9.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1526.— Young, Bot. Texas, 518.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2,195.— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 127.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Bruadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 214.— Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 158. Gupressus disticha, Liunsens, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Du Roi,Harbk.i,201.— Marshall, Arbu'stum, 39.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 244.— Wangeuheim, Amer. 43.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 88.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,208.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Willdenow, Spec, it, 512; Enum. 991; Berl. Baumz. 111.— Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 288.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t. 151.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne.Dend. Fl. 178.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 317, 318.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 642.— Beck, Bot. 238.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 116.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 349.— Dickson & Brown in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. v, 15. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 508. Cupressus disticha, var. patens and var. nutans, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 323. CupreSSUS distwha, var. imbricaria, Nnttall, Genera, ii, 224 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 163.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxviii, 166. Schubertia disticha, Mirbel in Mem. Mus. xiii, 75.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 890. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 349. T. microphyllum, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 207.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 148. T. adscendens, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 69.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 207— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 148. T. distichum, var. patens and var. nutans, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2481. T. distichum fastigiatum, Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 145; 2 ed. 181.— Gordon, Piuetum, 307; 2 ed. 383.— Houkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 260.— Hoopes^ Evergreens, 367. T. distichum, var. microphyllum, Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 261.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 441 (T. Sineiise pendulum, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 180. — Glyptoslrobus pcnduliw, Endlicher, Conif. 71. — Bot. Mag. t. 5603. — Carriere, trait. Couif. 152.— T. Sinense, Gordon, Pinetum, 309.— Cvpresstis Sinenae, Hort.). Cuprespinnata disticha, Nelson, Pinaceie, 61. 184 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BALD CYPRESS. BLACK CYPRESS. RED CYPRESS. WHITE CYPRESS. DECIDUOUS CYPRESS. Sussex county, Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito iulet and cape Eomano, Florida, west through the Gulf states near the coast*to the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree of great economic value, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter; deep, submerged swamps, river-bottom lands, and pine-barren ponds; common and forming extensive forests in the south Atlantic and Gulf states. Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil; bauds of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4543; ash, 0.42; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi river, by a species of Dadalia, not yet determined, rendering it unfit for lumber. Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumbermen, the wood of the former heavier than water when green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other; the unseasoned wood of the latter lighter than water and rather lighter colored than black cypress. 341. — Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne, Bull. Bot. Soc. France, i, 70 ;( Rev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 10, f. l.i — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. iii, 94; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xvii. 440; xviii, 150, 286.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 140.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i, 42.— Blake in Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 257, t. 13. — [Carriere, Trait. Conif. 166.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 90.-^Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263,— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 315.— 'Bloomer in Proc. California Acad. iii, 397.-(;Hoopes, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. — Parlatoro in De Candolle Prodr. xvia, 437.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 194.— ^Bertram! in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 114.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Muir in Proc. Am. Assoc. XXT, 242.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 117. / Wettingtonia gigantea, Liudley iii London Card. Chronicle, 1853, 819, 823; Bot. Mag. t. 4777, 4778. VC. Lemaire in 111. Hort. 1854, 14 & t.— Xaudin in Rev. Hort. 1854, 116.— Fl. des Serres, ix, 93 & t. 903 & t.— Flor. Cabinet, 1854, 121 & t.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 22.— Gordon, Pinetuni, 330 ; Suppl. 106 ; 2 ed. 415.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser, xi, 205, t. 3-9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 330, t. 6, f. 8, 9).— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 22-2.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 217.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 4 15. t Wellingtonia Californica, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. vii, 26. Taxodlum Washingtonianum, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854. iX Taxodium giganteum, Kellogg & Behr in Proc. California Acad. i, 51. S. Wellingtonia, Seemann in Bonplandia, ii,238; iii, 27; vi,343; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 161.— Laweon, Pinetum Brit, iii, 299, t. 37, 51, 53, f. 1-37. (jigantalies Wellingtonia, Nelson, Pinaecas, 79. BIG TREE. California, western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas from Placer county (Calaveras Grove) south to Deer creek on the southern borders of Tulare county. The largest tree of the American forest, 76 to 119 meters in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 meters in diameter; valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves, except toward its southern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, covering large tracts, often several hundred acres in extent. Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, remarkably durable in contact with the soil ; bauds of small Slimmer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood white ; specific gravity, 0.2882 ; ash, 0.50 ; in Fresuo county formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber and locally used for fencing, shingles, coustruction, etc. 342. — Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher, \ f Syn. Conif. 198.— Decaisne in Rev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 11, f. 2.HCarriere, Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2 ed. 210.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 23.— Newberry in Pacific R, R, Rep. vi, 57, 90, f. 23.— Tclrrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140 ; feot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 303; Suppl. 97; 2 ed. 379.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,X263.-^Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. ne\v ser. xi. 221 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 34G).-^Seemann in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 165.-- Wood, Bot.. & F1.315.''— Bohinder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 231.-VHoopea, Evergreens, 244.—Purlatore in De Caudolle Prodr. xvi-, 436.— ( Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 19:i.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Stearns in Am. Nat. x, 110.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 116.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 212. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, iii, t. 52 & iigs. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. J85 Taxodium SempervirenS, Lambert, Pinus, 114; 2 ed. ii, 107, t. 52. —London, Arboretum, iv, 2487, f. 2340,2341.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164 ; Icon, iv, t. 379.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 1841.— Fremont, Geographical Mem. California, 36, 37.— Henkel &. Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 262. Taxodli Species, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. Sequoia ffigantea, Endlicher, Syn.Conif. 190, in part.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 338. Abies religiosa, Hooker & Arnott. Bot. Beechey, ICO. Schvbertia sempervirens, Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 353. S. religiosa, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 357.— Walperg, Ann. iii, 448. Oigantabicfi tn.nfoUn, NHsnn. Pinaocii'.'a REDWOOD. California, from the northern boundary of the state, south tlirough the Coast ranges to "Veers creek" near the southern border of Monterey county. A large tree of great economic value, 01 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 meters in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots; sides of canons and gulches in low, wet situations, borders of streams, etc., not appearing on dry hillsides ; generally confined to the western slopes of the Coast ranges, and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most generally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of cape Meudociuo. Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, clear light red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4208; ash, 0.14; largely sawed into lumber; the prevailing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in California almost exclusively used for shingles,* fence posts, telegraph poles, railway ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coffins, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental. 343.— Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii,86, 1. 108 ; 2 ed. ii, 149, 1. 108 (T. occidentals* on plate).— Torrey in Pacific R. R.Rep. iv,140.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 60, 90, f. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian R«.-|i. 1858, 203; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii2, 26, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 414.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 316. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 229. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 742. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 383. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi4, 501. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 95. — Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Watson. Bot. California, ii, 110. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 305. T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Bentham, Pi. Hartweg. 338. T. baccata, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 167, in part. T. Boursierii, Carrifero in Rev. Hort. 1854, 228 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 523 ; 2 od. 739. T. Lindleyana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 294; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, I860.— Lawson, Cat. 1855, 15.— Gordon, Pinetum, 316 ; Suppl. 99.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 360.— Nelson, Pinacese, 174. T. Canadensia, Higelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 25 [not Willdenow]. YEW Queen Charlotte island" and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia, through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washington territory and Oregon to the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Canby & Sargent), through the California Coast ranges to the bay of Monterey and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to about latitude 37° N. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; rare; low, rich woods and borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territory, and British Columbia. Wood heavy, liard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, numerous, very obscure; color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6391 ; ash, 0.22 ; used for fence posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear handles, bows, fish-hooks, etc. 186 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 344. — Taxus Floridana, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 155. — Groom in Am. Jonr. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 334. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 741. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 384. — Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 36. T. montatia, Nuttall, Sylva, iri, 92; 2 ed. ii, l.V>. YEW. Western Florida, banks of the Apalachicola river from Bristol to Aspalaga, Gadsden county, ami Watson's Landing? (Curlisn). A small tree, 3 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6340 ; ash, 0.21. 345. — Torreya taxifolia, Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 134 ; Hooker, Icon, iii, t. 232, 233.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 454.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 91, t. 109 ; 2 ed. ii, 153, t. 109. — Spach, Hist.Veg. xi, 298. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 241. — Lindley& Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 226. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 516. — Carrierp, Trait. Couif. 514 ; 2 ed. 726. — Gordon, Piuetum, 329; 2 ed. 412. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 43<>.— Wood, Cl. Book, 664; Bot. & PI. 316.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 387, f. 62.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 505.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 100.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 311. Caryotaxus taxifolia, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 367. Faetataxus montana, Nelson, Piuacea>, 167. STINKING CEDAR. SAVIN. Western Florida, eastern bank of the Apalachicola river from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol, Gadsden county; doubtfully reported from the shores of a small lake west of Ocheesee and at Wakulla Springs, Wakulla county (Curliss). A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up when cut many vigorous shoots from the stem and roots; borders of swamps on calcareous soil; very rare and local. Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, clear bright yellow, the thin sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5145; ash, 0.73; largely used locally for fence posts, etc. 346. — Torreya Californica, Torrey, N. York Jour. Pharm. iii, 49; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 24.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. 1, 35.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 61, 90, f. 27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 229. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 385. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 506. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii3, 101. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 410. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 110. T. Myristica, Hooker f. in Bot. Mag. t. 4780.— Van Houtte in Fl. des Serres, ix, 175 & t.— Carriere, Conif. 315; 2 ed. 727.— Gordon. Pinetnm, 1 ed. 327. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 7, t. 3. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311. Caryotaxus Myristica, Heukel & Hoehstetter, Nadelholz. 368. Fcetataxus Myristica, Nelson, Pinacese, 168. CALIFORNIA NUTMEG. STINKING CEDAR. California, Mendocino county, and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut mauy vigorous shoots; borders of streams, in moist soil; rare. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4760; ash, 1.34. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 187 347. — Pinus Strobus, Linnn-us, Spec. led. 1001; Du Roi, Harbk. 11, 57.— Wangenheim, Amer. i, t. l,f. 1.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 1569; 2 ed. v, 318.— Swartz, Obs. 363.— Moench, M«tli. 304.— Micbanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. U, 205.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341 ; 111. iii, 369, t. 786, f. 2.— Lambert, J'inns, 1 ed. t. 28;2ed.i,27,t. 35;3ed.i,51,t.32.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 501; Knuni.9-".»; Berl liaumz. 213.— Persoou,Syn.ii,579.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 012.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 126, 1. 145. — Nouveau Dnhamel, v, 249, t. 76. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 17.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, (114.— Baton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 265.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 22:! ; Sylva, iii, 118 ; 2 ed. ii, 17li (exc.l. syn. var. mouticola). — Ilayne, I lend. Fl. 175. — Elliott. Sk. ii,(i3S. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360; Fl. N.York, ii, 229.— Richard, Conif. 60, 1. 12, f. 2.— Audnbon, Birds, t. :!!).— Beck, Bot. 339. —London, Arboretum, iv, 2280, f. 2193-2196.— Forbes, Pinetom Wobnrn. 83.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, j.01.— Katon &. Wright. Bot.359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. :: ed.385, Ant. .in.'. Conif. 43,t.20, f. 3.— Lindlcy in IVnn. Cycl. xvii, 173.— Link in Lininua, xv, 514.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,394.— Do Cliambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 202, t. 4, 5, f. 8.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 60; 2 ed. i, 73 & t.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 147.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 35, t. 5.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 34.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 302; 2 ed. 398.— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xiii, 398.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 290.— Darby, Hot. S. States. 515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 239; 2 ed. 323.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Fescali, Forst. Pfl.56, 1. 11, f. 7-13.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 25.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 312.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 505. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 92. — Nelson, Pinaceie, 130. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 136, f. 19. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 405. — Schuizlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 319. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 187.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 183.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49C. P. Strobus, var. alba, var. brevifolia, var. compressa, London, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. P. Strobm, var. nivea, Hort. WHITE PINE. WEYMOTJTH PINE. Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to lake Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg river, south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, " Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (Parry), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A large tree of the. first economic value, 24 to .">2 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 meters in diameter ; sandy loam upon drift formations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hardwood forests, here reaching its greatest development; north of latitude 47° N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages small, not numerous nor conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with fed, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3854 ; ash, 0.19 ; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the northern states ; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, woodenware, and for many domestic purposes. Conifcrin, a glucoside principle, has been discovered in the cambium layer of this and several other species of Conifenc (Jour, fur Prakt. Chem. xcvii, 243. — Am. Jour. Pharm. 1867, 261. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901). 348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas; Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, 27, t. 35.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2291, f. 2208, 2209.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 81, t. 31.— Antoine, Conif. 40, t. 18, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlieher, Syn. Conif. 148.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,215.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 305; 2 cd. 401.— Gordon, Pinetum, 233; 2 ed. 314.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii', 27; Am. Nat. iii, 410.— Lyall in Jour. Linmean Soc. vii, 141.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 94.— Nelson, Pinacese, 120.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 135.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 405.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 322.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 123.— G. M. Dawsou in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 328.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 181, f. 41.— Lavrsou, Pinetum Brit, i, 69, f. 1-6. P. StrobuHj var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 118; 2ed.ii,176. P. Grozelieri, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1869, 126. P. porphl/rocarpa, Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 83, f. 1-8. WHITE PINE. Vancuover's island, Coast and Gold ranges of southern British Columbia, through the Ccsur d'Aleue and Bitter Boot mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead river, northern Montana (Canby & Sargent), south along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon and the California sierras to Calaveras county. A large tree, 30 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Pend d'Oreille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, here a valuable and important timber tree; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation; not common. 188 . FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3908; ash, 0.23; inferior in quality, although resembling that of the eastern white pine (P. Strobus); in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber. 349. — Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 92, IOC, 107, 130, 152 ; Trans. Linnsean Soc. xv, 500. — Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 157, t. 68, 69. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2288, f. 2003.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 77, t. 30.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Autoiue, Conif. 41, 1. 19.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 173.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 397.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 122, 1. 114; 2 ed. ii, 180, t. 114.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 346. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 150. — Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.— Carrie.ro, Trait. Conif. 307 ; 2 ed. 403.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 21.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Rep.28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 42, 90, f. 14.— Gordon, Pinetum, 228; 2 ed. 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262. — Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 369. — Law-son, Pinetnm Brit, i, 47, t. 7, f. 1-7. — Bulandcr in Proc. California Acad. iii, 226, 317. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 95. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 115. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 134. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodi-, xvi2, 402. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii2, 323. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Veitoh, Manual Couif. 179. SUGAR PINE. Oregon, Cascade and Coast ranges, from the head of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Rogue river south along the western flank of the California sierras, through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains. A large tree, 46 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 meters in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation; in the Oregon Coast ranges descending to 1,000 feet above the sea-level. Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3G84; ash, 0.22; now largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and wooden ware; less valuable and less easily worked than that of the eastern white pine (Pinus Strolms); its quality injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages. A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially-burned trees sometimes used as a substitute for sugar. 350. — Pinus flexilis, James, Long's Ejfped. ii, 27, 34.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 107, t, 112; 2 ed. ii, 167, 1. 107.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.— Carriers in Fl.des Serres, ix, 200; Rev. Hort. 1854, 228; Trait. Conif. 310; 2 ed. 392.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 6, 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 224; 2 ed. 302.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 121.— Engclniaun in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxi v, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 208; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 126. — Nelson, Pinaceie, 112. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 131, f. 18. — Parlatore in De Candoile, Prodr. x vi-, 403.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 494.— Watson in King's Rep. v, xxviii, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 27, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu, Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 420— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 35, f. 1. P. Lambertiana, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161. P. Lambertiana, var. brevifolia, Eudlicher, Syu. Conif. 150.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. — Carrierc, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 404. P. flexilis, var. serrulata, Eugelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258. P. flexilis, var. macrocarpa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258. WHITE PINE. Eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains, Montana, and probably much farther north, south to New Mexico, on the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains, western Texas (Havard), on the high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada, and northern Arizona, Inyo mountains and mount Silliman, California. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 4,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana, forming open, scattered forests, here- low, round-topped, and the prevailing forest tree; in central Nevada the most valuable lumber tree of the region. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light clear yellow, turning red with exposure, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4358; ash, 0.28; in northern Montana, Nevada, and Utah sometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction and for various domestic purposes. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 189 351. — Pinus albicaulis, Kugelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii, 200; Coulter's Dot. Gazette, vii, 4. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Hall in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 1, f. 1-4. P.Jlexttis, Murray, Rep. Ori-gun Kxpud. i, t. 2, f. 1 [not Jauies]. — Lyall in Jour. Liumi-au Soc. vii, 142. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 403, in part. P. Cembroides, New-berry in Pacific K. I?. Rep. vi,44, 90, f. 15 [not Zuccarini]. P. Shasta, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 390. P. flexilis, var. albicaulis, Knuelmann iu Hot. California, ii, 124.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new. ser. ix, 328. Coast ranges of British Columbia, from the valley of the Lltasyouco river (G. M. Dawson) south along the Cascade and Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, extending east along the high ranges of northern Washington territory to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains of northern Montana (Old Marias pass, Canby & Sargent) ; California, Scott's mountains, mount Shasta, and on the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas to mount San Bernardino. A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or at its highest elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in the San Bernardino mountains an elevation of 10,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4165; ash, 0.27. 352. — Pinus reflexa, Engehnann, Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80. P.flexilis, var. reflexa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 258. WHITE PINE. High mountains of southwestern New Mexico (Greene, Rusby) to the Santa Rita mountains (Bothrock, Engelmann & Sargent) and Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Prlngle), Arizona. A tree lit to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; rocky ridges and slopes of almost inaccessible canons between 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous, resin passages large, not numerous; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap- wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4877; ash, 0.26. 353. — Pinus Parryana, Engeluiaun, Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxi v, 332, note ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 402.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. P. Llaveana, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 208, t. 55 [not Schiede & Deppe].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii,' 318. PINON. NUT PINE. California, Larkin's station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego county ( Vasey), and southward into Lower California. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; very rare within the limits of the United States; south of the boundary forming extensive open forests upon the high mesas and slopes of Lower California (Pringle). Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages very numerous, large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood much lighter, nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5675 ; ash, 0.54. The large seeds edible. 190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 354. — Pinus cembroides, Z Flora, ii, 93. — Kndlicher, Syn. Conif. 182. — Fl. ties Serves, iv, 3446, t. 97. — Nelson, Pinacero, 107. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodi. xvi5, 397.— Engehnann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 176. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii, 158. P. Llareana, Sctiede & Deppe in Linna-a, xii, 488.— Forbes, Pinetnm Woburn. 49, t. 17.— Antoine, Conif. 3S, t. 16, f. 1.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 401. — Liudley &• Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 405; 2 ed. 461. — Gordon, Pinetiini, 199 : 2 ed. 274 (excl. syn. edulis). — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 64 (oxcl. syn. edulis). — Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. P. osteospermtt) F,ngeluiauii in Wislizeuns' Rep. No. 3. — Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriere in Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227. NUT PINE. Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona (Pr ingle) ; through northern Mexico. A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk hardly exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; dry ridges and slopes at 3,500 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, small; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, O.G512 ; ash, 0.90. The seeds edible. 355. — Pinus edulis, Engelniann, Wislizeuns' Rep. No. 4 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v. 216. — Carriere, Fl. des Serres, ix, 201; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227; Trait. Conif. 408.— Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173, t. 20; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140; Ives' Rep. 28.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 3, 19. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 142. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 398.— Watson in PL Wheeler, 17.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep.vi, 9.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 172. P. cembroides, Gcrdon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 236 & f.; Pinetnm, 192; 2 ed. 265 [not Zuccarini].— Fl. des Serres, iv, 324b, 325b, t. 331, f. 97.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 216.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 404; 2 ed. 460. P.futilis, Roezl in herb, fide Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 76; 2 ed. 265. PINON. »TTT PINE. Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the mountains of western Texas. A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry mesas and slopes, generally on lime or sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, small; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6388 ; ash, 0.62 ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fencing, etc., and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber. The large edible nuts supply the Indians with a valuable article of food. 356. — Pinus monophylla, Torrey & Fremont, Fremont's Rep. 319, t. 4. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 142. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 378. — Law son, Pinetum Brit, i, 65, t. 9, f. 1-12 (P. Fremontiana on plate). — Watson in King's Rep. v, 330 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 271.— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 81, t. 5, f. 81.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Engelniann in Wheeler's Rep, vi, 259, 374 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 178 ; Bot. California, ii, 124. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, p. 48, f. 8. P. Fremontiana, Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 1831, in part.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 293 &f. ; Pinetum, 194; 2ed. 235.— Knight, Syu. Conif. 28.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 194 ; 2 ed. 462.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadolholz. 62. PINON. NUT PINE. Near Utah lake, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills of the California sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the San Francisco mountains of eastern Arizona. A small, bushy tree, 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and mesa* between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 191 Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-jammed, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow or light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5G5S ; ash, O.G8 ; largely used for fuel and charcoal. The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the Great Basin. 357. — Pinus Balfouriana, Muini\. IJt-p. Oregon Exped. i, t. :!, f. 1. — Cordon, Pim-tuiii, 217; 2 rd. 293. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 109. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, ill*. — Carrii-re, Ti-nit. Couif. 2 ed. 425. — XVlsou, Pri:\o-;r, ID4.— Hoopcs, Evergreens, 149. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 187i, ;>/:'>. — Vasey, Cat.. Forest Trees, 32. — Eugelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 179; Bot. California, ii, 125. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 175. — Lawson, Pirn-turn lirit. i, 11, f. 1-5. California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county (Jeffrey, Lemmon), mount Whitney, and about the headwaters of King and Kern rivers. A small tree, 15 to 19 meters in height, with a truuk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, forming upon Scott's mountain a broad belt of open forest growth between 5.000 and 8,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; bands of small summer cells very narrow, dark colored, resiii passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous obscure ; specific gravity, 0.5434 ; ash, 0.41. Var. aristata, Engelmauu, Wheeler's Eep. vi, :!75. — Bot. California, ii, 125. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 175. P. aristata, Engelmanu in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Aead. ii, 205, t. 5, 6 ; iv, 179 ; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Parry in Traus. St. Louis Acad. ii, 123.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Regel, Gartenflora, 1863, iii, 91.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 417.— Nelson, Pinacese, 103.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 424.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 400.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 291.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 32.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 5, f. 1. P. Balfouriana, Watson iu King's Rep. v, 331 ; PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Murray].— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50.— Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419. FOXTAIL PINE. HICKORY PINE. Mountains of southeastern California, Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500 feet, or in Colorado reaching 12,000 feet elevation. A tree 15 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 2.40 meters in diameter; dry, gravelly ridges; not common. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5572 ; ash, 0.30 ; in central Nevada largely used for the timbering of mines, and now nearly exterminated. 358. — Pinus resinosa, Alton, Hort. Ke\v. iii, 367; 2 ed. v, 316.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. t. 14; 2 ed. i, 20, t. 14 ; 3 ed. i, 17, t. 13.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 496; Ennm. 988 ; Berl. Baumz. 267.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 3.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 264.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 173. — Spreugel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 227.— Beck, Bot. 339.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2210, f. 2094-2097.— Forbes, Piuetum Woburn. 19, t. 6.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Liadley in Peun. Cycl. xvii, 170. — Autoiue, Conif. 7, t. 4, f. 1. — Link in Liuuaja, xv, 501. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 178.— Knight, Syn. Conif, 27.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 219.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 401. — Gordon, Pinetum, 183 (excl. syn. Loiseleurlana) ; 2 ed. 256. — Richardson Arctic Exped. 441. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1*)6, 257.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 45 (excl. syn. Loiseleuriana).— Hoopes, Evergreens, 102. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 388. — Koch, Deudrologio, ii2, 286. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Macouu iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmauu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 179. — Sears iu Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 185.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50C. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 159. P. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 46, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 91, t. 134 [not Lambert].— Dt; Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 344.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 27.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 496. P. Laricio, var. resinosa, Spach, Hist. Veg. 385. 192 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RED PINE. NORWAY PINE. Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence and lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg river, south through the northern states to Chestnut Hill, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Isabella county, Michigan, and central Minnesota. A large tree, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37 meter in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry, rocky ridges, forming scattered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres in extent; common and reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota; rare in the eastern States, except in the extreme northern portions of New England. Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad, dark colored, very resinous, resin passages few, small, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood yellow or often almost white; specific gravity, 0.4854; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc. 359. — Pinus Torreyana, Parry, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210, t. 58, 59 ; Proc. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc. Nov. 1883.— Carriere. Trait. Conif. 326 ; 2 ed. 423.— Gordon, Pinetum, 241.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 117.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318.— Hoopcs, Evergreens, 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Eugelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad. iv, 181 ; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 173. P. lopkosperma, Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 1860, 46.— Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 69; 2 ed. 310.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 112.— Nelson, Pinacese, 117.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 391. California, mouth of the Soledad river, San Diego county ; doubtfully reported from one of the islands off Santa Barbara and from Lower California. A low, short lived, gnarled, crooked tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.23 to 0.33 meter in diameter ; crests of sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages small, few ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood yellow or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4879 ; ash, 0.35 ; locally used for fuel. 360. — Pinus Arizonica, Engelmann, Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 181 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. YELLOW PINE. Santa Rita mountains (Rothrock, Engelmann & Sargent), Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), and probably upon other ranges of southern Arizona. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; high rocky ridges between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing forest tree over large areas near the summits of the Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon). Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light red or often yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; specific gravity, 0.5038 ; ash, 0.20 ; sometimes sawed into inferior lumber. 361. — Pinus ponderosa, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 111.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2243, f. 2132-2136.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 44, 1. 15.— Antoine, Conif. 28, t. 8, f. 1.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Link iu Linmea, xv, 306.— Nuttall, Sylva.'iii, 114 ; 2 ed. ii, 17:?.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 389. — Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 163.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 340; 2ed. 445.— Gordon, Pinetum, 205; Suppl. 67; 2 t-d.281.— Nowberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 36, 90, t. 4, f. 12.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 27, 68 ; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209; Ives' Rep. 28. — Eugelmaim in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 332; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. xii, 209 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 261 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 181; Bot. California, ii, 125. — Lyall iu Jour. Linnajan Soc. vii, 142. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 22(5, 317. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 71. — Nelson, Pinaceae, 125. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 117. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 395 (excl. 8} n. Sinclmrii). — Watson in King's Rep. v, 1331 ; PI. Wheeler, 17. — Gray in Proc. Arn. Acad. vii, 402. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 132(i.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 310.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Hep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, Id9. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Braudegee in Coulter's Bot. Gaxett", iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — -Rushy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 106. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 193 P. Bentliamiana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 189; iii, 223.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 212 & t.; (Fl. des Serres, vi, 85 & f. ) ; Pinetum, 188 ; 2 ed. 261 (excl. syn. Sinclairii).— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,21fi. — Carrifre, Trait. Conif, 350; 2 ed. 452. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 287, t. 8. — Hcnki-1 & llorhstetter, Nadelholz. 64. — Nelson, Pinaceai, 104. — Fowler in London Card. Chronicle, 1872,973. P. resinosa, Torrey in Ann. L^c. N. York, ii, 249 [not Alton].— Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 126.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part. — Winchcll in Ludlnw's Krp. IJIack Hills, i',-. P. brachyptera, Engelmaun in Wislizenns' Kep. No. 4.— Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriers in Fl. des Serres, ix, 'J01 ; Key. Hort. 1854, 227; Trait. Couif. 356; 2 ed. 454.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv 18.— Gordon, Pinetum, 190; 2 ed. 263.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 85. — Nelson, Pinaceie, 454. P. Beardsleyi, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 286, t. 6. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 359. P. Craigana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 288, t. 7. P. macrophylla, ? Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173 [uot Engelmann]. P. Engelmanni, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 [not Carriere]. P. Parryana, Gordon, Pinetum, 202; 2ed.277 [not Engelmann].— Henkel & Hocbstetter, Nadelholz. 88.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 446. P. ponderosa, var. Benthamiana, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. P. ponderosa, var. SCOpulorum, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 126. YELLOW PINE. BULL PINE. Interior of British Columbia, south of latitude 51°, south and east along the mountain ranges of the Pacific region to Mexico, the Black hills of Dakota, Colorado, and western Texas; hot detected in central or southern Nevada. A large tree, 61 to 91 meters in height, with a trunk 3.60 to 4.57 meters in diameter, or throughout the Eocky Mountain region much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height (var. scopuloritm) ; dry-, rocky ridges and prairies, or in northern California rarely in cold, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the sierras of northern and central California; in western Washington territory and Oregon rare and local ; after Ptseudotsuga Douglasii the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific forests, furnishing the principal lumber of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, western Montana, Idaho, the Black hills of Dakota, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Wood, varying greatly in quality and value, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not coarse-grained nor durable, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad or narrow, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the very thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4715 ; ash, 0.35 ; largely manufactured into lumber, and used for railway ties, fuel, etc. NOTE. — A form with purple cones and long glaucous foliage, approaching P. Jeffreyi in habit, is the prevailing tree of the valley of Flathead lake, Montana (Canby $ Sargent). 362. — Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray, Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, 1. 1 ; Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 224, t. 8, 9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 350 & t.) ; Carriere, Trait. Conif. 388 ; 2 ed. 439.— Gordon, Pinetum, 198 ; 2 ed. 272.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 87.— Nelson, Pinacese, 115.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. x»i2, 393. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 45, t. 6, f. 1-4. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 314. — Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,4. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 165. P. deflexa, Torrey in Bot. Mex. Boundary Surrey, 209, t. 56, in part.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 416. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 455. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2,431. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 289. P. ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmann in Trans. St. LouisAcad. iv,181 ; Bot. California, ii, 126. BULL PINE. BLACK PINE. California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county, south along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A large tree, 30 to 31 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 meters in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas, here generally replacing the allied P. ponderosa, from which it may be distinguished by its more deeply- cleft bark, glaucous branchlets and leaves, much larger cones, and by the strong, pungent odor of oil of orange of the freshly-cut branchlets. 13 FOE 194 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. » Wood light, strong, hard,- rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood pale yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5206 ; ash, 0.26 ; largely manufactured into coarse lumber. Abietine, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful anaesthetic properties, is probably obtained by distilling the resinous exudation of this species, and not of P. Sabiniana ( Waifs Diet. Chemistry, 2d Suppl. 1. — Am. Jour. Pharm. 1872, 97.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 eel. 900). 363. — Pinus Chihuahuana, Engelmann, Wislizeuus' Rep. No. 26; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262; Traus. St. Louis Acad. iv, 181 ; Coulter's Bot.' Gazette, vii, 4. — Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.— Carri&re in Fl. dcs Serres, ix,200; Rev. Hort. 1854,227; Trait. Conif. 357 ; 2 ed. 455.— Gordon, Pinetura, 193; 2 ed. 266. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.1800, 442. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 86.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 143.— Par] at ore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 397. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. Santa Rita mountains, Arizona (Rothrock, Engelmann & Sargent), San Francisco mountains of southwestern New Mexico and Arizona (Greene); in Chihuahua. A small tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges and slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation; not common. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, clear light orange, the thick sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5457; ash, 0.39. 364. — Pinus contorta, Douglas; London, Arboretum, iv, 2292, f. 2210, 2211.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117 ; 2 ed. ii, 176.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 164; 2 ed. 474.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Gordon, Pinetum, 165; 2 ed. 232.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 133, 141, in part. — Heukel & Hochatetter, Nadelholz. 24. — Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 81, in part. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr, xvi2, 381, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 330. — Fowler in London Gard. -Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 301. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 126; London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 351. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. 2 ser. ix, 327, in part. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 145.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 45, f. 5. P. inops, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 163 [not Aiton]. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part. — Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 676 [not Alton]. P. Boursieri, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 233 & f. ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 398; 2 ed. 475. P. Banksiana, Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218, in part. P. muricata, Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 227, 317 [not Don]. P. Bolanderi, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 379. . SCRUB PINE. Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino county, California, extending inland to the western slopes of the Coast ranges. A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0 50 meter in diameter; sandy dunes and exposed rocky points. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5815 ; ash, 0.19. 365. — Pinus Murrayana, Balfour, Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 3, f. 2. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 226 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 351). P. inops, Benthara, PI. Hartweg. 337 [not Aiton]. P. COntorta, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 34, 90, t. 5, f. 11 [not Douglas]. — Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2. ser. xxiv, 332. — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 141, in part. — Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 409. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi3, 381, in part.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 494.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 27, 50. — Parry in Am. Nat. vii, 179. P. contorta, var. latifolia, Eugelrnanu in King's Rep. v, 331; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 328. P. contorta, var. Bolanderi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 195 TA3IAKACK. BLACK PINE. LODGE-POLE PINE. SPKUCE PINE. Valley of tbe Yukon river, Alaska (Fort Selkirk, Dull), south through the interior of British Columbia, along the mouutuiu ranges of "Washington territory and Oregon and the Sierra Neva-das of California to mount San Jacinto; on the high plateau east of the Kooky mountains in about latitude 5(>°, and south through the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1 .20 meter iu diameter; reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras; in the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, covering immense areas, and generally replacing other speciis destroyed by Die; western Washington territory and southward only along the borders of moist alpine meadowy between (>,000 and 9,000 feet elevation ; generally confounded with the closely- allied P. contorta of the coast, from which it may be distinguished by its longer, broader leaves, very thin, scaly bark, thin sap-wood, and less resinous and liner-grained wood, resembling that of the white pines; the distribution of fhe two species in northern British Columbia and Alaska still undetermined. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, easily worked, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer eel « narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light yellow or nearly white, the thin sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4096; ash, 0.32; occasionally manufactured into lu iber, and used for fuel, railway ties, etc. 366. — Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 137, r,. 58. — Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2246, f. 2138-2143. — Forbes, Pinetnm Woburu. 63, t. 23, 24. —Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162. — Liudley iu Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172. — Antoine, Conif. 30, t. 11. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Link in Linniea, xv, 509.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110, t. 113; 2 ed. ii, 169, t. 113.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 390.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 347.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 159.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Fl. desSerres, ix, 275, t. 964.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 334; 2 ed. 435.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Bigelow iu Pacific R. R. Rep, iv, 25.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; t. 57; Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 39, 90, f. 13.— Gordon, Pinetum, 208; 2 ed. 284.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Walpers, Ann. v, 799.— Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 226, 318.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 75.— Lawson, Piuetum Brit, i, 85, t. 11, t. 1-3. — Nelson, Piuacea;, 129. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 121. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 391. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1323.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 312. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 375 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 182 ; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 169. DIGGEK PINE. BULL PINE. California, Portuguese Flat, Shasta county, south along the foot-hills of the Coast ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not durable; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4840 ; ash, 0.40 ; largely used for fuel. The large edible nuts furnish the Indians an important article of food. 367. — Pinus Coulteri, D. Don, Trans. Liunasau Soc. xvii, 440. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2250, f. 2144-2146.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 67, t. 25, 26. — Antoine, Conif. 31, t. 12, 13.— Peun. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Link iu Linnsea, xv, 510.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 112; 2 ed. ii, 171.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 160.— Carriere in Fl. des Serres, ix, 275 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 334; 2 ed. 435.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2G1. — Torroy in Ives' Rep. 28. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelh51z. 76. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 318.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi, 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 266. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,23, f. 1-5. P. macrocarpa, Liudley in Bot. Reg. xxvi, Misc. 61.— Knight, Syn. Couif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 216. — Gordon, Pinetum, 201. — Nelson, Pinacea>, 117. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 166. P. Sabiniana Coulteri, London, Encycl. PI. 985, f. 1839-1841. P. Sabiniana macrocarpa, Hort. California, Monte Diablo, south through the Coast ranges to the Cuyamaca mountains, and probably iu Lower California. A tree 24 to 46 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light red, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4133; ash, 0.37. 196 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 368. — Pinus insignis, Douglas; Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2243, f. 2132-2137.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 51, 1. 18.— Liudley in Perm. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Antoine, Conif. 27, t. 8, f. 1. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beeobey, 393. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 389. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 115; 2 ed. ii, 174. — Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 339; 2 ed. 440.— Bigelow in Pacific K. R. Rep. iv, 25.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 55; Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,90.— Gordon, Pinetum, 197; 2 ed. 270. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 201.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jonr. new ser. xi, 222 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 347).— Henkcl & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. CO.— Bolanderin Proc.Califoruia Acacl. iii, 262, t. 317.— Nelson, Pinacese, 114.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 395.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 37 t. 1, 5, f. 1-14.— Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1070.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 128. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 163, f. 39. ?P. Californica, Loiseleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 243.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2268.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 162.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117; 2 ed. ii, 175.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 253. P. adunca, Bosc in Poiret, Suppl. iv,418. P. Sinclairii, Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, t. 93, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 141; 2 ed. ii, 198. -Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. ii, 198. P. radiata, D.Don in Trans. Linnrean Soc. xyii,442; Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 133, t. 86.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2270, f. 2182.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, in part. —Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 116; 2 ed. ii, 175. — Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 161. — Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 214 & f. (Fl. des Serres, vi, 434 & t.) ; Pinetum, 200 ; 2 ed. 282.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 337.- Nelson, Pinaceie, 127. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 118. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 307. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. P. tuberculatCt) D. Don in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xvii, 441 [not Gordon]. — Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 131, t. 85. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2270, f. 2181.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 2.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Eudlicher, syn. Conif. 162. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 338 ; 2 ed. 441, in part. — Nelson, Pinacea>, 137. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 123 (excl. syn. Californica). — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 394, in part. P. rigida,? Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 160 [not Miller]. P. insignis macrocarpa, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 226.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 440. MONTEREY PINE. California, Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon bay. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy soil, in immediate proximity to the sea-coast; rare and local; now widely cultivated on the Pacific coast for shelter and ornament. A form of Guadalupe island, off the coast of Lower California, with leaves in pairs, is var. binata (Engelmann in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119; Bot. California, ii, 128). Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close- grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4574; ash, 0.30; locally somewhat used for fuel. 369. — Pinus tuberculata, Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 218 & f. (Fl. des Serres, v, 517C & f.) ; Pinetnm, 211 ; 2 ed. 288 [not Don].— Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 2, f. 2.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 78, in part. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 262,317.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,93, t. 13, f. 1-9.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 441, in part.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 394 (excl. bib.).— Koch, Den- drologie, ii2, 309. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 170. P. Californica, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 189 [not Loiseleur]. KNOB-CONE PINE. Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains, and in the California Coast ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto mountains. A tree 18 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub, fruiting when not more than 1 meter in height; dry, gravelly ridges and slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino mountains) to 5,500 (mount Shasta) feet elevation; not common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very broad, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large, prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white or slightly tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.3499; ash, 0.33. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 197 370. — Pinus Taeda, Linnams, Spec. 1 ed. 1000, iu part.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 63.— Wangenheim, Amer. 41.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368 ; 2 e, t. 75, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 35, t. lg.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 634.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2i>5.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2242, f. 2127-2131.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 47, t. 16.— Eaton i- Wright, Bot. 359.— Autoino, Couif. 27, t. 8, f. 2. — Lindley in Peun. , Cycl. xvii, 172. — Link in Linnsea, xv, 504. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 389.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 32.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 163.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30. — Lindley &Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 341 ; 2 ed. 449.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 209 ; 2 ed. 285.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 21.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclholz. 70.— Nelson, Piuacese, 129. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 394. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 305. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. P. Tceda, var. alopecuroidea, Aiton, Hort.Kew.2 ed. v, 317.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2237. P. rigida, var. serotina, London, Encycl. PI. 979, f. 1824-1827.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,257.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 120. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad. iv, 183. POND PINE. North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's river, Florida. A tree 12 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk O.fiO to 0.90 meter in diameter; inundated borders of streams and ponds in low, peaty soil ; not common. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, forming fully one-half the annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow ; specific gravity 0.7942 ; ash, 0.17. 373. — Pinus inops, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 3G7 ; 2 ed. v, 316.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 18, t, 13 ; 2 ed. i, 21, t, 14 ; 3 ed. i, 25, t. 12.— Willdeno w, Spec, iv, 496 ; Enuru. 988 ; Berl. Baumz. 266. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 58, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 103, t. 139.— Nouveau Duliamel, v, 238, t. 69, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 10.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 173.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 633.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 97.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Bon Jard. 1837, 976.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2192, f. 2068-2071.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 15, t. 4.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 17, t. 5, f. 3.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 500. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 386. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 167.— Kuight, Syn. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2ed. 471.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 167 ; 2 ed. 238.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2r>7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 22.— Nelson, Pinaceae, 113.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 84. — Parlatore in. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 380 (excl. syu. rariabilis). — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 158. P. VirginiaiM; Miller, Gard. Diet. 7 ed. No. 9.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 43; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 35.— Marshall, Arbustum, 102.— Wangenheirn, Arner. 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii3, 299. P. Ttedd, var. Virginiana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 340. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 199 JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE. Middle Island, Long island, Tottenville, and Clifton, Staten island, New York, south, generally near the coast, to the valley of the Savannah river (Aiken, South Carolina), and through eastern and middle Kentucky to "the knobs" of southeastern Indiana. A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk (1.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally much smaller; sandy, generally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5309 ; ash, 0.30 ; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-pipes and pump-logs. • 374. — Pinus clausa, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. P. inops, var. clausa, Engolinann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 650. SAND PINE. SCRUB PINE. SPRUCE PINE. Florida, shores of Pensacola bay, south, generally within 30 miles of the coast, to Pease creek, and occupying a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine. A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 meters in height; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest development about the head of Halifax bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle ; bauds of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange or yellow, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5576 ; ash, 0.31; occasionally used for the masts of small vessels. 375. — Pinus pungens, Michauxf. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 61, t. 5 ; N. American Sylv»i, 3 ed. iii, 105, 1. 140.— Nouveau Duhamel, v. 236, t. 67, f. 4.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 314.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 635.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Eatoii, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 34, 1. 17.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2197, f. 2077-2080.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 17, t. 5.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 18, t. 5, f.4.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Nut-tall, Sylva. iii, 125; 2 ed. ii, 184.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 287.— Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 166.— Knight, Syu. Conif. 27.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriore, Trait. Conif. 359; 2 ed. 470.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 181 ; 2 ed. 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 432.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, NadelhOlz, 21.— Nelson, Pinacese, 127.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 469.— Hoopee, Evergreens, 98.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 379.— Koch, Dendrologie ii2, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Meehan in Rep. Penn. Frnit Growers' Soc. 1877 & t.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis. Acad. iv, 183.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 158. TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. HICKORY PINE. Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to Tennessee. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest develop meut upon the high mountains of Bast Tennessee, here often the prevailing species and forming extensive forests. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4935; ash, 0.27; iu Pennsylvania largely manufactured into charcoal. 376. — Pinus muricata, D. Don, Trans. Liuutean Soc. xvii, 441.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, t. 84.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2269, f. 2180.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Antoine, Conif. 3-2, 1. 14, f. 1.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 113; 2 ed. ii, 172.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 161.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 216 & f. (Fl. des Serres, v, 517b & f.); Pinetum, 173 ; 2 ed. 246 (excl. syn. Murrayana). — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 359 ; 2 ed. 470. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 54 (P. Edgarinna on plate).— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelkolz. 60.— Nelson, Pinucese, 121.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 92.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 379.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1164.— Koch, Deudrologie, ii-, 302.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 151.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1884, 49, f. 7-9. P. inops, var. Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. P. Edgariana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 217, 226. P. Contorta, Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 227, 317 [not Douglas]. 200 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. OBISPO PINE. BISHOP'S PINE. California, Mendocino county south through the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo county. A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with atruuk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often not exceeding 15 meters in height; cold peat bogs or barren, sandy gravel; always exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development iu Mendocino county; rare and local. Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells broad, resinous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4942; ash, 0.20. 377. — Pinus mitis, Michaux, • Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 52, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 96, t. 137.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2195, f. 2072-2070'. — Antoiue, Conif. 16, t. 5, f. 1. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Spach, Hist, Veg. xi, 386.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 167.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 26.— Liudley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2 ed. 472. — Gordon, Pinetum, 170 ; 2 ed. 243 (excl. syn. RoyJei). — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 275. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 19.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 23.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 88. — Parlatore inDe Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 380. — Young, Bot. Texas, 516. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 300. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 184. — Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 88. P. echinata, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 12.— Marshall, Arbustum, 180?— Wangenheim, Amer. 74. P. Virglniana, var. echinata, Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 38. P. Tceda, var. variabilis, Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 368. P. variabilis, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 22, 1. 15 ; 2 ed. i, 25, 1. 1<> ; 3 ed. i, 29, 1. 14.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 498.— Persoon, Syn. ii,. 578.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 235, t, 69, f. 2.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 316.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 12.— Barton, Coinpend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii,633. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compond. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 35, t. 11.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1558.— Antoine, Conif. 15, t. 5, f. 2.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 502.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168 (excl. syn.).— Darby, Bot. S. States, 514. P. rigida, Porcher, Resources S. States, 504 [not Miller]. YELLOW PINE. SHORT-LEAVED PINE. SPRUCE PINE. BULL PINE. Staten island, New York, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, through the Gulf states to Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, and in Union county, Illinois. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter; light sandy soil or, less commonly, along the low borders of swamps; forming west of the Mississippi river, mixed with oaks and other deciduous trees, extensive forests; the only species of northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and eastern Texas. Wood, varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, often occupying half the width of the annual growth; yery resinous, resiu passages numerous, large ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, orange, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6104; ash, 0.29; largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the states west of the- Mississippi river, and among yellow pines only inferior in value to that of P. palustris. 378.— Pinus glabra, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 342.— Ravenel in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 52.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433.— Porcher^ Resources S. Forests, 506. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 82. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 184. tP. mitis, var. paupera, Wood, Cl. Book, 660. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 201 CEDAR PINE. SPRUCE PINK,. WHITE PINE. South Carolina, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, generally near the coast, and through the Gulf states south of latitude 32° 30' to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich bottom lauds and hummocks in dense forests of hard- wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi ; not common and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3931 ; ash, .0.45. 379. — Pinus Banksiana, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 7, t. 3 ; 2 ed. i, 7, t, 3 ; 3 ed. i, 9, t. 3.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 578.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, Gil.— Nouveau Duharuel, v, 234, t. 67, f. 3. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 315. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Smith i'u Recs' Cycl. xxviii, No. 4. — Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223; Sylva, iii, 124; 2 ed. ii, 182.— Sprengel, Syst, ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. X. States, tWO.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2190, f. 2004-2067. —Forbes, Pinotum Wobnni. 13, t. I!.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 8, t. 4, f. 2.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Link iu Liumeu, xv, 491.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 379. — Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 177. — Knight, Syu. Conif. 26. — Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Sue. London, v, 218 (excl. syn. contorta). — Parry in Owen's Rop. 618. — Carriere, Trait. Couif. 381 ; 2 ed. 485. — Gordou, Pinetum, 163 ; 2 ed. 2:10.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 441. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linmeau Soc. xxiii-, 301. — Wood, Cl. Book, 661. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 44. — Nelson, Piuaceie, 104. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 7H. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engelmann in Traus. St. Louis Aead. iv, 184. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 186.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46<\— Ve'iteh, Manual Couif. 158. P. sylvestris, var. divaricata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 366. P. Hudsonica, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 380.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii'2, 298. P. rupestris, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i,49, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.iii, 95, t. 136. GRAY PINE. SCRUB PINE. PRINCE'S PINE. Bay of Chaleur, New Brunswick, to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake, the valley of the Mackenzie river, and the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains between the fifty-second and sixty- fifth degrees of north latitude; south to northern Maine, Ferrisburg, Vermont (JR. E. Robinson), the southern shore of lake Michigan, jud central Minnesota. A small tree, 9 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; barren, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich loam ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development in the region north of lake Superior, here often forming considerable forests ; toward its extreme western limits associated and often confounded with the closely allied P. contorta and P. Murrayana of the Pacific region. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light brown or, rarely, orange, the thick sap-wood almost white ; specific gravity, 0.4761 ; ash, 0.23; largely used for fuel, railway ties, etc. 380.— Pinus palustris, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 14.— Marshall, Arbustum, 100.— Wangenheim, Amer. 73.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 368; •2 ed. v, 317.^Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 42.— Du Roi, llarbk. 2 ed. ii, 06.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii, 204.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. i, 27, t. 20; 2 ed. i, 30, t. 21 ; 3 ed. i, 41, t. 24, 25.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 499.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii,612.— Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 15.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223;. Sylva, iii, 126; 2 ed. ii, 185.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 174.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 637.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 266.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 59, t. 22.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Antoine, Conif. 23, t. 6, f. 2.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 206.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, Cl. Book, 660.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 495. — Michaux f. N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 106, 1. 141 (the plate as P. australie). P. australis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 64, t. 6.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 246, t. 75, f. 3.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2255, f. 2156- 2160.— Lindley iu Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 392.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 165.— Carson, Med. Bot, ii, 43, t. 87. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 33. — Knight, Syn. Couif. 30. — Liudley & Gordou in Jour. Hort. Soc. Londou, v, 217. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 345; 2 ed. 450.— Gordon, Pinetum, 187; Suppl. 63; 2 ed. 260.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 24.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 65.— Nelson, Pinacese, 103. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 109.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 392. — Young, Bot. Texas, 517.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Bentley & Trimcn, Med. PI. iv, 258, t. 258.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad. iv, 185.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 172. 202 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. LONG-LEAVED PINE. SOUTHERN PINE. GEORGIA PINE. YELLOW PINE. HAKD PINE. Southeastern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Taiupa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to the valley of the Red river, Louisiana, and the Trinity river, Texas, rarely extending beyond 150 miles from the coast. A tree of the first economic value, 18 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, sandy loam of the maritime plain, generally of Tertiary formation, and forming, outside of the river bottoms, extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or toward its extreme interior range, especially in the Gulf states, occupying rolling hills, here mixed with oaks and various deciduous trees; rarely along the borders of swamps in low, wet soil. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable; bauds of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resiuous, dark colored, resin passages few, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light red or orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6999; ash, 0.25; largely manufactured into lumber and used in construction of all sorts, for ship-building, fencing, railway ties, etc. The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of turpentine manufactured in the United States are almost «xcltisively produced by this species ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 709, 899. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — Flilckiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia , 545). 381. — Pinus Cubensis, Grisebaeh, Mem. Am. Acad. viii,530; Cat. PI. Cuba, 217.— Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2,396. P. Tceda, var. hctero2)liylla, Elliott, Sk. ii,.636. P. Elliottii, Engclinaun; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv, 186, t. 1, 2, 3.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 650. P. Cubensis, var. terthrocarpa, Wright.— Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cuba, 217. SLASH PINE. SWAMP PINE. BASTARD PINE. MEADOW PINE. South Carolina (Bluffton, Mellichamp), south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana, not extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland; in the West Indies. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; light sandy soil along the dunes and marshes of the coast, or wet clay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, etc., and now rapidly taking possession of ground from which the forests of P. palustris have been removed ; the only species of Florida south of cape Canaveral and bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, tough, coarse-grained, compact, durable; bands of small summer cells very broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not large ; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent ; color, rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7504; ash, 0.26; hardly inferior in value to that of P. palustris, although rarely manufactured into lumber. Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species. NOTE. — Specimens collected upon the southern keys of Florida by A. H. Curtiss connect the forms of South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida with the West Indian tree. 382. — Picea nigra, Link, Linnsea, xv, 520.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 241 ; 2 ed. 323.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linuaean Soc. xxiii3, 301.— Brunet, Hist. Picea, 10 & t. f. B. — Peck in Trans. Albany Inst. viii, 283. — Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 334. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 185. Abies Mariana, Miller, Diet.— Wangenheim, Amer. 75. Pinus Mariana, DuEoi.Obs. Bot. 38; Harbk. ii, 107.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24. Pinus Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arbustum, 103. Pinus Americana rubra, Wangenheim, Amer. 75. Pinus nigra, Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2ed.v, 319.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i,41, t. 27 ; 2 ed. i, 45, t. 27; 3 ed.i,64, t.37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 506 ; Enum. 990; Berl. Baumz. 278.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640. —Smith inEees'Cycl.xxviii,No.20.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 182.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N.York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.264.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. *3ed. 386.— Antoine, Conif. 88, t. 34, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syu.Conif. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 505.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 413. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 203 Finns Americana, G»rtner,Fruct.ii,60,t.91,f. 1. Finns rubra, Lambort,Pinus, 1 ed. i, 46, t. 28 ; 2ed.i, 47, t. 30; 3ed. i,66,t.38 [not Michaux f.].— Persoon,Syn.ii, 579. —Alton, Hort. Kew.2 ed. v, 319.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii.No. -23.— Xuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 8?5. — Torrey. Compeml. Fl. X. States, 359. — Beck, Bot. 340. — Eatou, Manual, 6 ed.2G4.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton &, Wright, But. 358.— Antoiue, Conii'. 87, t. 34, f. 2.— Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 113.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 44. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi2, 413. Abies denticulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520. Abies nigra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arl>. ii,:)80. — Michaux f. Hint. Arb. Am. i,124,t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 139, t. 147. — Nouveau Duhamel, v,2!>2, t. hi, f. 1. — Liudley in Penn. Cycl. i,3S. — London, Arboretum, iv, 2:U2, f. 2^5-2227.— Spach, Hist. Veg.xi, 410, in p;i.rt.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 81 ; 2 ed. ii,96.— Griflith, Med. Bot. OOo. — Knight, >Syu. Conii'. 30. — Li:>40.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. xxviii.No. •->*.— Sprenyel, Syst. ii. ~-7>.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 204. —Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 35H. Abies tax if ol ill, iVirrt in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 523.— Noiiveau Duhauicl, v, 293.— Torrey s, •>(;>; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-,69. A&ies J)oitgl(ixii, Lindlryin Pean. Cycl, i, 32.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 23:10.— Forbes, Piuetum Woburn. 127, t. 45.— Bentham.Pi. Hart\vog.r.7.— Nuttall, Sylvn, iii, 1;*), t, 115; -2 ed. ii, 187, 1. 115.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 423. —Knight, Syn. Conif. 37. — Lindley & Gordon in. I our. H»rl. Sue. l;ondon, v,20'.'. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1854, 163. — Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 17. — Torrey m 1'aeilie ],'. !>'. !Jep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Kep. 2^. — Newbe-rry in Pacific R. R. Kep. vi,54. 90, t. 8, f. 20.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 15 ;Snppl. 10; 2 ed.2l.— Coo])er in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; PacilicR. R. Rep. xii-,24, U'J; Am. Nat. iii, 111.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Eiigelmann in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xxxiv, 330; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,2. — Lval! in Jonr. Linmeau Soc. vii, 131, 133, 143. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 155. — Nelson, Pinaeeir, 32. — K'othrock in Smithsonian Kep. iyt>7, 433; PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9. — Hoopes, Evtrgrei us, l.-'J.— Lsiwson, Piuetum Brit, ii, 115, 1. 17, 16, f. 1-23. — Porter in Haydcn's Rep. 1871, 494. — Watson in King's Rep. v,:>34 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Fowler in London Ganl. Chronicle, 1872,75. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402. — Koch, Dentlrologie, ii-, 255. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle. ]S72, 10G. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33 — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122. — Macoim in Geological Rep. Canada, lt-75-'7(>, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Veiteli, Manual Conif. 119, f. 35. Abies mucronata, Raiiuesque, Jour. Atlaut. 119. — Endlicher, Syn. C oiiif. 126. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, -.'13.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 268 ; 2 ed. 312. f Abies mucronata pallistris, Ranuesque, Jour. Atlaut. 129.— Carriere, Trait. Couif. 268 ; 2 ed. 313. Pinus Douglasii, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 163, t. 21.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 162, 1. 183.— Antoiue, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey,394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 87. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 430.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 703, t. 49, f. 32, 32", 32b. Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, London, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2231.— Gordon, Pinetum, 16; 2 ed. 25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 156. Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, Antoine, Conif. 84, t. 33, f. 4. Picea Douglasii, Link in Liuna?a, xv, 524. Tsuga Douglasii, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 192.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii, 232. Tsuga Lindleyana, Roezl, Cat. Grain Mex. 8. RED FIR. YELLOW "FIR. OREGON PINE. DOUGLAS FIR. Coast ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia south of latitude 55° N. (not reaching the coast archipelago north of Vancouver's island), east to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains in latitude 51° N". (Bow Eiver pass, Macoun) ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington territory, Oregon, the California Coast ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, through the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Gmulalupe mountains of Texas ; iti the Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona, and southward into Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsutch mountains, south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona. A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.8.3 to 3.66 meters iit diameter, or in the Itocky mountains much smaller, here rarely 30 meters in height ; the most generally-distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to au elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet ; often forming extensive forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington territory its greatest development and value. Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of sap; difficult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully naif the width of the annual growth, dark colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, varying from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5157 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway ties, piles, fuel, etc.; two varieties, red and yellow fir, are distinguished by lumbermen, dependent probably upon the age of the tree ; the former coarse-grained, darker colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir. The bark is found valuable in tannins leather. 14 FOR 210 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Var. macrocarpa, Engelmann, Bot. California, ii, 120. Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, Torrey in Ives' Rep. 28.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. Abies macrocarpa, Vasey in Gard. Monthly, Jan. 1876. HEMLOCK. California Coast ranges; San Bernardino mountains to the Cuyamaca mountains. A tree 30 to 54 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and canons between 2,500 and 4,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, hard, strong, cross-grained, very durable, difficult to work ; color, rattier darker red than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.4563 ; ash, 0.08 ; somewhat manufactured into coarse lumber and largely used for fuel. 392. — Abies Fraseri, Lindley, Perm. Cycl. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobtiru. iii, t. 38.— Link in Liuna>a, xv, 531.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 139, t. 119; 2 ed. ii, 196, t. 119.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 200; 2 ed. 270. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 26.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 314. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Naclelhijlz. 169. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 472, in part. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 202. — Bertraud in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 216. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 596; London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 147.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 96. Pinus Fraseri, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 27.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 35.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 76, t. 29, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 91.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 419.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 10. A. balsamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,422. Pinus balsamea, var. Fraseri, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359. Picea Fraseri, London, Arboretum, iv, 8340, f. 2243, 2244.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 148; 2 ed. 205. BALSAM. SHE BALSAM. High mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; moist slopes between 5,000 and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white;, specific gravity, 0.3565; ash, 0.54. 393. — Abies balsamea, Miller, * Diet. No. 5.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 579.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 295, t. 83, f. 2.— Richard, Conif. 74, 1. 16.— Lindley, Penn. Cycl. i, 30;: Fl. Med. 554— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 109, t. 37.— Link in Linnasa, xv,530.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 605, f. 268.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 217; 2 ed. 292.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 441.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 291.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, Cl. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 506. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 197.— Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 214.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,246. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 597. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 184.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 46C.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 88. PimtS balsamea, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Wangenheim,Amer. 40.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319.— Meench, Meth. 364.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 144.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 48, t. 31 ; 2 ed. i, 52, t. 33 ; 3 ed. i, 72, t. 41.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 504; Enum. 989; Berl. Baumz. 276.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Eaton, Manual, 111; 6 ed. 264.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hay ne,Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii,639.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 229.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,59,t. 246.— Woodville, Med. Bot. 3 ed. v, 1, t. 1.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Arn. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 385.— Antoine, Conif. 66, t. 26, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 423.— McNab iu Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 11.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 263, t. 263. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 211 Ptn«* Abies Balsamea, Marshall, Arbustum, 102. A. balsamifera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207, in part.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 145, t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 150, t. 150, in part. Picea balsamea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,2339, f. "2240, 2241.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 143; 2 ed. 200.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 176. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 85 ; 2 ed. i, 101. — Nelson, Pinacese, 37. Picea balsamea, Var. longifolia, Hort.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2839. Picea Fraseri, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 88; 2 ed. i, 104 [not London]. BALSAM FIE. BALM OF GILEAD FIR. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake and the eastern base of the Rocky mountains; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia. A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub (A. Hudsonica, Hort.); damp woods and mountain swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, often streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3819; ash, 0.45. Canadian balsam or balm of fir, an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 898, 900. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 552). 394. — Abies subalpina, Engelmann, Am. Nat. x, 554 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 597 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255. — Vasey , Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,91. — Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 236, f. 43,44,45. fPinus lasiocarpa, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 163 [not Hort.].— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— McNab in Proo. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 682, t. 46, f. 7, 7»; t. 47, 48, 49 (oxcl. syn.). ?A. lasiocarpa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 138 ; 2 ed. ii, 195.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 221.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 313, f. 27-31.— Henkel & Hochstetter. Nadelholz. 161 (excl. syn.). fPillUS species, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97. Picea amabilis, Gordon. Pinetum. 154, in part; 2 ed.213, in part. A. bifolia, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 320, f. 51-56; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 465, f. 96, 97.— Regel, Gartenflora, xiii, 119.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 420. A. grandis, Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xxxiv, '.HO [not Lindley]. — Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 296, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 334, in part. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 402 [not Lindley]. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley]. PillUS amabilis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvij, 426, in part. Picea bifolia, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105. A. subalpina, var. fallax, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 597. BALSAM. Valley of the Stakhin river, Alaska, in latitude 60° N. (Muir), south through British Columbia and along the Cascade mountains to northern Oregon (Collier), through the Blue mountains of Oregon and the ranges of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; mountain slopes and canons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely forming the prevailing forest growth. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3476; ash, 0.44. 212 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 395. — Abies grandis, Lindley, Penn. Cycl.i,:!0.— Forbes, Piuetum Woburn. 123, t. 43.— Spach, Hist. Vfg. xi, 422.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 134; 2 ed. ii, 192.— Lindlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210. — Carriere, Trait. Conif, 220; 2 ed. 296 (excl. syn.). — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262; Pacilic K. R. Rep. xii-, 25, <'.!»: -Via. Nat. iii, 410. — Wood. Bot. & Fl. 314.— Lyall in Jour. Linnseau Soc. vii, 143.— Bolauder in Proc. California Acad. iii, 2:52. — Heiikel & Hoclistetter, Nadelholz. lt>0. — Nelson, Piuaceie, 38. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 211. — Bertram! in Bull. Soe. Bot. France, xviii, 378. — Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3-1. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1C7.V7;;, 211.— Engeliiiann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 593; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684; 1880, 660, f. 119; Bot. California, ii, US.— (i. M. Dawsim in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 320.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 179, f. 33-3<>.— Veiteb, Manual Coiiif. 97, f.23, 24. Pinna grandis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Antoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 1.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 105. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 427 (excl. syn.).— McKab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 678, t. 46, f. 4, 4a. ?A. aromatica, Ratino.sqnc;, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 125.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 213.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 26(5; 2 ed. 310. Picea grandis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2341, f. 2245,2246, in part.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetum, 155; Snppl. 5 (excl. syn. I'arsoimii); 2 ed. 216. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 46, 90, f. 16, t. 6, in part. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 28. A. Gordoniatia, Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 298 (excl. syn. Parsonsii}.— Bertram! in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379. A. amabiliit, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 310, f. 22-24 [not Forbes]. WHITE FIR. Vancouver's island, south to Mendocino county, California, near the coast; interior valleys of western Washington territory and Oregon south' to the Unipqua river, Cascade mountains below 4,000 feet elevation, through the Blue mountains of Oregon (Cusick) to the eastern slope of the Coeur d'Alene mountains (Cooper-), the Bitter Hoot mountains, Idaho ( Watson), and the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Flathead region, Canby & Sargent). A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lauds of western Washington territory and Oregon in rich, moist soil ; or moist mountain slopes, then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells broader than in other American species, dark colored, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood rather lighter; specific gravity, 0.3545; ash, 0.49; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc. 396. — Abies COncolor, Lindlcy & Gordon, Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 204.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 600; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684, f. 114, 115.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 93. Pinus COncolor, Engelmann in herb. ; Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi5, 426.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii,681, t.46, f.6. Picea COncolor, Gordon, Pinetum, 155; 2 ed. 216.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 26. Pinus lasiocarpa, Balfour in Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 4, f. 1 [not Hooker].— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 314, f. 25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 429. ?A. balmmea, Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 18 [not Miller].— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141. Picea grandis, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 46, in part. Abies grandis, Can-iere, Trait. Conif.; 2 ed. 296, in part.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Lindley]. Picea Lowiana, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 53; 2 ed. 218.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 419. A. Lowiana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 317, f. 38-41. A. amabilis, Watson in King's Rep. v,333 [not Forbes]. A. grandis, var. Lowiana, Hoopes, Evergreens, 212. Pinus grandis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 427, in part. Picea COncolor^ var. violacea, Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 464, f. 94,95. Pinus Lowiana, McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 680, t. 46, f. 5. A. lasiocarpa, Hort, [not Nuttall]. A. Parsonsii, Hort, CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 213 WHITE FIR. BALSAM FIR. Northern slopes of the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon, and perhaps farther north in the Cascade mountains, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to the San Bernardino and San Jaciuto mountains, California; along the high mountains of northern Arizona to the Mogollon mountains, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's Peak region of Colorado, and in the Wahsatch mountains of Utah. A large tree, 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 meter in diameter; uioist slopes and caiions between 3,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras, varying greatly in the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and perhaps merely a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis, from which it cannot be always readily distinguished. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous; medullary rays, numerous, obscure; color, very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.3038 ; ash, 0.85 ; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases, butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes. 397. — Abies bracteata, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 137, t. 118; 2 ed. ii, t. 118.— Hartwi-g in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 225.— Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,209.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 19G; 2 od. 265.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 435; 1854, 459; 1859, 928.— Bot. Mag. t. 4740.— Lemaire in 111. Hort. i, 14, t. 5.— Fl. des Scrres, ix, 109 & t.— Naudiu in Rev. Hort. 1854, 31.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 1, t. 1, 2 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 211, t. 1, 2).— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhiilz. 1G7.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 199.— Bertram! in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 379.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Engclmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 601 ; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 684 ; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 89, f. 14, 15. Pinus venusta, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, l.V>. Pinus bracteata, D. Don in Trans. Linmean Soc. xvii, 443.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 169, t. 91.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t. 30.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Hooker, Icon. t. 379.— Eudlicber,Syn. Conif. 89.— Walpers, Ann. v,798.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 419. — MeNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 674, t. 46, f. 1. Picea bracteata, London, Arboretum, iv. 2348, f. 2256.— Gordon, Pinetum, 145; 2 ed. 202.— Lawson, Pinetnm Brit, ii, 171, t. 25, 26, f. 1-7.— Nelson, Pinaceffi, 37.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 286. A. venusta, Koch, Dendrologie, ii",210. Santa Lucia mountains, California, from the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo county about 40 miles northward. A tree 46 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 caiions between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, generally west of the summit of the range (O. R. Vasey). Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen ; specific gravity, 0.6783; ash, 2.04; probably more valuable than the wood of the other North American Abies. 398 — Abies amabilis, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 125, t. 44.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 219 ; 2 ed. 296.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Lyall iii Jour. Hort. Soc. London, vii, 143.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 159.— Nelson, Pinacese, 36.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 209 (excl. syn. lasiocarpa).— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii3, 211 (excl. syn. latiocarpa').— Muvoiiu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Engelmann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1880, 720, f. 136-141 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 86. Pinus amabilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 93.— Autoine, Conif. 63, t. 25, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 104. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 426, in part. Pinus grandis, Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, t. 26 [not Douglas]. Picea amabilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2247, 2248.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pmetntn, 154 ; 2 ed. 213 (excl. syn.).— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,51, 90, f. 18. A. grandis, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 308, f. 18-21 [not Lindley]. A. grandis, var. demiflora, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv,599. Valley of the Fraser river, British Columbia (Engelmann & Sargent), and probably farther north, south along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon. A tree 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, forming extensive forests on the mountains of British Columbia, between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia river between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its »reatest development; its northern range not yet determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4228 ; ash, 0.23. 214 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 399. — Abies nobilis, Liudley, Penn. Cycl. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 115, t. 40.— Link in Linnsea, xv,532.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,419.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 136, t. 117 ; 2 ed. ii, 193, 1. 117.— Lindley & Gordon ill Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 209.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 198 ; 2 ed. 268.— Jour. Bot. & Kew Gard. Misc. is, 85. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 168. — Hoopes, Evergteens, 203. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 209. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 601, in part; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885 ; Bot. California, ii, 119, in part; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. —Veitch, Manual Conif. 101. PinUS nobilis, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147. — Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. iii, 167, t. 74. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Antoine, Conif. 77, t. 29, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechcy, 394.— Endlicher, Syu. Couif. 90. Picea nobilis, London, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2249, 2250.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Gordon, Pinetum, 149; Suppl. 48; 2 ed. 207— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 49, 90, f. 17.— Lawson, Pinetum, Brit, ii, 181, t. 28, 29, f.1-18.— Nelson, Pinacese, 39. Pseudotsuga nobilis, Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 86.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 699, t. 49, f. 29, 29". A. maf/nifica, Eugelmann iii Bot. California, ii, 119, in part. RED FIR. Oregon, Cascade mountains from the Columbia river south to the valley of the upper Eogue river, and along the summits of the Coast Range from the Columbia to the Nestucca river (Collier). A large tree, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis, extensive forests along the slopes of the Cascade Range, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation ; less multiplied in the coast ranges, here reaching its greatest individual development. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown streaked with red. the sap- wood a little darker; specific gravity, 0.45G1 ; ash, 0.34. 400. — Abies magnifica, Murray, Pr6"c. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 318, f. 42-50; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 134. — Regel, Gartenflora, xiii, 119. — Henkel & Hoclistetter, Nadelholz. 419.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii2, 213.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 601; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 885, f. 116 ; Bot. California, ii, 119 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 99. A. campylocarpa, Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 370. A. nobilis robusta, Hort.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 269. Picea magnifica, Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 219. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105. Pinus amabilis, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 426, in part.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 677, t. 46, f.3, 3»? ' A. amabilis, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34 [not Forbes]. Pseudotsuga magnifica, McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 700, t. 49, f. 30, 30». A. nobilis, Engelmann, Bot. California, ii, 119, in part. BED FIR. California, mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Kern county. A large tree, 61 to 76 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming about the base of mount Shasta extensive forests between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation; farther south less common and reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny, durable in contact with the soil, liable to twist and warp in seasoning; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4701 ; ash, 0.30; largely used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 215 401. — Larix Americana, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Atu. ii, 203.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, :S7, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, :! ed. iii, 167, 1. 153.— Andnbon, Birds, t. 4.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2399. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 89; 2 ed. i, 105 & t. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 51. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Richardson, Arctic. Expcd. 442. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 185d, 257. — Hooker f. in Trans. Liumuan Soc. xxiii, 302. — Wood, Cl. Book. ti.'W: Dot. & Fl. 314.— NYlson, Piuacejp, 86.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 247.— Regel, Gartenflora, xx, 105, t.C84, f. 7,8 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 105, t, 10, f. 2, 3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3.">. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii, 185. Pinus laricina, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49; Harbk. ii,83.— Wangcnheim, Amer. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Mccnch, Meth. 364. Pinus Larix rubra, alba and n-igra, Marshall, Arbustum, 103, 104. Pinus intermedia, Waugenheini, Amer. 42, 1. 16, f. 37.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 114. Pinus pendula, Aiton, Hort. Kew, iii, 369 ; 2 ed. v, 320.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 55, t. 36; 2 ed. ii, 63, t. 39; 3 ed. ii, 86, t. 49.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, r.02.— Persoon, Syn. ii,579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,645.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 32.— Eaton, Manual, 110; G ed. 305.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Audubon, Birds, t.90, 180.— Beck, Bot, 339.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 359.— Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 232.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 409. PinUS microcarpa, Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 56, t. 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 65, t. 40 ; 3 ed. ii, 88, t. 50.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 502; Enum. 989 ; Berl. Baumz. 273.— Persoou, Syu. ii, 579.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 321.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend.Fl. 175.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 887.— Torroy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Bock, Bot. 340.— Hookor, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 387.— Antoine, Conif. 54, t. 21, f. 1.— Endlicher, Syn. Con if. 132. Abies pendula, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 288. — Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,213. Abies microcarpa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 289, t. 79, f. 2.— Liudley in Peun. Cycl. i, 33.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, 213. L. tenuifolia, Salisbury in Trans. Linuajau Soc. viii, 313. L. pendula, Salisbury in Trans. Limifean Soc. viii, 313. — Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 137, t. 46.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 272.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2ed. 177.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaean Soc. xxiii, 302. L. microcarpa, Desfootaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 597.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 139, t. 47.— Spach. Hist. Veg. xi, 436.— Link in Liiinaja, xv, 536.— Carriere, Trait, Conif. 275; 2 ed. 355.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2 ed. 175.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 137.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii, 302, 341.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 180. L. intermedia. Loddiges, Cat, ed. 1836, 50.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 141.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 535. L. Americana rubra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 40. L. Americana, var. pendula, Loudou, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Carriere, Tra^t. Conif. 2 ed. 356. L. Americana, var. prolifera, London, Arboretum, iv, 2401.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356. L. deddua, var. Americana, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 133. LARCH. BLACK LARCH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK. Northern ^Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson bay, cape Churchill and northwest to the northern shores of the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Mackenzie river within the Arctic circle; south through the northern states to northern Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; moist uplands and intervale lands, or south of the boundary of the United States in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here niucli smaller and less valuable. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable, color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6236 ; ash, 0.33; preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. The inner bark of the closely-allied European larch is recommended in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections of the pulmonary and urinary passages ; probably that of the American species would be equally efficacious. 216 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 402. — Larix occidentalis, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 143, 1. 120; 2 ed. ii,199,t. 120.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 59, f. 24, 25.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Am. Nat. iii, 412. — Lyall iu Jour. Liunieau Soc. vii, 143. — Nelson, Piuacese, 91. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 253. — Regel, Garteuflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 8-10 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 101, t. 8, f. 3-5).— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Gordon, Pinetum,2 ed. 176.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 130. Pinus La/rix, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 109 [not Liunaius]. L. Americana, var. brevifolia, Carriore, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 357. Pinus NuttaUii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 412. TAMABACK. British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold ranges, south of latitude 53° N., extending west to the head of Okanagan lake (0. M. Dawson), south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains to the Columbia river, through the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains ot Montana, and in the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon. A noble tree of great economic value, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500 and 5, 000 feet elevation; scattered among other trees and never exclusively forming forests; the thick bark long resisting the action of forest fires; very common, and perhaps reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot river and in the valley of the Flathead river, Montana, here the largest and most valuable timber tree. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of annual growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin j color, light bright red, the thin sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7407; ash, 0.09; occasionally manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway ties, etc. 403. — Larix Lyallii, Parlatore, Enum. Sein. Hort. Reg. Mus. Flor. 1863; London Gard. Chronicle, 1863,916 (Regel, Gartenflora, xiii, 244).— Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 143.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 417.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 361.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 256.— Regel, Gartenflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 11-13 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 102, t. 9, f. 1-3).— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7I'>, 211.— Veitch, Manual Conif, 130. Pinus Lyallii, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 412. "Cascade mountains, 6,500 to 7,000 feet, forming an open belt of trees mingled with P.flexllis (P. alblcaulus); on the Galton range at 6,000 feet and in the Rocky mountains at 7,000 feet, growing with P. flexilis" (Lyall); mount Stewart, Washington territory (Brandegee & Tweedy, August, 1883) ; Grave Creek pass, northern Montana (H.B. Ayres, September, 1883). A low, much-branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus albicaulis and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree-growth between 5,500 and 7,000 feet elevation (Brandegee). The wood not collected. NOTE.— A well-marked species, distinguished from L. occidentalis by its alpine habit, the larger green or purple deciduous cones with ciliated scales, and by the dense t omen turn covering the young shoots and leaf buds. 'CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 217 P A L M A 0 E M . 404.— Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges; Rremer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1487. — C'room in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 SIT. xxvi, 315. — Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 247. — Kunth, Ennm. iii, 247. — Spach, Hist. Vcg. xii, 107.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4'M.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 64.— Wood, Cl. Book, 666; Bot. & Fl. 317.— Vasey,C'at. Forest Trees, 38. Corypha Palmetto, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana, 119. Cliamcerops Palmetto, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,206.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. ii, 186, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 5, t. 101.— Alton, Hort. Ke.w. 2 ed. v, 490.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 231.— Elliott, Sk. i,431.— Sprengel, Syst> ii, 137. — Eaton, M;iimal, 6 ed. 89. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 191.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 546.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 258.— Porchor, Resources, S. Forests, 526. CABBAGE TREE. CABBAGE PALMETTO. Smith island, off the mouth of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola river. A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy maritime shores; very common and reaching- its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar Keys. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark colored ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4404 ; ash, 7.66; impervious to the attacks of the teredo, and very durable under water; largely used for piles, wharves, etc. 405. — Washmgtonia filifera, Wendland, Bot. Zeit. xxxvii, 68. — Wat«on, Bot. California, ii, 211, 485. Brahea dvlcis,? Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442 [not Martius]. Pfitchardia filamentosa, Wendlaud in Bot. Zeit. xxxiy, 807.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soc. Tosc, Ort. i, 116 & f.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 598. Brahea filamentosa, Hort.— Williams in London Gard. Chronicle, 1876, 80. FAN-LEAP PALM. San Bernardino county, California, from the eastern base of the San Bernardino mountains to the valley of the Colorado river. A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500 plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small ravines formed by water-courses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark colored, conspicuous ; specific gravity 0.5173 ; ash, 1.89. 406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swartz, Prodr. 57 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 614.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 614 ; 2 ed. ii, 307.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 202.— Persoon, Syn. i, 383.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 633.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 20.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist> Palm, iii, 255, t. 103.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,. 515.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States^ Suppl. 651. T. GarDeri, Chapman in Coulter's Bofc. Gazette, iii, 12; Fl. S. States, Suppl.651. SILK-TOP PALMETTO. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Bahia Honda to Long's Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 meters in height with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless (T. Garberi). Wood light, soft; fibro-vasoi\lar bundles small, hard, not conspicuous; color, light brown; specific gravity, 0.5991; ash, 3.99; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls. 218 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 407. — Thrinax argentea, Loddiges; Desfontaines, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Reenier & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, t. 163.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indite, 515.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. Palma argentea, Jacqnin, Fragni. :W, No. 125, t. 43, f.l. — Miirter iu Bom. Physik. Arbeiten. ii, 76. SILVER-TOP PALMETTO. BR1CKLEY THATCH. BRITTLE THATCH. Semi-tropical Florida, on a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piney Key, Boca Chica Key, Key West, Gordon Key, and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key (Curtiss); in the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; specific gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for piles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for thatch, etc. 408. — Oreodoxa regia, HBK. Nov. Genera & Spec, i, 305.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 168, t. 156, f. 3-5.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 182.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xii, 68.— 111. Hort. ii, 28 & t.— Walpers, Ann. v, 807.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 302, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. CEnomrpus regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140. 0. Oleracea, ? Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. I860, 440. ROYAL PALM. Semi-tropical Florida, " Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles east of cape Romano (Curtiss), near the mouth of Little river, and on Elliott's Key ; in the West Indies. A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter ; rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves ; in Florida rare and local. Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color, brown ; specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7982, interior, 0.2128 ; ash, 2.54. LILIACE^. 409. — Yucca canaliculata, Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 5201. — Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217. — Eugelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 43. Y. Treculiana, Carriere in Rev. Hort. vii, 280.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 828.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38. — London Garden, xii, 328, t. 94. SPANISH BAYONET. Southern Texas, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil. Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6677 ; ash, 6.27. The bitter, sweetish fruit cooked and eaten by the Mexicans; the root stock, as in the whole genus, saponaceous and largely used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap. 410. — Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann, King's Rep. v, 496 ; Trans.St. Louis Acad. iii, 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 164. F. Draconis, f var. arborescens, Tonvy in Paciiic R. R. Eop. iv, 147. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 219 THK JOSHUA. .TO.S1IUA TREE. Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave river, California. A tree G to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to O.!)0 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, forming upon the Mohave desert at 2,500 feet elevation an open, straggling forest. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work; color, very light brown or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3737; ash, 4.00; occasionally manufactured into paper-pulp. 411. — Yucca elata, Eugeluiaim, Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 17. Y. angustifolia, var. radiosa, Engelmanu in King's Rep. v,49t>. Y. anguslifolia, var. elata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 270. SPANISH BAYONET. Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 3 to 5 meters in height, Vith a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 ineter in diameter; dry, gravelly mesas. Wood light, soft, spongy; color, light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28. 412. — Yucca baccata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 221 ; Ives' Rep. 29. — Cooper in Sinit hsouiau Rep. 1858, 266.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 923. — Andre' in 111. Hort. 3 ser. xx,23, 1. 115.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 23.— Eiigelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 44; King's Rep. v, 49G ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 270.— Loew in Wheelers Rep. Hi, 609.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi,.r>2.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 104. Y. filameiltosa, ? Wood in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1*68, 167 [not Torrey]. SPANISH BAYONET. MEXICAN BANANA. Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico to southern Colorado and San Diego county, California; southward into northern Mexico. A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO meter in diameter, or often much smaller, and toward the northern limits of its range steiuless; forming upon the plains of Presidio county, Texas, extensive open forests (Havard). Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4470 ; ash, 9.28. The large juicy fruit edible and an important article of food to Mexicans and Indians; a strong coarse fiber, prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured into rope by the Mexicans. INDEX TO CATALOGUE. [NOTE.— In this index the names of families are indicated by " SMALL CAPS ", of species by "Roman " type, and of synonyms by " ItaKct ".) Abies alba (Picea alba) Abies alba? (Picea Engelmanni) Abies alba (Picea nigra) Abies alba, var. arctica Abies alba, var. ccerulea Abies Albertiana Abies amabilis Abies amabilis (Abies concolor) Abies amabilis (Abies grandis) Abies amabilii (Abies magnifica) Abies Americana Abies arctica (Picea alba) Abies arctica (Picea nigra) / Abies aromatica Abies balsamea '. ? Abifs balsamea (Abies concolor) Abies balsamea. var. Fraseri Abies balsam\fera Abies bifolia Abios bracteata Abies Bridgesii Abies campylocarpa Abies Canadensis (Picea alba) Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Canadensis) Abies Canadensis f (Tsnga Merteusiana) Abies Caroliniana Abies ccerulea Abies concolor Abies denticulata : Abies Douglasii Abies Douglasii, var. macrocarpa Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia, Abies Engelmanni Abies Engelmanni glauca . ....t f Abies falcata A hies Fraseri Abies Gordoniana Abies grandis .- Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) , Abies grandis (Abies concolor) Abies grandis (Abies snbalpina) Abies grandis, var. densijlora Abies grandis, var. Loiviana Abies? heterophyUa Abies Hookeriana '. Abies Hudsonica AKe* lasiocarpa (Abies concolor) Abies I lasiocarpa (Abies snbalpina) Abies laxa Abies Lowiana Abies inacrocarpa Abies magnifica Abies magnijica (Abies nobilis) Abies Mariana 220 Page. 204 205 203 204 204 208 213 212 212 214 203 204 203 212 210 212 210 211 211 213 207 214 204 206 207 207 204 212 203 209 J10 209 205 205 206 210 212 212 213 212 211 213 212 207 208 211 212 211 204 212 210 214 214 202 Abies Marylandica Abies Memieiii (Picea pungens) Abies Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis) Abies Menziesii Parryana Abies Mertensiana Abies microcarpa Abies mucronala ? Abies mitcronata palustris Abies nifira (Picea Engelmanni) Al/ics nigra (Picea nigra) Abies nigra, var. rubra Abies rml.il is Abies nobilis (Abies magnifica) Abies nobilis robusta Abies Parsonsii A bies Pattoni Abies Pattoniana Abies Paltonii (Tsnga Mertensiana) Abies Pattanii (Tsaga Pattoniana) A bies pcndula A bies religiosa Abies rubra f Abies rubra, var. arctica Abies rubra, var. ccerulea Abies Sitchensis Abies species (Tsuga Caroliniana) Abies subalpina Abies subalpina, v&r.fallax Abies taxifolia (Pseudotsuga Donglasii). Abies taxifolia (Tsnga Mertensiana) ? Abies trigona Abies venwita Abies Williamsonii Acacia Sahamensis Acacia Berlandieri Acaciabiceps Acacia esculenta Acacia frondosa Acacia glauca Acacia, Green-bark Acacia Greggii Acacia latisiliqua Acacia levcocephala Acacia pulverulenta Acacia tephroloba , Acacia, Tbree-thorned Acacia Wri gh tii Acer barbatum (Acer glabrnm) Acer barbatum (Acer saccharinnm) Acer Californicum Acer Canadense ? Acer Caroliniana Acer circinatnra Acer coccineum '. Acer dasycarpum ... Page. 203 205 206 205 207 215 209 209 205 203 203 214 214 214 212 208 208 208 208 215 185 203 203 204 206 207 211 211 209 208 206 213 208 64 63 62 63 62 62 60 63 64 62 63 63 59 63 48 48 51 46 50 47 50 49 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST. TREES. 221 Page. 48 50 49 47 50 48 47 40 51 49 47 46 46 46 50 50 49 48 49 49 49 48 50 46 46 48 47 103 103 101 101 69 103 112 43 42 43 , 42 43 43 42 42 42. 42 - 43 43 43 43 42 +Esculus pallida 40 JEscul us Favia, var. discolor 43 ? .Esculus Watsoniana 42 Agastianis secundi/lora 57 Ageria. Cassena 3g Ageria geminata gg Ageria heterophylla 35 A geria obovata 35 Ageria opaca _ 35 Ageria palustris 35 Alder ( Alnus oblongifolia) 163 Alder (Alnus rbombifolia) 163 Alder (Alnus rubra) 163 Alder, Black (Alnns incana) 165 Alder, Black (Alans serrnlata) 164 Alder, Hoary _ 163 Alder, Seaside 152 Alder, Smooth .* 164 Alder, Speckled Acer Douglasii Acer Drummondii ,1 err rriocarpum A rrr .u'labrum ? Acer gtaucum Acer uianiliilentatum Acer iiiacrophyllum Acer i/wntanum \'<'rfundo A cer nigrum A cer palmatum Acer parviflorum Acer I'enusylvanicum Acer Pt'imsylranicum (Acer spicatnm) Acer rubrnm Art T rubruni, var. Druuimondii Acer rubrum, var. pallidum Acer saccharinum Acer saccharinum (Acer dasycarpum) Acer saccharinum (Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrurn) . A i -T .saccbarinum, r,ar. nigrum Acer saccharum Acer sanriuineuni Acer spicatum Acer striatuin Acer tripartitum Acer rlrgatum /. Achrav cinieijoUa Achras mammosa Achras pallida : Achras salicifolia / Achras serrate Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora Adelia acumiiiata -iEaeulus Californica 7 ^Esculus carnea JEsculus discolor *Esculu8 echinata ^Esculus flava ^Eaculus flava, var. purpnraacena ^"Esculus glabra JEsculus Hippocastanum, var. glabra jEsculus Hippocastanum, var. Okioensis JEsculus Hippocastanum, var. pallida ^sculus hybrida ^Esculus lutca JEsculus neglecta JEsculus octandra ^•Esculus Okioensis Aliiaroba Algarobia glanduloga Alnuft Americana (Alnua incana) ... Alnug Americana (Alnus serrulata). Abuts arguta — .lf/i»»- Canadensis .•1 Inns genuina 165 62 61 164 164 162 164 164 Alnua glauca I Alnus glntinosa (\\Tma rubra) Alnus glutinosa, var. rugosa Almts glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnns rhombifolia) Altntu fj/Uttinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus serrulata) Alnus hybrida Aluus iucana Alnus incana (Regel) Alnus incatta, var. glauca (Alnus incana) Alnviineana, var. glavca (Alnns incana, tor. viresoens) Ainu* lin-ti an. \:u\ rubra ........................... . Alnus ineaua, i-ar. virescens Alnirx Japonica Alnus maritima Alnus maritima typica ........................... .f Alnus oblongata (Aluus maritima) A In a a oblongata (Alnus serrulata) ........ . Alnus obtvsifolia ................................................. Alnus Oregana ...................................... . ............ Alnus rbombifolia .............................. . ................ Alnus rubra .............. . ............................ . ........ . Alnus rubra (Aluus serrulata) ................................... Alnnx rugosa .......................................... . ......... A Inus serrulata ............................... .. .......... b ...... .' Mnus gerrulata (Reg?}) ......................................... Alnus sermlala genuina ......................................... Alnus serrulata, var. latifolia .................................... Alnus serrulata, var. macrophyUa ____ ............................ Alnus serrulata, var. oblongata ................................... Alnus serrulata, var. oblongifolia ......................... . ....... Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus incana, var, virescens) ..... . Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (AJnus rhombifolia) ................. Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus serrnlata) ................... Alnus sermlata, var. vulgaris .................................... Alnus undulata ................................................. . Amelancliier alnifolia ............................................ Amelanchier Bartramiana ......................... . ............. Amelanchier Botryapium ................................... _____ Ainelanchier Canadensis ......................................... Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia ........................ Amelanchier Canadensis, VAT. oligocarpa ________ ................. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia ........ . ............ .. A melanchier intermedia .......................................... Amelanchier oblongifolia ...................................... ... Amelanchier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis) ............. . ..... Amelanchier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia) . Amelanchier ipicata .............................................. Amelanchier Wangenheimiana ......................... . ......... American Crab ................................... ___ ........... American Crab Apple AmericanElm American Holly American Linden Amyris cymosa Amyris dyatripa Amyris clemifera Amyris Floridana Amyris maritima Ainyris Plumieri Amyris sylvatica .' ANACAUDI ACK^E Anamomis punctata Aiinqna Andromeda arborea Andromeda arborescens Andromeda femiffinea Andromeda fcmtginea, var. arborescens . Andromeda ferruginea, var.fruticoga ... Andromeda, pluniata Andromeda rltoiiiboidalis Andromeda riyida Anona glabra Ancua lanrifolia Anona petidula Page. 164 163 164 163 164 164 164 164 164 165 163 165 162 162 162 162 164 163 164 163 163 163 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 163 165 163 164 164 164 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 85 85 84 85 85 84 72 72 123 35 27 33 33 31 52-54 88 114 98 98 96 96 % 37 96 96 23 23 23 222 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Anona species (Anona lauriiolia) Anona triloba — AXOXACE.E Anonymos aquatica Anthomeles (estivali-s A nthomeles Douglasii A nthomeles jlava - Anthoineles glandulosa , .•1 nthomelef rotundifolia Anltiomeles turbinata Ants' Wood Apple, American Crab Apple, Custard Apple Haw Apple, Oregon Crab t Apple. Pond Apple, Seven-year Apple, Southern Crab Arbol de Hierro Arbor-vita; Arbutus laurifolia / Arbutus macrophylla Arbutus Menziesii Arbutus llenziesii (Arbutus Tesana) Arbutus Menziesii (Arbutus Xalapensis) Arbutus procera A i but us Texana ? Arbutus uariens Arbutus Xalapensis ? Arbutus Xalapensis (Arbutus Texana) ArdisiaPickeringia , Aronia arborea Aronia arbutifolia Aronia Botryapium Aronia cordata Aronia ovalis Arrowwood Asagroea spihosa Ash Ash, Black Ash, Blue Ash, Green Ash, Ground Ash, Hoop Ash, Mountain (Pyrns Americana) A sh, Mountain (Pyrus sambucifolia) Ash, Oregon Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Americanum) . . . Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis) Ash, Bed Ash, Sea Ash, Wafer Ash, Water Ash, White Ash, 'fellow Ash-leaved Maple Asimina campaniflora Asimina triloba T. Aspen ' Asp, Quaking A vicennia nitida Avicennia oblongifolia A vicennia tommtota Bald Cypress Balm of Gilead Balm of Gilead Fir Balsam ( Abies Fraseri) Balsam (Abies aubalpina) Balsam (Populns balsamifera) . Balsam Cottonwood Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) . . Balsam Fir (Abies concolor)... Balsam, She Banana. Mexican II. Page. 23 23 23 124 82 75 82 82 77 82 103 72 23 82 73 23 95 72 56 176 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 100 84 83 84 84 85 38 55 107 111 111 109 111 111 73 74 111 29 30 109 30 31 110 107 57 51 23 23 171 171 117 117 117 184 173 211 210 211 173 174 211 213 210 219 Bartram's Oak Basket Oak Basswood Basswood, White Bastard Cedar Bastard Pine . Jlatodendron arboreutn Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca baccata) Bayonet, Spanish (Tucca canaliculate) Bayonet, Spanish (Tucca elata) Bay, Bull Bay, Loblolly Bay, Red Bay, Rose Bay, Sweet Bay, Tan Page. 153 , 141 27 28 176 202 96 219 218 219 19 25 118 99 20 26 20 136 120 115 41 41 20 158 159 159 129 117 27 90 159 160 160 160 160 ICO 159 160 159 160 161 160 162 160 182 161 160 164 161 162 159 161 161 161 162 160 160 160 158 159- 159 161 160 164 164 164 162- 164 , 164 BETULACE.E 159-165 Big-bud Hickory 134 Big Cottonwood I75 Big Laurel Big Shell-bark 133 Big Tree '. • 184 Bay, White Bay berry Bay Tree, California Bean Tree Bearberry Bearwodd Beaver Tree Beech Beecb, Blue Beech, Water (Carpinus Caroliniana) Beech, Water (Platanus occidentalis) Beef wood Bee Tree Benthamidia florida Betula acuminata Betula alba, subspecies commutata Betula alba, subspecies occidentalis typica Betv.la alba, subspecies papyrifera Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. communis. Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. cordifolia.. lietula alba, subspecies populifolia Betula alba, var. papyrifera Betula alba, var. populifolia Betula alba, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) . . . Betula angulata Betula Canadengis Betula carpinifolia - Betula cordifolia Betula ezM&a.JBetnla lenta) Betula excelsa (Betula lutea) Betula grandis Betula incana Betula lanulosa Betula lenta Betula lenta (Betula alba, var. populifolia) Betula lenta (Betula lutea) Betnlalntea Betula nigra Betulanigra (Betula lenta) Betulanigra (Betnla papyrifera) Betula occideutalis Betula occidentalis (Betula papyrifera) Betula papyracea Betnla papyrifera Betu la populifolia - fielularubra (Betula nigra) Betula rubra (Betula papyrifera) Betula rugosa - Betula serrulata . 1 Betula-Alnus glauca Betula-Alnus maritima ? Betvla-Alnus rubra ..- - Betula-Alnus, var. 0 incana. INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 223 Bigelovia acuminata . Bignonia Catalpa Biynonia Unearis BlGNOXIACE* Page. 112 115 116 115,116 86 162 160 160 162 159 161 162 159 160 161 161 162 33 159 160 161 200 135 136 165 164 Ill 162 160 116 68 174 174 184 92 94 134 134 39 151 150 151 ,. 215 59 65 117 146 149 148 149 , 105 193 195 97 203 49 79 '117 131 170 166 "7 Ill 159 153 41 , 143 205 40 128 BOIiKARIXACKJi 113, 114 Horya acuminata, 112 fiorya litjustrina .. 112 Jlorya nitida 112 Bottom Shell-bark 133 Hilsted Birch, Black (Betula lenta) Birch, Black (Betula occidentalis) r.iirh, Canoe Uireh, Cherry Birch, Gray (Betula alba, var. populifolia) . . Birch, Gray (Betula lutea) Birch, Mahogany .Birch, Old-field Birch, Paper Birch, Red Birch. River Birch , Sweet Birch, West Imliau Birch, White (Betula alba, var. populifolia). Birch, White (Betula papyrifera) Birch, Yellow Bishop's Pine Hitter Nut Bitter Pecan Black Alder (Alnus incana) • Black Alder (Alnus scrrulata) Black Ash Black Birch (Betnla lenta) Black Birch (Betnla occidentalis) Black Calabash Tree Black Cherry, Wild Black Cottonwood (Popnlus angustifolia) — Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) . . . Black Cypress Black Guru Black Haw Black Hickory (Carya porcina) Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa) Black Ironwood Black Jack (Quercus Catesbasi) Black Jack (Quercus nigra) Black Jack, Forked-leaf Black Larch Black Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) Black Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia) Black Mangrove Black Oak (Quprcus Emoryi) Black Oak (Quercns Kelloggii) Black Oak (Quercus rubra) Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria) Black Persimmon Black Pine (Finns Jeffreyi) Black Pine (Pinus Murrayana) Black Sloe Blade Spruce Black Su • Maple . Black Thorn -. Black Tree i:!ack Walnut •. Black Willow (Salix flavescens, var. Sceuleriana) . Black Willow (Salix nigra) Blackwood Bine Ash Blue Beech Blue Jack Blue Myrtle Blue Oak Blue Spruce Blue wood Bois d'Arc... Bourreria Havaneusis Bourreria Havanensis, var. radula Bourreria ovata Bourreria radula Bourreria recurva Bourreria tomentosa Bourreria tomentosa, var. Havanensis . Box Elder (Negundo aceroides) Box Elder (Negundo Californicum) Boxwood (Cornus florida) Boxwood (Scha:fferia frutescens) Brahea dulcis ? Brahea filamentosa Brickley Thatch Brittle! Thatch Broad-leaved Maple Broussonetia secundijlora Broussonetia tinctoria Brown Hickory Bucida Buceras Buckeye, California Buckeye, Fetid Buckeye, Ohio Buckeye, Spanish Buckeye, Sweet Buckthorn, Southern Buckwheat Tree Bull ullBay. Page. 114 114 114 114 114 114 114 51 51 91 '. 39 217 217 218 218 47 57 128 134 87 44 42 42 44 43 103 38 19 134 193 200 193 195 103 102 101 103 102 101 102 102 102 103 102 101 103 102 101 103 103 103 101 , 101 69 102 101 102 54 38 140 32 32 BURSEEACE.E 32,33 101 BnllNnt Bull Pine (Pinus Jeffrey!) Bull Pine (Pinus mitis) Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Bnll Pine (Pinus Sabiniana) Bum elia ancjitstifolia Bumelia arborea Bumelia chrysophylloidei Bumelia cuneata Bumelia ferruginea Bumelia foetidissima Bnmelia lanuginosa Bumelia lanuginosa, var. macroearpa.. Bumelia lycioides Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatum Bumelia macroearpa Bumelia Mastichodendron Bltmelia myrsinifolia / Bumelia oblongifolia Bumelia pallida Bumelia parvifolia Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia cuneata) . . Bumelia reclinata (Bnmelia lycioides) . ? Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) ... Bnmelia salicifolia ? Bumelia serrata Bumelia spinosa Bumelia tenax Bumelia tomentosa Bumwood Burning Bush Burr Oak :... Bursera acuminata Bursera gummifera . Bustic . Butternut Button-hall Tree Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta) Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis) Buttonwood (Platanus racemosa) Buttonwood, White • Byrsonima lucida C. Caballeria coriacea Cabbage Palmetto Cabbage Tree 217 130 129 87 129 129 87 28 224 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. CACTACRSS ............................................................... 89,90 Cactus, Giant ............................................................ 90 Cagiput ................................................................. 120 Calabash Tree, Black ................................................... 116 Calico Bush ............................................................. 98 Calicowood ............................................ . ................. 106 California Bay Tree ..................................................... 120 California Buckeye ........ . .......................... - .................. 44 California Holly ......................................................... 84 California Laurel ........................................................ 120 California Nutmeg ...... '. ................................................ 186 California Olive ......................................................... 120 Calothyrsus Califomica ............................... — ................ 43 Calyptranthes Chytraculia ............................ . ................. 88 Canada Plum ............................................................ 65 •Canella alba ............................................................. 24 Canella laurifolia ........................................................ 24 Canella Winterana ...................................................... 24 CANELLACE.E ............................................................ 24 Canoe Birch ............................................................. 160 Canoe Cedar ............................................................. 177 Canotia holocanthtt ...................................................... 32 •CAPPAIUDACE.S .......................................................... 24 Capparis Sreynia ......................................................... 24 Capparis cynophyUophora ...................................... • — ..... .. 24 Capparis emarginata ..................... . .............. - ............... 24 Capparis Jamaicensis .................................................... 24 Capparis siliquosa ......................... . . ....... . ....... ---- ••- ...... 24 Capparis torulosa ......................... .... ------- ------ ..... ......... 24 Capparis uncinata ................. .. ------- .......... •- .............. — 24 CAPRIFOLIACE.E ......................................................... 93,94 •Cardiolepis obtusa ....................................................... 41 Carolina Poplar ......................................................... 175 Carpinus Americana ............. .. ........ -. ---------------- ........... 158 Carpinus Setulns Virginiana ............................................ 158 CarpiuusCaroliniana ................... ---- ......... ----- ............... 158 Carpinus Ostrya ......................................................... 158 Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana ........................................ 158 Carpinug trijlora .................... . - ....... ------ ...................... 158 Carpinus Virginiana .................................................... 158 Caryaalba ............................................................... 132 Carya alba (Carya tomentosa) ........................................... 134 Carya amara ... .......................................................... 135 Carya amara, var. myristic&formit ................... ----- . ............. 135 Carya amara, var. poreina .............................................. 134 Carya angustifolia ................ - .................... . ............... -• 132 Carya aquatica .......... ------- ............. . ........................... 135 Carya cathartica .......... . ...... ----- ............ . ................ - ..... 130 Carya cordiformis ....................................................... 133 Carya glabra ............................................................ 134 Carya Illinoentif .................................. • ..................... 132 Carya integrtfolia ................... . ......... - ..... ------ ............... 135 •Carya microcarpa ........................ .- ...... . ................... — 133 Carya myristicseformls .................................................. 135 Carya olivarformis ....................................................... 132 Carya poreina ........... ------ ............. ------------- .............. -- 134 •Carya sulcata ........................................................... 133 .'Carya tetraptera ........................................................ 132 Carya tomentosa ........................................................ 133 Carya tomentosa, var. maxima .......................................... 134 Caryotaxus Myristica .................................................... 186 Caryotaxus taxifolia ............... ______ ............. — ..... . ....... — 186 Cassada .................................................................. 101 Cassena Casting Caroliniana •Cassine Peragua Cassine ramulosa ........ . ...... . •Castanea alnifolia Castanea Americana Castanea chrysophylla Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor Castanea nana Castanea pumila Casta~iea sempervirens SJastanea vesca (Castanea pumila) 36 36 36 36 *156 157 156 156 156 156 156 156 Castanea vesca (Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana). Castanea vesca, var. Americana Cast:mc» vulgaris, var. Americana Castanopsis chrysophylla Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. minor Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. pumila Catalpn . . . Cutaljm biguonioides Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa speeiosa) Catalpa communig Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa bignonioides) . . . Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa speeiosa) Catalpa speeiosa Catalpa syringcefolia Catalpa, Western Catawba Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) Cat's Claw ( Acacia \Vrightii) Cat's Claw (Pithecolobium Unguis-oati) Ceanothus ferreus Ceanothus losvigatus Ceanothus reclinatus Ceanot hus thyrsiflorus Cedar, Bastard Cedar, Canoe -•- . Cedar Elm Cedar, Incense Cedar, Oregon CedarPine Cedar, Port Orford Cedar, Post Cedar, Red ( Juniperus Virginiana) Cedar, Red (Thuya gigantea) Cedar, Stinking (Torreya Califomica) Cedar, Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) . Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis sphseroidea) . . Cedar, White fLibocedrus decnrrens) Cedar, White (Thuya occidentalis) Cedrus Makogoni CKLASTRACExE Celtis alba Cellis Audibertiana Celtis Audibertiana, var. oblongata- Celtis Audibertiana, var. ovata Celtis Serlandieri , Celtis brevipes Celtis canina Celtis eordata Oeltis crassifolia Celtis crassifolia, var. eucalypti/olia Cellis crassifolia, var. morifolia Celtis crassifolia, var. tttice/olia Celtis Douglasii Celtis Floridiana Celtis fuscata Celtis heterophytta Celtis integrifolia Celtis Icevigata Celtis lAndheimeri . Page. 157 157 157 156 156 156 115 115 115 115 115 115 115. 115 115 115 n 63 64 39 39 41 41 170 177 122 176 179 201 179 176 182 177 186 186 179 178 176 176 125 126 126 126 126 126 125 125 125 125 125 ..* 125 126 125 125 125 125 125 126 Celtis longi folia 125 Celtis maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev.) 125 Celtis maritima (in New Fl. and Bot.) 125 Celtis Mississippiemis 125 Celtis morifolia I25 Celti* obliqua 125 Celtis occidentalis I25 Celtis occidentalis, var. eordata 125 Celtis occiden talis, var. crassifolia 126 Celtis occidentalis, var. grandidentata I25 Celtis occidentalis, var. integrifolia 125 Cellis occidentalis, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis) 126 ? Celtis occidental!*, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis var. reticulata) 126 Celtis occiden talis, var. rt-ticulata I28 Celtis occidental! x, var. gcabriuscida 125 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 225 Page. , 125 125 125 125 126 125 125 126 65 66 68 68 69 66 69 «7 67 67 65 70 67 65 66 66 69 68 70 67 68 60 61 61 61 61 61 61 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 89 105 Chamcecyparis Boursierii (Chamfecyparis Lawsoniana) 178 Chamcecyparis Boursierii (Juniperus occidentalis) 181 Chamtfcyparif excelsa 178 Chama>cyparis Lawsoniana 178 Chaimecyparis Nutkaensis 178 Chamcecyparis Nutkaensis, var. glauca 178 Chaw "'niparis NvAkanus. . 178 Chaimecyparis spha;roidea 177 Chama'rops Palmetto 217 Cheiranthodendron Cali/ornicum 26 Chorrv Cfltit occidentalis, var. serrulata - . Celtis occidentalis, var. tenuifolia Celtis patula Celtis putnila Celtis r&teulata Ocltis salicifolia Celtis tenuifolia Celtis Texana Cerasus Americana Ceraftus borealis Cerasus Capollin Cerasus Capuli C<'ra^'-is Caroliniana Ccrasus Chicasa Cerasus demissa Cerasus emarginata Oerasus erecta Cerasus glandulosa Cerasus hiemalis Cerasus ilicifolia Cerasus mollis Cerasus nigra Cerasus Pennsylvanica t Cerasus persicifolia Cerasus serotina (Prnmis demissa) Cerasus serotina (Pruuus serotina) Cerasus tpheerocarpa Cerasus umbellata Cerams Virijiniana Gercidium floridum Cercis Canadensis Oercis Canadensis, var. pubescent Cercis occidentalis Oercis occidentalis, var Cercis occidentalis, var. Textnsis Ct-reu roniformis Cercocarpus betukefolius Cercocarpus bctuloidex Cercoearpus brevijoliut Cercocarpus intricatus Cercocarpus ledifolius CercooazpnB ledifulius, var. intricatus Ceroooarpna parvifolius Curcocarpua parvifolius, var. glaber Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. pancidentatus. Cerous gigauteus Chapote Cherry Birch . . Cherry, Indian . Cherry, May. . . Cherry, Pigeon Cherry, Pin Cherry, Rum Cherry, Wild (Prunus Capuli) Cherry, Wild (Pranus demissa) Cherry, Wild Black Cherry, Wild Red Chestnut '. Chestnut Oak (Quercns densiflora) Chestnut Oak (Qnercus prinoides) . Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus) : . . Chestnut Oak, Rock ;. Chickasavr Plum Cfi (7«r'S/.v fthttinosa 1-") FOR 100 162 40 84 CO 68 66 157 155 143 142 142 66 116 Page. 116 116 60 44 156 156 143 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 52 72 64 65 65 100 100 100 100 100 100 115 95 95 95 24 24 116 57 57 56 123 38 25 25 147 117 118 117 118 118 118 76 65 58 58 41 87 39 46 COXIFERJI 176-216 Conocarpus acutifolia 87 Conocarpns erecta 87 Conocarpus erecta, var. procumbent 87 Conocarpus procumbent '. 87 Conocarpus racemosa 87 Coral Sumach 54 Cordia Boissieri 114 Cordia Floridana 114 ? Cordia juglandif olid 113 Cordi.i Sebestena us Cordia speciosft H3 Cork Elm 123 Corkwood 117 CORXACE^E 90-93 Cornus alterna go Cornus alternifolia 00 Chilopsis linearis Chilopsis saligna Chimanthus amygdalinus China, Wild... Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) Chinquapin (Caatanopsis chrysophylla) . . ,Chiuquapiu Oak Chionanthus angustifolia Cltionanthus heterophylla Gliionanth us lonyijolia, Chionanthun viarilima Chionantltux inontana C'hiona,ithi/s Irijida Chlonantbna Vir^inir,;! Chionantlntx ) ir:;inica, var. angustifolia . ChionanUiutt Virginica, var. latifolia ChionanthuH Yiryntica,var. maritima Chionanthvx Yirginica, var. montana (.' I lilt :i in wood Chloromelca gcwperrirens ChryHobalanus leaeo Chrysobalanus Icaco, var. pelloearpa Chrysobalanu.i pelloearpa ChryRopftyllum Jlarbasco Chrysophyllum Caneto, p ChriiKophyllum ferrugineum Chrysophyllvni micropltyllum GhrtiSf'phyUum tiionopyrenum Chrysophyllum oliviforme Cigar Tree Cinchona Caribcea Cinchona Caroliniana Cinchona Jamaicensis Cinnamon Bark Cinnamon, Wild Citharexylum villosum Cladraetis lutea Cladrastis tinctoria Clammy Locust Cliff Elm... Cliftonia ligustrina Clusia flava Clusia rosea Coast Live Oak Coccoloba Floridana Coccoloba Loeganewit Coccoloba parvtfolia Coccoloba uvifera Coccoloba uvifera, var. Lceganensis. Coccoloba nvifera, var. ovalifolia Cockspur Thorn Cocoa Plum Coffee Nut Coffee Tree, Kentucky Colubrina recliuata COMBRETACEJE , Condalia ierrea Condalia obovata 22(5 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. 90 01 01 217 52 52 93 175 Conins florida Cornus florida (Cornus Nuttallii) Cornus Nuttallii Corypha Palmetto Cotinu* Americanus — Cotinus coggygria , - Cotton Gum Cottonwood (Populus Fremontii) Cottonwood ( Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni) 175 Cottonwood (Populua monilifera) 175 Cottonwood, Balsam 174 Cottonwood, liig • - 175 Cottonwood, Black (Populus angustifolia) 174 Cottouwood, Black (Populus trichocarpa) •- 174 Cottonwood, River 172 Cottonwood, Swamp 172 Cottonwood, White 175 Cow Oak 141 Crab, American - - - 7 2 Crab Apple, American Crab Apple, Oregon - • Crab Apple, Southern Crab, Sweet-scented Crabwood - Crategus sestivalis Crategns apiifolia - Crategus arborescens Oratcegus arbutifolia •-- Crategns berberifolia Cratcegus Sosciana Crategus brachyacantha Cratcegus Caroliniana — Crategus cocciuea Cratfegus coccinea (Crategus tomentosa) Oratcegus coccinea, var. cordata -. Cratfetjas coccinea, var. mollis - Crategus cocciuea var. oligaudra Crategns coccinea, var. popnlifolia - Cratferjus coccinea, var. typica Crategns coecinea, var. viridis 1 Oratcegus coccinea, var. viridis (Crategus tomentosa) Crategus cordata Cratcegus coronaria — Oratcegus Coursetiana Crategus Crus-galli Cratcegus Crus-galli (Cratsegns coccinea) Oratcegus Crus-galli (Crategus tomentosa, var. pnnctata) Crategus Crus-galli, var. linearis Crategus Crus-galli, var. ovalifolia Crategus Crus-galli, var. prunifolia Crategus Crns-galli, var. pyracanthifolia - Crataegus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia (Crategns arborescens) Oratcegus Cruj-galK.vaT.saKcifolia Cratcegus Crus-galli, var. splendent Cratcegus cuneifolia - Cratgegus Douglasii Cratfegus elliptica (Crategus restivalis) Cratcegus elliptica (Crategns flava, var. pnbescens) Crategns flava Cratcegus flava (Crategus flava, var. pnbescens) Cratcegus flava (Crategus tomentosa) >- Cratfegus flava (Crategus tomentosa, var. pnnctata) Cratcegus flava, var. lobata Crategus flava, var. pubescens ? Oratcegus flexuosa Cratcegus glandulosa (Crategus coccinea) 1 Oratcegus glandulosa (Crategus Douglasii) Cratctgut glandulosa, (Crategns flava) Cralcegus glandulosa (Crategns flava, var. pnbescens) Cratfegus glandulosa, var. macracantha Oratcegus glandulosa, var. rotundifolia Cratfegus latifolia (Craticgus tomentosa) Cratfegus latifolia (Crategxis tomentosa, var. pnnctata) Cratcegus leucocephalua Cratcegus leucophlceos .... Cratcegus linearis Crattiyut lobata (Crataegus flava) Cratffijus Inlata (Ci'attegns tomentosa) Gratcrgus lucir/a (Cratagus sestivaljs) . . Cratcrgtis lucida (Crataegus Crus-galli). Cratfftjug inacracantha Cratcegus MicJtauxii Cratifflus microcarpa , Cratcegus mollis Cratirgus obocatij'olia. Cratd-ifus opaca Crufn 'ivs <-i-s. I'oriduous 184 Cypress, Lawson'a 179 Cypress, Monterey 179 Cypress, lied 184 Cypresa, Sitka 178 Cypress, White : 184 Cypress, Yellow 178 CYUII.LACE.E 37,38 Cyrilla Caroliniana 37 Cyrilla fuscata 37 Cyrilla paniculata 100 ( ';/ 1- ilia pa rvifolia ; 37 Cyrilla polystacKia 37 Cyrilla racemiflora 37 Cyrilla racemosa 37 Drypetes iesgiliflora . Duck Oak Dwarf Maple I) war!' Sumach Page. 120 152 48 53 E. EBENACK.K .............................................................. 104,105 Dalioon Dahoon Holly Dalea apinosa Darling Plum Datinca hirta Deciduous C\ press Dermatophyllutn speciosum Desert Willow Devilwood Diamond Willow Digger Pino Dilly, Wild DiospyroK angustifolia Diospyros calycina Di imp if rod ciliata Dio~pyr Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinns viridis) 109 Frajiniii Carolinennis 107 Fraxinus riurrea 112 Fraxinus coriacea (Fraxmus Americana, var. Texensis) 108 fraxinus coriacea (Fraxinus pistaciffifolia) 106 Fi-'ij iintx crispa Ill Fraxinus Curtixsii 108 Fraxinus curvidcns 110 Fraxiiiiis « uspHhita. • ng Fraxinus dijjetala 112 Framnutt discolor _ 107 l:'ruxiuus elliptica , 112 Fraxinus epiptera 107 Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus expansa Fraximis fusca Fraxinus grandifolia Fraxinus Greggii ? Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus Americana). Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis) 1 Fraxmus juglandifolia, var. serrata Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subintegerrima / Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subserrata Fraxinun lancea Fraxinus longifolia Fraxinua mixta Fraxinus ncrvosa Fraxinus iii^ru Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubescens) Fraximis nigra (Fraxinus sambucifolia) Fraxinus nigrescent Fraxinus Nora?.Anglia> (Fraxinus sambucifolia) Fraxinus Nova-Anglice (Fraxinus viriois) Fraxinus Nuttallii Fraxinus oblongocarpa Fraxinus Oregana '. Fraxinus ovata Fraxinus pattida Fraxinus pannosa Fraxinus pauci flora Fraxinus J'ennsylranica Fraxiuus pistacisefolia Fraxinus pistaciffifolia (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis). Fraxinus pistacicefolia, var. coriacea Fraxinus platycarpa Fraxiuus juibescens Fraximis pubescens Fraxinus pubescens, var Fraxinus pubescens, var. latifolia Fraxinus pubescens, var. longifolia Fraxinus pubescens, var. subpubescens Fraxinus imlveralenta Fraxinus quadrangularis Fraximm quadrangnlata Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nervosa Fraxinus P.ichardi Fraxinus rubicunda Fraxinus rufa Fraxinus sambucifolia Fraxinus sambucifolia, var. cnspa Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. panifolia Fraxinus subvillosa Fraxinus tetragona , Fraxinus tomentosa Fraxinus trialata Fraxinus triptera Fraxinus velutina Fraxiuus viridis », Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana Fremontia Californica Frigolito Fringe Tree O. Gardenia clusicefolia GeigerTreo Genipa clusisefoHa Georgia Dark Georgia Pine Giant Cactus Gigantabics taxifolia 'nbiat Wellingtonia. Ginger Pine Glamberry Glaucous Willow Gleditschia aquatica Gleditschia bracJiycarpa . . Gleditschia Carolinensis . . Gleditschia elegant Page. 110 108 112 HI 106 107 109 107 109 107 107 108 112 110 112 108 111 110 111 109 110 108 111 112 110 112 110 108 106 108 106 110 108 110 111 108 108 108 112 110 110 110 112 112 112 111 111 106 108 110 108 109 110 106 109 109 26 58 113 95 113 95 95 202 90 185 :s4 179 28 169 59 59 59 59 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 229 Glfditgchift inermis (Gleditschia monosperma) t:lrilii*c>iiit inn-win (Gleditschiu triacanthos, var. inonnis) • ''•/ in acrantha ...................... Glcdltuclna lleliloba, Qleditachia monoopenna iiosa fili-intacliiii tfificanlha ........................... .. ........ ( ;'.rM> I'not Maple ( Hij.lii r i'lum ................................... . Page. 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 40 91 rv.-c.ud 57 Gordon ia l-'ra ntlini 25 l Hirclimia Lasiauthus 25 Gordon ia pubescens T 25 .niiiiiilalit 25 Grape, Sea 118 cli.ty Birch (Betula alba, var. populifolia) 159 Gray Birch (Botula lutea) 101 Gr.i\ nine 201 Gnat Lailivl 99 ( 1 1 , en A sh 109 (,i ;'cii-baik Acacia 60 Ground Ash Ill (.''. amcc-iw angnstifolium 29 <;:i:. iaeuin sanctum 28 sus flava, far. pubescens) Haw, Ycllmv Haz.-l, Witch Hemlock (Pseudotsu fflfi.ns oualis 36 J i"tlans ovata 30 :;<; Julians vorcina - .. 36 Juglans porcina, var. obcordata 34 Jifflans porcina, var. pis-iformis 132 Juglans pyrifonnis 176 115 Juglans rupestria '. 40 127 64 I S G d 64 64 Juneberry 64 Juniper (Juniperus Californica) 64 Juniper {Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis) 45 Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) 128 Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens) 139 Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma) 103 Juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea) Ironwood (Car inna Caroliniana) 159 Iro wood Clifto ia li tri 38 Ironwood CvrilH raceminora) Ironwood (H • elite mictdata) 56 158 39 39 45 Islay 70 Itca CyriUa 37 Juniperus fcetida, var. Virginiana Iw 98 Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus occidentalis) .1. 151 Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica) 150 Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica, var, TJtahensis) 153 151 Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma Jark Oak 153 Juniperus occidentalis, var. Vtahentis 57 Juniperu-9 plochj/derm a Juniperus pyriformis Juniperus Sabina pachyphlcea Juniperus &abina, var. Virginiana Juniperus tetragona (Juniperus Californica) Juniperus tetragona, var. osteosperma Jnninerus Vir"iniana .. 133 " Juniperus Virginiana, var. Caroliniana mJuninerus Virainiana. var. Hermanni Juniperus Virginiana vulgaris Juliana alba minima 135 K. Juglans alba ovata 132 Juglans amara Juglans angustifolia (Carya amara) ... 135 135 Kampvnania fraxinifolia Kentucky Coflfeo Tree . . . INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 231 King Nut Kuuckaw.iv Knob -cone I'iuo. I.. Lftcttllit'a florida . . Laguncularia glabrifolia Lituuucularia racemosa I,;ino-\voo.l Larch Larch , Black Largo-leaved Cucumber Tree Larix Americana ......... Larix Americana rubra Larix A Hii-riraiiit, var. brevifolia Larix Autericaiui, vnr.. pendula Larix A tnericana, var. prol\fera Larix decidua, var. Americana Larix intermedia Liirix Lyallil i.iicrocarpa I a rix oecideutalis Larix pendula /."/ /.r tenui/olia Laurel ................................ Laiirc 1, r.ig .................. ......... Laurel, California ..................... Laurel, Great ......................... Laurel, Mountain ................... .. Laurel Oal; (Quercus imbricaria) ..... Laurel Oak (Quereus laurifolia) ....... Laurel, Swamp ................... ---- Laurel, White ........................ Laurocerasim Caroliniana ............ Lauroccrasus ilicifolia ................ Laurus llorbonia ..................... Laurus Caroliniana ............. _____ Launt* f'arolinensis ................. . Laurus Cnrolineti9is,vaTrglabra ..... Laurus Carolinensis, var. obtusa ...... Latirns Carolinensis, vsa:. pubescent . - Lftunifi Catesb&i ..................... Laurus Catestyana .................. Laurus reyia ........................ Laurus sanguinea ................... Laitrns Sassafras .................... La wson's Cypress .................... Leaf, Sweet. ......................... LlCGUMIXO&E ......................... Lcptocarpa Caroliniana ............ .. Lencama glauca .................. ____ Leucrena pulverulenta ............... Leverwood ......................... . Libocedrus decurrens ................ Lignum-vitro ................... _____ LILIACE.E ........................... Lime, Ogeechee ...................... Lime Tree ........................... Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) . Lime, Wild (Ximeiiia Americana) . . . Lin... Page. 134 114 1% 25 87 87 119 215 215 21 93 215 215 216 215 215 215 215 216 215 216 215 215 118-120 98 19 120 99 120 154 153 20 20 69 70 118 118 118 118 118 119 119 119 120 119 119 179 105 55-64 Linden, American , Liquidainbar macrophylla Liquulambar Styraciflua Liquidambar Styraciflua, var. Mexicana. Liquidaiuber Liriodendron procera Liiiodendron Tulipifera Live. Oak (Quercna chrysolepis) Live Oak (Quercus virenB) Live Oak (Quercus Wislizeni) Live Oak, Coast Loblolly Bay 62 63 158 176 28 218, 219 91 27 31 34 27 27 86 86 22 22 146 145 147 147 25 Loblolly Pino Locnst (Robinia Neo-Mexicana) Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia) Locust, Black (Gleditscbia triacanthos) . Locnst, Black (Robicia Pseudacacia) — Locust, Clammy Locust, Honey (Gleditschia triacanthos). Locust. Hunry (Prosopisjuliflora) Locn-t, Sweet l,oi ii ~t, Water Loci!- 1, Yellow Li«l jje-pole Pine Logwood Lon ".-.leaved Cucumber Tree Lea ved Pino Lyoni a a rborea Lyonia ferrittjinca, Lyonia rigida Lyiriloma. Jlahamensis Lysiloma latisiliqua M. Maclura aurantiaca Madeira ' Madroua Magnolia acurainata Magnolia avricularie Magnolia auriculata Majmolia cordata Magnolia De Candollii Magnolia fragrans Magnolia Fraseri Magnolia glauca Magnolia glauca, var. latifolia Magnolia glauca, var. longtyolia Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia grandiflora, var. elliptica and obovata. Magnolia grandifiora, var. lanceolata Magnolia longifolia Miigniilia macrophylla Magnolia, Mountain Magnolia pyramidata Magnolia tripetala Magnolia Umbrella Magnolia Virginiana, var. a.glauca Magnolia Virginiana, var. p,fcetida Magnolia Virginiana, var. « Magnolia Virffiniana, var. tripetala Ptge. 197 56 55 59 55 56 59 62 59 60 f,fi 195 40 2L> 202 64 84 128 34 97 20 22 22 20 20 20 22 19 20 20 19 i 19 19 20 21 20 22 21 21 20 19 20 21 MAGSOLIACKJE 19-22 34 16S 71 , 71 28 28 72 72 73 72 73 72 73 121 54 121 87 117 87 .11 49 47 48 48 48 46 Mahogany Mahogany Birch Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpns ledifolins) . . Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpns parvifolins) . MALPIGHIACEJE Malpighia lucida Malus angustifolia Malus coronaria- Malus diversTfolia Ualui microcarpa coronaria Malui rimlarii Malus sempervirens Malus sutcordata Manchineel Manchineel, Mountain Mancinella renenata Mangrove Mangrove, Black Mangrove, White Maple, Ash-leaved Maple, Black Sugar Maple, Broad-leaved Maple, Dwarf Maple, Groose-foot Maple, Hard Maple, Mountain '. 232 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Maple, Red Maple, Rock Maple, Silver Maple, Soft (Acer dasycarpum) Mnplu, Soft (Acer rnbrum) Maple, Striped Maple, Sugar ilnplo, Swamp M:iplo, Vine Maple, Water Maple, White Marlberry Mastic Maul Oak May Cherry May Haw Meadow Pine Page. 50 48 49 49 50 46 48 50 47 50 49 100 101 140 84 82 202 MELIACE.* 33,34 llelicvcca paniculala 45 Itelilolnis lieterophylla 59 Mespilvs acerifolia 80 Mespiluf cestivalis 1 . 82 Mespilus apiifolia 81 ifctpihis arborea 84 Mespilus arbutifolia 83 Mespilus A zarolui 81 Mespilus berberifolia 82 Hespilii* ]>ogc\ana 77 Mespiluf! Calpodendron 79 Mespilus Canadensis 84 Mespilus Canadcnsis, var. cordata 84 Menpilus Canadcnsis, var. obovalis 85 Mespilus Caroliniana 82 Mcspilug eoccinea 77 Mespilus cordata 80 Mespilus cornifolia 80 Mespilus Crus-galli 70 llcspilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia 76 MespiluB Crus-galli, var. salicifolia 76 Mespilus cuneifolia (Crat&gus Crus-galli) 76 Mespilus cuneifolia (Cratsegus tomentosa, var. punctata) £0 .' 3fe spans cuneiformis 76 Jfespilux elliptica (Crataegtis Cms galli) 76 Mespilus elliptica (Cratajgus flava, var. pubescens) 83 Mespihut flabellata 77 Mespilus fiava 82 Mespttu* jlexispina 82 Mespilus glandulosa 77 Mcspilus hiemalis 83 Mcspil'M lalifolia 79 Mespilus linearis 77 Mesp-ilug lobata 79 Mexpilus lucida ^ 76 llfjpihus lucida, var. anguttifolia 77 Mctpilus Michauxit 83 s monogyna, var. apitfolia 81 ui nma 84 Metrpilut odorata 79 Ifcspilus ovalifolia 76 Mespilns Phcenopyrum ^0 itespilus populifolia 78 J/f spihcs pruinosa 79 Metepilux prunellifolw 76 Jf espilus prtmifolia ? 77 3If.spilus pubescens 77 Hespilua punctata 80 Mexpilus pyrtfulia (Cratsegus tomentosa) 79 Mapilvs pyrifolia (Cratffigus tomentosa, var. ponctata) 80 J/'.'.s7>(7cy rotundifolia (Cratasgus eoccinea) 77 Mespilus rotundi/olia (CrataBgue Crns-galli, var. prunifolia) 77 Metrpilitx salicifolia 76 llcipttus spalhulata 81 31 e;.pihtti tilifefolia 78 UcftpiluH turbinata 82 Mespilus viridis 78 Mespilus Watsoniana ? Mespilus Wendlandii Mesquit Mesquit, Screw-pod Jfetopfam Linncei Mexican lianana Mexican Mulberry Mexican Persimmon Michauxia ses&ilig Mimosa biceps Minm.i/tfrondosa MiinoKCt glauca Mimosa Ouadalvpensis , Mimosa latisiliqua , Mimosa leitcocephala , Mimosa rosea , Mimc-aa T'nguis-cati Minnt-sops dissecta , Mimusops Sieberi Mocker Nut Mock Orange Monterey Cypress Monterey Pine Moose Elm Moosewoocl Morns Canadensis (Lamarck and Rafinesqne) .. Morus micropli ylla Jforws Xfissouriensis Mr.ru* parvifolia (Morus microphylla) Morns parvi folia (Moms rubra) Morns reticulata Morus riparia. Morns vnbra Morn a rubra, Tar. Canadensis Morns nibra, var. incua Morusrubra, var. tomentosa Morns scabra Morvs tomentosa Mossy-cup Oak Mountain Ash (Pyrns Americana) Mountain Ash (Pyrus sambucifolia) Mount ain Laurel Mountain Magnolia Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) . . Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus parvifolius) Mountain Manchineel Mountain Maple Mountain Plum Mountain "White Oak Mulberry, Mexican Mulberry, Red Mypmlapallens Nylocaryumligvstrinum Myrica Californica jltyrica Carolinensis Myrira cerifera Myrica cerifera humtiis Myrica cerifera sempervirens " Myrica cerifera, var. angustifolia Myrica cerifera, var. arborescens Myrica cerifera, var. latifolia Myrica cerifera, var. media Myrica cerifera, v&T.pumita Myrica Pennsylvanica Xftlaptmsis Pafie. 76 77 62 82 54 21» 128 105 25 62 62 62 64 64 62 64 «t 103 101 134 70 122 4« 1^7 128 127 128 127 127 127 127 12T 127 127 127 127 »« 7* 78 120 2* 71 71 54 46 34 US 128 128 38 38 137 136 isa .: ISG 136 13« 13« 136 136 136 137 136,137 MYKSIXACEJE 00,100 Myrsine ftoribunda Myrsine Floridana M yr.siiif-, Eapanea MYRTACE^-; 88,89 Myrtle, Blue M yrtl<\ Wax Myrius axillaris Nyrttu buxifolia, 136 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 233 Page. 88 Oak, Chestnut (Quercus Prinus) Pago. 142 88 143 89 147 88 141 89 Oak, Duck 152 N. 42 130 150 154 88 153 94 146 175 145 119 ()jik. Live (Quercus Wislizeni) 147 1 win 119 Oak, Maul 146 ; 51 140 X ° \ '' Md s 50 Oak. Mountain Whife 143 • " ' \T C- I'f i i 51 140 .cgi.n.oae ( „ 51 140 ^ ; crifo-nicain (\e *m anr iloia 93 Oak Water White 140 92 138 92 137 91 138 ... 91 144 93 138 92 144 \Jgsa cocrinca 91 154 92 143 93 149 92 149 91 200 /'na mull i rlora 92 218 92 91 91 42 93 34 92 ' Old-field Birch ... 159 . ... 91 |l m*i.fioi/i T>IT>« 197 93 113 92 113 \> x •« rillosa 92 106-113 O. 153 120 56 70 141 128 O.ik, lilack (Quercus Emoryi) 146 149 70 30 148 . .. 23 149 i Owarnii A sh Ill Oak Blue 143 179 ();ik Burr 140 73 155 209 Oak. Chestnut .'OucTcus nriuoides) .. 143 Orcodavkne Ccdifornica... 120 234 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Oreodoxa oleracea ! Oreodoxa regia O^n^r Or;m ire ( >Mnamlm-< A mericanus Oxtrira Vii-giniana ( t.stiya Virginica O*tr;ia Virfflnicd, var. eglandulosa ... f).ia Virginica, var. glandulosa Over-<*;ip Oak (Quercus lyrata) Over-cup Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) . Ox\ dendrnm urboreum Page. 218 218 128 113 159 158 158 158 140 140 P. Padua cartilaginea 68 Padus demissa 69 J'fuhts scrotina 68 Padus Virginiana 68 Palm, Fan-leaf 217 Palm, Royal 218 Palma argentea 218 I'AT.MACKJE 217,218 Palmetto, Cabbage 217 Palmetto, Silk-top 217 Palmetto, Silver-top 218 Palo Blanco 126 Palo Verde... 60 Papaw Paper Birch Paradise Tree Varldnsonia aculeata Tarkinsonia microphyUa Parkinsonia Torreyana Parsley Haw 1'dsartia dfnsiflora Pavia Califnmica .' Pavia carnea Pavia discolor Pavia flava Pavia glabra Pafia hybrida Paula lutea Pavia neglecta Pavia pallida / JVu't'a Wateoniana Peach Oak (Qnercus densiflora) Peach Oak (Quercus Phellos) Peach, Wild Pear Haw Pecan Pecan , Bitter Pupperidge Pepperwood Pertea Sorbonia Persea Carolinensis Persea Ctirolinentiis, var. glabriu-scula. Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris Perxea Carolinensis, var. pubescens — Pergea Catesbyana Persea Sassafras Persimmon i PiTsimmon, Black Persimmon, Mexican Phcenopyrum acerifolium , Phcenopyrum arborescens Phcenopyrum Carolinianum Pliwnopyruin coccineum Phcenopyrum cordatum Phcenopyrum ellipticum Phcenopyrum populifolium. Ptuznopyrum pruinosum Phanidpyrum spathulatum Phrenopjirum siibvillosum Phcenopyrum Virginicum ? Phtenopyrum viride PJtcenopyrum Wendlandii 23 160 32 60 81 155 43 42 43 43 42 43 43 43 42 42 155 154 70 79 132 136 92 30 118 118 118 119 119 119 119 104 105 105 80 75 82 77 80 82 78 79 81 Photinia arbutifolia P/tottnia nalicifolia 1 'ii-ra alba Piceaamabilit (Abies amabilis) Picea a maljilie (Abies subalpina) Picea balsamea Picea balsamea, var. longifolia Pifea bifolia Picea bractedtd .' I'icea ( 'alifnntu-a Picea Canadeneis J'icca caTulea I'tcra concolor Picea concolor, var. violacea Picea Dotlglasii Picea Engehuanni Pitea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) I'icea I'raneri (Abies Fraaeri) Picea glauca Picea grandis (Abies concolor) I'icea grandis (Abies grandis) Picea laxa Picea Lou'iana Picea 'inagntfica Picea Mcnzienii (Picea pungens) Picea Menzifsii (Picea Sitchensis) Picea nigra Picea nigra, var. glauca Picea nigra, var. rubra Picea nobilis Picea pungens Picea rubra , Picea Sitchensia Pickeringia paniculata Pigeon Cherry Pigeon Plum Pigeonwood , Pig Nut Pilocereus Engelmanni PiuCherry Pin Oak Pinckney a pnbena Pinckneya pubescens Pine, Bastard Pine, Bishop's Pine, Black (Pinus Jeffrey!) Pine, Black (Finns Murrayana) Pine, Bull (.Finns Jeffrey!) Pine, Bull (Pinns mitis) Pino, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) Pine, Bull (Pinus Sabiniana) Pine, Cedar Pine, Digger Pine. Foxtail Pine, Georgia Pine, Ginger Pine, Gray Pine, Hard — Pine, Hickory (Pinns Balfonriana, var. aristata) Pino, Hickory (Pinus pnngens) Pine, Jersey Pine, Knob-cone Pine, Loblolly Pine, Lodge-pole -Pine, Loug-leaved Pine, Meadow Pine, Monterey Pine, Norway Pine, Nut (Pinus cembroides) . — Pine, Xnt (Pinus ednlis) Pine, Nut (Pinus monophylla) Pine, Nut (Pinus Parryana) , Obispo. 78 77 Pine, Old-field . Pine, Oregon . . Page. 83 83 204 213 211 211 211 211 213 208 200 204 212 212 209 203 211 2W 284 212 212 204 212 214 205 206 202 204 203 214 205 203 206 100 68 117 117 134 89 66 152 95 95 202 200 193 195 193 200 193 195 201 195 191 202 179 201 202 191 1119 199 196 197 195 202 202 196 192 190 190 190 189 200 197 200 INDEX TO CATALOCJU-: OK FORKST TREES. 235 Pine. I'itc-h I'nii . Pond Pine. lied ....... Pine. Kosi niai-y. Pine, Sand... 108 ins 201 199 Pint1. Si' rub (Pimis Ranksiana) -<'! Pin*1, Somh (PiniiH clausa) 1!'!* I 'ire. Sn iih (Pinns contorta) 194 I'ine, Scrub (Pinns inops) - - - 199 I ' i no, Short-leaved 200 Pino, Slash 202 Pine, Southern 202 1'inc. S pm. •>• (Pinna clausa) 199 i'iiM-, Spiui-r (Pin us -labra) 201 Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitis) 200 i 'in". Spmro (Pinna Hurrayana) in"> Pine. Sn #i r 188 . Swamp 202 I'ine, Table-mountain !"!> Pinr, \\Y\i,imilh 187 i'ine. White (Pinus flexilis) 188 Pine, White (Pinus glabra) 201 Pino, White (Pinus raonticola) 187 1'iiie. White (Pinus reflexa) 1*9 Pine, White (Pinns Strobus) 1S7 Pine. Yd tow (Pin us Ari/.onica) 102 I'iiT. Y<-!'ow '('inns mitis) 200 I'ino. Yellnw (Pimis pnlustrm) 202 Pino, Yellow (Pin us pouderosa) ... 19;; I'iijon (Pinus edulis) 190 0 i (Pinns mouophylla) ..'. 190 i'iiiim (riuus Par ;y ana) 189 I 'in nit Abifs Americana 206 /'./r'.v A Hi-it Balftamea 211 1'inuv Alien Canadensis 202 Pin'tx advnc'i '.. 190 / 'in mt alba 204 I'inns aLbU'.iulis " 189 ."J/.H* itituthiUx (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinns amabilis (Abies magnifica) ^14 J'inuf (ttnabitis (Abies subalpina) 211 flu i' ft Awricano. 'Pi'-«>a nii,rra) 203 Pint's Americana (TsnpaCanadonsis) 206 J'imts Americana t libra 202 Pintts arisUita 191 T'inns Ariziinica 192 Pinus aitstralift 201 Pinus Baltmiriana 177 191 1'inux r.alfottriana (Pinti.f Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191 Pinus Balfonri.inn, rar. aristata 191 Pi turn l/alsam fa 210 PmftA- balsamea. var. Fraseri 210 Piuiifl I!;inksiana 201 I'imts Jianksiana (Pinns contorta) 194 J^ititx BcardbUyi 193 I 'inn?. Jic-nthamiana 193 J'inus Jfolanderi 194 I 'in KM Tioursieri + 194 Pimm brachyptera 193 I'inns bracteata >. 213 ? Pin UK Calif omica (Pinns insignia) 196 / 'in us California (Pinus tnberculata) 190 Plnns Canadenais (Picea alba) 204 /'* Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) 20G J'imts Canadentds (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207 Pinus n-uibroides 190 Pinus cembroides (Pinus albicaulis) 189 Pinus cembroideg (Pinns edulis) 190 Pinus Chiliualiuana 194 Pimm clansa 199 I'initH cotnmutata 205 -I 'in us concolor 212 Pinus contorta 194 Pimts contorta ( Pinus m nrinata) 199 "ntorta (Finns Mnrrayana). Piwa oontorta, var. Bolanderi ni'irln. var. lati/oha .'iilteri ••iiirjana Pinns Cnbensis /'i'///'\ ('"^(^.s/x, var. terthrocarpa 7'inii* Duvi/liifii. var. bretiibractettta. , 1'iiuia echinata .................... ._ iyariana .................... Finns i-dnlis ' '"int/ii i.ngelmanni (Picea Kn^elmanni). Pinug EnylinKitni il'imts ponderoaa) .. IMnns (lexilis i:* (Finns albicaulis) llix. var. albicaulis PimuJfaeQit, var. macrocarpa rim'* rlexilitt, var. rejlexa- '• xilin, var. scrrulata /'/ ///.v FVowH (Abies Fraseri) /'//M/,V /'/•('->;/•/•/ (Finns rigida) Pinus f iililix ];iln;i Pinus grandits (Abies amabilis) ...v :,-(t)u?!x (Abies concolor) 'irandig (Abies grandis) Pimm Grozelieri Pinux Hudxonica- Ptmiri inops Pinus inops (Pinus contorta) Ptnuaiiwpg (I'inns Murray ana) Pinus ino2?8, var. (Pinus moricata) Pinus inops, var. clausa Pinns insignis /'//"'.v insignis macrocarpa J'itiits inttignis, var. binata Pinus intermedia v Pinus Jeffreyi Pinns Lambertiana Pinus Lambertiana, var. (Pinna flexilis) - Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevifolia Pinus laricina Pinus Laricio, vav. resinosa Pinus Larix /'litttx Larixalba Pin us Larix nigra Pinus Larix rubra j'tintx iasiocarpa (Abies concolor) ? 1 'in us lasincarpa (Abies subalpina) , Pinus Llaceana (Pinus cembroides) , Pinun Llaveana (l*inus Parryana) Pinus Loddigesii Pinus lophospernia Pinua Lowiana Pinus Lyalli Pinus Mariana Pinus macrocarpa Pinutt macrophyUa ? Pinus Menzictrii Ptnu* M'enzicsii, var. crispa... Pinus Mertensiana Pinua microcarpa Pin n s mitis Pinus mitis, var. panpera Pinus monophylla Pinus monticola Pintis mnricata Pimts muricata (Pinus coutorta) Piuns Murrayana Pinus nigra Pinus nobilis. 194 194 194 195 193 202 209 200 199 190 202 20.-, 19S 168 189 189 188 189 188 210 197 190 190 200 .213 212 212 187 201 198 194 194 199 199 196 196 196 215 193 188 188 188. 215 191 216 215 215 215 212 211 190 189 197 192 212 216 202 195 193 206 206 207 215 200 200 190 187 199 194 194 202 214 136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Pinus Nuttallii 216 Firms osteosperma 190 Pinus palustris 201 Pinus Parryana 189 1'ituis Parryana (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Pinu$ Pattoniana (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Pinus Pattoniana (Tsuga Pattoniana) 208 Pinus pendula 215 Pinus ponderosa 192 Films ponderosa, var. Benthamiana 193 Finns ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi 193 Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum 193 Pinus porphyrocirpa 187 Piuus pnngens 199 Pinus radia ta 190 Pinus reflexa 189 Pinus resinosa 191 Pinus resinosa ( Pinus ponderosa) 193 1 Pinus rigida 197 Pinus rigida ? (Pinus insignis) ICO Pinus rigida (Pinus mitis) 200 Pinus rigida, var. serot.ina ing Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203 Pinus nibra {Pinus resinosa} 191 Finns rubra. var. violacea 204 Pinus rupcstris 201 Pinus Sabiniana 195 Pinus Sabiniana Coulteri 195 ! Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa 195 j Pinus serotina 198 Pinus Shasta 1S9 Pinus Sinclairii 196 Pint/H Sitchcnsis 200 IPinii* species (Abies subalpina) 211 Pinus Strobus 187 Pinus Strobus, var. alba 187 1 Pinus Strobus, var. brevifolia : 187. Pinus Strobus, var. compressa 187 Pinus Strobus, var. monticola 187 Pinus Strobus, v:ir. nivea 187 Pinus sylccstris, var. divaricata :... 201 PiDusTicda 197 Finns Tada, var. a ... 197 Pinus Tceda, var. alopecuroidea , A. 198 Pinus Tceda, var. heterophyUa 202 Pinus Tcrda, var. rigida 197 Pinus Tceda, var. tmuifolia 197 Pinus Tttda, var. variabilw 200 Pinus T&da, var. Ft rginiana 198 Finn* taxifolia 209 Pinus tetragona 204 Piuus Torreyana 192 Pinus tuberculata 196 Pinus tuberculata (Pinus insignis) 196 Pinus variabilis 200 Pinus vcnusta 213 Pinus Yirginiana 198 Pinus Yirginiana, var. echinata 200 Piscidia Carthagenmsis 57 Piscidia Erythrina 57 Pisonia aculeata 117 Pisonia obtusata 117 Pistacia Mexicana 54 Pitch Pino 198 Pithec.olobium forfex 64 I Pithecolobium Ouadalupensis 64 Pithecolobium microphyUum 64 Pithecolobium Unguis-cati 64 PJanera aquatica 124 Planera Omelini 124 Planera Kickardi 124 Planera ulmifolia 124 PLATANACE* 129,130 Platanus Calif arnica 129 Platanus hybridas 129 | Page. Platanus lobata ........................... . ................. . ............ 12* Platanus Mexicana (Platanus racemosa) ................................. 129 Platanus Mexicana (Platanus Wrightii) ................................. 130 Platanus occidcntalis ........................ _____ ....................... 120 Platanus occidentalis (Platanus racemosa) ................................ 129 PlataimH racemosa ..... . ........ . ...... . ............ ___ ................. 129 Platanus racemosa (Platanus Wrightii) .................................. 130 Platanus vulgaris, var. angulosa ......................................... 129 Platanus AVrightii ....................................................... 130 Plum, Canada .............................................. . ............. 65 Plum, Chickasaw ........................................................ 6G Plum, Cocoa ............................................................. 65 Plum, Darling ............... . ........................................... 39 Plum, Downward ........................................................ 103 Plum, Gopher ........................................................... 91 Plum, Guiana ............................................................ 121 Phnu, Ho^ (Primus angustifolia) ........................................ GC Plum, Hog (Rhua Metopinm) ............................................ 54 Plum, Hog (Ximenia Americana) ........................................ 34 Plum, Horse ........................................................... .. 65 Plum, Mountain ......................................................... 34 I'liini. Pigeon ............................................................ 117 Plum, Saffron ..................................................... ....... 103 Plum. Wild .............................................................. 65 Poison Elder .............. . .............................................. 54 Poisun Sumach ......................................................... 54 Poisonwood (Rhus Metopium) .......................................... 54 Poisonwood (Sebastiania lucida) ......................................... 121 1?OI.YGONACE.£ ........................................................... 117,118 Polygon am uvifera ................................... . ..... . ............ 118 Pond Apple ................................. - ............................ Pond Pine ............................................................... 198 172 Poplar 175 173 175 175 174 174 172 Poplar, Carolina Poplar, Necklace Poplar, Yellow Pojinlus acladesca Populug angulata Populus angulosa — Populus augustifolia Populus angustifolia (Populus trichocarpa) Populus argentea — Populus Atheniensis 1" Populus balsamifera Populus balsamifera (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174 Populus balsam if era lanceolata 173 Populus balsamifera, var 174 Populus balsamifera, var. angustifolia 174 Populus balsamifera, var. i California 174 Populu s balsamifera. var. candicans Populus balsamifera, var. genuina 173 Populus Canadensis (Populus balsamifera, var. candicans) 173 Populus Canadensis (Popnlus monilifera) Populus Canadensis, var. anguMfolia — Populvs candicans Populus cordifolia ? Populus dcltoide Populus Fremontii Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Populus glandulosa Populus grandideutata Populus grandidentata, var. pendula Poptilus beterophylla Populus heterophylla (Populns balsamifera, rar. candicans) 175 174 173 172 174 175 175 175 172 172 172 173 Populus heterophytta, var. argentea Populus Icecigata (Populns monilifera, Aiton, etc.). Populus Icevigata (Populus monilifera, Sort. ) Populus latifolia ; Populus Lindlei/ana • Populus macrophylla (Popnlns balsamifera, var. candicans) . Populus macrophylla (Populus monilifera) Populus Harylandica Populua monilifera. - Populus monilifera, (Populus Fremontii) Populus monilifera (Populns Fremontii, var. Wislizeni) 175 175 173 175 173 175 175 174 175 176 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 237 )'as:c. 175 173 173 171 171 171 174 174 173 175 23 117 29 179 152 :.... 176 1TO ISO 29 30 201 . 37 217 Privet.. 112 Populus nefflecta Populus Ontariensis Populus Tacamahaca Populus Iremulifonmis Popnlus iremnloides Populus trepida - . I'ojmliiK trichncarpa ,v trickocarpa, var. cupulata. Populvf ritninea Populus Virginiana . , Porcelia triloba Porkwood Porlieraanffiistifolia Tort Orford Cedar Possum Oak Post Cedar PostOak Post Oak, Swamp Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Americanum) Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-IIercnIis) Prince's Pine rrin os deciduus Pritchnrdia ftlamentosa i Emoryi 62 / YI xi>}ii* jilandulosa 61 Pro ;.,pis. juliflora 1 61 r,v-svjn?« odorata (Prosopis .juliflora) 61 Prosopis ndorata (P, rosopis pubescens) 62 Prosopis pubeseens 62 Primus Americana 65 Prr.nns Anieiicana. rar. mollis 65 Prnnus an^uptifolin - 66 I'm tins borealis 66 Prunus Canadensis '. 68 J'rnnut CapMin • 68 Primus Capuli 68 Pru mm Carolina 69 Primus Caroliniana 69 1'r 11 ni's cartilaginea 68 Primus Ckicasa 66 !'r />,,,{* cwinea 65 Prnnus dcmissa 69 Primus eniar^iiiat a 67 Primus enjar^in;;!a, rar. inollis. .: 67 Pnt n ii x h if mail's (Primus Americana) 65 Primus liirmalix (Prunns Americana, var. mollis) 65 Primus ilicifolia 70 Prun us insititia 66 / /Vi/ 11 !-.-.• la nceolata 66 7'rrctix I'lidt'lattt. var. Wrightii ....... <,•"• ma ''lutina '•us i:lllosa QIUMTUS virens Qufrcns Yiryiniana 1,'ui-ivn.s VYislizeui '•!uKia>folia fiajrtanea Gvyanensis [.-..tllr l.OX. Rod Ash itc'.l JJay '.. Red Birch Red Cedar (Juliiperus Virginiana) . Red Cedar (Thuya gigantea) Red Cherry, Wild lied Cypress i:< d Elm... Red Fir (Abies magnifica) lied Kir (Abies nobilis) Red Fir (Pseudotsnga Donglasii) . Red Gum.. 78 83 39 50 1'iS 151 148 14S 11)1' 89 61 61 185 Ked Haw ( Cratiegus eoccinea) Red flaw (Crategus flaya, jiar.pubesc.ens) Ked Iron wood Red Maple Red Mulberry Red Oak (Quercus faleata) Ked Oak (Quercus rubra) Red Oak (Quercus rubra, var. Texana) Red Pine Red Stopper Red bud (Cercis Canadensis) Red bud (Cercis renifonnis) Redwood Reyiiosia lalifolia 39 Mtliamindium revolution 39 RHAMSACEJE 39-42 Ifhamnus alnifolius 41 Rliaiunus Calitbrnica 40 Khainims Californica, var. tomeutella 41 Rhamuus Caroliuiana 40 Khamnus ellipticus 41 Jlhamnus ferrea 39 i Ithamnus Icecigatus 39 llhamnus laurifolms 40 Jthattmus oleifoliits 40 RhanmuB Purshiana 41 liiidninus torncntellus ... 41 Kltizophora A mericana 86 Rhizophora Mangle 86 Rhizophora racemosa 86 RllIZOPHORACEjE 86,87 Rhododeiidrou maximum 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. alburn 99 Jlhododendron maximum, var. purpureum 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum 99 Rhododendron procerum 99 Rhododendron purpureum 99 Rhododendron Purshii ., _ 99 Rhus arborescens 33 Page. 148 149 149 149 149 150 isa 155 145 139 144 : 143 144 144 146 149 139 145 145 147 95 99 106 109 118 1C1 183 177 06 184 122 214 214 209 86 Page. 52 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 52 52 53 52 53 54 54 52 52 52 54 54 52 161 172 55 56 56 55 56 142 123 48 ROSACES 64-85 RoseBay... 99 Rosemary Pine Royal Palm RUBIACE.fi Rum Cherrv Khus Canadense Rhus copallina llhus copallina, var. angiitttialata . . iKhui copallina, var. angustifolia. Rhus copallina, var. integrifolia . . . Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata tRhus copallina, var. latialala . . . / Rhus copallina, var. latifolia Rhus copallina, var. leucantha ... ? Ithits copallina, var. terrata Rhus futinoides Rhus cotinitK? Rhus glabra Rhus hypsdodendron If hits leucantha Rhus Metopium Jihus Toxicodendrotl . Rhux typhina Jihux ti/phina, var. laciniata Rhus tijphina, var. viridiflora Rhus venenata JRhus remix Rhus viridijtora River Birch River Cottonwood If olinia fragili^ Jiobinia glutinoaa Robinia Neo-Mexicana Robiuia Pseudacacia Robinia viscosa Ruck Chestnut Oak Rock Elm Rock Maple 197 218 95,96 68 29-32 Sabal Palmetto 217 Saffron Plum 103 Saguaro 90 SALICACE.E 165-175 Salix i 170 ? Salix ambigua 165 Salix amygdaloides 166 Salix argophylla _ 168 Salix arguta 167 Salix arguta, var. lasiandra 167 Salix. Bigelovii . Salix Bigelovii, var./usei'or iSalix brachycarpa Salix brachystachys Salix brachystachys, var. Hcouleriana Salix Caroliniana Salix chlorophylla, var. pellita Salix cordata Salix cordata, var. faleata Salix cordata, far. vestita Salix crassa Salix mneata, Salix discolor Salix discolor, var. eriocephala Salix discolor, var. prinoides ". Salix erwcephala Salix exigua Salix faleata Salix Fendleriana Salix flavesceiia Salix flavescens (Salix flavesccns, var. Scouleriana) . Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana Salix ftaro-virens Salix fluviatalis 170 170 168 170 170 165 171 170 165 170 169 171 169 169 168 165 167 169 170 170 165 168 240 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Salix Hartwegi Salix Hindsiana Salix Jlindsiana, var. tenu(folia. . Salix Ilojfmanniana Silix Hookeriana Salix Hmtstoniana. . . Salix It u-milis, var. Hartwegi Salix la'viiiatn Salix la-Virata, var. angustifolia. . Salix IIP Virata, var. congests Salix lancifolia Salix lartiandra Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . Salix lasiandra, tar. laiicifolia — Salix lasiolepis Salix lasiolepia, var. angustifolia.. Salix lasiolepis, var. lligclovii Salix lasiolepis, vzr.fallax Salix lasiolepis, var. latifolia Page. 171 1C9 ICO 167 170 165 171 107 107 107 167 167 107 167 170 17! 170 170 171 Salix ligustrina 165 Salix longifolia 168 Salix longifolia, var. anguatissima 168 Salix lougifolia, var. argyropliylla 168 Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla angustiisima 168 Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca 168 Salix longifolia, var. cxigaa 168 Salix longifolia, var. opaca 1 C8 Salix longifolia, var. pedicellata 168 Salix longipes : • 166 Salix Itmgipa, ^ar. pubescent 168 Salix lucida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra 167 Salix lucida, var. macrophylla 167 Salix m (irginata 166 / 'Salix melanopsis — 166 Salix nigra 165 Salix n igra, var. amygdaloides 166 Salix nigra, var. angustifolia 166 Salixnigra, vn.t.falcata 165 Salix nigra, var. latifolia — 166 Salix nigra, var. longifolia 166 Salix nigra, var. longipes 166 Salix nigra, var. longipes. subvar. gongylocttrpa 166 Salix nigra, var. longipes, subvar. venulosa , 166 Salix nigra, var. marginata 166 Salix nigra, r.ar. Wardii 166 Salix nigra, var. "Wrightii 166 Salix occidentals 166 Salix pentandra — 165 Salix pentandra, var. caudata 167 Salix prinoides 169 Salix Purshiana 165 ? Salix rubra 168 Salix Scotderiana 170 Salix eensitiva 169 Salix sexitilitblia 168 Salix si'sailifolia, tar. Hindsiana 169 Salix sessilifolia, var. rillom 168 S.ilix SitclionMS 171 Salix Sitchuusis, oar. angustifolia 171 Sa'ix ttpeciosa 167 Kalir mbvilloia 166 Hula Wrightii 166 Samt> ra floribuntla 09 Sa"- am pentandra 09 Sa-iiibucui California. 03 Si mbucns glaui'a 93 Sdinbueus glauca (Saiubuc»3_Mexicana) 93 i .us itexicana 93 ?Sambueu« Ifexieana (Saiuliucus glauca) 03 Sam bmiis velutina '.!'.', Sand .T::ok : ]53 Sand 1'iuc 1 ! '!< S:i!id-bar Willow 168 SAI-IXIIACE.E .• 42-51 Saji indus acuminata 4 J Sapindus Drummondi Sapindus falcalus ?Sapind-us incequalu Sapindus niarginatus Sapindus Saponaria Sapinditg Saponaria (Sapindus marginatas) . SAI'OTACE.«... Sarcomphaha Carolinianus Sassafras Sassafras otliciuale Satin wood Savin (Juniperus Virginiana) Savin (Torreya taxifolia) Scarlet llaw (CrataBgus coccinea) . . . Scarlet Jlaw (Cratiegus subvillosa) . Scarlet Oak Sclue/tria buxifolia Scha?fferia completa Scha.'fferia frutesccns Kehceferia lateriflora Schouubcea commutata Schubc rtia dieticha Schubertia ttcmpcrvirens Screw Bean Screw-pud Mcsquit Scrub Oak (Quercus Catesbasi) Scrub Oak (Quercua undulata, var. Gambelii) . Scrub Pino (Pinus Bunksiana) '. ScmbPine (Pinus clansa) Scrub Pine (Pinus contorta) Scrub Pino (Pinus inops) Scutia ferrea (Condalia ferrea) Scvliaferrea (Roynosia latifolia) SeaAsu .. Page. 44 44 44 44 4* 44 100-103 40 120 118 31 183 186 73 73 148 39 3» 38 128 87 18J 185 62 62 151 139 201 199 194 199 30 39 30 118 162 121 113 184 185 206 185 184 184 84 95 84 133 210 94 133 133 133 154 Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102 Shittim wood ( Rhamnus Pursbiana) 41 Sbort-lcaved Pine 20" Shrubby Trefoil 3] Sideroxylon Carolinense ^ul Siderozylon chrysophyUoides 101 Sideroxylon cuneatum 1°3 Sideroxylon decandrum , I"3 SidtroxiilnH In mir/inotvm 102 Kidi'ro.rylon leave N® SideroTi/Inn liicioides I"3 Siderox.ylou Mastichodondron Sideroxylon pallidum - 101 Sideroxylon reclinatutn I"3 Sideroxylon mliofolium I"1 Sulertirnlon m-rireum 1°' Sidena-tilm! tcnux (Bumelia lannginosa) ">2 Siderorylon tenax (Eumelia tenax) "" KUipmstriimcordatum 61 Silk-top Palmetto Silky Willow 171 Sea Grape Seaside Alder Sebastiania lucida Sebestena scabra Sequoia gigantea Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervirens) . ? Sequoia Rafinesquei , Sequoia religiosa Sequoia sempervirens - Sequoia Wellingtonia Service Tree Seven-year Apple ShadBnsh Shag-bark Hickory She Balsam Shecpberry Shell bark, Big Shell-bark, Bottom Shell-bark Hickory Shingle Oak INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 241 Silver-hell Tree (Halesia dlptera) Silver-bell Tree (Halesia tetraptera) Silvi-r Maple Silver-top Palmetto — Simaruba amura .Simaruba glauca >'i ma ruba medicinalif SlMAUUBKJE Sitka Cypress Slash Pine Slipper}- Elm (Fremontia Californica) Slippery Elm (Ulrnus fulva) Sloe Sloe, Black Small-fruited Haw — Smooth Alder Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera) Snow-drop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) Soapberry (Sapindus marginatus) Soapberry (Sapindus Saponaria) - - Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpum) , Soft Maple (Acer rubrum) Sophora amuis Sophora secundifiora Sophora speciosa JSorbug Americana Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa , Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus Americana) Sorbus aucuparia (Pyrus sambucifolia) Sorbus aucuparia, var. a. (Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa) . Sorbus aucuparia, var. p. (Pyrus sambucifolia) Sorbus aucuparia, var. Americana Sorbut humifuia Sorbus microcarpa Sorbu* riparia Sorbus sambucifolia — Sorbus Sitchensis Sorrel Tree Sour Gnm , Sour Tupelo Sourwood , Southern Buckthorn Southern Crab Apple Southern Pine ., Spanish Bayonet (Yucca baccata) Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canalicolata) Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata) Spanish Buckeye .-.. Spanish Oak Spanish Oak, Swamp Spanish Stopper Speckled Alder Spice Tree Spindle Tree Spircea, Calif arnica Spoonwood .„.. . Spruce, Black Spruce, Blue Spruce Pine (Pinua clansa) Spruce Pine (Pinus glabra) Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) ' 200 Spruce Pine (Pinus Murrayana) Spruce, Tide-land '. Spruce, White (Picea alba) Spruce, White (Picea Engelmanni) Spruce, White (Picea pungens) Stag Bush ; Staghorn Sumach . Star-leaved Gum STERCULIACE.S Stinking Cedar (Torreya Californica) Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia) Stopper (Eugenia longipea) _. ..... .......... Stopper (Eugenia monticola) Stopper, Gurgeon 16 FOB Page. 105 Stopper, Bed Page. 89 106 Stopper, Spanish 88 49 Stopper, White 89 218 Striped Dogwood 46 32 Striped Maple 46 32 62 32 Strom bocarpa. pubescent 62 :a Strong Bark 114 178 Styphnolubimn affine 58 202 STYR ACACIA .. . . 105 106 26 Sugarberry 126 122 Sugar Maple 4g 67 Sugar Maple, Black 49 67 Sugar Pine 18g 81 Sugar Tree 48 164 Sumach, Coral 54 105 Sumach, Dwarf 53 106 Sumach, Poison 54 44 Sumach, Staghorn 53 45 Summer Haw (Cratsegua flava) 83 49 Summer Haw (Cratsrgus flava, var. pabescens) 83 50 Suwarrow 90 58 Swamp Cottonwood 172 57 Swamp Hickory (Carya amara) 135 57 Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatioa) .. 136 73 Swamp Laurel . 20 74 Swamp Maple ... ... 50 73 74 Swamp Post Oak 140 74 Swamp Spanish Oak .. .. . 152 74 Swamp White Oak . . 141 73 Sweet Bay 20 73 Sweet Birch 162 74 Sweet Bnckeye 43 Sweet Gnm . 86 Sweet Leaf 105 Sweet Locust 59 98 Sweet-scented Crab 72 Swietenia Mahogoni . .. . 33 Switch-hnd Hickory 134 129 129 Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) 130 Svmplocos tinctoria 105 218 219 T. 199 44 Tacamahac .............. 173 151 Tallowberry 28 152 Tallow Nut 34 88 „ 215 165 216 120 Tamarack (Pinns Murrayana) . . 195 38 Tamarind Wild . ...... 64 70 155 98 Tan Bay , . .. 25 203 185 205 183 199 183 201 . . 183 ' 200 183 195 183 206 183 204 184 205 183 205 185 94 184 53 185 86 185 26 185 186 185 186 185 89 186 89 185 88 186 242 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TEKNSTIKESIIACEjE 25,26 Tetranthera CaHfornica Thatch. Brickley Thatch, Brittle The Joshua Thorn, Black Thoru, Cockspur Thorn, Newcastle Thorn, Washington Thorn, White Three- thorned Acacia Thrinax argontea Thrinax Garberi Thrinax parvifloTa Thuya Craigana Thuya excelsa Thuya gigantea Thuya gigantea (Libocedms deoarreng) Thuya Lobbii Thuya Menziesii Thuya obtusa , Thuya occirtputalis Thuya occidentalis, var. plicata Thuya vdorata Thuya plicata Thuya Sibirica Thuya sphdfroidalii Thuya sphceroidea Thuya Wareana Thuyopsis torealle Thuyopsis cupressoidet Thuyopsis Tchugatekoy Thuyopgis Tchvgatskoyts Thylax fraxineum I Tide-land Sprnce Tilia alba Tilia Americana Titia Americana (Tilia Americana, var. pubescens) Tilia Americana, var. heterophyUa Tilia Americana, oar. pubescena Tilia Americana, var. Walteri Tilia Canadensis Tilia Caroliniana Tilia glabra Tilia grata Tilia heterophyUa Tilia heterophyUa, var. alba ., Tilia latifolia Tilia laxiflora (Tilia Americana, var. pubescens) Tilia laxiflora (Tilia heterophylla) Tilia neglecta Tilia nigra Tilia pubescens Tilia pubescent, var. leptophylla f Tilia, steilopetala TUia truncata Tn.IACE.ra 26-28 Titi Tollon Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Americannm) Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) Torchwood Tornilla... Torreya Californica Torreya Afyristica Torreya taxifolia Toxicodendron arborescent. Toyylon Madura Toyon Trefoil, Shrubby Trilopus dentabl Trilopus nigra Trilopus parrifolia . . . Trilopus rotundifolia . Trilopui Tirginiana . Tsnga Canadensis . . . ge- 5,26 Tsuga Caroliniana Page. 207 120 Tsuga Douglasii 209 218 Tsitfja Lindleyana 209 218 Tsuga Mertensiaua 207 219 Tsuga Pattoniana 208 79 20 76 Tulipastrum Americanum, var. subcordatum 20 76 Tulipifera Liriodendron 22 81 Tulip Tree 22 78 Tupelo 92 59 Tnppln fjiim , , 93 218 Tupelo, Large 93 217 Tupelo, Sour 91 217 Turkey Oak 151 176 178 IT. 124 177 123 176 123 177 123 177 124 176 123 176 123 177 123 176 123 177 122 176 123 177 .. 124 177 122 176 122 178 123 178 122 178 123 178 124 29 122 206 123 27 122 26 * 124 27 . 123 27 122 27 120 27 21 26 44 27 44 26 44 27 Upland Willow Oak 153 27 127 27 122-128 26 23 27 27 V. 96 96 96 146 70 70 27 116,117 6-28 M 38 94 84 94 29 94 30 47 33 57 62 57 186 186 186 w. 31 33 38 128 28 84 124 31 13» 131 131 131 139 217 206 Washington Thorn ... 81 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 243 Page. 110 159 129 123 136 60 50 152 152 140 136 138 184 184 115 33 187 46 107 28 20 159 160 87 179 178 17 176 175 184 123 123 213 212 45 20 87 49 137 White Oak (Quercns Garryana) J38 WhiteOak (Quercns griaea) 144 White Oak (Quercus lobata) 138 White Oak (Quercas oblongifolia) 144 White Oak, Mountain 143 White Oak, Swamp 141 White Oak, Water 140 White Pine (Pinus flexilis) 188 White Pine (Finns glabra) 201 White Pine (Pinns monticola) 187 White Pine (Finns reflexa) 189 White Pine (Pinns Strobns) 187 White Sprnce (Picea alba) 204 White Sprnce (Picea Engelmanni) 205 White Sprnce (Picea pnngens) 205 White Stopper .. 89 White Thorn 78 White Walnnt 130 White-heart Hickory 134 Whitewood (Canella alba) 24 Wbitewood (Drypetes crocea) 121 Whitewood (Liriodendron Tnlipifcra) _ 22 Wild Black Cherry 68 Wild Cherry (Prunns Capuli) 69 Wild Cherry (Prunns demissa) 89 Wild China 44 AVild Cinnamon 24 WildDUly 103 Wild Fig 127 Wild Lime (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31 Wild Lime (Xinienia Americana) 34 Wild Orange (Prnnus Caroliniana) 70 Wild Orange (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlls) 30 Wild Peach 70 Wild Plum 65 Wild Red Cherry 6g Wild Tamarind 54 Water Ash Water Beech (Carpinns Caroliniana) Water Beech (Platanus occidontalia) Water Elm Water Hickory Water Locnst Water Maple Water Oak {Quercus aqnatica) Water Oak (Quercus palustris) Water White Oak Wax Myrtle Weeping Oak ..... WeUingtonia Californica WeUingtonia gigantea . Western Catalpa West-Indian Birch Weymouth Pine .. Whistlewood White Ash White Bnsswood White Bay White Birch (Betnla alba, var. popnlifolia) . White Birch (Betnla papyrifera) White Buttonwood Whit* Cedar (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) . White Cedar (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea) . . White Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) White Cedar (Thuya occidentals) White Cottonwood White Cypress White Elm (Ulmus Americana) White Elm (Ulmus racemosa) White Fir (Abies concolor) White Fir (Abies grandis) White Ironwood White Laurel White Mangrove White Maple White Oak (Quercns alba) Willow (Salix amygdaloides) — Willow (Salix tevigata) Willow (Salix lasiandra) Willow (Salix lasiolepis) Willow, Black (Salix flavescens, var. Scooleriana) . Willow, Black (Salix nigr») Willow, Desert Willow, Diamond Willow, Glaucous ........... . Willow Oak Willow Oak, Upland Willow, Sand-bar , Willow, Silky Winged Elm Wintera Canella Witch Hazel... Xanthoxylnm Americanum Xanthoxlyum aromaticum .. Xanthoxylnm Caribcenm — Xanthoxylum Carolinianum Xanthoxylum Catesbianum , . .. Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis -. ... Xanthoxylum Clava-Eerculig (Xantboxylnm Americanum) .. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis (Xanthoxylnm Caribsenm) Xanthoxylum Clava-Hcrculis, var . Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercniis, var. fruticosnm Xanthoxylum Floridanum Xanthoxylum fraxineum Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylnm Americanum) . . . Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlis) . Xanthoxylum hirsutum Xanthoxylum lanceolatum .. Xanthoxylum macrophyltum ............ Xanthoxylum mite ....... ...... Xanthoxylnm Pterota Xanthoxylum ramijlorum .. . Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylnm Americannm) Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Hercnlls) Ximenia Americana Ximtnia montana > Ximenia multifara Yaupon Yellow Ash Yellow-bark Oak Yellow Birch Yellow Cypress Yellow Fir Yellow Haw.. Yellow Locust Yellow Oak (Qnercns prinoides) Yellow Oak (Qnercns tinctoria) Yellow Pine (Pinns Arizonioa) Yellow Pine (Pinns mitis) Yellow Pine (Pinns palnstris) Yellow Pine (Pinns ponderosa) Yellow Poplar Yellowwood (Cladrastis tinctoria) . . . Yellowwood (Schaefferia frntescens) . Yew (Taxus brevifolia) Yew (Taxus Floridana) Yop opon Yucca angustifolia, var. data Yucca angustifolia, var. radiota Yucca baccata Yncca brevifolia Yncca canaliculate Yucca Draconit, 1 var. arbortsctm . Yncca data Yucca fllamentosa f Yucca Treculiana Page. 168 167 167 171 170 168 116 170 169 154 153 168 171 124 24 85 29 29 30 30 29 29 30 30 30 30 29 31 29 31 34 34 38 57 149 1«1 178 209 83 55 143 149 192 200 202 193 22 57 39 185 186 36 219 219 219 218 218 218 219 219 218 Z. Zizyphut Dominigengia 41 Zizyphua emarginatus 39 ZYGOPBYLLACEJS 28,29 PART II. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 245 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. A critical examination of the wood produced by the indigenous trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico, Las been made in connection with the investigation of the forest wealth of the United States. Mr. S. P. Sharpies, special agent in charge of this department of the investigation, has had general direction of such experiments, and suggested the methods adopted for their execution. The object of this examination has been to determine, first, the fuel value of the woods of the United States ; second, the value as material for construction of the wood of the principal timber trees of the country. The results thus obtained are highly suggestive; they must not, however, be considered conclusive, but rather valuable as indicating what lines of research should be followed in a more thorough study of this subject. The fuel value has been obtained by a determination of the specific gravity and the ash of the absolutely dry wood, supplemented by a determination of the actual chemical composition of the wood of some of the most important trees ; the value of our woods for construction, has been obtained by experiments made with the United States testing-machine at the Watertown arsenal. Each specimen as received was at once numbered, and this number, designated in the following tables as "Office number", was carefully repeated on every fragment cut from the original tree, and always refers to the same specimen. In a few cases in the early part of the work a sub-number was used to designate a specimen from another tree of the same species received from the same collector. In most cases the specimens were taken from the butt-cut of the tree, and unless it is otherwise mentioned in the remarks, were free from sap and knots; they may be regarded as representing the best wood that could be obtained from the tree. The specimens used in the different series of experiments are deposited in the 'National Museum at Washington and in the museum of the Arboretum of Harvard College. It was found necessary, in order to secure proper material upon which to carry out the various experiments, to obtain a much larger amount of wood of the different species than was actually consumed in the experiments. This surplus material has been worked into 12,961 museum specimens, of convenient size, showing as far as possible the bark, sap-, and heart-wood of each species. These have been made into sixty sets, more or less complete, and distributed to the following educational institutions in the United States and Europe: Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts. United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Connecticut. School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, New York. National School of Forestry, Nancy, France. Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, Scotland. Agricultural Museum, Borne, Italy. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Eensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. Administration of National Forests, Lisbon, Portugal. National Forest Administration, Paris, France. McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New South Wales. State Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan. ' 247 248 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Massachusetts. Arkansas Industrial University, Fayetteville. Arkansas. Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Enssia. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York", New York. Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine. New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vermont. State Agricultural College, College Station, Maryland. Union College Engineering School, Scheuectady, New York. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Hampton Agricultural and Normal Institute, Hampton, Virginia. Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Agricultural College of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Alabama. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. North Carolina Agricultural College, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. State Agricultural College, Orono, Maine. Georgia Agricultural College, Athens, Georgia. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massachusetts. Tennessee Agricultural College, Knoxville, Tennessee. New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Hanover, New Hampsh ire. Illinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois. State Agricultural College, Corvallis. Oregon. State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas. Agricultural College of Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi. Kentucky Agricultural College, Lexington, Kentucky. Claflin University, Orangeville, South Carolina. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Botanic Garden, Konigsberg, Germany. Engineer's office, Water-works, Boston, Massachusetts. Franklin Society, Providence, Rhode Island. Madison University, Hamilton, New York. Rochester University, Rochester, New York. Colby Academy, New London, New Hampshire. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 'AND ASH. The specific gravity and the ash of every tree of the United States have been determined (Table I) by Mr- Sharpies, with the exception of the following : Clusia /lava, once detected upon the keys of southern Florida, but not rediscovered; Gordonia pubescens, a rare and local species discovered in the last century upon the banks of the Altamaha river of Georgia and never rediscovered; Pistacia Mexicana and Acacia Berlandieri, economically unimportant species of the valley of the lower Rio Grande ; Cratccgus berberi/olla, a little known species of the Red River valley; Cupressus Macnabiana, a rare and local species of California of little economic importance; and Larlx Lyallii, a rare and local species of the northern Rocky mountains. At least two determinations of specific gravity have been made for each species studied, and, in the case of woods of commercial importance, specimens were taken from many trees growing in widely different parts of the country, and under different conditions of soil and climate. The specimens used for specific gravity determinations were made 100 millimeters long and about 35 millimeters square, and were dried at 100° centigrade until they ceased to lose weight. The specific gravity was then obtained by measurement with micrometer calipers and calculation from the weights of the blocks. Two determinations of ash were made from each specimen studied by burning small, dried blocks in a muffle furnace at a low temperature. An average of the specific gravity and of the ash of all the specimens taken from the same tree was made, and the average of these averages is given as the final result for the species ; equal weight is thus given to each tree itt the calculations without regard to the number of specimens representing it. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 249 In the following table the trees of the United States are arranged in the order of the weight of the dry wood : 1 a 3 Species. Relative specific gravity. Catalogue number. Species. Relative specific gravity. Catalogue number. Species. Relative specific gravity. 43 a so^o 163 0 8337 402 0 7407 44 1 1909 159 0. 833'J '>7.'i 0 7405 I 1617 26 0 8319 87 0 7342 "ii 1 143'* 119 0 8316 77 0 7333 114 1. 1374 257 0. 8313 276 0 7324 1 1235 299 0 8284 L58 21 1. 1101 270 0. 8253 278 0 7294 220 1 0905 244 0.8218 178 0 7°93 1 0838 f>4"> 0 8^17 ll"> 1 0731 49 0 8208 ong CYIti<< occidentals 0 7287 42 1 0715 106 0. 8^02 293 0 7286 80 1 0602 131 0.8153 31 0 7282 1 0459 r>4 0 8126 ''''8 16° 1 0316 ''01 0 8111 35 0 7^70 176 1 0109 243 0. 8108 225 0 7263 1 0092 78 0 8094 141 C 9900 904 0 8073 280 (Jii.Tciisa uatica 0 7244, 12 0 ^893 "59 0. 8039 103 0 7215 83 0 984° 79 0. 8034 r'ft 0 7194, 0 9835 247 0 8016 196 0 7184 113 0 9803 284 0 8009 241 0 7180 214 0 9635 18° 0 7959 407 0 7172 56 0 9533 128 0. 7953 170 0 7160 266 0 9507 370 0 7942 IT* 0 7159 °G7 0 9501 73 0 7917 16 0 714° 265 0 9479 184 0 7908 142 0 7137 148 0 9453 189 0.7904 ins 0 7118 °63 0 9441 100 0 7879 194 0 7117 87 0 9^92 271 0 7855 •>()•• 0 7108 116 0 9366 137 0. 7838 167 0 7099 144 0 9360 135 0. 7809 10'i 0 7052 175 0 9360 41 0 7745 117 0 7048 219 0 9346 234 0. 7736 274 0 7045 136 0 o;j°6 233 ft. 7715 380 0 6999 177 DiphoJis salicifolia 0 9316 102 0. 7709 11 0 6971 160 0. 9310 122 0. 7703 223 0.6956 "69 0 9°63 216 0. 7693 110 0 6951 9"> 0 9°35 135 0. 7683 123 0 6950 219 0 9209 281 0. 7673 174 0 6948 32 0 9196 258 0 7G6" 879 0 G938 146 0 9156 93 0. 7652 85 0 6934 211 0 9138 192 0.7636 277 0 C928 57 0 9102 1°9 0. 7633 64 0. 6915 272 0 9080 299 0. 7617 64 0 6912 lul 0 9049 164 0.7630 338 0.6907 40 0 9048 04 0. 7609 63 0. 6902 °4 0 9002 246 0. 7552 118 0 6895 112 0 8998 0. 7529 27 0 6885 143 0 8992 92 0. 7513 104 0.6884 145 0 8983 381 0.7504 291 0.6883 262 0 8928 1G8 0. 7500 188 0 6856 0 8740 16") 0. 7500 °82 0 G834 81 Piscidia Kry thrina 0. 8734 260 0.7499 889 0.6827 210 0 8710 296 0. 7491 191 0 6810 111 0 8688 152 CornAs Nnttallii 0. 7481 1*>4 0 6793 127 0 8618 286 0. 7472 203 0.6790 261 0 8605 251 0. 7470 37 0.6784 173 0 8602 181 0. 7467 397 0 6783 98 0 8550 169 0.7458 86 0. 6740 84 0 8509 131 0. 7453 96 0. 6732 208 0.8493 253 0. 7449 250 0. 6703 185 0 8460 256 0. 7453 150 0 6696 255 0 8407 89 0. 7453 409 0.6677 •140 0 8372 25 0. 7444 61 0 CG60 55 0 8367 36 0. 7420 180 0 6C03 254 0. 8367 252 0. 7409 190 0.6597 172 M vrsiue Rapanea . . . 0.8341 248 Carva anuatica .. 0. 7407 39 Euonvmus atroDUTDureua . . . 0. 6592 250 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Catalogue number. Species. Relative specific gravity. Catalogue number. Species. Kelative specific gravity. Catalogue number. Species. Relative specific graTity. 134 0 6564 187 0 5705 379 0 6554 "35 0 5678 346 •>()7 0. 6553 353 0 5675 309 179 0.6544 47 1 ; 1 1 an inns Purshiana 0. 5672 231 0 6543 1 356 0 5658 237 Platanus Wri^htii •°72 0.6540 22 0 5654 14 88 0. 6531 249 0 5637 361 0. 6529 188 0 5698 400 0. 6517 316 0 5587 3 354 0. 6512 374 0 5576 333 "^224 0. 6506 288 0 5574 304 125 0. 6491 357 0 557*' 319 0 6440 76 3-) .-3 275 0.6435 336 0 55°° 331 215 0. 6429 45 0 5469 157 69 Q. 64 °5 66 0 5459 153 983 0 6420 363 0 5457 305 0 6418 120 0 5451 309 0 6398 370 Piuus Tieda 0 5441 382 °15 0 C:i9fi 357 0 5434 368 0 6391 313 0 541° 391 355 0 6388 161 0 5350 0 6372 314 0 5350 399 0 4561 0 6363 310 0 5342 309 0 63GO 59 0 5330 340 0 6356 186 0 53°5 50 0 6345 5 17 0 6340 373 0 633^ 58 107 0 6319 227 0 5294 307 0 63 18 71 0 5273 Q 0 6303 65 "33G 0. 6°82 362 0 5206 411 0 4470 8° 0. 6278 155 0 5194 306 0 4456 33° 0. G'?61 7j 0 5184 390 0 4454 193 0. 6251 :isa 0 5182 404 Sabal Palmetto .. 0 4404 38 0 6'>49 405 "Washin^tonia filifera 0 5173 311 0 4397 0. 62.16 391 0 5157 72 0 438<) 66 0. G178 371 0 5151 350 0 4358 90 0.6116 345 0 5145 70 0 4357 0. C115 15G 0 5087 67 0 4328 377 0.6104 317 0 5072 386 0 4287 315 0. 6069 23 0 5056 388 ' 0 4275 0. 6034 10 0 5053 61 0 4274 0. 6030 0 504° 312 0 4°61 62 0. 6028 360 0 5038 18 0 4253 0. GOOO 2 0 5035 387 0 4239 406 0. 5U91 105 0 5023 g 0. 4230 23 0 5967 7 0 5003 39a 0. 4928 300 0 4996 342 0. 4208 "in 0 5955 52 0 4980 207 0. 4165 191 0 5998 313 0 4969 351 0. 4165 139 0 5009 376 0 4949 321 0. 4161 208 0 590 •> 375 0 4935 4 0.4139 23 ' 0 5898 310 0 4930 28 0. 4136 19 0 5888 339 0 4926 367 0 4133 289 0 5887 325 0 4914 302 0. 4127 34 0 5873 60 0 4909 365 0.4096 337 0 5899 236 0 4880 320 0. 4089 108 0 58^2 359 0 4879 238 0 4086 33 0 5818 352 0 4877 17 0. 4074 0 5815 308 0 4872 383 0. 4051 194 0. 5780 358 0 4854 318 0. 4032 291 0 577° 335 0 4843 326 0. 4017 338 0 5765 366 0 4840 303 0. 3981 °98 0 5762 68 0 4821 9 0.3969 294 0 5760 301 0 4813 378 0. 3931 48 0 5750 34 0 4806 322 0. 3912 197 Fraxinna Oreeana . . 0. 5731 330 Cbamsecvparis Nutkaensis . . . 0. 4782 348 Pinus monticola . . . 0.3008 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 251 1 i i ii'ji 1 | 4 i£ 1 S3? I .| • Species. e'S « Species. el n Species. ll « 16 « ' 2 •5 fab ^ II 3 *3 I 1 o » 3 o « 3 H 0 3839 396 0.3638 820 Chamaicyparisapbairoidea 0. 3322 1 0 3854 1-)1 0 3635 I 119 0.3188 393 Abies irils'u 0 3819 ao'» 0.3565 3'27 Thuya occidentalis 0.3164 • 1 . 0 3814 'iTi 0 3545 30 0. 3003 0 3790 1T> 0 3541 0.2882 n yjAn -:i;<) 0. 3499 412 Tncca haccata ... 0.2724 410 Tucca brevifolia ' 0. r;7:;7 :::)4 A 'ties aubalninu ci. :;)7i; J'-'ll Virus aurra 1 0.2616 349 U. 3634 384 0.344J It will be noticed that all species in which the wood is heavier than water belong to the semi-tropical region of Florida or to the arid Mexican and interior Pacific regions. There seeing to be a certain, but by no means constant relation, as shown in this table, between aridity of climate and the weight of the wood produced by closely allieu species or by individuals of the same species. The wood of the form of Qucrcits r libra peculiar to western Texas is nearly 30 per cent, heavier than the average of all the specimens of the typical speci es grown in the northern states. Among the white oaks the wood of species belonging to regions of little rainfall, Qucrcus grisea, ollongifolia, Durandii, and Douglaxii, is heavier than that of allied species peculiar to regions more favorable for the growth of trees. The average of two specimens of Quercus prinoides grown in •western Texas is 19 per cent, heavier than the average of all the other specimens of this species grown ia other parts of the country. In Fraxinus, the wood of F. Grcggii of the Eio Grande valley is heavier than that of any other species ; it only just surpasses in weight, however, the wood of the western Texas form of F. Americana, which is 20 per cent, heavier than the average of all specimens of the typical species grown north of Texas. On the other hand, th e wood of Texas forms of Fraxlnwt mrid'ut is constantly lighter than that of northern specimens, and the wood of Celtis grown in Arizona is lighter than that of the average of all the other specimens of this species. In Juglans, the heaviest wood is that of J. rupestris, a species belonging to a region of little rainfall, and a specimen of J. nigra from western Texas is 33 per cent, heavier than the average of all specimens grown in the Mississippi basin. In the case of Platanus, the heaviest wood is that of the Atlantic species, but wood of the species peculiar to the comparatively moist climate of southwestern Arizona is, however, considerably lighter than that of the drier climate of southern California. , FUEL VALUE. The relative fuel values are obtained by deducting the percentage of ash from the specific gravity, and are based on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same. A number of analyses was also made of the wood of several of the principal trees of the United States (Table II) and their absolute fuel value calculated. Mr. Sharpies describes the methods adopted by him to obtain these results, as follows : The carbon and hydrogen determinations were made by the ordinary processes of organic analysis, by burning the wood in a current of oxygon. The moisture was determined by drying the wood at 100° centigrade until its weight became sensibly constant. The calculations were then made on the dry wood. The results contain a slight constant error, arising from the fact that the nitrogen in the wood was «ot determined. This error is, however, very slight, the nitrogen, which is included in the percentage of oxygen, rarely amounting, in any wood, to one per cent. The column headed " Hydrogen combined with.oxygen ", is found by dividing the amount in the column headed "Oxygen" by eight, and represents the hydrogen that may be considered as already combined with oxygen in the form of water, and is therefore useless for fuel. The fuel value per kilogram is found by multiplying the percentage of carbon by 8,080, and that of excess of hydrogen by34,4b'2 (these being the values obtained by Favre and Sil1>erman), adding these together and deducting from the sum the product of the total hydrogen multiplied by 4,833, which represents the heat required to evaporate the water produced by burning the hydrogen. The constants used above represent the number of kilograms of water raised one degree centigrade, by burning one kilogram of carbon or hydrogen. The fuel value per cubic decimeter is found by multiplying the value per kilogram by the specific gravity. It need hardly bo said that this fuel value is rarely attained in practice, and that it is never utilized. There are too many sources of loss ; the calculation supposes that the combustion is perfect, that no smoke is given otf, and that the heat of the products of combustion, with the exception of that neeessary to convert the water into vapor, is all utilized. It appears from Mr. Sharpies' experiments that resinous woods give upward of 12 per cent, more heat from equal weights burned than non-resinous woods; the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry non-resinous wood being about 4,000 units, while the heat produced by burning a kilogram of dry resinous wood is about 4,500 units, a unit being the quantity of heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade. Count Eumford first propounded the theory that the value of equal weights of wood for fuel was the same without reference to specific distinctions; that is, that a pound of wood, whatever the variety, would always produce the same amount of heat (Count Bumford's Works, Boston, 1873, vol. ii). Marcus Bull, experimenting in 182C upon the fuel value of different woods (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., new ser., iii, 1), found a variation of only 11 per cent, between the different species tested. Eumford's theory must be regarded as nearly correct, if woods are 2,~2 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. separated into resinous and uoii-resinous classes. The specific gravity gives a direct means of comparing heat values of equal volumes of wood of different resinous and non-resinous species. In burning wood, however, various- circumstances affect its value; few fire-places are constructed to fully utilize the fuel value of resinous wood, and carbon escapes unconsumed in the form of smoke. Pine, therefore, which, although capable of yielding more heat than oak or hickory, may in practice yield considerably less, the pine losing both carbon and hydrogen in the form of smoke, while hickory or oak, burning with a smokeless flame, is practically entirely consumed. The ash in a wood, being non-combustible, influences its fuel value in proportion to its amount. The state of dryness of wood also has much influence upon its fuel value, though to a less degree than is generally supposed. The water in green wood prevents its rapid combustion, evaporation reducing the temperature below the point of ignition. Green wood may often contain as much as 50 per cent, of water, and this water must evaporate during combustion j. but as half a kilogram of ordinary wood will give 2,000 units of heat, while half a kilogram of water requires only 268.5 units to evaporate it, 1731.5 units remain available for generating heat in wood containing even a maximum amount of water. In cases where the pressure was perpendicular to the grain of the wood it was applied on the- side of the specimen nearest to the heart of the tree. A factor in the general value of wood as fuel is the ease with whieh- it-ea»^ be seasoned; beech, for example, a very dense wood of high fuel value when dried, is generally considered of little value as fuel, on account of the- rapidity with which it decays when cut and the consequent loss of carbon by decomposition. THE STRENGTH OF WOOD. The specimens tested for the purpose of determining the strength of the wood produced by the different trees of the United States were cut, with few exceptions, before March, 1881, and were slowly and carefully seasoned. Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centimeters square and long enough to give the necessary bearing upon the supports. TJiese were shod with flat iron plates, slightly rounded on the edges and were set exactly 1 meter apart ; they remained perfectly rigid under the pressure applied. Each specimen was weighed, measured, and its specific gravity calculated before it was tested. The result thus obtained represents the specific gravity of the air-dried wood. To eliminate the action of their weight the specimens were placed upright, and hydraulic pressure was applied by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius, acting midway between the supports, the deflections being read at this point. The direction of the grain of the wood is shown by diagrams in the table (Table III), the pressure acting upon it horizontally from the left. The pressure was applied slowly and uniformly, a reading of the deflections being taken for every 50 kilograms. When a load of 200 kilograms had been applied it was removed and the set read. Pressure was again applied in the same way, and the readings of deflections were resumed when 200 kilograms was again reached. P I3 The formula used in calculating the coefficient of elasticity was E =5—7-77^ ; I, &, d, being taken in millimeters; 4 / \ i/ft *. 3P I £w«3*«« that of the modulus of rupture, R = 2 ; -,«• ^ &» ^ being in centimeters, P, in both formulas, in kilograms. A few experiments were also made in the same manner, for purpose's of comparison, to determine the transverse strength of specimens 1 meter long between the bearings and 8 centimeters square (Table IV). The specimens tested by longitudinal compression were 4 centimeters square and 32 centimeters (8 diameters) long. They were placed between'the platforms of the machine, and pressure was gradually applied until they failed. The figures given represent the number of kilograms required to cause failure. The specimens tested under pressure applied perpendicularly to the fibers were 4 centimeters square and 16 centimeters long. They were placed upon the platform of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4 centimeters square on its face, covering the entire width of the specimen and one-quarter of its length at the center. In this series of experiments the direction of the annual rings was noted, horizontal pressure being also applied from the left. Readings were taken of the pressure necessary to produce each successive indentation of 0.254 up to 2.54 millimeters, and in the case of specimens which did not fail with this pressure :i further test was made of the weight required to produce indentations of 3.81 and 5.08. The remarks (Table V) upon the behavior of the wood of the different species under compression were furnished by Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the testing machine. COMPARATIVE VALUES. In the following table the number standing opposite each species represents its relative value in the column in which it appears. This table is purely an arbitrary one, since the introduction of one or more species would of course change the value of all species standing lower in value, or results based on an examination of a larger number of specimens of any species may change the relative numbers in regard to it very considerably. In other words, any twenty or thirty species bearing consecutive numbers may change places with each other. This arises partly from the want of uniformity of the wood of any species, and partly from the fact that where so many determinations fall between, comparatively narrow limits the mere order of sequence must be largely accidental. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 253 TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES. 1 1 id U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 V 10 12 14 17 17 18 19 20 23 24 28 29 •JO 31 33 34 38 42 43 45 47 50 52 54 60 61 64 64 65 66 67 08 Species. Approximate fuel value. Elasticity. Ultimate transverse strength. Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crushing. Resistance to indenta- 1 lion to 1.27niillimeters. Catalogue number. Species. Approximate fuel value. Elasticity. g i ir n o . S3 *•* be i !« j i 205 208 3 81 153 151 88 121 144 77 49 259 165 273 91 103 276 194 115 186 76 138 273 284 228 210 162 177 268 176 167 24 214 10 72 264 38 15 14 85 60 194 112 210 295 69 55 291 FUiiuate. resistance to longitudinal crushing, j li 1! *! §a Is •s p sa 216 109 71 52 2 24 141 27 163 156 53 90 142 26 28 104 190 266 114 76 32 39 74 225 140 107 63 80 99 94 31 48 192 8 19 174 20 12 9 40 77 169 127 161 184 35 7 230 MAGNOLIACE.S:. 14S 205 230 265 189 249 207 259 277 220 11 228 246 272 257 169 3 204 27 268 298 & 96 167 224 152 6 1 184 175 245 208 47 213 126 117 118 192 154 256 221 133 127 122 119 41 207 114 124 281 278 56 187 161 183 158 272 147 217 143 121 292 65 71 244 246 191 74 45 208 129 243 232 165 194 221 9 88 59 117 260 113 135 163 201 236 184 245 179 208 293 234 50 201 241 256 248 288 137 219 150 252 300 2 56 188 250 262 116 85 251 152 271 222 112 190 147 18 68 S3 121 263 132 115 173 189 191 104 234 182 229 298 277 6 214 240 195 202 206 10 148 15 171 300 9 20 180 252 231 3 5 154 28 273 246 122 223 136 30 57 113 133 270 155 IM U4 2H 248 247 257 202 262 285 198 5 240 290 298 263 100 1 165 18 251 300 6 36 149 214 177 4 3 187 131 282 220 58 159 119 73 66 145 151 215 221 71 73 77 79 80 81 82 84 85 80 87 88 91 93 94 103 104 107 108 110 111 113 117 121 125 126 128 129 132 134 135 137 139 140 141 142 144 146 148 151 152 153 154 155 156 159 160 161 ANACABDIACE.S:. 193 59 87 51 7 35 150 34 114 124 88 134 146 09 67 97 119 248 164 112 29 10 109 165 135 100 52 65 102 128 61 57 162 2 9 108 18 24 19 44 74 235 141 195 206 38 15 187 210 74 19 43 143 154 95 10: 77 64 40 264 228 259 172 161 253 149 153 199 120 212 245 248 189 240 135 213 237 256 225 34 167 2 89 219 6 65 88 176 85 234 178 275 299 131 36 231 227 73 12 16 235 34 71 48 200 93 41 184 123 40 18 39 197 124 61 84 50 63 181 220 95 169 68 153 139 152 76 19 128 2 32 147 1 55 17 69 22 167 125 237 287 87 8 289 LEGUMINOS^l. Robinia Pseudacacia Ma° >olia Umbrella' Robinia Noo-Mexicana M ** r F Olneya Teaota L'r-od dr Till' T Piscidia Erythrina AXONACE.S:. Anona laurifolia Gleditschia triacauthos CAXELLACE.S:. Canella alba TEENSTECEMIACE^:. TILIACE.*:. ROSACES. Prunus Americana Primus emarginat* MALP1GHIACE-S1. ZYGOPHYLLACE2E. BUTACE.E. Xanthox>lum Caribanm Cratffigus Hubvillosa SIMARUBE.S:. Simamba glauca BUESEEACE.S:. HAMAMELACE.S:. MELIACEJE. RHIZOPHOBACE.E. ILICINE.S:. COMBEETACE^I. CYRILLACE2E. Cliftonia ligustrina MYRTACE.S. . RHAMNACE^. Eugenia procera COENACE^E. SAFINDACE.S:. CornoaXnttallii . Njssa capitata Nyssa sylvatica Nyasa uniflora CAPRIFOLIACE.&. Acer saccharinum Acer saccharinnm, var. nigrum EUBIACE3!. Acer rubrum Xegnndo Californicum. . . Pinckneva imbens . . . FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES— Continued. Catalogue number. Species. « Approximate fuel value. Elasticity. Ultimate! transverse strength. Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crushing. Resistance to indenta- tion to 1.27 millimeters. Catalogue number. Species. Approximate fuel value. Elasticity. Ultimate transverse strength. Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crushing. Resistance to indenta- tion to 1.27 millimeters. 165 166 167 169 170 171 175 176 177 178 179 181 182 183 184 186 187 191 102 192 193 104 193 196 197 198 199 201 204 205 206 207 208 210 212 213 215 215 217 218 219 219 222 •m ERICACEAE. n 107 104 78 101 148 17 12 16 90 133 81 56 4 55 190 172 122 130 66 151 105 291 73 171 149 147 45 53 142 250 563 161 28 157 14 138 140 202 131 30 25 99 111 179 164 251 137 258 242 54 61 16 204 280 193 252 95 192 250 229 254 91 69 182 133 283 196 156 142 227 28 97 296 233 175 267 26 284 49 162 162 273 70 79 168 226 110 194 81 230 164 219 205 107 67 18 200 294 254 265 79 98 230 107 226 106 27 iei 91 261 121 203 125 175 40 71 169 241 224 247 73 296 78 88 116 235 127 132 178 142 101 107 89 198 90 168 156 33 23 11 143 239 106 117 135 88 218 166 217 121 C5 162 114 296 94 80 175 199 51 45 215 238 194 278 13 274 7 47 232 221 49 24 79 142 66 92 110 75 95 65 133 15 25 49 146 162 97 47 16 29 139 123 108 153 121 113 98 185 111 157 130 154 64 43 87 273 254 181 37 218 13 128 132 188 120 23 13 68 172 224 225 226 227 228 228 229 231 232 234 235 230 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 136 93 xo 191 94 98 300 244 163 63 173 218 231 270 155 132 103 36 4C 43 42 71 49 86 177 125 76 85 79 37 32 82 39 60 48 75 31 26 20 . 8 21 13 33 22 41 58 129 23 84 106 137 89 113 91 115 95 62 205 62 273 266 229 143 300 292 173 114 146 249 286 181 63 218 239 IS 78 42 92 86 8 93 137 99 104 222 183 169 262 122 17 131 106 27 53 197 150 209 165 49 33 247 110 148 48 83 65 81 206 102 11 80 55 29 25 IK) 36 167 228 •135 127 298 299 141 25 222 254 285 238 109 236 240 11 33 20 31 30 1 96 119 46 85 103 99 100 194 65 50 81 28 48 6 57 175 73 57 54 4 180 75 118 63 52 38 44 145 43 12 42 32 40 13 146 38 158 203 178 160 299 284 179 4 144 269 267 205 46 159 164 27 52 30 43 78 25 110 151 74 82 172 97 108 186 103 100 102 112 67 44 53 1C5 11G 70 59 62 176 131 72 83 42 87 92 1-19 98 35 137 101 91 77 138 112 67 179 101 56 296 207 148 22 158 245 211 244 126 143 84 60 45 51 41 78 34 55 182 135 105 136 79 54 69 82 72 96 83 86 61 17 10 21 38 30 33 11 81 57 150 44 116 115 152 46 117 88 134 122 70 = fi nsis Rhododendron maximum SAPOTACE^:. Chrysophvllumoliviibrme Sideroxvlon Mastichodendron — Hacln aaun fici PLATANACE.S:. JUGLANDACE^;. EBBNACE^!. Diospyros Vireiniana STTEACAC2E. Caryaalba OLEACE-ffi;. Finx is \mericai MYRICACE^:. Myrica cerifera Myrica Californica CUPTTLrFER^E. Qucrcus alba BORRAGINACE2E. Qucrcua undulate, var. Gambelii BIGXONIACE^. Catalpa bignonioidcs Cntalpa speciosa 0 CT 'AIM, Chilopsisflal'gna O VERBENACEJE. Citharexylirnvillosum NTCTAGIXACE^:. POLTGONACE^:. LAURACE.aS. Peraea Carolincnsis Persea Carolineusis, var. palnstris Sassafras ofticinalo Umbellularia Californica EUPHORBIACE^:. URTICACE.*:. Ulmus fulva . . . Qnercus laurifolia THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 TABLE OF KELATIVE VALUES -Continued. Catalogue number. Species. Approximate fuel value. Elasticity. > • | I1 B •z B 35 57 20 8 63 70 168 60 184 18 23 18 140 37 127 5 66 9 121 190 189 257 217 199 276 125 81 120 198 169 218 257 232 292 -204 145 183 186 190 267 154 281 130 '93 260 276 158 190 280 238 34 94 243 Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crushing. Resistance, to indenta- tion to 1.27 millimeters. Catalogue) number. Species. Approximate fuel value. ' >• 'Z UH 112 187 270 127 297 291 289 255 223 51 270 174 140 125 216 4 198 257 46 101 290 52 261 39 269 268 186 35 13 288 118 7 5 60 90 185 265 100 135 224 13 195 20 74 104 177 201 109 130 24 21 241 23 1 263 Ultimate, transverse Btrengtb. T'ltimatr IrsiKtanrr to longitudinal crushing. Resistance to indenta- tion to 1.27 inilliineli TH. 282 283 284 281 286 289 200 201 292 2B9 204 293 290 297 298 £99 301 302 303 307 308 309 309 313 313 316 318 319 320 321 321 322 323 324 325 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 338 339 340 341 (342 343 345 346 12: 144 :',! 68 77 123 180 160 247 120 40 92 168 159 158 127 170 64 222 267 276 251 216 243 236 209 186 181 275 234 271 288 264 280 285 281 214 238 274 297 284 296 223 233 232 116 212 242 299 261- 139 198 227 30 203 114 87 HIO 106 94 40 152 32 15 43 214 18 126 3 58 10 72 158 199 277 280 141 298 65 22 137 180 108 220 150 215 284 57 98 73 160 157 271 81 291 87 31 279 211 238 84 287 236 202 170 294 190 150 279 56 211 119 163 99 120 04 96 254 109 207 29 lf,7 31 188 244 285 291 272 257 281 192 126 216 266 243 283 271 286 298 209 249 225 230 130 275 145 294 138 129 242 75 177 174 213 187 HI 134 250 144 118 59 89 102 •93 206 209 227 128 85 103 196 195 171 160 193 91 210 2C8 279 208 249 261 241 199 183 265 250 276 291 274 293 258 252 239 297 284 287 236 259 147 50 176 286 271- 62 166 203 347 348 .-14(1 350 351 353 355 350 357 357 358 359 300 301 302 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 872 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 591 392 393 394 395 396 398 399 400 401 402 405 282 279 287 2:.:; ...... -oj 215 174 143 170 185 179 217 200 203 226 201 182 166 269 219 266 239 293 183 197 50 188 178 211 210 156 278 225 110 70 237 273 295 28« 254 258 255 194 252 240 290 283 294 292 289 260 241 229 153 83 199 22.-. 232 238 227 244 143 287 283 297 288 210 131 149 210 171 156 114 60 253 139 148 158 290 95 158 17 207 269 166 47 45 270 214 18 15 150 155 249 281 216 171 279 80 171 96 111 219 265 275 271 180 134 105 182 90 7 285 212 2«:t 202 281 JOB IDS 258 253 288 260 268 140 272 204 226 185 259 54 264 261 233 183 293 170 245 86 241 228 247 85 118 280 201 26 21 193 256 292 295 248 219 196 60 224 81 132 255 236 276 208 210 127 141 161 58 14 297 278 288 270 224 200 129 106 155 178 189 256 180 217 222 212 170 175 253 186 246 229 255 223 191 42 108 194 213 204 197 228. 237 167 137 272 283 275 267 281 260 211 235 232 238 233 289 277 294 269 292 205 243 231 173 164 BETULACE.E. Betnla alba, var. populifolia Betnla pap\ riiVra lictuhi oceidentalis Pinns ririhirthnina Brtula lutea Betula nigra P' M Betnla lenta Finns S-ibinhni Aluua rubra P- f Alnus rhombifolia Pinus insi nia Alnua oblongifolia SALICACE.S;. Salix amygdaloides Pinus Treda Salix lajvigata Finn Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia P Salix laaiandra, var. Fendleriana Pinus Salix iiaveaceus Salix (lavescena, var. Sconleriana Salix laaiolepia Populus tremuloides g Populus gi andidentata Populus heterophvlla Populus balsaiuitera Populus balsamifi-ra, var. candicaua Picea ilba Populua anguatifolia . Popuiua trichoearpa Popnlus monilifera Populua Fremoutii enss_ Popnlus Fremontii, var. "\Vializeni " c • r •• CONIFERS. Libocedrua tlecurrens Thuya occidentalia Peemlotsuga Douglaeii, var. macrocarpa — Thuya gigantea Chamajcvparis spha-roiilea Chamiecvparis Xutkaensis Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjngena Juniperua Virginiana Sequoia gigantea Sequoia aempervirens Taxua brevifolia PALMACE2E. Torreya taxifolia Torreya California 256 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. The following table gives the figures from which the table of relative values was computed, and includes all species upon which complete tests have been made. The coefficient of elasticity is derived from the second deflection, the measurements being taken in millimeters and the weight in kilograms. The ultimate transverse strength is the force, applied at the middle of the stick, required to break a stick 4 centimeters square and 1 meter between the supports. lu the compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure on a square centimeter these results must be divided by 16. The indentation to 1.27 millimeters, or the fifth in the series, is the one selected for comparison. TABLE OF AVERAGES. Catalogue number. Species. sS 7 = -3.0 Bi=S Catalogue number. Species. Approximate relative fuel value. Coefficient of elastic- ity, kilograms on millimeters. Ultimate transverse strength, in kilo- grams. Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crush- ing, in kilograms. Resistance to inden- tation to 1.27 milli- meters, in kilograms. ' Approximate relati fuel value. Coefficient of elast ity. kilograms m'illimeters. Ultimate transver strength, in ki grams. Ultimate resistance longitudinal crufl ing, in kilograms Resistance to inde tation to 1.27 mil meters, in kilogran 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 17 17 18 19 20 23 24 28 29 30 31 33 34 38 42 43 45 47 MAGNOLIACE.S:. 63.26 50.11 46.76 41.26 52.90 44.78 49.89 42.20 39.61 48.11 97.20 46.92 45.00 40.47 42.27 57.43 113. 38 50.15 88.20 40.98 29.41 103.97 72.03 57.74 47.62 62.23 103.72 119. 38 54.27 56.34 903 914 929 941 1,169 744 944 926 482 501 1,117 794 840 811 846 525 863 726 868 932 417 1,085 1062 643 642 783 1,050 1,143 741 913 338 313 286 256 297 249 302 280 167 259 438 286 252 239 246 181 336 273 322 241 63 557 428 293 244 225 350 386 242 320 7,705 6,790 6,633 6,552 7,829 5, 861 6,691 5,955- 3,395 4,829 12, 519 6,195 5,768 6,487 6,307 6,260 11,789 7,189 10,955 6,816 2,473 11,975 10,660 6,709 5,582 5,938 13, 426 12, 848 7,112 9.984 3,156 ,627 ,709 ,427 ,427 ,343 1,966 1,296 1,098 2,037 9,163 1,591 1,044 950 1,296 3,475 12,689 2,548 5,964 1,383 749 8,795 4,951 2,826 1,808 2,356 9,753 10,388 2,195 3.075 50 52 54 60 61 64 64 65 66 67 68 71 73 77 79 80 81 82 84 85 86 87 88 91 93 94 103 104 107 108 110 111 113 117 121 125 126 128 129 132 134 135 137 139 SAPINDACE.S;. 45.03 49.45 80.05 48.83 66.34 68.75 68.66 52.52 61.65 42.82 47. 95 52.42 77.28 72.96 79.86 103. 59 84.39 62.61 84.46 68.88 66.86 72.89 64.58 63.18 74.86 75.37 72.02 68.65 44.93 58.14 09.16 86.52 97.27 70.11 58.08 64.55 71.54 78.98 75.96 71.12 65.27 76.13 77.95 58.78 644 683 837 780 718 1,465 1,027 1,110 943 582 945 736 1,050 1,301 1,149 868 851 1,002 977 1,048 1,086 1,170 558 688 583 824 827 603 861 852 769 937 732 642 626 788 664 901 732 673 592 708 1,197 837 211 271 360 292 327 490 410 435 346 226 340 283 280 543 388 320 321 385 346 329 394 439 233 310 207 382 3C9 200 290 354 295 396 334 207 190 265 279 315 303 216 304 309 483 278 5,017 5,686 7,523 6,100 7,349 9,907 8,803 7,711 7,402 5,151 7,072 6,033 8,523 11, 272 10, 931 5,851 9,548 8,550 9,129 6,406 8,001 9,344 6,679 7,510 9,412 10, 732 9,419 6,441 7,507 8,746 8,165 8,989 8,709 6,706 6,123 7,969 6,884 8,612 7,117 7,280 7,122 8,437 10, 712 7,462 1,132 1,722 4,350 2,597 3,205 4,019 4,149 2,899 2,795 1,781 1,719 1,744 3,348 4,038 4,427 10,478 5,698 2,937 5,348 2,560 2,697 4,420 3,620 2,917 5,484 5,267 3,405 2,132 1,280 3,269 3,937 5,090 4,888 3,999 1,715 2,951 3,368 4,207 3,844 3,484 3,583 5,103 4,483 2,123 Acer saccharinnm, var. nigrum ... Liriodendion Tulipifera ANONACE.&. ANACARDIACE^E. Rhus copallina CANELLACE.E. TERNSTRO3MIACE.E. LEGUMINOS.&. TILIACE.E. Tilia Americana Tilia Americana, var. pubesceus . . Tilia heteropbylla Piscidia Erytbrina MALPIGHIACE.ZE. Gymnocladus Canadeneis ZYGOPHYLLACE^:. RUTACE^l. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis ROSACES. Prunus Americana BURSE RACE^:. Prunus emarginata, var. mollis Prunus serotina Prunus demissa MELIACE^;. Swietenia Mabogoni Prunus ilicifolia ILICINEJE. CYRILLACE^l. Cratffigus spathulata RHAMNACE^!. Cratcegus flava, var. pubescens HAMAMELACE.®. Liauidambar Stvracitlua. . . Rhamnns Pursbiana . . . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. Speciea. i i if. e: ^ £~ *£ I ? 140 j 141 142 165 166 167 169 170 171 177 178 170 181 182 183 RHIZOPHORACE-E. Khizophora Mangle- 114.00 COMBRETACE^:. Cunocarpua nrecta 98. 08 Laguncularia rari-momv 70. 21 144 146 148 151 152 153 li» l;"j 156 159 160 ' Exostemma Caribteum . 161 Pinckneya pubens MTHTACB2EC. Eu«euia buxifolia 92.20 Eli^i-nia inoQticola 89.83 Eugenia prol-fl a 92. 05 CORNACE.S:. < 'ornua Horida : 80. 98 Cornna Nuttallii 74. 44 Nyasa capitata 45. 97 Xyssa aylvatica 63. 66 Nyaaa uni flora ' 51. 58 CAPRIFOLIACE.S:. Sambucus glauca Viburnum pruuifolium ERICACE.&. Andromeda ferruginea Arbutus Menzieaii Arbutua Xalapensis Oxydendrum arboreum . . . K aliuiii latifolia Rhododendron maximum . SAPOTACE^;. 50.07 82.89 92.89 53.28 74.66 70.24 70.81 74.30 71.31 62. 80 175 ' Cbryaophyllum oliviforme 92.44 176 Sideroxylon Maatichodendron Dipbolia aalicifolia Buraelia tcnax Bumelia lanuginoaa Bumelia lycioidea Bumelia cuneata 78. 08 Mimusops Sieberi 105. 55 95.89 92.86 72.39 64.64 74.07 EBEXACE.S;. 184 Dioapyros Virgiuiana 180 Symplocoa tinctoria. 187 ! Haleaia diptera .... 191 192 ' 192 193 194 195 1% 197 198 108 204 105 Fraxiuua pistacia' folia Fraxinua Americana Fraxinns Americana, ror.Texensia Fraxinua pnbescens Fraxinua viridia Fruxinna platycarpa Fraxinua quadraugnlata Fraxinua Ofo^ana Fraxiuus Hauibtu-ifolia Fon-stieru acuminata Osmaiithus Americanus BORRAGIJJACEA liourreria Havanenaia Ehret ia i-llipl ica 17 FOK 78.32 52.88 56.81 67.68 65.16 75.83 62.35 70.71 35.16 74.50 57.12 62.72 63.00 80.74 78.48 63.56 Species. 1, (156 1,025 724 1,002 782 703 1,231 397 429 173 204 4,400 9,474 12, 020 4, 355 ' 7,802 8,034 6,419 8,025 6,890 7,020 9,571 10, 410 11,680 7,235 5,799 7,825 7,643 7,360 6,146 6,940 266 6, 158 403 9, 197 308 6, 192 5,192 2,967 3,153 13, 767 7, 394 5, 9LC 2,386 14, 108 | 5, 851 8, 845 | 6, 532 10,710 7.099 210 212 213 Catalpa bignonionlea ....... Catalpa sptcioaa ............ Chilnpsis nali^na ........... VEUIiENACEJE. Citharexylum villosum ..... NYCTAGINACE^E. Piaonia obtuaata ............ POLYGONACE.S;. Coccoloba Floridana ........ LAURACE.S:. Peraea Carolineuaia Pei-sea Carolinensis, var. paluatria Sassafras officinale Umbellularia California EUPBORBIACEa:. Drypetea crocea Urypetes crocea, var. latlfolia UKTICACE.S. TJlmus cragsifolia Ulmus fnlva Ulmus Americana Ulmus raccmosa Ulmus alata Planera aquatica Celtia occidentalis Celtia occidentalis, var. reticulata . Ficus aurea Ficus podunculata Morns rubra Maclura aurantiaca 238 (247 248 4,702 3,663 PLATANACE.E. Platanus occidental?! I'latami.s racernosa Platanns Wrightii JUGLANDACE.SE. Juglaus cinerea • Mm huis nigra Juglans nipcatria Carya olivseformia Carya alba Carya sulcata Carya tomentoaa Carya porciua Carya amara Carya myristicseformis Carya aquatica MYRICACE.E. Myrica cerifera Myrica Cnlifornica CUPULIFER.3:. Quercua alba Quercns lobata Quercus Garryana Qnercus obttisiloba Qr.ercna ujjdulata, var. Gambelii.. Quercua mncrocarpa Quercus lyrata Qnercus bicolor 60.31 93.40 63.81 63.73 50.38 64.92 86.44 88.65 71.59 69.77 64.54 72.20 74.17 52.71 72.08 71.86 24.84 45.07 58.56 76.01 56.52 864 48.26 : 624 46.72 | 457 40.66 ! 60.91 | 64.89 70.99 83. 11 | 80. 35 j 81.29 81.36 74.74 79.31 73.13 56.08 66.81 74.39 73.87 74.24 83.01 85.38 7406 82.59 76.18 1,257 465 1,136 849 519 1,068 1,039 836 704 953 747 1,066 523 552 685 868 257 407 824 944 812 1, 092 | 727 666 . 1,390 1,039 1,150 '. 1,014 1,030 , 1,465 1,013 971 717 811 833 571 929 1,334 906 II = z u ~ : = •~ P 252 5,sei If! 270 0,521 Ill 247 4,753 2,: 400 11,034 4,! 127 4,962 V 392 12, 337 6,: 385 9,173 3,1 350 5.874 3,( 257 6,110 2,1 344 9,095 3,1 340 10, 410 5,' 302 8,324 6,. 330 7,248 4,< 371 8,«28 2,: 364 7,191 2,1 455 9,474 3,1 309 7,001 4,1 265 6,305 2,: 337 6,739 3,< 344 6,985 4,: 102 2,597 i 98 4,491 U 331 6,721 2,i 483 12, 939 5,1 1 271 7, 207 240 ' 5, 190 183 ' 5, 228 -:,-, 6, 270 365 9,178 236 6,997 247 j 6,951 512 i 10,007 404 8, 939 482 ; 9,485 9,232 8,357 466 470 585 376 348 442 386 369 375 372 290 419 438 388 10,206 7,776 7,122 8,516 8,183 0,793 7, 957 j 7,7(10 7,843 7,864 7.850 2,645 1,486 1,867 1,488 3,140 2,909 3,714 4,344 4,609 4,429 4,822 3,878 5,042 4,397 2,304 3,017 3,014 3,846 4,415 4,072 3,730 4,033 3,534 258 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. Catalogue number. Species. Approximate relative fuel value. Coefficient of elastic- ity, kilograms on millimeters. Ultimate transverse strength, in kilo- grams. Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crush- ing, in kilograms. Eesistanco to inden- tation to 1.27 milli- meters, in kilograms. Catalogue nuinlter. Species. Approximate rotative fuel value. Coefficient of elastic- ity, kilograms on millimeters. Ultimate transverse' strength, in kilo- grams. Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crush- ing, in kilograms; : Resistance to inden- tation to 1.27 milli- meters, in kilograms. 259 260 261 262 263 264 2C6 267 268 209 270 271 272 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 301 302 303 307 308 309 309 313 313 316 318 319 320 321 321 322 323 80.03 74.42 86.09 88.53 97.60 99.10 91.00 93.93 84.43 90.44 81.47 77.75 65.28 90.03 73.81 70.10 64.18 72.39 69.11 72.31 68.82 72.07 76.10 68.22 63.47 78.41 74.97 74.35 67.25 55.55 58.80 44.95 68.48 82.42 72.26 57.43 59.40 60.12 65.34 57.42 75.97 47.93 41.14 39.65 44.68 48.44 45.73 45. 12 53.91 49.39 55.32 40.10 46.11 40.57 36.11 41. 42 38.81 37.66 964 1,255 1,125 771 857 740 837 1,136 1,198 638 953 £51 1,137 1,033 1,065 1,034 745 977 1,402 1,035 1,123 1,227 1,259 1,225 751 944 1,193 784 964 1,012 1,141 856 1,210 1,373 1,149 730 1,306 924 1,618 1, 113 1,432 1,060 846 769 501 488 305 879 1,262 1,085 888 814 963 723 857 730 458 1.117 477 440 628 424 307 400 424 434 541 300 399 349 422 437 450 444 328 445 509 447 465 449 504 458 424 475 520 422 404 316 423 297 490 484 490 332 454 344 533 415 519 346 291 293 235 275 200 288 388 345 347 289 308 274 235 2CO 171 284 7,715 8,615 9,204 8,913 6,941 7,066 8,550 8,748 8,721 0, 759 7,416 8,527 8,172 9,310 8,074 8,012 7,184 7,954 9,532 7,316 7,862 8,023 8,424 0,600 7,167 4,695 8,839 6,236 7,609 6,959 7,923 6,106 7,550 8,669 7,969 5,564 7,781 6,260 9,907 7,007 9,907 6,644 5,696 4,452 4,224 5,114 4,581 5,457 7,484 6,532 6,169 5,285 5,727 4,527 5, 126 4,418 4,332 6.243 3,725 3,686 4,224 5,988 7,031 5,829 4 922 5,185 5, 079 6,646 3,770 4,302 2,825 4,605 3,224 3,243 2,783 4,582 3,223 3,646 3,040 3,169 4,056 2,008 3,221 4,348 3,623 3,452 3,593 1,912 1,887 1,698 3,145 3,696 3,405 2, 073 2,083 2,459 2,581 2,117 3,615 1,870 1,257 1,189 1,294 1,894 1,311 1,400 2,019 1,581 2,241 1,281 994 1,384 1,202 1,030 1 225 1.018 324 325 325 326 3-J7 328 329 330 331 333 338 339 340 341 342 343 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 355 356 357 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 :;74 375 376 377 378 379 i 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 38.53 48.77 45.69 40.14 31.53 37.90 33.12 47.66 46.16 46.68 68.75 49.11 45.24 28.67 42.02 63.78 51.08 46.96 38.47 38.99 36.76 43.42 41.54 48.65 56.44 63.49 56.20 54.17 55.56 48.41 50.62 50.28 46.99 50. 53 54.37 58.04 40.83 48.18 41.18 45.60 34.88 54.27 51.39 79.29 52.93 55.09 49.22 49.29 60.86 39.13 47.50 69.82 74.83 45.71 40.38 33.38 37.26 42.80 42.20 42.58 51.61 994 1,051 843 847 533 1,034 404 1,029 1,217 499 734 670 1,032 451 676 761 821 401 851 950 794 676 512 913 378 421 435 594 715 1,132 542 824 887 925 726 1,585 771 585 1,141 979 429 1,128 581 1,170 543 543 803 1,194 1,375 448 942 1,488 1,577 1,100 1,023 808 553 990 900 713 1.375 328 298 295 291 219 319 194 342 379 230 200 316 291 196 255 460 378 249 267 260 255 266 249 329 182 191 123 181 279 341 323 279 307 318 355 423 241 333 325 318 175 377 316 497 281 214 310 441 443 212 278 490 500 318 319 245 194 277 307 197 388 5,651 6,055 5, 950 7,446 4,903 7,197 4,149 7,281 7,454 5,742 8,505 6,750 6,771 6,210 6,656 7,734 7,364 5,625 0,219 5,349 5, 382 5,591 5,296 7,825 5,420 5,579 4,389 5,398 5,209 7,274 4,548 6,292 6,037 6,679 5,398 8,868 5,328 5,387 5,874 6,680 4,207 6,834 5,687 8,079 5,765 6,028 5,670 8,142 7,628 4,604 6,329 10, 074 10, 626 6,520 5,489 4,271 4,128 5,653 6,142 6,450 8.747 1,327 1,382 1,007 1,561 957 1,114 1,074 1.618 1,317 2,852 4,464 2, 376 1,166 1,091 1,242 4,223 2,523 1,963 1,194 1,071 1,244 1,727 1,716 2,002 3,126 3,388 2,713 2,350 2,140 1,353 2,309 1,740 1,719 1,850 2,470 2,382 1,379 2,202 1,475 1,687 1,872 1,719 2,123 4,740 2, 496 2,100 1,842 1,950 2,064 1,694 1,009 2, 508 2,985 1,540 1,117 1,217 1,207 1,100 1.314 1,996 1,622 Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni CONIFERS. Qnercus grisea Quercus Durandii Quercns virens Q uercus chry solepis Quercus Emory i Quercus agrifolia Qnercua "Wislizcni .Junipcrus occidentalis, var. conju- gens. Quercus coccinea Quercus tinctoria Quercns Kelloggii Qnercus nigra Quercus falcata Quercus Catesbsei Quercus palustris Quercus aquatica Quercns laurifolia Quercus hc-terophylla Quercus cinerea Quercus h ypoleuca Qnercus imbricaria Qnercus Pliellos Quercns densiflora Castanopsis chrysophylla Castanea puinila P J Castanea vulgaris, car. Americana. Fagus ferrugiuea Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata. . . Ostrya Virginica Carpinus Carolinana BETULACE^!. Pinus Chihuahuana Pinus contorta Pinus Murrayana Pinus Sabiniana Pinus Coulteri Piuus iusignis Pinus tuberculata Pinus Tssda Piuus rigida SALICACE.3!. Salix amvgdaloides Salix Icevigata .. Salix lasiandra, ear. lancifolia Salix lasiandra, oar. Fundleriana.. Pinus mitis Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . Populus balsamifera, var. caudi- cans. Ponulus trichocarpa . . Tsu^a Mertensiana . . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. Catalogue muni" j . Species. Approximate relative fuel value. Coefficient of elastic- ity, kilograms on millimeters. Ultimate transverse Htrcngth in kilo- grams. Ultimate resistance (n longitudinal crush- ing, in kilogram*. Resistance to inden- tation to 1.27 milli- meters in kilograms. Catalogue number. Species. Approximate relative fuel valne. Coefficient of elastic- ity, kilograms on m'i Hi meters. Ultimate transverse strength in kilo- grams. Ultimate resistance to longitudinal crash- ing in kilograms. Resistance to inden- tation to 1.27 milli- meters in kilograms. || too Tsuga Pattoniana 44. 35 775 307 6 074 1 664 398 42 18 301 Psendotsuga Douglaaii 51.53 1283 376 8,289 1 608 399 Abies nobilia 45 46 1277 391 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, rar. ma- 45.59 1050 361 7,405 1,642 400 46 8? 662 crocarpa. 401 62 16 1261 384 8 763 39° Allies Fraseri 35.46 972 273 5 557 I 048 402 lot 38.02 819 220 5 851 1 202 394 34 61 762 •>02 4 829 1 015 35 08 958 211 6 255 810 PALMACE.E. w> 36.07 909 300 6 237 1 248 405 The following table illustrates the relation between the specific gravity and the transverse strength of the wood of species upon which a sufficient number of tests has been made to render such a comparison valuable. The determinations of the specific gravity and transverse strength were, in every case, made upon the same specimen, at the same time. The table is arranged according to the specific gravity of the specimens. It will be noticed that the strength of the different specimens closely but not invariably follows their specific gravity. An examination of Table III will show, however, that in nearly every case where any wide difference occurs it is due to imperfections in the stick disproportionately affecting its strength. Moreover, in the case of species where the specific gravity and strength of different specimens are nearly identical, their order of arrangement becomes largely accidental. A slight difference in the time occupied in the strength tests, or slight variations in the direction of the grain of the wood, may considerably affect the sequence in such a table : TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD OF CERTAIN SPECIES. J 1 8 1 j o g a s Species. 1 I !>, ij= || ue num Species. 1 §£ e4 If I f> S; > •** if (- t* fee ' * *^ 1 1 1 1 | V 3 1" 0 o « & G 0 « M 3 Magnolia acuminata 534 1 i 66 Acer rnbrnm 20 534 2 2 878 2 3 24« 3 3 878 3 1 261 4 5 1048 4 2 246 5 * 1048 5 4 261 6 6 530 6 5 8 818 . j eon Tm 818 2 5 OOV 743 O 8 9 1231 3 2 743 9 7 1236 4 6 77 1248 1 1 1236 5 4 405 2 2 1232 6 3 1248 3 5 1232 7 8 1247 4 3 395 8 7 1247 5 4 60 982 i QIC 982 2 2 OJB 815 6 6 7 7 1023 3 4 108 15 1 1 1023 4 3 15 2 2 64 299 I o 34 1233 2 1 1053 » 4 5 1235 3 7 1053 5 '6 1234 4 6 127 6 3 1235 5 r, 763 7 8 1234 6 4 763 8 7 1233 7 3 368 9 9 376 8 8 317 10 : 10 409 9 9 317 11 11 64 Acer saccharinum, var. Digram 274 1 1 1151 12 13 213 2 2 406 13 12 757 3 3 117 1088 1 •• 1 757 4 4 7108 2 ; 3 260 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 0 a 1 £ o e ! 2 y 25 u V a Species. 1 h > If e num' Species. 1 • *•? '> Ij gft §: p e 2 _> 61 * £ £ » 5 1 !& !l •3 jL 1 o I 1 1 O I o I 1 117 PVTUS corouflfift continued • 1088 3 2 194 Kriixiiiuft viridis — continued 948 2 4 1087 4 4 957 3 1 139 Jjiquidmnl)ur Stvracifltia ... 1173 1 2 438 4 3 1182 2 9 57 5 7 1182 3 5 957 6 5 1183 4 8 308 7 6 1173 5 1 308 8 8 1095 ., 3 196 66 . 1181 7 11 66 2 SI 1181 8 10 286' 3 1 546 9 6 518 4 5 1095 10 4 286' 5 6 546 11 12 291 6 4 1183 12 7 125 7 8 151 1077 3 1 125 ^ 7 1077 4 3 217 814 1 1092 5 8 814 2 4 812 6 4 71 3 1 812 7 5 854 4 7 761 8 7 854 5 8 67 9 6 446 6 5 67 10 4 . 387 7 3 154 750 1 2 71 8 2 835 2 9 387 9 9 750 ,. • 223 104 833 4 6 Mat 134 , 2 2 833 g 4 224 TJInms Americana .................... ... _ 834 6 7 533 2 4 • 834 7 3 1049 3 2 813 8 5 19 4 1 813 9 8 19 5 3 155 128 1 2 1036 6 11 128 2 1 1036 7 10 604 3 6 958 8 7 604 4 4 281 9 8 550 5 5 281 10 9 550 6 3 958 11 5 184 Diospyros Vif^iniflnsi 425 _ • 225 116 . 1 1084 2 6 314 2 2 1162 3 4 314 3 5 811 4 3 116s \ 3 1084 5 2 428 5 7 811 6 5 116s 6 4 61 7 8 116 7 6 j-T 228 jyrq 192 Dl 1045 8 1 1 BYO 873 1 2 4 1045 2 4 1111 3 1 1143 3 3 306 4 « 937 4 19 306 5 7 227» 5 2 1111 6 2 130 6 7 75 7 3 431 7 6 75 8 8 232 Morus rnbrft . ....,,.«.,........,.....,-......... •IDO 227' 8 9 5 10 JUE9 1255 1 2 4 392 10 8 132 3 2 212 11 11 1255 4 6 ' 212 12 9 1244 5 3 747 13 21 1245 6 5 551 14 14 1246 7 7 238 _ . t Hv 267 15 16 13 12 76* . 2 2 747 17 17 16 3 7 551 18 15 16 4 4 114s 19 16 76 5 5 114 20 18 76 6 3 114 21 20 123 7 6 194 949 1 2 393 8 8 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. Catalogue number. Species. Office uumber. i 1 *£ tf °$ > a 0] i Kelative transverse strength. 1 a "e* 0 Species. Office number. Relative specific gravity. Kelative transverse strength. 239 951 i 4 251 49' 19 15 951 2 3 259> 20 21 766 3 1 493 21 17 766 4 6 49" 22 24 318 5 9 8 23 25 325 6 8 403 24 28 407 7 5 895 25 29 117 8 a 251 26 4 117 9 7 1132 27 31 242 IV ] 4 403 28 33 539 2 7 251 29 26 531 3 2 32» 30 20 m 113* 31 34 531 4 3 49 32 22 1056 5 12 443 33 35 1056 6 13 32» 34 22 3 7 6 113 35 31 1097 g 1 253 985 1 1 249 9 11 1027 2 6 118 10 14 985 3 S 249 11 10 988 4 2 118 12 16 1027 5 7 3 13 5 1029 6 4 816 14 9 988 7 5 539 15 8 1029 8 8 816 16 15 254 771 1 5 243 383 1 3 771 7 1082 2 5 256 3 3 391 3 1 151 4 1 1166 4 6 151 5 2 391 5 4 351 6 4 1082 6 7 351 7 4 1164 7 2 256 137 1 1 1170 8 8 310 2 8 1165 9 9 1071 3 5 245 88 1 1 310 4 10 88 2 2 143 5 13 1168 3 7 933 6 12 1168 4 4 1073 7 6 « 442 5 9 1072 8 7 538 6 3 933 9 11 6 7 5 79 10 3 6 8 6 432 11 9 121 9 8 831 12 4 248 740 1 1 79 13 2 740 2 5 257 545 1 1 362 3 3 762 2 2 362 4 4 762 3 3 129 5 2 545 4 4 917 6 6 258 O b' xilor 54 1 1 251 1257 1 18 2 9 301 991 1 4 362 3 2 991 2 3 86 4 6 1025 3 1 36 5 8 967 4 5 247 6 1 967 5 6 17 7 5 1025 6 2 247 8 3 324 309 1 3 437 9 10 754 2 2 17 10 7 754 3 1 244 11 11 309 1 3 444 12 12 304 5 5 277 548 1 3 304 6 6 265 2 1 325 912 1 5 548 3 2 646 2 2 131 4 6 646 3 4 131 5 7 909 4 1 265 6 4 912 5 6 245 7 6 909 6 3 245 g g 327 1099 1 2 280 742 1 1 874 2 1 511 2 8 874 3 5 742 3 9 782 4 7 511 4 2 1099 5 3 849 5 4 788 6 8 349 6 3 783 7 10 264> 7 6 790 8 4 264» 8 5 790 9 6 264' 9 7 379 10 9 290 18 1 2 379 11 11 258 2 1 792 12 12 516 3 3 793 13 13 18 4 4 329 350 1 7 291 1 2 850 2 3 9 2 1 850 3 1 853 3 4 851 4 4 9 4 3 851 5 2 853 5 6 852 6 5 lift 6 5 350 7 6 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 263 RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. Catalogue number. Species. Office number. Relative specific giavity. Relative transverse strength. Catalogue number. Species. Office number. Relative specific gravity. §5 2^a *» a g| 5 1 330 Chamfecyparis Nutkaensia . . 969 1 5 378 Piniis fflabra— ^outinTied ^ 764 2 2 983 2 1 142 3 4 1000 3 8 142 4 3 983 4 3 544 5 6 • 1000 5 6 544 6 5 994 6 4 379 780 1 I 994 7 879 2 2 969 8 7 394 3 3 330 Juniperus Vir^iniana . . 1249 1 5 394 4 4 1250 2 7 879 5 6 734 3 1 780 6 5 800 4 4 380 81 j j 800 5 3 358 2 7 327 6 2 559 3 2 327 7 6 358 4 8 ^342 Sequoia sempervirens ...... 711 1 5 357 5 I 710 2 1 81 6 10 711 3 3 359 7 11 713 4 6 360 8 4 713 5 2 361 9 8 712 6 4 361 10 5 712 7 7 360 11 13 .347 222 1 2 243 12 9 1044 2 7 243 13 6 797 3 1 385 14 18 1 4 4 390 15 15 788 5 3 357 16 12 788 6 5 85 17 19 797 7 6 384 18 18 1044 8 11 390 19 17 789 ' 9 8 85 20 20 789 10 9 384 21 21 777 11 10 381 493 1 g 358 315 1 493 2 4 31S 2 2 356 3 2 1076 3 3 356 4 1 1078 4 5 84 5 3 785 . 5 4 84 6 5 1074 Q 6 382 231 1 1 1075 7 7 231 2 2 785 8 8 776 3 3 361 632 1 3 QQA 4 4 910 • 2 10 oou 776 5 9 907 3 11 373 6 7 689 4 1 880 7 8 619 5 4 794 8 5 630 6 9 794 9 6 731 7 g 383 Piceaalba 513 j 6 626 8 2 773 2 3 718 9 5 773 3 1 630 10 12 ' 784 4 5 718 11 8 513 5 4 636 12 7 784 6 8 370 Finns Tseda .„ 82 1 1 791 7 2 355 2 4 386 970 1 3 355 3 6 970 2 o 388 4 2 1015 3 1 389 5 3 977 4 4 388 6 7 1026 5 8 389 7 5 977 6 5 373 Pinusinops 1172 1 4 1026 7 9 1172 2 2 1019 8 6 1169 3 6 10J9 9 7 1169 4 1 387 798 1 6 622 5 5 793 2 2 621 6 3 772 3 1 378 Pinusglabra... 764 1 1 772 4 3 264 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. j 0 c 1 en '§ 1 Ii "o £ 1 « | Species. e mimlnT. © &f. ;1 ,> « tivo transv strength. logno mini' Species. e number. 1* ** 5 s tivo trauav strength. S u »s • a 0 J Eg 5 0 K i 0 I i 387 Tauga CanadeneiB— continued 1040 5 4 391 Psendotsnga Douglasii— continued 1022 25 26 1040 6 5 1008 26 28 775 7 13 271' 27 24 787 8 9 1020 28 31 787 9 8 1022 29 6 5 10 10 986 30 23 219 11 7 1020 31 4 775 12 15 702 32 34 1042 13 11 709 33 22 1042 14 12 709 34 27 5 15 17 394 Abies s ii 1 >a] i ii n ii ....... . 449 1 2 817 16 14 4492 2 6 219 17 16 449i 3 5 817 18 18 449' 4 1 778 19 20 820 5 3 778 20 19 820 6 4 391 708 1 1 396 Allies concolor 733 i 1 708 2 2 639 2 3 704 3 3 733 3 2 1018 4 8 639 4 4 1018 5 10 529 5 6 1016 6 33 529 6 5 989 7 7 401 Larix Americana 226s 1 1 1016 8 18 226 2 3 705 9 14 774 3 10 627 10 5 840 4 8 881 11 9 786 5 2 881 12 13 795 6 4 1008 13 19 774 7 5 706 14 11 795 8 7 720 15 15 840 9 9 1011 16 17 781 10 12 627 17 12 786 11 6 720 18 30 781 12 11 1011 19 32 402 Larix ocoidentalis . . 1006 1 3 974 20 16 1006 2 4 732 21 21 984 8 1 732 22 29 8 984 4 2 973 23 25 719 5 5 973 24 20 719 6 6 GENEBAL EEMARKS. An examination of the results obtained from the various tests made upon the woods of North America indicate at least the important fact that within the limits of any species the weight and strength of any specimen of wood depends upon the actual proportion of the space occupied in the layers of annual growth with open ducts to the space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of Coniferae, the proportion of space occupied with cells formed early in the season to that occupied with the smaller cells of the summer growth. The proportion between these two kinds of growth varies not only in every individual tree, but in different parts of the same tree. The causes which thus affect the growth of wood are not very apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general climatic conditions, it appears, which produce the different proportion between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any species, because in the same individual this proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irregularly ; nor does the rapidity of growth, as has been supposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of open to compact growth is little affected by rapid or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible that in years in which conditions favorable to rapid growth are extended late into the season, the proportion of the annual layer occupied by open, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would be greater than that formed in a year during which the season favorable for rapid growth was less extended. It follows that while such experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies are necessary to establish maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 wood may be determined by microscopic examination of its structure ; that is, two specimens of the wood of any species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments. TANNIN VALUES. The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined. These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it. These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to indicate species not now in general use for this purpose, which may be looked to as possible sources of tannin supply. The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows : The tanuiu in each case was determined in the rossed bark; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the outside coating. The method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described : A standard decoction of the bark is titrated with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo being first added to it. In a second portion the tannin is precipitated by means of gelatine, and the gallic acid in the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or by oxalic acid and calculation. The bark of the following species has been examined : Catalogue number. ' Botanical name. Common name. Percent, of tannin. Percent of ash. Catalogue number. Botanical name. Common name. Per cent, of tannin. Per cent, of ash. 14 Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay 13.14 2.35 275 Quercus Kelloggii Black Oak 6.76 8.04 93 4 04 8 71 276 Black Jack. Jack Oak .... 4.36 6.28 P J 277 Spanish Oak. Red Oak 8.59 4.32 Rhi? h Man le 31 04 6 70 287 Tanbark Oak Chestnut Oak 16 46 3 84 160 5 81 7 16 Peach Oak 251 White Oak 5 99 0.11 290 6.25 2.00 256 4.59 8.05 • 382 7.20 2.84 260 Chestnut Oak Rock Cheat- 6 25 3 83 3S4 White Spruce .. .. 20.56 2.75 384 do 17.01 2.32 261 Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. 4.33 8.38 384 ...do 12.60 0.76 387 13.11 1.31 261 do 10 33 6 23 389 do 14.42 1.44 267 Live Oak 10.4ft 8.89 389 do 15.87 1.49 269 Black Oak 9.76 15.09 390 15.72 2.48 272 Red Oak Black Oak 4 56 4 43 391 Red Fir Yellow Fir Ore- 13.79 1.56 274 Black Oak Yellow-bark Oak 5 90 5 73 Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. 2G6 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Oflice nninlior. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. MAGNOLIACE^. 346 354 246 261' 261* 261' 534 1178 22 532 266> 266» 266» 2801 260» 280» 138 165 174 177 178 187 188 395 818 1231 1232 211 332 479 Cottage Hill ....do Wytheville Fancy Gap do C.Mohr ....do H. Shriver ....do do 0.372 0.268 116 91 Big Laurel. Bull Bay. ....do Virginia 20 Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel. Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia. ....do do Rich, light do .. ....do ....do ....do ....do Selvers' mill C.Mohr C. Mohr ....do 0.198 26 14 uucumber Tree. North Carolina... Mississippi Statesville M. E Hyams Rich 0.050 18 Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. C.Mohr Rich low Virginia Wytheville do H. Shriver ..do 0.072 15 8 Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood. ....do do do do ....do Fancy Gap . do ....do do 0.085 20 Long-leaved Oucumber Tree. 8. Liriodendron Tnlipifera do do do do do .. Michigan Ohio Dansville D. E. MeSherry & Co. Woodsnm Machine Company. Barney & Smith . Manufacturing Co. D.E.McSherry&Co. J.W. Stoddard&Co. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. W.J.Beal E E Barney Tulip Tree. Tettow Poplar. White Wood. ANONACE2E. 9. Asimina triloba . do Ohio do .. . do ....do ....do .. do do W .T Tloal West Virginia .... Pennsylvania do Grafton C. P1-. Prinffle Chester county do P P Sharpies do Meramec river, Jef- ferson county. Cumberland river . . G. W. Letterman . . . A. Gattinger A H Curtiss Alluvial ....do 0.169 0.086 0.240 Papaw. Custard Apple. 10. Anona laorifolia ..... 47 Pond Apple. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 267 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION'S. ASH DETERMINATIONS. "Weight, per rllltir t'o.it, ill pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 9.6040 0. 5034 0. 5012 0. 4399 0.4562 0. 4215 0.5065 0. 4095 0.5375 0.5468 0. 3787 0. 5067 0. 4606 0. 5430 0.4976 0. 4602 0.3843 0. 3831 0. 3798 0. 4475 0.4512 0. 4362 0.4436 0. 3774 0. 4763 0.4444 9. 4199 0.3549 0.4259 0.4912 0. 6680 0. 5037 0.5413 0.6360 0.40 0.42 0.29 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.34 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.19 0.18 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.33 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.24 4.94 0.65 0.53 0.26 0.53 39.63 348 854 246 261' 261« 261i 534 1178 22 532 266' 206" 266» 260' 260» 260" 138 165 174 177 178 187 188 395 818 1231 1232 211 332 479 0.5035 0.47 31.38 0. 5213 0. 4399 0.4562 0. 4215 0.5061 0.27 0 25 0.30 0.30 0.5058 0.41S4 0.4859 0.5534 0.33 0.39 0.34 0. 4101 Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-weed ; fonrth sp. gr. determination, 0.4175. 0.4690 0.29 29.23 0. 4139 0.32 25.79 0. 5117 0.5501 0.32 0.39 0.34 0.5309 0.35 33.09 0. 3787 0. 5067 0. 4606 0 19 0.18 0 °4 Growth rapid; all sap-wood .... . 0.4487 0.20 27.96 0.5430 0. 4976 0.4602 0.25 0.27 0.33 0. 5003 0.28 31.18 0.3843 0. 3807 0. 3792 0. 4418 0. 4477 0. 4256 0. 4493 0. 3774 0. 4793 0.4427 0. 4455 0.25 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.21 0.18 0. 3783 0. 3787 0. 4361 0.4442 0. 4150 0.4551 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.22 0.16 0.14 0.30 4.79 > 0. 4822 0.4409 0. 4712 0. 3810 • 0. 4230 0.23 26.36 0. 3679 0. 4259 0.15 0 °7 0. 5199 0.5048 0. 3969 0.21 24.74 0.5053 4.86 31. 49. 268 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- Heart- wood. ! wood. CAPPARIDACE.S:. 477 lisa 499 1131 236 414 1230 2 124 252 316 1038 745 285" 285* 285« 320 510 1113 1117 1190 476 898 1133 947 80 392 Florida Upper Metacombe Key. do A H Curtiss Coral 0.098 34 CANELLACE-S:. ...do . do ...do ....do ...do Sonth Carolina — ....do Umbrella Key Elliott's Key ....do do ....do do 0.620 0.120 17 5 White Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. TERNSTROEMIACEJE. 14 Bonneaa's Depot . . . Aiken H. W. Ravenel do Loblolly Say. Tan Bay. STERCULIACEJS. 0.330 22 25 San Bernardino mountains. Arnold Arboretum . . Big Rapids Allenton Hersey Danvers Baiubridge Cliffs Kentucky river C G Pringle Slippery Elm. TILIACE^I. Massachusetts Michigan Missouri C. S. Sargent W. J.Beal G. W. Letterman... W. J.Beal :. Drift 0.470 9 26 Lime Tree. Boss Wood. Americ&n Lin- den. Lin. See Tree. Alluvial 0.270 3 73 Massachusetts Georgia 0.330 0.300 2 23 35 A. H. Cnrtiss W M Linncv Low 18 Tilia heterophylla White Bass Wood. Wahoo. MALPIGHIACE.S;. do do ....do do do do do Cumberland river . . Boca Chica Key A. Gattinger Alluvia] Coral 9.080 21 Tallowberry. Olamberry. ZYGOPHYLLACE^. do do .. do ...do ....do do Boca Chica Key ....do ....do do 0.074 19 12 Upper Metacombe Key. do • ....do 0.178 18 55 Lignum-vitee. do Department of Ag- riculture. A. H. Curtias C.Mohr G. TV. Letterman ... W. J. Beal ....do Elliott's Key San Antonio Allenton Lansing Coral Limestone 0.056 0.087 0.066 31 5 4 RUTACE.E. Missouri Alluvial ....do 9 23 » Prickly Aeh. Toothache Tree. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. \\Viijlit, pel cnl.ic. tout, ill pound* (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0.6fi90 0. 7272 0. 9570 1. 0390 0. 3852 0. 5146 0. 8995 0. 4626 0. 3815 0.5035 0. 5166 0. 4272 C 0. 4103 i 0. 4087 0. 4927 0. 3791 0. 3674 0. 4695 0.5257 0. 5909 0.5681 0.6009 1.1845 1.2736 1.0997 1. 1230 0.6609 0. 7315 0. 9593 1. 0017 0.4659 0.5255 0.7288 0.4722 0. 6649 0. 7293 5.60 13.82 0.75 2.66 0.49 1.02 1.51 0.30 0.32 0.97 0.55 0.42 ( 0.68 I 0.62 0.45 0.67 0.86 0.48 2.84 2.40 2.75 1.94 0.87 0.51 0.86 0.53 0.60 0.54 5.77 3.88 0.95 2.65 0.44 1.08 1.86 0.33 0.38 1.08 0.64 0.48 0.671 0.64) 5.68 3.85 477 1188 499 1131 238 414 1280 2 124 252 316 1039 745 285' 285< 285> 320 510 1113 1119 1190 476 898 1133 947 80 892 0.6971 4.70 43.44 0. 9582 1. 0203 0.85 2.66 0. 9893 1.75 61.65 0. 4255 0. 5201 0.47 1.05 0. 4728 0.76 29.47 0.7142 1.69 44.51 0.4674 0. 3815 0.4706 0.5166 0. 4266 0.31 0.35 1.02 0.60 0.45 0. 4378' 0. 4163 0.38851 0. 4220 J 0. 4302 0. 4525 0.55 28.20 0. 4074 0.65 25.39 0. 4927 0. 3791 0. 3674 0. 4620 0 45 0 67 0.86 0.50 0.4545 0.5360 0. 6783 0. 5791 0.5964 1.2180 1.1700 1.0998 1.0843 0.5969 0. 5290 0.53 2.85 1.94 2.56 2.40 0.92 0.81 0.94 0.49 0.58 0.55 0.4253 0.62 26.51 0.5308 0.6478 0. 5782 0. 5987 2.85 Vl7 2.65 2.17 0. 6743 0.5875 0.9563 0.5888 2.48 36.69 1.1196 1.2218 1.0882 0.90 0.66 0.90 1.0652 1.1230 1. 1432 0. 82 71. 24 1. 1101 0. 51 i 69. 18 0. 6122 0. 5235 0.6045 0. 5262 0.59 0.5* 0.56M 0.57 35.23 270 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Ollicc number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYEK8 OK GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 735 807 1086 938 1109 1140 481 950 1128 768 1228 487 462 90§ 475 452 472 1134 280 902 484 802 Florida Georgia Chattahoochee Cumberland island . Palestine Austin Bahia Honda Key.. - do A. H. Curtiss Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper Wood. Wild Orange. 23. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. fru- ....do Texas C.Mohr ....do A.H.Cnrtiss do Damp, sandy Dry, calcareous . . Coral 0.352 0.098 20 33 10 ....do Florida 24. Xanthoxvlum Caribaeum Satin Wood. 25. Xanthoxylum ]?terota ....do ...do 0.136 4 54 do Bay Biscayne Matagorda bay Bay Biseayne Aspalaga . Wiekenbnrg Bay Biscayne Upper Metacombe Key. A. H. Curtiss C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss ....do C.G.Pringle -•... A.H.Cnrtiss .. do Coral Wild Lime. 26 Ptelia trifoliata Texas Florida Coral 0.84 0.94 • 13 23 31 ....do Arizona Florida Hop Tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer Ash. Coral SIMARUBE^:. Paradite Tree. BURSERACE.S:. ....do ....do ... do Quin Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West In- dian Birch. 9 Department of Ag- riculture. A H Curtiss ....do ....do Upper Hetacombe Key. do v Coral 0. 128 0.228 0.112 61 16 3 Torch Wood. MELIACE.E. 31. Swietenia Mahogoni do do 81 43 Mahogany. Madeira. OLACINE.S:. . do .. do do do Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Bog Plum. Mountain Plum, ILICIXE.E. 33. Hex opaca ....do South Carolina — . do Umbrella Key do . do Waverly Hills W. St. J.Mazyck... Department of Ag- riculture. A. H. Curtiss do 0.144 35 American HoUy. 34. Hex Dahoon Florida Bay Biscayne Low, damp do ... 0.128 0.148 29 28 Dahoon. Dahoon Holly. 34. Ilei Dahoon, var. myrtifolia ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF TOE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 271 SPECIFIC (iliAVlTY DKTKHMIXATIOXS. A6H DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 5139 0. 4880 0.5392 0. 0139 0.8598 0. 9090 0. 7480 0.5807 0. 9COO 0. 8238 0.6484 0. 4100 0. 2677 0. 2823 1.0«9 0. 7335 0.8799 0.9838 0.6046 0. 5524 0. 4791 0.5886 0.5002 0. 4772 0.5153 0. 5733 0. 8965 0. 9275 0. 7666 0. 5775 0.8949 0.8400 0. 7305 0. 4172 0. 2488 0. 4022 1.0450 0.7464 0.8925 0.9305 0.6624 0.5078 0. 4820 0.5860 0. 5070 0. 4826 0.5272 0.92 O.C8 0.90 , 0.76 1.59 2.34 0.90 0.63 0.69 f 0.34 6.13 0.93 2.05 2.10 0.66 1.06 0.55 0.84 0.71 1.04 0.94 0.95 0.91 0.65 0.84 0.76 2.01 2.15 1.00 0.59 0.89 0.27 4.54 0.92 1.91 2.07 0.51 1.11 0.69 0.82 0.55 0.71 0.88 0.84 0.91 0.67 0.87 735 807 1086 938 1109 1140 481 950 1128 768 1228 487 462 903 475 452 473 1134 280 902 484 802 0. C030 0.5056 0.82 31.51 0.5967 0.76 37.19 0. 8782 0. 9222 1.80 2.25 0. 9302 0.9002 2.02 56.10 0. 7573 0. 5791 0.8968 0.95 0.61 0.79 0.8955 0. 7444 0.78 46.39 0.8319 0.30 51.84 . 0.6885 5.33 42.91 0. 4136 0.93 25.78 0. 2587 0.2584 0. 3423 1.98 2.09 0. 3003 2. 04 18. 71 1.0459 0.59 65.18 0.7047 0.7282 1.09 45.38 0.8862 0. 9531 0.62 0.83 0.9249 0.9196 0.73 57.31 0.6335 0. 5301 0.63 0.88 0.5818 0.76 36.26 0.480H 0.91 29.95 0.5873 0.90 36.60 272 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. I.AVKRS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 345 804 952 56 335 753 945 341 615 338 63 1078 1188 478 1201 454 460 941 43 521 803 1004 1256 993 1101 Cottage Hill C. Mohr Saint John's river . . A. H. Curtiss 0.076 17 Oassena. Yaupon. Yopon . • 36. Hex decidua Florida Kich, sandy Light Texas G. W. Letterma,n J. Keverchon A. H. Curtiss C.Mohr Low, damp Upland Clay Alluvial 0.086 33 CYRILLACE.®. Texas Dallas Chattahoochee river Florida Texas do 0.195 0.194 Iron Wood. '• 38. Cliftonia liguatrina Ogeechee river Cottage Hill A. H. Curtiss % C.Mohr... G. W. Letterman ... do Low Wet Alluvial 47 Titi. Iron Wood. Buckwheat Tree, CELASTKACE^. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Spindle Tree. Arrow Wood. do do do 0.092 22 A H Curtisa ....do do Upper Metacombe Key. ...do do Coral .... 0.1)0 71 Jellow Wvod. Box Wood. RHAMNACE.ffi. do ....do do do do do 0.112 0.186 0.100 7 22 5 52 56 36 Red Iron Wood. Darling Plum. do do . do do Black Iron Wood. Texas New Brannfels Allenton Nashville Saint John's river . . C. Mohr G. W. Letterman . . . A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss Dry, calcareous... Blue Wood. Logwood, Purple Haw. Missouri Tennessee Indian Cherry. ....do Kich hummock . . . 0.108 0.059 19 14 10 Santa Cruz mount- ains. C G Piin»le G. Enprelm.inn and C. S. Sargent. C. L. Anderson Kich, alluvial Bearberry. Bear Wood. Shittim Wood. California Santa Cruz 0.090 11 Rl'if 3lyrllt. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 273 SPECIFIC QKAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ABH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. A verage. First. Second. Average. 0. 7257 0. 6890 0. 7475 0. 7976 0. 7888 0. 5910 0. 7960 0. 7147 0.6818 0.6350 0.6240 0.0868 0.9057 0.7487 0. 7912 1.0605 1.3020 1. 2049 0.5954 0.5940 0. 4971 f 0. 4894 1 0. 4789 0.6000 0. 5665 ( 0. 5805 { 0.6965 0. 7185 • 0. 7191 0. 7619 0. 7221 0. 7041 0. 7547 0.74 1.04 C. 89 0.44 0.83 0.87 0.67 0.41 0.42 0.35 0.70 0.51 3.88 2.79 2.15 3.24 8.00 7.03 0.19 0.76 0.47 1.15 0.63 0.74 0.70 0.70 1.11 0.72 0.50 0.84 0.79 0. 67 0.43 0.40 0.48 0.58 0.53 2.95 2.91 2.28 3.15 8. Gl 7.02 0.18 0.98 0.52 0.81 0.53 0.59 0.68 0.72 1.08 0.81 345 804 953 50 335 753 945 341 615 338 63 1078 1188 478 1201 454 460 841 43 521 803 1094 1356 993 1101 0. 7270 0.87 45.31 0.7976 0. 7888 0.5885 0. 7931 0.47 0.84 0.83 0.67 0.5861 0. 7894 ' 0. 6563 0. 6608 0. 0147 0. 7039 0. 7420 0.70 46.25 0. 6855 0. 6713 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.6784 42.28 0.6249 0.42 38.95 0. 6240 0.6943 0.64 0.53 0. 7018 0. 9039 0. 7728 0. 7850 1. 0825 1.3020 1.1949 0. 6592 0.58 41.08 0. 9048 3.42 56.39 0. 7608 0. 7881 2.85 2.22 0. 7745 2.54 48.27 1. 0715 3.20 66.78 1. 3020 8.31 81.14 1.1999 7.03 74.78 0. 5954 0. 5951 0. 5136 0. 4807 0.19 0.87 0.50 0.93 0.5962 0. 5301 0. 4720 > 0. 4825 ) 0. 5 sap-wood 0.5462 0.64 34.04 0. 6000 0.58 37.39 0. 5678 0. 5604 1 0. 5625 $ 0.5672 0.07 35.35 0.5750 0.69 35.83 IS FOE 274 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLK I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. 1 LAVEK8 OF GROWTH. Sap. •wood. Heart- wood. 502 1139 297 386 427 445 684 944 307 589 824 928 568 1122 463 464 99 372 98 371 982 1023 962 1013 1014 52« Umbrella Key A 11 Cuitiss Coral 0.126 0.100 6 13 45 24 Naked Wood. SAPrNBACE^:. do do Missouri ....do Tennessee ....do California . . Alleiiton ....do Nashville ....do G. W. Lctterman . . . ....do A. Gattinger Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. Alluvial ....do G.R-Vasey C.Mohr Rich upland ....do 0.250 0.124 26 Sweet Buckeye. California Buckeye. Spanish Buckeye. ....do do Dallas do 3. Revorcbon do Kich, damp do Wild China. Soapberry. E. L. Greene do Texas Austin Cape Sable C. Mobr A. H. CurtiBS Limestone Rich, Bandy, damp . Coral 0.222 0.134 24 41 36 Soapberry. ....do ....do do . do Upper Metacombe Key. do .. do do 0.262 0.224 15 13 80 72 Ink Wood. Iron Wood. do do White Iron Wood. Vermont do Huntingdon do C. G. Pringle do Gravelly do Striped Maple. Moose Wood. Striped Dogwood. Goose-foot Maple. Whistle Wood. do do J do do Mountain Maple. do do do do Portland . . . G. Englemann and C. S. Sargent. Rich, alluvial 0.229 30 40 Broad-leaved Maple. ...do ... do Portland Furniture Company. Portland do ....do do Moist, alluvial . . . do fine Maple. Washington ter- ritory. do do Bnglemann's canon. R. Douglas Dry, gravelly 0.048 28 Dwarf Maple. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 275 I SPECIFIC GRAVITY PETEIUIIKATIONX. ASH DKTEUM1NATIOXS. Weight, per &» Kerourks. (average). a H First. Si-ooml. Third. AvtTn^e. First. Second. Average. 0. 8100 0. MI4G 0. 4J70 0.4787 0.4606 0.4241 0.4921 a 6392 0. 7520 0.8324 0.7978 0.7550 0. 8595 0.7940 0.9000 0.9666 a 5111 0.5564 0. 5198 0.5490 0.5057 0.4323 0.6824 0.6587 0.6370 0.6032 0. 8516 0.8166 0.4358 0.4625 0. 8308 0. 8108 1.29 2.31 ,0! 0.83 0.77 0.99 0.66 1.15 1.42 1.86 1.44 1.54 3.82 5.00 1.23 1.35 0.32 0.44 0.42 0.48 0.59 0.49 0.39 0.35 0.41 0.31 1.14 2.26 1.00 0.85 0.68 1.00 0.73 1.19 1.27 1.52 1.21 2.29 502 1139 207 388 427 445 684 944 307 589 824 928 568 1122 463 464 99 372 98 371 962 1023 962 1013 1014 526 0. 8112 0.8208 1.75 51.15 0. 4314 0. 4706 0. 4606 1.01 0.84 0.73 0. 4307 0.5038 0.8272 0. 7980 0.8616 0.8345 0.8522 0.8763 0. 8024 0.9465 0. 8548 0. 5119 0. 51CO 0. 5205 0.5528 0.5029 0. 5087 0. 6720 0. 8660 0.6800 0.6023 0.4542 0.86 28.31 0.4274 1.00 27. S4 0. 4980 0.70 31.04 0.6332 1.17 39.46 0.7750 0.8470 0.8162 0. 8123 1.35 1.69 1.44 0. 8296 1.52 3.30 5.25 1.27 1.41 0.35 0.80 0.37 0.41 0.57 0.49 0.39 0.37 0.44 0.29 1.53 0. 8126 1.50 50.64 0. 8679 0. 8058 3.56 5.13 0.8204 0.8367 4.34 52.14 0.9533 1.25 59.41 0.9102 1.38 56.72 0. 5115 0.5484 0.34 0.37 0.5789 0.5299 0.36 33.02 0. 5202 0.5457 0.40 0.45 j 0.5353 0.5254 0.5330 0.43 33.22 0. 5113 0. 4705 0.4909 0.58 0.49 0.54 30.59 0.6772 0.6624 0. 6585 0.39 0.36 0.43 - 0.6C60 0.39 41.51 0.6028 0.30 37.57 276 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Speciee. \ 8 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATEIiS OP OROWTII. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 886 105 203 298 299 376 409 1233 1234 1235 213 274' 274» 399 440 757 1167 103 367 448 1052 20 530 743 878 1048 1239 1240 290 311 645 1176 Utah City Creek caiion . . . M. E. Jones C.G. Pringle Moist, gravelly . . . Gravelly 0.050 a Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple. Rock Maple. Ohio \Voodsnm Machine Company. Allunton do Missouri .. do G. W. Lctterraan .. do Rich uplands .. do .. . Charlotte C. G. Pringle New England Vermont do CliarU'stown Navy- yard. Charlotte do S H Pook F H Horsford do ... do do do ...do ...do C.G. Pringle Clay Black Sugar Mapl G. TV. Lettennan .. do ....do ...do ...do ....do ...do Rich, alluvial Low, alluvial . Rich Florida Cbattahoochee Allenton Charlotte do A. H. Curtiss G. W. Letterman C.G.Pringle ...do Clay Rich alluvial 0.268 51 Missouri Vermont do S^ft Maple,. White Maple. /Silver Maple. do G. W. Lettennan Massachusetts — do Topsfield Arnold Arboretnm. . Kemper's mill Bainbridge Danvers J. Kohinson C. S. Sargent Drift 0.285 0.222 0.252 0.168 0.204 18 41 22 30 60 36 Red Maple. Kwamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple. Mississippi C.Mohr A.H.Cnrtiss Rich, swampy Low ..do 54 3 6 Massachusetts ....do do do do do do Missouri A 11 r 111 01 1 Dallas G. W. Letterman Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple. do California Contra Costa county G. K. Vasey C Mohr Rich, moist 0.240 14 Sox Elder. ANACARDIACE^:. Chittam Wood. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 277 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1IETEUMIXATIOXS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Kemarks. 1 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 7012 0. 61 DO 0.6363 0. 7697 0. 7828 0. 6538 0. 6242 0. 7106 0.6893 0. 7239 0. 7319 0. 7249 0. 7214 0. 7117 0.6410 0. 6868 0. 6814 0. 4889 0. 4860 0. 4760 0.6247 0. 6761 0. 5770 0. 5288 0.6397 0.6374 0.5563 0.5355 0.4332 a 4217 0.4786 0. 6196 0. 0791 0. 6003 0.6300 0. 8098 0. 7689 0. 6783 0. 6902 0.66 0.44 0.51 0.54 0.60 0.93 0.36 0.91 0.33 0.48 1.48 0.56 0.52 0.70 1.31 0.55 0.42 0.31 0.30 0.40 0.29 0.24 0.43 0.49 0.32 0.38 0.31 0.36 0.76 1.01 0.51 0.48 0.61 0.40 0.45 0.59 0.57 1.10 0.44 0.33 0.29 0.35 1.01 0.64 43.01 886 105 203 298 299 376 409 1233 1234 1235 218 274" 274» 398 440 757 1167 103 367 448 1052 20 530 74S 878 1048 1239 1240 290 311 645 1176 0. 6071 0. 6332 0. 7898 0. 7759 0. 6661 0. 6242 0. 7106 0.6896 0. 7239 0.42 0.48 0.57 0.59 1.02 0.40 0.62 0.31 0.42 0. 6899 0. 6935 0. 6980 0.7002 0. 6799 0.6429 0. 7008 0.6840 0. 5254 0. 4828 0.5062 0.6163 0.6845 0.6064 0. 5510 0.64% 0. 6185 0.6639 0. 6912 0.54 43.08 0. 6964 0. 7115 0. 7108 0. 6958 0.6419 0. 7014 0.6827 1.25 0.56 0.52 0.56 1.02 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.42 0.27 0.25 0.42 0.49 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.36 1.22 1.30 0.57 0.51 0.63 1.17 0.44 0.39 0. 7165 • 0. 6915 0.71 43.09 0.5072 0.4844 0. 4911 0. 6251 0.32 0.31 0.41 0.28 0.6344 0. 5269 0.33 32.84 0.6803 0. 5917 0.5466 0.6433 0. 6273 0.25 0.43 0.49 0.33 0.35 0.5601 0.6406 0. 6260 0.6178 0.37 38.50 0.5563 0. 5355 0.31 0.36 0. 4288 0. 4474 0.4856 0. 6393 0.5459 0.34 34.02 0. 4310 0. 4346 0.99 1.16 0. 4328 1.07 26.97 0.4821 0.54 30.04 0.6686 0.6425 0.50 40.04 273 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. § State. Vermont Massachusetts Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYEKS OF GBOWTH. Sap. wood. Hi-art- wood. 153 1060 70 610 736 330 876 1037 1041 467 1147 1079 405 441 815 845 1061 1031 650 564 33 439 940 Hinesburgh C G. Pringle Staghorn Sumach. do 0.120 2 34 G. W. Letterman . . A. H. Curtiss Dwarf Sumach. 71. Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata Georgia Lower Altamaha river. Chattahoochee river. Dallas Danvers . do 1 Florida do do 0.175 5 19 Texas J. Eeverchon J". Robinson do . ... Dry, gravelly Massachusetts do Wet, swampy ...do 0.070 0.085 0.067 0.222 1 4 4 39 20 16 27 39 Poiion Sumach. Poison Elder. do do do do Upper Metacombe Key. Santa Rita mount- ains. A H Curtiss Coral Poison Wood. Coral Sumach. Mount- ain Manchincel. Hum Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Gum. LEGUMINOS.E. 0. G. Pringlo . Charleatown Navy- yard. Nashville Graf ton Dan veue do S. H. Pook Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust. 78. Robinia visco&a Tennessee West Virginia .. Massachusetts do A. Gattinger C. G. Pringle J. Robinson . .do Gravelly 0.184 0.060 4 4 35 8 Clammy Locust. Trinidad Lower Colorado valley. Upper Metaoombe Key. Mercer county Nashville New Braunfelg W. B. Strong G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A H Curtiss Low, moist Locust. 80. Olueva Teaota . California Iron Wood. Arbol de Sierra. Coral . ,. Jamaica "Dogwood. W. M. Linney Limestone YellowWood. YellowAsh. OopherWood. Tennessee C.Mohr • FriQolito. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 279 SPECIFIC GEAVITT DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Wi-istht, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Oflici' number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0.4476 C 0. 4079 { 0. 3912 0. 4997 0.6478 0.5472 0. 5131 iO. 4383 0.4192 f 0. 4365 ( 0. 4535 0. 4259 0.8106 0. 8691 f 0. 5714 t 0. 5285 0.7550 0.7908 . 0.6490 0. 7410 ( 0. 8130 { 0. 7942 0. 7988 50.8953 1.1542 0. 8779 0. 6072 0.6277 1.0310 0.4593 0. 4855 1 0. 3869 ) 0. 5080 0. 5579 0. 4910 0. 5236 0. 4362 f 0.4368$ 0.43221 0.4449$ 0. 4511 0.7728 0.8884 0. 5904 1 0. 5241 J 0.7904 0. 4535 0. 4179 0.43 0.52 0.62 0.63 0.55 0.89 0.90 0.49 0.50 2.31 ] 29 3.41 0.22 1.26 0.35 0.22 0.22 0.62 51.85 2.75 3.42 0.21 0.39 1.44 0.54 0.52 0.62 0.56 0.60 0.80 0.88 0.49 0.60 2.47 1.28 4.68 0.26 1.13 0.49 0.52 158 1060 70 610 736 330 876 1037 1041 467 1147 1079 405 441 815 845 1061 1031 650 564 33 439 940 0. 4357 0.50 27.15 0.5039 0. 5529 0. 5250 0.62 0.60 0.57 0. 5367 0.5273 0.60 32.86 0.5184 0.85 32.31 0. 4326 0.4418 0. 4403 0.89 0.49 0.55 0.4440 \ 0.4382 0.64 27.31 0. 7917 2.39 49.34 0.8646 0.8740 1.28 54.47 34.50 ETirst, second, and third up. pr. determinations made on sap- wood; fourth up. gr. determination made on 0.1 sap-wood. 0.5536 0.7727 0.7908 0.6439 0.7259 4.04 0.24 1.19 0.35 0. 6387 0. 7279 0. 8017 1 0.8287$ 0.7855 0. 9600 1 1. 1542 5 0. S689 0.6485 0.7087 0.25 0.19 0.58 2.151 2.43) 3.34 0.17 0.36 1.74 0.24 Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cultivated 0. 125 sap-wood. Cultivated 0.7333 0.51 45.70 0.8094 0.20 50.44 0.8258 1. 1374 0. 8034 0.60 50.07 1.0602 2.29 66.07 0.8734 3.38 54.43 0.6278 0. 6277 0.19 0.38 • 0.9890 0.9325 First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 0.6278 0.28 39.12 0.9842 1.59 61.34 280 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYEU8 OF GUOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 329 932 296 402 . 519 53' 53* 444 760 678 1268 829 1208 59 436 1089 1090 1091 1142 561 590 680 927 600 658 998 1224 1222 Texas Dallas Austin J. Reverchon C. Mohr G.W. Letterman ... do ...do ....do Low, rich 0.084 10 16 Kentucky Coffee Tree. Co/ee Nut. do do Tennessee Nashville G.W. Letterman ... do Low, rich do Honey Locust. Jilack Locust. Three- thorned Acacia. Sweet Locust. Honey Shucks. do do Nashville Chattahoocliee river. Lower Colorado river. Valley of the Gila river. A. Gattinger A.H.Curtiss G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C G Pringle. .. Dry, sandy barren Alluvial 0.294 21 26 Water Locust. Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde. ....do Department of Ag- riculture. S. B.Buckley G. W. Lettennan Texas Missouri Tennessee Missouri do Austin ..... Allenton Nashville Allenton do Low, rich 0.260 5 35 Sedbud. Judas Tree. G W Lettennan Rich . . . do . do do do do do Redbud. ....do Fort Stockton B. L. Baldridge Mesquit. A Igaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod. do do do .. .. Texas Austin C.Mohr G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, do Screw Sean. Screw-pod Mesquit. Tor- nilla. do do Sandy do do do 0.064 8 Lampasas mountains Brownsville S B Buckley Texas ....do THE OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. WOODS OF TUE UNITED STATES— Coutiuued. 281 SPECIFIC GKAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ABU I1ETERMIXA1 First. Second. loss. A. verage. ^Vciizht.per cubic foot, in poumiM (avenge). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. i 0. 8019 0.8540 0. 6700 ' 0. 6663 0. 7395 0. 7330 0.6418 0. 6528 0.7509 0.6330 0. 7176 0. 6325 0.5848 0. 6104 0. 7098 0.9254 0.6493 0.6009 0. 7392 0.8322 0. 7137 0. 7247 0. 7478 0. 7772 0. 7527 0. 7237 0.9265 0.6655 0. 8161 0. 9316 0.6786 i (1. 8(190 0. 8928 0.42 1.04 0.70 0.46 0.98 0.55 0.69 1.29 0.66 1.25 4.20 2.32 2.17 0.59 0.67 0.80 0.82 0.67 0.76 3.35 1.67 1.45 2.09 1.02 0.91 0. 95 3.27 0.90 0.34 1.13 0.57 0.50 0.82 0.61 0.38 1.09 329 932 298 402 519 531 63« 444 760 678 1258 829 1208 56 436 1088 1090 1081 1142 V Ml 590 680 927 600 658 998 1224 1222 0.8509 0.73 53.03 0. 6743 0. 6663 0.7395 1 0.64 0.48 0.90 0. 7359 0.6275- 0. 0934 0.67 43.21 0. 7345 0.6346 0. 6528 0.58 0 69 0.98 0.79 1.00 3.08 2.26 2.51 0.56 0.67 0.77 0.74 0.84 0.77 2.69 1.71 2.49 2.00 0.98 0.90 1. 14 0. 7245 0. 6732 0. 7722 0. 7272 0. 6740 0.80 42.00 0. 7342 0.73 45.76 Second ep. gr. determi nation made on sap-wood 0.6531 1.12 40.70 0.7449 3.64 49.75 0. 6325 0. 5908 2.29 2.34 0. 5968 0. 6070 0. 6157 0. 6116 2.32 sail 0. 6110 0.7098 0. 6107 0. 6289 0. 6213 0.58 0.67 0.79 0.78 0.76 0. 5959 0.6084 0. 6417 0.7645 0.8664 0.6997 0. 7726 0. 7620 0. 7910 0. 7930 0.7278 0. 9205 0. 680!) 0.7502 First and second ep. gr. determinations made on half sap-wood . 0.6363 0.72 39.65 0. 7513 0.77 46.82 0.8493 0. 7067 0. 74S7 0. 7562 3.02 1.69 1.97 2.05 0. 7587 0 05 sa wood 0. 7652 2.18 47.13 0. 7841 0. 7729 0. 7258 1.00 0.91 0 95 3.31 1.13 0.7609 0.95 47.42 0. 9235 3.29 57.55 0. 6732 1.01 41.95 '• 282 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEK CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 i $ State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATE GRO' Sap- wood. IB OF VTH. Heart- wood. 87. Acacia Wrightii 1209 598 697 893 509 1112 465 iios 480 68 220 334 435 233 606 9C8 15 106 115 127 148 198 317 368 406 725 763 1053 294 418 Texas Austin S. B. Bucklev Cat't Claw. Santa Rita mount- ains. do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Cafe Claw. ... do ....do ....do Florida Clifton Boca Chica Key . . . Key Largo Upper Metacombe Key. A.H.Cnrtiss ....do ....do Coral 0.202 14 29 Wild Tamarind. do ....do ...do ....do Missouri Vermont Texas ....do ....do Cat's Claw. ROSACES. ... do Bay Biscayne Allenton Charlotte Dallas Nashville A.H.Cnrtiss G. W. Lettennan — C.G.Prlngle J. Eeverchon A. Gattinger Swampy 0.100 47 Cocoa Plum. Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. Gravelly Rich River bluff Tennessee Ohickasaw Plum. Hog Plwn. C G Pringle Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. Altamaha river A.H.Curtiss G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent C G. Pringle . - Clay 0.216 21 24 Sloe. Black Sloe. Washington ter- ritory. Massachusetts — Vermont Michigan Missouri Roxbury Charlotte Dansville Allenton Gravelly do 0.205 9 31 Wild Black Cherry. Bum Cherry. W.J.Beal G. W. Lettennan . . . H.Donglas ...do Rich loam Gravelly ........ Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Horsey Charlotte Charlestown Navy- yard. Willinmsport Cbattahoochee river. Topsfield . . Michigan Vermont Virginia or Mid- dle states. Pennsylvania W.J.Beal Rich S H Pook C.G.Pringle A.H.Cnrtiss J.Robinson E. L. Greene do Clay Gravelly... Alluvial do 0.218 0.320 0.238 15 11 7 48 33 12 Massachusetts .... N ew Mexico do Pinos Altos mount- ains. Wild Cherry. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 283 SPECIFIC GKAVITT DETEKMINATION6. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pouuda (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 9380 0. 8703 0. 8162 0. 8558 0. 6033 0. 6901 0. 8829 0. 8885 0. 7290 0. 6750 0. 7035 0. 7876 0.6675 0. 5014 0. 8162 0. 4310 0. 7047 0. 5525 0. 5809 0. 6736 0.6473 0. 5675 0. 5373 0. 5131 0. 4680 0. 5734 0. 5755 0. 6833 0. 7282 0.8459 0.9404 0. 9392 0.68 0.68 0.95 1.00 2.00 1.98 2.48 3.00 0.87 0.11 0.17 0.33 0.28 0.36 0.14 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.15 1 0.16 0.28 0.57 0.89 0.63 58. 53 1209 598 897 893 509 1112 465 1108 480 68 220 334 435 233 606 868 15 106 115 127 148 198 31T 368 406 725 703 1053 294 418 0.8703 0. 8389 0. 8558 0.79 0.95 1.00 0. 8616 0.05 sap-wood 0.5663 0. 7159 0. 8349 1. 0135 0. 8129 0. 6745 0. 6800 0. 8079 0. 7092 0. 5031 0. 8242 0. 4604 0. 7079 0. 5539 0. 4832 0. 6235 0. 6508 0. 5659 0. 5186 0. 5351 2.44 2.07 2.25 2.09 0.87 0.09 0.21 0.21 0.28 0.43 0.10 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.34 0.17 0.12 0.26 0.8550 0.91 53.28 0.5848 0. 6987 2.22 2.03 0. 6901 _ 0. 6418 2.12 40.00 0. 8589 0. 9510 2.37 2.55 0. 9049 2.46 56.39 0. 7709 0.87 48.04 0. 6748 0. 6918 0. 7978 0.10 0.19 0.27 0. 7215 0.18 44.96 0.6884 0.28 42.90 0.5023 0.10 31.30 0. 8202 0.12 51.11 0. 4502 0.21 28.06 0. 7063 0.5532 0.5321 0.6486 0. 549 1 0. 5667 0. 5280 0.5241 0. 4680 0. 5756 0.5488 0. 6857 0. 5822 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.16 0.08 0.10 0.25 0.16 0. 5777 0. 5221 0.6857 0.6940 0.8837 0.6880 0.15 36.28 0.7111 0. 8648 0.14 0.27 0.7879 0.20 49.10 284 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office nambcr. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATKKS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 637 549 806 916 1032 1062 1217 1158 1152 883 904 825 808 1087 1088 313 1002 214 365 410 885 999 926 363' 363' 607 California Strawberry valley . . Mobile Gr. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C.Mohr A.H. Curtiss Low, rich WOd Cherry. Sandy ...do 0.171 0.202 8 12 61 50 Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. 112. Prunns sphaerocarpa Florida ..do do Chattahoochee C.Mohr A H. Curtifis Alluvial Sandy Texas Victoria Edge of Everglades. Santa Cruz Santa Rita mount- ains. City Creek canon. . . C. Mohr A H Curtiss Kich, moist 0.180 26 34 113 Prunus ilicifolia California C. L. Anderson 0.206 80 Iilay. 114. Vauquelinia Torreyi 115. Cercocarpus ledifoliua M. E. Jones Department of Ag- riculture. G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent Mountain Mahogany. California Siskiyou county — Clay 0.062 3 27 Mountain Mahogany. American Crab. Sweet-icented Crab. 118. PJTUB angustifolia Pennsylvania do Nazareth do J. Henry . do Moist do Sonth Carolina Aiken • 0.130 0.186 25 American Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple. 119. Pyrns rivularis 6. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent C.G. Pringle do Rich hills Oregon Crab Apple. Charlotte Gravelly do Mountain Ash. ... do ...do Utah do do 0.106 0.064 0.200 17 14 29 Mountain Ash. 122. Cratecgus rivolaris City Creek canon . . . Cascades of the Co- lumbia river. "Webster pariah Aiken do M.E.Jones G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. g.Mohr H.W.Kavenel do ....do Eich 13 Clay Kich do Hogs' Uana. 125. Cratxgus arborescena South Carolina A. H. Curtiss | Low 0.168 46 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 285 SPECIFIC GBAVITY UKTERMIKAT1OXB. A8H UF.TKKU1XAT1OX8. Weight, pur cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First, Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 7025 0. 9515 0.8874 0. 7766 0. 8060 0.9030 0.9062 0. 9885 1. 1340 1.0608 1.0950 0.9365 0. 6973 0.6640 0. 7402 0.6945 0. 8266 0.5345 0.5512 0. 5893 0. 7672 0.7025 0.6750 SO. 6366 0. 6093 0. 6263 0. 6934 0. 6937 0. 9855 0. 8227 0. 7797 0. 8721 0. 8610 0. 8934 0. 9720 1. 1408 1. 0332 1. 1080 0.6890 0. 6951 0.51 0.32 0.39 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.97 0.80 1.44 1.27 1.09 0.45 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.33 0.41 0.98 0.56 0.39 0.33 0.29 0.37 0.63 0.38 0.62 0.48 0.33 0.37 0.44 0.49 0.43 0.76 0.76 1.46 1.12 0.69 0.50 43.32 637 549 806 916 1032 1062 1J17 1158 1152 883 904 825 808 1087 1088 313 1002 214 365 410 885 999 926 363> 363* 607 0. 9685 0.8472 0. 7782 0. 8691 0.8810 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.48 0.43 0. 8314 0.8790 0.8688 0.41 54.14 0. 8998 0.87 56.07 0.9803 0.78 61.09 1. 1374 1.45 70.88 1.0400 1.0447 1. 1015 1.19 0.89 1.0731 1.04 66.87 0.9365 0.45 58.36 0 7228 0. 6762 0. 7260 0.6845 0.8366 0. 5429 0.5416 0.5963 0. 7734 0.6928 0.6835 0. 6230 1 0. 6225 } 0.6590 0.6699 0. 7320 0. 6788 0. 7057 0.48 0.38 0.75 0.33 0.41 1.23 0.56 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.46 0.70 0. 7174 0. 6730 0. 7240 0.50 0.44 0.62 0. 7048 0.52 43.92 0.6895 0.33 42.97 0.8316 0.41 51.82 0.5539 0.5438 0.5464 Lll 0.56 Sap-wood 0.5451 0.83 33.97 0. 5928 0.35 36.94 0. 7703 0.35 4K.oo 0.6898 0.6950 0.33 43.31 0.6793 0.42 42.33 0. 0228 0. 6127 0.6817 0.07 0.38 0.68 0.65 0.6491 0.57 40.45 286 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAV1TY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office nnmber. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GKOWTH. Sap- "wood. Heart- wood. 328 1093 100 949 1*81 154 426 447 Massachusetts Brookline J. Robinson G. W. Letterman 0.180 Oockspur Thorn, Newcastle Thorn. Monkton C. G.Pringle C. Mohr Gravelly Alluvial 0.180 0.106 61 28 Scarlet Haw. Red Haw. White Thorn. Texas Scarlet Haw, Missouri Saint Louis Charlotte Nashville C. G.Pringle Clay Slack Thorn. Pear Haw. do do ... . . ..do Low Washington Thorn. 759 300 614 238 301 569 767 1160 156 241 849 867 875 1259 546 1095 1173 1181 A. H Curtiss Alluvial 0.080 27 Parsley Haw. South Carolina Georgia South Carolina ....do Aiken Ogeechee rivor Bonneau's Drpot Aiken H.'W.Eavcnel A.H.Cnrtiss H. W. Ravenel ...do Small-fruited Haw. Low 0.880 38 May Haw. Apple Haw. Dry, fertile . 0.224 58 Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. ....do Aspalaga ;...do 0.142 0.184 0.140 0.190 44 21 34 43 Summer Haw. Red Haw. 34 69 21 Toyon. Tollon. California Hotty. Charlotte Brnmueld Station. . . Dan vers Beverly C.G.Pringle W.M.Linney J. Robinson ....do do Gravelly "Waverly shale Juneberry. Shad Bush. Service Tree. May Cherry. HAMAMELACE.®. Massachusetts ....do do Rocky Witch Said. do Tennessee Alabama Montvale Kemper's mill C.Mohr - Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquid: amber. Red Gum. Bilsted. S,P. Sharpies...- R. Abbey... Clay Alluvial ... 0.208 30 17 MiMifwinni ... - Yazoo River bottom. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF TI1K WOODS OF TEE UNITED STATES— Continued. 237 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DF.TEKMIXATIOSB. ASH DETERMINATION'S. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds . (average). Remarks. | 1 I 0 First Second. Third. Average. First. SeoODd. Average. 0.6590 0. 7781 0.8654 0.7909 0. 8378 0.7649 0. 8059 0. 7105 0.7506 0.7524 0. 6716 0.6625 0. 7724 0. 8172 0. 7770 0.9610 0. 6074 0.7904 0.8600 f 0.7067 ( 0. 7031 ( 0. 6662 1 ( 0. 7028 0. 6099 0.6415 0. 5773 0.5841 0.5605 0.6705 0.7667 0. 8582 0.7144 0.8382 0. 7712 0. 7110 0. 7481 0.7400 0. 7698 0.6700 0.6503 0.7620 0. 7718 0. 7596 0.9042 0.7642 0.7944 0.9028 0.7393T 0. 7826 5 0. 7828 1 0. 6985 J 0.6632 0. 7791 0.6642 0. 7746 0.57 0.49 0.36 0.77 0.54 0.50 0.53 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.60 0.57 0.82 0.65 0.91 0.62 0.61 0.42 0.65 0.43 0.27 0.32 0.47 0.48 0.29 0.67 0.55 0.60 0.40 0.78 0.68 0.44 0.51 0.44 1.22 0.67 0.63 0.56 0.94 0.73 0.91 0.46 0.61 0.53 0.45 0.44 0.33 0.39 0.49 0.73 0.34 0.66 0.56 0.55 Cultivated *328 1093 100 949 1081 154 426 447 759 300 614 239 301 569 767 1164 156 241 849 867 875 1259 546 1095 1173 1181 0.7194 0.56 44.83 0. 8618 0.38 53.71 • 0. 7527 0. 8379 0.78 0.61 0. 7953 0.69 49.56 0.7681 0.7585 0.47 0.52 0.7633 0.50 47.57 0.7293 0.46 45.45 0.7453 0.97 46.45 0. 7611 1 0.6708 0.69 0.62 0.7159 0.66 44.61 0.6564 0.57 40.91 0. 7672 0. 7945 0.88 o.69 0. 7809 0.79 48.67 0.7683 0.91 47.88 0. 9326 •0.54 58.18 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. 0.25 sap-wood First and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.9 sap-wood ; secsnd sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 0.6858 0.7924 0.8733 0.63 0.48 0.55 0.8570 0.7838 0.55 / 48.85 0.7342 0. 7126 0. 6099 0.44 0.30 0.36 0. 6176 0.5665 0. 5991 0.5549 0. 6856 0.37 42.72 0. 6^95 0. 5719 0. 5916 0. 5615 0.48 0.61 0.32 0.67 0.5692 288 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATKE8 OP GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 139. Liqnidambar Styracifina — continued . . . EHIZOPHORACEffi. 1182 1183 485 489 507 1205 456 1118 1120 1198 560 1200 1115 1135 1189 HOT 1127 693 860 S61 67 761 812 1077 1093 900 Mississippi Yozoo River bottom ...do R. Abbey Alluvial ....do ....do do Florida . .. A. H. Cartlss 0.250 0.161 31 15 50 34 Mangrove. COMBKETACE^E. do ....do ....do ...do Button Wood. ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do do do do White Button Wood. White Mangrme. MYRTACE.S. ... do Coral Upper Motacombe Key. do do 0.084 43 Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper. ...do Elliott's Key ... do Coral Upper Metacombe Key. ....do do do 0.084 5 53 Naked Wood. do Coral Umbrella Key . ... do do 0.150 15 Stopper. White Stopper. ....do do do do do ... do do ....do ....do No-Name Key do ... do Stopper. Miami !... do do .. 0.141 87 Red Stopper. CACTACE^l. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. J. Robinson Suwarrow. Saguaro. Giant Cactus. CORKAGES. Massachusetts do Danvera Dogwood. do do do G. W. Lotterman... A. H. Curtiss C. G. Pringle G. W. Letterman . . . ....do 0.143 0.128 0.122 47 72 44 Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood. Florida Chattahoochee Grafton West Virginia Dry Gravelly Flinty 7 ....do ....do Portland Flowering Dogwood. C. S. Sargent. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 289 SPECIFIC OUAV1TY DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. 1 Weight, pel cubic loot, in pounds (average). Remarks. OiBce number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 6125 0.5825 1. 1391 0. 9939 0. 7100 0.8030 0. 8753 1. 0625 0.8645 0. 8857 0. 8526 0.9542 0. 8910 0. 9180 0. 9140 1. 1450 0. 9425 0. 3259 0. 6572 0. C9S7 0. 8264 0. 7599 0. 7892 0. 8690 0. 8114 0. 7487 0. 5891 0. 5765 1. 1842 0. 9860 0. 7174 0. 9282 0. 6256 0. 5878 0. 6091 0.5823 0.72 0.85 1.80 0.32 1.69 3.04 1.11 1.19 2.23 1.66 0.85 0.58 2.05 1.60 1.83 3.36 2,44 3.89 0.43 0.39 0.51 0.75 0.73 0.66 0.62 0.48 0.77 0.77 1.83 0.32 1.54 3.59 1.26 1.05 2.15 1.38 0.91 0.60 1.95 1.95 1.99 3.60 2.79 3.01 0.41 0.43 0.60 0.84 0.83 0.58 0.60 0.52 0. 75 0.81 1182 1183 485 489 507 1205 456 1118 1120 1198 566 1200 1115 1135 1189 1197 1127 693 860 861 67 761 812 1077 1092 !>eo 0. 5910 0.01 36.83 1/1617 1.82 72.40 0. 8900 0.32 61.70 44.48 0. 7137 1.62 0. 8765 0. 8992 3.32 56.04 0. 8753 1.0513 0. 9128 0. 9045 1.19 1.12 2.19 1.52 1. 0400 0.8540 0. 9232 0. 8392 0. 9472 0. 9110 0. 9340 0. 9295 1. 1020 0. 9482 0.3116 0. 6748 0. 6932 0.8264 0.7710 0. 7663 0. 8916 0. 8215 0. 7474 1. 0200 . 0. 9360 1.50 58.33 0.8459 0. 9507 0.88 0.59 • 0. 8983 0.74 55.08 0. 9010 0. 9241 0. 9217 2.00 1.77 1.91 0. 9202 0. 9156 1.89 57.06 1. 1235 3.48 70.02 0.9453 2.62 58.91 . 0. 3188 3.45 19.87 0. 6048 0. 6893 0.6456 0. 6937 0.42 0.41 41.73 0. 6696 0.41 0.8264 0. 7655 0. 7878 0. 8803 0. 8165 0.56 0.80 0.78 0.62 O.C1 0. 8153 0.67 50.81 0. 7481 0.50 46.62 19 FOR 290 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GllAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Oflico number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYKKS OK GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 605 235 517 608 750 813 833 834 835 128 235 550 604 681 1220 108 370 42 110* 739 406 257 381 457 1132 1195 471 1129 1194 Georgia South Carolina Ogeechee river Boimeau's Depot . . . Cumberland liver. . . Offeechee river A. H. Curtiss H. W. Kaveuel Swampy Muek 0.220 27 Ogeechec Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum. Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black Gum. A. H. Curtiss do 0.220 0.214 0.256 49 49 66 Florida Clay West Virginia Massachusetts ....do Grafton AVest Xowbury ....do C. G. Pringle J. Bobinson ....do Eich ....do 32 ....do South Carolina . . . do Chebacco pond Bonneau's Depot . . . do ....do H.W.Eavenel do . . Low, rich Swampy 0.188 0.320 30 67 'Large Tupelo. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Qum. CAPEIFOLIACE^E. Stockton C. Mohr A. H. Curtiss Alluvial 19 Contra Costa county. Santa Catalina mountains. Charlotte G. R Vasey 0.320 6 28 Elder. C G Pringle Elder. Vermont ....do ....do do i Muck Sheepberry. Nannyberry. "W. M. lanney Shale Black Haw. Stag Bush. EUSTACES. do do do Trenton limestone. Clay Georgia Bainbridge Upj>er Metacombe Key. Bluffton do A. H. Cnrtiss ....do J. H. Mellichamp. . . do 0.076 0.076 0.108 36 28 5 Coral Sandy, swamp ..do 25 34 South Carolina do Georgia Bark. Upper Metacombe Key. Elliott's Key A H. Curtiss Seven-year Apple. ....do ....do ....do ....do do do Coral Upper Metacombe Key. ....do do do ....do do ....do .. do 0.095 34 do do do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF TEE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 291 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, hi pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second, i Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 41380 0. 5050 0. 5050 0. C079 0. 6436 0. 0198 0. 6849 0. 7467 0. 7429 0. 5589 0. 5656 0. 5002 0.4424 0. 5076 0. 4588 0. 7285 0. 7519 0. 8106 0. 9140 0. 7749 0. 9200 0. 5528 0. 5126 1. 0219 1.0425 1. 0705 0. 9375 0.8409 0. 7490 0. 4540 0.5049 0. 4613 0.35 0.66 0.89 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.72 0.66 0.58 0.76 1.60 1.83 0.27 0.29 0.46 0.47 0.60 0.24 0.28 0.49 0.71 1.00 1.48 0.88 0.94 1.33 0.33 O.S1 0.79 0.43 0.49 0.53 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.76 0.81 0.59 0.66 1.55 2.17 0.28 0.30 0.49 0.34 28.75 605 235 517 608 750 813 833 834 835 128 235 550 604 681 1220 108 370 42 11C< 739. 466 257 381 457 1132 1195 47] 1129 1191 0. 5652 0. 5650 0. 6092 0. 6559 0. 6031 0. 6839 . 0. 6974 0. 7026 0 74 0.84 0.46 ; 0.49 0.53 0.41 0.38 0.33 0. 0104 0. 6682 0. 5865 0. 0787 0. 6748 0. 6626 0. 5700 0. 5649 0. 5525 0.4002 0. 5098 0. 4668 0. 7075 0. 7332 0. 6881 0. 6708 0. 7022 • 0. 6353 0.52 39.59 0.5645 0. 5653 0.5264 0. 4213 0.74 0.74 0.59 0.71 • 0.5194 0.70 32.37 0.5087 1.57 31.70 0.4586 0. 4614 2.00 28.75 0. 7180 0. 7426 0.28 0.30 0.29 0. 7303 45.51 0. 8106 0. 9140 0. 7749 0.48 0.47 0.60 P 0.9419 0. 5613 0. 5131 0.22 0.27 0.58 0.60 1.02 1,55 0.79 1.03 1.32 0. 8332 0.52 51.92 0. 9310 0.23 58.02 0. 5571 0. 5129 0.28 0.54 0. 5350 0.41 33.41 1. 0219 0. 9957 1. 0772 0.66 1.01 1.52 1. 0270 1.0840 0. 8933 0. 8598 0. 7217 0. 9175 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.2 sap-wood. . 1. 0316 1.06 64.29 0.9154 0. 8504 0.7353 0.84 0.99 1.32 0.8337 1.05 51.96 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diametei of tree, in meters. I.ATEliS OF GROWTH. Sap- •wood. Heart- wood. ERICACE.E. 343 612 1033 1034 643 679 596 1085 353 515 2621 262' 262' 2631 263* 1123 494 1136 1192 498 1130 1199 492 461 Citron t-lle Altamaba river C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss do 0.127 65 Farkleberry. i 165. Andromeda ferruginea Florida 166. Arbutus Menziesii ....do do ....do 0.216 5 29 California Contra Costa county G.E-Vasey Madrofta. do do do Santa Rita mount- ains. Hays county Cottage Hill Nashville G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Rocky Texas 0.086 0.130 0.082 22 28 74 28 C. Mohr A. Gattinger H.Shriver do Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood. 170. Kalmia latifolia Sandy, rocky Moist . do Virginia Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon Wood. Ivy. do do do do do do do do . do do 0.078 62 Great LaureL Rose Bay. MTESINACE2E. do do do do Florida . A. H. Curtiss Coral do do do do 0.080 15 18 Marlberry. Cherry. do do ....do ... do — do ... do Palm creek ....do do ....do do Joe Wood. SAPOTACE^!. do An ....do ....do - do do 0.105 0.268 18 2S Upper Metacombe Key. ....do ....do 49 Maiti'c. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 293 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION'S. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cabic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. ! First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 7814 0. 7740 0.7766 0. 7037 0. 6452 0.7482 C 0. 7202 ( 0. 6842 0. 7535 0.7920 0. 7114 0.7536 0. 7214 0. 6730 0.6266 0.6341 0.8491 0.8154 0.8800 0.8770 0. 5693 0.6437 0. 8300 0. 8986 1. 0125 0. 7479 0. 7405 0. 8021 0.7174 0. 6939 0. 7332 0.69551 0. 7397 ) 0. 7674 0. 7574 0.7647 0. 7573 0.42 0.35 0.45 0.56 0.42 0.42 I 0.21 o. 4:, 0.32 0.37 0.45 0.33 0.39 0.241 0.30 5 0.48 0.49 0.31 0 44 0.34 343 6)2 1033 1034 643 679 598 1085 353 515 262' 262* 262* 263' 263* 1123 494 1136 1192 498 1130 1199 492 461 0. 7610 0.39 47.42 0. 7894 0. 7106 0.41 0.51 0. 7500 0.46 46.74 0. 6696 0. 7407 0.38 0.41 0. 7052 0.40 43.95 0. 7099 0.25 0.7292 0. 7916 0. 5 sap-wood . . 0.54 0.42 0.27 0.61 0.31 0.32 0.43 0.29 0.74 1.81 1.74 1.75 4.09 3.47 2.85 1.36 4.90 0.7500 0.51 46.74 0.7803 0. 7114 0.46 0.29 0.7458 0.37 46.48 0. 7536 0. 7214 0. 6730 0.61 0.31 0. 7160 0.41 44.62 0. 6266 0.6341 0.43 0.29 0.8541 0.8412 0.8532 0.8942 0.6500 0.6475 0.7965 0.9433 1. 0149 0.7990 0.88 1.84 1.95 1.95 3.82 3.74 2.73 1.11 5.37 0.6303 0.36 39.28 0.8341 0.81 51.98 0.8283 0.8666 0.8856 1.83 1.85 1.85 0.6582 0.8602 1.85 3.96 3.61 2.79 53.61 0. 6258 0.6456 0. 8132 0.9660 1. 0052 0.6948 3.45 43.30 0.9360 1.24 58.33 1. 0109 5.14 63.00 294 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 a § a o State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 488 500 1191 746 60 930 1083 1146 1151 333 503 1124 458 61 425 811 1084 1162 936 347 560 738 922 Bay Bisoayne A.H. Curtiss ... do Coral do 0.170 0.150 36 7 14 25 Jiustie. Canada. 178. Bumelia trim-; ....do ... do Georgia Missouri Texas No-Name Key ....do ....do Bainbridge Alleliton Austin Alleuton Santa Catalina mountains. ....do ....do G. "W. Lettennan C.Mohr G. W. Letterman Low 0.128 0.286 0.237 29 57 65 179. Bumelia lanu^mosa Qum Elastic. Shittim Wood. 180. Bumelia spinosa ....do ....do Missouri C. G. Pringle Rocky 181. Bamelialycioides ....do ... do ... do Tennessee Nashville A. Gattinger Alluvial Iron Wood. Southern Buckthorn. 182. Bumelia cnneata . A H Curt iss Coral Ants' Wood. Downward Plum. Saf- fron Plum. 183. Mimnsops Sieberi . . ....do ....do Boca Chica Key ....do ....do Upper Metacombe Key. do — do 0.170 0.168 12 56 40 Wild Ditty. EBENACEJE. 184. Diosnvros Virginiana G. W. Lettennan A. Gattinger. .. . Rich upland Persimmon. ' 185. Diospyros Texana Tennessee Nashville West "Virginia Missouri Grafton C. G. Pringle G. W. Letterman do do do . do Austin Cottage Hill .. C.Mohr . do 0.098 0.134 0.123 37 26 47 Black Persimmon. Mexican Persim- mon. Chapote. STYKACACE^I. 180. Syruplocos tinctoria Alabama Sandy Horse Sugar. Sweet Leaf. 187. Halcsia diptera G. W. Letterman — A H Curtiss ....do Georgia Florida i Bainbridge Snow-drop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. C.Mohr Alluvial .......... ........ ........ THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF TOE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 295 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS.' Weight, per cubic loot, in pounds (average). Remarks. 1 a P a f 4S8 500 1181 746 60 930 1083 1116 1151 333 503 1124 458 61 425 811 1084 1162 936 347 SCO 738 922 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 9813 0. 9737 0. 9312 0. 7106 0.7541 0.5947 0. 6221 0.6580 ( 0. 6392 \ 0. 6565 0. 7467 0.7567 0.8420 1. 0525 0.7639 0. 8552 0.7962 0. 7790 0. 7710 0.8325 0. 5265 0.5079 0. 5481 0.5999 O.S887 0.9233 0. 8912 0. 7479 0.7299 0.5997 0. 6386 0.6991 0. 6063 1 0.6658$ 0. 9350 0.9485 0. 9112 0.34 0.26 0.37 0.71 1.10 1.44 1.27 1.19 1.32 0.81 2.29 1.60 2.89 1.03 0.95 0.83 0.86 0.97 3.34 0.72 0.62 0.57 0.35 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.84 1.02 1.28 1.27 1.04 1.43 0.81 2.31 1.43 2.32 1.03 1.12 0.70 1.02 1.05 3.32 0.81 0.57 0.42 0.3*5 0.33 0.29 0.35 0. 9316 0.32 58.06 0. 7293 0.78 45.45 0. 7420 0.5907 0.0304 1.06 1.30 1.27 0. 5777 0.6544 1.23 40.78 0. 6786 0.6419 1.11 1.37 0. 6603 1.24 41.15 0. 7467 0.81 46.53 0.7465 0.8384 1.0989 0. 7465 0. 7516 0.8402 2.30 1.51 1.1000 0. 7959 1.90 49.60 1.0838 2.61 67.54 • 0. 7552 0.8552 0. 7913 0.7855 0.7667 1.03 1.04 0.77 0.94 1.01 0.7864 0. 7920 0. 7722 0.8391 0. 5593 0.5360 0. 5381 0. 5957 0. 7570 0.8664 0.7908 0.90 49.28 52.72 0.8460 3.33 0.5429 0. 5220 0.77 0.60 0.5325 ff.es 33.18 0. 5431 0. 5978 0.50 0.35 0. 5705 0.42 35.55 290 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OP GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 275 613 1221 1105 591 892 25 39' 39> 39s 114' 1143 114« 1145 130 144 170 173 175 190 191 212 227' 227» 267' 267a 267" 431 551 728 747 1045 364 937 139 2291 2292 Virginia Georgia Carter's ferry Altamaba river Lampasas mount- ains. H. Shrivor Rocky Itattlebox. Snow-drop Tree. Silver- teU Free. Calico Wood. OLEACEJE. A.H.Curtiss S. B. Buckley Clay 0.088 17 Utah A. L. Siler . Santa Rita mount- ains. San Francisco mount- ains. G. Engclmann and C. S. Sargent. E. L. Greene Eastern Arizona.. E. A. Dana White Ash. 192. Fraxinus Americana, nor. Tezenaia G. W. Letterman ... ....do do Siliceous hills ....do do ....do do Alluvial do Michigan ....do ....do ....do South Carolina ... Illinois Ohio Dansville W.J.Beal ....do Clay ....do .... Dansville Bonneau's Depot - . . Waukegan — Pineo, Daniels & Co . Farmers' Jt'riend Manufacturing Co. J.W. Stoddard&Co Woodsum Machine B. E. McSherry & Co. "Wytheville ....do H. W. Kavenel Clay Wet Clay ....do ....do ....do ....do Virginia do •do do ....do rhavlnt.tft C G Pringle do do do do do Tennessee Nashville Kemper's mill C.Mohr... Alluvial 0.268 79 Pennsylvania A.H.Curtiss River-bottom 0.260 0.215 0.384 95 64 69 Massachusetts Dry, calcareons . . . Rich, calcareous . . Poor Clay ...do... ....do Austin Lansing Charlotte .. do... C.Mohr W.J.Beal C.G. Pringle ...do... lied Ash. Vermont ...do ... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 207 BI'ECIFIC OIIAV1TY DETE11M1XA Third. noxs. ASH DKTKIIMINATIONS. Wright, ]>rl cubic foot, in pounds (avrruyi'). Remarks. Offiee number. ! First. Second. Average. First. Srronil. Average. 0. 5617 0. 5569 0. 7778 0. 0708 ( 0. 6336 ( 0. 7267 0. 6868 0. H911 0. 6253 0. 6223 0. 6771 0.5265 0. 7225 0.6506 0.6086 0.6744 0. 7631 0.7449 0. 7179 0.6470 0.6383 0. 6116 0. 6157 0.0253 0.6489 0. 6097 0.6329 0. 6763 0.6449 0. 6176 0.6423 0.5599 0. 9131 0.8252 0. 7095 0. 5006 0.6619 0. 6455 0.5460 0.5864 0. 8030 0.6485 0. 6243 } 0. 6656 ) 0. 7120 0. 6682 0.6481 0.5539 0. 5717 0.38 0.48 0.97 0.81 C 0.84 I 0.44 0.51 0.29 0.33 0.51 0.36 0.38 0.89 0.88 0.881 0.695 0.54 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.43 275 613 1221 1105 591 892 25 39> 39» 39S 114' 114« 114* 114« 130 144 170 173 175 180 191 213 227' 227« 287» 267» 267« 431 551 728 747 1045 864 937 139 229" 229» 0.5628 0.40 35.07 0.7904 0.93 49.26 0.6597 0.85 41.11 0.6625 0. 6994 0.71 0.53 0. 6810 0.62 42.43 0. 6297 0. 6367 0. 6223 0 6771 0.31 0.34 0 51 0. 4711 0. 4988 0. 7225 0.6506 0. 6086 0. 6875 0. 7616 0. 7449 0. 7148 0.6472 0 6335 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.30 0.45 0.35 0.39 0 31 0.53 0.60 0.38 0 32 0. 7005 0. 7600 0.89 0.45 0.37 0.39 0.29 0.38 0.45 0.36 0.39 0.30 0. 7116 0.6473 0. 6387 0. 6110 0. 6185 0.6290 0. 6738 0.6097 0. 6329 0.6763 0.6449 0.6329 0.6184 0.5786 0.8429 0.24 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.74 0.55 0.37 0.08 0.47 0.56 0.86 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.42 0.24 0.44 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.72 0.52 0.33 0.70 0.43 0. 6213 0. 6326 0. 6987 0.5 sap-wood — 0.69 0.48 0.28 0.71 0.39 0.49 0.87 0.6481 0.5944 0.5972 0. 8141 0. 8530 0. 6667 0. 6529 0.8016 0.6543 0.42 40.77 0.8391 0. 6881 0.53 0.87 0. 6779 0.7636 0.70 47.59 0. 6125 0. 6619 0.6455 0.26 0.21 0.22 298 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. • Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GEOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 2295 1059 57 308 438 948 957 1211 536 66 125 286' 286* 286> 291 428 518 964 1001 1024 1030 102 122 147 378 839 616 737 955 276 751 Vermont Charlotte C. G. Pringle Clay Massachusetts Missouri Texas Topsfield Allenton Dallas Nashville Victoria J. Robinson G. W. Letterman J. Eeverchon A. Gattinger C.Mohr do River-bottom Green Ash. 194. Jb'raxinus viridis, nor. Berlandieriana. . . Ash. ....do 0.512 45 42 Tennessee Texas ....do ....do Kich, wet do 0.144, 0.184 31 34 Austin Stockton Allenton Lansing S. B. Buckley do C.Mohr G. "W. Letterman ... W.J.Beal W. M. Linney Rich, alluvial 0.090 0.138 27 35 Water Aeh. Missouri Slue Ash. Kich loam Kentucky do do do do ....do . ..do do do Missouri G. "W. Letterman ....do ..do Tennessee ....do Nashville Kich upland G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do 0.355 46 47 Oregon Ash. 198. Fraxinus sambucifolia ....do ....do do '. Weidler's saw-mill . Portland Furniture Company. do do Vermont Charlotte Slack Ash. Hoop Aeh. Ground Aeh. W J Beal do Illinois Vermont Massachusetts — Waukegan Charlotte Danvere Ogeechee river Bainbridge Matagorda bay Carter's ferry Cbattahoochee Eobert Douglas C.G.Pringle J. Robinson A H Curtiss Low, wet "Wet peaty ... ... Rich, loamy 0.236 0.075 0.150 55 31 55 Privet. ....do ....do C.Mohr H. Shriver Alluvial Virginia Florida Kich, moist Clay upland 0.141 47 Fringe Tree. Old Man's Beard. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 299 SPECIFIC GRAVITY UKTKKMINATIONB. ASH UKTKKMINATIOXS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 6459 l 0. 5957 [ 0. .-)i:.-.-> 0. 0040 0.5947 0. 7350 0. 7728 0. 7198 0. 5774 0. 3507 0. 8246 0. 4929 0. 7789 0. 8131 0. 7469 0. 5967 0. 6897 0. 7060 0.0432 0. 5314 0. 4553 0. 6317 0. 6209 0. 5034 0. 6859 0.6485 0. 7020 0. 7067 0. 5829 0. 5988 0.64,76 0.7150 0.0459 0. 5598 0.20 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.82 0.63 0.82 0.51 0.69 0.63 0.96 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.88 0.78 0.60 0.11 0.73 0.12 0.21 0.62 0.89 0.84 0.77 0.46 0.75 0.65 0.88 0.53 0.39 0 90 229" 1059 57 308 438 948 957 1211 536 66 125 286' 286» 286» 291 423 518 964 1001 1024 1030 102 122 147 378 839 616 737 955 27« 751 1 0.52601 0.5489) 0. 6701 0.6277 0.41 0.62 0.57 0.80 0.56 0.76 0.56 0.76 0.67 0.42 0.6251 0.26 38.96 0. 6671 0. 6112 0. 7350 0.7949 0. 7503 0.55 0.56 0.81 0.60 0.79 0. 8217 0. 7807 0. 5786 0. 3515 0.8440 0.7902 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 0. 7117 0.65 44.35 0. 5780 0.54 36.02 0.3541 0.73 22.07 0.8343 0. 4929 0. 7789 0. 8131 0. 7469 0. 6027 0. 6822 0. 7960 0.65 0 96 0 74 0 81 0 82 0. 6086 0. 6746 0.90 0.74 0.61 0.43 0.69 0.76 0.61 • 0.5947 0. 6123 0. 4736 0.6425 0.6338 0.7184 0.78 46.78 0. 6189 0. 5719 0.4645 0.6371 0.27 0 73 0.15 0.24 0.57 0.14 0.23 Brash w 0. 5731 0.34 35.72 0.6274 0.5034 0.6836 0. 6207 0.7243 0.60 0 89 0. 6812 0. 5928 0. 7465 0.7500 0.5681 0.6002 0.4628 0.7165 0.88 0.83 0.48 0.72 0.72 0.60 0.86 0.80 0.47 0.6318 0.72 39.37 0.7284, 0. 5755 0.5995 0.74 0.69 0.74 0.6345 0.72 39.54 0.5552 0. 7191 0.53 0.48 0.7259 0.58 0. 6372 0. 51 i 39. 71 300 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. SoU. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYKIiS OF GHOWIII. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 283 344 584 1202 1218 1223 455 1137 827 942 167 540 744 38 160 ' 166 171 180 181 182 183 184 210 556 595 682 1216 483 C. Mohr do Eicb, alluvial Devil Wood. BOBEA GINACE.E. 202 Cordia Sebestena Alabama Cottage Hill Florida Saint John's river . . Key West do A.H. Curtiss ....do do 0.190 45 19 ....do ....do Coral Geiger Tree. 203. Cordia Boiesieri do Texas Brownsville Upper Metacombe S.B.Buckley Florida Coral 0.002 45 Strong Bark. ....do do . .do Texas .... Department of Ag- riculture. C.Mohr S. H. Binkley and E. E. Barney. C.Mohr A. H. Cnrtiss C. S. Sargent Knackaway. Anaqua. BIGNONIACE.E. ....do Ohio New Brannfels Alexandersville .... Stockton Bainbridge Rich, alluvial 0.170 25 Catalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. Georgia Clay Wet clay 0.238 0.288 3 8 17 51 Western Catalpa. Ohio E E Barney Clay D Axtell do Low, alluvial bot- tom, do Tennessee Obion river New Madrid Ullin E. P. Hynda and E. E. Barney. E.E.Barney do ....do do Illinois do ... do do do do do do do Valley of the Upper Gila liver. Desert Willow. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent Moist, gravelly . . . do do .do Coral . Black Calabash Tree. VERBENACE.S;. do . do Fiddle Wood. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 301 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1>F.TKKJ1INATIO-NH. ASH UKTERMIKAT10K8. Weight, ]HT cubic foot, in pounds (average) . Remarks. Office cnmber. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. AVI r:ii;v. 0.8156 0.8606 0. 7100 0. 7740 0.6008 0. 6710 0. 8280 0. 7708 0. 6C36 0. 6274 0. 4293 0. 4694 0.4426 0. 4601 0. 4586 0. 3897 0.3850 0. 4156 0. 3900 0. 3968 0. 4493 0. 4536 0. 3911 0.6059 0.5631 0.6003 0.6270 0. 8775 0.8652 0.8404 0. 8606 0. TK2 0.68 0.26 0.43 0.65 0.29 0. 4G 4.09 4.28 3.39 3.20 2.27 1.27 1.41 0.41 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.39 0.34 0.30 0.50 0.42 0.43 0.37 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.32 1.23 0.54 0.67 0.28 0.43 283 344 584 1202 1218 1223 455 1137 827 942 167 540 744 88 160 166 171 180 181 182 183 184 210 556 595 682 1216 183 0.7544 First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second ep. gr. de- termination made on 0.75 sap-wood. 0.8111 0.46 50.55 0 7740 4.09 4.35 0.6942 0.6870 0. S24« 0.7960 0.6548 0.6302 0. 4270 0. 4979 0.4177 0.4446 0. 4467 0. 3829 0. 3878 0. 3783 0.6475 4.43 3.67 3.38 2.28 1.23 1.33 0.40 0.26 0.47 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.32 0.45 0.38 0.47 0.48 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.43 0.32 1.47 0.49 0. 7108 4.22 44.30 0. 6790 3.53 42.31 0. 8264 •0. 7863 3.29 ?.28 0. 7980 0.8073 2.79 50.31 0. 8592 0. 6288 1.25 1.37 • Cultivated. 0.6440 1.31 40.13 0. 4282 0. 4837 0. 4302 0.41 0.30 0.42 • 0.4474 0.38 27.88 0. 4524 0.4527 0.3863 0.3864 0.4066 0.3900 0.3968 0. 4493 0.4535 0.3909 0.36 0.37 0:35 0.31 0.48 0.40 0.45 0.43 0.37 0.39 Cultivated 0. 4260 0.3907 0. 4165 0.39 25.96 0. 6059 0.5631 0. 6015 0.37 0.42 0.32 0. 6026 0.6368 0.8644 0.5902 0.37 36.78 0. 6319 1.35 39.38 0.8710 0.52 54.28 302 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYEKfl OF GEOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 490 826 828 474 473 453 585 340 476 1138 1196 71 387 446 814 854 1163 703 807 468 1185 1193 459 1187 Florida A. H. Curtiss Department of Ag- riculture. ...do Coral 0.158 39 18 Slack Mangrove. Slack Free. Slack Wood. NTCTAGINACB^E. do .do ....do . .do Upper Metacombe Key. .. do A. H. Curtiss Coral Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood. Pork Wood. POLYGONACE.E. ...do do 0.156 0.214 0.188 0.372 48 17 12 119 27 29 45 Pigeon Plum. ....do ....do ....do ....do ..do Sea Or ape. LAttRACE.33. Red Say. Mobile county Upper Metacombe Key. C.Mohr A H Curtiss Damp, sandy Lance Wood. 217. Sassafras officinale do do do 0.086 27 ....do .Missouri do Upper Metacombe Key. Allenton do do do G. W. Letterman... do Low, rich Alluvial Sassafras. Nashville Kich West Virginia Massachusetts Dan vers 0.232 11 68 G. W. Letterman . . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Department of Ag- riculture. Low, alluvial Mountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. California Olive. California Bay Tree. EUPHORBIACEJG. Florida Upper Metacombe Key. Coral Guiana Plum. White Wood. ....do ....do ....do do do do Upper Metacombe Key. ....do do do . do ....do do ....do do 0.292 112 52 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 303 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DKTK11MIXAT1ON9. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (aveiage). Remarks. I First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1.0919 0. 9060 0. 7074 0. 6475 0.9629 0. 9140 0. 6373 0.5977 0. 8206 f 0. 7980 ( 0. 8148 0. 7222 0. 5030 0.4900 0.4542 0. 5266 0. 5765 0. 4558 0. 6326 0.6697 0.9195 0.8918 0.9690 1.0069 0.9048 1. 0485 1.U522 0. 6762 0. 6582 1.0040 0. 9998 0. 6485 0. 6815 0. 7650 0. 8482 1 0. 7980 ) 0. 6787 0. 5210 0. 4828 1. 0702 0. 9794 0.6918 1.99 1.71 4.54 7.44 5.25 1.11 0.66 0.46 0.82 0.52 0.48 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.36 0.55 8.58 3.19 7.07 8.69 7.70 1.12 1.72 4.01 7.79 4.81 1.63 0.85 0.27 0.68 0.59 0.47 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.23 0.15 0.27 0.36 8.16 3.26 6.58 9.09 7.70 1.56 1.71 4.27 0. 5 sap-wood First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. 490 826 828 474 473 453 585 340 470 1138 1196 71 387 446 814 854 1163 703 897 468 1185 1193 459 ]187 0. 9138 2.51 56.95 0.6529 7.62 40.69 0. 9835 5.03 61.29 0. 9759 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood. 0.9635 1.37 60.04 0.6429 0.76 40.07 0. 6396 0.37 39.86 0.9 sap-wood 0. 7928 0. 8147 0. 7005 0.75 0.56 0.48 0. 7693 0.60 47.94 0. 5120 0.4864 0.4542 0. 5315 0. 5769 0.4644 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.15 0.13 0.5363 0. 5773 0.5055 0.4319 0. 6202 0.6840 0.8448 0. 9119 0. 9882 0. 9390 0.8878 0.5042 0.10 31.42 0.6264 0. 0769 0.32 0.46 0. 6517 0.39 40.61 • 0. 8821 0. 9019 0. 9786 8.37 3.23 6.83 0. 9209 6.14 57.39 0. 9730 0. 8903 8.89 7.70 0.9346 8.29 58.24 304 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FO'OT Speciea. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 469 1126 1206 1110 324 929 301 303 30* 101 120 134 366 369 429 869 19 202 2811 281s 958 1036 1049 1161 no2 116' lie1 314 428 133 380 533 Florida Upper Metacombe Key. ....do A.H. Curtiss Coral 0.116 30 40 Crab Wood. Poison Wood. ....do ...do ... do ..-.do ....do Texas Key Largo Key "West ....do do ....do do 0.129 0.484 35 52 Manchineel. UKTICACE^. Dallas Austin J. Reverchon C. Mohr W. M. Linney . . 76 Cedar Elm. ..do ....do ItedElm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm. 1 ....do do do do Vermont Michigan Hinesburg Dansville W. J.Beal.l. Gravelly .. G. W. Lettennan ' "Rich allnvi.il Charlotte C.G.Pringle do Gravelly do do do Nashville Clay Boxford ...do Ohio Arnold Arboretum . S M Brown & Co C.S.Sargent Drift 0.561 19 38 WhiteElm. AmericanElm. WaterElm. G. W. Letterman do Alluvial do do do Texas Massachusetts ....do Michigan ....do . do Colorado river Danvers North Reading . C.Mohr J. Robinson ....do Gravelly do 0. 230 . 0.160 0.215 ... 17 7 21 5 17 10 Dansvillle Big Rapids do W.J.Beal ... do ....do Low. gravelly .. do Book Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. While Elm. Oli/Elm. ...do do Hudson ....do do Alluvial Tennessee South Carolina . . - Nashville Bonneau's Depot . . . Davidson county . . . Kemper's mill A. Gattinger ....do do Wahoo. Winged Elm. Mississippi C.Mohr Alluvial 0.244 82 38 . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 305 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. A6U DKTEHMINATION8. "Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Kemarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1. 1195 1.0900 1.0832 0.5945 0.6286 0. 7867 0.8363 0. 7062 0.6499 0. 5699 0. 6769 0.6841 0.6540 0. 7330 0. 6706 C 0. 7613 \ 0. 7978 0.5462 0. 7459 0. 6221 0.6299 0.6495 0. 6382 0. 7173 0.8144 0.6846 0.6803 0. 7345 0.7290 0. 7414 0.8710 0.5979 0.7632 1. 0855 1.0705 1. 1010 0. 5600 0. 7185 0.7640 0. 8358 1. 1025 1.0768 1. 0921 4.96 1.82 1.65 5.20 1.05 1.41 1.30 0.79 0.60 0.86 0.82 0.68 1.24 0.12 1.22 1.07 0.86 0.40 0.93 0.86 1.04 0.75 0.75 0.42 4.48 1.96 1.82 5.11 1.03 1.30 1.00 4.72 1.89 1.74 469 1126 1206 1110 324 929 30' 30s 30* 101 120 134 366 369 429 869 19 202 281' 281« 958 1036 1049 116' 116" 116» 116* 31t 428 133 380 533 LOMO 1. 0905 2.78 67.96 0. 5772 5.16 35.97 Ashofakuot 185 0. 6736 0.7754 1.04 1.36 0. 7245 1.20 45.15 0.8361 0. 7062 0.6499 0.5619 0. 6769 0.6841 0. 7065 0.6817 0.6706 0. 7823 1.15 0.79 0.60 0.84 0.82 0.74 1.04 0.12 1.27 0.88 0. 5538 0.81 0.6841 0.7589 0.6303 0.79 0.84 0.11 1.31 0.70 0.82 0.56 0. 7522 ) 0. 8180 ) 0. 5309 0.7287 0.6054 0. 6956 ' 0.83 43.35 0. 5386 0. 7373 0.6207 0.6299 0. 6413 0. 6742 0.7124 0.84 0.48 0.93 0.86 1.02 0.88 0.60 0.6346 0.6480 0. 7102 0.7085 0.6265 0.6742 0. 7116 0.99 1.01 0.45 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood j second sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. determina- tion made on sap-wood. First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood ; second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood. 0.6506 0.80 40.54 0. 8144 0.6846 0.6400 0. 7345 0. 7430 0. 7414 0.42 0.5996 0.34 0.79 0.69 0.90 1.02 1.14 0.76 0.34 0.79 0. 7570 0.89 0.72 1.12 1.17 9.72 0.64 0.81 0.8544 0.6220 0.7860 0.7263 0.60 45.26 0.8627 0.6100 0. 7746 1.07 1.16 0.74 0.5 sap-wood 0. 7491 0.99 46.69 20 FOB 306 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYEBS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 758 918 69 75' 75* 306 375 864 873 1111 652 486 1204 508 132 433 450 1106 253 421 21 126 195 686 648 16 76' 76« 123 Florida Chattahoochee ...do A.H.Curtiss C.Mohr Eich, alluvial ....do 0.246 38 ...do G. W. Letterman ....do . .do 0.108 50 Sugarberry. Hackberry. ...do ...do ...do ...do Low, rich Alluvial Texas Dallas do . . Tennessee Massachusetts. . . . ....do Davidson county . . . J.Kohinson do Sandy 4 30 Salem 0.132 23 Santa Rita mount- ains. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Drv Hackberry. Palo Blanco. Florida Coral ....do ....do do .. do do ao Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree. G."W. Letterman... Red Mulberry. Nashville •do New Mexico Texas do Silver City Austin E. L. Greene S. B. Bnckley Moist clay 0.078 0.098 7 4 25 25 Mexican Mulberry. Osage Orange. Bois d'Are. PLATANACE.E. 235. Platanus occidentalia . Pennsylvania Massachusetts "West Chester Arnold A ^boretum . . S. P. Sharpies C. S. Sargent G. W. Letterman . . - 0.710 0.680 3 35 44 63 Drift Rich, alluvial ...do Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech, Ohio G.RVasey G. Ensrelmann and C. S. Sargent. C.S. Sargent G. W. Letterman... ....do W.J. Eeal ... Clay 0.280 20 Sycamore. Button Wood. Santa Rita mount- ains. Arnold Arboretum . . Sycamore. JUGLANDACE^I. Massachusetts Drift Rich loam Alluvial Gravelly clay . . . 0.560 5 50 Sutternut. White Walnut. ....do TWirhitran _. ...do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 307 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. W,'iKht,per cnblc foot, in pounds (average). Kemarks. Office number, i. First, Second. Third. Average. First. Second. 1 Average. 0. 5735 0. 4674 0. 7802 0.6858 1). 6r>!l2 0. 6910 0.8384 0. 7784 0.7999 0. 6570 0.7400 0.2537 0. 6321 0. 4680 0.6242 0.5679 0. 7169 0. 8270 0.7841 0. 8551 0. 6060 0. 6073 0. 4986 0. 5151 0. 4783 0. 4183 0. 4014 0.4633 0. 3638 0. 5631 0. 5137 0. 7419 0. 5683 0.4906 0.48 0.42 1.89 0.74 0.68 1.70 0.97 1.05 0.89 0.89 1.32 5.17 4.55 4.83 0.77 0.69 0.57 0.79 0.87 0.38 0.35 0.47 0.40 1.17 1.34 0.35 0.49 0.69 0.70 0.48 0.42 1.89 0.48 0.42 All gap-wood 758 918 69 75« 75» 306 375 861 873 1111 652 486 1204 508 132 433 450 1106 253 421 21 126 195 686 648 16 761 76» 123 C. pnmila. , , .. 0.5294 0.45 32.99 0. 7611 0.6858 0. 6592 0.7274 0. 8170 0. 7452 0. 7837 0.6504 1.89 0.74 0.68 1.65 0.94 0.90 0.98 0.92 0. 7637 0. 7956 0. 7186 0.7908 0.6547 0.7150 0. 2695 0.6475 0. 4798 0.5993 1.60 0.90 0.75 1.07 0.94 1.12 4.88 4.18 5.00 0.60 0.78 0.54 0.82 0.88 0.59 0.32 0.67 0.57 1.05 1.36 0.30 0.43 0. 7385 0. 7604 0. 6396 0. 7287 1.09 45.41 0.7275 1.22 45.34 0. 2616 5.03 16.30 0.6398 4.36 39.87 0. 4739 4.92 29.53 0. 6118 0. 5679 0.68 0.74 0. 7157 0. 8262 0. 7495 0.7054 0. 6111 0. 5748 0. 5091 0.4609 0. 4688 0. 4343 0. 4005 0.4355 0. 5898 0.71 36.76 0.7163 0.8266 0.56 0.81 0. 7715 0.68 48.08 0.7668 0. 7803 0.88 0.49 47.78 48.63 Cultivated. First sp. #r. determination made on limb-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on root-wood. 0. 7736 0.68 48.21 0. 6086 0. 5911 0.5038 0.33 0.57 0.48 0.5678 0.46 35.38 0. 4880 1.11 30.41 0. 4736 1.35 29.51 0. 4263 0. 4010 0. 4494 0.3638 0.33 0.46 0 69 0.79 308 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 238. Juglans cinerea — continued 145 176 393 1057 112 117 149 209 318 325 407 430 766 934 951 415 672 1227 3221 3222 326 3 29' 29* 29" 48 118« 1182 118> 152 249 422 531 539 816 1056 1097 Illinois Alluvial Ohio Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Lansing Topsfield E. E. Barney Michigan Massachusetts "VV. J.Beal J. Robinson G. W. Letternian •W.J.Benl 29 37 Drift 0.152 8 Alluvial Gravelly Slack Walnut. Dansville "Waukegan Illinois Ohio Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. E. E. Barney W J Beal Texas Dallas Charlestown Xavy- yard. Nashville Aspalaga Austin J. Revorcbon S.H.I>ook Alluvial 0.272 24 84 Tennessee Florida Texas ....do A. H. Corliss C.Mohr .. do Clay 0.286 8 23 do Pinos Altos mount- ains. Contra Costa county. Santa Catalina mountains. Greenville do E. L. Greene G R. Vasey Alluvial do 0.207 0.313 15 11 32 18 Walnut. California C. G. Prin»le .... C. Mohr do Alluvial 0.260 33 48 Pecan. niinoi» JVuf. 242. Caryaalba do ....do Dallas do Massachusetts Arnold Arboretum . Danville do C. S. Sargent W. M. Liraiey do Drift Shale 0.305 25 37 Shell-bark Hickory. Shag-barkHickory. do do do do do do G. W. Lettennan . . . •W. J.Beal do Upland Hudson do Clay do do ....do do do G. W. Letterman . . . H Shriver Clay Missouri Allenton Kemper's mill ....do G. W. Lettennan . . . C.Mohr ....do Alluvial ....do ....do do 0.288 0.360 28 31 81 102 ...do West Virginia Massachusetts Missouri 0.250 53 Allenton G. \V. Letterman . . . Alluvial . .. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 309 SI'ECIKIC GRAVITY DETEKHIHATIO.N8. ASH DETEBMINATIOS6. "Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Oflice number. .First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0.4394 0.3941 0. 3379 0.4538 0.5778 0.5807 0. 5579 0.5025 0.6313 0.5608 0. 5750 0. 6376 ( 0. 6415 ( 0. 6435 0.7830 0.6609 0. 6789 0. 6266 0.7258 0.7390 0. 7020 0. 7314 0. 7618 0. 9680 0. 9205 0. 9859 0.8249 0. 8028 0. 7974 0.8019 0. 8064 0.8470 0. 7289 0.86% 0. 8729 0. 7470 0.8800 0.6835 0.4388 0.4023 0. 4391 0. 3982 0.3379 0.4530 0.51 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.63 0.62 1.92 0.60 0.93 C 0.78 ( 0.51 1.22 0.71 0.57 0.85 1.15 0.96 0.93 1.33 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.65 0.37 0.28 0.66 1.14 0.87 0.63 0.92 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.54 0.90 0.51 14S 176 393 1057 112 117 149 20» 818 325 407 430 768 934 951 411 072 1227 322> 32Z» 826 8 29' 29» 29» 48 118' 118» 118« 152 249 422 531 639 816 1056 1097 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.47 0.4355 0.5881 0. 4698 0.53 0. 4086 0.51 25.46 0. 5830 0. 5807 0. 5569 0. 5145 0.6252 0. 5721 0. 5750 0. 6376 0.6403 0. 7916 0.6499 0 63 0.48 0. 5559 0. 5265 0. 6191 0.5833 0.12 0.49 0.12 0.56 0 62 1.99 0.69 1.05 0.651 0.77 5 1.64 0.57 1.09 0.07 1.42 1.18 1.96 0.65 0.99 0.68 1.43 0.64 0. 6363 -I 0. 6400 ) 0. 8002 0. 6388 0.6469 0.5611 0. 6848 0.6925 0.6982 0. 7445 0. 7814 0. 6753 1 0. 6115 0.79 38.11 0. 6670 0. 5939 0. 7053 0.83 0.91 1.28 0.6554 1.01 40.85 0. 7158 0. 7001 0. 7380 1.07 0.93 1.40 Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood 1.46 0.58 0.7180 1.13 44.75 0. 7716 0.9680 0.9205 0. 9970 0. 8255 0. 8028 0. 7974 0.8019 0. 787] 0. 7974 0. 7523 0. 9033 0. 8711 0.7523 0.9027 0. 7443 0.60 0.73 0 86 1. 0080 0.8260 0.43 0.40 1.14 0.77 0.78 0.91 0.79 0.83 0.71 0.62 0.90 0. 7677 0. 7477 0. 7756 0. 9370 0. 8692 0. 7505 0.9035 0. 8051 0.66 0.93 0.90 0.78 0.88 0.66 0.69 0.80 0.9245 0.8372 0.73 52.17 310 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Mameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 27 91* 91» 336 383 391 1082 1164 1165 1166 1170 52 72 254 289 348 6 51 88 121 288 442 538 1051 1098 11«8 153 401 838 871 237 129 362 740 917 Kentucky ...do do Mercer county ....do do "W. M. Linney ....do .. do Limestone Alluvial ....do Big Shell-bark. Bottom Shell-bark. 244. Carya tomentosa MofkerNut. Black Hickory. BuUNut. Big-bud Hickory. White-heart Hick- ory. King Nut. 1 Nashville A. Gattinger ....do Missouri do Allenton ..do G "W Letterman do ....do ....do do do do ....do do ...do .. ....do ...do ... do do do do . do ....do do do do ....do ...do Kentucky ....do Perry ville ....do Rich upland • G. W. Lettennan Rich upland do do do Citronelle Arnold Arboretum . Allenton ...do Dansville C.Mohr C. S. Sargent 0.200 0.317 42 29 31 55 Massachusetts Missouri ....do Drift Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hick- ory. Switch-bud Hickory. G. W. Letterman ....do W.J.Beal G. W. Letterman Flinty Rich loam 0.159 41 6 Rich loam 0.100 47 13 Tennessee Nashville Kemper's mill Xorth Reading C.Mohr J.Robinson G. W. Letterman do Alluvial Drift Flinty 0.354 0.228 63 31 59 42 Massachusetts do do do ....do do ....do do ....do do Rich upland do Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory. Massachusetts — do Danvers do J. Robinson do do 0.115 0.402 18 7 19 107 Boimeau's Depot . . . ....do Ticksbnrg H. W. Ravenel ....do C.Mohr A.H.Curtiss C.Mohr Rich, swampy Nutmeg Hickory. ....do Mississippi Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bit- ter Pecan. Alluvial ....do 0.277 0.282 28 23 18 28 Florida Cbattahoochee THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DKY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 311 SPECIFIC GBAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ABH DETEKMLNATIOXS. Woi^lit, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 8791 0. 7527 0.7345 0.7654 0.9020 0. 8512 0. 8911 0.8827 0.7054 0.8508 0. 8024 0.8524 0. 8610 0. 8334 0. 8316 0. 8157 0. 8827 0. 9189 0. 6803 0.8554 0. 7926 0.8530 0.8842 0. 8990 0. 7470 0. 7814 0. 5927 0.7530 0. 9208 I 0. 7919 0. 7639 0. 7719 0.8248 0.6422 0. 8767 0.6859 0. 8779 0.7193 0.7345 0.7634 0.72 1.09 1.04 0.70 0.71 1.09 1.04 27 91» 91» 336 383 391 1082 1164 1165 1166 1170 52 72 254 289 348 6 61 88 121 288 442 538 1051 1098 1168 153 Ml 838 871 237 129 362 740 917 0. 8610 0.8424 0.9061 0.8854 0.6898 0.8432 0.7275 0.8168 0.8709 0. 8500 0.7279 0.8462 0. 8139 0. 8815 0.8468 0.8934 0.8840 0.7122 0.8470 0.7563 0.99 0.91 0.83 0.81 0.73 0.90 0.84 0.97 1.02 0.72 1.29 0.99 0.60 1.25 0.85 1.58 0.83 0.68 0.82 0.74 1.27 1.15 1.00 0.97 0.94 1.42 1.07 1.31 1.05 1.32 0.91 0.92 1.24 0.90 0.84 0.72 0.95 0.71 0.84 1.06 1.05 1.65 1.03. 0.60 . 1.40 0.85 0.96 1.07 0.87 0.83 0.73 0.93 0.78 0.8831 0. 7414 0. 7389 0. 8108 0.90 50.53 0.8346 0.8660 0.8417 0. 7279 0.8389 0.91 1.04 0.89 1.47 1.01 0.5 sap-wood Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second growth First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 0. 8218 1.06 51.21 0. 8148 0. 8827 0. 9740 0.6803 0.8542 0. 7926 0.7841 0. 8620 0.8315 0. 7913 0.60 1.33 0.85 1.58 0.77 0.69 0.84 0.75 1.28 1.17 0.9290 Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second growth 0. 8530 0.71 0.70 0.86 0.75 1.29 1.19 0.97 0.93 1.03 0.92 1.05 2.03 1.32 1.05 1.17 First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.9 sap-wood. 0. 7152 0.8481 0.7640 0. 7355 0.7830 0.5754 0. 7142 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.8 aap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 0. 8537 0. 8913 0. 8217 0.99 51.21 0. 7822 0. 5841 0. 7336 0. 9208 0.99 0.95 0.99 1.17 0. 8112 0. 7332 0. 7700 0.8244 0.6313 0. 7552 1.03 47.06 0.8016 1.06 49.96 0. 7486 0. 7710 0.8248 0. 6185 1.67 1.19 1.19 1.04 0.5 sap-wood ................... .. 0.5821 0. 7407 1.27 46.16 312 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. id ® .= a g 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. MYRICACE.E. 586 665 8 26 32' 32' 323 49' 49' 49* 113' 113' 113» 150 160 196 2281 228' 228» 238 250 251 259' 259" 259» 403 443 547 748 749 895 1050 1257 670 985 988 1027 1029 37» 37» Florida Saint John's river . . A H Curtiss 0.198 18 22 Barberry. Wax Myrtle. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C.S.Sargent E A Dana CTJPULIFER.S;. Massachusetts do Arnold Arboretum . Drift 0.560 12 88 White Oak. ...do do do Slate do do Shale Missouri .. do Allenton do G. W. Letterman — do ...do do do do . do Big Rapids •W.J.Beal do Gravelly 0.374 34 18 do Sandy ...do Illinois Ohio do "Waukegan Pineo, Daniels & Co. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Champlain valley. . . Charlotte Robert Douglas ...do Vermont ...do do *do Clay do Gravelly loam. do do . do South Carolina — Bonneau's Depot . . . Wythcville do H. VT. Ravenel H.Shriver do Clay 0.225 56 do ...do do ....do do ... do do do do do do do Charlestown Navy- yard. Nashville Kemper's mill Chattahoochee do S H Pook Tennessee Alabama Florida Rich bottom C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss do Alluvial Clay do 0.236 0.248 8 13 48 74 do M C Beedle ...do North Reading Charlestown Navy- yard. Redding TVeidler's saw .mill.. 0.203 7 11 S H Pook . - G.R.Vasey G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Gravelly loam ... Rich loam 0.356 0.393 15 30 17 82 White Oak. Weeping Oak. White Oak. ....do ....do do Portland Furniture Company. do do W. M. Linney ...do ... Shale .... Pott Oat. Iron Oak. ...do.., ...do.. ...do... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 313 SPECIFIC ORAVITY DBTEBMDIATION8. ABB DETERMINATIONS. Weight.per cubic loot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. I 0.5639 ( 0. 5723 0. 6793 0.7165 0. 7970 0.8480 0. 6328 0.0365 0.6865 0. 7826 0.6829 0.0006 0.6852 0. 7017 0. 7892 0. 7672 0. 6203 0. 8304 0. 8670 0. 8091 0. 7830 0. 7874 0.6848 0.7556 0. 7069 0. 8056 0.7390 0. 6549 0. 8566 0. 7732 0.8066 0. 7672 0.8065 0. 5592 1 0. 5519 ) 0.6613 0.7093 0. 8012 0.8451 0. 5711 0. 5637 0.33 0.37 0.30 0.45 0.51 35.13 586 665 8 26 32J 32« ae> 49< 49« 49» 1131 113' 150 169 196 228" 228» 228« 238 250 251 259' 259» 259» 403 443 547 748 749 895 1050 1257 670 985 088 1027 1029 37' 37* 0.33 0.31 0.25 0.47 0. 6703 0.33 41.77 0.7129 0.7991 0. 8299 0 6328 0.34 0.28 0.46 0.7965 0. 6305 0. 6526 0. 6746 0. 7826 0. 7107 0.6006 0. 6932 0. 7017 0. 8314 0. 7672 0.6254 0.8304 0.8670 0.8091 0. 7611 0.7647 0. 6916 0.7556 0. 7069 0.8056 0. 7414 0.6549 0. 8180 0.7647 0. 8147 0. 7703 0.7669 0.8439 0.37 0.45 0.30 0.87 0.41 0.24 0.47 0.21 0.57 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.21 0.43 0.40 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.7385 0. 7012 0.41 0 24 0. 8735 0.42 0.23 0.65 0.45 0.22 0.61 0.39 0. 6305 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.34 0.23 0. 7391 0. 7419 0.6984 0.42 0.33 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.49 1.37 0.45 0.47 0.34 0.33 0.26 0.30 0.37 0. 7437 0.44 1.64 0.29 0.50 0.31 0.37 0.22 0.47 1.51 0.37 0.49 0.33 0.35 0.24 0.7794 0. 7562 0.8228 0.7734 0.7584 Taken from beam in old court-house at Cambridge, built in 1757. 0.7358 0.7849 0. 7814 0.6549 0. 7478 0. 6698 0.8200 0.8765 0. 7672 0.8425 0.7600 0. 7574 0. 7369 0.8008 0.6706 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.37 6.62 0.62 0.74 0.34 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.49 0. 7470 0.41 0.30 46.35 0. 7409 46.17 0. 8120 0. 7075 0.7585 0. 7034 0.29 0.33 0.39 0.56 0.7704 Brash . 0. 7453 0.39 46.45 0. 8104 0. 8765 0.62 0.74 0.5 sap-wood... 314 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 3?s 151 256 351 771 295 417 525 1150 791 792 79" 79« 137 143 168 204 310 400 412 432 583 831 832 933 1071 • 1072 1073 424 545 762 953 12 54' 54s 54» 846 "W. M. Linney Shale South Carolina . . . Bonneau's Depot H. W. Ravenel G W Lettennan Clay Citronelle C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss ....do Gravelly barrens . 0.244 0.264 0.196 38 32 18 88 115 67 Florida Pinos Altos mount- ains, do Scrub Oak. do do Engelmanu's canon . Santa Rita mount- ains. Robert Douglas C G Pringle "W M Linney Burr Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. 257. Quercus lyrata do do . do do do do do do do do do ...do Missouri Illinois Allt'iiton G. W. Letterman Moist upland Rich Ohio "Woodsum Machine Company. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Dallas Allenton Charlotte Nashville..... Waukegan Winnebago county . do ....do Texas do J. Reverchon '. 0.528 13 120 Missouri Vermont Tennessee C G Pringle Clay Alluvial do M S Bebb . do ...do do Texas Austin Charlotte do C.Mohr C G Pringle Alluvial "Vermont do do do do do Tennessee Nashville Kemper's mill A. Gattinger C.Mohr A H. Curtiss Low Alluvial ...do 0.339 0.266 19 20 73 70 Over-eup Oak. Swamp Poit Oak. Water White Oak. C Mohr Massachusetts Missouri do Arnold Arboretum.. Allenton do C. S. Sargent Drift 0.305 8 60 Swamp White Oak. do . do do do do ..do Massachusetts West Newbury J.Robinson Low, swampy 0.206 5 30 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 315 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. \\Yijiht, per cubic foot, ill pounds (average). Re marks. Office number, j First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0.8459 0. 8920 0. 8522 0. 7888 0.8548 0. 8382 0.8680 0.7684 0. 9487 0. 7070 0. 7205 0.7275 0.6426 0.8469 0. 8280 0.6440 0.6458 0. 7722 0. 6183 0. 8630 0. 7271 0. 9229 0.6842 0. 6107 0.7605 0. 7740 0. 7845 0. 7598 0.8060 0. 7802 0.8050 0.9790 0. 7552 0. 8616 0.6833 0. 7114 0.8404 0.8459 0. 8991 0. 8359 0. 7702 0. 8187 1.56 0.79 0.46 0. 52 0.63 1.56 37» 151 256 351 771 295 417 525 1150 791 79» 79» 79« 137 143 168 204 310 400 412 432 583 831 832 933 1071 10T3 1073 434 MS 762 053 12 64' 54' 54' 846 0.8882 0.8196 0. 7516 0. 7942 0.8562 0. 7748 0.7894 0.9052 0. 9170 0.79 0.52 0.53 0.88 0.79 0.49 0.53 0.76 0. 8072 0. 8367 0.79 52.14 0.8472 0.8097 0. 7789 0.9270 0.7862 0.78 1.08 1.10 0.96 0.66 0.70 1.18 0.41 0.60 0.31 0.37 1.08 0.60 0.26 0.74 1.18 0.78 0.98 1.11 0.45 0.32 0.44 0.59 0.22 0.23 1.72 0.26 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.27 0.79 1.37 0.80 0.79 1.23 0.95 0.8407 0.99 52.39 0. 7070 0.7205 0.7275 0.6363 0.8469 0.8278 0.6416 0. 6318 0. 7944 0. 6297 0.8563 0. 7271 0. 9387 0. 6977 0. 6591 0. 8018 0. 7729 0. 7929 0. 7515 0.96 0.66 0. 7275 0.6300 0.70 1.18 0.37 0.92 0.32 0.43 1.03 0.60 0.27 0.75 1.46 0.70 0.93 1.18 0.46 0.45 0.35 0.56 0.23 0.18 1.44 0.28 0.39 fl.76 0.32 0.40 1.06 0.60 0.27 0.75 1.32 0.74 0.96 1.15 0.46 0.39 0.40 0. 8276 0.6383 0. 6177 0. 8166 0.6411 0.8496 0. 9543 0. 7112 0. 7075 0.8402 0.8087 0. 7924 0.7630 0. 7863 0. 7502 0.7649 0. 9390 Old fence-post 0. 8047 0.7360 0.8018 0. 7317 0.7453 0.71 46.45 0. 7962 0. 7652 0.7850 0.9790 0.58 0.23 0.21 1.58 0. 7315 0. 8628 0.8313 0.65 51.81 0. 7434 0. 8622 0.6833 0. 7114 0.8307 0.27 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.8186 0.8330 0.31 0.29 0.7662 0.58 47.75 316 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GBOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 210 524 755 31" 3V 313 35 434 92* 28 34' 34» 34» 58 273 287 323 514 588 856 688 601 700 419 698 1145 1148 935 1103 404 79fl South Carolina . . . Bonneau's Depot Kemper's mill H. W. Ravenel C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss Alluvial ....do do 0.322 0.260 22 12 69 32 Satket Oak. Cow Oak. Florida Shale Chutnut Oak. Sock Chestnut Oak. ....do ... do do ....do do do . do ....do do ...do do Tennessee Nashville Cnllman Harrodsburg C.Mohr W. M. Linney do Dry, rocky 0.436 34 84 Yellow Oak. Ohcttnut Oak. Chinqua- pin Oak. 262. Quercns Douglasii ....do ....do ....do Missouri do Boyleconnty ....do do ' "Waverly shale AUenton do G. W. Letterman . . . do Poor, hilly do do do Flinty Dallas 0.226 24 35 Nashville Dallas A. Gattinger Texas ... do Massachusetts California Boxford Contra Costa county San Diego county. . . San Gabriel J. Kobinson G. B. Vasey ....do 0.364 0.338 0.202 0.212 10 59 16 38 123 Clay Dry, gravelly do Mountain Whiff Oak. Slue Oak. ....do ....do 5 40 White Oak. Silver City E. L.Greene G. Engelmann and . C. S. Sargent. C. G. Pringle do Dry, rocky do While Oak. Santa Rita mount- ains. ....do do ....do do ....do do 266. Quercns I) u rand ii . . Texas ....do Florida ...do .. Austin ....do Charlestown Navy- yard. C.Mohr S. B. Buckley S.H.Pook A. H. Curtiss... Damp, calcareous. ....do Sandv... 0.164 0.238 24 89 39 15 Live Oak. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 317 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETEBM1NATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 7674 0. 8253 0. 8200 0. 7126 0.6549 0. 7726 0. 8308 0.6870 0. 8550 0.8401 0. 7951 0. 8712 0. 9643 0.6566 0. 9237 0.8248 1.0240 0. 8592 0.9183 0. 7652 0.9958 ( 1. 0078 ( 0.9495 0.8420 0. 9171 0.9897 1.1340 0.9430 C 0. 9762 ( 0.8648 0. 9640 1.0350 0. 9005 0.8312 0.7704 0.8090 0. 7102 0.6659 0.7993 0. 7979 0. 8145 0.33 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.33 0.48 0.57 0.35 0.40 0.57 0.37 240 524 755 31> 31« 31« 35 434 925 28 34' 34' 34> 58 273 287 823 514 588 856 088 601 700 419 698 1145 1148 835 1103 404 789 0. 8039 0.45 50.10 0. 7114 0.6604 0. 7726 0. 8308 0. 6870 0.8368 0.36 0.33 0.70 1.94 0.40 1.50 1.49 0.39 1.62 1.39 1.16 0.64 1.25 1.43 1.38 0.43 0.80 ( 4.62 ( 2.28 0.99 1.22 2.57 1.32 0.51 I ^ ( 1.80) 1.82 0.87 1.93 0.49 1.40 0.79 1.94 0.45 0. 8185 0.8419 0.7499 0.77 46.73 0.8410 0. 7951 0. 8712 0.9643 0.6546 0. 8893 0.8446 1.0484 0. 8671 0.9294 0.7605 1.45 1.49 0.49 0.44 1.62 0. 6525 0.8548 0.8644 1.0728 0.8750 0.9405 0. 7458 0.7898 1.0790 1.1500 0. 8374 0.9835 1.25 1.31 0.57 1.09 1.49 1.22 0.43 0.88 4.691 4. 68 5 1.31 1.26 3.33 1.19 0.53 1.32 1.24 0.61 1.17 1.48 1.30 0.43 0. 7706 0.8605 1.14 53.63 0.8928 0.84 55.64 1.01691 1.0882) First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 1.0486 0.8397 4.07 1.15 0.8703- 0.9441 2.61 58.84 0.9236 0.9897 1. 1143 1.24 2.95 1.26 1.0945 0. 9528 0.80001 0.8690) 1.0835 1.0092 1.82 62.89 0. 9479 0.52 59.07 0.8775 1. 0238 1.75 1.82 0.9507 1.78 59.25 1.0350 0.8949 0.8977 1.23 1.21 1.22 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYKR8 OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 919 954 574 649 653 594 663 677 7 45" 45* 89 92' 92* 140 141 146 197 215 216 217 218 553 866 920 1043 931 23 762 17 36' 36* Mobile county C. Mohr do Texas ... Saw-mill, Ashland . . San Bernardino Marin county Santa Rita mount- ains. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valparaiso Oak. California ....do G. R. Vasey G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Gravelly . Black Oak. California 0 247 Enceno Coatt Lite Oak. 271. Quorcns "Wislizenl ....do Massachusetts Live Oak. Arnold Arboretum . Mercer county ....do C. S. Sargent Drift 0.534 8 73 Red Oak. Slack Oak. 272. Guercus rnbra, var. Texana ... W. M. Linney do Shale do do G. W. Letterman . . . W. M. Linney do 0.149 5 40 Mercer county do Allnvial do Dansville ....do W. J. Beal do do do Robert Douglas E. E Barney Gravelly Ohio Barney & Smith MariufacturingCo. Charlotte C. G. Pringle do Gravelly ...do do ....do .. do ....do do do do do do do Kemper's mill Danvers Enterprise North Beading Austin Hingham Aspalaga Arnold Arboretum . Danville Junction . . ...do.. C. Mohr J. Robinson C. Mohr Allnvial Drift 0.368 38 97 Massachusetts Alluvial Drift 0.230 0.118 6 13 27 20 Massachusetts Texas C. Mohr T. T. Bouve A. H. Curtiss Bed Oak. Massachusetts Florida Scarlet Oak, Clay Drift 0.230 0.630 15 8 Massachusetts Kentucky ...do... 74 Slack Oak. \ clinic-lark Oak. Quer- citron Oak. Tettov Oak. W. M. Linney ...do.. ...do.. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued. 319 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. A8II DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per culm- foot, in pound!) (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Average. First. SecoDd. Average 0.8225 1.0090 0. 7888 0.8830 0. 8787 ( 0.9975 ( 0. 9201 0. 8290 C 0. 7956 ( 0. 8018 0.6381 0. 5186 0. 5169 0. 7480 0.5889 0. 7516 0.6410 0.5952 0. 7481 0. 6516 0.6423 0.6897 0. 6669 0. 6765 0.6389 0.6636 0.5244 0. 7130 0. 9142 0.7111 0.7667 0.7364 0. 6863 0. 7205 0. 9330 0. 9709 0. 7592 0. 8827 0. 9033 0. 9019 1 0. 8855 5 0. 8216 0. 7788 1 0. 7657 5 0.6440 0. 5910 0. 6251 0. 8778 0.9900 1.25 1.09 0.80 0.38 0.73 C 1.86 } 2.61 1.21 ( 0.94 ( 0.96 0.14 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.37 0.07 0.25 0.14 0.93 0.11 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.31 1.30 0.76 0.62 0.34 0.79 2.191 2.78) 1.34 0.981 1.18) 0.10 1.27 0.93 919 954 574 649 653 594 663 677 7 45' 45» 89- 92' 92«- 140- 141 m: 197 215- 216 217 218^ 553 866 920 1043 931 23 7sa IT 36"- 36» 0.9501 1.14 59.21 0. 7740 0. 8829 0. 8910 0.71 0.34 0.76 • 0. 8493 0.60 52.93 0.9263 2.36 57.73 0. 8253 1.28 51.43 0.7855 1.02 48.95 0.6411 0.5548 0. 5710 0. 7480 0.5899 0. 7515 0.6410 0. 5952 0. 7498 0.6566 0. 6710 0.6994 0. 6768 0. 6897 0.64*9 0.6487 0. 5424 0. 6952 0.12 0 46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.17 0.25 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.36 0.11 0.23 0.17 0.47 0. 7512 0. 7516 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.34 0.14 0.21 0.19 0.76 0.16 0.28 0.08 0. 7514 0. 6615 0.6997 0.7090 0.6867 0. 7029 0. 6589 0.6252 0.5604 0.6806 0.9018 0. 7079 0.7762 0. 7305 0.6573 0.6920 0.6540 0.26 40.75 0.9080 0.85 56.59 0. 7095 0. 7715 0.14 0.25 0.7405 0.19 46.15 0. 7335 0.6863 0.7205 0.11 0 21 0.31 320 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 36' 41 74 86 244 247 437 921 628 9C3 268 339 131 245 2661 265« 265' 548 342 770 47 282 349 511 742 758 801 1171 352 Slate Missouri do Allenton do G. "W. Letterman... do Hilly 0.165 6 16 do do ...do do "Wytheville H. Shriver Clav .do ..do ..do ... do Tennessee Alabama Nashville Cullman Saw-mill, Ashland . . Eugene City A. Gattinger do C.Mohr G. EriL'i-liimin and C. S.'Sargent. G.H. Collier G. W. Letterman Sandy Slack Oak. do , Clay . . 0.224 17 78 Slack Jack. Jack Oak. Citronelle Bonneau's Depot Wytheville C.Mohr H. W. Eavenel H. Shriver do 0.128 13 46 South Carolina . .. Virginia Spanish Oak. Bed Oak. Clay do ....do do do .. do do do do Kemper's mill Cottage Hill C.Mohr do Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Slack Jack. Black Jack. Florida A H Curtisa do 0.301 62 Allenton G. W. Letterman do Rich allnvial . Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. do do do Cottage Hill C.Mohr 0.350 8 1< Water Oak. Duck Oak. Potium Oak. Punk Oak. do Georgia Bainbridge A. H. Curtiss do Alluvial 0.310 13 23 Laurel Oak. 282 Qaercna heterophylla do do do do 0.240 0.329 33 6 26 19 New Jersey Mount Holly ..... S.P.Sharples C.Mohr Clay Pine-barren ISartram's Oak. Citronelle Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack. Til 1C WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 321 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. A8II UKTKIIMIXATIONS. i ]IIT ££ •— ** CLVl I . Office numln'r. First. Second. Third. AVIM-HUV. FilHt. Second. Average. 0. 7749 0. 7590 0. 8014 0. 7192 0. 5070 0. 7164 0. 6765 0. 6622 0. 6565 0. 6273 0. 7304 0. 7309 0.6892 0. 5701 0. 6613 0. 7334 0. 6556 0. 6052 0.6679 0. 7906 0. 6917 0. 7480 0. 7167 0.7084 0. 7237 0. 7474 0. 8146 f 0. 6818 I 0. 6882 0.6502 0. 7749 U. 7174 0. 7192 o. r.iia II. IS 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.44 0.14 0.35 0.59 0.18 0.33 0.86 1.41 0.27 0.27 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.85 0.90 0.65 0.92 0.45 0.82 0.35 0.48 0.93 0.19 1.27 0.18 36' 41 74 86 244 247 437 921 628 963 268 339 131 245 2651 265' 265' 548 342 770 47 282 349 511 742 756 801 1171 352 0. 7352 0.14 0.19 0.18 0.03 0.15 0.37 0.70 0.21 0.30 0.92 1.32 0.27 0.33 0. Ill 0.21 0.23 0.54 0.15 0.36 0. (15 0. 5175 0. 6586 0. 0875 0. 6765 0. 6972 0. 6582 0.6322 0. 7492 0. 7192 0. 7003 0. 6780 0. 7100 0. 7045 0.28 43.90 0. (i.-.T.'i 0. 6297 0.20 0.32 0.6435 0.26 40.10 0. 7398 0. 7251 0.94 1.37 0.7324 1.16 45.64 0.6948 0. 6241 0.6013 0. 7334 0. 6550 0. 7874 0.27 0.30 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.29 • 0. 7696 0. 6730 0.7854 0.6465 0.6890 0. 7149 0. 7-->02 0. 7624 0. 7075 0. 7995 0.68341 0. 6802 ) 0. 6337 0.28 0.80 0.90 0.57 1.07 0.39 0.84 0.19 0.46 1.41 0.14 1.15 0. 6928 0.25 43.17 0. 6708 0. 7880 0.83 0.90 0.7294 0.87 45.45 0, 6691 0.7185 0.61 1.00 0. 6938 0.81 43.24 0. 7158 0. 7143 0. 7431 0.42 0.83 0.27 0.7244 0.51 45.14 0. 7275 0. 8071 0. 7673 0.47 1.17 0.82 47.82 0.6834 i 0.17 1.21 42.59 0.6420 40.00 21 FOE 322 FOREST TREES. OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAV1TY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OP GKOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 416 599 40- 40* 403 50 135 512 687 729 573 18 258' 258« 258» 516 727 868 9 44» 443 55' 119 765 853 11 87 870 877 3047 46 73' 73« New Mexico Finos Altos mount- ains. Santa Rita mount- ains. Harrodaburg ...do E. L. Greene G. Engelmflnn and C. S. Sargent. W. M. Linney do Dry, rocky do 0.203 49 20 Kentucky ....do Shingle Oat. Laurel Oak. .. do .. ... do .... do do G. W. Lettennan ... do do do Tullalioma A. Gattinger Moist, siliceous . . . 0.184 0.400 15 25 Willow Oak. Peach Oak. California 85 Tanbark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak. ....do Mendocino county . . Hot Springs ... Arnold Arboretum . A. Kellogg .. . Chinquapin. G. "W. Lettennan C. S. Sargent 0.615 Chinquapin. Massachusetts — Virginia Drift 0.666 34 42 Chestnut. H. Shriver ... . Moist . ... do do do ....do do do do do Tennessee Pennsylvania Massachusetts ...do Nashville Williamsport Danvers Arnold Arboretum . Mercer county do A. Gattinger C.G.Pringle Sandy 0.110 0.190 4 8 21 26 C.S. Sargent Drift Seech. 292. Ostrya Virginica W.M. Linney do Hudson River shale. ....do do do do do .. do do do do 71 1» 712 713 714 715 978 305 62 277 651 1 164 208 222 723 777 Stockton C Mohr Alluvial Said Cypress, Black Cypress. Red Cypress. White Cypress. Decidu- ous Cypress. • do Otis & Co., saw-mill. do do ....do do do do Little Kock G- "W. Letterman . do .. . do ..do . do ....do A H Curtiss 0.514 55 230 Department of Ag- riculture. do Stockton C.Molir do AlluTial do Bayou La Battery . . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Alluvial Big Tree. 9 do do ....do ....do ....do do C S Sargent Redwood. Turner, Kennedy & Shaw, do do . .. do do ... do ....do do Mendocino county.. do J Kentfleld 0.411 0.42) 0.18 0.68 One tree < 0.5658 35.26 0.5434 0.40 33.86 0.4671 0.4996 0. 6149 0.18 0.42 0.4838 0.18 0. 5572 0.30 34 72 0. 4855 0.20 333 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 315 413 779 785 1074 1075 1076 996 1144 1154 1155 1156 619 026 630 632 636 689 718 731 907 910 1007 578 633 667 593 664 997 293 563 625 571 644 \V j Beal Clay Intercolonial rail- way. Ed. Sinclair C. G. Pringle do Vermont do Bridge toil Charlotte . do do 1 California Arizona do San Diego county. . . Santa Rita mount- ains, do G. Engelmann C. G. Pringle do Sandy Rocky do 0.234 82 8 Yellow Pine. do . . do do . .. do do do do do Dead wood Saw-mill, Ashland.. Robert Douglas G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, do Gravelly TeUow Pine. Sidl Pine. California do do do do. Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. W G Wright Sierra Lumber Com- pany. E Weston do do .do California Saw-mill, Sau Ber- nardino. Scott mountains .... do W. G. Wright • ....do ...do G. Eogelmann and C. S. Sargent. ... do Butt Pine. Black Pine. do California Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Santa Rita mount- ains, do W G Wright G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. .do Dry, gravelly ....do 0.510 102 53 . 0.39 0.28 0. 20 I'. L'4 0.38 0.14 I'. 21 0.19 0.25 0.27 0.38 0.38 0.31 0.34 0.23 0.40 0.28 0.58 0.45 0.30 0.22 0.23 0.29 f 0.37 I 0.41 0.21 0.36 0.26 0.37 0.43 0.40 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.24 0.26 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.43 0.23 0.36 0.25 0.40 0.45 0.33 0.20 0.36 0.24 0.371 0.40) 0.16 0.29 0.25 0.37 0.41 0.35 0.22 0.24 0. '-'9 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.28 315 413 779 785 1074 1075 1076 996 1144 1154 1155 1156 619 626 630 632 636 689 718 731 907 910 1007 578 633 667 593 664 997 293 563 625 571 644 0.5227 0.4845 0. 4858 0.4860 First and third sp. pr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood; sci i.nd sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Second sp. gr. detenu ination made on 0.5 sap-wood; third sp. ji'r. determination made on sap-wood. 0.4854 0.27 30.25 0. 4879 0.35 30.40 ' 0. 6455 0. 4461 0. 4010 0.14 0.20 0.23 0.24 0.4611 DLiOM 0.20 31.40 0.4845 0.4485 0. 4362 0. 5307 0. 4212 0. 5204 0. 4225 0. 4360 0.4990 0. 4417 0. 5466 0.27 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.39 0.23 0.38 0.27 0.49 0.45 0.32 £ One tree. Fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. < 0. 4715 0.35 29.45 0.4785 0.5628 0.25 0.27 0.5206 0.26 32.44 0.5457 0.39 34.01 0.5750 0.5815 0.19 36.24 0. 3551 0. 4279 0. 4457 0.33 | 0.26 0.37 0.4096 0.32 25.53 0.4530 0.5150 0.42 0.37 0.4840 0.40 30.16 3-iO FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Dia'meter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 3G7. Finns Coulteri 1157 670 896 576 82 355 388 389 13 1046 83 621 622 1169 1172 279 321 396 671 278 319 557 558 559 142 544 764 California San Bernardino . . .. . Monterey W. G. Wright G. E. Vasey Department of Ae- riculture. G. Engelmann and C. 8. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss ....do ... do Gravelly loam 0.544 35 Monterey Pine. 0.418 ' 0.034 35 27 18 6 Knob-cone Pine. 370. Pinus Tseda Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rose- mary Pine. Cottage Hill C Mohr North Carolina . . . ....do Edward Kidder ...do.. . . do ....do Massachusetts ....do Florida Arnold Arboretum . . North Reading C. S. Sargent J. Robinson A. H Curtiss Drift ....do Moist, sandy loam. 0.267 0.230 0.312 0.206 0.164 21 26 33 8 28 15 8 19 42 34 Pitch fine. Pond Pine. South Carolina do Aiken ... do H. W. Eavenel ..do Jertey Pine. Scrub Pine. New Jersey Mount Holly S. P. Sharpies A. H. Curtiss Dry, sandy barrens Clay Slate Gravelly Clay 0.238 0.264 0.010 0.243 0.015 6 20 14 29 33 36 35 Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. Wythevffle Colerain Forge Marin county Chattahoochee Amite H. Shriver J. E. Lowrie G. R. Vasey A. H. Curtiss C. Mohr F L Harvev Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. Pennsylvania California Obispo Pine. Bishop's Pine. Ydlow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Bull Pine. . . .do . . do do do . do ...do ....do South Carolina ... Bonneau's Depot . . . Gainesville . Cbattahoochee H. W. Eavenel C. Mohr A. H. Curtiss Eich upland OedarPine. SprucePine. WhitePine. Low, sandy Low, wet Florida THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 341 B VVITV DETKIU1INAT10NS. ASH 1IKIK11MISATIONS. \\Yidit, pi'i clliiir t'uut, in pounds ( ivc'rage). Remarks, Office number. First. Third. Average. Fits]. ii. (272 0. .Cl.l.! 0.4082 ' (I. 5010 (i. S18S 0.6468 0. 5045 0. 5597 f 0. 4005 < 0.4131 0. 7004 0.8671 0. 5149 0. 5778 0. 4696 0. 5235 0.4851 0.5054 0. 5739 0. 7098 0. 6086 0. 7262 0.4689 0. 4358 0. 3232 0. 4018 0. 3904 0. 52-14 0. 4018 0. 5609 0. 54C6 0. 5054 0. 4896 0. 5669 0.41541 0. 6323 ) 0. 7931 0. 4830 0.56SO 0. 4C03 0.5841 0.6456 0.5050 0. 4602 0. 4831 0. 4550 0.7569 0.6129 0. 7232 0. 4689 0. 4235 0. 3741 0. 4002 0.34 0.25 0.34 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.19 f 0. 32 1 ( 0.19$ 0.15 0.24 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.32 0.40 0.53 0.35 0. 40 u. -A) 0.37 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.37 25. 76 1157 676 896 578 82 355 388 389 13 1046 83 021 622 1169 1172 279 321 396 en 278 319 557 558 559 142 544 764 0. 4050 0.36 0. 4574 0.30 28.50 0.33 21.81 0. 5009 0. 5627 0. 5556 0. 4971 0.27 0.26 ft 27 0.25 ine 0.54 -11 0.26 33.91 0. 5633 0.4668 0.20 0.26 S First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood. Fourth sp. gr. specimen very resinous. 0.7990 0.18 0.27 0.3f 0.23 0.34 0.31 0.30 0.22 0.25 0.35 0.22 0.17 0.31 0.41 0.61 0.44 0.35 0. 5151 0.23 32.10 0. 7942 0.17 49.49 0. 4867 0. 562C 0. 4876 0.5870 0.26 0.32 0.28 0.32 0. 5991 0.5309 0.30 33.09 0. 5576 0.31 34.75 0. 5143 0. 4727 0.30 0.23 0.4935- 0.27 30.75 0.4942 0.26 30.80 0. 5144 0. 7333 0. 6107 0. 7247 0. 4689 0.35 0.22 0.20 0.32 0.37 p 0. 6104 0.29 38.04 0. 4297 0. 3487 0. 4010 0.50 0.49 0.35 « 0. 3931 0.45 24.50 342 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GBAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 394 780 879 81 85 172 243 302 357 358 359 360 361 384 385 390 562 1096 84 356 493 109 231 373 776 794 880 513 620 773 784 791 292 575 822 899 905 Baldwin "W. J. Beal Intercolonial rail- way. Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine. do Florida A. H. Curtiss Sandy loam 0.353 0.355 25 46 119 51 Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Yettow Pine. Hard Pine. ...do ....do Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co Saw-mill, Saint John's river. Aikcn Cottage Hill ....do E E Barnev Moist, sandy Florida. A H Curtiss South Carolina ... H. TV. Eavenel C Mohr do do do ....do ...do ...do Chum-hula .. do ... do do ....do ...do do do do ....do Florida Saw-mill, Cedar Keys. do do North Carolina . . . Texas E Kidder Sabino county Mobile G. TV. Letterman C Mohr Florida Duval county Cottage Hill Moist, sandy ....do Coral ... 0.326 . 53 50 Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. 382. Picea nigra C.Mohr Charlotte C G Pringle Black Spruce. 383. Picea alba ....do ...do New Brunswick.. Province Quebec . New Brunswick . . New Hampshire . . ....do ....do do Cold, peaty Bay of Fundy Danville Intercolonial rail- way. Grand Trunk rail- way. Ed. Sinclair Stratford C. G. Pringle Robert Douglas Intercolonial rail- way. Ed. Sinclair Gravelly 0.186 16 22 White Spruce. t New Brunswick .. ....do Province of Que- bec. Bridgeton Forest City . T. S. Brandegee C. S. Sargent T. S. Brandegee Department of Agri- culture, do Damp 0.320 8 76 White Spruce. ....do ....do do ....do ....do Peaty ....do 0.318 45 71 Utah THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 343 me '.];AVITV I>ETEKMIXATIOXS. AS1[ IIETKKMIXATIOXS. Wright, JM-1 in pounds (average). Remarks. Oflice number. First. Sccum!. Third. Avrraci'. First. Second. A'/«'r;i^rc. 0. 4022 0. 4778 (I. 7:.;.] 0. 7117 0. 0027 ('. T.V'.I 0. 0139 n. mic 0.8052 0. 8509 0.6073 0. 7S90 0. 0103 0. 0549 0. 4602 (1. 7714 0.0415 0. 6533 0. 7881 0.8529 0. 4576 0. 5289 0. 4285 0. 4730 0. 4005 0.4830 0. 4074 0.3848 0. 4231 0. 3809 0. 3737 0.3550 0. 3305 0. 3507 0. 3717 0. 3195 0. 4%o 0.4588 0. 5065 0.7284 0.4794 0. 4588 0. 4900 0.28 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.26 0.28 0.39 0.27 0.28 0.15 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.17 0.19 0.31 0.16 0.30 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.38 0.26 0.42 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.36 0.35 0.29 0.32 0.43 0.33 0.19 0.18 0. 20 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.80 0.20 0.19 394 780 879 81 85 172 243 302 357 358 359 360 361 384 385 390 562 1096 84 356 493 109 231 373 776 794 880 513 620 773 784 791 298 575 822 899 905 0. 4857 0.4*761 0.2? 29.67 0. 7418 0. 7117 0. 6950 0.7190 0. 5605 0. 6609 0. 8989 0. 8479 0.7294 0.7663 0. 5938 0.6236 0. 5731 0. 7245 0.0453 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.25 0.31 0 °7 0. 6374 0. 0829 0. 5191 0. 6016 0. 9325 0.8450 0. 7914 0. 7736 0. 5714 0. 5924 0. 0186 0. 0745 0.6490 0.6506 0. 7340 0. 8389 0.4715 0. 5256 0.4486 0. 4593 0. 4290 0. 4098 0. 41D4 0.4034 0. 4375 0. 4188 0. 4020 0. 3551 0. 3217 0. 3528 0. 3725 0.3137 N 0.24 0.16 0 21 Bored for turpentine, 1852 ; chipped 10 years ; abandoned, 1801. Boxed for turpentine, 1876; chipped 4 years; specimen taken alougcMp. Boxed for turpentine, 1876 ; chipped 4 years ; specimen taken above chip. 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.15 0.31 0.17 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.21 0.38 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.24 0.33 0.26 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.32 0.18 0.22 0.6413 0.6999 0.25 43.62 0. 6520 0. 7611 0.8379 0.31 0.16 0.31 0.8220 0.7504 0.4646 0. 5272 0.4386 0.4B62 0. 4087 0. 4431 0.26 46.76 0.20 0.20 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.33 [P rubra] 0.3907 0.4425 ^ 0.4584 0.27 28.57 0.4134 0.3941 0. 4303 0.3999 0. 3879 0.24 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.27 1 ' 0. 4051 0.32 25.25 0.3551 0. 3291 0. 3518 0.3721 0. 3166 0.33 0.35 0.27 0.33 0.34 0. 3449 0.32 21.49 344 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY. ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. O!1i<-c inumber. State. Loc.-llitv. Collector. Soil. IHamtter nl' tree-, in meUTs. LAYERS OK OHOWTII. Sap- wood. Hi-art- wood. 385. Picea pnngens White Spruce. Blue Spruce. 260 270 901 906 970 977 1015 1019 1020 5 219 726 772 775 778 787 793 817 1040 1042 623 971 995 980 271 627 702 704 705 706 708 709 720 732 881 973 974 986 989 Colorado do Alpine do T. S. ]'i:r .li do Damp do . . do Department ft' Am-i- cullute. . dfi Utah Sitka PaulSchult^e Tide-land Spruce. British Columbia . Sa'.v-mill. Kurranl inlet Wi Ldler'smill, Port- laud. Sav.'-iml], Astoria.. - Portland Furniture Company. Amold Arboretum- . Charlotte G. Entxclmann :md 0. 8. Sargent. ..-.do ....do Massachusetts. . . . Vermont Pennsylvania ....do do C. S. Sargent C. G. Pringle do Drift Gravelly 0.382 37 r>7 Hemlock. Intercolonial rail- way, do" ...do do . . do ....do Province Quebec . West Virginia . . . Massachusetts ... do North Carolina . . . "Washington terri- tory. Alaska British Columbia . Colorado Bridgeton Danville * Ed. Sinclair way. C. G. Pringle . J. Robinson do 0.230 0.260 0.228 26 16 51 92 32 14 "Yorth Heading Hendersonville Wilkeson A. H. Cnrtiss G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Dry, rocky Rich loam Hemlock. Hemlock. Sitka Silver peak, near Eraser river. Alpine G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. T. S. Brandegee G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Moist 0.276 40 155 Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Fir. California Saw-mill, Stiawberry vallev. Saw-mill, Marshfield do do ...do ....do do E. B. Dean's saw- mill, Marshfield. do ....do do do do do do do Saw-mill, Missonla. . Sierra Lumber Com- pany. M. E. Jones Utah Salt Luke Saw-mill, Burrard inlet. do Rocky British Columbia . do do do Saw-mill, Victoria . . Saw-mill. Portland . . G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 345 MT.CIFIC GRAVITY IIETF.IIMIXATIO.VS. Aoil I.KIEKMINATIOXS. Wriu'it.lirl cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second. Third. Avc: First. Second. i! ::|HI 0. 3480 0.3549 0. 4292 0.3641 0.22 0.32 0.49 0.69 0.23 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.13 0.24 0.73 0.43 0.45 0.34 0.54 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.51 0.52 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.34 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 n • )•> 269 270 901 906 970 977 1015 1019 1026 5 219 726 772 775 778 787 793 817 1040 1042 623 971 995 9SC 271 627 702 704 705 706 708 709 720 732 881 973 974 986 989 0. 3540 0. 4309 0. 6029 0. 4280 (i. :;.-,2<> 0. 3061 0. 3880 0. 4033 0. 3817 0. 3903 0. 4839 0. 3418 0. 4538 0. 5033 0. :;7i:i 0. 4213 0.4112 0. 4289 0. 5071 0. 4981 0. 4462 0. 4461 0. 5570 0.4063 0.6332 0. 5215 0. 3193 0. 8189 0.4254 0. 5269 0.4896 0. 5251 0. 4809 0.5028 0. 4511 0. 5&90 0. 3558 0. 4274 0. 3517 0. 64 S5 0. 3974 0, 2!i 0.51 0.28 ('. 24 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.12 ".25 0.67 0.36 0.46 0.42 0.56 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.60 0.31 0.41 0.45 0.39 0.53 0.31 0.50 0.48 0. 3740 0. ::K 23.31 0. dj:-,7 0. 3816 V. '12811 0.3463 0. 3619 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.13 0. 3423 0. 3570 0. 3896 0. 4624 0. 3823 0. 4704 0. 4707 0. 3343 0. 4538 0. 5191 0. 3500 0. 4554 0. 4080 0. 4260 0. 4833 0.4975 0.4396 0. 4674 0. 5653 0.4364 0. 6769 0. 5250 0. 5937 0. 5785 0. 3859 0. 5215 0. 4941 0. 5855 0.4fl79 0.4848 0. 4504 0. 5922 0. 3446 0. 4287 0.17 26.72 0. 3888 0. 4629 0. 3820 0. 4333 0. 4773 0. 3381 0. 4538 0. 5112 0. 3610 0.4443 0. 4097 0.25 0.70 0.40 0.46 0.38 0.55 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.56 0.42 , White hemlock 0. 4561 0. 4098 0.4239 0.46 26.42 0. 4275 0.40 26.64 0. 5252 0. 5122 0.43 0.41 0.5411 0.4503 0. 5182 0.42 32.29 0.4454 0.44 27.76 0.4568 0. 5612 0. 4214 0. 6551 0. 5233 0. 5715 0. 5967 0. 4057 \ 0. 5242 0. 4918 0. 5553 0. 4744 0. 4938 0. 4508 0. 5936 , 0.16 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.11 Coast fir Bed fir . . Yellow fir 346 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GEAYITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Ollico number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYERS OF GROWTH. Sap. •wood. Heart- wood. 391. Pseadotsuga Douglasii— continued 391. PseudotsngaDouglaaii, var. macrocarpa Heniloclc. 392. Abies Fraseri 1008 1011 1016 1018 1020 1022 642 523 107 377 449' 449* 820 9591 1009 L 101 OJ 529 580 639 733 572 1004 985 047 226' 226* 226' 774 781 786 795 840 British Columbia Oregou do Saw-mill, Burrard inlet. Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. "Weidler's saw-mill, Portland. G. Engelmaun and C. S. Sargent. do ... do ....do ...do ....do ....do Portland Furniture Company. Portland Furniture Company. Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Roan mountain Green mountains . . . Monkton do W G-. "Wright North Carolina . . . Vermont ....do "Walcott Gibbs 0.180 46 Balsam. She Bateani- 393. Abies balsaiuea C. G. Pringle ....do T. S. Brandegee ....do Cold, gravelly loam Peaty Balsam Fir. Balm of Qilead Fir. Moist, sandy loam. ....do Balsam. 395. Abies grandis do . do do do ... do do 0.344 0.735 0.196 17 56 29 155 43 Portland . G. Engelmaun and C. S. Sargent. Robert Douglas G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ... do Rich , alluvial Rocky . --- White Fir. Engelmanu's caBon . Strawberry valley .. ....do White Fir. Balsam Fir. do ....do ....do ....do British Columbia . Sierra Lumber Com* pany. Santa Lucia mount- ains. Silver peak, near Fraser river. Cascade mountains . 398. Abies amabilis G. Engehnann and C. S. Sargent. do Rich, sandy loam . Rich 0.584 50 120 399. Abies nobilis Red Fir. 400. Abies raagnifica do Gravelly loam 1.324 71 267 Red Fir. Charlotte do C.G. Pringle do Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack. • ....do do New Brunswick .. Bay of Fundy Intercolonial rail- way, do ....do ....do Massachusetts . . - Bridgeton Danville Ed. Sinclair Grand Trunk rail- way. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DHY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 347 m-KCIFIC (111AVITV DETEliMIXATlOXS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. Weight, per *::';:;:,;;;:;'• ««-*•• (average). OHic.' number. First. Si'coml. Third. Average. Firat. Second. A\ i-r:ii:<-. n. .-,1'Cli 0. 4902 o. MI 0. 5000 0. 4331 0. 4.-.G2 0. 4064 0. 3000 0. 3386 0. 42-IS 0. 3446 0.3442 0.3475 10.3416 0.3643 0. 3390 0. 3013 0. 3059 0. 3280 0.4242 0. 7082 0. 4297 0. 4625 0. 4752 0. 6973 0. 6945 0. 6835 0. 5975 0. 5925 0. 5389 0.5882 0.5266 0. 4885 0. ."l.'i 0.5692 0. 4377 1). 457.-, 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.47 0.63 0.33 0.66 0.33 0.34 f 0.38 | 0.63 ( 0.56 0.87 1.12 0.56 0.70 2.09 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.47 0.35 0.38 0.27 0.04 0.03 0.'07 0.04 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.60 0.49 0.35 I). 114 0. lilt 0.09 0.-05 0.09 0.07 1008 1011 1016 1018 1020 1022 642 523 107 377 449> 449* 820 959 1009 1010 529 580 639 733 572 1004 965 647 226' 226» 226» 774 781 780 795 840 0. 4867 0. 5599 ii. 57'r> 0. 4422 0. 4588 0. 4463 0.3431 0. 3342 0. 4299 0. 3515 0.3641 0. 3397 0. 3371 0.3842 0. 3625 0. 3717 0. 2910 0. 3780 0.4500 0.6483 0. 4159 0.4497 0. 4614 0.7075 0. 7779 0.6069 0. 5765 0. 5740 0. 5570 0.5864 0. 5157 0.08 32.14 0.4563 0.08 28.44 0.3565 0.54 22.22 0.3364 0.4273 0.56 0.34 0. 3819 0.45 23.80 0.3481 0.3541 0. 3405 0.66 0.33 0. 3342 0.33 0.321 0. 57 !• 0. 47 J 0.89 1.12 0.48 J.04 1.99 0.21 0.41 0.30 0.34 0.3476 0.44 21.66 0.3545 0.49 21.97 0.3665 0.2985 0.3533 0.4371 0.88 1.12 0.52 0.87 (J.3638 0.85 22. 67 0.6783 2.04 42.27 0. 4228 0.23 0.34 26.35 0. 4561 28.42 0. 4738 0. 4701 0.30 29.30 0.7024 0. 7362 0. 6452 0. 5870 0.5833 0. 5479 0. 5873 0. 6000 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.48 0.33 0.34 0.38 0.27 0.49 0.30 0.32 0.48 0.6000 0. 6236 0.33 38.86 348 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. Office number. State. illty. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. l.AYEHS OF OROWTIl. .Sap- Ilcart- •wood. wood. 719 984 1006 242 1159 504 1107 506 1116 565 1119 1063 695 696 699 1003 Montana "Washington tcr- rltory. Missoula Fulda .. . S. "Wuison Tamarack. \ PALMACE^;. 404 Saltal I'abmtto William N.Siksdorf, do do A H Curti^s Shell Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto. California Agua Calicute Long Key "W.G. Wright A 11 Curtips Fan-leaf Palm. Florida ....do ...do ....do ...do ....do Coral Kilk-top Palmetto. do do Sugar-loaf Pound . . . ....do do ....do do Silver-top Palmetto. Bricldey Thatch. Brittle Thatch. do Royal Palm. LILIACE2E. do ...do Matagorda Mohave do C.Mohr G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Spanish Bayonet. California do The Joshua. Joshua Tree. do do do Spanish Bayonet. do .» Spanish Jiayonet. Mexican Banana. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 349 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DKTEHMINATIONS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. n eiebl i»-i cubit- toot. in pound.-- (average). Remarks. Office number. First. Second, Third. Average. First. Second. AvrlMjir. 0.6603 0. 7717 0.8340 0. 3002 ( 0. 5597 1 0. 4700 0. 7014 0.4539 0. 7357 0. 6775 0. 2370 0. 8178 0. 7451 0. 7162 0. 3473 0. 4002 0.2327 0.1990 0.5897 0.7839 0.7984 0. 4020 0.4942) 0. 5453 ) 0.7258 0. 4957 0.7468 0.6907 0.1887 0. 8807 0. 7513 0.5875 0.3472 0.4002 0. 6511 a 3458 0. 6280 0. 7778 0. 8102 0.08 0.09 0.07 7.51 1.80 2.65 5.73 1.7t 3.90 2.96 1.31 2.79 7.03 5.53 2.66 8.50 8.94 0.09 0.09 0.12 7.80 1.98 2.79 4.81 2.19 4.25 2.52 1.14 2.53 5.52 4.75 3.08 10.06 0.09 0.09 0.09 719 984 1006 242 1158 604 1107 506 m« 565 1119 1063 695 696 609 1003 0. 4191 0. 7407 0.09 46.16 0.4404 7.66 27.44 • 0. 5173 1.89 32. 24 0. 7136 0.4845 2 72 0.5039 5.27 0.5991 3.99 37.34 0. 7412 0. 6933 1.95 4.07 0. 7118 Pith..) 0.7172 3.01 44.70 0. 2128 0.8492 0.7482 2.74 1.23 2.66 Rind..) Rind 0.6994 0.6034 2.21 37.60 0.6677 6.27 41.61 0. 3472 0.4002 5.14 2.87 0. 4572 0. 3737 4.00 23.29 0. 4470 9.28 27.86 0.2724 8.94 16.97 350 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE (Idle c iiiliiilicr. Catalogue number. Botanical Dame. Common name. Kegion, FUEL VALUE. Per cubic decimeter. Per kilogram. 165 903 452 274 845 927 8S3 llffi 128 1064 227 180 533 126 209 322 29, 539 3 72 1051 838 237 382 1050 988 424 31 92 247 339 548 511 868 55 848 225 272 754 874 701 527 923 ,711 1044 638 900 194 632 HE 571 389 1043 83 621 321 557 8 29 31 C4 77 03 115 139 155 184 192 207 224 235 239 241 242 244 245 246 247 248 251 253 257 260 272 274 276' 277 280 290 291 294 295 318 324 :;27 331 338 340 342 347 349 356 ' 358 361 365 j 306 370 j 371 ! 372 :;T:I 375 377 Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White Wood (ium Elrmi. Gumbo Limbo. Weal Indian Birch Atlantic 1425. 57 '.i!)7. ;IL> 2769. 31 3091. 37 28-J2. 99 3201. 21 4234. 06 2255. 24 2332. 41 2970. 45 2652. 34 1582. 42 324 7. C 2 2406. 89 1984. 56 2768. 72 c 3851.17 ( 3319.79 3380. 57 3392. 12 2863. 42 3108. 27 3140. 33 3197. 41 2594. 31 3268. 92 2843. 69 3062. 08 2595. 04 2692. 51 3193. 28 2655. 82 1808. 25 2795. 34 2509. 00 2582. 66 1624. 64 1906. 42 1411. 57 2327. 52 3143. 57 1935. 71 1985. 50 1489. 03 1785. 40 2248. 13 2051. 75 2141. 24 1791. 'SI 1804. 29 2031. 75 3472. 26 3980. 90 2008. 20 2054. 78 3091. 82 3744. 61 2913. 58 3802. 95 4345. 48 3890. 02 4352. 30 4052. 90 4016. 46 4131. 83 3781. Cl 4217. 42 3936. 38 4191.87 4071. 83 3857. 26 3954. 75 4078. 76 3811. 48 3904. 11 3922. 89 3903. 25 3877. 58 4073. 59 4167. 83 3067. 39 4105. 05 3997. 32 4075. 16 3774. 60 3713. 81 4055. 48 3718. 07 4042. 96 3895. 04 4073. 05 4101.41 4292. 31 4LM2. 15 3917. 77 5263. 50 4587. 81 4739. 73 JHI1.47 1272. 69 4419.31 4107. 68 4226. 05 4000. 04 4019. 12 3962. 97 4087. 20 5491.47 5012. 54 4120. 15 3995. 30 5062. 75 Semi-tropical Florida do do Mcsquit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod. Mountain Mahogany Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquidamber. Itcd Gum. Bilsted. Large Tupelo. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum Mexican boundary Interior Pacific Atlantic Atlantic White Ash do AVesttTn Catalpa do do Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. \Vater Beech. Black Walnut do do Pecan. Illinois "Vnt do 1 Shell-bark Hickorv Shae-bark Hickory do Gary a tomentosa Mocker Xtit. Black Hickory. Bull Xut. Big- bud Hickory. White-heart Hickory. King Nut Pig Xut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory. ....do do do Carya myristicajformis Nutmeg Hickory Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan White Oak do Atlantic . . do Northern Pacific Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. do Red Oak Black Oak Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. Black Jack Jack Oak do do Spanish Oak Ked Oak WaterOak. DnckOak. FossumOak. PunkOak do . Castanea vnlgaris. rar. Americana Atlantic Beech ...do White Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch do Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop- lar. Big Cottonwood. Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce- dar. Lawson's Cypress. Ginger Pine. •A, Junipcrns occidentalis, var. mono- sperma. Pacific Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Eed Cypress. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress. Northern Atlantic Finns Lambertiana Finns monophylla Sugar Fine Pifion. Xut Pine Pacific Interior Pacific Yellow Pine Bull Pine Pacific Tamarack. < Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. do Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine . Southern Atlantic Pinus serotiua Finns inops Finns pungens Pond Pine Jersey Fine. Scrub Pino Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pino. Bull Fine. Atlantic THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 351 T.l.l.ATIVE Fl By volume. JEL VALUE. 1T.UCENTAGE IX DI1Y WOOD. Specific gravity. Weight of cubit; fout, in pounds. 23.72 Office number. I!> weight. Asli. Hydrogen. Carbon. Oxygen. Hydrogen combined with oxygen. Excess of hydrogen. 117 1:0 0. 27 6. 43 47. 29 46. 01 :.. 75 0.08 0. 3807 165 60 70 2.09 0.02 40.80 51.09 0.39 0.36 0. 3423 21.33 903 :;-J ii2 1.09 6.69 40.76 45.40 5.C8 1.01 0. 7282 45.38 452 2:; 19 0.06 6.61 51.55 41.28 5.16 1.45 0.7114 44.32 274 29 ''.2:i 6.17 49.19 44.41 5.55 0.62 0. 7257 45. 22 845 14 IS 2.05 6.61 51.08 40.26 5.03 1.58 0. 7562 47.12 927 ;; 42 1.20 5.45 52.14 41.21 5.15 0.30 1. 0447 65. 10 883 45 40 0. 48 50. 99 42, 68 5.33 0.52 0. 5615 34. 99 1182 4:; 30 0. 74 0. 07 48.78 43. .'I 5.44 1.58 0.5645 35. 17 128 63 0. 77 0. 44 47. 37 45. 42 5.07 0.77 0. 7855 48. 95 1084 36 24 0. 3(1 6. 93 49. 73 43. 04 5.38 1.55 0. 6289 39.19 227 05 52 I). 47 6. 92 47.44 45.17 5. 65 1.27 0. 4020 25. 05 180 10 26 0. 74 K. 57 .'II. 35 42.34 5.29 1.28 0. 7746 48.27 533 42 40 0. 57 5. S3 51. 45 42. 15 5.27 0.56 0.5911 36.83 126- 53 00 0. 50 0. CO 49. 28 44. 16 5.52 0.48 0. 5145 32.06 209 33 50 (1.95 6.15 49. 51 43. 39 5.42 0.73 0. 7001 43.63 322 7 36 0.73 6.49 49.67 43.12 5.39 1.10 0. 9442 58.84 29 13 61 0.83 0.13 48. 45 44. 59 5.57 0.56 0. 8710 54.28 539 11 55 1.04 5.93 49. 69 43. 34 5.42 0.51 0. 8659 53.95 72 10 53 0.74 6.28 48. 98 44. 00 5.50 0.78 0.8647 53.88 1051 27 56 1.03 5. 91 49. 71 43.29 5.41 0.50 0. 7336 45.71 838 21 20 59 38 1.06 1.19 6.37 6.60 48.26 49.16 44.31 43.05 5.54 5.38 0.83 1.22 0.8016 0. 7709 49.95 48.04 237 362 17 28 0.24 6.59 50.44 42.73 5.34 1.25 0. 7635 46.58 1050 38 69 0.33 5.73 48.56 45.38 5.67 0.06 0. 7074 44.08 988 15 33 0.58 6.75 49.22 43.45 5.43 1.32 0. 7962 49.61 42 1 28 47 0.34 6.33 49.59 43.74 5.47 0.86 0. 7114 44.32 31 24 37 0.15 6.62 49.49 43.74 5.47 1.15 0. 7514 46.72 92 37 64 0.15 6.09 48.78 44.98 5.62 0.37 0. 6875 43.84 247 34 68 1.37 5.73 48.58 44.32 5.54 0.19 0. 7250 45.18 339 18 41 0.29 6. 14 50. 58 42.99 5.37 0.77 0. 7874 49.07 548 35 67 0.83 5.75 48.73 44.69 5.58 0.17 0. 7143 44.51 511 56 43 0.13 5.70 51.74 42.43 5.30 0.40 0. 4621 28.80 868 31 57 0.54 6.11 49.27 44. 08 5.51 0.60 0. 7175 44.71 55 40 39 0.29 6.49 49.77 43.45 5.43 1.06 0.6160 38.05 848 39 34 0.23 7.12 48.28 44.37 5.54 1.58 0. 6297 39.24 225 63 20 0.74 6.58 51.13 41. 55 5.19 1.39 0. 3785 23.59 272 55 22 0.05 6.26 51.64 41.45 5.18 1.08 0. 4494 28.00 754 68 54 0.37 6.37 48.80 44.46 5.56 0.81 0.3603 22.45 874 44 3 0.10 6.28 60.07 33.65 4.21 2.07 0.4422 27.56 701 19 11 0.88 6.03 54.97 38.12 4.76 1.27 0.6852 42.70 527 54 8 0.40 6.54 54.98 38.08 4.76 1.78 0.4084 24.45 923 52 27 0.13 6.01 52.10 41.70 5.22 0.79 0. 4737 29.52 711 N 21 0.12 6.08 52.55 41.25 5.15 0.93 0. 3485 21.72 1044 59 13 0.19 0.40 52.85 40.56 5.07 1. 33 0. 4040 25.18 638 46 32 0.83 6.39 50.48 43.30 5.41 0. 98 0. 5473 34.11 900 49 23 0.20 6.07 52.18 41.55 5.19 0.88 0. 4855 30.26 194 41 9 0.31 7.02 52.60 40.07 5.01 2.01 0. 5307 33.07 632 58 45 0.37 6.22 50.05 43.36 5. 42 0. 80 0.4457 27.78 625 57 49 0.42 6.04 50.22 43.32 5.41 0.63 0. 4530 28. 28 571 50 35 0.25 6.23 50. 60 42.92 5.'36 0.87 0. 4971 30. 98 389 9 1 1.12 7. 19 59. 00 32.68 4.08 3.11 0.6323 39.40 1046 6 6 0.17 . 6. 80 56. 55 36.48 4.56 2.24 0. 7942 49. 49 S3 51 31 0.26 6.30 50.74 42.70 5.34 0.90 0.4867 ' 30.33 52.' 48 48 0.30 5.78 51. 07 42.85 5.35 0.43 0. 5143 32. 05 ;<2i 22 i 5 I 0.20 6.91 56.64 36. 25 4.53 2.38 0. 6107 38.06 557 352 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE Office number. Catalogue number. Botanical name. Common name. _ FUEL VALUE. Per cubic decimeter. Per kilogram. 879 a 359 81 385 6358 358 356 794 1042 709 226 242 C565 •/ 5S.-> 379 >380 381 382 387 391 401 404 'ins Pinus Banksiana Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine C Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia ( J Pine. Yellow Pine. Hard Pine. i Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. 2132. 06 4346. 88 4064. 77 2810. 20 4129. 95 4319. 67 3363. 40 1614. 11 1724. 25 1766. 32 2937. 46 1653. 35 f 859. 07 I 3708.48 4393. 18 5126. 64 5480. 35 4506. 42 4594. 97 4806. 05 4418. 55 3949. 37 4208. 58 4354.84 4182. 04 3754. 21 4037. 01 4367. 03 Pinus Cubensis do Tsuga Canadensis Hemlock ...do Pseudotsuga Douglasii Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglas Fir. Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack. Pacific Sabal Palmetto South Atlantic coast Royal Palm a Boxed for turpentine 1876; chipped 4 years; specimen taken along chip. b Boxed for turpentine 1852; chipped 10 years; abandoned 1861. c Pith. d Kind. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MOKE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES -Continued. 353 RELATIVE FUEL VALUE. PEBCEXTAOE IX DllT \VOOI>. Specific gravity. Weight of cubic foot, in pounds. Office number. I'y volume. r,.\ weight. Ash. Hydrogen. Carbon. Oxygen. Hydrogen combined \\ it h (IX\ Excess of hydrogen. 47 15 0. 19 6.29 03.98 40.59 5.07 1.22 0.4900 30.54 879 1 4 0. 13 7. 2G 56. 19 36.30 4.54 2.72 0.8479 52.84 359 5 2 0. 2G 7.41 58.61 33.72 4.21 3.20 0.7417 40.22 81 30 12 ".-- 4 10 0.28 •J 7 0. 24 C. 70 G. (•:. 6. 8:j 52.70 52.99 .14. 78 40.32 39.88 38. 15 5.04 4.99 4.77 1.66 0.6236 38.86 385 LW 0.8988 55.96 358 2. OH U. SIS? 55.98 358 12 14 o. n; 8.22 53.33 40.29 5.03 1.19 0.7«12 47.44 336 64 51 0. 30 6.58 48.45 44. G7 5.58 1.00 0. 4087 25.47 794 61 25 0.48 5.91 52. 38 41.23 5.15 0.76 0.4097 25.53 1042 00 26 17 29 0.03 0.27 6.42 6.03 52.32 51.91 41.23 41.79 5.15. 5.22' 1.27 0.81 0. 4056 0.7024 25.28 43.77 709 226 62 65 7.GG 7.06 43.35 41.93 5.24 1.82 0.4404 27.45 242 70 44 2.74 6.82 47.73 42.71 5.34 1.48 0.2128 13.26 565 8 16 1.24 6.98 60.46 41.32 5.16 1.82 0.8492 52.92 565 23 FOE 354 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Sprcilir. gravity of the air-dried speci- men. t COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. First dcllrc- tion. 6 'I Il- l's cc MAGXOLIACE.E. 346 346 354 Cottage Hill do C.Mohr do Rich loam do 0. 7051 0.7006 0. 5222 0. 5028 0. 5000 0. 4755 0. 4862 0.4564 0. 5682 0. 5852 0. 4318 0. 4625 0. 5807 0. 5580 0.4170 0.5031 0. 5688 0. 5103 0. 4174 0. 4930 0. 4809 0. 4704 0.4911 0.4619 0. 4381 0. 4511 0.4550 0. 4614 0. 4697 0. 4591 0. 4386 0.4463 0. 3634 0. 3575 0. 4323 0. 5705 0. 5794 1. 1286 1. 0857 0.4844 0. 4729 0.5470 0. 5605 I 1061 887 976 976 904 939 788 729 1061 1109 888 976 1191 1252 800 609 939 887 610 1085 1085 976 921 970 976 976 904 888 872 888 857 976 444 362 698 542 530 1085 1085 718 787 888 751 957 849 930 S96 1061 921 734 723 1050 1085 864 1017 1085 1252 814 • 673 976 912 610 1176 1050 976 1007 957 848 1028 921 834 888 849 849 976 407 315 723 514 488 1085 1148 723 763 921 769 820 761 717 703 665 574 525 717 839 564 637 516 876 553 612 811 602 473 756 675 743 820 755 457 722 661 694 645 584 584 635 312 288 574 628 586 905 1148 49!) 671 773 729 Big Laurel. Bull Bay. do .. .. . do .do . do Sweet Bay. White Say. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel 354 ?46 246 261' 2611 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 266' 266' 260 2601 395 818 818 1231 1231 1231 1232 1232 )232 1236 1236 1236 1237 1238 211 211 332 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 do do do do Virginia AVytheville ....do Fancy Gap ....do Selvers' mill . do H. Shriver ....do ....do ....do C.Mohr . do Clay limestone ....do Rich, light ....do ....do do Cucumber Tree. Mountain Mag- nolia. ....do ...do ....do ... do do ... . Cucumber Tree. * do do do Quitman do ....do do Rich, low ....do Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. ...do Virginia "Wytheville H Shriver Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood. 7. Magnolia Fraseri Long-leaved Cummber Tree. ....do do do ....do ....do Michigan West Virginia.... ...do Fancy Gap ....do Lansing Grafton do . ....do ....do W.J.Beal C. G. Pringle •. ...do ....do Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White Wood. ANONACE^:. 9. Asimina triloba .. Pennsylvania ....do Chester county do P. P. Sharpies do ... do do do ....do do do ....do ... do .. do ....do do . do Saw-mill at Nash- ville. .. do A E Baird ....do do ...do do .do do do do ..do do . do Meramec river, Jef- ferson county. G. W. Letterman . do Alluvial Papaw. Custard Apple. do ....do Cumberland river . . A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss do ....do Pond Apple. CANELLACE.E. 12. Canellanlba White Wvod. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. TERNSTRCEMIACEJE. do do do ....do do Elliott's Key do ....do do Coral ..do South Carolina ....do ....do ....do Bonneau's Depot . . . ....do H. W. Kavenel ... ....do do Wet pine-barren . . ....do Loblolly Say. Tan Say. ...do ....do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN. 355 DEFLECTION, IX MII.MMKTKKS, f.Nl'KIt A 1'KKSSUUE, IS KILOGUAM6, OF— Ultimate strength: transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. SO 100 ISO 16.0 16.7 16. 0 16.7 14.5 17.0 21.0 21.0 14.5 13.7 17.3 13.! 13.8 11.6 19.4 23.0 14.4 1C. 4 26.0 12.0 14.3 15.0 14.4 15.2 18.0 14.0 15.7 16.0 16.0 17.5 17.2 15.2 soo 0 (set.) 300 L!-. .'. 23.0 240 20.0 25.0 35.0 33.0 20.0 19. 'J 27.0 23.0 19.5 15.8 32.4 36.2 20.0 25.5 230 300 350 100 430 500 530 4.6 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.4 5.2 0.2 6.7 4.G 4.4 5.5 5.0 4.1 3.0 6.1 7.3 5.2 5.5 8.0 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.4 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.0 11.0 13.5 7.0 !l. (1 9.2 4.5 4.5 0.8 0.2 5.5 6.5 10.2 11.5 10.5 10.9 9.2 10. G 13.3 13.5 9.3 9.0 11.3 9.6 9.0 7.8 12.0 14.5 10.0 10.7 16.0 8.3 9.3 10.0 9.7 10.2 11. 5 9.5 10.6 11.7 11.0 11.5 11.5 10.0 24.0 31.0 13.5 19.0 20.0 9.0 8.5 13.5 12.8 10.6 12.7 22.8 23.4 21.7 24.0 20.0 24.0 34.3 31.8 20.0 19.2 20.1 22.0 19.2 15.8 30.8 34.8 19.6 ?4. 7 l.fl 2.0 1.0 2.3 1.0 1.9 4.8 3.4 1.0 0.7 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.3 4.5 4.0 1.0 2.0 30.5 31 2 39. :. 40 5- 54.6 350 :;"'i 346 346 354 351 246 246 261' 261' 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 2661 266» 260 260> 395 818 818 1231 1231 1231 1232 1232 1232 1236 1238 1236 1237 1238 211 211 332 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 do 30.0 31.5 44.5 50.8 321 306 Crushed at center bearing; broke suddenly and squarely, splitting to the end. do 28.8 33.7 46.0 300 °84 do °45 do 224 do 27.0 2G. 0 306 do . . 35.0 54.0 358 do 210 272 220 374 236 261 346 257 202 322 288 317 350 322 195 308 282 296 275 249 249 271 133 123 243 268 250 386 490 213 290 330 32.4 Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot 20.8 28.5 40.0 60.0 26.3 30. 8 do 37.2 16.8 20.0 20.6 20.0 20.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 16.9 20.2 20.7 20.5 20.6 24.5 28.8 28.0 25.8 27.0 34.0 37.7 34.2 37.7 50.0 do 19.2 21.5 22.0 23.0 26. G 27.0 22.2 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 1.5 19.4 22.0 22.4 23.5 27.0 28.0 22.4 25.4 30.0 31.5 33.0 36.0 31.6 do do 21.6 31.0 32.5 13.7 12.5 21.5 20.0 16.3 19.5 31.0 50.5 51.5 18.5 17.5 32.0 29.2 23.5 27.0 2.9 10.0 10.0 1.0 0.8 3.0 2.5 1.2 2.0 33.3 55.4 54.3 19.5 17.8 32.5 30.0 23.7 28.2 94.0 83.0 25.0 22.0 • 31.0 28.0 38.0 34.0 42.0 50.0 40.0 31.0 37.0 44.0 58.0 do 311 356 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. \ 5 1 O State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the air-dried speci- men. Direction of grain. COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus ot'rniituro. First deflec tion. Second de- flection. o 252 316 1039 1039 745 745 285 ' 285* 2853 320 320 1113 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 487 487 402 482 475 Massachusetts Arnold Arboretum. . C. S. Sargent G. W. Letterman. do Drift 0. 4601 0.4668 0.5496 0. 4517 0. 4492 0. 4237 0. 4702 0. 4555 0. 4017 0. 3944 0. 3920 0. 4750 0. 4924 0. 6516 1. 1430 1. 1582 0. 5240 0.5353 0. 5898 0. 5545 0. 9833 0 9545 0.4560 0.4104 0.3060 0.3096 1. 1140 1.1273 0.8364 0.8221 0.6990 0. 7018 0. 5307 0. 5333 0. 6916 0.6062 0. 6762 : ' 814 970 1638 888 698 068 842 814 697 751 827 1085 976 542 800 856 651 669 857 659 814 814 888 1061 417 781 976 1027 888 729 638 834 788 634 723 814 1085 970 525 814 912 698 688 888 630 814 921 888 976 569 616 804 525 553 469 569 548 403 525 541 703 712 424 628 947 628 708 757 469 820 687 586 544 183 112 1244 1366 895 1111 703 670 586 558 314 574 478 Lime Tree. Bass Wood. Ameri- can Linden. Lin. See Tree. 17. Tilia Americana, rar. pubeacens 18 Tilia heterophylla do Michigan Massachusetts ....do Georgia ..do Hersey W. J. Beal do Baiubridge do ....do A. H. Curtiss do ... do Low do Cliffs Kentucky river Mercer county ....do Cumberland river. . . ....do W. M. Limioy do ....do A. Gattuiger ....do A. H. Curtiss ...do LimesUmo ....do ....do Alluvial ....do White Bass Wood. Wahoo. MALPIGHIACE^. ....do ....do ....do Tallowberry. Glamberry. ZYGOPHTLLACE2E. 20. Guaiacum sanctum Lignum-vitee. RUTACEJJ. 23. Xanthoxvlum Clava-Herculis Toothache Tree. Prickly Ath. Sea Ash. Pepper Wood. Wild Orange. ....do ....do ... do . do Upper Metacombe Key. Elliott's Kev do do do Chattahoocuee ... do ....do do Dry, sandy . do . Texas Palestine do C. Mohr do .. .. Damp, sandy do ....do Florida Bahia Honda Key... ... do A. H. Curtiss do Satin Wood. SIMARUBE.E. 28. Simaruba glauca Paradise Tree. BURSERACE^!. 29. Bursera gummifera Gum Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch. do do ....do ....do ...do do Bay Biscayne do do ....do Upper Metacombe Key. .do ....do ....do do . .. ....do ....do do . do ...do do do 1038 976 976 1109 651 707 610 697 465 698 814 1085 1085 976 1148 622 664 610 673 488 751 814 Torch Wood. 475 452 do .. .. do do do do do do do Mahogany. Madeira. ILlCINE^i. 4S2 280 280 484 484 341 338 do do do do South Carolina . . . .do Waverly Mills W. St. J. Mazyck . do American JJoUi^. do ....do A, H. Curtiss do Low, damp ..do : Dahoon. Dahoon Holly. CYRILLACE^. do do Chunchula Cottage Hill ilo . C.Mohr ....do do Damp, sandy Wet do Iron Wood. 38. Cliftonia ligustrina do Titi. Iron Wood. Buckwheat Tree. 338 do i THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANS VK US K STRAIN— Continued. 357 DEFLECTION, IX MILLIMETERS, UXDF.lt A I'RESSUIE, IX KILOGRAMS. OF— Ultilnatu stvi'iiiilli: tranavci-80 pressure. Remark* Office number. 50 100 1,50 200 O (set.) 200 250 300 i.-.o too 4.50 500 .530 6.0 5.0 4.7 5.5 7.0 7.3 5.8 6.0 7.0 6.5 5.9 4.5 5.0 9.0 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.:: :,.-, 7.4 6.0 6.0 5.5 4.0 11.7 1 1 r. 10.0 9.5 11.0 13.4 15.3 11.7 12. 4 15.4 13.5 12.0 9.0 10.0 18.6 12.0 10.7 14.0 14.2 11.0 15.5 12.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 •jo. :; 16.5 14.0 17.3 22.3 26.4 18.5 18.8 24.6 20.3 18.4 13.7 15.3 31.0 18.0 15.9 21.6 22.5 17.5 23.8 18.0 I.'., r, 18.0 15.5 32.0 24.2 19.4 27.6 34.3 50.5 28.6 IN. .I 4.0 2.2 1.0 3.5 4.0 18.0 3.5 3.0 34.0 25.5 19.8 29.5 30.0 30.6 30.1 243 263 2 252 252 316 1039 1039 745 745 .285' 285« 285* 320 320 1113 • 478 1133 735 735 108S lose 1140 1140 487 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 341 338 338 37.0 25.9 do 33.5 343 do 224 236 £00 243 234 * i Broke, on reloading, with large .splinters do 172 do 31.0 29.0 19.0 21.2 3.5 3.5 0.7 1.5 33.6 31.3 19.5 22.0 224 do . . 231 do 26.0 29.0 39.5 41.0 300 do 304 do . 181 268 25.0 21.2 31.0 31.5 25.5 35.5 240 21.2 26.5 21.7 1.2 1.0 3.0 2.5 '2.3 25.7 22.0 32.3 33.0 27.0 33.0 27.6 43.0 43.5 36.0 . do 34.0 41.2 49.0 404 268 302 323 70.5 58.0 • do 200 350 293 250 232 78 48 1.3 1.0 4.0 2.0 24.5 21.7 28.0 23.5 31.0 28.0 39.0 Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side ; broke aft knot. do 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.4 7.5 6.9 8.0 7.0 10.5 7.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 8.5 15.7 14.7 16.0 14.5 20.0 13.0 12.0 13.3 13. G 14.6 13.2 25.0 24.0 26.0 23.5 18.0 18.0 20.4 18.4 40.0 37.7 39.2 34.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.9 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.0 18.2 18.2 22.0 18.6 42.0 39.0 41.0 36.3 22.7 23.0 27.0 24.1 58.0 57.1 28.0 27.7 32.0 30.0 845 33.2 32.0 39.0 35.5 38.3 38.0 41.4 46.3 44.0 50.5 53.0 51.0 531 583 382 474 61.0 do 300 280 250 238 134 245 204 Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side . 20.0 19.8 28.8 27.9 2.3 2.5 30.0 28.8 1 358 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the air-dried speci- men. = tjc <»• O 1 5 H m COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. First deflec- tion. Second de- flection. RHAMNACE.&. 454 460 Florida Upper Metacombe Key. do A. H. Curtiss .do Coral 1. 2012 1.3546 1. 3430 0. 5369 0. 5066 0. 5943 0. 8721 0.4653 0. 4602 0. 4970 0. 5034 0. 5228 0. 7681 0.7784 0. 5243 0. 5310 1. 0405 1.0123 0.5445 0. 5341 0. 4907 0. 5053 0. 6928 0. 7001 0.8381 0. 6852 0. 6775 0.7447 0. 6986 0. 7063 0.7108 0. 7137 0. 7189 0.7241 0. 7355 0.6973 0. 6979 0. 6824 0. 0641 0. 7148 0.6136 976 1191 1191 814 718 775 921 751 687 610 697 678 888 857 842 688 1135 939 697 751 697 729 626 634 1526 888 763 1683 1878 1220 1395 1628 1436 1039 1085 888 857 610 976 827 871 1050 1109 1176 794 687 912 976 707 651 574 669 698 888 948 814 697 1206 1017 734 751 842 794 713 723 1457 976 930 1953 1808 1395 1480 1575 1575 1149 1221 1149 930 688 1109 864 1039 820 1127 680 518 616 750 1216 466 468 549 548 649 663 949 820 703 1261 1118 696 696 691 656 712 818 1219 816 675 1404 1289 1235 1284 1242 1104 1055 1055 1024 933 743 1019 738 820 ited Iron Wood. Darling Plum. do ....do Black Iron Wood. 460 803 do do do ....do do do Rich hummock... Rich, alluvial Coral Indian Chen ;/. 101)4 09:i 1139 W7 297 427 684 684 307 307 928 928 4G3 463 982 982 1023 1023 1013 Arkansas Oregon Florida •Joneshoro' Portland T.B. Kitchens.... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss G. W. Letterman. do Bearberry. Hear Wood. Shitfi.-/' Wood. Naked Wood. SAPINDACE.E. T> Missouri do Allentou do Rich, moist Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. do Tennessee California do Nashville M:u in county do G R Vasey Rich upland California Buckeye.. do ....do Texas Dallas do J. Reverchon do Rich, damp Wild China. Soapberry. do ....do ....do ...do Florida . . Austin ....do Upper Metacombe Key. C. Mohr ....do A. H. Curtiss • do ....do Coral Ink Wood. Iron Wood. do ....do G. Engelniann and C. S. Sargent. Rich, alluvial ....do Broad-leaved Maple. do do ....do Portland Furniture Company. ....do do do Portland do' Moist, alluvial . . . ....do Rich upland Vine Staple. 1014 299 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1234 1235' 1235 213 Washington ter- ritory. Missouri Wilkesou do Allenton Charlotte G. W. Letterman.. C G Pringle Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Bard Maple. Hock Maple. 64. Acer saccharinum, var. nignun Gravelly New England Charlestown Navy- vard. F. H. Horsford do do do do do do ....do do ....do do ....do do do ... do do .. do .. do C.G.Prinsle G. W. Letterman . . A.Gattinger A. H. Curtiss do Clay Low, alluvial Rich Clay do Slack Sugar Maple. 2741 440 757 757 1052 20 Missouri Tennessee Florida Allenton Nashville Chattahoochee do . . do Massachusetts do J. Robinson C.S.Sargent C.Mohr Low meadow Drift Rich, swampy Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple. Arnold Arboretum . . Kemper's mill Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple. 530 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 359 DEFLECTION. IX HILIJMKTEltS, UXI'Kit A I'KKKSUIiE, IN KII.OCItAMS, OF— Ultimate Btrencth : transverse pressure. Remarks. = 50 5.0 4.1 4.1 C.O 0.8 8.3 5.3 6.5 7.1 ao 7.0 7.2 5.5 5.7 5.8 7.1 4.3 S.2 7.0 6.5 7.0 0.7 T.8 7.7 3.2 5.5 6.4 2.9 2.6 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.4 4.7 4.5 5.5 5.7 8.0 5.0 5.9 5.6 1OO !.><• ->>»., 18.0 15.5 16.0 20. ."> 33.0 22.0 19.6 O (set.) 8OO 25O ::oo 350 -1OO 45O 5OO 550 9.3 8.8 8.3 12.3 14.2 10.7 10.0 13.8 15.0 17.0 14.6 14.0 11.0 10.3 12.0 14.0 8.1 9.6 13.3 13.0 11.6 12.3 13.7 13.5 6.7 10.0 10.5 5.0 5.4 7.0 6.6 G. 2 6.2 8.5 8.0 8.5 10.5 14.2 8.8 11.3 9.4 13.5 11.5 12.1 18.0 22.1 16.5 15.0 22.4 24.0 27.6 23.0 21.7 16.6 15.5 19.0 22.0 12.0 14.5 21.0 19.8 17.8 19.4 21.5 21.0 10.2 15.0 15.5 7.7 8.4 10.2 10.0 9.6 9.1 13.5 12.0 13.0 16.5 21.0 14.0 17.2 14.2 0.5 0.5 o. r, 2.4 i. r. 1.0 0.5 19.0 Hi. I) 17.0 ^7. ."> 34.0 23.0 19.5 .':!. o 20.0 21.2 30.0 24.5 350 481 '.'30 221 263 4J4 460 460 803 1094 993 1139 297 297 427 684 684 307 307 928 928 463 463 982 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 299 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1234 1235 1235 213 274' 440 757 757 1052 20 530 :io.o 33.7 40.0 Shattered . '28.0 24.5 36.6 29.0 320 519 199 200 34.5 48.0 57.0 41.5 44.0 31.5 30.3 23.5 22.4 29.0 32/0 16.5 19.0 30.5 29.5 25.0 29.0 30.5 29.5 13.5 20.0 20.5 10.2 11.2 13.6 13.0 13.0 12.2 18.2 15.5 17.6 23.0 30.0 19.0 24.5 19.5 do 7.5 1.8 2.3 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.2 0.7 1.0 3.4 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.5 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 48.6 32.0 31.8 24.5 23.4 29.7 34.2 17.0 19.0 32.0 31.0 26.0 30.0 31.4 30.0 13.8 20.3 21.3 10.2 11.2 13.6 13.0 13.0 12.5 18.0 16.3 18.0 24.0 30.7 19.2 26.0 20.0 234 265 277 383 405 350 44.0 44.2 32.0 30.7 37.0 45.0 21.5 24.0 43.0 42.0 35.0 41.0 40.3 39.0 17.0 26.0 27.0 12.6 14.0 16.6 16.0 15.8 15.4 23.5 20.0 22.5 30.7 40.4 23.0 35.0 28.0 42.0 42.0 53.0 27.0 30.5 59.0 58.0 90.0 ..do 33.2 36.5 39.5 44.5 48.5 56.0 62.0 300 538 477 Shattered do 297 297 295 280 304 349 Slightly crushed at center bearing ; splintered 50.5 21.5 35.0 do 25.8 32.0 39.0 50.5 551 3& 288 599 550 527 548 15.2 Vr.o 20.2 19.5 19.7 19.0 30.6 26.0 29.5 41.5 54.0 32.0 46.5 39.5 18.2 20.2 24.6 23.4 24.7 22.6 38.0 32.0 37.0 53.0 21.7 25.3 30.0 27.7 30.0 27.6 48.5 43.5 52.0 25.4 30.0 36.0 33.0 36.8 34.5 65.0 31.4 39.0 47.0 42.0 50.0 38.3 50.0 do do 530 do 471 450 450 437 398 317 435 315 350 41.0 55.0 ' 58.0 360 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. «*- • 0 3 £| li S ;=•;: . in CO Direction of grain. COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. ! u li Second de- dection. 530 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 290 290 311 311 645 645 730 736 4C7 467 405 Kemper's mill C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss do . Rich, swampy Low do 0. 5999 0. 5524 0. 5509 0. 6818 0. 7102 0. 6699 0. 6710 0. 4750 0. 4585 0. 4773 0. 4614 0.5227 0. 5227 0. 4888 0.5054 0.7967 0. S105 976 KSS 976 888 775 888 842 610 626 452 514 939 921 634 763 921 921 1395 857 1221 1039 814 1526 1627 976 1320 1061 976 659 740 842 888 957 842 1150 872 1061 1221 976 976 1164 888 1028 930 1085 888 835 904 913 618 697 478 536 986 904 638 835 1050 1050 1302 1302 1268 1050 976 1627 1627 . 1123 1436 1149 1039 697 814 888 976 1028 857 1097 849 1110 1149 1085 1149 1221 888 809 600 797 937 839 820 937 443 572 509 591 785 809 694 633 616 694 1481 1362 1514 .1041 851 1387 1355 1069 1397 909 942 558 820 675 989 813 820 799 703 813 769 802 968 907 893 do ... do Massachusetts ... do Danvers ... do ...do ... do do ...do ... do do do . do ... . . do do Allcnton ....do G. TV. Letterman . . ... do Rich bottom do Sox Elder. Ash-leaved Maple. ....do Texas Dallas do . J. Bcverchon do ...do do ... do California ....do Contra Costa county ... do <;. R.Vasey do Rich, moist do Sox Elder. ANACARDIACE^;. Florida Chattahoochee ....do Upper Metacombe Key. do Chailrstown Navy- yard. do A. H. Curtiss ....do A. H. Curtiss ....do S. H. Pook . . Dwarf Sumach. ....do ....do Coral Poison Wood. Coral Sumach. Mountain Manchineel. Sum Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Gum. LEGUMINOS.ZE. ....do ....do Locust. Slack Locust. fellow Locuet. 79. Kobinia Xeo-Mexicana 405 405 815 815 1247 1247 1248 1248 1031 650 650 564 564 33 33 329 932 519 1241 1242 1243 53' 53' 444 do 0. 8205 0. 8148 0.6433 0.6433 0.7956 0. 7769 0. 8069 0.8456 0. 8019 0.9841 1. 1966 1. 0398 0.9466 0. 7852 0.6444" 0. 8697 0. 9594 0. 7143 0.6966 0.6875 0.6670 0.6250 0.6381 0. 6969 do do West Virginia... ....do Graf ton C G Pringle ....do do M C. Beedle . . ....do ... do do ....do V 73 ij i 1EST OF 1CITT. *| ~~ a u o ® g 5 g, H 400 450 500 550 6.5 7.0 6.5 C.7 9.8 7.5 8.5 6.0 6.1 9.0 9.6 6.5 0.5 5.3 5.8 6.6 7.5 6.8 8.2 8.6 4.1 4.5 4.2 8.1 7.1 5.5 •5.0 6.5 7.0 0.5 6.2 b.O 4.2 6.0 4.8 3.0 3.0 6.0 4.6 7.0 6.3 13.0 13.7 13.0 13.5 21.0 15.5 15.6 18.0 12.8 17.0 10.0 12.6 12.3 10.7 11.0 13.2 13.5 14.5 10.5 13.8 8.0 8.5 8.0 16.0 14.5 10.5 9.8 12.7 12.0 12.5 11.5 9.6 9.2 11.0 10.0 6.0 5.8 10.7 8.6 15.4 12.0 20.11 •J-J. :; 21.5 21.3 33.5 24,6 28. g 18. :i •jo. :. 28.0 28.5 20.0 18.1 16.0 16.6 20.2 21.0 22.5 28.0 23.5 11.5 12.6 12.4 24.5 '£i. r, 16.0 14.5 20.5 19.7 19.0 17.6 14.6 14.7 17.8 15. 5 8.4 8.5 16.0 12.7 :i2. :> 3.0 4.5 30.0 35.0 38.0 48.0 56.0 67.0 M.fl 350 318 188 180 193 M6 190 341 189 204 256 300 302 367 263 • 298 307 216 1158 1158 1087 1087 1088 1088 410 607 607 328 328 1093 1093 949 1081 426 426 926 •j:i» 767 241 849 849 548 546 1095 1095 1173 1178 1181 1181 1182 1182 1183 1183 485 485 489 489 507 507 B& :, 4.8 37.0 51.5 26.5 1.5 27.1 35.0 47.0 39.0 42.3 29.0 26.0 22.0 25.5 29.0 30.3 33.0 39.0 34.0 14.6 17.0 17.0 36.2 34.5 22.5 20.6 31.0 29.0 32.2 28.7 20.4 22.0 25.0 23.7 11.0 11.5 21.6 17.5 4.9 5.0 2.1 2.0 1.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.5 5.0 4.3 0.0 0.8 0.7 3.4 4.5 1.0 0.9 3.5 2.7 3.6 4.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.6 41.0 44.0 29.0 26.5 23.0 26.0 30.5 32.0 34.0 41.7 35.0 14.0 17.4 17.7 37.9 36.2 23.2 21.0 32.0 30.4 35.0 31.0 21.2 58.0 38.0 34.2 29.0 34.0 39.2 41.0 46.5 37.0 49.5 59.0 do 57.0 44.5 18.5 22.0 23.0 83.0 70.0 22.3 29.0 30.0 304 do 309 536 463 28.0 36.0 37.0 32.5 47.5 57.0 40.5 51.5 .. do 450 do 222 283 331 300 52.5 30.2 28.5 45.0 42.0 45.0 do 79. « 67.0 320 315 do 236 232 do 29 2 286 282 282 263 23.0 25.6 26.0 11.0 11.5 22.5 17.5 36.0 35.0 40.0 13.5 14.5 28.3 22.0 Broke with long, coarse splinters do .. 17.0 18.0 35.5 28.5 20.0 21.6 47.5 35.0 24.0 25.7 28.0 29.6 32.2 38.3 558 472 * do 354 450 116 320 45.0 Splintered 19.5 25.7 1.2 20.5 ! 36.0 51.0 Shattered .... 3G8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speciea. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the air-dried speci- men. * Direction of pruin. COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. I First deflec- tion. Second de- flection. MYRTACE^I. 144. Eugenia buxifolia 1118 1135 Florida Lost Man's river Umbrella Key Miami do . A. H. Curtiss ....do ....do do Humus and coral . Coral ....do . do 1. 0635 0. 9405 0. 9966 1. 0023 0. 8937 0.8904 0. 7795 0. 7980 0.7947 0. 8647 0.8490 0. 8387 0. 7763 0. 7807 0. 5739 0. 6170 0.5966 0. 5735 0. 5979 0. 7885 0. 7936 0. 6222 0.6447 0.7364 0. 7534 0. 7233 0. 6800 0. 7914 0.6648 0. 6135 0. 5455 0. 5228 0. 5739 0. 5841 0. 5216 0. 8352 0. 9034 0. 8270 0.9554 0. 9524 0.5425 m m m m Ll 1627 1017 1191 1103 787 787 787 787 763 827 888 610 814 976 610 697 687 888 814 eoo 763 939 888 740 651 660 814 642 542 561 444 595 456 488 34ti 976 904 708 1136 1221 660 1575 1085 1206 1177 814 849 794 849 814 849 957 647 970 1085 638 723 761 849 814 849 781 888 1039 769 814 713 872 651 592 564 471 585 444 444 305 957 1028 734 1085 1302 683 1055 1172 1179 1172 872 1012 820 951 886 1015 966 710 930 1052 694 668 783 745 689 996 952 783 899 912 736 827 924 717 701 724 628 687 635 553 370 729 1228 898 956 1055 405 Gvrgcon Stopper. Spanish Stop- per. ....do Stopper. White Stopper. 148. Eugenia procera lied, Stopper, CORNACE^E. 1127 1127 67 67 761 812 812 1077 1077 1092 960 960 605 605 235 235 517 750 750 813 818 833 833 834 834 835 128 128 550 550 604 004 681 110' no4 739 466 466 381 ....do Allen ton ....do Chattahoochee Grafton G. \V. Letterman.. ....do A. H. Curtiss C. G. Pringle do Upland ....do Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood. 152. Cornns Nuttallii ..do Florida West Virginia .. do Dry . do . .. do G. \V. Letterman . . 1 Gravelly do do ...do do do . Flintv Portland .. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Flowering Dogwood. .. do do • A. H. Curtiss do Swampy do Ogeechcc Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum. 154. Nyssa svlvatica do do South Carolina do Bonnean's Depot . . . do H. \V. Bavenel do Muck ....do Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Mack Gum. Cumberland river. . . A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss ....do C.G.Pringle .. do Clay ....do ....do West Virginia ... ... do ....do Grafton ....do Massachusetts — do TVeat Newbury do J. Robinson do Rich do . do do . do ...do ... ....do ... do South Carolina . do ....do ....do do ....do Bonneau's Depot . . . do H. W. Eavenel ... . do Large Tupelo. Cotton Oum. Tupelo (rum. CAPEIFOLIACE.3;. 156. Sambiicus elauca... ....do Stockton ....do Ogeechee river do ... C.Mohr ....do A. H. Curtiss ....do Georgia do do Swampy do California Kentucky ....do Contra Costa county . Mercer county ....do G. E.Vasey W. M. Linney ....do A. H. Curtiss A. H. Curtiss ....do J. H. Mellichamp . Gravelly Hudson River shale. Trenton limestone Clay Coral ....do Sandy swamp FMr.r. Black Haw. Stag liuth. • KUBIACE.S;. Florida Upper Metacombe Key. ....do Bluffton ....do South Carolina.... Georgia Hark. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued. DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS, L'XllEU A I'liKSKVKK, IN KILOGUAMS, OF — Ultimate stren<:tli : transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. 50 1OO !.-»<> 200 O (set.) 200 250 300 350 4OO !.»<> 500 550 3.0 4.8 4.1 4.2 6.2 6.2 C. 2 6.2 6.4 5.9 5.5 8.0 6.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 7.1 5.5 6.0 0.1 0.4 5.2 5.5 6.6 7.5 7.4 C.O 7.6 9.0 8.7 11.0 8.2 10.7 10.0 14.0 5.0 5.4 0.9 4.3 4.0 7.4 6.2 9.0 8.1 8.3 12.0 11.5 12.3 11.5 12.0 11.5 10.2 15.2 10.0 9.0 15.3 13.5 ias 11.5 12.0 11.5 12.5 11.0 0.4 12.7 12.0 13.7 11.2 15.0 16.5 17.3 20.7 16.7 22.0 22.0 32.0 10.2 9.5 13.3 9.0 7.5 14.3 9.5 13.5 12.5 12. 5 18.2 17.0 20.0 18.2 18. 7 16.7 10.3 24. G 14.5 18. J 25.0 20.3 19.6 18. It 19.5 17.7 19.0 16.2 13.5 19.7 10.0 21.6 17.0 26.0 29.0 28.7 33.0 26.7 36.5 36.5 55.0 14.7 14.6 20.7 11.5 11.4 22.2 12. r. 18.5 17.0 10.8 26. !l 24.5 29.0 26.7 27.0 23.0 24.0 ;;5. 3 20.3 17.5 37.3 29.5 27.5 25.5 28.7 25. 7 20.5 22. 5 18.0 28.7 2!). 0 32.0 25.0 38.5 44.5 43.0 48.5 3D. 0 57.5 58.0 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.0 2.2 2.0 3.5 2.2 2. 5 1.5 1.0 3.6 0.9 0.4 3.3 2.2 1.6 1.5 2.4 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.4 '2.3 3.0 3.5 2.2 5.5 7.2 7.5 8.5 5.0 11.5 12.2 13.0 18.5 17.0 17.5 27. 0 25.5 31.2 28.5 28.6 24.5 24.6 37.0 20.3 18.0 38.0 30.5 28.2 28.3 29.5 26.0 27.5 23 0 18.2 29.7 30.0 33.5 25.2 40.6 46.0 45.5 53.0 40.8 62.5 60.5 10.5 23.5 23.0 22.4 30.0 32.7 40.5 30.5 39.0 32.0 32.0 48.5 25.5 23.0 52.0 41.0 37.5 34.7 38.0 34.0 37.0 29.0 22.0 38.0 42.0 45.0 32.5 58.0 60.0 00.2 82.0 59.5 108.0 21.0 30.3 28. 5 29.0 50.0 43.1 56.0 52.0 55.0 43.0 42.5 76.0 20.0 37.0 30.0 35.0 70.0 58.2 32.0 46.5 46.5 46.0 43.5 01.5 62.0 61.5 450 500 503 500 372 432 350 400 378 433 412 303 397 449 1118 113& 1127 1127 07 07 761 812 812 1077 1077 1092 960 900. 605 605 235 235 517 750 750- 813: sis- ess. 833 834 834 835. 128: 128 550. 530- 604 604: 681 110' 110* 739 468 466 3811 84.5 Maximum deflection, 120 millimeters ; broke with large splinters. . . 68.0 87.0 00.5 57.0 10 0 81.5 29.0 34.0 43.0 - do 290 285 334 51.0 54.5 do 318 .do 294 425 400 334 388 40.0 48.5 38.0 27.5 53.0 57.5 00.0 44.0 100.0 63.0 74.0 93.0 120.0 35.0 84.0 95.0 116.0 64.0 do 389 377 do 353 do 394 306 299 309 208 293 Crumpled on compression side at knot ; square break with fine splinters. 1 108.0 271 236 do 158 311 20.6 19.7 29.0 IS. 5 15.2 3.5 0.9 :;. i) 0.4 0.5 21.0 21.0 31.0 15.7 15.4 27.0 26.0 40.0 r 20.0 19.0 34.0 33.5 53.0 23.7 23.0 do . 41.0 71.0 28.0 28.5 51.0 68.5 92.0 524 383 408 450 173 33.5 33.0 38.0 1 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 1 State. = = o 1 o Locality. Collector. Soil. V. • °'C o §'% >*3 el "•= l| 8 £.53 of A I 3 1 5 COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. First deflec- tion. i. *a *| g o SjS* EKICACE^:. 1033 643 643 C79 679 683 083 353 353 262* 262^ 263' Florida 0. 7273 0. 7200 0. 7000 0.7454 0. 7546 0.7670 0. 7501 0. 7386 0. 7501 0. 7642 0. 6901 0. 6216 0. C403 0. 96C3 ' 0. 9583 0. 9872 0. 9827 0.9602 0. 9173 0.8823 0. 7914 0.5847 0.5903 0. 7148 0. 8061 0.8630 1. 0786 1.0191 0. 7633 0. 7362 0. 8716 0. 8176 0. 8119 0. 8125 0. 8410 0. 8240 0. 5580 0. 6704 0.0577 I 814 740 610 970 842 651 531 787 939 051 465 651 610 1136 921 976 976 1356 1395 1191 751 488 478 488 697 600 996 939 814 751 1395 010 610 751 574 697 610 642 660 SU 704 026 1062 872 683 549 800 970 670 500 673 618 1252 996 1149 1050 1436 1395 1177 751 490 432 522 781 003 1028 976 794 751 1337 622 603 814 603 "34 022 073 697 680 893 827 1015 898 689 546 469 979 696 584 691 633 947 1237 919 1022 1263 1171 1008 673 567 265 330 562 516 952 874 483 818 1289 895 883 932 846 883 619 881 832 Contra Costa county do G. E. Vasey Gravelly Madrono. do do ... do <1« Santa Rita mount- ains. do G. Engelmann and C. S Sargent. do do Cottage Hill A,, C.Mohr do Light, rich Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood. do Laurel. Calico Hush. Spoon Wood. Ivij. ... do : do do ... do ....do Great Laurel. Hose Hay. SAPOTACE^S. 263? 492 492 461 401 488 ....do Florida do ....do A.H.Curtiss do ....do Coral 176. Sideroxy lou Mastichodeudrou Mastic. do ...do do . .do Upper Ifetacombe Key. . do do . . do do ..do do ,ln do JSustic. Casitada. 488 500 746 930 930 1083 333 1124 458 458 61 61 425 811 811 1084 1084 1162 347 738 738 ....do do — do do Umbrella Key ' do ....do do Texas . Austin .. do C.Mohr — do G "W Letterman Limestone ....do do Gum Elastic. Shitthn Wood. 181. Bumelia lycioiiles ....do..'. Nashville Boca Chica Key Upper Metacombe yey. do A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss ....do -do ... Alluvial Coral Iron Wood. Southern Buckthorn. 182. Biiinelia mneata Ants' Wood. Doivnward Plum. Saffron Plum. 183. Mimusops Sieberi Wild Uilly. EBENACE^:. 184. Diospyros Virginiana Florida ....do ....do ....do do Missouri ....do Allenton ...do G. W. Letterman . . ...do ... . Rich upland ...do ... Persimmon. STYRACACE^:. 186. Svmplocoa tinctoria Tennessee West Virginia.... Nashville Graftou do Rich loam : . C G Prin^le do G. W. Lettcinum.. do do do do Alabama ....do Cottage Dill ....do C. Mohr A. H. Cnrtiss do Rich "Home Sugar. Sweet Leaf. 187. Halosia diptcra Low ....do ....'. Snow-drop Tree. Silver-bell Tre*. ....do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 369 DEFLECTION, IK Sill i NDER A rKK66UKE, IX KII.OGIIAMS OF— Ultimate utre'Dgtli : transverse pressure. Remarks. 1 a § M 1OO ISO ZOO o (M't.) •ton 23O 3OO 35O 400 450 .»<><» ...>o 0.0 6.6 8.0 5.0 .5.8 7.5 9.1 6.2 5.2 7.5 10.5 7.5 8.0 4.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 3.0 :;. .-, 4.1 (i. r. 10.0 10.2 10.0 7.0 7.4 4.9 5.2 6.0 6.5 3.5 8.0 8.0 6.5 8.5 7.0 8.0 7.6 7.4 12.0 12.3 15.6 9.2 11.2 14.3 17.8 ia.s 10.0 14.6 19.5 14.5 15.8 7.8 !(. S 8.6 9.3 C. 8 7.0 8 3 13.0 19.7 22.6 18.7 12.5 16. 2 0. 5 10.0 12.3 13.0 7.3 15.7 16.2 12.0 16.2 13.3 15.7 14.5 14.0 24 is. :. 19. 5 24. 0 14.0 22.0 £9.0 19.0 15.0 22.4 31.0 22. .S 25.ll 12.0 1.-,. :, 12.8 13. li 10.0 10.8 12.8 20.0 31.5 27.0 19.0 22. :. :\].:, 21.0 31.2 44.0 32.5 34.2 1C. 4 81.0 17.5 18.3 13.0 14.0 is. a 29. 5 46.0 2.0 1.8 2.8 0.0 1.0 -.. :, 27. r. 28.0 35.0 20.0 32.8 46.0 55.0 ::.-.. (i 44.5 25. :. 30.0 4:1. o 290 381 433 383 294 233 200 422 297 249 205 270 404 328 1033 043 643 079 679 683 683 353 353 262' 262 263 263 492 492 461 461 488 488 500 746 930 930 1083 333 1124 458 458 61 61 425 811 811 1084 1084 1162 347 738 738 47.5 59.0 32.5 38.2 62.5 do 41.5 51.0 53.0 1.2 2.0 4.8 2. 3 2.8 0.9 1.6 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 2.8 7.0 21. 5 33.6 47.0 33.5 35.5 17.4 22.0 18.0 19.0 13.7 14.5 17.0 31.5 49.2 28.0 44.5 30.0 47.0 05. 0 44.0 46.0 21.8 38.5 24.0 23.5 17.0 18.0 21.5 41.6 28.2 37.2 30.0 30.0 20.0 22.0 27.0 35.0 46.0 do 41.0 38.0 25.0 27.0 33.5 392 436 539 500 49.0 30.0 31.5 40.0 37.0 37.5 45.0 49.0 «L do '..... 430 287 242 113 141 240 220 406 373 206 349 550 382 19.5 26.7 14.7 ]5. 0 18.0 19.4 11.0 24.8 2.->. 7 19.3 26.0 21.0 25.6 23.0 22.5 FOE 28.5 40.6 19.7' 20. 2 20. 2 •_•!>. (1 15.0 33.0 28.5 38.0 30.4 40.0 32.0 32.0 2.4 7.5 1.0 0.8 2.0 3.2 0.2 4.0 2.5 B. a 3.0 5.5 2.5 2.6 29.7 43.5 20.0 21.0 28.0 29.7 15.0 37.9 39.0 30.0 40.2 31.8 42.0 33.0 33.0 25.2 26.5 36.0 39.0 19.0 50.0 52.5 38.0 55.0 40.5 63.0 44.0 43.0 32.0 33.'2 51.0 55.0 24.2 70.6 79.0 52.0 78.0 58.0 39.7 42.5 48.7 Specimen cross-grained ; short bronk on tension side, flake from compression aide. 30.0 111.5 115.5 73.0 135.0 78.0 35.2 43.0 56.0 75.0 do . ;;77 398 361 Deflected 170 millimeters before breaking ; broke with fine splinters do 377 do .- 264 376 355 59.0 60.0 8" 0 96.5 Broke with largo splinters ;70 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAYIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the air-dried speci- men. Direction of grain. COKFI'lrlKXT OF ELASTICITY. | I Green Aeh. 195. Fraxinus platycarpa Texas .. do Dallas do Eich upland Eich, wet do Texas do Victoria C. Mohr do ....do do ...do do do do ....do Alabama .Missouri ...do Stockton ....do G. W. Letterman.. ....do W.J.Beal ....do Eich, alluvial Dry uplaud ....do Water Aeh. Blue Aeh. ... do Lansing ....do ...do ....do THE WOODS OF THE [JNITED STATES. 371 UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. ! DEFLF. 100 CTIOX, 150 IX Mil •iOO L1MKT 0 EK8, I'MiEK A rlM'^SUUK, IX KII.OORASJ6. or— Ultimate strenjilh: transverse pressure. Remarks. Oflk-e number. 50 300 VS.50 .•(00 350 400 450 ooo 550 7.0 4.4 D.Q 7.0 4.6 4.1 6.0 4.1 4.3 5.0 5.2 6.0 5.5 4.0 3.3 5.4 4.1 5.0 4.5 7.4 8.9 7.0 C.O 4.0 4.5 4.2 5.0 C. 7 5.0 12.0 ao 8.0 5.5 5.0 5.5 5.4 .6.3 3.0 7.0 11.0 6.0 5.8 6.6 7.7 ,18.0 14.8 8.0 18.4 14.4 , 8.4 7.6 11.2 7.6 8.0 9.0 9.7 10.5 10.2 7.5 6.4 10.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 15.2 17.3 13.8 10.2 8.2 9.5 8.6 8.7 13.0 10.0 24.5 16.5 16.0 10.5 9.0 11.5 10.0 12.5 6.2 13.4 20.5 12.4 11.0 13.0 14.2 29.5 •_'l. •_' 11.8 29.5 23. 1' 12.3 11.5 17.8 11.6 11.4 14.0 14.6 15.5 16.0 11.3 9.8 14.2 12.2 13.0 14.5 25.3 27.6 22.0 15.2 12.8 13.0 13.0 12.8 21.5 15.0 44.2 27.2 24.5 15.5 13.5 18.0 15.0 19.0 9.4 20.6 33.5 19.5 17.0 20.2 22.0 1 15.9 47.4 35.5 17.0 15.0 26.3 lij. 0 15.8 19.0 20.0 22.0 22.8 15.2 13.0 19.5 1C. 5 10.0 21.5 5. - 1. 1 0. 1 6.2 4.2 1.0 0.4 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.3 14. f, I.;.:, 50.6 39.0 17.5 15.2 27.5 16.0 16.0 19.5 20.3 22.0 23.5 15.3 13.0 20.7 17.0 19.5 22.5 54.0 284 247 396 250 204 444 415 317 415 406 365 387 347 367 452 550 350 413 343 326 177 296 261 434 470 476 484 458 333 444 248 348 232 350 410 403 421 400 503 374 229 406 405 289 270 Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side . do 660 660 392 114' 114' 1143 114« 114« 130 130 212 212 227 227' 227s 227 2 267 » 431 551 551 747 747 937 1045 1045 364 364 130 229 229 1059 57 308 308 438 948 948 957 957 957 536 60 66 125 125 21.0 28.0 37.0 54.0 22.5 19.0 37.2 20.7 20.4 20.0 26.6 29.3 31.0 19.3 16.0 27.0 21.2 26.0 30.0 ::o.7 24.0 58.0 26.2 26.4 :;•!. 5 35.0 39.0 41.5 24.8 19.7 36.0 27.5 35.0 42.0 39.0 30.5 33.2 35.0 50.0 50.0 56.5 41.0 45.5 47.0 do do 60.0 30.2 23.7 do 38.2 29.0 51.2 35.5 45.0 59.0 35.0 48.5 do 39.2 32.3 21.5 17.0 17.6 18.0 17.6 32.2 21.0 76.0 39.5 36.0 21.0 19.0 26.2 21.0 26.1 12.7 30.0 52.2 27.2 23.2 29.4 32.0 4,2 3.6 1.5 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.0 5.0 1.7 IS. 5 5.8 3.5 0.8 1.0 2.4 1.1 1.8 0.5 2.5 7.0 2.0 1.4 2.1 2.0 41.0 33.2 22.0 17.5 18.3 18.4 17.7 33.2 21.6 81.0 41.0 37.6 21.3 19.5 26.5 21.0 26.4 12.9 30.2 56.0 28.0 24.0 30.5 33.0 56.2 44.5 28.2 22.5 23.0 23.5 22.5 45.5 27.3 36.5 29.0 30.7 30.5 2R5 64.5 35.4 47.0 37.0 S9. 5 38.0 35.4 65.0 49.5 53.6 46.0 45.7 72.0 79.5 63.5 63.2 47.0 65.7 56.0 94.0 27.5 24.6 35.0 28.5 34.0 16.0 41.6 38.0 32.4 47.0 38.0 45.5 21.0 57.0 51.0 42.0 64.5 50.5 60.0 26.5 84. tf 61.0 10.0 90.0 do do do 32.5 41.0 58.0 do 38.0 31.2 43.0 44.0 52.0 41.2 72.5 58.5 do Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side . FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Ollico number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. sl, pi to Direction of grain. 0 First clellec- K § tiou. £ 3 2x IVXT OF IC1TT. <> too 1.10 soo 19.3 29. ii BO. 8 33.0 22. u 21.6 •r>. 7 O (set ) 0.0 2.7 2.3 3.5 0.7 0.9 u. .'. 1.0 20O 32.0 :u. u 35. 0 21.T, •-•2. r, 22. P 26.0 350 300 350 4OO 450 500 550 5. (i 7.S 8.0 5.2 . 10.2 !>. :> ,4.0 M.I! 15 0 10.3 ln.4 ID. 7 12.5 20. 6 14.3 21.0 21.4 23.4 15. 0 10.0 16.2 IN. 7 26. ii 11.0 46.5 28.0 30.0 28.0 :;i.o 31.2 66.0 59.0 66.5 39.0 41.0 ::c. o .15. 5 38.0 47.0 61.0 471 305 313 312 350 323 343 311 149 286 « 286> 291 518 964 964 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 147 839 839 737 737 283 283 584 1137 942 540 744 744 744 38 38 682 682 490 490 474 473 473 585 585 340 Specimen cross-jrrained ; square break on tension side, iiake on rolnpivssicm side. do 11.5 4.6 4.0 fi. 0 5.0 5.5 6.0 8.0 5.0 4.0 4.6 4.5 5.5 . 11.5 7.3 8.5 8.6 6.0 0.2 6.4 9.5 8.8 4.2 3.7 10.5 4.2 4.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 23.0 a. o 8.0 12.0 ii -> 11.5 12.8 10. 5 12.0 7.8 8.0 8.6 9.8 24.6 14.0 16.0 18.4 11.0 11.5 12.3 19.0 17.0 8.3 7.3 21.0 8.0 ii. :; 11. a 12.0 11.5 150 315 327 13. 0 12. r. 19.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.5 18.0 11.2 12.7 13.0 14.6 36.0 21.5 26.0 31.0 18.0 17.0 20.4 31.6 26.0 12.5 11.4 18. C 17.0 28. 5 20.6 •26. 0 31.2 38.7 27.0 15.3 17.8 18.0 19.8 53.0 31.0 37.6 63.0 25.2 23.5 30.0 50.5 37.0 17.5 15.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.7 3.9 4.5 2.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 6.9 2.4 4.5 17.5 1.4 1.2 2.6 6.0 3.0 0.7 0.4 18.5 17.:; 28.7 21.0 27. 5 34.0 42 0 23.5 21.8 39.0 28.0 •;,:,. : 48.0 61 0 30.2 do 261 417 350 346 36.0 .1:1. (1 71.0 49.0 81.5 74.0 do 298 313 28.2 17.7 18.0 18.2 20.0 56.0 32.5 41.0 38.0 20.0 23.5 23.5 25.0 77.5 44.0 64.5 24. 5 30.0 30.0 32.0 131.0 do 31.0 37.0 39.5 40.0 37.0 48.0 55.0 50.0 46.0 60.5 513 433 400 Square break on tension side, splitting in the axis with fine splinters. Sap-wood; specimen cross-grained; broke with long splinters . . do 403 308 291 223 200 Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis . do 26.0 24.3 30.7 35.0 33.2 53.0 295 do 287 254 do 200 294 300 499 127 400 383 393 377 350 38.0 18.0 15.7 54.0 23.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 37.0 46.0 12.4 13.5 18.0 17.6 16.6 16.8 19.0 24.3 24.3 23.6 0.4 0.8 1.0 1. 2 1.3 17.5 18.7 25.0 24.2 24.0 21.5 24.0 31.0 30. 2 32.0 26.5 31.0 40.0 40.0 42.0 32.0 39.0 50.0 51.0 57.5 Shattered do 374 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BBHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. I 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. '>fO II 0 S3 S is j •ssg C^3 3 C, " a Direction of <;rnin. COEFFIC1KNT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rapture. 1 Fii st defiVc- tion. V 3 O o r 71 71 387 387 440 814 814 854 854 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 920 929 30' 134 134 369 429 19 19 281 958 958 1036 1036 1049 1049 116' 116s 116s 116" 314 314 428 133 380 533 533 G. W. Letterman . . do . ... Low, rich do 0. 5286 0. 4569 0.4546 0. 4818 0. 4824 0. 0849 0. 5828 0. 4829 0. 5034 0. 6813 0. 6755 0. 9304 0. 9391 0. 9218 0. 6706 0. 7348 0. 8375 0.8682 0. 5875 0. 7200 0. 6933 0. 6767 0.6821 0. 6920 0.7080 0.6477 0. 6596 0. 6168 0. 7370 0. 7359 0.7660 0. 7159 0.8562 0. 6245 0. 6839 0. 7461 0.7677 0. 7466 0.7442 0. 8768 0.6615 0. 8243 0.7883 567 574 443 610 Col 567 488 348 325 1085 888 976 842 751 751 814 626 519 976 888 1017 814 814 976 921 718 751 729 4UO 542 828 814 1136 814 1136 996 1220 1163 651 452 574 610 697 561 6S« 465 C51 673 542 501 337 315 1149 986 1039 872 800 781 888 610 531 976 930 1062 939 857 976 939 718 800 835 391 514 849 857 1190 921 1221 1073 1302 1268 697 479 568 651 687 886 708 361 703 658 600 673 368 464 937 675 797 591 825 809 733 787 762 783 937 937 973 712 989 1050 794 813 895 574 649 1010 923 1361 886 1055 1094 1165 1036 869 745 703 820 900 Saesafrat. ....do do ... .9 9.4 11.2 12.2 12.5 11.0 16.0 18.2 10.0 10.5 9.2 10.4 11.4 10.0 10.4 13.6 13.0 12.2 11.7 25.0 19.0 11.5 11.4 8.2 10.6 8.0 9.1 7.5 7.7 14.0 20.4 17.2 15.0 14.2 28.0 23.4 35.5 23.2 22.0 29.6 30.0 47.0 52.0 12.5 15.7 14.6 17.3 19.6 20.0 16.8 27.5 31.0 15. 2 16.0 140 15.5 17.0 15.0 14.7 21.2 21.0 19.5 17.0 41.5 31.0 17.5 17.5 12.0 16.1 12.2 13.7 11.0 11.7 22.4 32.0 28.8 23.7 23.0 40.7 33.8 4.5 2.7 44.0 35.5 66.0 47.5 378 302 154 SCO 71 71 3S7 387 440 814 814 854 854 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 3fli 134 134 369 429 19 19 281 281 958 958 1036 1036 1049 1049 116' 116' 1163 116s 314 314 428 133 380 533 533 80.0 Shattered 34.0 32.5 45.0 42.0 3.1 2.0 6.2 4.9 36.0 34.0 46.0 45.7 do 47.0 74.0 63.0 281 256 287 Shattered . do 157 198 Square break on tension side with largo flake on compression side., do 17.0 21.0 20.0 24.5 27.2 29.0 23.5 40.5 44.0 23.3 22.8 20.0 20.3 24.2 20.8 20.4 31.0 30.0 28.0 25.0 69.2 46.2 25.5 24.0 16.7 22.0 16. 5 18.2 14.9 15.8 33.2 45.6 43.5 34.0 32.3 0.6 1.1 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.3 6.0 6.5 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 I. 0 0.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.2 14.4 6.2 2.0 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 3.5 5.5 7.2 3.3 2.4 18.0 21.5 20.6 25.0 27.5 30.0 24.5 42.0 47.0 23.6 23.5 20.8 20.3 25.2 21.3 21.0 31.0 31.0 29.0 25.6 73.0 49.2 26.2 24.0 17.0 23.0 16.7 18.4 15.0 16.0 35.0 47.0 45.5 35.3 33.5 22.5 27.5 26.0 32.5 36.5 42.0 31.0 57.0 65.0 30.5 31.5 27.0 26.9 32.6 26.5 27.0 41.0 41.8 40.0 34.5 29.5 37.0 400 288 do 33.6 340 252 852 345 313 336 325 Shattered 46.5 50.0 39.2 84.0 97.0 47.0 43.0 36.0 35.0 50.0 35.0 34.7 60.0 61.5 56.6 47.7 61.0 do 334 400 Crashed at center bearing ; bent and splintered without breaking. . do ... 59.2 61.2 47.6 112.0 86.0 60.0 400 do .... 415 304 422 448 45.8 45.7 64.0 60.0 do 339 344 do 347 382 245 277 431 394 581 378 450 467 69.5 71.3 33.2 31.5 22.0 29.0 21.0 23.0 19.0 20.3 45.0 64.5 59.3 48.0 44.5 45.6 44.0 26.5 38.5 26.5 30.0 24.0 26.0 64.0 94.0 85.5 64.0 640 63.0 60.0 34.0 53.5 34.0 38.0 29.4 32.0 91.5 98.2 do 40.8 49.0 64.0 85.0 46.0 48.5 38.7 44.0 65.0 67.0 52.0 do 497 do 442 . . do 371 do 318 300 350 384 96.0 97.0 376 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. I 5 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of tho air-dried speci- men. a I O 1 £ 5 COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of ruptnre. First dcfl™- tion. Second do- Section. 758 758 918 75 75 306 306 306 873 873 1111 1111 652 Florida A. H. Curtiss ....do C.Mohr G. W. Letteiman . do Rich, alluvial ....do ....do Low, rich Alluvial 0. 5761 0. 5926 0. 5113 0. 5887 0. 6023 0. 7239 0. 75f>8 0. 7706 0. 7727 0. 7020 0.7613 0.7154 0. 7920 0.7882 0. 3215 0. 3061 0. 5085 0. 6876 0.6784 0. 6516 0. 6506 0. 6312 0. 6875 0. 6646 0. 8011 0.7927 0. 5724 0. 6125 0. 6295 0. 5170 0. 4812 0. 5170 0. 5369 0. 4829 0. 4579 0. 4318 0. 4375 0. 4943 0. U864 0. 3205 0. 5284 0. 5852 0. 5?53 0. 6031 H m m 509 697 407 610 787 505 478 751 542 626 787 976 669 976 317 222 407 10S9 814 939 718 697 751 634 857 939 407 888 1130 626 595 407 531 634 763 814 976 1136 097 488 814 904 904 872 488 751 415 665 849 552 528 697 564 610 763 939 651 10S5 257 574 820 409 712 808 738 755 846 771 702 891 820 586 1024 278 199 230 937 848 766 738 6% 745 698 1111 1150 468 792 642 586 537 468 387 368 668 687 649 696 MO 328 818 1029 766 726 228. Celtis occidentalis ... do ....do Missouri do ....do '.. ....do Allt-nton ...do Sugarberry. ffackberry. Texas . . Dallas do J. Reverchon do ....do do do do do do do Massachusetts ....do ... Sail-in ....do Saint Louis .do J. Robinson ....do Henry Eggert do ....do ... do ...do .... Santa Rita mount- ains. ....do G. EDgolmaimand C. S. Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss ....do do Drv .- Hackberry. Palo Blanco. 652 486 486 508 ....do Florida ....do Coral ....do do ..do do ....do Boca Chica Key Wild F 'iy. India-rubber Tree. . 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1253 253 253 21 126 126 686 680 648 648 16 16 76 76 76* 123 393 1057 112 117 149 G. "W. Lettermau. ....do 1062 904 888 814 723 697 678 930 957 454 976 1190 622 626 425 488 651 787 gM 1017 1221 424 814 1030 976 976 Red Mulberry. ....do do .. ....do do ....do ....do ....do do do ...do .do do do ....do ... do ....do ... do ....do ... do Rich do Texas Dallas ....do Arnold Arboretum A Urn tor, do J. Reverchon ... do C S Sargent Bottom . Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc. PLATANACE^:. .. do Massachusetts ....do Drift Sycamore. Button Wood. But- ton-ball Tree. Water Beech. G. "W. Letterman. . do Rich, alluvial do ... ..do California Carmel river do G.K-Vasey do Clay do Sycamore. Button Wood. 237. Platanus Wrightii Santa Rita mount- ains. do Arnold A rboretum . . ... do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ... do C. S. Sargent ....do G.W. Letterman.. ....do ....do W. J. Beal do J. Robinson G.W. Letterman.. W. J. Beal Robert Douglas. .'. Rich, gravelly ....do Drift ....do Moist, alluvial ....do Rich, moist up- land. Gravelly clay Gravelly loam Drift Sycamore. JUGLANDACE^!. ... do Massachusetts ....do Missouri Butternut. White Walnut. ....do ....do Michigan Michigan Massachusetts ....do ....do Dansville Lansing Topsfleld Alluvial tilack Walnut. Michigan Dansville Loam THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 377 UNITED STATKS CNDEll TKAXSVEKSE STKAIX— -Continued. l».l l.Ki'lln1. IS .MM.UMKTICra, 1 SD : 1:1 . IX KlUMiliA.MS, OF — I'ltimnte stronnth: transversp i>) too 150 aoo o (Sit) Ii. 0 1.7 2OO 90O 300 :s.-»o 400 450 500 550 8. i. 7.0 8.0 6.2 1 8.8 10.2 D.O 7.X 7.3 5.0 15.4 22.0 •Jil. ii 13.0 •it. r, 11.7 11.3 17.7 18.6 M.li 17.:: 18.0 12.8 10.4 15.0 O.d 38.0 :i:;. :, 19.8 23.0 17. :, •-'7. 5 29. 5 21.5 29. ;i 20.0 1C. 0 25. 0 14.3 4S. 5 27. a 19.6 29. B 245 350 200 304 345 315 tsa MO 329 32.3 380 350 250 437 119 85 758 758 918 75 75 306 306 306 873 873 1111 1111 652 652 486 486 508 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 253 21 126 126 686 686 648 648 16 16 76 76 76» 123 393 1057 112 117 149 B7.2 61.0 33.0 25. 3 ('.'. ~ :,~. (i 21.7 37.0 20.0 ::. i) 1.9 I. :. 5. .'I •J. 5 • ' 7 4.8 2. :; 1.1 r>. ;: i.f, 34. 4 L'5. I) 41.3 1 1. :. 32.0 44.0 39.0 2!l. 0 2-j. :; 38.0 20.2 ':, :, i;o. o I'J. 0 5.1. (1 37.3 30.0 78.0 48.0 C2. 0 87.0 57. 5 91.6 82.5 51.0 38.2 87.0 Tlmkf with lui'^c scale 74.0 20.5 35.4 50.0 70.5 do 12.0 4.7 8.0 5.2 0.8 7.0 6.5 7.7 5.7 5.2 12.0 5.5 4.3 7.8 8.2 12.0 9.1 7.7 0.4 0.0 5.0 4.:j 7.0 10.0 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.6 ».2 10.8 11.0 12.0 13.8 14.0 14.4 10.5 10.2 23.0 10.0 8.2 in. 7 15. 6 23.0 '-'(I. 1) 15.0 1L>. 4 11.0 8.6 8.0 14.0 2:1.0 ]•_'.(! 0.4 10.0 10.0 14.0 10. 4 15.8 18.5 20.0 21.4 2J. 2 15.2 is. a 38.0 14.5 12.3 24.4 24.6 38.7 84.2 23.0 19.0 16.8 14.5 12.4 18.5 17.7 14.0 14.8 15. 4 20.5 23.0 22.6 •Jli. (i 29.0 92. : to. :, 20.2 20.4 55.7 19.6 17.0 36.8 39.0 98 400 362 1.3 1.0 2.0 2.3 2. (i 2.6 8.0 0.7 0.4 9.2 1.0 0.6 3.5 4.9 20.7 23.5 23.5 27.0 30,1 32.2 20.6 21.0 28.0 31.0 32.3 38.2 42.0 43.2 44.3 27.0 26.4 40.0 43.0 46.0 67.0 55.0 01.0 do 327 315 297 318 298 70.0 do 31.5 32.0 38.5 38.5 47.0 47.8 56.4 58.0 474 491 do * 200 338 274 20.8 17.5 38.3 41.0 25.0 22.6 63.0 33.0 do 250 229 200 16;-> 157 285 293 27.5 22. 8 20.3 17.0 27.0 2.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 2.1) 28.0 24.0 21.0 18.0 29.0 38.2 31.7 28.4 24.3 do 277 297 239 140 do 24.0 10.0 21). 4 21.6 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.3 24.0 19.2 20.5 21.8 31.0 24.0 25.5 29.7 40.0 29.5 :;i>. :; 42.0 35.6 44.0 349 489 327 do . 310 ;78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. . li 111. (i 8.0 6.0 8.2 9.6 14.2 14.4 11.6 14,0 15.0 10.0 19.7 18.0 7.2 7.2 8.0 7.0 (i.3 6.0 8.4 7.4 6.6 7.0 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.0 6.0 10.0 10.6 6.5 -.'2 9.2 12.5 11.6 13.4 9.0 10.2 9.7 11.5 11.7 8.2 6.4 7.0 15.0 16.0 13.0 16.0 12.6 9.8 12.7 15.0 23.0 21.5 17.2 n.6 23.0 15.7 32.0 2ft a 11.4 10.8 is. a 10.5 9.0 .9.2 13.0 12.7 11.2 10.0 10.2 9.0 9.6 9.2 9.0 8.6 14.6 16.0 ft. a 10.5 140 i a .-. 17.6 21.5 13.2 15.0 14.7 16.1 it;, o 12.0 9.5 10.2 21.6 21.9 17.5 22.0 18.0 13.2 17.5 21. 0 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 1.0 1.5 21.7 21.7 17.7 23.0 18.7 13. 5 18.0 21.2 250 88B 394 383 350 485 318 325 407 430 766 766 951 951 415 415 672 672 322 322 326 326 3 3 293 118" 118» 152 249 249 249 531 531 531 539 539 816 816 1056 1056 1097 1097 91 91' 383 383 383 391 391 1082 1082 1164 1161 1164 28.0 22.7 28.2 24.0 17.0 23.0 28.0 28.5 37.0 32.0 21.0 29.5 36.0 38.0 49.5 41.6 26.0 39.2 49! 5 32.0 40 0 do ! 394 400 197 405 200 222 195 288 248 256 531 533 540 451 442 483 488 495 530 550 550 616 530 528 444 519 Shattered 29.0 24.0 80.8 2.0 1.0 1.6 29.4 38.5 50.0 68.5 12.0 31.2 Cross-grained j broke with large splinters Defective specimen ; square break on tension side 21.4 EL 6 4:;. o IP. II 14.4 17.0 14.0 12.1 12.5 18.2 16.8 15.3 13.0 13.2 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.0 11.5 20.0 22.6 12.5 14.2 18.5 26.2 25.0 30.5 18.3 20.5 20.0 22.2 21.3 16.5 12.8 13.6 0.9 8.8 5.3 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.2 II. 3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.4 2.0 3.2 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.4 0 4 21.6 54.4 44.0 16.2 14.5 17.6 14.2 12.4 12.8 19.0 17.3 15.4 13.2 13.5 12.2 13.0 13.0 12.5 11.5 20.4 23.0 13.0 14.4 19.0 27.0 26.1 31.0 19.1 21.0 20.6 ^•J. 6 22.0 16.6 12.7 14.0 28.0 Split did not break Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis . 61.0 20.8 18.2 23.0 17.6 15.5 16.0 25. 0 SLO 19.2 16.6 17.0 15.3 15.8 16.2 16.0 14.2 26.2 30.3 16.0 18.0 24.2 36.0 33.6 40.0 25.0 28.0 26.5 30.0 27.5 21.0 16.0 17.4 27.3 23.5 29.5 21.7 10. 0 19.5 33.0 28. f. 25.7 21.0 21.0 19.0 20.2 20.0 19.7 18.2 35.0 40.2 20.2 22.5 30.8 50.0 45.2 53.0 31.4 36.0 34.0 40.0 36.0 27.5 20.0 22.0 34.5 30.0 36.0 26.5 23.0 24.0 43.0 36.6 33.5 25.5 26.0 23.5 24.0 25.0 24.5 22.5 45.0 54.0 25.0 28.9 41.0 43.0 37.0 44.0 32.0 29.5 29.0 66.0 46.0 45.0 33.0 33.0 28.4 29.5 31.5 30.5 28.5 58.0 74.5 30.7 37.0 55.6 58.0 50.7 60.4 46.0 87.0 75.0 82.0 do 37.0 76.0 64.0 57.0 41.0 40.6 35.0 39.0 40.0 84.0 55.0 55.0 44.5 54.0 59.5 00.0 59.0 do ; do do . Deflection of 88 millimeters under pressure of 600 kilograms ; some crushing at center bearing. 36.0 81.0 105.0 38.0 48.0 49.5 do 485 458 568 500 436 322 479 450 495 500 476 464 462 488 577 549 49.5 70.0 71.2 do 60.0 78.5 41.4 46.0 43.0 54.0 47.0 35.0 24.5 27.4 85.0 102.5 54.5 59.0 61.5 77.0 63.0 45.0 30.3 33.2 132.0 194.0 75.0 91.0 84.0 130.0 95.0 66.5 37.0 42.6 185.0 46.0 56.0 65.0 do do do 380 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. ct-™ O (1 12.0 8.0 13.3 8.9 12.0 !::. 7 11.1 9.0 12.0 9. 0 7. :> 6.0 8.4 14.0 10.3 10.0 9.0 7,1 9.5 11.8 11.0 10.0 9.7 13.5 11.0 8.6 10.5 10.3 11.5 la. 0 10.5 15.3 13.8 9.0 15.6 14.5 14.2 10.9 12. 5 12. 0 13.7 19.0 11.9 12.7 18.0 IS. 4 18.8 19.3 21. 0 10.1 13.8 18.5 14.0 13.7 11.2 a.o 12. 0 21.0 15.2 14.7 13.5 10.8 16.5 17.0 17.4 14.4 14,7 21.2 16.7 13.0 15.0 16.5 15.0 20.8 19.6 12.2 21.4 •JO. 4 14.2 17.5 16.2 18.0 16.0 17.1 ] .-. 7 22.1; 23.0 19.0 19.0 IS. 4 14.6 11.6 16.5 30.5 21.5 20.2 18.0 14.4 26.5 23. (1 24.0 19.9 20.0 30.7 2:;. 5 17.6 20.7 21. 5 0. .I 1.1 1.4 1.1 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.9 2.0 0.6 ll.li 0.9 6.0 1.3 3.0 2. i; 5.0 •J. 2 1.0 12 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 1.0 3.0 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.4 4.0 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 3.1 1.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 Hi. ll M.li 20. 0 12.2 2d. r. 20.7 1.-..0 16.6 19.0 2S. II 16.0 17.0 16.4 : ::. :: 19.0 28.8 24. 2 18.4 27.5 19.0 18.7 15.0 12.0 Hi. 5 31.2 22.0 21.0 18.2 15.0 20.0 28.0 18.0 •J'.l. (1 2ftfl 15. 0 28. u 27. II i& a 22. 5 21.8 23.0 36.0 21.0 •JII. 0 21.2 28.4 24.5 37.6 41.4 si:e 24.0 37.0 24.7 24.0 19.0 14.7 22.0 41.2 30.0 27.5 23.5 18.0 25. II 87. - L'4. II 19.1 87.1 34.0 30.3 28. 0 47.0 27.0 30. II 36.0 31.0 52.5 51.6 .-.7. 'i 41.0 50.5 32. 5 30.6 2.'!. 7 18.1 29.0 57.2 42.0 36.5 30.2 22.2 333 463 435 392 444 (!02 489 450 450 1105 1166 1170 72 72 254 348 6 6 88 88 121' 288 442 538 538 538 1051 1051 1098 1098 1168 1168 153 838 838 838 237 237 129 362 362 362 740 740 740 917 586 665 665 8 8 32 32' 32' 94.0 44.0 47.0 44.0 44.2 81.0 38.2 40.0 187.0 1.2. 0 27.4 131.0 57.5 CO. 0 49.0 ;:s.o 89.0 78.7 40.0 50. 0 do 46.0 66.0 (ill. 2 76.0 578 500 do 374 do 52.0 65.0 489 344 466 396 35.0 39.5 36.4 •Hi. r. 42.5 70.0 73.0 85.0 55.0 41.5 70.5 42.5 39.0 30.0 22.0 37.5 86.0 56.5 49.0 44.0 60.0 49.0 61.0 56.0 110.0 68.0 84.0 75.5 474 497 473 do 411 399 do 389 450 73.0 56.4 105.0 84.0 do 483 399 479 56.7 51.0 30.0 26.0 52.5 74.5 68.5 45.0 31.2 72.0 do ... 103.0 58.5 38.5 518 553 637 454 393 400 469 336 527 200 240 348 450 434 77.0 48.0 Deflectioo 63 millimeters with a pressure of 600 kilograms ; broke with fine splinters. Shattered 82.0 68.0 109.0 27.0 33.0 40.0 47.2 23.6 24.0 20.0 20.4 32.0 24.0 18.0 21. 5 21.6 31.5 25.2 26.0 42.0 31.0 23.0 28.2 28. C 42.0 32.0 33.0 59.0 40.0 30.5 37.0 37.0 Shattered 40.0 42.4 50.0 60.0 do .. . 334 392 439 52.0 38.6 47.5 70.0 48.5 do .... 389 349 382 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. If Hi 03 Direction of grain. | COKFFIC EI.AS1 i ^ E3 •2 IF.ST OF ICITV. st; C :, r Modulus of rupture. 49 49 49> 49' 49* 113 1132 113* 1133 238 238 250 250 251 251 259' 2593 403 403 443 547 547 748 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 988 988 1027 1027 1029 1029 372 151 151 256 351 351 Allenton ....do do . . G.W.Lctterman.. ....do do Rich upland ....do do 0. 7927 0. 7060 0.7784 0. 7501 0. 7614 0. 0001 0. 7149 0. 7060 0. 7460 0. 8085 0. 7797 0.7876 0. 779C 0. 7102 0. 7170 0. 8091 0. 7631 0.7364 0. 7143 0.6650 0. 8475 0. 8579 0. 8075 0. 8099 0.8233 0. 8655 0. 7306 0. 7818 0.8001 0. 8343 0.8466 0. 8773 0. 7443 0. 7557 0.7864 0.7556 0. 7142 0.7548 0. 7745 0.7535 0. 7420 0.6753 0. 8795 0. 8085 0. 8913 0.8943 0. 7614 0. 7088 Wi m 976 740 872 814 872 679 814 857 976 1356 1221 1163 1061 814 1163 976 872 976 842 567 996 976 1221 1320 751 814 740 697 1110 787 1252 1061 679 763 904 814 751 814 697 610 888 697 763 763 970 763 610 751 1028 751 930 814 913 697 896 775 976 1356 1221 1221 1191 842 1221 976 921 976 849 592 1017 1177 1252 1302 775 781 842 723 1191 751 1268 1085 665 769 888 842 787 857 814 673 930 697 751 849 1017 781 630 888 1024 817 937 813 921 684 686 585 977 1055 1055 1047 928 784 1059 1043 844 722 653 487 1031 1282 1125 1153 1043 750 703 703 1158 1040 1005 919 876 851 1048 945 919 1022 820 703 921 659 1055 1005 1048 912 677 893 252. Quercus lobata ...do . do do do do do ...do Michigan ... do ...do ... do South Carolina do .. do Big Rapids Dansvillo ... do ....do W.J.Beal ....do ....do do ....do Gravelly ....do Bomu-au's Ui'pnt .. do H. W. Raveuel Rich, damp loam. . •\Vyth, villo ... do . . do H, Shriver Clay do do do ....do ... do do do ...do ....do .. do ....do ... do do Gravelly do Charlestown Navy. yard, do S H Pook . do Tennessee Rich bottom Alluvial ....do Clay Kemper's mill ... do Chattahoochee ....do do C.Mohr ....do A.H.Curtiss ....do do ....do Florida ....do do . .. ....do : do ...do do do do M C Beedle ... do do ....do ... do North Reading ... do . do Charlestown Navy- yard. do S.H.Pook ....do ..., G.K. Vasey do Gravelly loam do White Oak. Weeping Oak. 253. Quercus Garry ana do do Weidler's saw-mill.. ... do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, .do .. White Oak. 254. Quercus obtusiloba ...do . .. ....do Portland da Rich loam do do do ...do ...do ....do Portland Furniture Company. do do do ...do do . .1,, do ... . Harrodsburg Bouneau's Depot ....do W. M. Linney H. W. Ravenel ....do G. W. Letterman . . <•' •Unlii- Shale Poet Oak. Iron Oak. South Carolina . . . ....do Rich upland ....do Olay do ... do do do . ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UXDEE TKANSVEUSE STRAIN— Continued. 383 DEFLECTION", IX MlI.I.IMKTElii", I'XDEH A 1'KKSSV'llE, IX KlI.OOliAMS, OF— Ultimate strength : transverse pressure. f Remarks. Office nnmber. SO 1OO I.1» 2OO O , let) 200 25O UG. L- 41.0 33.5 37.0 31.0 49.0 32.5 3OO 350 4OO ».»<> .too 550 5.0 6.6 5.0 6.0 5.0 7.2 6.0 :..7 5.0 3.0 4.0 4.2 4 6 0 0 4.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.8 8.6 4.9 5.0 4.0 3.7 «. .-> 6.0 0.0 7.0 4.4 6.2 3.9 4.6 7. '2 6.4 5.4 6.0 6.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 5.5 7.0 6.4 6.4 5.0 6.4 8.0 6.5 9.5 13.0 10.5 12.0 10.7 14.0 10.0 12.6 10.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 11.6 8.0 10.0 10.6 10.0 11.5 16.5 9.6 8.3 7.8 7.5 12.6 12.5 11.8 13.5 8.2 13.0 7.7 9.0 14.7 12.7 11.0 11.6 12.4 11.4 12.0 14.5 10.5 14.0 13.0 11.5 9.6 12.5 15.5 11.0 14.4 20.4 17.0 19.0 10.5 23.0 1C. 2 20.0 10.5 11.0 12.0 12.0 12.7 18.0 12.0 16.0 16.3 15.3 17.8 26.0 14.5 12.2 11.6 11.0 18.8 20.0 17.5 20.6 12.7 19.5 11.7 13.3 23.5 18.7 15.5 18.0 19.0 10.7 18.0 23.0 10.0 22.0 19.0 17.5 14. 5 19.6 23.0 17.7 2'.'. I) 30.0 24.0 28.0 :;:?. -J 22.7 30.8 24.2 16.8 16.0 16.3 17.5 26.0 16.0 22.8 23.2 21.8 25.3 41.6 20.7 16.0 16.0 15.0 25.5 29.0 24.7 29.0 17.1 28.0 10.0 18.6 33.0 27.3 21.5 25.0 27.0 2:1. o 25.5 32.3 22.3 31.0 27.5 24.0 19.5 28.2 32.5 24.7 1.0 :;. _• :;. :; l.R 4.0 1. 5 3.0 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.7 2.2 0.3 1.8 1.5 1.5 2.2 5.6 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 2.2 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.7 2.4 0.4 0.9 4.0 2.5 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.2 2.0 1.1 1.0 3.0 2.7 1.7 20.0 30.5 25.4 28.7 24.0 34.5 2.1. 3 31.5 25.0 15.4 16.3 16.6 17.7 26.5 10.1 24.0 24.0 22.2 27.0 43.5 21.3 16.2 16.3 15.5 27.5 30.0 25.0 29.6 17.5 28.5 16.5 18.7 31.0 28.4 21.5 26.0 27.3 23.5 25.6 33.5 22.3 31.0 28.0 24.6 19.9 29.2 33.7 25.0 34.0 57.5 45.0 48. C 42.5 43. .-i 57. 5 437 349 400 49 49 491 49' 49 113 113' 1132 1133 238 238 250 250 251 251 259' 259" 403 403 443 547 547 748 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 988 988 1027 1027 1029 1029 37» 151 151 256 351 351 59.5 89.0 do 347 55.0 393 do 293 do ... . . 294 250 417 32.0 20.5 21.0 21.2 22.5 36.3 21.0 30.5 32.0 29.5 36.5 42.0 20. r. 27.5 28.5 30.0 55.0 27.0 39.5 42.2 40.8 58.0 33. 0 35.0 36.0 36.5 85.0 45.5 46.5 49.2 do 450 do 63.0 450 do 447 do 396 326 452 445 300 308 279 208 440 547 33.5 53.5 59.5 44.5 70.0 61.5 \ 1 28.5 20.7 20.5 19.6 34.5 42.0 33.5 39.0 22.3 36.0 21.0 24.0 45.6 37.0 28.5 33.0 34.7 30.0 33.5 43.5 29.0 40.7 36.0 32.0 26.0 38.0 43.5 32.0 37.5 26.0 27.0 25.0 45.5 73.0 49.5 32.5 33.5 32.0 65.0 69.0 40.7 43.0 41.5 92.0 48.7 56.0 51.2 07.5 do 480 do 492 do 445 do 320 300 300 494 28.5 50.0 20.5 32.0 62.0 EO. 5 37.0 44.0 45.6 40.0 44.0 59.5 36.5 37.0 68.5 33.5 38.0 90.0 75.0 47.0 57.5 62.0 52.5 47.0 100.0 40.5 00.0 ... .do 444 do 429 392 do 374 363 447 403 392 436 60.5 75.5 70.0 do 350 do 300 do 49.0 393 281 . do 46.7 40.0 33.5 50.8 62.0 50.6 43.0 64.0 76.5 67.5 60.0 105.0 450 429 Square break on tension side splitting in axis do 447 389 289 do 43.0 56.0 381 do 384 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOB OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Oflicc number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the ;tiiMliied speci- men. Uireetion of 11:1:11. | cnr.J-KlrlKXT OF , jfiTr. Modulus of rupture. First deflcc- ti.,11. Second de- flection. 254. Qnercns obtusiloba — continued 255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii - . Scrub Oak, 771 771 417 417 525 525 79 7S2 137 143 310 310 432 831 033 933 1071 1072 1073 545 545 545 762 762 54 54 54' 543 846 1-46 240 240 524 524 755 755 31 31' 35 434 925 925 34 34* 273 2*7 Aspalii^u . do A. H. Curtiss do Gravelly barrens . do 0. 9172 0. 8958 0. 8489 0. 8092 0. 7996 0. 8073 0. 7636 0. 7358 0. 9418 0. 8368 0. 8580 0.8466 0. 7507 0. 7455 0.7804 0. 8313 0. 8523 0. 8153 0. 8153 0.7784 0. 7972 0. 7898 0. 7955 0. 7955 0. 9102 0. 7182 0. 7443 0. 7580 o. 6752 0.8689 0. 8432 0. 8687 0. 7898 0. 7710 o. MM 0. 9289 0. 7313 0. 7528 0. 8352 0. 6552 0. 8267 0. 7523 0.7988 0. .-949 0. 9S 1»1 1277 . -J. 0 33.0 20.0 21.0 21.2 17.9 29.7 33.0 26.8 23.6 20.3 19.2 10.1 10.0 12.9 12.5 20.0 19.5 19.0 17.2 36.0 32.1 19.1 21.6 22.3 19.0 25.5 24.5 15.0 17.7 11.6 39.0 12.7 16.6 20.8 13.3 19.3 16.4 22.0 22.5 28.0 44.0 25.7 28.2 29.0 23.0 40.2 45.0 34.0 30.8 34.4 24.0 20.4 20.5 16.0 10.0 33.5 26.0 25. 3 22.5 29.0 2?. 7 :u;. r, 37.0 38.0 46.0 47.0 48.5 60.0 04.0 64.0 79.0 110.0 33 5 38.0 39.5 30.5 56.0 01.0 46.0 40.5 47.0 31.0 27.0 26.0 21.0 20.0 45.0 34.5 33.0 29.5 41.5 49.6 54.3 40.0 73.2 54.3 54.5 73.0 do 343 449 439 441 309 489 444 435 450 472 426 400 442 248 338 451 469 62.0 54.6 02.5 41.0 33.0 34.0 26.2 25.0 58.0 45.0 42.5 33.5 79.0 73.5 88.5 1073 545 545 545 762 762 54 54 54' 54' 846 846 240 240 524 524 755 755 31 31' 35 434 925 925 34 34' 273 287 43.0 44.5 32.7 31.4 78.0 62.0 57.5 47.5 50.0 39.0 109.5 41.5 24.2 27.6 28.0 24.0 32.3 32.0 19.0 21.5 14.0 59.0 31.6 37.0 37.0 31.5 43.7 42.5 24.4 30.0 17.5 40.0 49.5 48.5 42.5 54.0 58.0 30.0 30.7 21.5 52.2 64.5 65.0 56.0 70.0 76.0 37.5 73.0 90.0 87.0 75.5 99.0 135.0 47.5 do 476 do 488 do 492 481 520 397 557 233 482 448 489 621 551 545 61.5 26.2 31.6 40.0 55.5 16.0 20.7 26.8 16.5 25.0 21.5 22.0 26.0 85.0 20.6 32.5 27.5 27.5 33.3 46.3 25.0 42.0 35.0 34.5 41.0 58.0 30.0 51.5 43.0 44.0 78.5 36.2 66.5 55.5 45.0 92.5 79.0 54.0 135.0 Deflection with a pressure of 600 kilograms, 68 millimeters; broke with tine splinters. 25 FOR 386 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the, air-dried speci- men. Direction of grain. COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupluro. First deflec- tion. Second dc- llection. 261. Qnercns prinoides— continued 323 323 514 514 688 688 655 655 698 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 919 954 954 649 649 653 653 654 663 663 685 685 7 7 7 7 45' 45* 92 140 141 146 215 215 217 218 218 920 920 Texas Dallas . J. Reverchon do 0. 9205 0. 9966 0. 9059 0. 8755 1. 0023 1.0284 1. 1408 1. 0474 0. 9821 1. 0023 1. 0420 1.0469 0. 9127 0. 9307 m rmrj ID m 976 970 1085 976 888 610 697 1017 718 888 800 1436 1285 1221 1221 1103 697 751 976 1039 1221 1285 642 1061 976 904 857 1953 1285 1136 1356 976 976 857 814 1221 703 1221 1350 976 888 1221 1221 857 976 1007 1007 1149 1062 921 622 697 1017 740 888 787 1502 1395 1252 1191 1123 740 751 1085 1149 1221 1338 633 957 948 849 872 1627 1356 1149 1320 996 1007 1302 814 1252 769 1221 1356 1028 888 1302 1268 8U 921 1280 1090 1289 1048 937 968 469 937 996 987 1055 1322 1212 1010 1054 816 649 1308 1268 1284 1212 703 937 930 759 877 1282 1171 1048 1057 855 902 787 787 919 780 895 1057 877 1071 1242 1172 680 762 do do do Tennessee : Nashville A. Gattinger do Alluvial do California ContraCosta county. do G. R. Vasey Clay do Mountain Wiite Oak. Slue Oak. 263. Qnercus oblongifolia — White Oak. ....do ....do ....do San Diego county. . . .....lo ....do do Dry, gravelly .. do . Santa Eita mount- ains. Austin ....do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. S. B.Buckley do White Oak. Texas ....do Damp, calcareous, do Florida ....do ....do Charlestown Navy- yard. Saint John's river . . ....do S. H. Pook A. H. Curtiss ....do Live Oak. Alabama ....do Texas . Mobile county ....do Matagorda bay ....do C.Mohr ...do C.Mohr do Rich, sandy ....do 0.9114 0. 8972 1. 0114 1. 0193 0. 8835 0. 8989 0. 9386 0. 9204 1. 0264 0.8602 0. 8508 0. 8076 0. 8653 0.7011 0. 6872 0.6364 0. 6500 0. 5528 0. 6159 0.5432 0. 0261 0. 6787 0. 5987 0.7464 0. 7233 0. 6703 0. 7316 0. 7254 0. 0955 0.5841 0. 5852 ....do do California San Bernardino do W. G. "Wright Live Oak. Maul Oak. Valpa- raiso Oak. . .do do . .. ....do ....do Marin county ....do Santa Rita mount- ains. Marin county ....do G.R.Vasey ....do G-. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G.R.Vasey do ....do Slack Oak. California ....do Loam . . . do Enceno. Ooatt Live Oak. ....do ....do Auburn do Live Oak. do Massachusetts ....do ....do Arnold Arboretum. . ....do ....do C.S.Sargent ....do do ... Drift ....do do Red Oak. Slack Oak. ...do ....do Mercer county ....do ....do ....do W. M. Linney ....do do W. M. Linney W. J.Beal do ....do Shale ....do ....do ....do ....do Alluvial Sandy Dansville ....do do do Illinois Robert Douglas... C G Pringle Gravelly do Charlotte ...do ...do do do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do Enterprise ....do do ....do ....do C.Mobr ....do ....do ....do ....do Alluvial ....do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 387 UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. I'Krl.KrTlON, 1\ MII.UMK'IKK*. INM.K A l'i:J->Si:]tE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF — Ultimate Mrengtli: transverse- ]ir. Remarks. Office number. 30 5.0 5.0 4.:: 5.0 5.5 8.0 7.0 4.8 6.8 5.5 6.1 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 7.0 6.5 5.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 7.6 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.7 2.5 3 8 4.3 :i. c, 5.0 E.O 5.7 6.0 4.0 6.4 4.0 3.6 5.0 5.5 4.0 4.0 B.7 5.0 1OO !>. 7 (1.7 x. r. 9.2 10.6 15.7 14.0 9.6 13.2 11.0 12.4 0.5 7.0 7.8 8.2 8.7 13.2 13.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.3 ir>. :i 10. L' 10.3 lit 11.2 0.0 7.2 8.5 1.4 9.8 !>. 7 11.:, 12. g 7.8 12. 7 8.0 7.2 9.5 11.0 T.B 7.7 12.0 HI. 0 150 200 0 («etO 200 230 300 35O 4OO 45O 500 91.0 .".,><> 15.4 15.3 12.7 14.0 1C. 0 23. '2 •Ji.o 14.5 •JO. 7 !«.:•> 19.3 10.0 10.7 11.5 12.3 12.5 20.6 20.0 13.5 12.2 12.0 11.2 23.7 15.6 15.0 17.5 16.8 9.0 10.7 12.3 11.3 14.7 l.-..;! 17.0 18.0 ii.r, 111. 2 12.5 11.0 14. f. 17.0 11.0 11.2 lf.0 16.0 •jo. o 21.0 17.3 19.0 22. 0 32.3 30. 0 2(1. 5 29.0 23.0 27.0 14.0 14.0 15. 5 16.3 17.1 29.5 29.2 18.2 16.6 16.4 14.7 33.2 21.8 21.3 25.4 23.3 12.0 14.4 10. 6 15.2 20.5 21.7 23.7 24. ;-, 15. 4 20.4 10.8 H. 5 20.0 24.0 14.6 15.4 27.0 21.0 l.i 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.3 1.2 2.5 1.5 2.0 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 3.0 3.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.6 3.5 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0. ', 1.2 1.8 o. :i . 1.3 0.8 0.3 0. C 2.0 0.2 0.3 2.3 2.0 20. r. 21. 5 17.5 19.2 a. (i 33.0 81.0 21.6 29.8 23.4 27.3 14.0 14.5 15. 7 16.2 17.0 30.0 30.0 18.2 16.6 16.5 15.0 34.7 22.7 21.9 25.8 24.0 12.2 14.7 16.8 15.3 20.7 20.7 24.7 24.0 15.7 26.7 17.0 14.0 20.0 24. 5 14.7 15. 5 27.7 ?4. :, 20.5 28.0 22.3 25.0 28.0 42.5 40.0 38.0 29.0 :;•-'. o :io. (i r..-.. :i 52.5 43.0 45.5 36.0 41.0 40.0 7° 0 54. 0 59.5 45.0 51.5 50.0 68.0 03.0 56.0 64.0 TiL'5 323 323 514 514 688 688. 655 655 698 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 919 954 954 649 649 653 653 654 683 6«3 685 685 7 7 7 7 45" 45» 45* 92 140 141 146 215 215 217 218 218 920 920 do 71. C, 478 447 4i:; 400 426 421 70.0 90.5 39.0 29. 5 35.0 17.0 18.0 20.0 20.6 22.0 39.0 40.7 23.0 20.0 21.0 19.0 45.5 29. C 29.0 35.0 33.0 15.3 18.0 21.5 19.5 27.0 27.0 32.5 32.0 20.0 :::.. ii 22. 1 IK 7 •-(). 2 31.0 IS. 5 19.7 39.5 33.0 51.0 :w. :; 46.0 21.4 22.7 25.7 26.5 28.4 51.7 65. :. 48. 5 ei. s 26.5 28.0 32.0 33.0 35.0 69.2 • 63.0 80.0 38.0 34.0 40.5 55.0 43.0 do 48.0 43.5 50.2 450 564 517 55.5 66.7 73. u do 431 450 .... do 348 elo 277 558 541 548 517 300 400 397 324 374 547 500 447 451 28.0 25.5 27.0 24.5 G2. 4 39.2 38.0 47.0 39.5 19.0 22.5 27.5 25.3 37.6 35.0 47.5 42.5 26.0 47.0 28.3 23.5 34.5 41.0 23.0 25.0 35.5 32.0 33.0 30.5 43.0 38.0 40.0 36.5 54.2 4fi.5 49.0 45.0 73.0 59.0 66.0 59.0 120.0 52.0 51.0 75.0 51.5 23.2 28.0 35.0 32.0 53.5 46.0 Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 28.2 35.0 46.0 43.0 34.2 45.2 45.2 .67.0 do 59.0 . do 365 '385 336 336 392 333 382 451 33.0 35.5 29.0 4G. 0 52.5 28.5 30.7 36.0 43.5 do 374 457 530 500 290 325 68.0 34.3 88. 0 92.0 43.0 46.0 54.0 60.0 49.0 1 388 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specilic. gravity (if Un< iiir-di icd Kjieci- men. = '3 tc o a c 5 COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. MmluliiH of rupture. First deflec- tion. Second ilc- ilection. 1643 1043 931 031 752 17 17 SO1 36* 36s 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 628 628 9C3 963 268 131 131 245 245 265» 265s 548 548 342 342 770 770 47 282 282 264' 264' 2643 349 349 511 511 Massachusetts do North Reading do J. Robinson do Drift do 0. 7380 0. 7426 0.8580 0. 8926 0. 7054 0. 7102 0. 6847 0. 7284 0. 7019 0.7982 0. 8495 0.8408 0. 7519 0.5432 0. 5026 0. 7102 0.7046 0. 6949 0. COJ2 0. 6841 0. C960 0. 6S75 0. 7688 0. 7521 0. 7421 0. 6307 0. 6767 0. 7837 0. 6933 0. 7875 0. 7614 0.6875 0. 7193 0. 8395 0. 8442 0.7148 0. 7671 0.7534 0. 6523 0. 0170 0. 6158 0. 7142 0.7313 0.7560 0. 7411 H _.-•- n n m n 1221 1221 976 1017 976 1221 1085 1)76 1221 697 921 814 888 842 561 1479 1395 1136 814 S72 060 626 97C 1395 1320 1221 1320 1526 1221 1526 1628 888 1017 976 1101! 1526 957 904 1085 1136 11C3 1163 1221 976 1221 1320 1302 1039 1028 1085 1221 1149 1028 1221 723 930 814 930 820 538 1479 1436 1136 849 921 051 8S8 976 1302 1394 1221 1S94 1502 1221 1601 1575 948 1062 1007 1122 1479 976 913 1122 1191 1149 1285 1885 1028 1338 1282 1172 1252 794 1055 1151 1054 1043 1270 B54 1181 MO 1120 794 551 1284 1201 937 880 844 003 698 1043 1172 1071 1041 1172 1334 1172 1266 1317 990 1027 1113 1055 1233 1055 982 989 1052 932 1155 1120 919 1170 Austin do C.Mohr ....do Red Oak. ...do Florida Massachusetts do Aspalaga Arnold Arboretum . . do A.H.Curtiss C. S. Sargent .. do Clay Drift Scarlet Oak. Slack Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. ...do Kentucky do Danville Junction . . do W. M. Linuey do Shak' do ....do Missouri do ....do Allentou do ....to G. TV. Lettci man . . do Slate Rich upland do ....do ...do ATythcville do .. do H. Shriver do ...do Clay do do do do ...do ...do do do ..do .. do Tennessee Nashville Saw-mill, A shland . do do G. Engclmann and C. S. Sargent. do Black Oak. do do G H Collier do do ... do Missouri South Carolina do Allentou Bonreau's Depot .do G. \V. Lctterman.. n. W. Raveuel ...do Clay Rich loam ...do Black Jack. Jack Oak. 277. Quercus falcate Spanish Oak. lied Oak. m m m m Wytheville ..do H. Shriver ....do do Clay .. do ....do ... do ....do do ....do Kemper's mill do ....do C.Mohr do ....do do ...do Alabama do Cottage Hill do * ....do do Barren, sandy do Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked- leaf Black Jack. Black Jack. Florida A H Curtiss do do do do ..do Missouri ....do do Alleutou ....do do G. W. Let term an. ....do do Rich, alluvial ....do ... do Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. Vir"iuia Carroll county do H. Shriver do Water Oak. fluck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak. do do do Cottage Hill ... do Tullahoma ....do C.Mohr ....do A. Gattinger ....do Sandy loam ....do ....do ....do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 389 DEFLECTION, IX MILLIMETER, UXI1EU A rRF.SBUUE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF— Ultimate stieiiL'tli : transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. SO 100 150 2OO 0 (set.) 20O 25O 3OO 350 400 430 50O 55O 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 4.0 7.0 5.3 6.0 5.5 5.8 8.7 3.3 3.5 4.3 6.0 5.6 7.4 0.3 .'..0 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.2 3.0 5.5 4.8 5.0 4.2 3. L 5.1 5.4 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 5.0 4.0 7.4 7.5 9.4 9.5 9.0 8.0 8.5 9.5 8.0 13.0 10. 5 12.0 10.5 11.9 17.5 6. 6 6.8 8.6 11.5 10.6 15.0 17.5 10.0 7.5 7.0 8.0 7.0 6.5 8.0 6.1 6.2 10.3 9.2 9.7 8.7 6.6 10.0 10.7 8.7 8.2 8.5 7.6 7.0 9.5 7.3 11.0 11.4 14.0 14.7 14.0 12. 0 12.2 14.5 12.0 21.4 15.8 18.5 15.7 18.0 28.5 10.0 10.0 12.8 17. 3 10.0 26.0 27. 5 15.0 10.5 10.2 12.0 10.0 9.5 12.0 9.0 9.3 'l5.4 J4.ll 14.6 13.0 10.2 15.0 17.0 13.0 11.8 13.0 11.5 11.5 14.6 10.9 14.6 15.4 19.0 20.4 20.1 16.1 16.5 2U. 2 16.5 31.0 22.6 25.8 21.7 26.0 43.4 14.0 13.4 18.0 23.5 22.0 54.3 41.5 21.0 14.0 13.7 16.0 13.7 12.7 16.0 12.1 12.0 20.6 19.0 20.2 18.5 13.7 21.0 24.0 17.7 16.0 18.0 15.5 15.8 20.4 14.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.4 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.6 3.5 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 5.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 10.5 4.8 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.3 1.8 2.1 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.5 15.0 15.6 10.2 21.0 £0.5 16.4 16.5 20.4 16.4 31.5 23.6 26.3 22.1 26.5 44.0 14.0 13.4 18.2 23.9 22.1 57.0 43.5 21.4 14.0 14.0 16.0 13.7 13.0 16.0 12.4 12.0 21.1 19.0 20.0 18.9 14.2 22.0 24.4 18.0 16.5 18.3 15.6 16.0 20.7 15.0 19.0 20. 0 25.0 27.2 27.0 21.0 21.1 27.2 20.7 42.0 30.6 34.0 28.2 37.0 24.0 26.0 32.0 3K. 0 36.0 27.0 27.0 35.0 27.0 58.0 40.0 46.2 36.7 55.0 30.3 31.7 40.0 37.0 40.0 50.7 46.0 51. 5 63.0 63.5 547 500 534 339 400 491 400 445 042 407 504 397 478 339 235 Broke with fine splinters and scale 104« 1043 931 931 752 17 17 38" 36» 36« 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 628 628 963 963 268 131 131 245 245 265> 265« 548 548 342 342 779 776 47 282 282 2641 2C4» 26i» 34* 34D 511 511 86.5 47.0 34.0 34.5 4,-.. 5 32.5 80.0 51.5 60.5 47.0 >;j. g 42.0 44.0 58.2 41. 5 135.0 64.0 90.0 56.5 55.0 51.7 68.0 88.5 140.0 Broke with fine splinters 57.7 75.0 do 17.7 16.7 24.5 31.0 28.5 88.0 61.5 28.0 17.5 17.4 20.2 17.0 16.2 20.0 15.4 15.0 27.0 25.0 26.0 24.2 IT. ;> 29.0 S2.5 24.0 21.0 24.2 20.0 20.4 26.5 19.0 22.1 20.5 33.0 40.3 36.0 27.0 25.6 44.0 51.5 46.7 33.0 31.7 55.0 40.5 40.5 50.6 51.5 048 538 do 400 371 360 283 298 445 500 do 36.0 22.0 21.6 25.7 21.2 20.7 25.2 19.0 18.5 34.5 31.3 33.0 31.2 22.5 38.5 44.0 32.0 26.7 32. 5 24.7 26.5 34.3 24.0 45.0 27.5 26.5 33.0 26.3 25.5 31.5 23.0 23.0 44.0 39.0 41.6 39.0 28.0 49.5 60.0 44.0 34.0 44.2 31.0 34.0 44.0 30.0 60.0 33.0 32.5 42.0 33.0 30.5 40.0 28.0 28.2 55.5 50.2 51. 5 50.0 35.5 66.0 91.0 58.5 44.6 40.5 41.0 540 55.0 do 407 444 500 569 500 040 562 423 438 475 450 526 450 419 422 449 398 493 478 43.5 88.5 48.3 34.2 35.5 60.0 48.0 65.5 do 40.0 46.0 63.2 66.2 44.0 105.0 63.0 37.0 44.5 47.0 58.5 do 392 499 38.5 47.0 390 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. o °^ *5 o S .3 o | 5 : -"—; '-^Ll:i m COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. 1'irst deflec- tion. Second de- tli'rtion. 742 711' 756 756 801 801 1171 1171 1171 352 674 674 40' 50 512 512 687 687 729 720 573 678 18 18 18 256* 258s 516 9 9 442 44' 119 119 765 765 853 853 8S3 11 A. H. Curtiss ...do Alluvial . . 0. 7415 1 0. 8006 0.8034 0. 7980 0. 8105 0.8204 0. 7023 0. 6818 0.0898 0. 7159 0. 8716 0.8325 0. 7440 0. 7477 0. 7693 0. 7557 0. 6910 0. 7203 0. 5739 0. 5909 0. C017 0.5960 0. 4123 0. 5330 0. 4568 0.5050 0.5053 0. 4939 0. 7333 0. 7146 0. 6352 0.6416 6. 7571 0. 6945 0. 0892 0. 6770 0.7000 0. 7324 0. 7250 0.7784 0. 7614 0.8460 0. 8591 0.8068 0.8182 1221 1356 1221 1320 1356 1221 1395 1110 1221 697 904 93!) 1136 1252 751 703 872 970 990 1017 1285 1062 498 888 679 1221 1085 872 1221 1221 1085 1039 1221 1221 976 1163 1221 1285 1395 1628 1395 1395 1320 1110 1136 1285 1356 j 1177 1221 1320 J320 1338 1085 1252 751 967 921 1085 1302 781 787 842 1085 1007 1017 1221 10C2 525 872 651 11G3 1039 888 1302 * 1221 1050 1122 1302 1302 1007 1136 1221 1252 1395 1628 1479 1395 1395 1163 1177 806 1334 1055 1111 1289 1266 1165 947 1111 994 1120 1106 1153 1284 923 1055 846 1048 846 635 1034 949 415 703 619 898 867 675 1312 1235 1026 937 1284 1180 1024 1048 1106 1221 1256 1446 1289 820 984 1209 1057 281 . Quercus laurifolia Laurel Oak. 282. Quercns hetcrophylla Bartram'x Oak. ...do Florida do Saint John's river . . iln ....do do ....do ....do ....do Nr\v Jersey do Mount Holly S. P. Sharpies .. do Clay ....do do 'In do ...do Alabama Citronelle, Santa liita mount- ains. C. Mohr G. Engolinaunand C. S. Sargent. . do Pine-barren Dry, rocky Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack. do ..do Kentucky Harrodslmrg W. M. Linney G. W. Letterman.. A.Gattingcr do Utiea shale Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak. 286. Quercus Phellos Willow Oak: Peach Oak. Rich, moist Tennessee Tullahoma Moist, siliceous . . . . . .do . . California , Marin county G. R.Vasey Gravelly Tanlark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak. 288. Czstnnoppia clnysopliylla Chinquapin. 289. Castanea pmnila Chinquapin. 290. Caatanea vulgaris, var. Americana. Chestnut. California ilendocino county . . do A. Kellogg do Arkansas do G. TV. Letterman . do do Massachusetts A rr.oM Arboretum. . Jo C.S.Sargent do Drift ...do do H Shriver Moist do do do . do Tennessee Massachusetts — do Nashville Arnold Arboretum . . do C.S.Sargent do . . Drift ....do Seech. Mercer county W. M. Linney do Hudson Kivershale ....do do do Dansville do . ... W.J.Beal do Gravelly ....do do do do do do ....do Massachusetts — ....do do Hamilton ....do do J. Robinson ....do do ....do ....do ....do do Arnold Arboretum . . ....do Danvers ....do North Reading do . .. C. S. Sargent ....do Drift Hop Hornbeam. Iron Wood. Lever Wood. 11 877 877 1047 1047 ....do ....do ....do ....do do ....do ....do ....do do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 391 DEFLECTION", IK MILLIMETRES, UNDER A PUESSUKE, IS KILOGRAMS, OF— Ultimate strength: transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. SO 100 15O 2OO 16.8 13.7 17.0 10.0 14.5 15.0 14.7 16.5 14.7 26.5 20.8 22.7 18.5 15.3 28.0 27.0 24.5 18.2 20.0 L>0.2 16.2 19.0 O (set.) 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.5 2.1 1.9 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.2 200 •J.io 21.8 17.5 22.5 20.6 18.7 19.0 19.2 20.9 19.0 35. 0 27.0 30.0 24.4 19.8 39.0 36.0 31.0 23.5 25.5 26.0 20.5 24.6 3OO 29.0 21.3 28.7 27.0 23.5 24.5 23.7 26.0 24.0 46.0 35.5 37.0 31.5 25.0 52.5 47.0 40.5 29.5 32.0 3.10 400 450 .-)«•<» 550 4.0 3.6 4.0 3.7 3.0 4.0 3.5 4.4 4.0 7.0 5.4 5.2 4.3 3.9 6.5 6.4 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 3.8 4.6 9.8 5.5 7.2 4.0 4.5 5.6 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.7 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.7 4.4 4.3 7.6 7.2 8.3 8.0 7.4 7.4 7.3 9.0 7.8 13.0 10.1 10.6 9.0 7.5 12.5 12.4 11.6 9.0 9.7 9.6 8.0 9.2 18.6 11.2 15.0 8.4 9.4 11.0 7.5 8.0 9.3 8.7 7.5 7.5 9.7 8.6 8.0 7.8 7.0 6.0 6.6 7.0 _ 7. 0 8.4 8.3 12.0 10.3 12.2 11.6 11.0 11.0 11.0 12.0 11.0 19.5 15.0 16.0 13.5 11.2 19.4 19.2 17.5 13.6 14.8 14.6 12.0 14.0 30.4 17.0 23.5 13.0 14.4 17.0 11.6 12.2 14.0 13.6 11.0 11.2 14.2 13.2 11.5 11.6 10.0 8.6 10.0 10.4 11.0 13. o' 12.6 17.0 14.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 15.5 15.0 17.0 15.3 27.0 21.0 22.7 18. 0 16.0 29.0 27.5 24.4 18.4 20.2 20.3 16.2 19.2 344 569 450 474 550 540 742 742 756 756 801 801 1171 1171 1171 352 674 674 40' 50 512 512 687 687 729 729 573 573 18 18 18 258» 258» 516 9 9 44» 44» 119 119 765 765 853 853 853 11 11 877 877 1047 1047 26.0 36.0 33.2 29.5 30.5 29.5 33.0 30.5 59.0 44.3 47.0 40.0 31.5 69.0 63.0 55.0 37.0 40.5 31.0 46.3 42.5 36.5 37.5 37.0 42.0 38.7 76.0 55.7 58.0 49.5 40.0 37.0 60.0 58.5 46.0 46.7 48.0 40.5 58.0 58.5 58.5 80.0 do 497 404 474 424 478 472 49.0 Cross-grained ; broke with coarse splinters 72.5 73.0 60.7 50.0 do 492 548 394 450 361 447 361 271 441 405 177 300 0.5 sap-wood; broke witb large splinters .... 62.0 81.5 110. 0 46.0 25.7 31.5 32.2 41.0 40.7 62.0 Crushed at center bearing; broke with scales on tension side... Shattered ... 23.6 33.0 17.5 19.5 23.2 15.7 16.2 19.0 IS. 0 14.7 14.7 19.4 18.0 16.0 15.4 13.6 11.5 13.5 14.0 14.5 17.5 17.5 0.7 1.7 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0. :. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.0 24.0 33.2 17.6 19.6 24.0 15.6 16.3 19.0 18.2 If.. 0 15.0 19.5 18.5 10.5 15.5 14.0 12.0 13.7 14.0 14.5 iao 18.0 30. 7 45.0 22.0 25.0 31.5 20.0 21.0 25.0 23.7 19.0 19.0 25.0 23.6 19.7 20.0 17.5 15.0 17.0 18.0 18.5 23.7 23.5 40.5 do .. ... 264 383 370 288 560 29.0 33.0 38.0 41.0 26.0 26.7 31.5 30.5 24.0 24.5 32.0 30.0 25.0 25.5 21.7 18.5 22.0 22.3 23.4 30.5 31.0 30.7 32.5 41.0 38.5 30.5 30.0 40.0 39.0 31.0 31.0 27.0 22.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 40.0 36.5 42.0 52.5 52.0 37.0 37.5 53.0 51.5 40.0 40.0 32.5 27.0 34.0 45.0 54.0 55.5 75.0 do 527 438 400 548 504 437 447 472 521 536 617 550 350 420 516 451 47.0 46.7 65.5 70.0 49.5 50.0 42.0 33.5 43.0 76.5 56.5 40.0 60.0 52.0 75.0 Sap-wood; broke with fine splinters; deflection with 600 kilograms pressure, 64 millimeters. 37.5 51.5 52.0 67.5 73.5 102.0 392 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. •Si w II "•3 f!< £.3 a £.53 B tn «M 0 3 S (S ..... ffl COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. First deflec- tion. i ll . .ana 46 73 73' 73' 73' 1038 10 10 84S 722 722 836 900 990 1065 1065 1065 1066 1066 1067 1067 528 620 843 843 1068 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 136 136 841 841 842 842 4 G. "W. Lettennan.. "W. M. Linney An Damp, alluvial Trenton limestone do 0. 7798 0. 770? 0. 7852 0. 7641 0. 7983 0. 7307 0. 6121 0. 6163 0. 5949 0. 6244 0.5948 0. 7034 0. 613G 0. 6239 0. 6921 0. 6653 0. 6614 0. 6136 0. 6136 0.6409 0. 6028 0. 5998 0. 5905 0. 7147 0. 7215 0. 6579 0. 6647 0. 6573 0.6647 0. 6710 0. 6056 0. 5835 0. 5815 0.6335 0. 6273 0.6346 0. 6149 0. 7393 0. 7454 0. 7002 0. 8579 0. 8215 0. 5000 0. 5017 0. 5199 0.5244 921 1221 1395 888 1285 857 814 465 872 1110 1221 1221 1039 1221 1526 1628 1395 1085 1320 1356 1285 888 076 1628 1575 1575 1628 1479 1628 ]479 1953 1039 1221 1039 1221 921 1039 1395 1479 1356 1395 1575 976 1017 842 842 957 1285 1395 939 1395 921 814 503 872 1149 1149 1320 1085 1191 1502 J575 1526 1191 1338 1356 1285 872 976 1550 1526 loOl 1028 1628 1684 1550 1775 1085 1221 1085 1356 904 1028 1436 1002 1302 1415 1502 1028 10] 7 888 807 1134 1355 1172 1055 1406 773 909 586 837 1083 1008 1181 816 994 1165 1099 1228 1069 1017 1134 982 738 874 1202 1289 1216 1219 13?0 1212 1245 1282 1041 975 954 1005 937 026 1289 1282 1294 105? 1165 701 703 830 820 Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Seech. Iron Wood. BETULACE.S:. 294. Betnla albn, rar. populifolia White Birch. Old-field, Birch. Gray Birch. Mercer county iln do do do do do Massachusetts ....do . . do Danveis Arnold Arhorotum . . do J. Robinson C. S. Sargent do Gravelly Drift do do Gravelly Sereno "Watson . . do Wet . . Canoe Birch. White Birch. Pa- per Birch. do "assai-hi] setts Townsend Alaska Chilcoot iulet Paul Schultze do Vermont do Cbarlotto C. G. Pringlo do do . . do . . do do do do' do do do ...do . . do do Engelmatm's cnfiou. Strawberry v;i!lev . Robert Douglas.. G. Engelmaun and C. S. Sargent. J. Robinson do "Wet sandy Black Birch. 297 Betula lutea California "Wet peaty Gravelly do Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. do . An Vermont Charlotte C. G. Pi ingle . do ...do do do do do do ....do do . ....do do do do ....do G. W. Lettenuan. . ....do J. Robins'on do ....do Moist loam Red Birch. River Birch. 299 Betula lenta do Massachusetts ....do North Andover do ....do Alluvial . do do do do do .. . . do do do do do Arnold Arboretum. . do C S Sargent ... Drift Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. 4 221 844 844 967 967 991 991 do do do Charlotte .... C. G. Pringle J. Robinson ....do Paul Schnltze Gravelly ....do ....do Massachusetts ... do Alaska Dam-ers ...do Sitka Alder. do do do . ... Washington terri- tory, do Pnyallup do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 393 IIEFLECTIOX, IX MILLIMETERS, VSM'I: A rUKSHUBK, IX KILOGRAMS, OF— Ultimate strength: transverse pressure. Be marks. Oflicc number. 50 1OO 1 5O ••!<><> O :n;. i 24.0 37.0 n.7 45.0 48.5 330 48.0 2!'. 7 29.0 50. 5 27. '-' 4OO 430 300 .130 5.3 4.0 B.5 3.8 5.7 6.0 10.5 5.0 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.7 4.0 3.2 3.0 3.5 4.5 3.7 3.C 3.8 5.5 5.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 8.0 3.3 3.0 3.3 2.5 4.7 4.0 4.7 4.0 5.3 4.7 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.1 5.0 4.8 5.8 .5.8 10.2 7.6 7.0 10.4 7.0 10. (i 12.0 19.4 it a 8.5 8.5 7.4 9.0 8.2 6.5 6.2 6.4 8.2 7.3 7.2 7.6 11. 2 10.0 6.3 6.4 6. 1 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.3 5.5 9.0 S. II 9.0 7.2 10.8 9.5 6.8 6.5 7.5 6.9 6.5 9.5 9.6 11.0 12.1 15.2 11.0 10. r. 15.7 10.0 17.0 18.0 30.6 17. C 111.0 1:1.4 11.0 14.0 12.4 10.0 9.5 10.0 12.6 11.2 10.7 12.0 18.0 15.5 9.3 9.2 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.8 9.4 8.3 13.3 12.0 14.0 H.O 17.0 14.0 10.0 10.0 10.4 10.0 10.0 14.4 14.6 16.7 19.0 1 •jl.O 15.0 14.0 21.7 13.7 24.0 25.4 46.0 ->5. r, 17.2 19.0 15.0 19.5 17.0 13. 0 13.3 | 13.4 17.0 15.0 14.3 lo.r, 27.0 21.4 12.7 12.5 12.4 11.5 11.6 11.6 12.4 11.3 18.2 1ft, 8 19.0 14.7 23.0 19.2 13.5 13.0 13.3 13.6 13.7 19.0 19.8 22.5 27.0 i.a 0.4 0.6 1.:, 0.4 2.2 0.4 6.5 2.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 2.9 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.9 81.8 15.0 14.4 22. 4 14.0 24.8 26.0 47.8 26.8 17.5 19.2 15.0 20.0 17.0 13.4 13.3 13.7 17.3 15.5 14.3 16.5 27.4 21.6 12.7 12.6 12.2 11.5 11.5 11.7 12.4 11.4 18.6 16.3 19.4 14.7 24.0 19.4 13.5 13.5 13.6 13.5 14.0 19.5 20.0 22.7 27.5 2S. II in. o IP. B 29.0 17.7 33.0 34.2 i;n. .-, 35.5 :;(.:; 64.0 88. 0 80.0 45.0 41.. 1 93. r> ;is. :, 484 578 500 450 600 330 3KH 250 187 462 480 504 348 424 497 469 524 456 434 484 419 315 373 313 550 519 52H 563 in 531 547 444 416 407 429 400 395 550 547 552 448 497 299 300 46 7:; 73' 1» 73' 1038 10 10 848 736 722 836 990 990 1065 1065 1065 1066 106ft 1067 1(167 taa 829 843 843 1 111:8 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 138 136- 841 841 842 842 4 4 221 844 844 967 967 991 991 56.0 68.0 48.0 59.0 Deflection with 600 kilograms pressure, 82 millimeters; broke with line splinter*. r,7. ii :;ti. 2 22.6 25. 0 19.0 26.3 22.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 21.7 19.7 18.0 21.5 37.5 29.2 16.2 15.7 15.4 14.5 14.0 14.5 111 6 14.5 23.5 21.0 25.0 19.0 32.0 2:.. 0 17.5 16.7 16.5 17.2 18.0 25.5 26.0 30.0 37.0 .in. (i 28.4 33.0 24.0 :i.i. o 28.0 21.0 21.5 22.0 27. s 25.0 23.0 28.0 54.0 40.5 20.0 19.5 19.2 18.0 17.0 17.7 19.5 iao 30.0 27.0 32.5 24.0 45.0 33.0 21.6 20.8 19.7 22.0 22.6 62.0 35.7 44.0 30.0 46.0 58.5 37.5 65.0 49.0 68.7 36.0 .'(1. .1 26.5 27.0 35.0 32.0 28.0 36.0 50.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 44.0 41.0 35.5 52.0 43.0 43.0 39.0 Crushed :it center bearing; broke with large splinter on corner 51.5 43.0 60.0 24.5 24.5 23.2 21.7 20.7 21.7 24.0 22.0 39.0 35.5 45.0 31.0 61.5 45.0 27.0 26.0 24.0 27.0 28.0 Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 30.5 30.0 29.0 27.0 25. 0 2 s;i]i.wood; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters. Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing ; bioke with iiue splinters on corner. Heart-wood ; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . . 45.5 . Sap-wood : crushed at center bearing; broke with coarse splinters at corners. 66.0 41.0 100 0 Sap- wood ; crushed at center beai ing ; broke with fine splinters on tension side. Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; shattered on corner 34.0 32.0 28.5 34.0 35.5 40.7 40.0 34.5 51.5 51.0 43.7 72.0 Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 60.0 45.5 do 37.5 50.0 50.0 72.0 354 do 350 do FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOlt OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the air-dried speci- men. Direction of -xrain. COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. l'irstdclli'0- tiou. i ~3 O si s| 1* 1025 1025 635 717 717 979 979 094 694 b02 855 908 908 911 690 690 640 981 981 889 721 972 972 669 272' 2705 1035 1035 847 Portland Furniture Company. do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do 0. 4739 0. 5084 0. 4857 0.4545 0. 4886 0. 4465 0. 4375 0. 4170 0. 4049 o. r.oor, 0. 5330 0. 4675 0. 4676 0. 4670 0. 5341 0. 5284 0. 4703 0. 4375 0. 4014 0.4198 0. 5057 0. 5719 0.5278 0. 5760 0. 3955 0. 3S85 0. 4580 0. 4828 0. 4443 0. 4386 0. 4155 0. 4080 0. 4034 0. 4085 0. 4506 0.4488 0. 3750 0. 3898 0. 4108 0. 4108 m m m m w\ *^''- 1320 1221 904 679 729 904 888 787 787 1163 407 610 488 554 479 509 542 1163 970 330 1221 1285 1221 921 740 651 976 888 976 904 740 857 888 740 751 488 10C2 1085 1221 1163 1285 1338 948 669 751 948 913 751 787 1085 391 514 476 514 488 488 525 1085 1028 305 1085 1375 1149 888 781 651 913 913 996 930 723 842 872 607 763 458 1050 1062 1221 1136 900 905 738 567 701 698 703 696 677 820 424 511 530 609 734 553 584 701 743 469 809 928 888 813 562 541 720 881 696 748 642 574 527 626 593 401 6S2 637 694 645 302. Alnns rhombifolia Alder. do ....do Ashland ....do Sereno "Watson . . . ....do C. S. Sargent do Wet ....do ....do Oregon .. do ....do Drain .. do do California W. G. Wright Alder. do .... do ]>r. Remarks. | 3 3 1 SO 100 130 200 0 (set.) soo 230 300 330 400 430 5OO 33O 7..: :.. r> n. :> 4.;: .-,. s 1.0 •l.i' 4.0 4. s 4.:, 7.:, 7.:: :..4 :.. c G.4 7.H C. 0 B, (1 r,. i: .-•. '.i 10.0 11.0 9.4 7. A 7.8 8.3 8.0 14.7 17.5 IS. 2 0.4 7.:: 9.0 9.5 4.0 5.0 :,. (i 4.8 18.0 14. 3 i). S n.r, 11.0 9.4 12.0 14. C 11.4 13. f> 8.6 11.6 7.5 8.0 S. •_' a o , 9.0 14.7 14.4 8.5 10.4 11.7 12.1 13. 0 12.0 10.9 11.0 11.0 19.0 •Jl.O 18.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 10.8 29.0 33.2 37. f> 1L>. r, 13.4 17.5 18.0 8.5 9.3 10.5 9.5 38.0 29.2 20.0 23.5 22.0 19.0 20.0 23.0 17.2 L'l.O 13.3 18.0 12.0 12. :. 12.8 14.8 14.0 22.0 13.4 16.4 18.4 20.0 20.7 18.0 10.5 16.5 16.6 30.0 ::4. 6 28.0 24.0 21. 2 24.5 26.0 50.5 24. 2 30.0 18.8 25.6 16.0 16.8 17.2 21.4 19.4 32.4 32.6 19.0 23.0 26.7 31.0 28.0 25.0 22.5 22.0 22.0 234 282 Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 255 304 304 309 309 704 754 754 659 659 640 646 909 909 909 909 634 634 662 602 662 379 379 782 783 783 790 790 792 792 792 874 874 1099 1099 1017 1017 1021 1021 350 350 850 850 851 851 852 1.4 2.6 1.1 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.7 0.9 2.4 9 5 25.3 30.7 19.1 26.5 10.0 17.0 17.5 21.8 19.4 33.0 34 0 33.2 41.5 26.0 36.0 20.7 21.5 22.4 do .' 35.2 48.5 25.8 27.5 29.0 51.5 824 888 400 363 33.0 35.5 39.0 Shattered ! do 249 347 317 293 339 25.3 43.0 47 0 33.3 62.5 Crushed at center hearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do 1.8 1.5 2.1 5.5 1.2 O.C 0.5 0.7 0.4 19.5 23.2 27.2 30.4 29.0 25.5 23.0 22.0 22.5 25.5 31.0 34.6 42.5 300 247 274 264 300 334 979 Shattered 43.5 41.5 32.5 29.0 29.0 28.5 45.0 35.5 do do 279 do 194 188 do 38.7 33.5 2. 0 40. 7 1. 2 34. 6 232 225 do 191 249 250 168 150 151 250 284 35.5 36.2 2. 0 37. 0 1. 6 37. 2 ~_ 03. 0 19. r, 20.8 27.0 £8.5 13.0 14.0 15.5 14.5 27. 5 •_v. :. 38.0 39.0 17.8 19.0 21.7 20.0 1.6 1.4 2.4 2.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 28.7 29.0 40.5 40.8 18.0 19.0 22.2 20.0 . do . 39.0 .. do 250 . do 55.0 23.0 24.0 31.0 26.7 279 349 350 271 308 140 30.0 31.0 Shattered ... ... . Shattered 37.0 do 50.5 32.5 30.0 33.2 29.6 38.0 162 206 235 200 217 200 47.5 54.0 5.2 5.6 50.2 55.0 40.0 63.0 5.2 8.2 49.5 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. . State. Locality. Collector. Soil. o '3 .ti ' * y S- lit cc Direction of grain. COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. ! First di-nVc- tion. Seeond de- flection. 969 969 983 983 994 994 994 1000 1000 701 707 707 675 675 691 Sitka Paul Schultze B 0. 5097 0. 4229 0. 5267 0. 5114 0. 5074 0. 4913 0. 5267 0. 5078 0. 5159 0. 5239 0. 4682 0.5335 0. 6307 0. 6512 0. 5580 0.5563 0. 4834 0. 5078 0.5630 0. 5419 0.7347 0. 5316 0. 5302 0. 5357 0. 5239 0. 5723 0. 5354 0.5558 0. 5385 0. 4997 0. 7373 0.6029 0. 5671 0. 6398 0.6670 0. 5307 0.4907 0. 4923 0. 4167 0. 4334 0. 3426 0.3506 0.2687 0.4103 0.4211 m o ;-.__-.j m 814 888 1221 1110 1163 1085 1320 814 703 904 1221 1628 976 1085 452 514 610 457 910 595 751 509 514 595 610 787 814 787 904 888 588 444 488 718 581 561 1163 1110 904 939 595 425 359 574 787 814 070 1221 1191 1149 1122 1221 842 721! 930 1221 1502 1062 1085 456 542 592 407 630 595 734 501 514 CIO C30 787 849 781 888 888 688 474 542 697 595 603 1122 1163 904 9119 595 444 315 558 751 851 696 1020 930 872 937 930 698 281 820 818' 1029 1041 1052 520 659 635 342 783 738 469 701 743 851 562 1052 1031 755 806 888 750 394 469 869 520 703 675 666 687 698 511 469 401 637 703 Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress. do do do British Columbia . do . Saw-mill, Victoria . . . do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargunt. do Peril strait Paul Schultze do ....do . ..do do do do ... do do "Weidler's saw-mill, Portland. do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Oregon do Uean & Co.'s saw- mill, Marshfield. do ....do do Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Ce- dar. White Cedar. Lawsorfs Cypress. Ginger Pine. do do do do . . Gravelly loam do Monterey Cypress. do do do do G.R. Vasey 691 1100 1100 692 692 1102 14 14 327 327 734 734 800 800 024 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 535 536 741 741 657 657 666 673 673 ....do ....do ....do ....do Calistoga ....do Santa Rita mount- ains. ....do ....do "W.F.Fisher ....do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do S. B. Buckley C. S. Sargent ....do J. Reverchon do ....do ....do ....do Juniper. 338. Jnniperas occidentalis, var. con- jugens. Juniper. ....do ....do Massachusetts ....do Arnold Arboretum . ....do Dallas Drift Red Cedar. Savin. i ....do do ..do ...dn ._ Floiida Chattahoochee do A. H. Curtiss do . do ....do ....do do ....do do ....do ....do Chattahoochee "Wilson county do ... C. Mohr A.E.Baird do Alluvial do . .do ....do do do do do ...do .. do ... do do . do do Stockton ....do Chattahoochee do C.Mohr ....do A. H. Curtiss do Alluvial Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Jfed Gyprest,. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress. ....do Florida ....do do California .. Tulare county ....do do G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Granite Itig Tree. 342. Seqnoia sempervirens Itedwood. ...do do ....do ....do ....do do Russian river do C. S. Sargent do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 399 DEFLECTION, IS M1LLISIKTEH8, UNUEK A 1-UE8SUKK, IX KILOGRAMS, OF— T'llinuito Mtteugth : transverse pressure. Remarks. Oilice number. 50 too 150 200 ° (set.) 200 250 3OO :i3o 100 450 500 550 6.0 5.5 4.0 4.4 4.2 4.5 3.7 0.0 6.4 5.4 4.0 3.0 •>. o 4.5 10.8 9.5 8.0 10.7 8.0 8.2 6.5 9.0 9.5 8.2 8.0 6.2 6.0 6.2 5.4 5.5 8.3 11.0 10.0 6.8 8.4 8.7 4.2 4.4 5.4 5.2 8.2 11.5 13.6 8.5 6.2 12.0 10.0 8.0 S.2 8.5 8.7 8.0 11.6 13.5 10.5 8.0 6.5 9.2 9.0 21.4 18.0 10.5 24.0 15.5 16.4 13.3 19.5 19.0 16.0 15.5 12.4 11.5 12.5 11.0 11.0 14.2 20.6 18.0 14.0 16.4 16.2 8.7 8.4 10.8 10.4 16,4 22.0 31.0 17.5 13.0 18.0 15.0 12.0 12.5 12.5 13.5 11.5 17.5 24.7 21.0 17.0 17.2 17.6 15.4 24. L' 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 24.5 21. 2 16.0 17.5 17.0 18.0 15.0 24.4 31.5 29.5 20.0 21.5 •». 0 22.5 19.0 31.5 •ll.n 60.7 363 297 435 397 909 969 983 983 994 994 994 1000 1000 701 70T 707- 075 675. 091 691' HOC- noa «92 692 1102 14 14 327 327 734 734 800. 800 924 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 53& 535 741 741 657 657 666 673- 673. 25.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 24.0 31.7 86. 0 39.5 37.0 31.5 42.0 do 372 do ••::. o 400 397 do 298 120 350 349 439 .. do ... 15.0 12.0 9.6 13.5 13.5 35.0 27.8 25.5 •-'1. U 16.4 12.7 18.0 17.6 49.0 40.0 35.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.3 5.0 3.4 1.5 22.4 16. 0 13.0 18.0 18.0 49.0 41.7 35.7 29.0 21.0 16.0 22.5 22.5 37.0 28.0 20.0 28.0 27.5 Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension aide, splitting in axis. do 25.4 33.0 34.0 32.0 40.0 42.0 444 449 Square break on tension side, splitting in aiis ; shattered from end to end. . .do . 222 281 Shattered 58.0 40.4 do . . 271 140 334 315 24.0 23.0 20 5 32.5 34.0 °8 0 1.0 1.1 1.6 32.4 34.0 42.5 44.0 55.0 58.5 do 200 299 317 29.0 29.0 25.0 24.0 18.2 17.0 19.2 16.5 16.1 21.4 31.0 26.0 21.5 25.6 20.0 12.9 13.0 16.7 16.0 25.0 34.0 54.0 27.0 19.0 40. C 40.0 33.2 31.0 24.5 23.0 26.5 21.7 21.5 28.0 1.9 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.3- 0.2 0.8 40.0 40.5 33.5 32.0 24.5 23.0 26.7 22.0 21.8 29.0 52.0 53.0 43.0 Shattered 70.0 56.0 do 73.5 363 do 240 do 31.7 29.0 35.0 28.2 27.7 34.7 38.5 35.7 43.5 35.0 34.5 48.5 47.2 45.5 59.5 545 449 440 322 344 379 320 168 200 381 222 300 288 284 293 298 218 200 171 272 300 0.25 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis 43.5 34.0 28.7 37.0 30.0 17.5 17.9 23.5 22.8 34.0 49.0 1.5 1.3 4.1 2.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.2 3.6 30.0 39.0 37.0 18.2 18.2 24.5 23.0 35.0 36.5 45.2 58.0 Specimen not seasoned ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 48.0 24.5 24.0 33.0 30.8 66.0 - 38.0 26.2 2.0 0.5 38.5 26.5 52.5 34.5 do FOKK8T TKKKS OK XOKT11 AMKKU'A. TABLK 111.— T.K11AY1OU OF T11K rmNril'Al. -WOODS OK THK Species. tar. - .'ity. . !<>r. • l)l«-:.,: •ML BLAffl Mo'lulni of miitiiro. •aon 710 711 713 714 97* 6M •51 1 1 •:._• 777 777 7" 7r> 789 m m 7W 1444 1M4 9T5 987 187 OS M M in 73* 819 819 m 913 992 993 I' I'-V-Hi I Turner. Kennedv .»w. ,i,> a 44 43 0. 441S> i KM t.8M 0.3S41 o. K.^;; 0.5533 0.7110 , •'.. • a |M O..MW 1 4 \ • • i 1 0. 6»4 i mi o.ssej C i n t ^ H I MM . -:: 1 4 M ..,...•- a 3710 a 4319 1X4323 - Ha 0.3899 a 4301 I ma a. Mm 0.3363 0.3307 0.4602 0.4642 0.4733 0.4604 M •(•-• 0.4587 697 W2 6JI - m 751 651 S14 M m 407 444 7M 921 651 loss los:. 1039 773 876 842 m ~- 1163 751 957 -~ 740 814 763 740 751 6S1 787 381 37* 679 an BH an £49 708 7M 666 610 M 673 651 931 913 430 444 930 M f. - 1039 1062 1039 7M 751 976 849 697 M 1191 740 921 M 740 £14 740 697 835 381 348 673 1V.I M m tat in at) TM RM W ins 1010 M6 844 an Ma 698 an 804 4-:« an 930 621 390 M BM an 616 an 577 an in ;, « an w 776 an 464 7ol i 343. Tains brevifblia .. do do -: z .. do do do ....do Mejidocino county .. .1. Keutneld \ Co >lo ... ,to do do •l.> do i do do ....do ....do do . . .do . . ....do Oregon Portland on and C. S S;:r;oat. do - Sarjent A H.Curt."
  • Tnr. 345. Terreva taxifolia ....do Florid* ....do Chatrahoochce ....do . do . do Alluvial *tiiiti*f Crtar. Sfri». 346. Torreva California ... ....do do do California G K Vasev Stony CWOform* Xvlmtj. Sti*ti»9 CW«r. XT. Pinna Strobua... ....do ....do . do do Massachusetts.... ....do Arnold Arboretum . C. S. Sargent do Diift Fato Piiw. WVymottt* Pin*. 348. Finns monticola... do Vermont Charlotte C. G. Pringle Intercolonial rail- 7»T \\Y:. swampy Xew Brunswick . . .. do do Bridgvton - aclair ...do ...do do Province of Quebec ....do A Grant ....do ...do . do Grand Trunk rail- wav. do .. do Massachusetts.... ....do British Columbia Reading . J. Robinson Drift ....do Hastings' saw. mill. Burrard inlet. Cascade mountains . . do ....do G. Ensrlmaimand C. S. Sargent. C.a Sargeit do ....do mutfiiu. 349. Pinna Lambertiaaa Moist loam ... do . do . California Saw.mill, Straw, berry valley. G. Enselmannand S Sargent G E. Vasev SMjarPiiw. 350. Finns flexilis .. do . ....do ...do . . ...do . do Sierra Lumber Company. do ...do . Colorado . Forest Citv T.S.Brandegee... ....do do H>i« Pint. *51. Finns albicanlis ....do do ....do do ....do .. do Nevada . .. Danville A. Triple An British Colombia . Silver Monntain val- lev, Fraser river. ....do.. do G. Engelniann and C SC Sargent, do 1 TIIK WOODS OF THK IJNITKI) STATES. rMTKI) STATICS I'NDKH TKA NSVKKSK STUA IN— Oonf imu- 02 277 277 M l l '222 777 777 7M 789 789 797 TOT 1044 1044 97} 987 987 M r,.. 73* 730 819 819 «19 913 9K 992 i" union aide :;i n •.•::. :, 27.7 •.•>;, i; LI ii 7 1.0 n <; 0.9 24 ii 2*. 4 27.0 H o ::>. ii .Vi. i, grain ; nrjnare break on teuton aide, afUOtef S*jnai<- ' -ion xt'lc Hjilittfni; in axl«' unattered 21. r. 22.5 11.5 1«,0 17.2 10.4 2:.. o 22.fi 14.0 14.2 14.8 20.7 20. 0 15.4 17.1 2.' ! 17.0 2«. 2 M.2 17.0 IS.9 18.7 20.6 18.* 21. C 17.5 41..'. 46.0 22.5 24. Ii 31.0 22.8 22.0 50.5 40. r, 23.8 22.8 0.9 17 14 I- ) 0.5 24.0 31.0 22.5 22.2 .','». '.< 41.0 n.7 28.5 :A. o 4!l. 0 '2. 0 47.0 61. « 60.5 47.0 4«.2 59.3 84.0 92.5 75.0 do 403 360 372 • Stitttend .. S^pjan: bt^&k on t«o«ion aUlA •plfttfog in aiU' RkAitered do 200 2*8 2« 291 343 181 271 279 293 Broke at trndl knot it point of eumpreMioo 3.1 1.2 0.5 4'j. :, 68.0 H.I 46.5 • Bqoan bn«k on toMim *ld«, qdittiae iD *xb; »!*> broke «t k«rt MM t|,. , ,.,] ffqnim break with ncak on tnuioo Mo Bqoare break on teoafon ulrte uplifting in axin • ahattared 62.0 S.jiimr*- break ; ahattered Croaa^rained . * 20.0 IB. 8 20.5 30.0 32.3 SLI 1.0 0.0 0.3 3.6 LO 1.3 20.4 21.0 21.0 3LO 25.2 29.0 29.0 28.0 Started at knot . . do 243 225 Square br<-ak .» do 30.0 36.0 397 2M 249 292 225 283 Square break • aplit to one end 24.0 17.1 a i 23.0 M o H.I 24.0 Li LI 1.2 1.0 "2.4 2.0 - 24.6 17. S 34.2 24.0 23.0 29.0 26. * 29.5 27.0 31.4 24. 2 24.0 Croabed at center bearing * broke with floe apllntera 35.* M.2 M 1 .. . do 293 246 280 231 226 293 271 Square break on tm«lfn aide apUiiing In axia 8>nare break ... 35.0 46.2 32.0 Square break • •nattered do 43.0 331 101 198 299 .-.- S*jo»re break at knot ftqoare break - altattered 31.0 1.2 32.0 42.0 . Ai. :.'<; i OK 402 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. • State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of tboair-dried speci- men. Direction of grain. COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. First deflec- tion. S o ^ 'S go 661 661 656 656 397 883 915 631 631 821 821 821 914 315 315 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1076 996 996 1154 1154 1155 1155 1156 619 626 630 630 632 636 689 718 718 731 7111 907 910 633 633 667 667 Santa Rita monnt- ams. do G. Engelmanu and C. S. Sargent. . . . .do 0. 5261 0. 5392 0. 6862 0. 6342 0. 6704 0. 5694 0. 6579 0. 5623 0. 5714 0. 5113 0. 4987 0.4811 0.6240 0.5482 0. 5511 0. 4951 0. 4191 0. 4886 0. 4789 0. 5221 0.5164 0.5471 0. 5800 0. 6570 0. 7913 0. 4749 0. 4696 0.4250' 0. 5034 0. 4788 0. 4814 0. 4748 0. 5502 0. 4429 0.5079 0. 4502 0. 4750 0. 4795 0. 4863 0. 5206 0. 5277 0. 5678 0. 5758 0. 5948 0.6329 M m m m 814 939 390 444 429 421 519 542 651 568 888 842 651 1356 1320 1039 888 1221 976 1039 • lie;] 634 542 763 814 814 872 729 1321 1356 191 266 1221 814 1285 1085 1103 1221 11C3 313 271 498 417 1221 1627 849 976 349 407 421 415 454 528 ' 660 574 888 763 634 1395 1375 1039 849 1110 1007 1062 mi 630 454 740 835 857 888 794 1285 1252 190 364 1221 814 1302 . 1110 1163 1221 1163 305 247 506 394 1320 1479 689 851 347 504 448 281 295 291 558 469 771 680 694 895 735 806 670 773 703 813 799 809 703 703 553 593 769. 647 881 930 443 382 905 780 1041 766 818 783 795 liOl 438 585 310 902 1171 White Pine. do California Son Diego county... do G. R. Vasey Pinon. Nut Pine. do .. do Colorado Utah Nevada California do CaBonCity Lewiston Danville Scott mountains do E. Weston M. E. Jones A. Triple G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Gravelly Rocky Pinon. Nut Pine. Pinon. Nut Pine. Gravelly 357. Pinua Balfouriana, var. aristata Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine. .. do T. S. Brandegee do > do .. do do do do Nevada Prospect mountain. . Hersey do A. Triple W.J.Beal ....do Rocky Red Pine. Norway Pine. do New Brunswick . . do Bridgeton do Ed. Sinclair do ... Vermont do Charlotte do C. G.Pringle ..do do do do do do .. do San Diego county . . . ...do Santa Rita mount, ains. do . . G. Engelmann ....do C. G. Pringle Sandy ...do ....do Yellow Pine. do do ...do ... do do . do ....do ....do Dakota ....do ...do ....do ....do Robert Douglas. . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do ....do .do do ....do Gravelly fellow Pine. Sntt Pine. \ 362. Pinus Jeffrey! Saw-mill, Ashlajid . . Strawberry valley . . ....do Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. California Low, wet, swamp} ....do ....do do do do ....do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Saw-mill, Missoula. . do W G Wright do do do do . . pany. do do do do California ....do ....do ..do Scott mountains . . . ....do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. do G. Eugclmaun and C. S. Sargent. do W G Wright Dry, gravelly ....do Butt Pine. Slack Pine. do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 403 DEFLECTION, IX MILLJMETKU8, t'XDKU A 1'lil.SSUIIE, IN KILOGKAMS, OF — Tltiinate strength; transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. 50 100 150 .too O (Mt) JOO 250 .'{00 35O too 45O 5OO 550 6.0 5.2 12.5 11.0 11.4 11. fl 9.4 9.0 7.5 8.6 5.5 5.8 7.5 3.6 3.7 4.7 5.5 4.0 5.0 4.7 4.2 7.7 9.0 6.4 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.7 4.0 3.6 25.6 18.1 4.0 6.0 3.8 4.5 „ 4.0 4.2 15.6 18.0 9.8 11.7 4.0 3.0 j 11.8 In. ii L'8. 0 24.0 23.2 23.5 21.5 18.5 14.8 17.0 11.0 12.8 15.4 7.0 7.1 9.4 11.5 8.8 9.7 9.2 8.0 15.5 21.5 13.1 n.7 11.4 11.0 12.3 7.6 7.8 51.5 37.0 8.0 12.0 7.5 8.8 8.4 8.0 8.4 32.0 39.5 19.3 j 24.8 7.4 6.6 17.:. 15.0 •J.|. J 20. (I 1.0 0.8 25.0 •JO. 1! 32.0 25.6 294 363 061 061 638 656 397 882 915 631 631 821 821 821 914 315 315 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1076 990 99« 115* 115t 1155 1153 1150 619 626 630 630 032 636 689 718 718 731 731 907 910 633 633 667 fl«7 S3. 0 43.0 do 148 215 37.2 39.2 55.0 7.0 5!). 2 do 191 120 126 ..do . . 124 do £1. •> 25.7 17.3 19.0 24.0 10.7 10.5 14.0 16.8 13.0 15.0 14.0 12.3 22.4 34.6 20.0 17.9 16.6 16.6 19.0 11.5 11.6 80.0 57.0 12.0 18.0 11.2 13.3 12.7 12.5 12.4 54.0 71.0 30.0 32.5 36.0 23.5 26.3 34.2 14.5 14.0 19.2 •j;i. :, 17.6 20.0 19.5 16.6 30.8 50.2 27.5 25.0 23.2 22.1 26.5 15.5 15.5 3.2 2.5 0.0 1.1 3.0 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 1.9 7.5 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.2 34.5 238 200 ..do . 23.5 27.0 35.7 14.6 14.0 19.5 24.0 17.6 20.3 19.5 17.0 31.5 51. 7 28.2 25.3 24.0 22.1 27.0 15.3 15.5 31.0 36.0 46.2 18.8 17.8 25.7 32.0 23.0 26.0 25.0 21.5 41.5 73.0 36.0 40.0 329 290 296 382 399 344 286 330 300 347 341 345 300 Shattered . ... 24.0 22.5 35.0 31.0 28.5 Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 30.0 40.2 33.0 28.4 55.5 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; crushed at center hairing. Shattered do 48.0 300 230 253 328 276 376 397 189 163 386 333 444 327 31.0 29.0 35.0 19.5 20.0 39.0 25.0 24.2 31.5 30.5 0.75 sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 16.0 248 14.7 iao 17.0 16.8 17.0 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 16.2 25.3 15.0 18.0 17.0 16.7 17.5 20.0 33.5 18.5 23.0 22.4 21.5 21.5 25.0 44.0 23.0 30.7 28.0 28.5 27.5 31.6 28.0 35.0 do 349 334 339 167 187 250 135 385 500 c ^ 40.0 3.8 41.8 55.5 , p g 11.0 9.6 15.0 13.0 0.5 0.4 15.0 13.2 19.0 16.0 24.0 20.0 32.5 24.5 30.0 404 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 1 1 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. •si frl 11 l| o.:2 S " a o e 3 SLSa CO = 1 — O a o 5 m T m 0 First deflec- w § tion. . S3 1 1. NT OK CITY. £ ts ^ 5 tS o £ I* CO Modulus of rupture. 664 664 997 997 293 293 563 625 625 644 644 1157 1157 676 Arizona Santa Eita mount- ains. ...do Vancouver's island . . do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ....do .. do Dry, gravelly ....do ....do do 0. 5801 0.598.' 0.6456 0. 6198 0. 4551 C. 4265 0.4540 0. 4600 0.4618 0. 54CO 0.542,6 0. 4443 0. 4322 0. 4835 0.5095 0. 4071 0. 3901 0. 6068 0. 6147 0. 5914 0.5846 0. 5600 0.4U06 0. 4075 0. 4937 0. 5670 0. 5943 0. 4371 0. 5140 0. 7592 0. 7518 0. 5402 0. 5537 0. 5610 0. 5703 0. 59iO 0. 7088 0.5341 0. 3218 0. 5160 0.5300 i 0.5573 0. 5883 •026 an 1808 1395 542 525 970 857 970 514 651 1221 1062 888 1136 354 519 1627 1744 688 888 1395 888 921 1136 697 775 542 376 1130 1221 405 697 751 542 452 :i73 542 595 679 976 1039 1221 051 800 177,-> 1395 501 514 970 888 970 528 042 1231 1002 872 1085 562 496 1027 1684 638 864 1302 888 939 1085 651 709 537 368 1163 1177 465 697 781 528 428 358 528 558 630 976 1085 1302 905 759 1048 937 286 347 743 675 769 738 820 818 703 670 809 293 525 998 1462 790 666 1012 562 773 795 797 851 647 CU3 1158 1172 682 562 855 490 722 637 429 574 771 680 1005 1059 ...do British Colombia do Scrub Pine. Forest City do T. S. Brandegee... do Moist, sandy loam, do Tamarack. Slack Pine. Lodge- pole Pine. Spruce Pine. 366. Pinos Sabiniana Digger Pine. Suit Pine. 867. Pinus Coulteri do ....do ..do Scott mountains ..do Contra Costa county do C.S.Sargent G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent ...do G. R. Vasey do ....do ....do ....do Gravelly ....do ...do ....do do ...do do San Bernard iuo do W.G.Wright do Dry, gravelly . do do G.E. Vasey Gravelly loam do Monterey Pine. 67« 576 do do ... do ....do Mount Shasta G. EngelmaDD and C. S. Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss do Gravelly Knob-cone Pine. 576 82 82 355 355 388 388 389 389 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 621 622 1169 1169 1172 1172 279 279 S21 321 671 671 ....do Florida ....do ...do Moist, sandy do Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine. do do Cottage Hill ....do C.Mohr ....do E Kidder Low, rich ....do ....do.......' North Carolina ... do do do do do do do . do do do do ...do Massachusetts ..do ....do ....do Florida do Arnold Arboretum . . ....do North Heading ..do Da val county do C. S. Sargent ....do Drift ....do .do Pitch Pine. ....do A. H. Curtiss do ...do Moist, sandy loam. ...do Pond Pine. South Carolina . . . do Aiken do H. W. Eavenel . . . do Dry, sandy Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. do do do do New Jersey do S.P. Sharpies do Clay do do Florida Apalachicola A. H. Curtiss ....do H. Shriver •. ....do G. E. Vasey ....do Dry, sandy barren. ... do Clay |....do Gravelly ....do Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. .. do Virginia ...do Wytheville Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. ....do California ... do Marin county Obiipo Pine. JlMoji's Pine. ....do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. : 15 I'KFLECTIOH, IN MILI.IMF.TF.H8, UXDER A PRESSURE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF— |f !»• jj I? .2 '• pi 386 324 447 400 122 148 317 288 328 Remarks. Office number. 50 100 150 300 0 (nt) 300 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 7.8 5.0 2.7 :i. 5 9.0 9.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 9.5 7.5 4.0 4.6 5.5 4.3 13.8 9.4 3.0 2.8 7.1 5.5 3.5 5.5 5.3 4.3 7.0 6.3 9.0 13.0 4.3 4.0 10.5 7.0 6.5 9.0 10.8 13.1 9.0 8.1 7.2 f>. 0 4.7 4.0 15.0 12. 2 5.5 7.0 19. 5 19.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 18.5 15.2 8.0 9.2 11.2 9.0 27.0 19.7 6.0 5.8 15.3 11.3 7.5 11.0 10.4 9.0 15.0 12.7 18.2 26.5 8.4 8.3 21.0 14,0 12.5 18.5 22.8 27.3 18.5 17.5 15.5 10.0 9.0 7.6 23.0 18.2 8.2 10.2 31.5 25. 7 11.5 14.0 LI; 1.3 0.2 0.3 82.0 2.rJ. H 11.6 14.0 42.0 32.4 14.4 18.0 55.0 43.7 18.0 21.3 71.0 tide . littl 664 664 997 997 293 293 563 625 625 644 644 1157 1157 676 676 576 576 82 82 355 355 388 388 389 389 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 621 622 1189 1169 1172 1172 279 279 321 321 671 671 21.6 27.0 26.0 15.0 16.8 15.0 29.0 22.5 12. 2* 14.6 17.0 14.3 20.7 23.7 20.2 43.0 32.0 16.2 20.0 23.5 19.6 0.5 1.0 0.5 4.6 2.0 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.4 21.0 23.5 20. (i 44.5 33.0 16.6 20.0 23.7 19.8 27.0 32.0 27.5 61.0 44.0 21.3 27.0 31.0 26.0 37.5 35.5 95.0 62.5 27.5 do 315 350 do . .. . 349 . .do 300 286 345 33.4 do 125 ISA 30.6 9.0 8.7 23.3 17.6 11.0 17.0 16.0 13.0 23.6 20.0 27.5 40.0 12.3 12.6 32.3 22.0 19.5 29.5 36.0 41.0 32.0 28.0 24.0 16.5 13.2 11.8 45.0 12.0 11.7 33.0 24.0 15.0 24.0 22.4 18.0 33. 5 28.5 41.6 60.0 17.0 17.0 49.0 31.0 27.0 43.0 50.0 60.0 4.8 0.4 0.2 2.5 1.5 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.5 3.0 2.4 4.0 8.0 0.6 0.5 6.0 0.5 1.6 5.3 0.0 6.3 48.0 12.3 11.8 33.0 24.5 15.0 24.0 22.5 18.0 34.0 29.2 42.7 63.0 17.0 17.4 51.0 33.0 27.5 45.0 52.5 63.5 do 15.6 14.5 44.0 32.6 18.6 19.0 17.6 57.5 23.0 21.3 29.0 25.7 426 624 Crashed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 30.2 37.2 337 284 432 240 330 23.5 29.2 38.0 29.4 23.0 45.8 37.5 60.0 68.0 21.5 22.2 71.0 38.5 30.2 63.5 50.0 do 339 do 340 363 68.0 do 276 283 494 500 Shattered 27.0 27.5 33.0 34.5 39.0 42.5 4as 52.6 do 291 240 365 213 308 272 35.8 47.6 63.5 Shattered 71.0 88.0 114.0 do 183 245 329 40.0 35.0 23.2 18.5 15.0 3.5 3.5 1.2 0.3 0.0 41.2 35. 5 23.2 18.0 15.2 Shattered .... 47.0 30.8 23.2 19.0 64.0 do 290 429 452 29.0 24.0 36.0 28.5 47.0 35.0 44.0 do 406 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. •si """• ^~ '>*& N &•§ o.i , '3 g § S.£s EC a E &t SM § | _s_ m COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. 1 *i !i -gi «-** O V £ g« h & 377 Pinus mitis 278 278 319 142 142 544 544 544 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 81 81 85 85 85 85 243 243 357 357 358 358 359 359 360 360 361 361 384 384 385 390 390 1096 1096 84 84 84 356 356 Florida A. H. Curtiss fta Clay do 0. 6524 0. 649(1 0. 6516 0. 4G30 0. 4035 o. yyja 0. 3500 0. 4268 0. 5089 0. 4713 0. 4912 0. 4917 0. 5191 0. 4297 0. 4339 0. 5129 0. 9375 0. 8125 0.6350 0. 9822 0. 6164 0. 6632 0. 7568 0. 8800 0. 7087 0. 7066 0.6643 0. 8410 0. 8906 0.8706 0. 7988 0. 8728 0.7654 0. 7242 0. 7585 0. 7480 0.6005 0. 6438 0. 7038 0. 6739 0. 6293 0.6375 0. 6852 0. 6934 0. 6640 0. 8314 0. 7716 0. 7710 1221 1395 1479 634. 642 220 244 244 561 595 574 814 1320 • 872 976 1039 1628 1526 976 1628 814 1628 1039 C42 1953 2123 1628 1628 1436 1628 1628 1628 1684 1221 2035 2035 957 1628 1221 1808 1628 1085 1479 1479 1163 1479 1878 1953 1252 1415 1458 600 600 208 238 233 542 592 574 769 1356 939 930 1085 1628 '1575 1062 1628 888 1KB 1085 030 1775 1713 1550 1713 1395 1775 1684 1628 1776 1302 1953 2035 967 1655 1221 1776 1550 1163 1459 1302 1191 1479 1953 1953 874 1055 1188 469 570 262 340 431 766 633 5'74 649 947 570 448 722 1160 1266 820 1240 820 1036 937 935 1266 1289 1172 1472 1289 1392 1233 1397 1380 1170 1287 1322 642 1064 1045 1137 1062 1165 1095 1170 1048 1181 1270 1465 Yellow Pine, Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Bull Pine. . do . do Louisiana South Carolina . . . do Amitr C. Mohr Bonm.-au's Depot ... H. W. Eavenel Sandy loam Rich upland do Cedar Pine. Spruce Pint. White Pine. do - do do do Florida A. H. Curtiss .... do Low, wet do do do Michigan do Baldwin do W. J. Beal do Low, sandy do Gray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince's Pine. 380. Finns palustris ...do way. do ....do do ... do ..do Florida ... do ... . IJnval county do A. H. Curtiss do Sandy loam do Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine, fellow Pine. Hard Pine. . \ i 381. Pinus Cubeusis Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bas- tard Pine. Meadow Pine, do do ...do do . . do do ... ....do do do do do ... do .. do ... do do ....do do . ....do "... do ..do ... do ...do Saw-mill, Saint John's liver, do ... do do ....do do do Cottage Hill C Mohr Sandy loam do do do . do .. .. ... do do Citrouelle . do .. ....do .. do ....do do do do ....do -*» do . ... do ...do do ...do ... do do ....do ....do do ....do ....do ..do ...do ...do do ....do Florida Saw-mill, Cedar Keys. . . do ... A H Curtiss do do do North Carolina . . . ... do Wilmington do E. Kidder ... do Mobile do C. Mohr do do Florida ...do do Duvnl county ... do do A. II. Cnrtiss ...do do Moist, sandy ....do do Alabama ....do Cottage Hill ....do C.Mohr do ....do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 407 DEFLECTION, IN MI1.I.1MKTF.UN, UNDER A PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF— Ultimate strength: transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. 50 100 150 11.2 10.8 10.0 23.2 22.5 •Mill 0 (set.) 400 .50 3OO 350 Kill 450 500 55O 4.0 3.5 3.3 7.7 7.6 22.2 20.0 20.0 8.7 ta * 8.5 6.0 3.7 5.6 5.0 4.7 3.0 8.2 5.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 4.7 7.6 2.5 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 4.0 2.4 2.4 5.1 3.0 4.0 2.7 3.0 4.5 3.3 3.3 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.5 7.8 6.9 6.7 14.8 14.8 47.0 41.0 42.0 18.0 16.5 17.0 12.7 7.2 10.4 10.5 9.0 6.0 6.2 9.2 6.0 11.0 6.2 9.0 15.5 5.5 5.7 6.3 5.7 7.0 5.5 5.8 6.0 5.5 7.5 5.0 4.8 10.1 5.9 8.0 5.5 6.3 8,4 6.7 7.5 8.2 6.6 :>. o 5.0 15.1 14.2 13.1 32.0 32.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 3.0 2.4 15.2 14.2 13.2 33.2 32.2 19.0 18.0 16.5 24.0 22.0 20.2 29.2 27.0 25.0 373 450 507 278 278 319 142 142 544 544 544 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 81 81 85 85 85 85 243 243 357 357 358 358 359 359 360 360 361 361 384 384 385 390 390 1096 1096 84 84 84 356 356 32.0 29.5 45.0 34.0 43.5 do 200 243 112 145 184 327 270 do 70.5 29.0 26.0 27.0 19.6 10.8 10.4 17.0 13.7 9.0 9.3 14.0 9.0 17.0 9.2 13.7 23.5 8.0 8.2 9.2 8.5 10.0 8.6 9.0 9.5 8.4. 11.0 7.2 7.3 15.2 8.5 11.4 8.5 9.2 12.6 9.5 11.2 12.4 10. u 7.8 7.3 42.0 37.0 39.0 27.5 14.3 20.5 5.2 3.8 5.0 1.4 0.3 1.0 43.0 38.0 40.2 27.6 14.3 21.0 60.0 51.0 89.0 Shattered do ..... 245 277 404 243 191 308 495 540 350 529 350 442 400 399 540 550 500 628 550 594 526 596 589 499 549 564 274 454 446 485 38.0 18.2 23.0 28.6 38.0 18.4 12.4 12.4 18.2 12.6 23.2 12.3 18.8 32.5 10.7 11.0 12.3 11.3 13.4 11.4 11.6 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 9.8 20.3 11.5 15.5 11.0 12.4 16.8 13.0 15.3 16. 5 13.0 10.3 10.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 (). () 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 1). 1' 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 18.4 12.5 12.7 12.3 24.0 12.3 18.8 33.0 10.9 11.0 12.5 11.4 13.7 11.5 12.0 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 10.0 20.5 11.6 15.4 11.2 12.8 lli. 8 13.2 15.5 16.4 13.2 10.2 10.0 30.0 15.6 15.5 23.0 15.6 31.5 15.5 24.0 42.3 13.9 13.6 15.5 14.0 16.8 14.0 14.5 15.6 14.0 18.4 12.5 12.0 26.7 14.2 19.6 14.2 15.5 21.5 16.5 19.5 20.8 16.2 13.0 12.0 37.0 19.0 19.0 28.0 19.0 41.5 19.0 31.0 55.0 16.6 16.6 19.0 17.0 20.6 17.0 17.5 19.0 17.0 22.5 15.0 15.0 22.6 23.0 27.0 27.2 32.5 31.7 37.5 22.0 55.7 23.6 37.2 70.0 19.2 20.0 23.0 20.6 25.5 23.0 21.0 23.0 20.0 28.0 17.8 17.0 26.2 31.0 39.0 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis with large splinters . . 28.2 23.0 23.0 27.0 23.5 30.3 27.0 25.0 27.0 23.0 33.0 20.7 20.2 26.7 27.5 31.0 28.3 36.0 32.0 29.0 31.5 27.0 40.0 24.0 23.6 32.3 32.5 37.5 33.0 45.0 38.0 34.0 37.0 31.5 39.6 38.5 45 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with flakes on back. Square break, (a) Boxed 1852; chipped ten years; abandoned 1861 Shattered, (a) Boxed 1852 • chipped ten years ; abandoned 1861 Square break with large flakes on corners, (a) Boxed 1876 ; chipped four years ; specimen taken along chip. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four years; specimen taken along chip. Broke with thin flakes on back, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four years; specimen taken above chip. Square break, somewhat shattered, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four years ; specimen taken above chip. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two years. Broke with many splinters, (o) Boxed 1878; chipped two years 46.8 44.0 37.0 28.0 28.0 34.0 17.5 24.0 17.0 19.2 26.5 20.5 24.5 25.3 20.0 15.5 15.0 20.8 29.2 21.0 23.7. 32.5 24.5 30.0 31.0 24.0 18.2 17.5 24.5 35.0 25.0 28.5 39.0 29.0 35.7 36.5 28.5 21.3 21.0 29.0 36.5 30.5 38.0 48.0 35.4 44.0 do Ata do 497 467 499 447 504 542 625 ure of Broke with large flake, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago 33.0 25.0 24.0 a In t 39.0 .30.0 28. 0 31. 5 he manufact Slightly splintered 39. 2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms ; broke with large flat splinters on corners, turpentine. 408 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. SoU. Specific gravity of the air-dried speci- men. •s 1 s I COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. First deflec- tion. *|j «1 a o 11 CO 381. Pious Cubensis — continued 493 493 231 231 • 373 77B 778 794 794 880 880 613 513 773. 773 784 784 791 791 292 292 575 822 269 Florida A H Curtiss 0.8406 0. 8942 0. 5604 0.5429 0. 4587 0. 4698 0. 4919 0.4296 0. 4153 0. 4425 0. 4785 0. 4455 0. 4983 0. 4579 0.4596 0.4411 0. 4530 0. 4319 0. 4163 0. 4325 0.3642 0.3411 0.3805 0. 3939 0. 403C 0. 3810 0. 4676 0. 4568 0. 4038 0. 3882 0. 4398 0. 3517 0.3688 0.3891 0. 3810 0. 4210 0. 3989 0. 4716 0. 4699 0.5124 0. 5129 0. 4922 0. 4458 0. 3496 0. 3675 0. 4811 0. 4805 1479 1744 1526 1221 904 1062 1221 • 996 1221 976 939 787 679 1285 1163 939 976 1221 1136 976 554 751 888 542 444 610 921 1062 1085 1039 1221 996 1110 642 610 763 787 1085 1017 1136 1136 488 432 679 669 976 1085 1479 1684 1479 1221 921 1062 1221 1062 1085 888 872 769 688 1252 1136 976 976 1236 1149 1028 588 751 864 574 444 642 957 1085 1149 1062 1302 976 1085 651 642 814 781 1062 1007 1136 1177 479 432 688 665 976 1085 1064 998 930 902 698 504 834 717 701 687 •741 736 703 813 792 689 731 811 703 757 420 548 577 441 387 539 734 741 682 635 776 614 673 553 431 574 586 738 797 900 1031 677 635 541 530 745 790 '....do Vermont .. do .... do ..do Charlotte ..do Huutington Bay of Fundy do ....do C. G. Pringle ....do do Intercolonial rail- way. ....do Bloc* Spruce. 383. Piceaalba ....do Gravelly -New Brunswick . . do Province of Que- bec, do . . Grand Trunk rail- way. do New Brunswick . . ....do Bi idjretou do Ed. Sinclair do New Hampshire - . do Stratford do C. G. Pringle do Gravelly do White Spruce. 384. Picea Engelmanni New Brunswick - . .. do Bay of Fundy do Intercolonial rail- way. <» •I.-40 4OO !.-•«• 500 550 8.3 7.0 !>. '.1 12.0 13.1 1-'. 8 ». 5 10.9 13.7 9.6 6.0 6.6 12.8 12.4 11.6 11.0 8.5 0.0 7.2 10.5 6.0 S.O 7.0 6.0 5.4 9.0 9.0 9.2 8.0 7.8 8.4 10.0 8.8 8.0 8.5 6.8 8.7 8.2 7.3 6.0 7.2 8.2 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.0 !>. (I 10.0 13.0 11.5 15.4 18.2 20.4 18.7 14.4 16.4 21.2 14.4 9.3 9.6 19.5 18.9 17.0 16.5 13.0 9.2 11.0 17.0 9.0 11.6 10.4 0.0 8.2 13.6 13.3 14.0 12.0 11.7 13.0 15. C 13.4 12.2 12.7 10.1 13.2 12.5 11.0 9.0 11.0 12.3 8.8 9.0 8.8 - 8.6 13.3 15.2 II. 5 0.2 0.8 1.5 2.0 1.3 0.7 1.1! 18.0 15.6 22.2 28.0 28.0 26.0 20.5 23.7 23.0 19.5 30.5 29,5 24.3 39.0 30.0 358 437 273 238 Crushed at center bearing with thin Hake on tension side 793 793 817 817 1040 1040 1042 1042 623 971 995 995 980 980 271" 271» 2713 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 973 973 974 986 989 1008 1008 1011 1011 1016 1016 1018 1018 1020 1020 42.4 do 36.0 33.5 27.5 32.0 47.0 43.0 64.0 61.0 362 366 300 300 197 243 471 450 307 307 21.0 12.6 13.2 27.0 26.4 23. 3 24.0 17.5 12.6 14.5 22.5 lil 15.8 13.0 12.3 11.0 18.7 17.8 19.6 16.2 16.0 17.8 •22. 0 18. C 17.0 17.0 13.5 18.0 17.0 14.7 12.5 14.5 10.8 12.0 11.6 11.8 11.6 18.0 21.2 1.4 0.4 0.2 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 .0.2 0.5 0.7 21.5 12.9 13.2 27.9 26.7 23.7 24.0 18.0 12.6 14.6 23.0 12.2 16.0 14.0 12.5 11.2 19.0 18.0 20.4 16.8 16.0 18.0 22.0 18.5 17.5 17.5 13.6 18.0 17.2 15.0 12.2 14.8 16.9 12.3 12.0 11.8 12.0 18.0 21.5 16.0 16.5 36.0 35.5 32.0 33.0 23.0 16.0 IB. 2 19.7 20 5 55.5 48.2 44.0 24.5 25.0 30.5 34.0 39.0 do 331 284 362 448 400 29.5 19.5 23.0 41.2 24.0 29.6 30.5 do 244 504 398 400 533 562 327 342 300 393 15.0 20.3 17.0 15.0 14.0 24.7 23.5 26.5 21.0 20.8 23.4 29.0 24.6 22.0 22.5 17.5 24.2 21. r, 19.0 i&g 18.7 22.2 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.5 24.0 28.5 18.5 25.5 22.0 18.6 17.0 32.2 30.0 35.8 27.5 26.5 3t>.5 36.0 30.6 29.2 28.7 22.2 31.0 27.6 25.5 19.5 24.0 23.0 31.5 27.8 22.7 20.0 27.0 33.0 38.5 39.5 27.5 24.5 34.0 29.0 45.6 34.5 44.5 do '.. ; ' 34. 2 36.0 do 350 300 398 416 329 350 45.7 38.5 51.5 do 28.0 385 336 430 326 383 384 297 384 297 404 426 447 35.0 45.0 26.6 31.5 19.0 ia4 iao 18.5 34.0 24.0 23.4 22.0 23.0 32.0 32.5 28.0 31.0 do 450 do 412 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 1 0 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity of the nir-dried speci- men. d 1 K — ntimati- stn-rmtli: transverse pressure, I Kern ark 9. j. 50 100 130 2OO o (set.) 200 «50 3OO 350 400 450 5OO 550 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.6 5.8 6.3 6.3 5.6 7.2 7.1 6.5 6.2 5.0 8.4 5. 0 5.0 7.4 6.3 7.1 7.5 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 2.1 3.2 40 3.5 7.0 7.1 3.4 3.8 3.3 3.2 5.8 6.0 8.0 8.0 9.3 9.3 9.0 10.0 10.6 13.3 10.8 12.4 13.5 11.5 15.2 14.4 1H. 2 12.4 11.0 13.0 9.0 9.4 14.0 12.4 14.9 14.5 7.4 7.4 7.8 7.7 7.0 7.7 19.0 10.4 18.3 5.0 6.0 7.2 6.6 13.3 14.2 7.0 7.2 6.8 7.0 11.2 11.6 12.0 12.5 14.0 14.3 15.0 15.0 15.5 21.0 16.8 19.5 21.5 16.7 16.4 17.0 19.0 19.4 21.0 22.0 22.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.5 1.1 16.5 17.1 19.3 19.7 21.5 22.2 23.7 22.0 22.0 25.2 25.7 31.0 33.5 34.0 31.0 29.0 3" 0 328 298 334 388 1022 1022 642 642 523 523 523 377 377 449* 449' 449» 449» 820 820 820 820 1009 1010 1010 529 529 639 639 733 733 1004 1004 965 965 647 647 647 226> 226« 774 774 781 781 786 786 795 795 840 810 33.0 42.8 do 279 -.65 do 274 190 249 234 158 250 148 221 197 210 200 142 . 225 265 237 213 300 326 386 340 328 348 386 350 250 348 300 499 450 400 337 300 306 394 455 400 371 350 351 do •JL'. 5 29.0 0.5 2.5 22. 5 28.3 Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting i .1 ;ixi.s. 24.5 1.5 25.6 39.2 Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot 22.0 21.0 20. 5 17.0 32.0 2.4 35.5 do 32.5 4.4 35.0 14.0 14.5 •-'1.5 20.0 23.0 •2-2.4 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.9 11.4 11.7 30.7 15.7 29.5 7.4 9.2 10.8 10.0 21.0 22.4 11.0 10.8 10.0 10.3 18.2 17.8 20.5 21.0 32.0 29.0 32.2 31.5- 14.9 15.0 16.4 16.2 15.4 16.0 40.0 22.0 40.8 10.0 12.0 14.5 13.2 29.7 32.0 14.5 14.5 13.2 14.0 26.3 25.7 1.0 1.6 2.5 2.0 1. n 0 0 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 5.5 1.0 4.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 2.8 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 3.0 2.0 20.7 22.0 34.5 30.0 33.4 32.5 13.0 16.0 16.8 16.8 16.0 16.2 49.4 22.5 43.5 10.2 12.0 14.6 13.5 30.5 32.8 14.6 14.7 l:i. 5 14.5 27.0 26.5 32.0 Shattered 44.7 43.7 18.5 21.0 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.8 94.0 30.0 62.0 12.7 15.0 18.0 16.5 40.4 44.0 18.2. 18.5 17.0 18.8 35.0 ::;>. r, 64.0 63.5 23.4 28.0 32.5 30.0 27.0 29.0 29.5 38.0 47.0 41.0 16.0 18.5 23.5 25.0 55.5 63.5 23.7 23.4 21.5 24.2 49.0 47.0 19.0 23.0 30.0 24.0 29.0 46.0 29.0 38.0 i 30.0 29.0 28.5 32.5 36.0 40.0 46.0 75.0 414 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TEE Species. • Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. °i £•§• 6 "2 S'C *! <5 rt a & "o 3 COEFFICIF.XT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. First deflec- tion. . Second de- flection. 71!) 719 984 984 1006 100C 1159 1159 S. Watson . . 0. 0966 0. 8136 0. 83C4 0. 8426 0. 8376 0. 6012 0.6307 1221 1628 1878 1953 460 697 1395 1713 1713 1953 403 723 914 1106 1289 1481 1287 1287 271 586 Tamarack. PALMACE.E. ....do ....do ....do Washington terri- tory. do do Fulda ....do ...do W. Siksdorf ....do .. do ... ...do do do do do Agua Caliente do .. W.G. "Wright do Dry, gravelly Fan-leaf Palm. .. do TABLE IV.— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES I i I COEFFCIENT OF i« ,. £ ELASTICITY. S ^ *^ — §• Species. 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. I *« •§ a £ E a S 0 .-.' •al ~ tQ o If 1 "3 "9 o 5 01 'Q to10 m 7, MAGNOLIACE.8:. 1. Magnolia grandiflora 346 Alabama Cottage Hill C. Mohr R' h 1 0.7347 H 1191 1097 974 Big Laurel. Bull Bay. 2. Magnolia glauca 354 .. .do do 0. 5262 n 1135 1028 816 Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel. SAPINDACE.&;. 54. Sapindus tnarginatus 307 Texas Dallas J. Reverchon Rich, damp 0. 7836 1109 1062 851 Wild China. Soapberry. LEGUMINOS.3S. 1248 New York Long Island M C Beedle 0.8476 1221 ' 1221 1169 Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust. HAMAMELACE-ffiL 139. Liquidaiubar Styraciflua 546 Alabama . ... Kemper's mill C.Mohr Rich, alluvial 0.6537 n 939 921 933 tiweet (him. Star-leaved Gum. Liquidamber. Ked Qum. Bil- ttea. OLEACE^:. 192. J''i';i\ inus A iiKjricuna var, Texensis 364 Texas Dallas J. Reverchon Drv 1 0. 8198 dim 1221 1191 1172 BIGXONIACE^. 207. Catalpiv speciosa. 38 Missouri Charleston C. S. Sargent Wet clay 0. 4783 EOT 957 940 698 Western Catalpa. ="» 38 do do do do 0. 4757 ':' ' '< 939 888 703 URTICACE^:. 224. Uhnus Americana 19 Massachusetts. . . . Arnold Arboretum do Drift 0. 7534 dim 1085 1050 1118 White Elm. A merican Elm. UUll Water Elm. £°8. Celtis occidentals 306 Texas Dallas J. Reverchon Alluvial 0. 7491 I , 888 800 916 Sugarberry. Hackberry. UM1J JUGLANDACE^. I 239 Jnglans nigra 951 do New Braunfcls C. Mohr Moist calcareous.1 0.7108 rTTy 976 996 936 Black Walnvt. «• 248 Carya acjuatica 362 Mississippi Vicksburg do 0. 7739 ffi 976 957 958 Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. CTTPULIFER^:. 251 Quercns alba 8 Massachusetts. Arnold Arboretum - C. S. Sargent. . . . . > Thrift. 0. C958 dim 708 787 892 White Oak. imu s do ,i,, do AJI 0. 6820 i j 7K.1 660 658 i BI - THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TBANSVKRSE STRAIN— Coiitiuued. 415 30 1KFLK( 100 llov 130 IN Mil 400 14.0 11.0 11.0 10.4 10.0 I.1MI T 0 (cet.1 400 MiKK 4.10 V I'KF.fSL'UK, IS KI1.0CKAUB, OF— Ultimate strength : transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. 3OO 330 400 450 .100 .'..-.(> 4.0 3.6 3.0 8.0 2.6 2. a 10.6 7.0 s.o 7.0 5.7 5.7 5.0 5.0 24.2 13.5 12.0 10.5 8.4 8.S 7.8 7.5 (1. 5 0.4 11.:: 0.2 0,2 0.2 16.5 14.0 11.4 11.0 10.4 10.0 21.0 18.0 14.0 13.6 13.0 12.6 •J7. 5 22.5 17. 5 16.5 16.0 15.5 36.0 28.0 20.6 19.5 19.0 18.5 390 472 719 719 984 034 1006 1006 1159 1159 34.0 24.7 23.0 22.7 22.0 45.0 28.5 26.8 27.2 26.5 35.7 32.0 34.0 47.6 36.5 550 632 549 549 116 250 do Deflection with 600 kilograms = 45.5 millimeters; broke with fine splinters. Crushed at center bearing; flaked 20.0 29.4 1.8 33.5 UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE. DEFLECTION, IX MII.UMF.'IF.KS, UNDER A PKE86UBE, IN KILOGRAMB, OF— Ultimate strength : transverse pressure. Remarks. Office number. 4OO 800 14OO 1COO O (set.) 1600 4000 4400 4800 34OO 36OO 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.9 Z.S 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.1 4,1 4.3 4.4 4.0 5.2 4.0 5.1 5.2 4.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 C. 9 6.4 6.4 6.9 6.6 6.1 7.7 6.0 7.8 7.9 6.8 8.6 7.5 7.4 9.8 10.0 8.9 9.5 9.2 8.0 10.6 8.2 11.0 11.0 9.3 12.2 9.8 10.2 12.4 14.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 «. 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.5 9.0 9.5 9.2 8.1 10.7 8.2 11.0 11.0 9.4 12.3 10.0 10.3 11.2 12.4 12.2 10.2 14.2 10.2 15.5 15.7 12.0 17.0 12.5 13.6 15.6 21.0 15.1 16.2 16.0 12.6 19.3 13.0 19.5 26.0 3325 2785 2903 3902 3184 » 4000 2361 2400 3815 3125 3193 3270 3043 2245 346 354 307 1248 546 364 38 38 19 306 951 362 8 8 15.2 26.0 16.5 18.2 25.0 Broke with large splinters on back Ttmk*> with n>any fine splinters . 29: 6 26.5 29.6 15.2 23.2 15.5 18.2 19.2 18.5 33.0 19.5 24.4 27.3 25.0 35.0 • 36.0 i 1.2 15.0 do 416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE IV.— BEHAVIOE OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Specific gravity. a. ° C f* S X .2 I 3 COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rupture. Second (It'- ll oction. Fourth de- flection. 524 524 925 903 349 991 350 82 82 83 Kemper's mill do C.Mohr do 0. 8107 0. 8348 0. 8158 0. 7625 0. 7253 0.5381 0. 3719 0. 5802 0. 7614 0. 7614 0. 8271 0. 8609 0. 7213 0. 6788 0. 6193 0. 7633 775 800 1085 626 1368 729 364 1061 1285 939 787 1436 1085 1221 1163 1163 (597 745 1028 564 1320 610 884 984 SS2 736 1144 524 376 792 820 933 904 1057 940 820 949 1029 Basket Oak. Cow Oak. do do ....do Cullman Eugene City Cottage Hill ..do G. H. Collier C. Mohr G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. C. Mohr A. H. Cnrtiss do Dry, rocky ChestnutOak. RockChestnut Oak. Black Oak. Water Oak. Duck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak. BETULACE.S:. 301. Aluus rubra "Washington ter- ritory. Alder. CONIFERS. Cottage Hill Sandy, wet White 'Cedar. 370 Finns Tjeda Florida 1017 1302 921 751 1550 1007 1252 1221 1221 Aobloll;/ Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine. do do do do . do Moist, sandy loam. ....do Pond Pine. 83 81 ...do do ....do do ....do do Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Yellow Pine. Bard line. 381. Finns Cubensis Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bat- tard Pine. Meadow Pine. 85 243 243 84 ....do ....do do ....do Saw-mill, Saint John's river, do ....do do . ... Moist, sandy do ...do Duval county ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. , TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETEKS SQUARE— Continued. 417 DEFLECTION, IH MILI.IMKTKIU), UNDEIl A 1'HKShUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF— Ultimate strength: transverse pressnre. Remarks. Office number. 100 800 1200 1600 0 (set.) 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 3.2 3.2 2.5 4.0 2.0 3.2 6.8 2.3 2.0 2.7 3.0 1.0 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.3 6.3 6.1 4.5 7.8 ,1.5 li. 7 13.4 4.6 3.8 5.2 0.2 3.4 4.5 4.0 4.2 4.2 10.0 9.3 7.0 12.0 5.5 10.7 21.0 7.1 5.6 8.0 9.5 5.1 7.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 14.0 13.1 9.5 17.3 7.4 16.0 1.5 1.3 0.6 1.4 0.2 2.0 14.5 13.3 9.5 17.5 7.3 16.7 19.5 18.0 13.3 24.0 9.3 26.5 24.2 39.0 33.0 3016 3393 1987. 2513 3905 1789 1284 2703 2800 3184 3085 3606 3207 2799 3239 3513 A liirjio season crack at one corner; splintered on oppo- site corner. 524 524 925 963 349 991 350 82 82 83 83 81 85 243 243 84 49.0 40.6 11.8 ners. 14.6 19.0 25.5 Cnislinl at (enic r bearing; broke with fine splinters.. . 9.6 7.5 10.6 13.0 6.3 9.7 7.8 8.0 8.0 e.2 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.4 9.7 7.6 11.0 13.4 7.0 9.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 12.6 10.0 13.6 18.0 8.7 12.6 10.0 9.8 10.2 1710 12.0 17.3 23.0 10.5 16.4 12.2 12.0 12.6 Shattered 21.5 22.0 30.0 12.5 20.5 do 14.6 27.5 17.5 Broke with large splinter on corner; somewhat shat- tered. 16.0 15.5 23.5 19.5 27 FOE 418 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS Species 5 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate Strength, in kilos. Remarks. MAGXOLIACE.2E. 346 346 354 354 ?46 246 261s 261s 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 2661 266* 260 260 395 818 818 1231 1231 1232 1232 1236 1236 211 211 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 2 2 124 Cottage Hill do C.Mohr 7353 8056 7212 6369 6795 6582 5126 5570 7389 8333 6577 6527 7357 8301 5647 6073 5806 7575 4663 G311 6636 6514 6169 6305 Crushed fibers at 10 millimeters knot 28 millimeters from end. Biff Laurel. Jtull Bay. 2. Magnolia glauca Sweet Bay White Bay. Bea- ver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel.' do do ....do do do do ....do do Swampy do Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at middle Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Virginia Wvtheville H. Shriver Clay limestone ....do Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia. .do ... do ....do do do Rich, light Crushed iu vicinity of knots at middle. Crushed fibers at 63 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 102 millimeters from end and on opposite side at end. Crushed fillers at 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed fibers in vicinity of knots 63 millimeters from end. Opened longitudinal crack be- tween rings. Crushed fibers at 63 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 128 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; developed inter- secting ''Cooper lines ". Failed at 6 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at M and at 128 millimeters from end. do do do . do Selvers1 mill ... do C.Mohr ... do ....do ....do do Alabama do Winston count y do ....do do Cucumber Tree. ...do Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. ..do ...do ....do ....do Wytheville H. Shriver . Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood. 7. Magnolia Fraseri Long-leaved Cucumber Tree. .. do do ....do ....do ....do Fancy Gap ....do Lansing do ....do W.J.Beal C G Pringle ....do ndtv Tree. Yellow Poplar. White Wood. ANONACE.E. West Virginia do . Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end ; angle of crushing, 55°. Fibers crushed at 128 millimeters from end ; angle of crushing, 60°. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end; angle ofciushing, 75°. do ...do Pennsylvania do Chester county ... do P P Sharpies do do ... ... do ....do do do do . . do 5874 5489 5606 Fibers crushed in vicinity of knot 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 63 millimeters from end. do Saw-mill at Nash- ville, do A. E. Baird ... . do do Meramec river, Jefferson county. do Bay Biscayne .do G. W. Lettennan . ....do A.H. Curtiss ... do Alluvial 3402 3388 4690 4967 12746 12292 5842 B7M 6790 6396 4287 Fibars crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Crushed at knot 63 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 63 millimeters from end ; angle of crushing, 65°. Fibers crnshed on one side at middle. Fibers crushed at middle and split along grain. Fibers crnshed near middle; de- flected from heart. Fibers crushed at knots near end Fibers crushed at 63 and at 127 millimeters from end at knots 10 millimeters in diameter. Fibers crushed at 0;! millimeters from end. Fibcis crushed at 10 millimeters knot near end. Fibers crushed at 19 and at 102 millimeters from end. Papaw. Custard Apple. ....do Florida ....do Swampy Pond Apple. CANELLACE.S:. 12. Canella alba White Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. TERN-STRIEMIACEJE. do ....do ....do do Sonth Carolina do Elliott's Kev do . ....do Bonnean's Depot . do ....do H. W. Eavenel ... ....do Wet pine-barren . . do Loblolly Bay. Tan Say. TILIACEM. ....do do Aiken do ...do .. do Swampy ....do Massachusetts do Arnold Arboretum do C. S. Sargent do Drift Lime Tree. Basi Wood. American Linden. Lin. See Tree. BigKapids W.J.Beal Gravel 4944 Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 419 OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION. Dircc'lidii of grain. ! PUKbBUUK, IN K1I.OGKAM8, KKCJU1KEU TO I'BODLCK A.N I.MIK.NTATIOX, l.N MIL1.1METEKS, OF— Remarks. Office n umber. O.25 O.51 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.53 I.7.S 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.S1 5.08 H •2041 1724 1152 1080 975 1016 1080 1157 1016 1125 884 1111 1325 1384 616 953 1080 1018 907 1025 749 630 1052 794 885 916 885 667 662 943 1034 3674 3311 635 535 1089 1134 934 703 717 3221 2550 1433 1433 1429 1535 1420 1465 1583 1769 1170 1402 1882 1765 1098 1388 1665 1787 1125 1388 1170 925 1397 1152 1084 1229 1166 957 1052 1610 1882 7621 8523 1243 1116 1642 1665 1297 925 894 3447 2676 1547 1533 15IM 1051 1506 1579 16CO 1833 1238 1470 2005 1887 1111 1470 1810 1914 1143 1470 1229 980 1433 1216 1120 1293 1202 1016 1111 1805 2019 8346 9458 1343 1211 1746 1760 1335 1007 957 3497 2805 1651 1603 1588 1737 1583 1665 1751 1932 1315 1538 2123 2065 1143 1542 1901 2032 1175 1533 1311 1043 1533 1257 1186 1361 1261 •1039 1157 1941 2132 8573 9753 1388 1293 1807 1846 1393 1048 1034 36,70 2921 1733 1667 1642 1805 1660 1715 1860 2019 1343 1606 2223 2078 1210 1619 1996 2082 1202 1606 1370 1125 1601 1302 1234 1429 1306 1076 1198 2068 2227 8822 10206 1452 1347 1932 1923 1442 1111 1043 3847 3010 1805 1742 1696 1889 1674 1774 1910 2105 1406 1660 2318 2191 1247 1678 2082 2146 1234 1674 1415 1152 1656 1343 1270 1479 1352 1111 1229 2159 2341 8936 10614 1533 1433 2005 1991 1497 1157 1071 3978 3112 1846 1760 1733 1941 1758 1824 1982 2245 1483 1719 2418 2263 1297 1742 2173 2195 1252 1737 1474 1193 1706 1379 1335 1520 1397 1116 1261 2254 2386 8981 10886 1579 1488 2068 2059 1542 1189 1093 4078 3189 1900 1706 1753 2037 1787 1864 2068 2304 15S4 1740 2486 2336 1329 1787 2245 2223 1297 1792 1524 1220 1746 1384 1352 1565 1456 1129 1288 2304 2477 9344 10090 1642 1538 2146 2123 1578 1225 1120 4S09 3291 1973 1673 1792 2111 1833 1901 2114 2359 1538 1819 2635 2404 1343 1855 2318 2295 1315 1846 1565 1266 1801 1442 1388 1601 1515 1152 1297 2336 2563 9571 11227 1701 1597 2218 2177 1619 346 340 354 354 246 246 261 261J 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 266> 266» 260 280 395 818 818 1231 1231 1232 1232 1236 1236 211 211 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 2 2 124 1360 1334 1329 1343 1420 1315 1379 1442 1610 1098 1325 1742 1647 975 1270 1524 1615 1066 1297 1025 844 1288 1080 1012 1157 1116 894 943 1429 1660 6577 6668 1125 1021 1519 1533 | 1157 880 852 . Slight shearing of libers do do ....do do do Slight shearing; short specimen, 120 millimeters long; split at both ends. do ... do do do do do do do Slight shearing of fibers do Sheared fibers and opened grain at middleand at end. Sheared fibers do do do do do 1122 do 420 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 17. Tilia Americana— continued ... 17. Tilia Americana, var. pubea- cene. 124 252 252 316 316 1039 1039 745 745 285' 285" 2853 320 320 1113 1113 476 1133 735 735 1080 1086 1140 1140 487 487 462 462 Big Eapids "W.J.Beal G. W. Letterman. ...do Gravel Alluvial 4944 7167 7235 6314 Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters finm end. Fibers crushed at 45 millimeters from mil Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. do ..do ...do Heraey do W. J. Beal do Rich loam . do do Moist gravel .. do 5080 4527 6305 66G8 4917 0548 5126 7666 8278 6260 Fillers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure . ... ...do ...do ...do A H Curtiss Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 152 millimeters from cnil. Fibers crushed at middle do do do . ...do Cliffs Kentucky river. Mercer county ...do Cumberlandriver. do W. M. Linney ...do ...do A. Gattinger ...do Limestone ...do ...do Alluvial .. do White I3as> Wood. Wahoo. MALPIGHIACE-S!. ...do ...do do Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters t'loin end. Fibers crushed near middle in vicinity of .small knots. Florida No-Name Key .... do A. H. Curtiss do ... Coral ...do 'Tallowlerry. Glamberry. ZYGOPHYLLACE.S. do ...do ...do ... do do Upper Metacombe Key. Elliott's Kev do ...do 11930 11648 7372 7698 7707 5978 11158 10751 7303 0328 2350 2595 11975 Longitudinal split; stick warped before lest. CriiNlied tibers and split along grain near end. Triple tlexure; developed inter- sec'ing " Cooper lines ". Crushed at middle; deflected from heart Crushed fibers at 127 millimeters from * ml. Crushed libers at knot 6millime- ters in diameter; angle of crush- ing, 4(1°. Brittle; crushing of fibers ; splin- tered along grain. Fractured suddenly; shattered along grain. Fibers crushed at middle; angle of crushing, »0°. Split end to end along grain Fibers crushed in vicinity of knots. Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Split along grain Liffnum-vittx. EUTACE2E. 23. Xanthoxvlnm Clava-Herculia .. Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper Wood. Wild Orange. ... do ...do Chattahoochee do ....do do Dry, sandy ... do Palestine . do C.Mobr do Damp, sandy ...do do Bahia Honda Key. do A. H. Curtiss do Coral Satin Wood. SIMAEUBEJE. 28. Simaruba glanca Paradise Tree. BUESEEACEJE. 29. Bnrsera gummifera Own Elemi. Gumbo lAtnbo. West Indian Birch. do ....do ....do do do ....do do do ....do • ....do ... do do U pper Metacombe Key. do do ....do ... do do . . . ....do ....do do Torch Wood. MELIACE.S:. 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 338 338 do do do do do ....do do .. ....do ..do ....do ....do 11204 10115 7339 6078 5652 5512 6169 5706 Fibers crashed at 89 millimeters from end ; threw otf splinters. Failed at 13 millimeters from end; knot 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; knot near end .... Failed at knot 63 millimeters from end. Failed in vicinity of knots 76 mil- limeters from end. Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at end and at 64 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end ; grain wavy. Mahogany. Madeira. ILICINE^;. do South Carolina . . do Waverly Mills... do W. St. J. Mazyck do Sandy loam American Holly. 34. Ilex Daljoon ...do Bay Biscayue ....do Cottage Hill ....do A. H. Curtiss ....do C. Mohr do Low, damp ....do Wet Dahoon. Uahoon Molly. CYEILLACEffi. ...do Alabama ....do Titi. Iron Wood. Buckwheat Tret. ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES TINDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 421 o 1 1 5 p 0.25 U88DBI 0.51 IN KM.O o.r« .HAMS, H 1.O2 KyUIHKI I.2T TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETKK8, OF— Remarks. Office number. 1.52 1.T8 2.O3 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.O8 , 472 826 544 612 062 612 C40 012 035 481 857 798 749 176'J 1610 4854 1769 1293 1111 2041 1179 1905 2717 861 866 563 485 2767 2926 2087 2531 1179 1551 1243 885 1338 1202 694 935 794 749 812 821 789 839 694 989 857 1093 1039 2926 2404 8663 5*21 1996 1819 3016 1882 4128 4513 1134 1184 720 640 5851 5829 3697 4309 1792 2518 1805 1343 1987 1678 753 916 835 803 857 839 MB 8(50 889 707 1057 898 1161 1111 3198 2858 11022 8392 2173 2032 3157 2141 . 5285 5262 1220 1352 753 662 7417 7167 4060 4331 2023 2835 1905 1452 2186 1882 767 1098 802 857 903 894 903 8,-'9 934 817 1071 953 1216 1161 3339 3153 12565 10614 2245 2068 3307 2259 5693 5670 1311 1388 803 671 8097 8210 4332 5035 '2182 3075 1973 1533 2390 2014 794 1139 912 930 948 925 944 907 993 898 1125 98fl 1261 1207 3475 3257 13562 11817 2259 2164 3429 2341 5987 5942 1315 1452 812 685 8699 8890 4559 5343 2363 3289 2032 1583 2576 2136 817 1184 953 953 1002 948 984 948 1043 889 1175 1012 1320 1247 3529 3393 14289 12565 2304 2223 3543 2363 6396 6214 1356 1520 843 708 9117 9208 4799 5534 2490 3429 2123 1087 2726 2254 852 1247 980 998 1034 989 1020 980 1066 898 1202 1062 1374 1297 3620 3515 14742 13245 2318 2277 3647 2395 6423 6419 1442 1569 862 712 9426 9435 4899 5670 2608 3602 871 1302 1025 1039 1066 1021 1043 1010 1120 912 1229 1080 1420 1343 3697 3652 14946 13653 2468 2322 3742 2422 6646 6600 1456 1579 885 721 9707 9753 5035 5851 2694 3769 2232 1805 2971 2390 918 1338 1061 1080 1107 1052 1080 1039 1166 906 1275 1139 1470 1406 3765 3710 14969 14198 2522 2368 3856 2499 6895 6804 1488 1615 903 739 966 1365 1095 1111 1148 1071 1107 1075 1220 990 1311 1170 1504 1438 3819 3756 15105 14560 2567 2400 3919 2563 6985 6976 1501 1647 934 749 124 252 252 316 316 1039 1039 745 745 285' 2S5> 285> 320 320 1113 1113 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 487 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 338 338 do .do ... do .... do dr. dn do do do . do do do ' do . 16103 15581 2880 2790 4626 3016 7892 7802 1746 1951 1111 852 16194 15740 3094 2994 4786 2257 7802 8165 1928 2078 1157 903 Sheared fibers; split along grain ; did not take even bearing. Sheared fibers do do do do do 10024 5193 5974 2790 3910 2313 1846 3085 2586 10433 11431 6110 2980 4073 2395 1878 3166 2717 6985 3629 4831 2744 2200 3900 3193 7349 3878 5171 2948 2449 4287 3674 do do 1774 2840 2350 do do do 422 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. "TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- I pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. | Remarks. RHAMXACE^:. 454 Florida A. H. Curtiss Coral . 13426 Red Iron Wood. Darling 454 ....do Key. do ....do ....do 460 do _ do do do 13290 Jtlark Iron Wood. 45. Rbamnua Caroliniana Indian Cherry. 4GO 803 803 ... do ..do ... do ....do Saiut John's river. ... do ... do ... do .do ....do Rich hummock . . . do 12406 7112 along grain. Fibers crushed at knots 61 milli- meters from end. Fibers mi shed at- 140 millimeters from end. 993 Portland Rich, alluvial 9934 Bearberry. Bear Wood. Shit- tim TToorf. SAPIjqDACE^:. 297 C. S. Sargent. 4531 Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. 297 ... do do . .. do ..do .. 4985 millimeters from end ; splitalong grain. 386 386 684 ....do ....do California ... do ... do Marin county ...do ... do G. R. Vasey Alluvial ....do Rich upland 5344 5207 6328 wavy. Filters crashed at 19 millimeters from end. Fibers cmshed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters California Buckeye, G84 do do ... do do 5044 from end. 944 C. Mohr 6305 ity of knot. Spanish Buckeye. 944 do do .. do . do from end. 305 ....do Dallas J. Reverchon .... Rich, damp 7802 Fibers crushed near middle WUd China, Soapberry. 307 do do do do 8641 928 do C. Mohr 7212 ing "Cooper lines" at middle. Triple flexure- deflected about 10 928 do . do do . .. do 6436 millimeters without cniHhinir. 463 Florida A. H. Cnrtiss Coral 10931 do 'Dik Wood. Iron Wood. 463 464 ...do do Key. ... do .. do ... do ....do ....do ....do 10387 6872 Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end; angle of crushing, 60°. White Iron Wood. 464 do . do . . . .do . do 7167 Triple flexure 382 Portland G. Engelmann and Rich, alluvial 6541 Fibers crushed at knot 76 milli- Broad-leaved Maple. 982 do do C. S. Sargent. ... do ....do 6418 meters from t-iid. Triple tlexure ; knot near end 1023 do do 5520 1023 . do Company. ... do ....do 5919 limeters from end. Fibers cruahed near middle and 1013 do Portland .. do Moist, alluvial near end. Vine Maple. 1014 Wilkeson . ....do ....do 7349 Fibers crushed at knot at middle 298 ritory. G. W. Letterman.. Rich upland 10931 Fibers crushed near middle and Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. 298 do do do do at 25 millimeters from end. ap . 299 do do do . . do 1118C Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters 376 Charlotte C. G. Pringle Gravelly 8392 from end. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters 376 do do do do from end. 409 S H Pook 9063 1233 yard. Charlotte F. H. Hereford 11000 from end. Fibers crushed at 39 millimeters 1233 do do do 9970 from end at G millimeters knot. 1234 do do do 9957 grained. 1234 do do do 9707 Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters 1235 do do do 8890 from end. Fibers crushed at 70 millimeters from end ; specimen split before testing. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 423 Dinjrtion of grain. I'KI.SM l:l:, IX KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO PBODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF — Remarks. Office number. 0.35 0.51 0.76 1.02 1.37 1.53 1.78 2.03 2.38 3.54 4.81 5.08 : 3016 3062 3447 2994 1338 1247 1656 490 975 6260 6396 6033 6260 1837 1860 2404 798 1107 7892 8119 7689 8097 2032 1982 2758 885 1216 8890 9617 9004 9480 2073 2073 2930 921 1247 9753 10705 10115 10660 2195 2153 3075 971 1293 10524 11885 11113 11794 2218 2214 3202 1021 1347 11158 12383 11612 12837 2304 2277 3280 1071 1397 11658 15109 12474 13789 2390 2309 3339 1116 1429 12112 13789 13245 14765 3468 2350 3352 1157 1515 12610 14470 13903 15603 2518 2386 3470 1179 1547 454 454 460 460 803 803 993 297 297 17237 175C9 do do do .. . .. B 2880 2858 3785 1429 1778 do 3039 Slightly sheared fibers ; split at ends Sheared fibers slightly 1928 . H 680 1066 1061 1225 1769 2073 2109 2064 1179 1433 1592 2132 3153 3103 3692 3366 1452 1569 1801 2495 3289 3348 4513 3955 1579 1651 1896 2676 3520 3520 4944 4404 1701 1742 2078 2699 3742 3701 5307 4649 1733 1810 2109 2785 3874 3874 5398 4872 1801 1892 2195 2867 4037 4037 5579 5062 1846 1973 2259 2939 4155 4241 5974 5216 1928 2068 2327 2978 4264 4355 8105 5425 1987 2127 2431 3075 4468 4518 6214 5566 2331 2540 2744 2658 2835 3166 Sheared fibers .. .. 684 684 944 944 307 307 928 928 do . do . 5262 5298 7190 6759 5738 6033 7553 7439 Sheared fibers ... . do ..do ! 2767 1798 1796 1950 1633 1338 1560 1225 2849 2359 2858 2064 2087 1724 2250 2132 2586 2540 2540 4944 3901 2313 2817 2313 1765 2576 2168 4355 3357 5715 4899 2422 2785 2495 1998 2835 2758 4944 3720 4626 3393 3239 2472 3606 3057 4653 3928 6078 5489 2513 2903 2563 2073 3085 3039 5307 4060 4967 3606 3420 2613 3801 3257 4060 4745 4069 8419 5874 2604 3012 2613 2159 3252 3157 5579 4287 5262 3751 3602 2794 3983 3357 4246 4940 4200 6759 6205 2672 3116 2703 2232 3420 3280 5874 4513 5489 3892 3248 2849 4169 3502 4382 5149 4332 6931 6432 2812 3216 2767 2259 3574 7158 6654 2835 3248 2858 2381 3701 3674 6101 4899 5906 4160 3983 3057 4418 3706 4495 5434 4522 7376 8895 2926 3339 2985 2440 3828 3720 6260 4967 8101 4228 4055 3107 4581 3801 4581 5530 4672 7557 7167 2980 3493 3012 2504 8210 8074 3289 3792 2976 2880 4854 4468 7530 8346 8641 3583 4105 3697 3129 5307 5035 8074 484 464 982 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 298 298 299 376 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1284 1235 do do do do .do r 3747 8328 6023 4740 5693 4060 3819 2944 4287 3611 4423 5330 4427 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end 6328 4364 4164 3202 4708 3969 4699 5625 4831 7485 4899 4763 3647 5443 4430 5648 6280 5579 7802 5239 5194 3901 5987 4899 6169 6736 6078 3157 2926 2313 3302 2767 3583 4128 3652 do do do do do . do do do 424 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. SoU. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 64. Acer saccharinum — continued.. 64. Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum. Black Sugar Maple. 1235 213 213 274* 2742 757 757 1107 1107 1052 20 Vermont ....do do Charlotte ....do ...do F.H. Horsford C.G.Pringle do Clay do 9970 8890 Fibers crushed at end Fibers crashed at 10 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. G.W. Lettcnuan.. ....do Low, alluvial 10070 Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. ....do ...do Florida Chattahoochoe ....do A. H. Curtiss .. do Clay do 8255 6895 9321 9390 7711 7688 Triple flexure; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". Fibers crushed .it knot 102 milli- meters from end. Fibers crushed at middle; devel- oped "Cooper lines". Triple flexure: "Cooper lines". .. Fibers crashed at 51 and at 76 millimeters from end; knots. ...do G.W.Letterman.. do Rich, alluvial do . ...do Massachusetts. . . . do Topsfielcl Arnold Arhoretum do J. Robinson C.S.Sargent ...do .. Low meadow Drift do Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple. Bed Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple. 20 530 530 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 290 290 311 311 645 645 736 736 330 330 467 467 405 ....do Rich, swampy ... do 7303 8437 7235 6759 6963 7380 7485 7371 5080 5298 5148 5080 6613 7530 6033 7666 Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters from end. ....do Georgia ....do Massachusetts ... do do Bainhridge ... do Dauvers do ....do A. H. Cnrtiss ....do J. Robinson ... do ....do do Fibers crushed at middle and at end. Triple flexure; "Cooper lines" ... Triple flexure; "Cooper lines"; middle bend 115 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 25 and at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed near middle and split longitudinally. Fibers crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. ....do do North Beading . . . do ... do do ....do do Missouri ....do Texas Alleuton ....do Dallas ....do G. W. Lettennan . . ....do J. Reverchon do Sox Elder. Ash-leaved Maple. ....do ....do ....do California Contra Costa county. do G. ItVasey ... do . Rich, moist do Fibers crushed at knot near mid- dle. Fibers crushed at 32 millimeters from middle. . Fibers crushed at knot 76 milli- meters from end. Fibers crushed at 89 millimeters from end at 3 millimeters from knot. Sox Elder. ANACAEDIACE3I. ... do Florida Chattahoochee ....do A. H. Cnrtiss .....do Dry clay do . Dwarf Sumach. 71. Rhns copallina, var. lanceolata.. 73. Khne Metopium ....do Texas Dallas J. Reverchon ... do Dry, gravelly .do ....do do Florida Upper Metacombe Key. do Charlestown Navy- yard. A. H. Cnrtiss ....do S H Pook Coral ....do 7847 9199 13426 12996 10229 Fibers crushed at knot 51 milli- meters from middle. Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at end and at 76 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed near end and split along grain. Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters from knot and at 51 millimeters from end. PoMonWood. Coral Sumach. Mountain Manchineel. Hum Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Gum. LEGUMINOS^;. ....do Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust. 405 441 441 815 815 1247 1247 1248 1248 do do do ....do ... do West Virginia ....do C G Pringle 12497 8369 Fibers crashed in vicinity of knots do do .. . Long Island do M C. Beedle 9934 11294 10274 11385 Fibers crushed in vicinity of email knot at end. Fibers crushed in vicinity of small knot 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at end of wpecimen do do . do do do do •-<"> ....do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 425 UNITED STATES USDEll COMPRESSION— Coutiuuecl. Direction of grain. PliKKBLIiE, IS KILOCKAMS, RIXJUIKED TO PIIODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office nnmber. 0.25 0.31 0.76 1.02 1.37 I..V.J 1.78 £.03 •J.-> £.54 4.81 5.08 1941 2313 1512 2812 1800 2087 2228 3020 1001 1315 1951 2540 DUT;) 1533 1179 1361 1796 1469 1805 1361 862 984 993 1542 1179 1202 1134 1270 1111 1089 1384 1633 2926 2676 2291 2944 771 1814 2132 1905 •J223 2495 2703 3357 2 99 4219 2744 3379 3243 1978 2840 2250 2518 3837 2970 1890 1633 1792 2649 2032 2259 2168 1071 1447 1352 2250 1479 1520 1397 1610 1438 1669 1928 2858 3856 3878 3343 4264 2019 2341 3257 3243 3302 3529 2071 3747 3392 4559 2948 3G11 ;:I7;, 4377 3066 2576 2703 4327 8MB 2041 1715 1860 2803 2268 2386 2404 1166 1610 1479 2449 1574 1619 1479 1678 1637 1928 23»5 3289 4346 4155 3742 4559 2722 2486 3615 3674 3606 4128 3175 3924 3579 4844 3100 3837 3632 4Dl'9 3329 2790 2840 4.-.CO 3379 2123 1842 1932 3016 2427 2508 2563 1315 1624 1529 2486 1633 1674 1551 1805 1765 2028 2749 3529 4740 4136 4U64 4808 3016 2622 3783 3878 3792 4219 3379 4110 3751 5080 3334 4046 3792 4744 3479 2899 2935 4622 3479 2254 1887 2028 3121 2449 2613 2703 1332 1710 1574 2490 1683 1756 1637 1851 1878 2164 2930 3765 5126 4763 4296 4967 3103 2703 3978 4060 3983 4332 3534 4332 3007 5262 MW 4173 3007 4962 3629 3035 3085 47.i! 3606 2427 1946 2141 3257 2580 2758 2794 1433 1774 1660 2531 1801 1860 1665 1969 1946 2168 3193 3901 5353 5058 4522 5103 3207 2835 4069 4237 4160 4513 3656 4473 4028 0401 3615 4377 4019 5080 3797 3157 3252 4872 3743 2449 2028 2214 3384 2703 2794 2858 1483 1855 1683 2658 1896 1951 1733 1991 2059 2177 3293 4060 5706 5416 4699 5307 3343 2894 4264 4377 4346 4626 3788 4017 4164 5543 3801 4527 4069 5239 3933 3293 3384 4985 3833 2472 2037 2254 3479 2776 2939 2971 1556 1860 1733 2672 1982 1996 1801 2046 2150 2218 3434 4095 5920 5615 4844 5421 3438 2026 4386 4482 4427 4831 3933 4781 4336 5670 3892 4581 4300 5339 - 4033 3397 3538 5203 3928 2567 2141 2350 3665 2890 107 3039 1619 1905 1774 2790 2005 2073 1805 2100 2159 2268 3525 4296 6283 5869 4980 5534 3094 4500 4604 4608 4967 4037 4890 4441 5784 4028 4753 4346 5452 3724 3520 3615 5298 4024 2685 2177 2400 . 3760 2935 3198 3139 1678 1951 1819 2794 2082 2114 1855 2150 2159 2259 3570 4395 6396 6056 5112 5670 3620 3216 4604 4662 4672 5048 4672 5715 5202 MM 4808 5353 4944 6328 4831 4219 4204 6028 4620 3175 2531 2722 4332 3493 3652 3901 1973 2168 2064 3062 2295 2449 2087 2381 1973 5353 6283 5715 C849 5208 5851 5389 0762 4881 4717 4536 6568 4879 Sheared fibers 1235 213 213 2742 274' 757 757 1167 1167 1052 20 20 630 530 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 290 290 311 311 645 645 736 736 330 330 467 467 405 405 441 441 815 815 1247 1247 1248 1248 do do do do n do do do do do do do do . 2722 3039 4808 3742 4037 4332 2177 2308 2223 3311 Sheared fibers . . do do ... Slight shearing of fibers do do do , do do Sheared fibers • split at end 2790 2177 Sheared fibers do 2449 do Sheared fibers; crashed obliquely at each end 3969 4944 7485 4346 5353 8074 5987 do . .. 4037 3765 do 4037 5307 Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers ; split at ends . . 426 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speciea. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate ' strength, in kilos. ' Remarks. 1031 Trinidad W. B Strong 10931 Locust. 1031 ....do ....do ....do ....do from end. 80. Olneva Tesota 650 Lower Colorado Dry, gravelly . . . Iron Wood. Arbol de Sierra. 650 ....do valley. do C. S. Sargent. do do 5851 564 Florida A H Curtiss 9548 Jamaica Dogwood. 564 ....do Key. do ....do ...do >ss gran 33s \V M Linney 9934 Yellow Wood. TeUow Ash. 33 ... do ... do ...do ... QO 439 Nashville Alluvial 7167 329 Dallas 7734 meters from end. 032 do C Mohr do 10524 296 G. W. Letterman 9208 bend near middle. ^Kentucky Coffee Tree. Coffee Nut 519 Nashville 6169 meters from end. 1241 Missouri Allenton G. W.Lcttennan-. Alluvial 5874 vicinity of knots. 1242 do ....do do . . do 5434 1243 do ...do do 5343 meters from end. 86. Gleditschia triacanthos 53' ...do ....do ....do Low, rich 8119 ... do Honey Locust. Black Locust. 63* do do do do 7711 Locust. Honey Shucks. 444 Nashville 8174 end. 760 Florida A. H. Curtiss Alluvial 9889 Water Locust. 760 do . do . do do 8799 end at 10 millimeters from knot. 678 6078 meters in diameter. Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde 678 do river, do 0. S. Sargent. do 7980 middle. 436 Nashville 8119 end. Sedbud. Judat Tree. 1089 G W. Letterman Rich 8369 1090 1091 ...do ..do ....do ... do ... do do ....do do . ... 6704 6849 Crushed at knot 102 millimeters from end. 680 Tucson C S Sargent . 9934 middle. Meeguit. Algarota. Honey 680 do do do 10841 crushed near middle. 927 Texas C.Mohr 7462 658 California Sandy 10034 cracks along grain ; split before testing. Screw Sean. Screw-pod Met- 658 do do C. S. Sargent. 11431 middle. OS. Acacia Grefr'ii 697 do 11885 Cat's Claw. 509 Florida am e.. Boca Chica Key A H Curtiss Coral 7053 Wild Tamarind. 1112 do do do 8337 1112 .. do do do ....do 102 millimeters from end. EOSACE^E. 480 do do Cocoa Plum. 68 G W. Letterman . 8663 Crushed at 25 millimeters from Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum, C8 334 ... do Texas ...do Dallas ....do ...do Kich 8799 10796 end in vicinity of small knots. Crushed at 19 and at 89 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from 435 Nashville Kiver bluff 6441 end and at end. Chickaeaw Plum. Hog Plum. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 427 Direction ot grain. i PRESSURE, IS KILOr.UAMB, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AS LN DENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. I 0.25 O.51 0.76 1 .00 1.27 1.52 1.78 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.08 1 1905 2041 I860 4300 2586 '-'313 1650 2518 3493 3357 3765 8256 4173 3992 2078 2840 3878 3810 5398 10387 4695 4626 2250 3216 4155 4037 6849 11885 5126 5013 2350 3348 4427 4241 7983 12973 5353 5420 2440 3434 4614 4400 9526 14062 5693 5702 2540 3543 4799 4559 10614 14787 5920 6010 2703 3624 5013 4786 11521 15467 6033 6237 2762 3720 5126 4808 12474 16057 6237 6396 2849 3847 5298 4831 13245 16510 6386 6600 2935 3946 5924 5602 6192 Sheared fibers 1031 1031 650 650 564 564 33 S3 18008 do ... ': 7530 3402 4527 3758 4926 do : 2C7C 2041 2427 3720 4808 4581 5035 5062 5262 5434 5439 5781 5715 5874 5897 6105 6074 6559 6260 6655 7190 7576 7756 7847 329 932 Sheared fibers; split at end; compressed area con- tained 3 millimeters knot. in 1610 1656 1429 1352 1700 1179 2041 2132 2019 1452 1833 HIS 1769 1633 1452 2713 2132 8811 1769 2381 2926 2028 1928 1787 2245 1905 2903 3674 3447 2223 2939 1769 2291 2527 2263 4219 ^ 3007 5874 4105 3924 3153 3357 2254 2232 1991 2404 2268 3071 4332 4073 2948 3479 2395 2703 3057 2707 4790 4699 6332 4067 5080 • 3529 2322 2309 2082 2495 2404 3193 4577 4264 3620 3620 2663 2880 3252 2875 4931 4990 6532 5239 5294 3697 2472 2427 2168 2654 2495 3379 4763 4468 3298 3701 2844 3026 3352 3071 6216 5103 6804 5421 5825 3847 2540 2522 2245 2S12 2608 3581 5035 465S 3484 3788 3044 3!84 3538 3153 5513 5330 6967 5738 5851 3933 2608 2622 2318 L'939 2694 3847 5162 4799 3652 3901 3207 3298 3583 3293 5648 5425 7067 5860 5965 4105 2676 2672 2390 3075 2776 3946 5252 5026 3801 4024 3357 3388 3810 3343 5802 5521 7117 6169 6114 4209 2835 2758 2454 3180 2862 4014 5389 5203 3S96 4082 3538 3520 3882 3425 G028 6702 7244 6214 6314 4695 5289 5162 3652 519 1241 1242 1243 53' 53' 444 760 760 678 678 436 1089 1090 1091 680 680 927 658 658 2114 1928 2313 2168 2903 4219 3850 2099 3266 2132 2522 2794 2676 4518 4468 6214 4604 4536 2880 3720 3357 5512 6350 6350 5080 5035 4527 4699 5934 6078 4527 4717 4173 4291 4536 3765 6849 6486 8210 6940 7349 do do Sheared fibers and splintered at 6 millimeters knot.. Slight shearing, caused by uneven loading; season- ins crack. 4105 7394 8483 7508 79,83 Sheared fibers . . Sheared fibers do do '.. .. . ' 1452 1497 1724 1724 1860 1796 2132 1134 1860 2341 2654 1928 2685 2858 3153 2880 2703 3520 1801 2037 2821 2930 3484 3153 2890 3828 1982 2159 2967 3107 3538 3162 3039 4014 2132 2241 3066 3252 3810 3257 3221 4150 2291 2331 3171 3357 t 3892 3343 3356 4332 2859 2368 3248 3456 4150 3484 3443 4527 2413 2445 3339 3608 4241 3579 3620 4662 2540 2486 3438 3652 4355 3697 3683 4795 2608 2880 3937 4196 6058 4241 4219 5670 3130 3130 4241 4491 Sheared fibers . -. 509 1112 1112 480 68 68 334 435 do do 2522 2449 3198 1565 4473 4672 Sheared fibers ... ,do . 3538 428 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Cojlector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: "Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 233 Charlotte C. G. Pringle 6532 WUd Eed Cherry. Pin Cher- 233 do do do ...do . 6486 millimeters from end. 606 Georgia Clay 7960 end. Sloe. Black Sloe. %)6 ... do ...do do do 968 8051 968 15 ritory. ....do ....do 0. 8. Sargent. do C. S Sargent ....do 6663 10138 Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from end. Wild Black Cherry. Sum 15 ...do ....do ... do ... do 10256 along grain. 115 "W J Beal do 7235 115 do do 8732 teiH knot. 127 G W Letterman 9979 end. 127 do ... do . do do 8890 middle. 148 Illinois K. Douglas 9199 317 Michigan Hersey W. J. Bcal Eich 780S 317 368 do ....do Charlotte ....do C. G. Pringle ....do 8324 9095 Crushed at 127 millimeters from end. 406 S H Pook 6564 763 die States. yard. A. H. Curtiss . . Clav 8773 along jrraiu. 763 1053 1053 ....do Massachusetts do ....do Topsfield do ....do J. Robinson do ....do Gravelly do 9571 8029 8609 ami H|ilii. obliquely along gram. Crushed fibers at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers near middle of one side of specimen. 189. Prunus Capuli 4] 8 8609 Wild Cherry. 418 do . ains. do do do knotty. 037 California V 8165 Wild Cherry. 1032 Florida C. S. Sargent. A H Curtiss 7847 knot. Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach 1062 Victoria C Mohr 9503 knots. 1062 ..do ... do do .... do 9617 102 millimeters from end. 113. Prunus ilicifolia 1158 California 8709 Inlay. 1158 ...do do ....do meters in diameter. 883 Utah 10478 Mountain Mahogany. 883 do do do do . 808 W. M. Canby Clav 7485 American Crab. Sweet-scented Crab. 808 ....do do ....do do 7756 Crashed at knot 6 millim eters in di- 1087 1087 Pennsylvania ....do Nazareth . do J. Henry ....do Moist ....do 5851 6940 ameter 127 millimeters from end. Crushed at knot 19 millimeters in diameter 25 millimeters from end. Crushed 76 millimeters from end 1088 1088 ....do do ....do do ....do do ....do ....do 5874 6328 in vicinity of 4 millimeters kuot. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end ; cross-grained. Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots 214 C G Pringle 6305 76 millimeters from end. Mountain Ash. 365 ....do do Huntington ....do do ....do do 5851 6123 limeters in diameter. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Mountain Ash. 363s Eich 6672 Crushed at 16 millimeters knots 607 A H. Curtiss S346 38 and 76 millimeters from end. Crushed nt middle; knot 3 milli- 607 ...do ....do ....do ...•do 8890 meters in diamjeter. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 429 _g pKEsauiir., ix KILI.I.ISA.M*, i;i;yrii:En TO momcE AX IXI>EXTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office number. "3 | 1 P 0.7C 1.02 1.27 1.52 1.78 2.03 2.2S 2.54 4.81 5.0S 980 HI 885 111 97.1 HI 012 [Mi 3112 :!!( 17 1-J57 1483 4049 3583 1021 1111 5398 5307 2241 1,"I7 1142 1.1!I7 1724 5280 5851 4073 4527 1CS4 1161 1216 1252 6237 0646 5489 5920 2468 2540 1501 1790 0214 4740 1216 1343 6885 02117 2699 1538 1932 0555 5126 1300 14.12 7063 6408 2749 1628 1982 6759 52S5 1347 1483 7221 6646 2849 1660 2073 6872 5416 1393 1542 7326 6795 2989 1710 2114 7145 5535 1470 1619 7372 0972 3048 1805 2164 5276 2078 233 233- 606 606 908 968 15 15 115' 8029 8483 do 1483 1687 7376 7112 3094 1715 2019 8165 7530 3620 1951 2078 8618 8210 3878 do do 1.-..-K 26)9 2177 •J8PO 3075 3202 ' 3334 2341 2536 2667 2771 3393 2844 3493 3020 3674 3071 3788 3166 4491 3538 4944 127 127 1837 1125 pi 2041 2041 2177 H|' 14.12 iJTjTj 3153 2948 1678 HUB' 2395 H 1905 2449 1588 ^ 1048 2381 1588 1660 274!) 2078 2123 2495 3538 2708 3311 3221 4060 41C5 3000 4513 2076 5171 5534 2404 3357 2i?35 3788 3652 2699 1533 - 1 53 1656 1837 14S3 2259 2856 2713 3007 4196 3738 3561 4699 4786 3674 5126 3198 6314 6804 2622 1765 1969 1569 2336 2495 2812" 4173 4445 4200 3792 5210 5307 3969 5625 3611 7122 7462 2858 2880 1860 2078 1615 2390 2581 2971 4432 4241 4445 3937 5534 5557 4191 5874 3901 7372 7983 3030 2880 1941 2164 1660 2.113 2713 3093 4717 4999 4699 4087 5793 5869 4518 6205 4128 7892 8523 3198 4191 3683 5207 4786 4055 1887 2948 2019 2259 1710 2576 2853 3184 4799 5126 4940 4219 6141 6105 4740 6482 4445 8460 3075 2087 2313 1700 2631 2890 3302 4931 5376 5207 4346 6380 6292 4890 6759 4740 8850 3198 2173 2427 1805 2722 2939 3420 5062 3202 2214 2481 1851 2753 3048 3479 5203 3674 3901 317 317 368 406 763 763 1053 1053 418 418 637 1032 1062 1062 1158 1158 883 883 808 80S 1087 1087 1088 1088 214 2939 2159 3107 3153 2268 3334 do Sheared fibers - do 4173 5978 4581 6341 do Sheared fibers - 5466 4477 6568 6522 4990 7021 4899 9199 5661 4531 7230 6613 5153 7235 5071 9531 6740 5443 7802 do . Slight shearing ; split at end ; short specimen, 12 centimeters long. 7892 6033 8392 6305 12247 9934 13598 Sheared fibers - Split at end 3289 3357 3561 4536 4173 5661 5298 4481 2223 3674 4649 4237 5719 5325 4563 2268 4241 5434 4990 6396 6169 5080 2676 4753 5987 do . ..' 3171 4513 4128 3106 1656 3379 4831 4400 3470 1751 3583 6017 4572 3792 1869 3856 5334 4890 4173 2019 4028 5507 5080 4318 2096 7076 6532 5693 2812 Sheared fibers; 13 millimeters knot at corner of com- pression area. UJJj] cso in 19°5 p=j! 1343 1406 1746 2699 1982 1678 2254 3030 2359 1701 2522 3207 2567 1715 2703 3438 2713 1805 2840 3574 2830 1941 3016 3701 2985 2019 3116 3901 3193 2032 3248 4024 3339 2214 3438 3729 3407 2608 4150 4980 4128 2939 4763 5398 Sheared fibers 410 363» 607 607 do do 430 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA.' TABLE V.— BEHAVIOK OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. - Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression : Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 126. Crata'gusrrns-palli 328 1063 1<)!)3 949 1081 426 426 826 239 767 241 849 849 546 546 1095 1095 1173 1173 1181 1181 1182 1182 1183 1183 485 485 489 489 507 507 1118 Massachusetts ....do Brookline /.... ....do 0033 5806 7349 8346 8605 8018 7434 6795 7280 7122 8437 11294 10433 10410 6795 648G 7847 7892 6337 6396 6940 7870 8573 8210 Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Cockvptii- Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. ....do do Missouri ... do Allenton do G. W. Letterman . do Low, wet do Crushed at 127 millimeters from end and split along grain. Crushed at 18 millimeters from end and along one face. Crashed at middle at knot 3 milli- meters in diameter. Crubhed at each end and at middle Crushed at middle at knot 3 mil- limeters in diameter. Crashed at 16 millimeters knot 10L* millimeters from end. Crushed at middle on one corner.. Crushed along one corner; de- flected from crushed side. Crushed at 115 millimeters from end. Sap-wood ; triple flexure . . . Texas Victoria C. Mohr H Eggert Alluvial Scarlet Haw. 129. Craticgus toruentosa Black Thorn. Pear Haw. Tennessee ...do Nashville ... do A. Gattinger do do Webster parish . . - Bonneau's Depot. . Aspalaga Brumtield Station . Dauvers ...do Kemper's mill ...do Little Rock do C.Mohr II. \V. Ravenel A. H. Curtiss W. M. Linney J.Robinson ....do C. Mohr ....do G. W. Letterman. do Clay Smalt-fruited Haw. 134. Crattegus a}stivalis . South Carolina Florida Kentucky Massachusetts — ....do May Haw. Apple Haw. 135. Cratjegusflava, var. pubescens Mummer Haw. }ied Haw. Dry clay "Waverly shale Loam ....do Rich, alluvial ....do 'Jitneberry. SltadBusJi. Serv- ice Tree. May Cherry. HAMAMELACE.3:. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed near middle; angle of crushing, 50°. Triple flexure Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquidamber. Red Gum. Misted. RHIZOPHORACE.S;. ....do Arkansas Crashed at 25 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 64millimeters from end and nt middle on opposite face. Crushed and split at eud ; cross- grained. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end; 0.75 san-worid. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. ... do New Jersey Mount Holly S. P. Sharpies .... Clay do ....do do Yazoo River bot- tom. do .. . R. Abbey do Alluvial do ....do ....do do do do ....do ....do ..do do do ....do do do do 7938 8256 13517 14016 9571 9614 7212 7167 14198 Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. ...do do . do do Florida . Bay Biscayne do A. H. Curtiss do Crushed at end in vicinity of knot. Crushed at middle ; cross-grained . Crashed at 38 millimeters from end ; worm-eaten. Mangrove. COMBRETAOE.S:. 141. Conocarpuserecta... Button Wood. 142. Laguncularia racemosa White Button Wood. White Mangrove. MYRTACE.S:. 144. Eugenia buxifolia ....do do ....do do ....do do ....do do ....do do ....do ...do Sugar-Loaf Sound do ....do do .. ....do do Crushed near middle; cross- grained and worm-eaten. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end ; small knots. Crashed at 127 millimeters from end. ...do. ... do Humus and coral . do durgeon Stopper. Spaniih Stopper. 146. Eugenia zuonticola Stopper. White Stopper. 148. Eugenia procera lied Stopper. CORKAGES. 1118 1135 1135 1127 1127 67 67 761 ...do do do . . . ...do ...do Umbrella Key . do Coral 8754 8936 10931 0567 9276 9571 7031 Split along grain, opening season cracks; split in seasoning cracks. ....do ....do .. .do ...do ...do Missouri ...do Florida Miami — ....do Allenton ...do Cbattahoochee ....do ....do , G. W. Letterman.. ...do A. H. Curtiss ! ....do ....do Triple flexure; developed inter- secting ''Cooper lines". do Triple flexure ; opened cracks at end. do Crushed at 102 millimeters from end; cross-grained. Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood. ....do Calcareous THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 431 UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. Direction of grain. I rRKt>Ki:i!K, l.N KILOUHAM8, KKQL'IKEl) TO PRODUCE AX IXIIEXTATIOX, IK MII.LIMETEK8, OF— Remarks. 1 0.35 0.51 0.70 1.04 t.-H 1.54 1.78 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 3.08 1315 1314 2041 1701 1315 2449 1787 1293 1315 1433 1905 2041 1860 2449 1424 1588 1334 771 1198 2078 1089 952 1384 1043 907 1157 1311 2227 2404 2903 817 1270 2336 4091 2586 2313 2155 3153 2076 2495 3674 3257 2359 2617 2699 3720 3221 3221 3515 1914 1>33 1996 1315 1814 2844 1506 1452 1792 1520 1452 1488 4173 4763 4173 4491 1515 1973 3765 5761 4527 2493 2490 3666 3085 3130 4119 3765 2948 3066 3130 4445 3674 3788 3946 2019 2073 2191 1474 1996 3026 1588 1574 2000 1656 1633 1678 5806 5987 4854 5216 1796 2250 4763 5942 5648 2878 2713 3937 3379 3484 4445 4055 3130 3329 3402 4831 3992 4110 4291 2100 2223 2250 1542 2096 3162 1633 1669 2803 2803 4255 3011 3788 402C 4309 3379 3484 3583 5103 4423 4491 4536 2254 2313 2277 1574 2186 3302 1715 1760 2227 1914 2041 1896 7576 7212 5751 6101 2132 2640 5851 6849 6532 2980 2976 4482 3828 3983 una 4482 3638 3074 3742 5398 4436 4708 4863 2381 2395 2377 1874 2859 3438 1760 1851 2300 2019 2(191 1941 8006 7689 6078 6432 2359 2708 6169 7076 6795 3085 3071 4G95 3992 4219 5013 4658 3742 3910 3856 5625 4877 4922 5098 2477 2518 2413 1719 2472 3561 1928 1887 2350 2091 2168 2073 8464 8052 6396 6759 2436 2844 6613 7303 7258 3207 3171 4859 4119 4391 01(12 4781 3892 4055 4028 5874 4990 5112 5303 2536 2604 2486 1769 2531 3661 1941 1941 2449 2141 2273 2155 8822 8337 6600 7099 2531 2948 6963 7553 7475 3807 3198 5035 4264 4581 5439 4944 4119 4164 4101 6056 5194 5316 5484 2645 2703 2527 1860 2676 3801 1973 2028 2586 2291 2381 2223 9140 8663 6895 7226 2626 3035 7294 7802 7779 3397 3484 5171 4391 4753 5534 5035 4287 4287 4264 6260 5334 5489 5684 2717 2799 2540 1932 2708 3042 2014 2050 2649 2345 2445 2273 9453 8913 7085 7530 2790 3116 7576 8029 7983 3983 4064 4296 4763 Sheared fibers 328 328 1003 1093 949 1081 426 426 926 239 767 241 849 849 546 546 1095 1095 1173 1173 1181 1181 1182 1182 1183 1183 485 48S 489 489 507 507 1118 1118 1135 do 5353 4806 6759 5851 4035 5262 4990 7394 6350 6646 6782 3166 3289 2926 6033 6350 7212 6486 5025 5761 5579 7983 do do do 7349 3329 3020 3121 Sheared fibers do . . ...'..do.. .. 3289 4445 2313 2404 3075 2708 2722 do 4881 2440 2531 3302 2899 2926 do . .. . do do 1814 1923 1837 6940 6713 5398 5761 2050 2472 5398 6373 6033 Sheared fibers 10637 do 8799 . do 3674 3901 Sheared fibers 9526 902R 9753 9753 I 3538 2313 2948 1860 2833 5080 4672 4581 3720 3162 5761 5942 5715 4513 3493 6432 6068 6146 4953 3765 6963 7235 6386 5180 4037 7439 7689 6754 5484 4241 7792 8119 7076 5761 4418 8119 8419 7326 5965 4563 8506 8714 7485 6192 4667 8786 8990 7729 6396 4844 10614 10841 8890 7802 5625 1127 1127 67 67 761 11930 9798 8702 6169 do Sheared fibers ; 7 millimeters knot in compression surface. do 432 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOK OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression : Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 151. Cornus florida — continued 812 812 West Virginia -. . ....do Grnfton ....do C.G-. Cringle ....do Dry do 8732 7621 Sap-wood; triple flexnro; inter- secting "Cooper lines"; split at end. do 1077 Missouri Allenton G. W. Letterman.. 9004 1077 1092 ....do do ....do ... do ...do do ... do Flinty 8981 8210 Triple llexure; split at ends; in- ^tersecting "Cooper lines". 152. Conius Nuttallii '.. 960 Oregon Portland G. Eugelmanu and 10387 Flowering J)ogwood. 960 ....do ....do C. S. Sargent. do 10819 605 6895 end. Ogecckce Lime. Sour Tu- 605 ....do ...do ... do do end ; split along grain. 154. Kyssa sylvytica Tupelo. Soiir 6um. Pep- $17 750 Teum-sseo Florida Cumbeiland river A. Gattinger A. H Curtiss Clay 7349 789'* Crushed on one face at 25 millime- ters from middle. 750 ....do ...do ....do do 8119 813 West Virginia .. Grafton C. G. Pringle 8414 at middle. 813 ... do do do one corner. 833 Massachusetts . . Wubt Newbury . . . J. Eobinson Kich 7689 end. ....do ....do do do 6623 834 834 ... do ....do ....do ....do ....do ... .do ....do ....do 6577 7394 from *>nd- Crushed at G millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. 835 do • . do 7022 835 ....do do do 7176 Dally ; split at ends. 128 H. W Kaveuel 6396 tersecting " Cooper Hues'1. 'Larfje Tupelo. C'ot'on Gum. 128 ... do ....do do 6328 ters from end on opposite .JUI-M. - 550 Alabama Stockton C.Mohr 5035 550 604 ....do ... do ....do ....do 5715 6193 Triple flexure 604 ...do ... do do do 5489 from end. CAPIUFOLIACE^E. 681 ESfcr. 370 county. knot. Hkeepberry. JKannyberry. J59. Viburnum prunifolmm lllack Haw. Stag Hush. 1102 no4 Kentucky Mercer county . . . do W.M.Linney do Hudson River shale. 10160 103°9 Crushed at ends in vicinity of knots; split along groin. 739 Georgia Bainbridge A. H. Curtiss Clay 7938 die. Crimhutl 'J(i millimeters from mid- KUBIACE^E. 466 Florida do 13381 161. Pinckneya pubens 466 381 ....do.....' South Carolina Key. ....do Bluffton ....do J. H. Mellichamp ...do 106GO 4355 Crushed at knot at middle ; split along grain. Georgia Hark. EKICACE^). 343 C.Mohr 5874 from middle; opened between rings. f'arklcberry. 343 do do 6895 grained. 1033 Florida .. A. H. Curtiss 7802 nally. 166. Arbutus Menziusii 643 G. K. Vasey 7303 end; crqss- grained. 6J3 679 679 ....do ... do do county. . ...do ilarin county do ... do ....do ... do ....do do 7756 7530 9548 do Shattered and crushed at ends THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 433 Direction of grain. FBESSUKE, IN KILOOKAHS, HEQUIBK1) TO PRODUCE AS INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF — Remarks. 1 0.25 0.31 O.T« 1.02 i.2r 1.52 1.T8 2.O3 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.08 1 2041 1951 863 ItS) 2223 2068 1814 14116 14.ri2 1338 1792 inr>i 1179 1(S!3 1724 ISM 1384 1901 1837 2132 S818 1043 1343 14fl7 1202 1452 3130 3130 2291 3833 29!I4 3198 2177 1M4 17% 2767 3130 3749 1352 2676 2495 2531 2215 2699 2740 2622 2948 1529 1905 2313 1610 1928 3493 3606 3606 4491 4509 3556 2386 3761 3892 4418 4944 4944 3615 3742 2522 2150 2064 3983 4069 4944 5243 5158 3S19 3946 2713 2254 2150 3538 3792 3243 2336 3243 3148 3030 2921 3515 3529 3148 3348 1765 2254 3012 1923 2218 4146 4250 5325 5552 5398 4014 4164 2858 4355 4400 5715 5711 5608 4132 4287 2971 2449 2331 3892 4241 3438 2495 3697 3447 3311 3193 3856 3042 3475 3593 1960 2472 3216 2118 2359 4527 4536 5878 5883 B7W 4323 4491 3085 2608 2400 4073 4423 3497 2531 3919 3556 3420 3311 3983 3946 3574 3742 2014 2586 3348 2195 2436 4077 4717 6146 6114 5929 4436 4572 3143 2622 2499 4219 4536 3588 2567 4055 3683 3502 3484 4105 4064 3715 3042 2059 2664 3425 2232 2486 4831 4899 6419 6373 6123 4604 4708 3289 3039 2622 4400 4726 3670 2617 4137 3810 3615 3579 4241 4264 3828 3946 2132 2708 3493 2308 2536 5761 5987 7599 7394 7212 MSB 5579 3878 3153 3016 5307 5851 4196 3039 6126 4581 4418 41% 5035 5216 4401 4545 2436 3085 4219 2699 6328 6396 8663 Sheared fibers 812 812 1077 1077 1092 960 960 605 605 517 760 750 813 813 833 833 834 834 835 835 128 128 550 550 004 604 681 370 110< 739 466 466 381 343 343 1033 643 643 679 679 do do 7938 5829 6169 do do do >]» 104! 3130 3329 2921 2019 2948 2744 2713 2513 3130 3130 2875 3130 1588 2041 2654 1.783 2068 2245 3756 3992 3375 2404 3583 3307 3171 3107 3697 3656 3329 3438 1869 2381 3139 1996 2291 5851 6350 4391 2894 5887 5171 5013 4581 5851 5615 4944 4944 2667 3334 4491 3039 3606 3075 2259 3062 2971 2899 2849 3357 3311 3003 3207 1678 2168 2803 1805 2150 do do ... . . do do do do Sheared fibers . do do . do i 1996 1882 2449 2948 3447 590 1941 1905 1792 1315 2087 1941 1361 2019 3992 3438 5806 5761 1021 3402 3243 2699 2404 2685 2858 2313 4649 4854 3806 6940 6668 1406 3833 3742 3193 2694 2980 3243 2640 4976 5207 4033 7439 7067 1574 4164 4241 3402 8967 3243 3515 2903 5252 5512 4264 7938 7475 1678 4432 4522 3611 3048 3443 3720 3075 5498 6724 4463 8142 7756 1792 4899 4749 3633 3266 3620 3851 3243 571S 5965 4690 8460 7915 1851 5171 4990 4024 3393 3828 3996 3393 5874 6232 4840 8936 8074 1896 5398 5162 4173 3574 3992 4173 3561 6033 6441 4581 8981 8192 1941 5512 5362 4300 3729 4119 4309 3692 6283 6595 5162 9026 8301 1982 6305 5489 4491 3846 6305 9889 10705 Sheared fibers • radial split do 2214 6918 6577 5216 4468 2422 Sheared fibers ; 4 millimeters knot on indented area. Sheared fibers . 7076 5715 5035 Sheared fibers do 4418 3810 i 5126 4491 5579 do 28 FOE 434 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLK V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. OfBce nttmber. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilns. Remarks. 683 7122 683 ...do ains. do C. S. Sargent. ... do . 5715 millimeters in diameter. 353 Cottage Hill C. Mohr 7430- end. crushing fibers at middle. Sorrel Tree. Sour Wood. 353 ...do do do do 7847 at middle. 515 Tennessee Nashville A. Gattinger Sandy rock 8799 25 millimeters from middle. 515 ....do ... do do do 170. Kalinin latifolia 262* Moist 6931 Laurel. Calico Hush. Spoon Wood. Ivy. 171. Rhododendron maximum Great Laurel. Jiose Say. 2623 263 263 ....do ....do . . .do ....do ....do . do -•*> do do ....do ....do do 6849 7462 6577 knots at end. Crushed at knot 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. SAPOTACE2E. 175. Chryaopbyllnm oliviforme ... 492 Florida A. H. Curtiss Coral 10433 middle. 492 do do do do 8709 middle, deflecting diagonally. 176. SideroxylonMaatichodendron. Mastic. 461 461 ....do do Upper Metauombe Key. do ....do do ....do do 10932 9889 obliquely. Split along grain at cud; slight crushing. 177. Dipholis salicifolia -. 488 ... do do do 11952 Itustic. Castada. 488 do do do do 12565 500 500 ....do do Umbrella Key do .. . '. ....do ...do ....do .. do . 11272 10931 Crashed at 64 millimeters from end and split along grain. 746 do 7235 end in vicinity of knots. 179. Buiuelia lanuginosa 930 Texas . C. Mohr 5489 Gum Elastic. Shittim Wood. 930 1083 ....do ...do ....do G-. W. Letterman ....do ...do 5012 6895 Crushed at 102 millimeters from end at 5 millimeters knot. 181. Bnmelia lycioides 333 Nashville 7825 Iron Wood. Southern Buck- thorn. 182. Bnmelia cuneata 1124 1'Iorida... 7643 ing crack at middle. A nt#' Wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum. 183. Mimusopa Sieberi 458 . . do do ..do 8913 knots. Wild Dilly. 458 do Key. ... do do do 5806 from end to end. EBENACE-S3. 61 Of. "W. Letterman 7892 ing cracks. Persimmon. 61 do ....do ....do do 7485 Dally. ,do 425 9095 811 "West Virginia Grafton C. G-. Pringle 7394 811 do . do ....do 7892 Triple flexure deflected diago- 1084 G. ~W. Letterman 8301 nally. 1084 do do do do 8029 middle, do 1162 do ... . . do . . do Rich 8415 Triple flexure deflected diago- 1162 do do do do 7901 nally; intersecting "Cooper lines". STYRACACE.&. 347 Cottage Hill C Mohr 6146 Horse Sugar. Sweet Leaf. 347 do do do do millimeters from end and at 3 millimeters knot at end. 187. Halesia diptera 738 A. H. Curtiss 6486 Failed at 6 millimeters knot 127 Snow-drop Free. Silver-bell Tree. 738 do do do 7394 millimeters from end and split along grain. OLEACE.&. 191. Fraxinus pistacisefolia . . 660 ..do 6441 Crushed at middle on one face Ash. 680 ...do ains. ....do C. S. Sargent. do ....do 5874 Crushed at middle ia vicinity of 3 millimeters knot. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 435 Direction of grain. I'KKSSUIIE, IN K1LOGBAMB, JtEyUIllEl) TO 1'KOUUCK AN IMIEM'AIION, IS MILUMETKKB, OF— lieumrks. Office number. 0.25 <>.,-,! 0.7« 1.03 1.27 1.53 1.78 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.S1 5.08 1 IC8Q 2359 1051 1211 1497 IMO 2268 2L-23 2(141 1951 4219 1860 2313 2767 2087 2177 975 !)07 1474 1384 975 1769 880 658 2676 2359 1905 2041 1960 2767 1905 1746 2676 2540 1294 1837 1170 1397 2586 3583 3062 2223 2214 2254 3289 3447 2767 2468 5579 3765 4536 4332 3420 3493 2486 2269 2155 1923 1497 2835 2522 2313 4355 3697 3130 3402 ^602 4536 3266 3402 4092 4495 3039 2608 1796 2336 2976 3983 3479 1!G76 2527 2586 3674 3892 2980 2708 6033 4626 5171 4899 4082 3983 3425 3239 2431 2055 1606 3148 2527 3720 5307 4491 3674 4060 4459 5353 3901 4264 4786 5557 4060 2744 IMO 2753 3221 4250 8751 2971 2694 2707 3969 4173 3107 2830 6464 5126 5586 5307 4436 4327 3810 3833 2712 2168 1692 3425 3289 4281 6023 5058 4001 4436 4908 5738 4341 4699 5194 6065 4695 2871 2064 2998 3411 44S2 3946 3153 2849 2921 4105 4287 3252 2880 6791 5425 5874 5489 4717 4608 4114 4073 2894 2259 1801 3633 3529 4581 6532 5470 4214 4695 5289 6005 4604 5035 5484 6323 5080 2967 2127 3153 8628 4662 4237 3284 3021 3003 4237 4432 3352 2994 7145 5742 6201 5761 5035 4844 4364 4400 3116 2381 1896 3042 3751 4799 6895 5851 4332 4971 5561 6260 4854 5307 5715 6568 5421 3003 2214 3366 3801 4854 4414 3479 3193 3157 4350 4581 3434 3085 7430 6014 6382 5987 5434 4649 4604 4527 3293 2472 1978 4024 3964 4944 7235 6155 4527 5067 5869 6486 5080 5421 5883 6736 5606 3039 2295 3497 3946 4990 4554 3633 3325 3207 4491 4699 3502 3166 7693 6250 6677 6123 5670 5398 4808 4844 3497 2572 2073 4191 4178 5207 7521 6386 4667 5239 6083 6849 5285 5661 6042 6881 5851 3057 2381 3683 4105 .->H2 4696 37(>0 3493 3393 4581 4808 3597 32S2 7974 6532 6940 6296 4219 5207 4831 3856 3611 3438 4690 4890 3674 3302 8219 6736 7117 6464 4U22 6123 5070 4491 4287 3946 5534 5625 4264 3810 9753 8119 5421 6623 6350 5058 4626 Sheared fibers 683 683 353 353 515 675 262* 263" 2G3 263 492 492 461 461 488 488 500 500 746 930 930 1083 333 1124 45S 458 61 61 425 811 811 1084 1084 1162 1162 347 347 738 do do do do do 6078 4491 4150 do ... . do .. 9026 do 7248 7847 Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 121 mil- limeters long. 5479 5648 5103 5207 3882 2703 2268 4518 4536 5666 8029 6940 4890 5534 6477 7235 5613 5965 6319 7221 6246 3162 2504 3919 6441 5013 3710 2635 2177 4350 4364 5479 7811 6713 4786 5362 6310 7049 5434 5811 6187 7049 6069 3085 2445 3810 6123 4854 3121 2703 5398 do 5602 3443 3085 5851 do do Split at ends 6577 8936 8279 5625 6486 7666 8256 6668 7031 7258 8170 7417 3720 2903 4491 7462 9163 9026 6146 7076 8392 8799 7530 7711 7756 8663 8301 3856 3239 5171 Sheared fibers do do do. do do do . .... do do do . -. .. .. . do Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers . . do do t 1892 2132 2227 3039 2522 3425 2767 3529 2948 3787 3080 3901 3212 4150 3343 4332 3561 4509 3674 4604 4355 5443 4763 6078 Sheared fibers 660 660 436 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: ITlti'nate strength, in kilos. Remarks. A 392 G "W Letterman Low . 7530 WJtite Ash. 1141 W J Beal Clay 5851 do 1141 do do . do do 5579 1143 do do 9520 1144 do do 9934 25 millimeters from middle. 1146 130 130 212 ....do South Carolina . . . ...do Danavllle Bonneau' s Depot . . ....do "Wytheville ....do H. W. Ravenel ....do H. Shriver Clay Wet ....do 5761 9208 8709 7983 end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle; "Cooper lines." Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Cru-lie millime- 1045 8890 ters from end in vicinity ol' knots. Triple flexure; middle bend 19 1045 do do do 8686 millimeters from center. do Dallas 9435 ensis. 364 22Q2 ....do ....do ....do C. G. Pringle ....do Clay 7892 8301 Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Failed at knot 64 millimeters Bed Ash. do do do do 8005 from end ; cross-drained. Triple flexure 105D Massachusetts Topsfleld J. Robinson River-bottom 4513 6486 Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Green Ash. 308 Texas Dallas ...do 7349 Crushed at middle on one face do do do do 5829 Triple flexure , 438 Tennessee Nashville A. Gattinger C Mohr Rich upland 8618 8097 Crushed at 89 millimeters from end, splitting between rings. 048 do do do ....do 9753 Triple flexure; middle bond 38 957 ....do do Matagorda bay . . . do ...do do ....do do 7892 7666 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at C millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure do ao 4014 Crushed at 76 millimeters from Water Ash. 106. Fraxinns qnadrangulata 8754 end. Triple flexure Blue Ash. 66 125 ... do — do ...do W.J.Beal ....do Rich loam 9299 6228 Triple flexure, defledled diago- nally. do do do do 6327 Triple flexure; developed inter- 286" 28G3 291 518 Kentucky ...do Missouri Mercer county — ....do Allenton Nashville W. 11. Linney ...do G. W. Letterman.. A. Gattinger Limestone ....do Sandy loam Rich limestone . . . 8344 8428 6849 8609 secting "Conper lines". Dclleete;! at middle and at 3 milli- meters knot 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end and near middle. Crushed on one face 19 millime- ters from middle. Crushed at knots 102 millimeters from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPKESSION-Continued. 437 Divert ion of grain. PHEBBUKE. IN KII.OCKAMB. KEQU1UKI) TO PRODUCE AN INUEKTAT1ON, IS HI1.L1HETEBS, OF— Kemarks. Office number. O.25 o.5i o.ro 1.02 1.27 1.53 1.78 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.81 i 5.08 m m 1 M M m n 1334 1134 74!) UM ua au 1529 1588 1588 1588 1882 15GO 1860 2449 1551 1179 1352 1538 143:! 1905 2023 2041 1325 1837 1533 1384 1860 1579 1633 1588 2041 2041 1860 2109 2177 1179 2880 2359 H52 1179 1542 1225 1973 1656 2078 1338 1302 2948 1882 1812 2109 2654 1769 1741 1973 2985 1619 2481 2948 2159 1642 1579 2576 tan 2468 2622 3357 1996 2944 2518 2427 2867 2767 I860 2245 2708 3198 3402 3026 3202 1760 3901 3620 1633 1506 2400 1488 1334 3121 1982 2041 2395 2976 1987 2023 2218 3388 2708 2744 3221 22M 1801 1746 2976 1982 2694 2885 3878 2291 3384 2799 2753 3148 3243 1951 2409 2894 3638 3992 3293 3611 1932 4264 4191 1656 1574 3701 3334 2894 3819 2436 1597 1542 3208 2068 2164 2622 3148 2273 2186 2277 3611 2903 2890 3379 2463 1932 1887 3157 2014 2948 3198 4082 2608 3615 3021 2948 3334 3357 2109 2488 3175 3969 4281 3470 3842 2096 4418 4513 1705 1619 3974 3720 2939 4164 ' 2527 1610 1619 3488 2205 2279 2717 3284. 2400 2336 2440 3742 2989 3103 3574 2579 2028 1991 3234 2214 3152 3470 , 4160 2685 3669 3162 3221 3434 3593 2223 2567 3379 4200 4454 3720 4028 2209 4590 4886 1724 1674 4150 3882 3071 4377 2744 1696 1019 3633 2304 2427 2939 3434 2486 2504 2536 3964 3162 3248 2930 1719 1724 3833 3368 2499 3075 3529 2590 2667 2631 4042 3307 3388 3842 2867 2195 2218 3425 2331 3620 4445 3116 4287 3484 3425 3774 3878 2064 2749 3828 4672 4808 3987 4309 2377 4849 5489 1896 1873 2980 1783 1787 3964 2468 2586 3162 3665 2762 2830 2776 4137 3425 3525 3046 2976 2241 2336 3130 1810 1833 4033 2518 2663 3334 3860 2848 2894 2899 4250 3543 3583 4092 3134 2400 2436 3529 2481 3901 4559 4196 3420 4473 3679 3529 3983 4037 2713 2890 4055 5121 5207 4196 4572 2522 5158 5965 2028 1982 3207 1883 1842 4128 2576 2690 3488 3937 2985 3057 3089 4359 3946 3708 4132 3221 2341 2522 3579 2531 3987 4604 4300 3529 4491 3751 3674 4073 3810 2880 2935 4205 5330 5289 4332 4672 2549 5316 6128 2105 2037 4967 4545 3615 5216 j Split at ends ; short specimen, 120 millimeters long. . 39" 114' 114' 114» 114« 114" 130 130 212 212 227' 227« 227' 267» 267» 431 551 551 747 747 937 1045 1045 364 364 229" 2291 1059 57 308 308 438 948 948 957 957 536 66 66 125 125 286' 286' 291 518 2155 2205 4944 3039 3130 4219 4491 3742 3810 3882 5171 2413 2472 5579 3130 3357 do . . 4990 4491 4296 4382 5285 Sheared fibers do do 3856 4899 3924 2926 3062 3901 2976 4990 5489 5434 4559 4763 4377 4196 4626 4717 3583 3348 5035 6237 6078 4035 5421 2912 6373 7485 2427 2381 5942 5149 4128 6123 Split at end 5443 4300 3130 3429 3901 3089 5489 6010 5851 5353 2708 2132 2123 3334 2313 3334 3751 4305 2866 4033 3343 3311 3620 3710 2155 2676 3647 4482 4717 3856 4164 2313 4722 7180 1842 1778 4332 4082 3202 4527 do 2436 3788 4196 4522 3207 4418 3597 3484 3837 3933 2563 2830 3910 4844 5035 do 4699 4423 5035 5035 3992 3465 5625 6940 6595 5262 5987 3157 7031 8029 2586 2567 6509 Sheared fibers . do . do do .. Sheared fibers . . .. 4454 2459 5022 5706 1973 1932 do do do Sheared fibers do 2713 2740 3171 4173 3357 4744 4296 3420 4835 4427 3479 5103 4445 6849 Indented section covers unsound knot 10 milli- meters in diameter. Slight shearing of fibers 438 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 1 a State. . Locality. Collector Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. !«>4 Portland 9753 Oregon Ash. 964 1001 1001 ....do ....do do ... do "Weidler's ssw-mill do C. S. Sargent. do ....do ..do . ..do 7938 8799 9063 Crushed 25 millimeters from mid- dle on one face. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. 1024 do do . .. 0441 1024 do Company. do 5557 men split off. 1030 do . . do . do 9208 ing, 70°. 1030 do do do 9798 ing, 53°. 198. Fraxinns sambucifolia Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash. 122 839 Michigan Pansville W.J.Beal Wet, peaty 6237 7621 ters from end. Crushed on'onefiice 25 millimeters from middle. 839 737 — do ... do ....do A.. H. Cnrtiss ...do .: 6441 6418 millimeters eccentric. do Privet. 737 do .... do , . . 283 C Mohr 9058 Devil Wood. 283 do do do 9063 584 Florida A H Curtiss 8777 from end. 584 do do do 8119 end. BORRAGINACE.3S. 1137 do do Coral 10614 end. Strong Bark. 1137 do do do . do 7779 from vnd. 205 Ehretia elliptica 942 C Mohr 6078 along ^rain. Knackaway. Anaqua. BIGNONIACE.^. 942 540 ... do ...do ...do .. do ....do 6305 6827 die. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Catalpa. Catawba. Sean Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian 744 A. H Curtiss Clay 5625 Bean. 744 do do do do 5012 middle on one face. 38 C S Sargent Wet clay 6668 end. Western Catalpa. 38 .. do .do do . do . 6373 meters from end. 208. Chilopsia saligna 682 4755 Desert Willow. VERBEXACE^E. 490 Florida C. S. Sargent A. H Cnrtiss Coral 11067 knot. Piddle Wood. 490 do do do do 11000 crushing, 55°. N rCT AGINACE^. 212. Plsonia obtnsata 474 do do do 5398 Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood. Pork Wood. 474 do Key. do .... do 4527 end. Crushed at knots 102 millimeters POLYGONACE^I. 213. Coccoloba Floridana Pigeon Plum. 473 473 ... do do ... do do ....do do ... do do 12292 12383 from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle and at end. 214. Coccoloba nvifera 453 do do do . do 4355 Split from end to end ; badly Sea Qrape. LAURACE^:. 215. Persea Carolinensis 453 585 ....do do .... ....do ....do do ....do 3900 9548 cracked in seasoning. do Crushed at 5 millimeters knot near Red Bay. 585 do do do do 8799 middle. 215. Persea Carolinensis, var. pal- 340 C.Mohr Damp, sandy 5216 Crushed at 64 millimeters from imtris. 217. Sassafras officinale . . . 340 71 ....do ....do ....do G- "W Letterman ... do 6532 6069 end. do Crushed at 51 millimeters from Sassafras. 71 do do do do .. 6486 middle and at ends. Crashed at 3 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from middle. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 439 I fcO , *H 0 1 3 iG PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO PBOHUCX AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office number. 0.35 0.51 i 0.76 1.03 1.37 1.33 1.78 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 3.08 1452 1669 1633 1814 1497 1315 1579 1370 1189 2273 213'J 871 1397 2744 2449 2223 2041 2087 2132 1610 1642 930 735 717 898 703 1270 2676 2948 749 880 4128 2404 2200 2359 2436 2223 1842 2504 2576 2595 2313 1960 2064 2472 2386 1746 3801 2849 2205 2749 4990 2903 3021 2703 4482 3837 3339 3066 1334 871 1152 1352 1170 2105 3991 4808 1515 1533 6260 4499 2685 2703 2626 2440 2118 2096 2685 2654 1819 3983 3084 2331 2930 5398 3212 3334 3062 4877 4146 3611 3293 1429 925 1207 1428 1229 2205 4264 5153 1669 1669 7031 4980 2849 2835 2803 2622 2214 2141 2880 2880 1842 4119 3357 2368 3066 5648 3465 3506 3212 4967 4436 3878 3447 1488 944 1257 1488 1266 2304 4491 5362 1746 1728 7303 5316 2971 2935 2980 2749 2313 2245 3094 3016 1887 4264 3583 2481 3184 5920 3742 3656 3425 5216 4681 4037 3651 1524 980 1302 1551 1320 2468 4704 5561 1778 1765 7485 5625 3075 3089 3021 2894, 2431 2345 3289 3212 1937 4336 3819 2576 3243 6123 3924 3788 3570 5371 4872 4155 3774 1579 1025 1347 1619 1356 2558 4895 5652 1787 1851 7621 5860 3175 3180 3121 3026 2531 2381 3857 3302 1982 4527 3992 2635 3375 6373 4150 4014 3710 5489 1990 4336 3901 1606 1068 1393 1660 1402 2658 5080 5942 1801 1878 8074 6123 3248 3266 3221 3130 2622 2486 3488 3438 2005 4613 4155 2717 3434 6518 4287 4110 3842 5620 5171 4477 4037 1642 1080 1402 1674 1442 2731 5162 3379 3357 3298 3243 2654 2538 3525 3561 2082 4713 4318 2753 3484 6659 4432 4246 3969 5702 5343 4572 4150 1728 1089 1438 1719 1488 2803 5216 3*78 3878 3629 3856 3148 2903 4128 4150 2295 5376 5285 2912 4078 7756 5489 5058 4763 6577 6237 5239 4926 2028 1302 1701 1960 1724 3375 Slight shearing of fibers • split at end 964 964 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 839 839 737 737 283 283 584 584 1137 1137 942 942 540 744 744 38 38 682 490 490 474 474 473 473 do do 4128 3470 3107 4355 4708 2427 5489 5625 3583 4287 8523 do Sheared fibers do .. 2223 2277 1674 3348 2699 1837 2381 4355 2640 2867 2486 3756 3334 2790 2808 1216 848 1061 1234 1098 1851 3652 4241 1302 1325 5398 3810 Sheared fibers; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers do Sheared fibers do .do Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 103 millimeters long. Sheared fibers 6625 5262 7076 6713 5851 5443 do do do do: do Sheared fibers; split at end; specimen 120 milli- meters long. 1433 1878 do Sheared fibers ; split at end 1941 3593 Sheared fibers do do 1796 1928 8392 6532 If05 2005 86G3 6759 1978 2177 10115 2064 Sheared fibers ; split at end do 10796 Sheared fibers Slight shearing ; split at end ; short specimen, 120 millimeters long. 2019 1792 1951 1551 1810 1111 3039 2608 2880 2295 1805 1792 3230 2762 3157 2481 2019 2014 3339 2803 3339 2558 2037 2068 3429 2926 3515 2631 2127 2118 3465 2994 3534 3075 3624 3125 3878 2858 2218 2322 3724 3212 3937 2980 2295 2381 3788 3252 3987 3066 2318 2400 4309 3856 4491 3538 2694 2787 4522 4196 4854 3878 2835 2808 Sheared fibers 585 585 340 340 71 71 do do 2717 215S 2184 2794 2168 2214 do do do 440 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression : trltimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 217. Sassafras offioinale — continued. 387 387 446 814 814 854 854 1163 1163 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 30' 30« 120 134 134 19 19 281 281 958 958 1036 1036 1049 116 116» 1163 lie5 314 314 428 133 133 380 533 533 G. "W. Lettennan. . do Alluvial do 5751 6328 0713 6418 6659 Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle and at 64 milli- meters from end. Crushed at 32 and at 89 milli- meters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. do do do Tennessee West Virginia ....do Nashville Grafton ...do A. Gattinger C. G.Pringle ....do Rich Massachusetts ....do Daiivers ... do J. Robinson ....do G. W. Lettennan.. do Rich loam ....do 4559 5851 6341 6033 9435 8754 10410 8256 8392 7847 8414 5951 6781 7847 8573 9889 8437 8392 8641 8573 7598 6895 5851 4990 7022 5579 9049 11385 9571 7847 9571 10387 10206 7349 6895 7847 6260 7008 7892 Triple flexure do Triple flexure; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". do do do Coos bay do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed in vicinity of small knots Split suddenly from end to end Split suddenly; oblique fracture.. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed in vicinity of small knot* JOJ millimeters from end. Crushed at end ; cross-grained Mountain Laurel. California ,Laurd. Spice Tree. Cagi put. California- Olive. Cali- fornia Bay Tree. EUPHOEBIACE^;. do Florida Tipper Metacombe Key. ....do A H Curtiss Coral Guiana Plum. White Wood. 219. Dry petes crocea, var. latifolia. UKTICACE.&. ... do do ....do .. ....do ....do Dallas do -...do J. Reverchon do ....do Cedar Elm. 4 223. TTlmuB ftilva do do ....do Kentucky do Austin Mercer county . . . do C.Mohr ....do W. M. Linney do ....do ....do Deflected and crushed at end and at 102 millimeters from end. Sed Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm. 224. TJlmas Americana do Dansville •W.J.Beal G. "W. Lettennan . . do ... Gravelly Crashed at 102 millimeters from end. Rich, alluvial do do do Crushed near middle in vicinity of knot. Deflected ; crushed at middle and end. Massachusetts ...do Missouri ....do Arnold Arboretum ....do Allenton ... do Drift White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. ....do G. W. Lettennan . . ....do ....do Alluvial Triple flexure; middle bend ec- centric. Crushed at middle ; deflected di- agonally. Crushed at knot 102 millimeters fiom end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot near middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. do Triple flexure ; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". Triple flexure ; middle deflection 25 millimeters eccentric. do Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters fn-iu curt. do ,. Texas ....do Massachusetts ....do ... do Colorado river ....do Danverg ....do North Reading , C.Mohr ....do J. Robinson ....do do ....do ....do Gravelly ....do do Michigan ....do ....do.. do Dansville Big Rapids ....do •W. J. Beal ...do ....do do ....do ...do Low, gravelly Alluvial Bock Elm. Cork Elm. Hick- on Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. 226. TJlmusalata ...do ..do Tennessee South Carolina.... .. do Tennessee do Crushed at 25 and at 114 millime- ters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at small knot at middle.. Crushed at 13 millimeters knot at middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 64 millimeters fiom end. ...do Nashville Bonneau's Depot . ....do Davidson county . Kemper's mill ....do ... do ....do do do Wahoo. Winged Elm. ....do A. Gattingei C.Mohr ....do ....do ....do Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES U!NDEK COMPRESSION— Continued. 441 ! HE, IK KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO 1'BODUCE AN IKDESTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— 0.25 0.51 0.50 1.02 1.27 1.78 2.38 Remarks. 4.81 5.08 mi 1071 1452 2019 1978 2177 1078 1093 1585 1379 1551 1592 1338 1610 1293 1610 1824 1656 1796 2291 j 1338 I 1179 1111 2291 1990 1C78 j 2586 1474 1078 2381 2386 14C8 1442 188! 1111 1882 1542 1778 1270 2068 1778 1960 1275 1833 1665 2250 2699 2744 3856 1615 1588 1914 2109 1982 L':»U 2014 2068 2368 2971 2926 4854 .1652 S670 EI2K 3130 4500 519K 1315 187R 2250 2676 3393 :;B20 2076 3856 4296 2109 3765 4196 1042 1978 2i!ir. 21111 2468 2078 2164 2440 30G6 3057 5460 6768 5015 1710 1669 2055 2254 2522 2132 2259 2490 3193 3198 7145 5874 1846 1765 2168 2413 1760 | 1710 2123 2350 2377 2531 2558 ' 2621 I 2177 j 2250 2413 2468 2531 25711 3329 3334 3357 1814 1479 1932 2277 2073 2350 1905 1960 1769 1669 1669 2449 2835 2096 . 2880 3289 1687 1987 2295 2853 2563 2875 3901 2912 2495 3030 3493 1910 1619 2223 2386 2300 2699 2168 2041 1914 1715 1896 2744 3266 3198 3674 2041 2254 2740 3075 3016 3348 4:177 3606 2617 3257 3955 2477 2640 3*37 4046 4635 4890 4482 4744 2032 2223 1765 1855 2440 2576 2527 j 2685 2481 2658 2875 2877 | 2186 j 2064 1787 j 2014 I WH 3515 i 3434 4037 2104 2971 2504 2336 2196 1882 2109 3139 3697 3697 4241 2268 6092 7439 6110 2803 4237 4699 4953 2322 1969 2667 2799 2958 3121 2645 2372 2313 1982 2214 3261 3810 3828 4527 2381 6373 7756 6396 3030 4359 5353 5163 2427 2064 2758 2976 2468 2613 2794 2971 3184 3402 3266 3198 3620 3452 3366 3842 3638 3556 4073 4677 5013 i 5243 4092 4404 4644 2708 2869 2SI71 3465 3620 3810 4264 4522 4763 3212 2753 2504 2431 2118 2304 3452 3964 4028 4695 2477 2898 3583 3765 3605 4200 1873 180 1 2209 2472 2672 2658 2336 2531 2622 3561 3561 6577 7983 6509 3166 4531 5516 5380 2522 2164 2866 3112 3089 3348 2844 2567 j 2549 j 2214 2409 3556 4046 4182: I 4886 2576 3035 3738 3919 | 3747 ! 4400 1937 1801 2259 2490 2776 2699 2427 2595 2667 3674 3628 6804 8155 6749 J982 1887 2304 2513 2884 2862 3561 274* 3139 2473 2858 2f.::5 3198 2690 2908 2250 2440 Sheared fibers 21,". Sheared fibers j split at end . 20ii* 2758 Sheared fibers 3121 do 3940 do 3334 do 3002 do 3538 Slight shearing of fibers 3756 3674 6949 8237 4300 4037 8340 9480 8256 3026 4672 4445 Sheared libers. .do. .do. 8845 ! do 10160 8799 3334 4690 •5797 5965 5611 5797 2667 2277 2935 3207 3207 3438 2971 2663 2608 2331 2459 3697 4109 4281 5035 2658 3125 3946 4581 1 5557 ! 5697 • 5842 4881 | 5116 5389 3030 | 3202 j 3293 3992 i 4150 4287 4937 ' 5194 5358 2744 2859 2994 3266 3334 3529 3057 2744 I 2726 2354 ! 2522 j 3774 4281 4468 , 5198 2708 3243 i 4019 i 4196 4119 4672 4300 4808 5851 6192 7212 7983 7031 8029 2948 2858 3937 4014 4250 3674 3221 2971 2971 4740 4967 5489 3266 4808 4808 4854 5825 7303 5579 6895 3348 3860 4400 5353 5557 6441 3153 4513 3357 3266 5171 5353 5874 .do Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of fibers. Sheared fibers... Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ..do... .do;. .do. .do. Sheared fibers. ...do... Split at ends ; fibers not sheared ; specimen 120 millimeters long. do Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of fibers. do ...do... Split at end : fibers did not shear Split at end ; slight shearing of fibers. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . ...do... .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers . 6123 7689 7621 4196 5806 Slight shearing of fibers. do do Sheared fibers. 7235 .do. 387 387 446 814 814 854 854 1163 1163 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 30» 30* 120 134 134 19 19 281 281 958 958 1036 1036 1049 116 11 «« 314 314 428 133 133 380 533 533 442 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE \ Species. \ g State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- • pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 758 Florida Chattahoochee... A. H. Curtiss Rich, alluvial 6373 Triple flexure 758 918 75 ... do ....do ....do ....do ....do C.Mohr G. "W. Lettennan ....do ....do 8328 6214 5679 Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 38 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Sugarberry. ffackberry. 75 306 ....do Texas ...do Dallas ...do Alluvial do . 6895 5579 ters from middle. Crushed at knot 51 millimeters from end. 306 ... do do ... do do 6169 agonally. 875 Tennessee Davidson county. . A. Gattinger 6895 nally. 375 ...do do ... do do 7031 873 Massachusetts Salem J. Robinson ....do 5489 nally. 873 do do do do 7303 1111 8278 nally. 1111 do do do . do 8074 652 6985 millimeters from end. lata. Hackberry. Palo Blanco. 486 Florida a ins. Bay Biscayne C. iS. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss Coral 3198 at end and at 102 millimeters from end. 486 ...do do ....do do 1996 508 ....do Boca Chica Key . . ... do do .. 4491 meters from end. Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree. 132 Missouri G. W. L«tterman.. 8754 Red, Mulberry. 132 ...do ... do ....do do 8483 meters from end. 433 Nashville do 6827 fleeted diagonally. 1241 1245 1246 1255 1255 Missouri ....do ....do." ....do ...do Allenton ....do ....do ....do ....do G. W. Lettennan.. ....do ....do ....do ....do Upland ....do ....do Rich ....do 6056 6169 5987 5829 5661 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 10 millimeters from end in vieinity of small knots. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure 253 Texas Dallas 14107 Osage Orange. Sois d'Arc. 253 ...do ....do ... do ....do 11771 ing, 50°. PLATANACE.E. 21 C. S. Sargent Drift .. 6759 Hycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water 21 .. do . do ... do . . . do 5579 meters from end. Seech. 126 126 Missouri ....do Allenton ...do G. W.Lett erman.. do Rich, alluvial do . 8233 8256 meters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. 686 California G. R. Vasey . Clav 4491 meters from end. Sycamore. Button Wood. 686 . do do . do do 5888 from end and split along grain. 237. Platanns Wrightii . . . 648 5398 Xycamore. 648 ... do ains. do C. S. Sargent. ... do do 5058 nally. JUGLANDACE.3;. 16 C S Sargent Drift 6169 Butternut. Whit* Walnut. 16 ....do do ... do .. do 6396 ters from end. 76 G. "W. Lettennan Moist alluvial 7621 end. 76 76> 123 145 393 ....do ....do' Michigan Illinois ... do ... do Dansviile Waukegan ....do ...do W. J. Beal Eobert Douglas... \V J Beal ....do Rich, moist np- land. Gravelly clay Alluvial 7666 6849 6123 5080 4150 end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. Crushed at ISmillimetersfrom mid- dle and at 38 millimeters from end. 1057 Drift 6373 end and at end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 443 ^Direction of grain. PBKSSL'BK, IK KIUHMIAM8, REQUIRED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MTLLIMETKRS, Of— Remarks. | 9.98 0.51 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.53 1.7$ 2.03 2.38 2.54 4.81 5.08 1397 1406 1134 1415 1408 2608 mi 1724 1740 1610 1751 1G06 1573 2223 933 040 075 1751 1769 11196 11)41 1633 1860 2041 3493 2404 2699 3039 2703 2749 2812 2903 3493 817 907 1080 2440 1876 2254 2141 1769 1987 9340 3819 3003 3107 8883 3016 3026 3243 33:19 3946 862 980 1243 2699 2753 2386 2350 1796 2123 2427 4037 3216 3402 3865 3175 3320 2970 3620 4200 880 1030 1329 2840 2880 2549 2481 1973 2232 2576 4327 3488 3583 4073 3393 3565 3574 3910 4373 885 1075 1905 2926 2989 2749 2622 2858 2744 2109 2459 2799 4735 3869 3951 4450 8715 3974 3742 4309 4699 894 1161 2064 3102 3266 2994 2830 2182 2563 2F94 4899 4033 4105 4617 3924 4119 3837 4527 4994 894 1175 2123 3266 3334 3107 2971 2245 2640 3016 4980 4209 4264 4817 4064 4314 3887 4626 5071 898 1211 2191 3320 3479 3212 3094 2318 2722 4080 5180 4341 4350 4944 4110 4445 3946 4758 5262 903 1229 2313 3393 3543 3924 3810 2699 4355 4273 2903 Sheared fibers 758 758 918 75 75 306 306 375 375 873 873 1111 1111 652 486 486 508 132 132 Sheared fibers 2341 2672 4531 3683 3837 4332 3562 3742 3629 4069 4536 885 1116 2019 3062 3116 3652 6237 5421 5216 5851 4877 5126 4649 5670 6078 993 1429 2694 3833 4037 6940 6033 5829 6396 5307 5625 do ... . . do . do Slight shearing of fibers 6192 6350 1039 1479 2840 4105 4518 do ... . do do do 1 1524 1060 1905 1960 1905 2903 2586 1678 1492 1202 1565 1039 753 1134 934 998 1089 793 1025 839 70S 749 408 1021 1!)73 2640 231:1 2640 2313 5080 4740 2105 1982 2404 2136 1365 1071 1656 1338 1542 1452 1098 1257 1293 998 1179 508 1701 2078 2790 . 2531 2790 2531 5670 5421 2331 2177 2858 2277 ir.oi 1157 1855 1433 1588 1506 1134 1301 1361 1102 1315 599 1860 2168 2926 2676 2926 2676 5720 5606 2486 2341 3039 2377 1579 1257 19S7 1520 1669 1542 1202 1474 1433 1134 1406 617 1946 2218 3016 2875 3016 2875 5761 5851 2622 2440 3085 2440 1665 1306 2114 1619 1742 1610 1257 1015 1479 1170 1460 635 2023 2286 3184 306S 3184 3066 6010 6069 2703 2581 3134 2549 1746 1393 2191 1683 1801 1678 1306 1656 1592 1211 1492 667 2078 2409 3248 3252 3248 3252 6019 6214 2880 2527 3289 2635 1814 1479 2263 1765 1833 1719 1343 1710 1637 1243 1588 690 2127 2481 3379 3515 3379 3515 6192 6396 2985 2885 3348 2708 1846 1533 2359 1842 1905 1769 1356 1751 1710 1266 1628 708 2173 2608 3534 3652 3534 3652 6328 6432 3094 2985 3429 2762 1901 1578 2404 1887 1987 1810 1393 1783 1769 1297 1669 717 2223 2681 3674 3715 3674 3715 6423 6577 3166 3066 3488 2826 1978 1628 2495 1932 2037 1860 1461 1846 1833 1302 1715 739 2268 3157 4309 4445 4309 4445 7167 6985 3107 3583 3788 3289 2313 2019 2894 2313 2381 2127 1669 2087 2168 1479 1996 866 2481 3820 4786 4944 4786 4944 7608 6895 4423 4082 3946 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 253 21 21 126 126 686 686 648 648 1« 16 76 76 76' 123 145 393 1057 .do do do do .. .. Sheared fibers ; split along grain from end to end 2486 2200 3044 2540 2590 2291 1792 2381 1633 934 2626 do ... do do do do do . do Sheared fibers; split at end do 444 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. 1 a 1 O State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression : Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 112 Allenton G.W. Letterman.. Alluvial 9020 Crushed at middle Black Walnut. 117 318 Michigan .. do Dansville W. J. Beal ....do Gravelly 9957 9095 Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. 325 Texas Dallas Alluvial 8346 407 S. H. Pook 9934 middle. 766 Florida yard. A. H. Curtiss Clav 9979 middle. 766 ...do . ....do ....do . do 9684 tern from middle. 951 Texas C. Mohr 8301 951 do do do do 9662 end. 415 Alluvial 5942 end. Walnut. 415 .do ains. ... do do . 6532 672 G. B. Vasey do 8256 tion. 241. Carya olivseformis 672 322 ....do county. ... do Greenville ....do C.Mohr ....do do 7258 6940 end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Split at ends Pecan. Illinois Nut. 322 . do .. . . do do do 8256 326 Texas Dallas do 6033 secting "Cooper lines". 326 do do do do 6577 242. Carya alba 3 C. S. Sargent . ... Drift 9095 ii ally. Shell-bark Hickory. Shag- bark Hickory. 3 do ... do do . . 8301 wood ; dt-flected from sap side. 292 Danville W. M. Linney Shale 8868 118* W 3 Beal Clav 11431 near middle; sap-wood. 118» ....do ....do do . . 11567 152 G. "W. Letterman . 10160 end. 249 Wytheville H Shriver Clay 10478 middle. 249 .. do do do do 9934 do ' 531 C.Mohr Alluvial 10342 531 do ....do ....do do . . 8890 middle. 539 ....do ....do ... do ... do 10660 Crushed at 38 and at 70 millimeters 539 816 ....do "West Virginia ...do Grafton ....do C G Pringle ....do do 10514 11904 from end. Crushed near middle 816 do do do 11022 end. 1056 Topsfield 9026 middle. 1056 ....do do ...do .. do . 8609 nally toward heart; 80 per cent, sap-wood. Triple flexure, deflected diago- 1097 G. W. Letterman . . Alluvial 10015 nally ; 90 per cent, sap- wood 243. Carya Bulrata 91* W. M. Linuey . . . do end ; 45 per cent, sap-wood. Big Shea-bark. Bottom Shell- bark. 383 G. "W. Letterman do 8301 383 ....do ...'do do ... do 7802 cent, sap-wood on concave side. Triple flexure ; 80 per cent, sap- 391 do do . do do 9707 wood on convex side. 391 do .. . . do do do 9571 wood on concave side. 1082 ....do do do .. do 7983 Triple flexure ; 50 per cent, sap- 1082 do do . do do 8369 wood. Triple flexure • 5 per cent, sap- 1164 . do do do do 10592 wood. Crushed at 25 millimeters from 1165 do do do do 8845 end. Crushed at 95 millimeters from 244. Carya tomentosa 1166 1170 72 ...do do ....do ....do ... do ... do ... do ....do 8981 9231 8603 end and split along grain. Triple flexure; 95 per cent, sap- " wood. Crushed at 6 millimeters from end ; sap-wood. Hacker Nut. Blaok Hickory. Bull Nut. Big-bud Hick- ory. White-Mart Hickory. Kmg Nut. 72 ...do ....do ....do ....do 8981 do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 445 0.35 <>..>• O.76 1.O3 I.3T 1.53 I 5 1 452 2268 ir.lid 2223 1746 2076 1769 2740 1338 1851 1470 1951 •JS12 3701 1W>:. 2903 1769 : 2667 2518 2672 2395 2481 ' 2MI4 3071 U921 3221 19C9 2073 2449 2713 39CD 4082 2890 2740 3302 2767 2576 3212 3388 : :i507 2195 j 2250 2890 3003 3212 3438 3175 •J019 953 10.!'; 117(1 1951 I Big 794 I7W 3470 1928 1941 3924 419B : 224.r. 2486 2214 2468 : 2!«7 3289 3221 3878 1S82 2404 3039 3447 2336 2576 3450 4173 2744 3674 4255 3638 3338 4336 2200 2440 2C58 4377 3797 3502 4500 2830 2545 2749 2200 3357 3847 ; 40tiO ~— •J14S 410f, 4536 5035 -!.') .1(142 4581 , 5080 -.24.-. 2711! :;2ii:i B820 221).", :;2Ci 3615 3837 3652 3765 4423 4753 2971 3103 3810 4037 4363 4559 5239 5534 5353 5652 3819 3983 4014 4150 DUCK AS INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETRES, OF— Kemarka. 1 l.»8 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 5.08 2985 2776 3497 3783 2359 3121 4568 3978 3GD7 4604 2953 2022 2808 3905 4944 3202 41 «6 4717 5851 3089 2849 3579 3887 2427 3253 4649 4118 3783 4740 3039 2713 2912 4028 5080 3366 4354 4877 6078 3184 2912 3710 3955 2504 3393 4749 4264 3969 MM 3153 27«2 2976 4119 5398 .8447 4436 5035 6250 3266 2985 38C9 4042 2545 3456 47119 4432 4128 4931 3289 2894 3035 4228 5557 3538 4672 5180 6419 3561 3447 441)0 4423 2980 41'JS 54t9 5216 4899 5625 3882 3289 3438 4990 6192 4105 5285 6078 7303 3924 3615 4740 Sheared fibers 112 117 318 325 407 766 766 951 951 415 415 672 672 322 322 326 326 3 3 .. . do do 3130 4536 5738 5897 5534 6078 Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; indented section includes two 2 millimeters knots. 3538 3742 do Sheared fibers Sli.cbt shearing of fibers; split at end; shaky stick. 4400 5942 6668 7756 Slight shearing of fibers ; 60 per cent, sap-wood do 5851 4150 4346 5978 I 4281 4482 6260 4427 4554 6373 4491 4695 7439 5239 5058 7938 Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood 5706 Sheared fibers ; splitatend 5376 Sheared fibers 29 • 118 118 1406 2813 2019 1429 2404 1656 1505 i 1657 J7W 2994 2631 1837 3062 2699 40(iO 3130 2005 3302 2576 2613 2590 4014 4264 3992 3311 462C 3207 4300 3783 3171 3652 2926 2939 3016 4513 4649 4626 3765 5171 3529 4559 4173 3620 3851 3103 3103 3198 4917 4985 5071 3924 5579 3797 4717 4495 3933 3978 3293 3243 33C6 5149 5353 5389 4060 5965 3955 4886 4786 4164 4287 3502 3447 3511 5421 5670 5715 4205 6250 4146 5017 4944 4364 4495 3652 3529 3661 5575 5920 5851 4341 6555 4355 5189 5167 4608 4695 3756 3652 3710 5761 6214 6033 4427 6E49 4463 5294 5394 4744 4808 3978 3765 3797 5987 6477 6123 4617 7212 5452 5534 4844 4940 4105 3882 3887 6114 6704 6396 4726 7439 5398 6486 6804 5715 5579 4854 4536 4527 7417 7825 7439 5489 8437 Slight shearing of fibers. .. do... 249 249 5398 4944 4877 8142 8754 7825 5693 9163 Fibers did not shear ; split along grain 531 Fibers did not shear; splitatend 1 531 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers ...do... 539 539 816 816 Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood 1056 1056 Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent, sap-wood Sheared fibers ; 90 per cent, sap-wood . Sheared fibers ; 85 per cent, sap-wood. 1097 91' 2132 3334 2245 1497 2200 3837 4355 3697 3003 2790 1769 2495 2381 2381 3107 2118 3810 3493 4037 3221 4346 4854 I 4241 ' 3470 i 4055 2744 4332 3819 4336 3701 4563 5239 4559 3774 4382 2840 4626 4073 4!>27 3910 4967 5751 4817 3847 4581 3016 4831 4255 4708 | 4128 ! 5243 5707 5013 4209 4872 3085 5080 4509 4976 4291 5516 6159 5162 4495 5058 3289 5271 4690 5162 4482 5670 6341 5398 4649 5203 3425 5421 4877 5294 4626 5756 6532 5525 4863 5298 3479 5579 4985 5475 4790 5987 6704 5756 5058 5280 3529 5806 5116 5652 4908 7031 7825 6895 6101 6441 4037 6940 0033 6068 5761 7576 8618 7530 6691 6713 4491 7576 6782 7145 6509 Slight shearing of fibers. .. do... Fibers did not shear Fibers sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; 80 per cent, sap-wood Slight shearing of fibers ; sap-wood Sheared fibers ; sap-wood ..do... 391 1082 1082 1164 1165 1166 1170 72 72 446 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. 1 1 O State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression : rltiraate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 244. Carya tomentosa— continued . . 254 289 348 0 6 88 88 121 288 442 538 1051 1168 1168 153 153 838 838 237 237 129 362 362 740 740 917 917 586 665 665 8 8 32 32> 323 49 49 49> 49' 493 113 113' 113* G. W. Letterman . do ... . 11249 9103 9367 81C5 9095 10934 9889 9117 8754 Triple flexure ; middle deflection . ~> millimeters eccentric; 0.5 aap*irood. Crushed at 13 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Ttiple diagonal flexure; sap- wood. Failed at knot at middle; 80 per cent, sap-wood. Crushed at 32 millimeters from end. do ...do do . Citronolle Arnold Arboretum do C.Mohr C. S. Sargent do Sandy Massachusetts do Drift Pig Nut. ISrown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch- bud Hickory. *. do Missouri ....do Michigan Missouri Tennessee Allentou ....do Dansville Allcnton Nashville Kemper's mill North Heading Allenton ....do G. "W. Letterman . ....do \V. J. Bcal G. "W. Letterman A. Gattinger — . C.Mohr J. Robinson G. W. Letterman. do Rich loam ....do Gravelly clay Rich loam Triple flexure, diagonal direction; sap-wood. Triple flexure; middle deflection 20 millimeters from center. Upland 8S45 10424 9526 8392 8392 Triple fle\ure ... Alluvial .. . do . . Massachusetts Drift Flinty do Triple flexure ; middle deflection 2f> millimeters from center; 0.2 sap-wood. Triple flexure ; sap-wood do ...do do do do 8210 9117 7983 8119 9253 11158 8437 7280 7439 9208 7892 6509 7666 7122 7983 9049 5579 5353 91 C3 8074 Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. Triple tlexure Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory. do . . do do do Massachusetts ....do South Carolina do Danvers ...do Bonneau's Depot - do J. Robinson ...do H. \V. Ravenel . . . do Rich loam ....do Rich, swampy do do Crushed at knots near middle Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle; cross-grained. Triple flexure, diagonal deflec- tion: 80 per cent, sap-wood on convex side. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally ; middle bend 25 millime- ters from center ; sap-wood. Triple flexure ; sap-wood Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 6 millimeters knots 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, diagonal deflec- tion. Fibers crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Niltmeg Hickory. 248. Carya aqnatica Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. MYBICACE-a:. ...do ....do Vicksburg do ....do C.Mohr do Swampy do A. H. Curtiss do Alluvial do do do Florida Chattahoochce .... ....do Saint John's river C.Mohr ....do A. H. Curtiss G. 1 : n _ > •! maim and C. 8."Sargent. ....do ....do ....do ....do California Bayberry. Wax myrtle. 250. Myrica Californica . Crashed fibers at 51 millimeters from middle. CUPTJLIFER.a5. do do do Massachusetts ... do Arnold Arboretum do Drift Deflected and split along grain . . . Triple flexure; split along grain .. White Oak. ... do do Mercer county W.M. Linney do Limestone Shale . . do do ....do .. do ....do G.W. Letterman.. ...do ....do ....do ....do TV. J. Beal ....do ....do Slate Rich upland ....do ....do ....do ....do Gravelly Sandy ....do 7779 9163 7702 8437 7825 8301 6781 8437 7303 Triple flexure 19 millimeters from end. ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ...do ...do Big Rapids Dansville ..do i Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. ....do ....do do Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UKDEll COMPRESSION— Continued. 447 t «•- o g ! p i PKKSBUI1E, IX KI1.OCKASIS, ItKQl'lKKll TO 1'KODUCK AN ISDEKTATIOK, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. 1 0.25 O.51 0.70 1.02 4481 3756 4445 4854 3810 5370 5307 2132 1.27 1.52 1.78 2.03 2.28 2.54 I.M 5.08 MM 2268 •j;::.u L'54U I: D5 2048 2!I71 1170 3788 3243 8742 4119 3198 4400 4413 17CO 4246 3547 4150 4559 3011 4990 4090 1928 4662 3983 4602 sin 4073 5661 5602 2259 4831 4200 4831 5307 4300 5924 5800 2413 5013 4332 5013 5512 4527 0105 6010 2531 5149 4486 5216 5670 4072 6386 6169 2613 5280 4604 5421 5851 4854 6577 0341 2703 5412 4708 5588 5933 4980 6759 6568 2849 6305 6623 254 289 348 6 6 88 88 12J 288 442 538 1051 1168 1168 153 153 838 838 237 237 129 362 362 740 740 917 917 586 665 665 8 8 32 32* 32« 49 49 49' 49" 49* 113 113» US' Sheared fibera; split at end; specimen 120 millime- ters long. Sheared fibers ; sap-wood 6509 6782 7167 7167 6159 8523 8483 3583 Slight shearing of fibers; 40 per cent, sap-wood do... 7802 7756 3348 Fibers did nut shear ; sap-wood .do.... m H 2041 3130 2586 2041 2449 1315 2032 2132 1111 1792 2812 1474 2890 2109 2449 2590 1678 1406 1293 1325 1474 1343 2041 2404 1384 1951 1542 1951 1442 2313 2313 »97 j 1678 i 1515 3583 4473 4173 3742 4173 2744 3130 2904 2789 3674 4082 2667 4459 3366 4028 4028 2903 2608 1973 2449 2232 1946 3239 3588 2041 2563 2767 3357 2722 3221 3293 1774 2486 2:M1 4191 5017 4717 4281 4C95 3379 3484 3811 3397 4486 4409 3089 4990 3633 4740 4572 3221 3026 2132 2707 2518 2059 3388 4042 2291 3035 3130 8484 3057 3456 3556 1932 2694 2513 4527 5294 5035 4527 4926 3697 3751 3475 3797 4899 4667 3420 5285 3910 5225 5013 3465 3216 2223 2976 2713 2218 3488 4445 2440 3266 3329 3751 3311 3583 3P01 2050 2890 2581 4831 5525 5307 4049 5149 3828 4073 3020 3992 5194 4890 3538 5470 4057 5479 5316 3583 3339 2304 3198 2835 2313 3570 4808 2563 3379 3552 3946 3E06 3738 3909 2109 3012 2654 5058 5738 5557 4899 5262 4032 4350 3751 4296 5421 5198 3720 5851 4196 5690 5625 3738 3475 2486 3348 2926 2354 3633 5080 2699 3447 3774 4114 3701 3865 4173 2168 3207 2713 5285 5969 5779 5067 5579 4146 4427 3910 4527 5634 5389 3915 6023 4386 5946 5887 3819 3593 2545 3479 3057 2499 3742 5330 2867 3583 3837 4332 3937 3978 4309 2263 3298 2776 5516 6149 5933 5248 5770 4314 4672 4037 4681 5738 5525 3974 6101 4522 6214 6023 3910 3620 2649 3615 3130 2581 3842 5539 2980 3692 4119 4495 4105 4110 4495 2400 3397 2890 5702 6314 6159 5512 5878 4445 4804 4150 4904 5996 5715 4223 6310 4672 5883 6382 0373 5606 6069 4545 4895 4219 5035 6164 5851 4296 6423 4877 6509 6419 4119 3738 2758 3797 3379 2722 4046 5906 3139 3819 4409 4872 4482 4296 4826 2427 3588 3075 6849 7521 7485 6509 7031 5376 5738 4980 7303 8047 8097 7054 7648 5851 6292 5489 Slight shearing of fibers.. . do do do do do do do 7303 6895 4831 7190 5693 7553 7553 4672 4219 3311 4400 3847 3166 4445 6713 8006 7394 5479 7756 6169 7892 8210 5035 4513 3706 4740 4173 3529 4672 7212 Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers 6292 3983 3697 2713 3710 3257 2672 3951 5711 3075 3729 4268 4672 4309 4200 4686 2368 3481 3030 do do do do.. . Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot in indented sec- tion. do do do 4219 5080 5851 8282 4922 5670 2740 4219 3434 4653 5987 5579 5353 6056 2953 4513 3810 Sheared fibers . . do do do do 4-13 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression : Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 251. Qnercna alba— continued 238 238 250 250 251 251 259> 259» 403 403 443 547 647 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 988 988 1027 1027 1029 1029 371 37» 151 151 256 351 351 771 771 417 417 525 525 79 79s South Carolina ....do Bonneau's Depot - ....do H. W. Eaveuel . . . ...do Kich, damp loam . . do 10024 9617 10026 9889 7576 6940 9730 8437 8799 9049 6532 8890 9526 8663 8119 7847 7621 6396 7485 7303 9480 8392 7053 6532 7892 8256 262. Qnercns lobata C rualicd at 89 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle; split perpen- dicular to i ings. Crushed on one face at 25 milli- meters from middle. Crushed at 1C millimeters knot 51 millimeters from cml. Virginia . . . Wvtheville H. Shriver . .. Clay. ....do ... do ... do .. . do ....do . do do ....do do do ....do ... .do Maryland ....do t ....do CharlestoTvn Navy- yard. do ..do ....Uo S. H. Pook . . . Gravelly ....do do Fibers crushed in oblique lines at middle and at ends. Fibers crushed at 32 millimeters from end. Deflected at 102 millimeters from end ; split at end. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters from center. do Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally: knot at middle. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end; split from end to end per- pendicular to rings. Split from end to end, opening sensou cracks. Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters from < nd. ....do ...do Nashville A. Gattinger C.Mohr Alabama Alluvial ...do Florida ...do Cbattahoochee ...do do .. do A. H. Cnrtiss ...do do ....do Clay ....do do ...do ....do Massachusetts ....do. M. C.Beedle do ....do ...do ... North Beading . . . do .. do Charlestown Navy. yard. ... do S. H. Pook do do Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knots 31 millimeters from < ml. Crushed at end in vicinitj of knots . Triple flexure ; bearing defective. do Redding G.E. Vasey do Gravelly loam do White Oak. Weeping Oak. 253. Quercus Garryanr. do . do "Weidler's saw-mill ... do G. Engclmannand C. S. Sargent. do White Oak. 254. Quercus obtusiloba .. do ... do ....do Portland ....do ....do do Rick loam do 7847 7430 8483 8483 8754 Triple flexure, deflected toward heart. Triple flexure, deflected from heart. Crushed at 127 millimeters from end and split along grain. ....do do Portland Furniture Company. do . do do ....do ....do ...do do ....do ...do do 7530 7462 6541 10002 8799 8437 6078 6305 8618 7870 7439 do Harrodsburg ....do Bonneau's Depot . . ....do Allen ton Citronelle do W.M. Linney ....do H. W. Eavenel ....do G. "W. Letterman.. C.Mohr do Shale do Post Oak. Iron Oak. 255. Quercus uudulata, car. Gam- belli. Scrub Oak. 256. Qnercus macrocarpa Burr Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. ....do South Carolina ... ....do Missouri Alabama ... . ...do Rich upland ...do Clay ...do do Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Triple flexure do do Triple flexure ; split along grain. . Crushed at 102 millimeters from end and split along grain. Cruslic'l at G millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. .. do ... Florida A. H. Curtias ...do Gravelly barrens . ...do ... do ....do Pinos Altos mount- ains, do do ....do do 7961 CC91 4581 8392 8119 Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle at 3 millimeters knot. Triple flexure; split along urain. . Crushed at knots 32 millimeters from middle (dry rot). Engelmaun's canon ....do Mercer county ....do Robert Douglas. . . ...do W. M. Linney ...do Rocky ....do Kentucky ....do ....do Alluvial ....do do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 4.49 Direction of {train, j PKEBBUKE, IN KILOOBAM6, 11EQUIKEU TO FKOUUCK AX INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF — lie-marks. Office number. •.90 0.51 o.re 1.O3 Lit 1.52 l.rs 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 5.0S 2744 1633 2008 1633 2313 1438 1860 1882 2189 1483 1996 •J427 1951 989 MM IMS 2109 1179 2H13 1941 1438 2223 1384 18*) 2313 2041 4482 189fi 2214 1588 18% 883 2245 I92S 3357 1619 2123 KSt 1547 2250 240.-> 1778 I860 2032 2291 2141 2214 29 3574 2341 ::447 2200 3085 3815 2767 2495 2449 1087 2980 3130 2812 1969 3579 2604 3311 1951 3639 2699 2985 2858 2233 2459 3352 2998 3493 2C76 3797 2767 3833 2295 3284 3375 4563 2076 3379 3810 2449 3479 3928 2971 2785 3447 3747 2803 3057 FOR 4014 2617 3760 2504 3311 3016 2829 2753 2208 3071 3402 3134 2631 3974 2967 3311 2186 4001 3039 5212 3289 2581 2685 3615 3289 3742 2794 4119 3302 4110 2812 3515 3983 5017 3316 3842 4237 2WJ 3887 4400 3257 3112 3833 4146 3021 3334 4250 2880 4019 2703 3447 2567 3357 2849 2948 2023 3162 3633 3429 2976 4341 3248 3389 2336 4300 3284 3447 3470 2799 2862 3837 3434 3882 2980 4291 3567 4827 2912 3742 4309 5234' 3765 4228 4482 2921 4110 4704 3529 3438 4042 4377 3275 3470 4. ->45 3094 1300 2894 3488 27-U BBM 3026 3021 2150 am 3978 3683 3239 4672 3502 35C1 2440 4536 3538 3574 3611 3016 3012 4028 3742 4024 3157 4491 3788 4454 3080 3992 4004 5579 4095 4477 4681 3107 4305 4899 3792 3724 4246 4527 3484 3633 4735 3248 4468 3153 3615 van 3162 3166 2803 3343 4223 3901 3497 4881 3097 3656 2527 4763 3720 3701 3751 3230 3180 4182 3905 4246 B2B7 4605 3946 4613 3125 4264 4886 5823 4454 4740 4872 3316 4527 5080 4037 3933 4436 4644 3647 3747 4976 3434 4658 3320 3738 3048 3933 3334 3293 2967 3429 4445 4119 3692 5076 3842 3751 2645 5035 3905 3842 3892 3388 3307 4346 4155 4305 3425 4831 4110 4753 3201 4436 5062 6110 4763 •4944 5062 3425 4658 5307 4218 OK 4559 4813 3801 3937 5153 3629 4799 3465 3833 3166 4078 3465 3411 3048 3479 4790 4273 3856 5334 3983 ' 3833 2731 5225 4105 4010 3983 3574 3438 4495 4300 4391 3497 4990 4264 4922 3402 4581 5398 6314 5035 5144 5271 3538 4744 5466 4423 4432 4736 4953 3910 4105 :.:i2.-. 51H» 3705 3891 .•,017 5194 ecu 4500 B214 7031 Slight shearing of fibers . . 238 238 250 250 251 251 259' 259' 403 403 443 547 547 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 988 988 1027 1027 1029 1029 37 37 151 151 256 351 351 771 771 417 417 525 525 79 79* 6759 do 3887 3248 4228 3583 3488 3157 3570 4990 4450 3964 3357 4200 3092 3583 8262 3633 4740 4595 4355 3901 5103 4899 4400 1628 do do 4250 Split ;it t-lltl 4037 6260 5625 7045 6033 Split at end 5525 4092 3887 2817 5271 4255 4114 1042 3724 3588 4626 4427 4527 3674 5126 4427 5062 3525 4749 5570 6482 5339 5298 5398 3710 4953 4643 4581 4599 4863 5067 4033 4273 5738 4240 3900 2903 5470 4404 4246 4128 3842 3710 4758 4527 4053 3792 5252 4495 5194 3647 4890 5747 6664 5579 5466 5489 3819 5002 5711 4704 4708 5013 5216 4101 4350 6759 4944 4545 3434 6704 5398 4890 4513 4617 4332 5670 5579 5330 4377 6123 5398 6069 3856 5761 6804 '7756 7391 5380 4854 3765 7235 5942 5376 4890 4854 6214 5878 5897 4795 6600 do Sheared fibers . do . . Sheared fibers ... . do do do 6386 6214 7621 8119 do ,lo 6396 6396 4473 5606 6359 5398 5534 5942 6105 4763 5216 6872 4990 5860 6600 5992 6010 6305 6532 5171 5606 do do do Slight shearing of fibers 450 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate slr-'iiutti, in kilos. Remarks. 256. Quercns macrocarpa— cont'd.. 137 143 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 545 762 762 12 12 54 54 542 543 846 846 240 240 524 524 755 755 31 31' 35 434 925 925 34 34! 273 2S7 323 -514 514 688 688 G. "W. Letterman .. Robert Douglas . . . J. Reverchon ....do A. Gattinger M.S.Bebb C.Mohr do Huist upland Rich Rich, moist ...do Alluvial Loam Alluvial 8754 TOT.; 8609 8709 7255 8256 7053 6613 7983 do Texas Dallas ....do Nashville Winnebago county Austin do ...do Tennessee Illinois Crushed at middle of one face Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime- ters knot. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Texas do do C. G. Pringle do do do 7326 7938 5511 7303 8523 8754 7756 9344 7530 7212 8596 8596 7983 8437 7022 7421 6418 7756 7847 7983 7938 8346 8777 9208 10569 5942 9299 7892 7938 11022 8663 9276 9163 0117 !)2.->3 8709 9117 do do do Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Split obliquely across the grain ; cross-grained. Nashville A. Gattinger ....do C.Molir ....do A. H. Curtiss Low ....do Alluvial ....do do Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. ....do ...do Kemper's mill ...do Chattahoochee ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Alk'iit'in ....do do Crushed at middle of one face Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. CrHfhed near middle; stick worm- eaten. ....do ....do Massachusetts ....do Missouri ....do do ....do C. S. Sargent ....do G. "W. Letterman . . ....do ....do ....do Drift ....do Alluvial ....do ....do Triple flexure ; split along grain. . Swamp White Oak. Triple, flexure ; split along grain .. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Fibers crushed at 04 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. do .. do ....do ....do Massacbusetta do West Newbury... Arnold Arboretum Bonnean's Depot . ....do Kemper's mill ....do Chattahoochee ....do Boyle county do Low, swampy Drift Alluvial ....do ....do ....do . do C. S. Sargent H. W. Eavenel ....do C.Mohr ....do A. H. Curtiss South Carolina . . . ....do Triple flexure ; split along grain.. do Basket Oak. Cow Oak. ....do Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure at 8 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end of concave side; split nt end. Triple, flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed fibers at middle ....do ....do W. M. Linney .... do ....do Shale Chestnut Oak. Rock Chest- nut Oak. do do Crushed fibers at end do do do Crushed fibers at 32 and at 127 millimeters from end. Tennessee Nashville Cullman do A. Gattinger C.Mohr do Rocky upland Dry, rocky • .do Crushed fibers at 7G millimeters from end. Split at end ; cross-grained do Mercer county W. M. Linney ....do Limestone "Waverly shale — Triple flexure: middle bend 25 millimeters from center; de- flected from hr;ut. Crushed at !> millimeters knot 89 millimeters 1'roin end. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak. 4 do G. "W. Letterman . ....do J. Reverchon A. Gat linger ....do G. II. Vasey ....do ....do ....do Dallas Flinty Triple flexure, deflec ted from bent. Deflected 76 millimeters from end and split along grain. Triple, flexure, deflected toward heart do Calcareous Nashville ....do Contra Costa county. do Alluvial ....do ;. Clay ....do ....do California Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed fibers near middle Mountain White Oak. Blue Oak. ...do ... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 451 Diroi tiou of grain. I 1'RKBSUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, REQUIHKI) TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN JIIL1.JMKTEIIB, OF— Remarks. Ottico number. O.35 <>.•>! 0.76 1.03 i.'jr 1.53 1.»H 3.O3 3.38 3.54 4.81 5.08 m 2G78 74!) 11711 1678 1%0 1542 1789 1078 2078 2744 1996 2858 2481 1452 2078 2041 1461 1905 1343 1687 3887 2670 2254 2790 2835 2549 2849 2926 3556 3456 2885 4500 4105 1796 2971 2631 2059 2640 2073 2776 2921 2368 3239 3198 2767 3030 2540 2050 3656 2994 3206 2177 3452 3329 2676 2980 2989 3166 3847 3348 4:ui 3184 2654 2980 2983 2858 3148 3366 3996 3652 3280 5189 4749 2068 3320 2926 2313 2740 2322 3071 3329 3529 2586 3652 3538 3044 3402 2867 2341 4092 3434 3583 2504 3670 3397 3039 3325 3311 3593 4219 3697 4817 3420 2812 3134 3166 2967 .3361 3574 4336 3937 3470 5606 5162 2254 3574 3180 2563 2908 2495 3311 3683 3683 2744 3919 3856 3339 3720 2948 2572 4482 3847 3674 2713 4042 3674 3270 3520 3402 3783 4495 3951 5167 3588 3080 3356 3393 3134 3484 3715 4604 4150 3701 5847 6010 2422 3833 3366 2722 3094 2676 3579 3955 3792 2935 4196 4046 3547 3978 3130 2776 4744 4173 3901 2921 4300 3842 3434 3720 3561 3992 4854 4164 5403 3792 3230 3535 3525 3248 3665 3856 4944 4341 3882 6196 5869 2617 3996 3529 2985 3230 2844 3742 4196 3942 3094 4445 4287 3674 4150 3280 2930 4990 4409 3992 3075 4531 3983 3574 3878 3701 4196 5103 4386 5622 3933 3434 3692 3638 3456 3779 4028 5035 4518 4114 6373 6112 2790 4114 3661 3157 3370 2976 4014 4500 3983 3248 4604 4626 3878 4486 3447 3116 5171 4672 4119 3239 4626 4037 3720 4033 3842 4382 5262 4563 5915 4042 3602 8791 3792 3624 2882 4155 .V.'.VJ 4613 4291 6500 6364 2935 4296 3751 3329 8534 3125 4178 4717 4237 3388 4735 4786 4028 4658 3606 3261 5416 4908 4191 3379 4886 4146 3856 4160 3928 4559 5498 5753 6033 4178 3801 3937 3919 3756 3964 4237 5430 4799 4391 6600 6559 3062 4436 3882 3438 3615 3261 4350 4944 4332 3529 4944 4971 4146 4849 3720 3375 5615 5126 4300 3479 4967 4191 3978 4287 4024 4708 5670 4904 6260 4355 3910 4028 3983 3901 4064 4314 5579 4969 4513 6722 6695 3157 4590 3933 3593 3729 3348 4554 5149 4441 3661 5098 5158 4309 5008 3842 3461 5793 5294 4366 3638 5262 4246 4073 4436 4150 4872 5838 5107 7.130 7938 137 143 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 545 762 762 12 12 54 54 54" 54» 840 846 240 240 524 524 755 755 31 31' 35 434 925 925 34 34» 273 28 1 323 514 514 6S8 688 Short spci inien, 120 millimeters long ; split at ends . . 4717 4653 4881 4690 47± millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from 89 92 ....do ....do Mercer county ....do W. M. Linney ....do Alluvial 10524 6917 end. Crushed at 19 and at 89 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected perpen- 140 W. J Beal 7122 dicular to rings. Crashed at end; splitting of wedge- 141 146 ...do Illinois ....do ....do ....do 7031 5625 shaped piece; cross-grained. Crushed fit end and at 25 milli- meters from middle. Crushed at G millimeters knot 51 215 C. G. Pringle .do 8663 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected toward do 9208 heart. do 9026 217 ....do .... do ....do ....do -'. do 7802 8981 Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. I 920 Enterprise C.Mohr Alluvial C396 Crushed fibers at 25 millimeters 920 ....db ....do ... do ....do Drift 5579 9957 from middle. Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 1043 931 ....do ....do ... do C Molir ... ....do Calcareous 9063 9321 millimeters from center. Crushed at end and at 202 milli- meters from end. Crushed at knots 114 millimeters Red Oak. 931 752 ....do Florida ....do ....do A,H.Curtiss ....do Clay 9299 8074 from end. Triple flexure ; middle deflection 25 millimeters from center. Triple flexure, diagonal deflection. Scarlet Oak. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDBE COMPRESSION— Continued. 453 10 UOI|. I.UI<] iMiKssri'.E, ix KII.OC;KAMS, KEQUIKED TO PRODUCE AX INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS. OF— Remarks. Office number. 0.23 O.51 o.r« 6305 -.171 4896 4354 4332 1.02 i.2T 1.52 1.78 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.08 1724 21159 2472 22HO 2631 4717 4309 4219 3828 3856 7349 0761 5398 4626 4667 7983 6078 5829 4940 4904 8437 6477 5987 5071 5216 8981 6795 6214 5353 5466 9390 7P81 6419 5489 5643 9707 7372 6623 5657 5806 9979 7566 6777 5806 5987 1157 1293 Sheared fibers 655 655 698 1103 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 919 954 954 649 649 653 653 654 663 663 685 685 7 7 45 45 45> 89 89 92 140 141 146 215 215 217 217 218 920 920 1043 1043 931 931 752 7870 6377 7122 7031 7666 Slight shearing of fibers do . I :n:;o 1724 1701 2449 1769 1879 1610 2563 1633 2087 1910 2758 1424 1520 2313 1415 1637 1043 1905 871 1084 1796 2109 2132 1869 1678 1778 1951 nil 1837 1769 1905 1560 1084 1565 1724 2495 2109 1120 5534 :)74L> 2971 1468 3311 3629 2994 4001 4128 3602 3456 4672 2676 2604 3856 2«86 2295 2046 2168 1651 1851 2976 2880 2540 2014 2254 2576 2404 2245 2522 2454 2631 1910 1678 2118 2409 3310 3438 2527 6441 4445 3579 50feO 3856 4400 3769 4445 4922 4187 3978 5693 3393 3030 4454 3116 2495 2395 2286 1955 1955 3393 3153 2862 2164 2372 2722 2558 2531 2699 2672 3012 1951 1787 2418 2703 4332 3882 2899 6782 4S122 3892 5398 4146 4908 4150 4677 5421 4495 4364 6283 7122 5176 4259 5657 4436 5252 4391 4971 5625 4844 4877 6646 4060 3479 5058 3665 2899 2744 2440 2136 2123 3892 3543 3171 2422 2681 3026 3003 2899 2944 2989 3329 2141 1869 2767 3484 4971 4359 3234 7358 5470 4491 5851 4563 5602 4744 5289 5965 5107 4971 7576 5706 4753 6060 4922 5874 5053 5557 6141 5280 5248 7303 4626 3797 5643 4082 3206 3075 2690 2313 2295 4359 3983 3543 2803 2944 3293 3397 3193 3166 3212 3665 2263 2041 2985 3307 5407 4844 3674 7802 5920 4999 G223 5053 6128 5339 5720 6332 5512 5570 7621 4881 3960 5851 4264 3479 3289 2785 2468 2350 4500 4209 3656 2890 3021 3420 3588 3316 3243 3343 3701 231S 2105 3134 3438 5489 5062 4291 7970 6105 5285 6332 5280 6314 5584 5878 6609 5733 5702 7870 5116 4092 6005 4482 3692 3434 2817 2536 2481 4653 4355 3851 3003 3130 3525 3756 3393 3388 3452 3797 2354 2164 3225 3570 5711 5252 4037 8265 6382 5543 6513 5362 6577 5856 6078 6745 5929 5929 8192 5312 4223 6250 4695 3783 3488 2875 2599 2536 4854 4491 3951 3075 3175 3611 3937 3461 3570 3570 3946 2440 2209 3302 3629 5856 5380 4160 9117 7666 6940 7462 10047 8415 7C66 7*02 Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers do 8097 7439 6985 7892 7212 7054 9594 6577 5013 7457 5398 4445 4033 3366 3021 2958 5715 5398 4559 3774 3783 4309 5058 4164 4264 4264 8845 8188 7621 8483 7924 8006 Slight shearing of fibers do do do do ... . ..do . . 4377 3665 5421 3896 3157 2939 2586 2286 2232 4033 3783 3379 2626 2785 3171 3588 3075 3075 3121 3543 2209 1978 2908 3175 5252 4563 3438 7258 5670 7919 6305 3212 4854 3402 2694 2622 2400 2028 1987 3683 3357 2971 2322 2518 2858 2835 2767 2753 2808 3166 2028 1833 2549 3334 4772 4146 3071 do do do do 3674 3357 do 4990 3901 5851 Sheared fibers do ... Split at end ; short specimen, 120 millimeters long . . 2894 2622 3166 2869 do 4445 6568 6668 5112 4854 7349 7439 5715 Fibers did not shear 454 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. • 17 17 36 36= 3

    349 349 511 511 742 742 756 756 Massachusetts do Arnold Arboretum do C. S. Sargent . ... Drift 8890 9081 7530 9617 7326 8890 Crushed at, end, also at 102 milli- mcters from end. Crushed fibers near middle Crushed 51 millimeters from end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed fibers on one face at 13 millimeteis from middle. Dellerted and split along grain from end to middle. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Slack Oak. Yellow-baric Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. (In do Kentucky do Danville Junction W. M. Linney Shale . . do ....do Missouri do do ....do A Hen ton G. W. Letterman . . Slate do ....do Virginia — do Wytheville ...do ... do H. Shriver ...do .. ....do Clay ....do 8256 5534 5103 8663 9562 768!) 8233 8301 6396 5806 7766 8142 9208 9163 9730 10093 9698 9081 10006 9276 6809 7734 7212 7507 8437 8156 6895 7961 7974 7802 7530 Triple flexure, deflected from heart Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed and split at end; brittle.. Crushed at 13 and at 7Cmillimeters from end. , Crushed at end ('rushed at 19 millimeters from end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. do do do do . do ....do Tennessee ....do Nashville . Saw-mill, Ashland do do A. Gattin"er ... do do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, do . . Black Oak. do ....do do Eugene City ... do G H Collier Crushed and splintered at end — .. do Missouri Alabama South Carolina ....do A lien ton Citronelle Bonneau's Depot. . ... do Wytheville ....do G. W. Letterman. . C.Mohr H. W. Ravenel ....do H. Shriver ....do Clay Sandy . . .. Triple flexure Black Jack, jack Oak. Crushed in vicinity of small knots. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 and at 102 milli- meters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed on one face at 23 millime- ters from middle and at end. Crushed at J02 millimeters from end. Crushed at end and at 114 milli- meters from end. Crushed at K9 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure: split along grain.. Triple flexure ; knot at middle Crushed at end and at 3 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Rich loam : Spanish Oak. Bed Oak. ....do Clay ....do do do do do ... do ....do Kemper's mill ....do Cottage Hill ....do C.Mohr ....do do ....do ....do ....do Barren, sandy do Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Slack Jack. Jilack Jack. do do do A H. Curtiss do do Missouri G. W. Letterman.. ....do do Rich, alluvial ....do do Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. ....do ....do do do ....do Virginia ....do Carroll county do ....do H. Shriver do ....do do do Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle on one face. do Water Oak. Duck Oak. Pos- sum Oak. Punk Oak. do do do do Cottage Hill do C. Mohr do 8709 8799 7167 7371 8256 8596 8596 7884 do ....do Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at knots at middle and at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at li millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. ...do ....do ....do ....do A. H. Curtiss ....do do do — .?<; 1.03 1.37 1.53 I.7S vS.O.-l 3.38 2.54 4.81 5.08 i 2032 1542 1637 2313 2611 1709 1565 1928 1343 835 1315 2019 1547 1769 1642 989 1229 2948 2767 2336 975 1987 1406 1728 1384 2436 1751 2068 1792 1597 2118 1338 2313 2449 2522 3166 3407 2903 3266 2858 2291 1569 2313 2422 2277 2672 2495 2232 1860 4024 411(1 3438 2250 HM 1814 2563 2400 2953 2867 2753 2477 2776 3411 2268 2495 2681 4150 3357 3665 3529 3992 3130 2322 1633 2576 2667 2481 2790 2081 2840 2141 4277 4010 3701 2799 2572 1887 2799 2617 3293 3248 2890 2703 3221 3905 2640 2812 2849 3012 3543 3842 3819 4436 3230 2386 1674 2790 2867 2726 2803 2713 2967 2313 4495 4246 4042 3053 2722 2087 2885 2744 3488 3536 3066 2853 3561 4259 2821 2880 3012 3162 3674 4064 4028 4717 3383 2395 1751 2976 3035 2880 2917 2776 3066 2372 4672 4491 4264 3284 2803 2245 3021 2835 3638 .3697 3302 3026 3756 4500 2935 3048 3134 3379 3742 4123 4300 5013 3588 2454 1842 3153 3212 2130 3003 2890 3184 2513 4854 4699 4572 3493 2958 2440 3130 2994 3828 3933 3429 3180 4060 4817 3130 3075 3348 3525 3983 4237 4518 5398 3810 2518 1878 3252 3338 3193 3026 98M 3352 2586 5026 4881 4922 3665 3098 2622 3298 3125 3942 4110 3615 3302 3815 5071 3202 3221 3434 3593 4037 4400 4649 5670 3892 2563 1928 3388 3443 3407 3026 3075 3452 2617 5262 5067 5044 3828 3230 2767 3402 3207 4082 4264 3751 3447 4463 5303 3316 3361 3529 3747 4110 4626 4935 5915 4064 2649 1951 3574 3566 3547 3139 3193 3470 3656 3856 4187 4886 5103 6146 4196 2685 2078 3665 3647 3683 3225 3221 4173 4346 4491 4980 17 17 36 36« 36' 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 628 628 963 963 268 339 131 131 245 245 265' 265» 548 548 342 342 770 770 47 47 282 282 264> 264' 264' 349 349 511 511 742 742 756 756 756 do' do 6532 6283 7212 4944 3085 2404 7985 Split at end 3248 2654 4377 4899 4037 do 3710 3856 2694 5407 5262 5216 3933 3302 2980 3497 3339 4178 4386 3882 3579 4717 5067 3470 2758 5579 5407 5407 4110 3425 3153 3574 3438 4327 4522 3983 3688 4831 5706 3538 do .... . 6486 6392 6214 4877 7021 do 3933 4128 do 5216 4786 4468 5851 6918 4287 ..do 5262 Sheared fibers 7666 1456 2359 UH 1406 1S78 1769 1506 1542 1293 2858 1542 2858 1610 2068 2939 2109 1842 1955 2676 •2245 2685 2313 3511 2926 3765 3039 2295 3075 2241 1932 2005 2790 2490 3130 2749 3851 3547 4219 3429 2486 3343 2359 2087 2096 3139 2744 3475 3012 4196 3429 4482 3720 2703 3484 2486 2155 2173 3311 2866 3692 3248 4495 4092 4735 3942 2880 3715 2527 2214 2295 3484 3062 3937 3393 4781 4314 5035 4164 3039 3847 2676 2341 2413 3674 3221 4128 3606 5013 4500 5262 4346 3202 4055 2753 2400 2481 3901 3888 4191 3783 5239 4690 5461 4500 3352 4160 2840 2454 2595 4060 3538 4445 3910 5416 4790 5661 4192 3393 4327 2980 2495 2676 4173 3652 4626 4037 5615 4949 5847 4364 4150 3511 2948 3121 . . do 4377 5534 5080 6349 5761 6736 do 7349 7521 456 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BBHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. ' lid •° 83 ! 53 *cet c Soil. - |^ Ill as § Ijll Remarks. 281. Quercns laurifolia— continued. 282. Qnercus heterophylla Sartram's Oak. 801 801 1171 1171 352 674 674 402 402 50 135 512 512 687 687 729 729 573 573 18 18 2581 258s 516 9 9 442 443 119 119 765 765 853 853 11 Florida Saint John's river. do A. H. Curtiss 9480 7734 5171 8029 7167 7167 2222 8029 9026 8845 9458 5987 6480 6464 8754 5651 8256 8156 7689 4137 5298 7235 7485 6373 7847 7076 7566 8006 8822 8346 6496 6827 8278 7235 9390 9934 9707 6359 7983 8641 6963 9390 8573 6949 Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 89 millimeters from eud and at end. Crushed at 25 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Split at end and splintered at 102 millimeters from end ; brittle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally ; split at end. cross-grained; oblique split 152 millimeters long. do New Jersey do Mount Holly do S. P. Sharpies Clay do ... do Citronelle Santa Rita mount- ains. do C.Mohr G. Engeliuannand C. S. Sargent. Pine-barren Dry, rocky do Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack. do Harrodsburg ....do Alleutou ...do Tullahoma do W. M. Linney ... do G. W. Letterman.. .. do A. Gattiuger .do Utica shale ....do Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak. ....do Missouri ....do Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rinsrs. Triple flexure Rich loam Moist, siliceous . . . ...do Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters knot at end. Willoiv Oak. Peach Oak. do California do Harm county do G. R. Vasey do Gravelly do Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle at 5 millimeters knot. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters from middle. Crashed at end at 3 millimeters knot. Tanbark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak. 288. Castanopsis chrysophylla Chinquapin. ....do do Mendocino county do A. Kellogg ' do Hot Springs ....da Arnold Arboretum ....do G. W. Letterman.. ....do C.S.Sargent ....do H. Shriver Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 5 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from middle. Triple flexuie, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed 25 millimeters from mid- die at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 44 millimeters from end. Crashed at 32 millimeters from middle and split along grain. Crushe i at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 and at 127 millime- ters from end. Chinquapin. 290. Castanea vulgaris, var. Amer- icana. Chestnut. ....do Massachusetts ...do Virginia — do Drift ...do Moist ...do ....do ...do ....do Sandy Massachusetts — do Arnold Arboretum do C.S.Sargent do Drift ... do Seech. Mercer cou uty . do W. M. Linney do Hudson Rivershale do . do Dansville ....do Chattahoochee do W.J.Beal ...do ....do Florida ....do do Crushed at middle and at end Crushed at middle in vicinity of 13 millimeters knot. do do do ... . Massachusetts do Hamilton do J. Robinson . do ....do ... do Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at .19 millimeters from end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure ; middle bend 25 mil- limeters eccentric. ...do Arnold Arboretum ....do C. S. Sargent ....do Drift ....do Hop Hornbeam. Iron Wood. Lever Wood. 11 877 877 1047 1047 46 73 73 1038 ... do ....do ....do do do Danvers ... do North Reading J.Robinson ... do do Rich loam ...do Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally perpendicular to rings. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end ; opened grain. Deflected at middle and split at ends. do do . . Missouri Kentucky ....do Massachusetts AHenton Mercer county ....do Danvers G. W. Letterman. . W. M. Linney ....do J. Robinson Damp, alluvial- . . . Trenton limestone ....do Gravelly Hornbeam. Slue Seech. Water Seech Iron Wood. do Cross-grained ; split at knots THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEB COMPRESSION— Continued. 457 Direction of gr;sin. rur.ssi'KE, ix KII.OCIIAMS, KKCJUIUED TO ntoDucK AX IXDEXTATIOX, ix MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office number. H O.S.I 0.51 O.TO I.OvS i.*r !.->-• i.rs •J.O3 •-J.S8 •-•.-.I 4.81 5.08 | n 1603 1438 1973 898 2980 2085 27.13 1878 2183 2048 3402 3153 2580 2245 3210 2835 2540 2939 3012 1452 1606 1452 1338 1474 1500 1284 1461 1080 2803 2223 2744 3193 2740 2767 2291 2123 2427 2241 3352 2391 3470 3039 2580 C381 2072 2767 2454 2576 3348 3157 2021 2155 2628 8325 4128 3402 3112 2744 3402 :;-j4s 2890 8188 3366 1610 1778 1746 1524 1642 1700 1424 1037 1229 3057 2536 2971 3329 3134 3016 2513 2359 2640 2486 3692 2713 3874 3402 2885 2740 2935 3012 ! 2785 2P35 3074 3438 3157 2291 2958 37CO 44? 516 9 9 44' 441 119 119 765 765 853 853 11 11 877 877 1047 1047 46 73 73 1038 do do 1010 1SJ2 1861 1315 1270 2358 1610 1143 1792 18(30 1089 1325 ass :,--, 1888 925 S89 871 5512 6623 5579 5625 7Ifi7 6419 6214 do Split at ends 4626 4078 3756 3960 4191 2073 228G 2223 2041 2204 2028 1810 1982 1597 3905 3420 3701 3951 3697 3856 3280 3048 3338 3202 4658 3615 5080 4604 3833 3742 3665 4060 3978 38M 4844 4205 3878 4082 4318 2105 2354 2295 21E2 2227 2073 1887 2037 1647 4037 3505 3797 3987 3015 3928 3348 3089 3443 3438 4854 3774 5252 4808 3987 3937 3792 4273 4119 4037 5035 4300 3887 4164 4436 2173 2459 2395 2214 2250 2123 1932 2091 1706 4169 3665 3874 4132 4009 4033 3456 3193 3579 3552 5080 3924 5479 4908 4119 4046 3910 4355 4246 4146 5874 5171 4831 4899 5262 2586 2994 do 5D79 5398 5443 5738 do do Slight shearing of fibers • split at end 2608 2903 2413 2227 do 3130 2554 do .. 2041 4854 4491 4391 4740 4581 do 2223 1452 1111 21K1 1973 1800 1M2 1379 1683 1452 2223 1078 2132 1973 1547 1315 1542 1702 1J01 1247 5625 4877 5149 4990 ..do do 4150 3720 4173 4264 6078 4854 6713 5942 4899 4990 4581 do do do do do . do 5579 5579 do Split at ends 5489 5307 4944 6010 5470 Sheared fibers 458 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOB OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Lougltuulnal com- pression: rltiujate strength, in kilos. Remarks. BETT7LACE2E. 294. Betnla alba, var. popnlifolia . . White Birch. Old-jield Birch. Gray Birch. 10 10 848 223 223 722 722 836 836 990 990 1065 1065 1066 1066 1067 1067 528 629 843 843 1068 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 136 139 841 841 842 842 Massachusetts ....do ....do Vermont do Arnold Arboretum ....do Danvers Charlotte do C. S. Sargent Drift 6123 5307 5262 Triple flexure parallel to rings Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Crushed and split at middle ....do J. Robinson C. G. Pringle ....do Gravelly Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch. 296. Betula occidental do Sereno Watson . . . ....do J. Robinson .. do Wet 8346 6713 7983 8890 6486 6577 8346 7485 7485 7552 7847 9662 5670 6849 8279 10070 9934 Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle ; deflected diagonally. * Crushed at 32 millimeters from middle on one f:ice. Crushed nt 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle at3 millimeters knot. ('rushed 7(i millimeters from end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 8 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 70 millimeters from end and at end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle ; opened grain three-fourths the length of stick. Crushed at middle and split along grain. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. ......do do . .. ...do Massachusetts ..do ...do Townsend do ....do Alaska Chilcoot inlet do Paul Schultze ... do do Charlotte C. G-. Pringle do do do ....do ... do ...do do do do do do do do do do Engelmann'scanon Strawberry valley . Danvers ...do Charlotte ....do ....do ....do do Robert Douglas. . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. J.Robinson ...do C. G. Pringle Black Birch. 297 Betula lutea California Wet peaty . Massachusetts — ....do Vermont ....do ...do ....do do Gravelly ....do do Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. « 298. Betula nigra ....do ....do ....do do ....do ....do ....do ,ln 10093 10623 10841 9208 10206 7339 7122 7249 7666 6600 6069 9072 8823 11022 10931 9480 10115 Triple diagonal flexure perpen- dicular to rings. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. do Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. do do ... Missouri G. W.Letterman.. do Crushed at 5 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 32 millimeters from end. Triple flexure perpendicular to rings. Crushed at 44 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure toward heart Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 31 millimeters from middle; deflected diagonally. Triple flexure; middle bend 32 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Bed Birch. River Birch. 299. Betula lenta do do do Massachusetts do North Andover . . . .. do J. Robinson ..do Alluvial do do do do do ....do do ....do Arnold Arboretum do ....do C S Sargent ....do Drift Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. 4 221 221 844 844 810 967 967 991 991 102S do do do Charlotte C G Pringle ...do Massachusetts — ....do ...do Danvers ....do Pepper's mills ... Sitka ...do ....do ....do do Crashed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from middle. ....do W. M. Canby Paul Schultze ....do Seaside Alder. Alaska ....do Washington terri- tory, do 6976 6033 6010 6829 6759 Crushed at 32 millimeters from middle. Alder. ....do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, do Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle bend 51 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. do Portland Furniture Company. do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. (JOTTED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 459 IMrtTtion of grain. « I'KESSL'KE, IN KILOGKAMg, KEQUIUEI) TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office namber. 0.35 0.51 o.re 1 .<»•-! 1.37 1 ..-,-> 1.78 -'.<>:( 3.38 3.54 4.81 5.08 1 1179 1(148 1406 11711 889 MM 11S9 1134 1343 1384 tat 1870 ISfil 975 1021 1179 7114 MO 749 1746 1742 1529 1315 11M6 IMS 1842 1021 12K 1216 889 894 1547 1120 2136 1497 1019 ir.47 2223 1669 1093 1973 1978 1701 1941 2028 1479 1778 1597 2332 1787 1170 2114 2223 1878 2064 2168 1583 2064 1883 1529 1633 1656 1447 2168 1424 2586 2858 2214 1987 2254 2118 2699 1733 2472 1637 1(142 1542 2254 1624 4114 2713 1846 1701 2409 1868 1325 2236 2359 2028 2214 2304 1887 2313 2005 169B 1715 1769 l.r,79 2340 1533 2722 3062 2404 2168 2449 2254 2858 1851 2685 1760 1801 1669 2377 1737 4386 2894 1955 1769 2495 1932 1356 2295 2495 2118 2295 9891 1796 2427 •-•077 1710 1819 1892 1683 2459 1597 2867 3139 2477 2282 2567 2368 2948 2000 2790 1851 1923 1766 2522 1851 4572 3130 2055 1877 2549 2014 1460 2391 2649 2250 2440 2531 1864 2490 2182 1796 1892 1978 1765 2599 1669 3030 3811 2576 2345 2708 2481 3107 2132 2889 1982 1982 1855 2626 1896 4753 3230 2168 1937 2604 2105 1565 2531 2740 2345 2549 2676 1941 2554 2295 1883 1951 2150 1846 2685 1751 SIX 3470 2731 2504 2758 2590 3221 2241 3016 2064 2046 1910 2717 2000 4990 3397 2223 1991 2654 2150 1615 2649 2844 2431 2676 2785 2023 2676 2391 1932 2046 2209 1941 2744 1805 3243 3574 2794 2572 2894 2654 3343 2345 3085 2205 2159 1987 2803 2087 5112 3574 2322 2078 2703 2209 1696 2731 2948 2545 2771 2862 2091 2748 2513 2028 2073 2304 2023 2862 1892 3357 3661 2880 2669 2998 2749 3456 2463 3162 2308 2182 2037 2894 2141 5257 3656 2390 2173 2748 2254 1783 2799 3016 2635 2867 2935 2177 2799 2595 2114 2200 2391 2082 2930 1937 3561 3774 2998 2776 3071 2799 3574 2567 3216 2345 2232 2082 2989 2205 5443 3815 2971 3198 10 10 848 223 223 722 722 836 836 990 990 1065 1065 1066 1066 1067 1067 528 629 843 843 1068 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 136 136 841 841 812 842 4 4 3311 2676 2087 3334 3529 3198 3470 3543 2676 3288 3207 2563 2667 2930 2587 3348 2395 4332 4423 3652 do 2903 3765 3946 3629 3901 3847 2994 Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 3 millime- ters knot. Slight aher.ring of fibers ; indented section covers 3 millimeters knot. do do 1740 1338 1488 1533 1325 1837 1320 2359 2622 1987 1768 2028 1887 2495 1542 2168 1497 1343 1379 2123 1515 3561 2440 do 2858 do 3357 3652 2699 4536 4590 do do 3606 Sheared fibers • split at end 4241 3130 3742 4872 Sheared fibers 4014 2880 2912 2799 4105 2948 6922 2581 2563 3674 2209 6396 4626 do do . . do do I HiiB 1179 1270 1089 1002 1774 975 767 2685 2336 1810 1270 1724 2064 1257 1361 3089 2731 1932 1347 19-'3 2223 1851 1515 3334 3030 2023 1397 1996 2377 1810 1015 3497 3261 2068 1474 2032 2481 2032 1069 3720 3411 2164 1492 2127 2572 2168 1756 3856 3583 2218 1547 2177 2636 2232 1896 4073 3801 2259 1619 2254 2753 2295 1946 4205 3955 2341 1628 2308 2808 2350 1987 4305 4101 2400 1665 2354 2930 2427 2078 5216 5022 2812 1932 2803 3574 2427 2449 6761 5761 844 844 810 967 967 991 991 1025 .do 2041 3039 3910 3198 2722 do . .. do .. do do 460 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 1 & i 0 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 1025 7258 302 Alnns rhombifolia 635 ..do Company. C. S. Sargent. ...do .. 7022 end. Alder. 717 Wet 4990 middle. 717 do do do do 4899 end at 3 millimeters knot. 979 Drain C S Sargent 5171 end on one face. 979 ...do .. do . ....do ... do 6396 middle. 303. Alnus oblongifolia 694 California W. G. Wright 44-45 Alder. 694 ..do ....do ....do 4459 end at 3 millimeters knot. 374 C G Pringle 4617 end at 3 millimeters knot. SpeckledAlder. Hoary Alder. Slack Alder. SALICACEJE. 306. Salix nigra 232 ....do ....do 4545 middle. Blacli Willow. 855 Topsfield 2277 rings. 307. Salix amygdaloides 908 Canon City E. Weston 3493 millimeters from end; cross- grained. Willow. 908 do do do - 4355 middle. 911 do do do 5171 between rings. 911 do . do do 3878 split alonL' iirain between rings. 308. Salix lajvigata 690 5012 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure Willow. 309. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia 690 640 ....do ....do ....do Strawberry valley C. S. Sargent. do ....do ....do 5216 4373 do Crushed at 51 millimeters from 981 F Skinner Alluvial 5942 end in vicinity of knots. 309. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendle- 981 889 ...do Utah ....do ....do ....do 6056 4581 die at 2 millimoters knot. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end and at end. riana. 313. Salix flavescens 721 6532 middle at 3 millimeters knot. 721 972 ....do Missonla. ....do Seattle ....do ....do 6532 8074 Crusbed at 3 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. riana. Black Willow. 972 ritory. ...do do C. S. Sargent, do , do 6895 314. Salix Hookeriana 966 7031 near middle. Triple flexure, deflected diag- 966 do do do do 6623 onally. 316. Salix lasiolepis 669 6169 Willow. 272* S. d! Sargent. 4219 Crushed at 51 and at 114 millime- Aspen. Quaking Asp. 272 .. do . do . ..do do 4717 ters from end ; split along grain. Triple flexure parallel to rings . . . 319. Popnlus grandidentata Poplar. 1035 1035 847 847 Massachusetts ....do ... do . do Danvers ....do ....do do J. I; M!> in si m ....do ....do do Gravelly ....do ...do ...do 6260 5942 5625 5829 Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle on one face. do Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle bend 38 522 Nashville 4527 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 16 millimeters knot Jtiver Cottonwood. Swamp Cottonwood. 961 Alaska Chilcoot inlet Paul Schultze do . 4672 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25 Valsam. lacamahac. Balm of Gilead. 321. Popnlns halsamifera, var. can- dicans. 961 1054 1054 ....do Massachusetts. . . ....do ....do Topsfield ....do ....do J. Robinson ....do ....do Gravelly ....do 5579 4527 4309 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle bend 32 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 7li millimeters from end. Triple flexure perpendicular to rings. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 461 UNITED STATES UNDEB COMPRESSION— Continued. Diivrtion of grain. rilEBBUHE, IN KI1.0C.KAJIS, IIUJI 111H' TO 1'liOM ( K AX INHKNTATIOK, IX MILL1MKTEHB, OK— Remarks. Office number. 0.25 0.31 o.76 • !.<»-• 1.27 1.53 1.78 2.03 3.38 3.54 l.sl 3.O8 i m 953 816 631 4'M 590 607 930 658 1243 1529 953 857 944 1030 1089 939 1352 1665 1043 903 1052 1111 1120 998 HOI 1769 1071 948 1084 1175 1202 1080 US29 1851 1080 998 1125 1220 1257 1120 1628 1937 1120 1043 lisa 1288 1302 1207 1715 1896 1152 1084 1270 1347 1361 1225 1709 2068 1179 1129 1315 1307 1402 1266 1805 2132 1234 1166 1347 1415 1443 1311 1910 2200 1279 1229 1388 14S3 1489 1343 2254 2486 1442 1487 1009 1678 1765 1624 1025 635 717 717 979 979 694 694 2686 1547 1647 1860 1878 2064 1774 do .... do do do . . do 907 044 953 1043 499 953 885 1202 1134 1030 635 an 071 771 862 1021 1006 1288 993 1084 1220 901 1016 1315 1851 1497 1J07 1^80 11U7 1229 1252 1021 1687 1529 1397 1143 1202 1361 1016 1080 1424 1987 1560 1270 943 1170 1379 1397 1384 1982 1633 15C9 1297 1252 1438 1075 1094 1488 2123 1619 1388 1016 1266 1479 1565 1615 2168 1706 1628 1361 1347 1479 1166 1184 1569 2218 1674 1447 1080 1311 1565 1597 1678 2359 1769 1719 1442 1393 1547 1234 1216 1651 2286 1760 1547 1120 1384 1615 1674 1719 2486 1851 1824 1529 1447 1642 1306 1257 1719 2350 1801 1M 1170 1438 1724 1729 1810 2567 1937 1896 1574 1524 1074 1347 1306 1814 2482 1846 1624 1220 1488 1787 1801 1960 2685 1996 1941 1642 1574 1733 1393 1352 1923 2504 1892 1674 1266 1533 1833 1855 2019 2731 2069 2032 1733 1618 1814 1452 1624 1951 2590 1928 1715 1302 1579 1865 1928 2078 2858 2118 2395 2155 2019 2168 1774 1833 2395 3029 2214 2032 1570 1905 2132 2313 2481 3311 2541 Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; specimen 120 millimeters long. 232 855 908 908 911 911 690 690 640 981 981 889 721 721 972 972 966 966 669 272» 2721 1035 1035 847 847 522 961 961 1054 1054 2518 2232 2449 2005 ..do do do do 2685 3379 2322 2232 1778 2177 Sheared fibers do do do do Slight shearing of fibers 2C54 Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end ; indented section cov- ers 6 millimeters knot. Slight shearing of fibers- split at end 1 MM 948 058 821 862 640 658 885 817 885 SS9 522 1851 1134 735 1397 12C7 885 844 1084 1089 1030 943 730 2064 1202 739 1565 1261 934 880 1184 1125 1075 1052. 807 2168 1257 758 1637 1315 980 903 1288 1179 1125 1116 852 2241 1279 771 1710 1365 1030 957 1384 1238 1166 1157 903 2291 1311 807 1758 141] 1075 998 1438 1288 1166 1198 957 2391 1352 839 1824 1470 1120 1034 1511 1348 1179 1261 1002 2454 1388 848 1905 1524 1161 1080 1547 1384 1220 1302 1043 2518 1393 862 1982 1569 1170 1129 1633 1393 1261 1320 1084 2595 1397 898 1991 1578 1211 1170 1^69 1415 1306 1361 1125 2971 1610 1025 2268 1860 1474 1402 1960 1051 1488 1656 1315 3311 1746 1111 2586 • 2019 1656 1533 do do do do do ... . do . . Sheared fibers ; split at end ; specimen 120 millime- ters long. 1792 1660 1883 1533 do .... do 462 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: TJltiraate strength, in kilos. Remarks. • 552 Robert Douglas . . 4332 Black Cottonwood. 1019 5851 millimeters from middle. Black Cottonwood. Balsam 1012 do Factory, Portland. do .'. do 6214 middle. 1028 do 6192 end. 1028 ....do Company. do C. S. Sargent. do 6713 middle. 289 Missouri AlleBton G. W. Letterman.. Alluvial 4763 middle. Cottonwood. Necklace Pop- lar. Carolin a Poplar. Big Cottonwood. 304 304 ....do do . . ....do ... do ....do do ....do do 4264 4541 Crushed at middle and opened along grain. 309 Texps Dallas do 69CO end. 309 ....do ....do ....do ....do 6214 end. Crushed at middle 764 Florida .. A. H Curtiss do 6199 754 do ....do do do .. 7326 millimeters from middle. 659 do 5987 middle. Cottonwood. 325. Populus Fremontii, var. "Wis- lizeni. Cottonwood. White Cotton- wood. C59 646 646 909 ....do ....do ....do ....do San Bernardino . . . ....do CaSon City .. ....do •W.G.Wright ....do do ....do ....do ....do 6123 5625 5216 67 ")9 middle at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure; middle bend 19 millimeters eccentric. 909 do ....do do 6713 end. 909 do ... do do 5466 millimeters from end. 909 do do do 5919 iu vicinity of 5 millimeters knot. CONIFERS. 634 California . 5618 White Cedar. Bastard Cedar. 634 do berry valley, do C. S. Sargent. 6115 middle. 662 do Saw-mill, San Ber- W. G. Wright 8754 end; split whole length of speci- men. 662 do nardino mount- ains. ....do do 5299 327. Thuya occidentalis 379 C. G. Pringle 4626 grata. White Cedar. Arbor-vitce. 379 782 ....do ....do ....do ....do 4545 5534 end. Crushed at 13 and at 57 millime- ters from end. 782 do way. do 5035 tera from end. 783 783 ....do do Bridgeton do ... Ed. Sinclair do 5579 5398 Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime- ters from end. 790 790 Province of Quebec . do Amqni do A. Grant do 4355 4785 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end and at end. 792 792 ....do ...do Grand Trunk rail- way. . do 2994 3221 middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. 796 do do 4545 end. 796 do do 5103 eud. 874 5965 874 do do do 6532 end. 1099 Drift 4493 328. Thuya gigantea 1099 1017 ....do ... do Weidler's saw -mill ....do ....do 5806 6895 swelled. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end; split along grain. Heel Cedar. Canoe Cedar. 1017 1021 ....do do Portland. ....do C.S.Sargent. do do 8301 6396 tors from end ; split along grain. Crushed at 32 millimeters from middle; sudden fracture. 1021 do Company. do do end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. I'M TED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 463 Direction of grain. -IliE. IN KIl <».ll \.M.s, KKtjl'lllEIi TO PRODUCE AX INDENTATION, IS MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office number. 0.45 0.51 0.76 1.04 I. -it 1.54 1.78 4.0:1 4.48 4.54 4.81 5.08 ID 1 1 454 7-111 504 930 449 666 408 1588 522 862 389 934 703 2064 653 1120 658 635 817 1071 1007 956 1071 522 508 821 490 621 494 631 680 549 404 671 703 594 717 572 058 712 1080 567 980 1 944 907 712 99S 712 595 898 608 2254 1043 1320 1143 1216 998 2971 1125 1311 925 835 1052 1179 1202 1334 1805 703 703 1012 857 880 821 98B 839 721 599 see 871 789 953 944 889 803 1089 at 1148 1111 1002 793 1093 789 653 939 685 2395 1157 1488 1220 1311 1179 3143 1220 1411 1061 880 1116 1216 1284 1393 1828 744 717 1098 898 948 975 1016 934 i 767 620 907 898 807 993 1034 953 875 1117 753 1107 1166 1043 817 1166 852 680 980 726 2436 L229 1542 1306 1352 1252 3216 1338 1438 1107 930 1179 1270 1447 1493 1864 785 721 1116 934 1007 1034 1030 957 789 635 962 939 866 1025 1075 1016 916 1315 803 1143 1229 1080 889 1216 889 726 998 780 2490 1315 1628 1352 1438 KILT, 3307 1397 1533 1189 975 1243 1315 1470 1533 1928 812 730 1161 939 1030 1071 1057 989 812 649 1002 984 893 1039 1084 1057 984 1415 844 1211 1306 1120 934 1278 939 766 1043 830 2567 1356 1687 1397 1515 1388 3375 1470 1637 1239 1016 1288 1365 1492 1578 2000 835 739 1175 948 1034 1080 1075 1016 852 662 1043 1025 907 1048 1125 1107 1034 1501 857 1266 1 1343 1161 948 1888 998 807 1080 875 2622 1447 1801 1442 1569 1442 3420 1574 1719 1279 1071 1338 1402 1538 1619 2087 875 753 1202 966 1066 1102 1107 1030 875 676 1075 1039 930 1057 1161 1152 1071 1497 898 1288 1356 1184 993 1365 1043 848 1120 903 2703 1488 1851 1488 1619 15S8 3479 1660 1750 1352 1120 1397 1438 1574 1669 2182 894 762 1225 979 1075 1116 1116 1043 884 680 1116 1057 939 1075 1193 1207 1093 1778 912 1334 1397 1225 1030 1429 ' 1084 852 1166 948 2753 1538 1896 1529 16G5 1588 3529 1724 1801 1397 1166 1447 1442 1583 1710 2250 903 798 1261 989 1089 1120 1129 1075 894 694 1157 1075 957 1089 1220 1252 1116 1406 939 1370 1442 1201 1039 1474 1125 875 1198 984 2807 1597 1946 1574 1728 1647 3574 1805 1869 1442 1211 1488 1465 1597 1751 2400 984 807 1270 1007 1112 1134 1161 1098 912 708 1170 1102 980 1116 1270 1266 1161 1383 966 1384 1669 1474 1905 Slight tiluai ing of fibers 552 1012 1012 1028 1028 255 304 304 309 309 754 754 659 659 646 646 909 909 912 912 634 634 662 662 379 379 782 782 783 783 790 790 792 792 796 796 874 874 1099 1099 1017 1017 1021 1021 and at 127 millime- ters from end. Triple diagonal flexure parallel to rings. Crushed at 38 millimeter! from end. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Tiiple flexure; middle bend 38 millimeters eceentrie. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crush. jd at 13 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 31 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 25 and at 51 millime- ters from end: split alon.^ grain. Crushed at cud uiidat 102millime- ters f i om end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. ....do ....do do ....do ....do do . ....do . . . do do ....do ....do . ..In . . do An Alaska Sit.Vn, Paul Schultze .... ... do do do British Columbia . do Saw-mill, Victoria, do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. . do Alaska Peril strait Paul Schnltze do do ...do ... ....do do Weidler's saw-mill, Portland, do G . Engelmann and C. S. Sargent, do Dean &. Cb.'s saw- mill, Marshfield. do du ....do do do California Jo ....do Monterey Cypress. do ....do ....do ....do do Marin county . do G. R. Vasey Dry ridges 5693 7349 5253 4672 338. Juniperus occidentalis Juniper. 338. Juniperus occidental, var. conjugens. Juniper. 339. Juniperus Virginiana lied Cedar. Savin. do ... do do Calistoga ....do W.F.Fisher ...do G. Eiigelmann and C. S. Sargent. do ...do ....do Crushed at middle ; end shattered ; split along grain. Split along grain ; shattered ....do ...do ....do ....do C. Mohr. . . 9049 Shattered stick at 127 millimeters from end and at end. ....do ... do do ....do ....do do ....do do S. B. Buckley do 9662 6804 7172 7439 701.- 7249 7031 5715 5126 4944 5851 7076 8256 5879 6577 Triple diagonal flexure perpen- dicular to rings. Split obliquely ; cross-drained and knots. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end and split along ^raiu. Triple flexure; middle bend 32 mdlimeters eccentric. Crushed at '2~> ami at 127 millime- ters from end. Crushed at S millimeters knot 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knotlS millimeters from end. Opened grain at 6 millimeters knot near middle. Triple diagonal flexure parallel to rin2 millimeters from end; splitfromeiidto ( ml; grain curly. Failed at J9 millimeters knot al middle. Cruslit d near middle at 3 millime- ters knot. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from middle ; opened grain. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. Triple diagonal tlexure perpen- dicular to rings. Triple diagonal flexure do do do do . ....do ....do Portland G. Engelinannand C. S. Sargent. do C. S. Sargent do Yew. ....do ....do Chattahoochee . do ....do Alluvial Stinking Cedar. Savin. do do ....do do ....do .. do A. H. Cnrtiss do Calcareous . do Marin county do . . G. E. Vasey do Stony Crushed at 64 millimeters from middle r.t 5 millimeters knot. California Nutmeg. Stink- ing Cedar. 347. Pirius Strobus do do Massachusetts do Arnold Arboretum do C. S. Sargent do Diift , ....do .....' Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Cinshed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 30 millimeters knnt 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at, 51 and at 114 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from end. Crushed at end Crushed at 64 millimeters from middle. Ciushed at end and at 32 millime- ters from middle. Crushed at 45 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 83 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure parallel to rings . . Crushed at 13 millimeters from end. Crushed at three places near ends. WhitePine. Weymouth Pine. T- Charlotte C. G. Pi ingle Wet, swampy .. do way. do ... do do BridgetoD .. do Ed. Sinclair . . do Province of Quebec ....do .. do do" Araqui ...do A. Grant ....do Grand Trunk rail- way. do Massachusetts do Reading do J. Robinson do Drift do British Columbia . Oregon ... do Hastings' .saw-mill, Burrard inlet. Cascade mount- ains. ... do Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. G. Engelmnnnand C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent ....do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. White Pine. ....do Sugar Pine. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 467 I — o 1 ^ 5 i'K! HI BE, IN Kll.CHiHAMf, K1.0.riKKl> TO IMCOMUC'K AN IXPKXTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. 1 a B 535 535 542 542 741 741 657 657 O.95 0.51 o.ro 1.02 i.2r 1.52 1.7S 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.0S ^^Wi 449 885 889 US 889 839 862 785 767 1424 1220 104:; 1120 953 853 866 839 1597 1306 1325 1202 980 971 916 889 1678 1352 1452 1257 1030 1052 939 921 1742 1415 1483 1320 1084 1098 1002 944 1787 1483 1529 1356 1098 1166 1066 1007 1824 1529 1569 1415 1134 1225 1093 1034 1804 1551 1610 1417 1148 1288 1139 1052 1905 1588 1619 1483 1161 1329 1175 1080 1941 1619 1042 1529 1184 1442 1334 1247 22M 1682 1796 1792 1320 1524 1338 2087 1932 1987 1460 1701 do . do ., do . 1 563 780 626 «17 703 857 749 852 1012 762 780 1048 1306 839 921 1066 8SO 821 1061 1111 871 953 1075 D39 866 998 1116 921 984 1080 948 898 953 1189 957 1002 1084 998 934 975 1325 1002 1025 1107 1039 944 962 1393 1043 1030 1157 1035 962 1034 1442 1080 1034 1193 1039 984 1075 1470 1098 1061 1221 1043 1007 1098 1501 1120 1179 1370 710 711 711 712 712 713 713 1452 1116 1216 1633 1266 1306 1792 do 1774 2223 2359 1656 1021 1257 1043 1021 1071 968 840 998 521 2440 3652 3665 2331 2341 1923 1529 1452 1293 1135 1111 1542 885 2731 4037 3878 2613 2840 2118 1633 1628 1941 1211 1343 1883 1048 953 1043 1030 762 885 1152 944 1252 962 1052 962 925 1216 2853 4150 4024 2835 3035 2209 1683 1710 2050 1261 1393 1950 1075 962 1080 J075 803 te 1207 971 1302 980 1093 1025 975 1275 2926 4296 4150 2971 312.-, 2254 1742 1803 2118 1297 1447 2087 1111 980 1125 1120 844 944 1261 ns4 1320 1002 1139 1075 998 1311 3003 4360 4255 3121 3270 2313 1796 1842 2205 1347 1483 2227 1116 1012 1166 1161 852 957 1320 1025 1347 1048 1189 1120 1034 1338 715 978 978 62 62 277 277 651 651 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 797 1044 1044 975 087 987 638 4436 4386 3266 3365 2345 1851 1896 2250 1370 1511 2304 1120 1021 1207 1207 866 980 1361 1034 1370 1071 1234 1161 1075 1356 4518 4473 3357 3456 2363 1896 1941 2259 1393 1524 2427 1134 1052 1220 1247 889 993 1411 1066 1384 1075 1275 1166 1098 1388 4581 4613 3488 3515 2386 1941 2046 2304 1429 1538 2454 1152 1093 1247 1270 898 1025 1488 1116 1397 1093 .1311 1184 1120 1424 4631 4726 5103 5421 5489 5851 do 3661 2440 1964 2087 2341 1447 1551 2503 1161 1111 1297 1293 921 1039 1520 1148 1420 1116 .1347 1220 1143 1456 4287 2713 2245 2481 2586 1588 1724 2971 1270 1270 1520 1424 1043 1175 1792 1293 1529 1243 1547 1424 1293 1610 4527 2413 2676 2767 1778 1769 3130 1329 1384 1669 do do 671 789 499 526 030 531 866 590 680 7,2 662 535 962 930 708 780 1075 862 1216 903 HI 871 857 1034 do 1157 1270 2023 1397 1601 1361 . . do do do .. do 1565 1384 1724 do do 468 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. | I State. Locality. Collect or. Bon. Longitndinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 849. Pinas Lambertiana — cont'd . - . 668 730 819 819 913 992 992 661 661 656 656 397 882 915 631 631 821 821 914 315 315 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1076 990 996 996 1154 1154 1155 1155 1158 1156 619 626 630 630 632 636 68» California G R Vasey 5080 402C 1 6123 6123 4527 4740 5851 Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. ....do Forest City . do Company. T. S. Bramlejiee .. do . Gravelly .. .do .. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 70 millimeters from end. Triple flexure White Pine. ..do Nevada British Columbia . ....do Danville Silver Mountain valley, Fraser river, do A. Triple G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do .. ....do i' do Santa Ritamonnl- G. Engelmann and ains. C. S. Sargent. 8029 7621 5262 5579 5579 4037 4740 4703 6033 5489 5126 5012 77M 8301 7107 8165 6023 5942 7349 6886 4400 4876 Crushed at 38 and at S9 millime- ters from end ; upcnnl iii,:in. Crashed ::t 3'2 millimeters from end: ."-jilit obliquely iilou^ i^raiu. Crushed at C4 millimeters from • irl ut in imllhurters knot. White Pine. do San Diego county, do G R Vasev Pinon. fcut Pine. do .. do - Cation City Lewiston Danville Scott mountains . . do E. Weston Gravelly Rocky Gravelly Rockv Crushed at end at "> millimeters knot. Split ol'iit|ue]y aloiiL; grain I';ti!ril at 13 millimeters knots at } middle. Failed at Ifl millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 3 millimeters knots at middle. (.'ruahed at 32 millimeters from end : t-ross-^rained. 1'iiion. Nut Pine. Utah Nevada California . M. E. Jones A. Triple G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. rinon. J\ ut Pine. 357. Pimis Balfouriana, tar. aristata Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine. do do Forest City do T. S. Brandegee... ...do ... . Prospect mountain Hersey A Triple Rockv - - Crushed at middle anil at 3 milli- meters knot 2f> millimeters from middle. Crushed at ,">! milliimters from end. Crushed at f»4 millimeters from end. Crushed at ]0 millimeters knot J."> millimeters from end. Michigan .. do W.J.Beal .. do ... Bed Pine. Norway Pine. New Brunswick . - « do Bridgeton do Ed. Sinclair.. :.... do Charlotte do C. G. Pringle do Crushed at 25 and at 114 milli- meters from end. Crushrd at :.'5 ami at 76 millime- ters t'lom end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Cinshed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 25 and at 102 milli- meters from end. Tiiple flexure; middle bend 51 millimeters eefcntrir. do do do do ..do ... do .do California San Diego county . ....do do G. Engelmann ....do do Sandy ....do do ....do do Santa Rita mount* aina. do C G Prin^le Rockv 7485 7349 5330 6350 5080 4944 Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Yellow Pine. do do do do do do do ....do . do ....do do .... ....do do ....do do Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters knot at end. do do do do 6 Dakota Robert Douglas . . . G. Engelinanu and C. S. Sargent. v Gravelly 7915 7530 3029 3765 8250 5942 7750 Crashed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure perpendicular to rings ; knots. do YeUow Pine. Butt Pine. Saw -mill, Ashland Strawberry valley ....do Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. California Low, wet, swampy ....do ... ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do W.G. Wright Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 469 Direclioll of grain. 1'KESSUKE, IX KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO 1'EOHtCE AX INDENTATION, IX MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office number. 0.25 O.51 O.TO 1.02 i.ar I.-VJ i.r* •->.<»:{ *.*« 2.54 4.81 3.O8 I I 1116 658 676 662 1098 866 1066 1261 1134 2023 1497 1905 1792 953 871 1211 1442 1116 1397 671 862 744 898 594 703- 953 MB 1270 1338 1452 1021 1034 1089 1016 930 907 680 1157 1452 998 1134 1021 ! 998 1311 871 1302 1270 1669 1325 1U42 1710 1860 MTO •23*6 2796 2123 2169 2014 1311 2138 1506 2000 1034 1170 1116 1406 930 989 1243 1025 2000 2486 2132 1987 1669 1365 1574 1397 1361 971 1724 2400 1C98 1343 1179 1429 1338 944 1525 1406 1824 1406 1796 1905 1932 3157 2608 3030 2345 2595 2459 1860 2286 1S6S 2105 1107 1275 1343 1583 1025 1031 1379 1111 2177 2155 2291 1710 1837 1429 1687 1524 1388 1093 1851 2468 1765 1456 1189 1542 1406 962 1619 1483 1955 1474 1892 1973 2(105 3243 2735 3210 2481 2744 2658 uaa 2391 1619 2209 1220 1325 1433 1647 1080 1111 1420 1170 2259 2223 2359 1796 1892 1488 1724 1579 1406 1161 1879 2518 1833 1533 1275 1624 1438 984 1637 1329 2014 1501 1932 2032 2(i.',:i ;mi 2840 3388 2f,4ll 2885 2713 1987 2477 1674 2268 1288 1365 1479 1706 1134 1157 1461 1234 2327 2291 2440 1864 1941 152* 1774 1597 1429 1207 1905 2608 1851 1601 1325 1687 1483 1021 1696 1574 2119 1542 2023 2073 2118 3520 2920 3493 2654 3021 2753 2023 2576 1705 2359 1338 1424 1497 1724 1166 1202 1520 1288 2386 2350 2486 1946 1991 1560 1805 1601 1456 1257 1978 2667 1883 1669 1343 1760 1497 1061 1738 1615 2173 1583 2073 212:: 21S2 3811 2998 3674 •-'717 3125 2880 2050 2645 1751 2431 1379 1483 1551 1765 1207 1238 1569 1343 2431 2400 2527 1991 2028 1615 1833 1610 1497 1302 2046 2749 1932 1733 1365 1796 1524 1084 17(>ll 1642 8827 1621 2114 2159 2209 3679 :iOn:> 3856 27.-.-1 32>2 2921 2091 2703 1801 2527 1415 1547 1584 1787 1234 1206 1601 1370 2449 2477 2495 2041 2073 1660 1882 1637 1524 1338 2082 3803 1946 1787 1411 1846 1547 1120 1774 1687 2400 1IJ65 2159 1579 1139 1796 1724 2341 1687 2209 1837 1261 1973 1941 2667 1932 2495 1982 1334 ma 2078 2858 2096 2735 Sheared fibers 668 730 819 819 913 992 993 661 661 656 656 397 882 915 631 631 821 821 914 315 315 785 785 1074 1075 1078 1078 996 996 996 1154 1154 1155 1155 1156 1156 619 626 630 630 632 636 689 do do do Sbeared fibers ; opened grain at end and along one fact'. do Split at end ; indented section covers 9 millimeters knot. 222:! 3738 3216 3992 2821 3311 2953 2136 2771 1833 2622 1442 1574 1624 1801 1270 1293 1633 1415 2499 2572 2518 2118 2100 1692 1896 1651 1538 1361 2118 2853 1969 1851 1483 1896 227,1 3S33 3266 4146 2894 3857 2985 2168 2799 1842 2681 1470 1619 1665 1837 1311 1329 1669 1452 2554 2595 2536 2141 2576 1719 1905 1656 1565 1402 2155 2903 1982 1901 1529 1932 2576 4400 3S56 5013 2758 4854 4264 do 3892 3339 2032 3S11 2168 2948 1678 1860 1901 2032 1497 1520 1923 1706 2948 3016 3720 3538 2676 3515 2381 3470 Sheared fibers do do do .. . do do do .. 2023 2168 do 1633 2087 do .. 3166 3261 do 1973 2835 1996 iln 2926 2205 Sheared fibers ,. do 1778 1805 1610 2336 3268 2214 2177 1760 2200 1892 1919 do.. . 2540 3438 2381 do . do 1796 Sheared fibers .. do 470 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PBESTCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilns. Remarks. 361. Pinna ponderosa — continued . . 362 Pinns Jeffrey! 718 718 731 907 910 633 633 667 667 664 064 997 907 293 . 293 583 625 625 644 644 1157 Saw-mill, ilissoula do S. Watson 6463 6477 7349 3892 4173 5443 6577 6759 7938 5035 5761 7802 9934 4626 4037 02 14 5648 6115 5262 5511 4808 6940 6827 6532 4672 3742 9154 9185 4445 4876 71.94 8437 5398 5783 6123 7076 4808 4740 7938 8219 5080 6577 5829 5489 do Crushed at 51 millimeters from end; 13 millimeters knotateud. California Lassen's peak Canon City do Sierra Lumber Company. E. Weston Colorado do Triplo diagonal flexure; knots ii'jar middle. Triplo diagonal flexure; 6 milli- meters knot at middle bend. Crushed at middle at 6 millime- ters knot. Triple diagonal flexure parallel to rint;s; middle bend 6 milli- met.'Ts eccentric. Oblique split 178 millimeters long, separating stick. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. do California Scott mountains .. G. Eugeluiann and C. S. Sargent. Dry, gravelly do Bull Pine. Black Pine, * . do Saw-mill, San Ber- iMrdino. do W G Wright do Santa Rita mount- ains. ....do Vancouver's island ....do Forest City ... do G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. do '.. do Dry, gravelly ....do do ....do British Columbia . ....do Colorado do Shattered end; crushed at 102 mil- limeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from ead. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters "knot 19 millimeters from end. Crusbed at 89 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at. 5 millimeters knot at middle. Triple ilexuie; middle bend 25 niilltmetets eccentric. Failed at 13 millimeters knot at middle. ('rushed at 16 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 7(i millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end at 5 millimeters kuot. Crushed at- 51 to 71 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crusbed at knots at middle and near end. Crushed at 7G millimeters from end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Scrub Pine. 365. Pinus Murrayana . . Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. . 366. Pinus Sabiniana IHgger Pine. Butt Pine. 367 Pinus Coulteri ...do .. T. S. lirandegee . . . do • do Moist, gandy loam, do ..do "... California ....do ....do ... do do ..do Seott mountains . . ....do Contra Costa county. .. do San Bernardino ... .. do Monterey .. do C.S.Sargent G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ....do G. E. Vasey ....do W.G.Wright ... do G. E. Vasey do do ....do ....do Gravelly ....do Dry, gravelly ...do Gravelly loam do 368. Pinus insignis Monterey Pine. 369. Pinus tubcrculata Knob-cone Pine. 370. Pinus Tteda Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine. 371. Pinna rigida 1157 676 676 576 570 82 82 355 355 388 388 389 389 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 621 622 1169 1169 ...do ....do do ....do do Mount Shasta do . G. EnpelmaDn and C. S. Sargent. Gravelly do Florida . do Duval county do A. H. Curtiss do do Cottage Hill ....do Wilmington ... do C.Mohr ....do E. Kidder do Low, rich ....do Loam do ....do North Carolina . . . do , do Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from (nd in vicinity of knots. Crushed at middle in vicinity of 5 millimeters knot- Crushed at middle in vicinity of knot. Crushed at 102 millimeters from cud. Triple flexure parallel to rings Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. ....do ...do Massachusetts .. do do ....do ....do Arnold Arboretum ....do North Reading . . . ....do Duval county Aiken ....do New Albany do ....do ....do C S Sargent ....do do >.-. Drift Pitch Pine. ....do ....do do ....do ....do A. H. Curtiss ....do H. W. Ravenel ....do ....do Moist, sandy loam. ....do « Dry, sandy ....do ; Triple flexure perpendicular to riuga. Triple flexure parallel to rings . . . Triple flexure, contained 7 knots 3 to 6 millimeters in diameter. Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime- ters knot 5 1 millimeters fruin end. Crushed at end at 13 millimeters knot. Crushed at 13 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. Pond Pine. ....do South Carolina ... ....do Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. / do do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPRESSION— Continued. 471 I •— o 1 1 5 PRESSURE, IN' KILOGRAMS, REQUIRED TO rKOIUTK AN 1XDKXTATIOX, IS MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. I 0.35 0.51 0.76 1.03 1.11 1.53 i.rs 2.03 3.38 2.54 4.81 5.08 1021 8.r>7 1202 KXa 085 1261 1070 862 771 249 1021 1565 1202 885 667 1270 898 807 1202 1470 1089 753 817 953 599 767 1166 1225 1769 1538 1492 1879 1769 1315 1293 953 am 1787 1996 1071 1061 1374 12C6 1052 1778 2014 1225 1247 1406 1456 1093 1166 1179 1982 1447 1764 1093 1120 1433 1520 2223 2518 1270 1179 3479 4255 2132 1678 1796 2073 1211 1302 1905 1769 1728 2023 1S82 1379 1483 1769 2676 1905 2341 1202 1143 1501 1438 1152 1910 2214 1352 1374 1569 1619 1306 1261 1347 2218 1529 1919 1161 1193 1497 1678 2295 2844 1343 1370 3751 4854 2318 2023 2032 2350 1261 1325 1982 1819 1833 2173 1946 1479 1569 1937 2853 2000 2586 1229 1170 1588 1492 1193 ' 1982 2332 1397 1424 1624 1674 1379 1297 1393 2372 1592 2050 1216 1275 1560 1801 2341 3089 1374 1424 3901 5239 2395 2127 2096 2431 1297 1365 2023 1860 1901 2259 1969 1547 1024 2000 2939 2078 2685 uta 1198 1665 1529 1252 2041 2363 1470 1479 1665 1710 1424 1320 1456 2436 1656 2118 1275 1325 1633 1855 2449 3207 1393 1442 4019 5461 2477 2186 2164 2804 1311 1402 2068 1928 1987 2309 2014 1606 1665 2105 3012 2164 2830 1270 1220 1715 1565 1302 2087 2413 1533 1547 1701 1746 1456 1347 1520 2518 1706 2223 1347 1406 1674 1901 2531 3302 1402 1483 4150 5079 2558 2241 2195 2527 1347 1452 2114 2000 2028 2345 2004 1051 1715 2168 3071 2250 2894 1279 1243 1774 1579 1329 2168 2499 1574 1574 1715 1778 1489 1379 1574 2563 1737 2263 1442 1456 1701 1928 2595 3357 1433 1501 4250 5729 2608 2277 2236 2599 1361 1479 2155 2096 2091 2368 2082 1687 1755 2223 3116 2309 2994 1288 1252 1846 1601 1374 2200 2545 1615 1619 1737 1810 1524 1397 1637 2G35 1796 2322 1497 1547 1733 1973 2658 3488 1452 1529 4359 5625 2658 2309 2250 2649 1397 1542 2186 2123 2141 2418 2118 1751 1796 2286 3175 2372 3075 1293 1275 1910 1647 1406 2259 2599 1651 1669 1746 1833 1538 1429 1656 2672 1819 2368 1547 1597 1774 2005 2740 3579 1492 1551 4409 5534 2703 234(1 2268 2690 1438 1579 2218 2182 2182 2431 2150 1773 1842 2354 3293 2440 3166 1311 1288 1964 1685 1433 2313 2654 1687 1715 1760 1869 1569 1470 1669 2713 1855 2418 1597 1637 1796 2037 2844 3692 1520 1565 4522 5552 2749 2368 2286 2731 1678 1769 2540 2495 2136 2699 1878 1928 2685 2694 2849 718 718 731 807 910 633 633 667 COT 664 664 997 997 293 293 663 625 625 644 644 1157 1157 676 676 576 576 82 82 355 355 388 388 389 389 13 13 1046 1046 82 83 621 622 1169 1169 do . do do do . . . . . do 2064 2087 2812 3765 2223 2277 do 1497 1497 2223 1814 1610 2667 3107 2023 1973 1969 2118 1769 1669 1579 2404 Sheared fibers do do 1787 2849 Sheared fibers do 2214 2186 2068 Sheared fibers do do 1905 1746 Sheared fibers do 1207 1157 1243 880 862 1247 925 1828 1542 91(9 703 2654 2658- 1520 1043 1211 111G 2994 2758 1905 1996 2019 2223 3289 4219 1678 1787 5216 5761 3030 2613 2572 2953 Sheared fibers ; split at ends 2182 2336 3520 4491 1796 1883 5851 do . ... do do. do -do ..do 3202 2635 Sheared fibers 472 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PKITTOIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office number. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- lirussion: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 1172 6033 1172 ....do ...do ....do do 5379 279 A H Curties 5715 Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. 279 .. do do do ... do 6341 knots at middle. 321 "Wytheville Clay 5987 Table-mountain Pine. Hick- 321 do . . do* . . . L do do 5353 rings. 671 California Gravelly 8663 end ; split at end. Ohixpn J'inc. Jtlfhop'tt Pine. 671 278 ....do ....do ....do ....do Clav 7621 4763 end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. do Yellow Pine. Xhnrt-lw >;- millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle on one face Crushed at funillinx't rs knot '>] millinu ters fiom end. Crushed tit 13 millimeters Urn t at middle. Crushed at 51 mil!! meters from middle. Crushed at :i millimeters Kmn ~>1 IVc.m i ml. Ciu-hed :;t K. niillimetet s kimt "-"> Kiillimelers i, <>ni middle. Crusliei! at 10 mtllimeU-i ,s kn »t 102 millimeters from end. Ciush"d ;it -I.". i:ii li t,« t» TA fn>m middle, Crashed al ">1 niillimetei s Irrm ond. ('lushed at TO millimeters IVum Mid. Crushed at 04 iiiiUimrter.-. from end. Triple ilexure piiK'llel to riis^s Crushed at 10 millimeters knot S9 millimeters from end. do - do . Florida ....do Alabama do Duval county ...do Cottage Hill do A. H. Curtiss ....do C. Mohr Moist, sandy... Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. ....do '. ....do . . do . . Florida do Bay Biscayne do A. H. Curtiss Coral ...do Vermont do Charlotte do C. G. Pringle ...do .. Cold, peaty Black Spruce. ....do ...do New Brunswick .. do Huntington do Bay of Fundy i Intercolonial rail- way. Gravelly Province of Quebec Danville do do Grand Trunk rail- way. ...do... 1 New Brunswick .. Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair Gravelly White Spruce. do Terry's peak .. TO rilOIH:CK AX IXDKXTATIOX, IN MILLIMETRES, OF— Remarks. Oflifc number. 0.25 0.51 O.T6 1.02 i.ar 1.52 i.rs 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.0S m 1315 1542 1111 1293 1229 2313 2880 1837 820 925 590 644 749 725 671 G35 635 776 735 726 676 608 631 662 644 817 640 567 953 572 590 907 640 1016 889 717 620 758 458 721 726 866 631 871 771 558 1474 1941 1406 1709 1452 3393 3892 2722 1261 1225 807 1089 1089 962 1007 962 939 1061 1120 11S9 1084 798 939 817 916 966 984 1080 1379 835 903 1279 912 1148 1184 1325 749 1143 626 794 907 1043 907 1007 817 771 1637 1987 1515 1846 15S8 3783 4400 3130 1400 1488 944 1225 1238 1030 1061 1039 1034 1152 1257 1311 1229 880 1061 894 962 1021 1043 1170 1515 844 984 1402 948 1234 1302 1574 807 1257 690 848 925 1120 980 1084 848 866 1814 2141 1560 1892 1706 3983 4786 3298 1442 1542 989 1261 1302 1071 1071 1080 1093 1179 1325 1397 1343 907 1093 989 960 1071 1071 1234 1597 857 1025 1461 962 1257 1415 1028 871 1320 749 898 934 1170 1025 1198 894 953 1887 2313 1592 1932 1796 4073 5080 3438 1429 1588 1U06 1279 1352 1102 1098 1116 1125 1202 1388 1447 1303 957 1125 1007 993 1125 1139 1275 1665 862 1066 1524 984 1293 1479 1706 944 1347 789 957 971 1198 1052 1275 921 993 1973 2431 1687 1982 1951 4237 5252 3450 1520 1637 1120 1302 1379 1125 1129 1143 1161 1225 1420 1488 1438 1012 1143 1030 1039 1170 1184 1325 1710 866 1098 1565 1016 1334 1529 1765 966 1388 830 1021 1016 1220 1071 1297 1002 1016 2155 2563 1710 2078 2041 4264 5579 3710 1569 1678 1166 1325 1402 1170 1161 1166 1193 1261 1438 1524 1488 1043 1175 1080 1061 1220 1229 1361 1751 898 1120 1619 1034 1379 1006 1829 993 1406 866 1048 1048 1279 1111 1306 1107 1052 2223 2654 1737 2159 2123 4309 5761 3801 1606 1719 1202 1347 1438 1211 1202 1202 1207 1293 1456 1542 1533 1080 1220 1098 1071 1270 1261 1393 1765 944 1152 1056 1052 1397 1660 1892 1098 1424 903 1120 1080 1325 1125 1352 1170 1129 2277 2785 1796 2277 2236 4418 5851 3887 1628 1778 1234 1370 1479 1225 1220 1225 1238 1315 1506 1565 1574 1116 1260 1111 1098 1320 1302 1415 1778 948 1175 1669 1066 1443 1728 1969 1161 1433 939 1139 1116 1356 1152 2350 2944 1824 2331 2304 4527 6214 3901 1660 1810 1257 1397 1511 1247 1243 1252 1275 1334 1542 1579 1637 1152 1302 1134 1125 1347 1325 1447 1814 953 1207 1683 1098 1470 1760 2068 1252 1456 966 1161 1161 1415 1166 390 390 84 84 356 356 493 493 231 231 373 776 776 794 794 880 880 513 513 620 620 773 77S 781 784 791 7'Jl 292 292 575 S2S 269 270' 270 2 970 970 977 977 1015 1019 1019 1026 1026 5 5 219 Slii'ht, sliennii" nf filter* - unlit &t ends 8781 do . ...tin .. Sln>arccl lilicrs ; split at flirt ; indented .section covers 10 millimeters knot. 4146 1851 424() 1452 1560 1742 1429 1388 1370 1488 1588 1678 1724 1937 1325 1438 1379 1261 1533 1492 1579 1619 1724 do 1506 1506 1488 1579 do do do do 1824 Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot covered by in- dented section. Sheaved tibers 3132 1569 1379 1637 1733 do Sheared fibers; 10 millimeters knot covered by in- dented section. 1043 1320 1882 1275 1637 2087 2395 1139 2009 1370 1778 do do 2531 1715 Sheared fibers 1433 1352 1633 1302 1397 Sheared fibers -- . ... do 1216 1120 1257 1161 1542 1311 1732 Sheared fibers . . . 476 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PBLN'CIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Office nnmber. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate strength, in kilos. Remarks. 387. Teuga Canadensis — continued. 219 Charlotte C. G. Pringle Gravelly 7892 Crushed at 51 niilli 4649 middle. 772 do way. do 5307 knot. 775 do do 5489 rings. 775 . ..do do 5738 middle. 778 . do do 5035 millimeters eccentric. 778 ....do do 5058 vicinity of knots. 787 do Ed. Sinclair 5851 ters knot. 787 do do do 6301 opened prain from end to end. 793 Province of Quebec Grand Trunk rail- 7403 i in. us. 793 do do way, do 8346 millimeters from end. 817 "West Virginia C G. Pi-in^le 6323 from end. 817 ....do ...do do 6101 middle. 1040 es^" middle. 1040 ....do do do 5516 end. 1042 do Xorth Heading do 6486 1042 do do . do . 5126 end. 388. Tsuga Carolinians 623 North Carolina Hendersonville . . . A. H. Curtiss Dry, rocky G45IP middle. Crushed at 5 millimeters knot Hemlock. 971 "Washington ter- "Wjlkeson 9185 near middle. Hemlock. 995 ritory. Alaska Sitka C. S. Sargent. Paul Schultze 7621 end. 995 do do do 9435 millimeters from end. 390. Tsnga Pattoniana 980 British Columbia . 5806 middle. Triple flexure; middle bend 38 980 . do Fraser river, do C. S. Sargent. do do 6341 millimetfTs eccentric at 3 milli- meters knot. 2712 T S Brandegee Moist 6613 middle. Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Ore- 627 California Saw-mill Straw- 9117 027 do , berry valley. C. S. Sargent. 9390 middle. 702 do 5489 meters from end. , 704 ....do field, do do 9026 rings. . 705 do do * 8709 end. 706 ....do mill, Marshfteld. do . . . . ... do 20550 708 ....do . do .. do . 9979 end. • 708 ...do .. do do 11022 end. 709 ....do do do 7303 end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 76 millimeters from 709 do . do do 7212 end. 720 S Watson 7249 middle. 720 ....do ... do .. do 8936 end; shuttered end. Triple flexure; middle bend 38 732 80'9 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 19 millimeters from 732 do do Company. 7802 end. 881 Utah Salt Lake Rocky 6895 Crushed ;tt 3 millimeters knots 38 881 ....do .. do do do 6305 millimeters irom end. Crushed at 13 millimeters knot at 973 British Columbia 7235 middle. 973 ....do .'. inlet. do ... do 7779 Crushed at 38 millimeters from 974 ....do ... do .... do MOO end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from 974 986 ....do do ....do ....do 9026 7 576. end. do / 989 1008 Oregon British Columbia Saw-mill, Portland C. S. Sargent. do do 7689 7756 Crushed at group of knots 25 mil- limeters from middle. inlet. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 477 Direction of* grain. IMIKSKriSK, IX KI1.0GHAMS, l:K(Ji:iRED TO I'HODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office number. O.35 0.51 o.7« 1.03 8M 1320 1315 1538 1352 1075 1411 1461 SHIS 2218 1669 803 826 1193 1937 1225 871 1928 1048 1397 2223 1501 1665 2277 1311 1221 2576 2322 1710 1257 2676 2409 1297 1293 1306 1506 1266 2313 2545 2254 916 1941 1202 1202 1002 1547 1302 1.37 1.53 1.78 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 5.08 ! 667 885 767 1139 993 730 794 926 4tt 1338 1111 544 B23 57? 1338 476 658 1184 563 912 1406 862 1089 1406 866 739 1306 1338 1161 866 1769 1134 1080 1229 1035 971 862 1533 1833 1315 862 1098 885 767 780 953 839 998 1166 1343 1198 944 1311 1474 857 1833 1452 708 703 1034 I860 857 771 1189 848 1179 2032 1315 1438 1951 1170 1089 2141 2096 1533 1120 2291 2078 1207 1179 1198 1438 1107 2200 1941 1B32 957 1814 1216 1089 862 1320 1069 975 1397 1433 1628 1442 1107 1415 1405 1048 au 1733 844 852 1247 2068 1306 894 1996 1093 1461 2313 1551 1778 2345 1325 1284 2667 2391 1742 1293 2817 2499 1352 1429 1370 1515 1320 2245 2595 2300 1012 1860 1229 1252 1048 1588 1347 1002 1415 1492 1724 1547 1157 1447 1583 1089 2245 1792 857 871 1288 2141 1853 939 2032 1139 1533 2395 1592 1828 2436 1361 1320 2758 2472 1778 1352 2971 2595 1370 1529 1411 1547 1361 2109 2635 2345 1016 1778 1338 1302 1080 1647 1397 1066 1438 1551 1778 1615 1170 1479 1637 1143 2245 1833 S71 898 1325 2L>:,!I 1397 989 2078 1170 1597 2495 1647 1910 2467 1406 1356 2799 2245 1833 1374 3094 2672 1384 1642 1447 1628 1433 2132 2713 2409 1084 1569 1411 1343 1120 1674 1452 1116 1460 1637 1851 1687 1211 1538 1705 1170 2250 1828 907 948 1365 2309 1415 1021 2091 1220 1656 2558 1687 1960 2531 1447 1406 2890 2590 1896 1411 3257 2740 1406 1706 1497 1674 1483 2246 2758 1152 1511 1710 llilil 171(7 I2M 1628 1751 1179 1628 1778 1969 2096 1252 1674 1760 1220 1760 2078 2404 2313 tan 1837 1996 1429 219 772 772 775 775 778 778 787 787 703 793 817 817 1040 1040 1042 1042 623 971 995 995 980 980 271» 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 S73 973 974 974 980 989 1008 1120 ias? 1474 1288 1021 1415 1461 984 2041 1551 780 785 1129 1837 1093 817 IMS 971 1315 2132 1438 1533 2118 1279 1166 2440 2209 1656 1189 2522 2308 1247 1089 1238 1513 1220 2295 2482 2118 993 1982 1225 1152 953 1470 1207 1 2722 1497 1996 2141 do do 2254 2241 2282 921 989 1402 2354 1415 1034 2123 1261 1733 2640 1737 1996 2576 1479 1434 2930 2645 1932 1465 3411 2821 1483 1765 1538 1719 1506 2359 2821 939 1002 1456 2381 1420 1071 2141 1302 1760 2681 1769 2068 2599 1501 1461 1034 1120 1710 2676 1520 1184 1687 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends 2336 1529 2223 3053 2019 2381 2899 1715 1665 2495 ,lo 2227 2595 do Slight shearing of fibers • splltatend do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ; 10 millime- knot on indented section. 2731 1987 1501 3557 2917 1511 1824 1574 1774 1556 2436 2912 2223 1742 4105 2359 do do do 1724 1951 1814 1833 2023 2005 Sheared fibers . do .do do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end 3266 3561 do 1161 1565 1461 1365 1139 1728 1488 1116 1637 1524 1402 1170 1765 1533 1143 1733 1374 1433 1193 1801 1569 1460 2495 1824 1588 1311 2136 1579 2722 Sheared fibers do . 1687 do do do 478 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 1 p § State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Longitudinal com- pression: Ultimate ntrcu£ih, in kilos. Remarks. 391 . Pseudotsnga Dcmglasii — cont'd 1008 British Columbia . Saw-mill, Burrard 8!>81 1011 Oregon inlet, Oregon Railway C. S. Sargent. do 8799 middle. 1011 ....do and Xavigation Company. do do 6804 middle. 1016 ....do Weidler's saw-mill, ... do 8981 millimeters from ond. 1016 ....do Portland. ... do do 970S end. 1018 1018 ....do ....do Saw-mill, Astoria . ....do ....do do 10002 0662 middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. 1020 — do Portland Furniture ....do 7892 end. do 1020 ....do Company. . . do do 766G 1022 — do ... do 8346 1022 do ... do . do 8392 end. 391. Pseudotsuga Dooglaaii, var. roacrocarpa. Hemlock. 642 642 California ....do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. ....do W. G. Wright do 6872 7938 middle* Split obliquely ; pieces flew from machine. 392. Abies Fraseri 523 AVak'ott Gibba 5G74 end ; opened grain. Balsam. She Balsam, 523 377 ... do ....do ....do C G Priiigle ....do Peatv 5239 5851 millimeters from end. Crashed at 10 millimeters knot 25 mi Hi meters from mii'dle. Balsam Fir. Balm of G Head Fir. 449 Forest City T S Brandegee 4854 middle. Balsam. 449' 449> 449" ... do ...do ....do ....do do do ....do ....do do do — do do 4400 3856 5661 tors knot. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from middle; split along grain. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot at middle; split along grain. 820 ....do ....do do ....do 5398 end. 820 ...do do do do . 4808 1010 6033 White Fir. 1010 do do (_'. S. Sargent. do C477 middle. S29 middle. White Fir. Baltam Fir. 529 . / do do do do 4967 {at end bearing tiansveisc test) ; split along rings. 639 California Alluvial 6350 Hinders from middle. 639 733 ....do ...do ....do C. S. Sargent. ... do ....do 5670 S618 Triple flexure perpendicular to rings; opened grain. 733 ... do do Company. do 7507 398 Abies amabilis 1004 British Columbia 7838 end. 1004 ... do Fraser river, do ' C. S. Sargent. do do 7122 middle. 399. Abies nobilis 965 do Rich 7235 Jied Fir. 965 647 ....do ains. ..--do ....do ....do 7276 7°58 end. Crushed at '25 millimeters from middle. Red Fir. 647 do do C. S. Sargeut. do 6C68 end. 226' C G Priugle 12021 millimeters eccentric. Larch. lilackLarch. Tama- rack Hackmatack. 226' 226' 226s ... do ....do do ....do ....do do ....do ....do do ....do ....do do 10387 6849 8165 middle. Triple, flexure; middle bond 25 millimeters eccentiic. Crashed at C millimeters knot at middle ; split from end to t ud. 774 774 New Brunswick .. ...do Bay of Fundy do Intercolonial rail- way. do 7892 9095 Crushed at 13 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from eiid ; opened between rings. Crushed at 64 millimeters from middle at 25 millimeters knot. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 479 = 3. "s § ! a 1'HESSt HE. IN KILOGnASIS, KEyl'IliED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIMETERS OF— Remarks. Office number. Q.')3 1315 771 !125 S«5 817 1043 889 730 C71 817 1 17SI 1080 1157 540 499 G44 780 726 794 594 f,90 563 881 490 769 522 749 852 1134 1134 594 680 1356 lli-4 844 1021 1270 1225 1C39 1724 fi52 794 0.51 0.76 1.03 !.«» 1.53 i.rs 3.03 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.08 2087 1306 1160 1107 998 1211 1129 780 81)2 848 11 :.2 1351 1520 830 am sue 880 1016 925 821 817 826 817 617 1002 776 1134 1116 1243 1179 844 862 1565 1610 1016 1583 1769 1533 1533 2358 1143 1134 22.-, 1 1433 1318 1157 1048 1297 1180 8u7 <>:,:; 885 1497 1633 IMS 984 939 993 993 1080 930 894 866 957 ?39 669 1093 894 1189 1207 1338 122B 880 930 1701 1696 1093 1760 2087 1628 1728 20&9 1247 1279 2241 1479 1275 1202 1075 1343 1229 639 930 907 1406 1610 1624 1061 975 1107 1048 1111 944 939 889 989 839 712 1125 971 1198 1270 1438 1270 939 1002 1842 1778 1148 1860 2241 1778 1860 2875 1343 1352 1996 1520 1334 1257 1125 1393 1284 944 1002 962 1293 1615 1669 1093 1002 1202 1093 1139 980 975 894 1007 857 762 1143 1002 1216 1320 1533 " 1275 998 1061 1941 1892 1175 1914 2391 1869 1982 2939 1388 1447 1978 1556 1388 1302 1184 1456 1329 1002 1111 993 1315 16!)2 1728 1125 1039 1257 1125 1175 1007 1012 I960 1588 1429 1352 1234 1537 1384 1039 1157 1030 1470 1778 1740 1157 1080 1306 1184 1211 1039 1034 2073 1606 1447 1393 1284 1615 1447 1071 1198 1080 1651 1846 1760 1170 1116 1365 1211 1247 1061 1052 2227 1633 1488 1429 1343 1669 1483 1102 1211 1107 1751 1910 1824 1J93 1129 1397 1238 1261 1116 1080 1987 1660 1524 1438 13S8 1737 1500 1134 1252 1143 1605 1960 1842 1202 1166 1447 1266 1284 1116 1102 2874 1462 1724 1642 2903 1505 Sheared fibers 1008 1011 1011 1616 1010 1018 1018 1020 1020- 1022 1022 642 612 523 52£ 377 449 449' 449" 449* 820 820 101» 1010- 529 529 639 639 73J 733 1004 1004 965 965 647 647 226> 2261 226* 226s 774 774 do Sheared fibers; split at end 2U7H do ,lo 1361 1429 1306 1987 2177 2082 1379 1306 do 1624 2313 2409 2186 1442 1379 Sheared fibers do . . do do do ... Slight shearingof fibers; split at end; 4 millimeters knot in indented section. 1442 1474 1270 1270 1588 1597 1374 do ...do Split at end 1030 912 803 1166 1025 1247 1347 1592 1325 1080 1098 2105 1969 1207 1982 2472 1946 2073 3026 1429 1470 1039 962 817 1170 1052 1279 1402 1692 1470 1116 1129 2218 2050 1252 2'059 2549 1987 2150 3039 1442 1474 1052 1012 844 1179 1084 1320 1438 1769 1533 1157 1166 2263 2123 1275 2073 2581 2050 2263 3502 1470 1483 1039 1066 866 1193 1098 1338 1465 1824 1592 1216 1193 2345 2173 1311 2118 2640 '2114 2381 3506 1197 1506 1057 1098 885 1202 1116 1361 1511 1869 1624 1257 1234 2413 2214 1325 2141 2717 2164 1170 1225 1225 1379 do 1302 1225 1610 1746 do . 1769 1905 do 1860 1429 1452 2858 2586 1474 2404 2948 2449 do ... . do . 3221 1651 2586 3130 do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; specimen 120 millimMrrs long. Fibers did not shear ; split at end ; specimen 120 millimeters long. Slight shearing of fibers ; shattered stick ; speci- men 120 millimeters long. 3612 1538 1538 1746 1769 do 480 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE I Ml Species. 3 ! State. Locality. Collector. SoU. .5 ••""- II em arks. a ||| B -!.'{• & 0 g ft o J&i! 401. Lai ix Americana— continued . . 781 New Brunswick . . Bay of Fundy Intercolonial rail- - 8147 781 ....rlo do way. 780 ....do Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair 9390 do . 780 ....do do 7666 middle. 795 ....do Danville Grand Trunk rail- 9480 way. middle. 795 do do do 840 840 Massachusetts ....do Wenhara ...do 6967 7530 Triple flexure parallel to rings; intersecting '-Cooper lines". Crushed at 102 millimeters from ... do ....do end on one face. 402. Larix occidentals 719 Montana Missoula S "Watson 9367 Tri 1 ft Tamarack. P • 719 ....do ....do ... do 10047 984 Washington terri- Fulda... . "W. Siksdorf Moist tory. end at 3 millimeters knot. 984 ....do ....do do | do 12633 Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 19 millimeters from end. 1006 ....do ....do do do 1006 ...do ....do do . .. ilo PALMACE.E. end; opened grain. 405. "Washingtonia filifera 1159 Agua Caliente W. G. Wright Dry, gravelly 1461 Split obliquely ; fracture 228 mil- limeters long. Fan-leaf Palm. 1159 ....do ....do do . ... do limeters long. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 481 Direction of grain. PRESSURE, IN KILOGKAM8, REQUIUF.il TO 1'UODUCB AN INDENTATION. IN MILLIMETERS, OF— Remarks. Office number. 0.35 0.51 o.re 1.02 1.27 1.52 1.7S 2.03 2.28 2.54 4.81 5.08 ! m 1270 862 703 730 1002 1S15 1179 903 1211 1315 1633 1656 1406 318 812 1125 1765 934 1202 mi 1315 1733 1TM 1574 1452 1451 2336 2681 1669 508 1207 1220 1005 1025 1270 1189 U28 1842 1892 1774 1579 1547 2350 3134 1905 676 1325 1311 2041 1075 1325 1288 1506 1987 1946 1860 1696 1619 2345 3348 2046 617 1397 1388 2159 1125 1347 1828 1551 BOSS 2028 1928 1796 1710 2400 3375 2159 658 1442 1461 2254 1189 1433 1388 )OJ6 2168 2168 2000 1800 1792 2545 3470 2300 680 1497 1538 2345 1229 1533 1429 17(39 2227 2259 2019 1946 1910 2681 3652 2391 708 1551 1601 2422 1261 1624 1442 1800 2313 2390 2050 1987 1987 2803 3756 2500 735 1610 1674 2504 1302 1692 1461 1905 2422 2490 2118 2082 2048 2948 3901 2549 758 1628 1774 2572 UK 1778 1501 1941 2472 2536 2186 2118 2123 3094 4051 2672 776 1656 2313 3198 2580 Slight shearing of fibers 781 781 786 780 795 795 840 840 719 719 984 984 11106 1006 1159 1159 . . .do 2087 2313 .... do do do 3085 3030 2541 2449 2563 2713 Sheared fibers; split at end; indented section covers 6 millimeters knot. do do . do . . . .... 945 1932 1048 1996 31 FOR III. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. 483 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. GENERAL REMARKS. The maps of relative average forest density joined to this report are intended to illustrate the present productive capacity of the forest covering of the country (map No. 16, portfolio). They are based, except in the case of the extreme western states and territories, upon the returns of enumerators. In states originally wooded all land not accounted for in the returns as cleared or treeless, or otherwise known to be destitute of tree covering, is treated as forest. The county is taken as the unit, and is seldom divided, unless varied topography or different natural features in different parts makes further subdivision desirable. In the western states and territories, where topography determines forest distribution, county lines are disregarded, and the estimates are based upon special reports of census experts, or upon the published reports of the various government surveys, maps, etc. The condition and productive capacity of the forest covering have been carefully investigated at many points in each county or unit region, and the area covered with forest, obtained in the manner described above, is multiplied by the average stand of timber or other useful wood. The results thus obtained are necessarily greatly generalized to conform to the scale of the maps used. The following statement represents the value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year, so far as it has been possible to obtain it: Saw logs $139, Wood used for domestic purposes as fuel (estimated) 306, 950, MO Wood used by railroads as fuel 5, 126, 714 AVood used by steamboats as fuel 1, 812, 083 Charcoal used as fuel — In manufacture of iron $4,726,114 In manufacture of precious metals . . 29, 306 In the twenty largest cities 521, 316 Xiival stores 5,000,000 Wood used as fuel — Southern moss 500, 000 In the manufacture of brick and tile 3, 978, 331 In the manufacture of wool 425, 239 In the manufacture of salt 121, 681 In the production of precious metals 2, 874, 593 In other mining operations 673,692 ! Railroad ties (29,554,694) 9,806,247 Fence posts (for fencing railroads) 180, 000 Uncultivated vegetable substances used in the manufacture of medicines 587, 000 Uncultivated nnts 78,540 Hoop-poles 1,947,316 Wood used in the manufacture of — Handles $897,170 Wheel stock 1,360,892 Wood pulp 1,974,074 Baskets 314,125 Excelsior 150,800 Oars 81,000 Shoe pegs 72,000 Hand-made shingles 47, 952 Total 490,073,094 These returns are incomplete and often unsatisfactory. Many important items are omitted entirely. It was found impossible to obtain statistics of the amount and value of the wood (posts, split rails, etc.) used in fencing, with the exception of posts used by railroads. The amount of material thus consumed annually must be very large, probably exceeding $100,000,000 in value. No returns of the amount and value of the bark of different trees used in tanning leather have been received, and there are no statistics of the amount and value of the uusawed timber produced — spars, piles, telegraph and other poles, hewed timber, hard wood exported in the log, ships' knees, etc.— that is, all timber not manufactured in saw-mills into lumber. The value of the timber of this sort cut in the United States every year must be very large. The returns include the railway ties laid down by completed roads, and do not embrace those used in the construction of some 10,000 miles of new road built during the census year. It was found impossible to obtain even an estimate of the amount and value of the cooperage stock produced outside of regular saw- mills, and the returns of hand-made shingles only include those made from cypress at a few points in the south Atlantic region. Maple sugar to the amount of 36,576,061 pounds and 1,796,048 gallons of molasses were produced in the forests of the United States during the year 1879. No statistics of the value of these products have, however, been received. Statistics of the value of material consumed in the manufacture of excelsior, wood pulp, wheel stock, handles, shoe pegs, baskets, oars, and hoop-poles are incomplete, and do not fully represent the value of the wood used. The statistics of .the value of wild nuts and wild vegetable substances collected are very incomplete, and it has been found impossible to separate the value of the imported from that of the native wood used in the manufacture of veneers, an industry consuming a large amount of high-priced hard wood. Could complete returns of the forest crop of the census year have been obtained it is not improbable that it would be found to exceed $700,000,000 in value. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. The following table represents the volume, by states and territories, of the lumber industry of the United States for the census year, as derived from the returns of the enumerators on the schedule of manufactures, and from the reports of special agents for manufactures in cities having at the time of the Ninth Census 8,000 or more inhabitants. No distinction between the different kinds of wood sawed was attempted in the enumeration: 485 486 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. STATISTICS OF THE LUMBERING INDUSTRY OF THE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 U 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 3?, 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 States and Territories. Number of estab- lishments. Capital. AVERAGE NUMBER OF HANDS EMPLOYED. LABOB. MATERIALS. Maximum at any one time in the year. Males above 16 years. Females above 15 years. Children and youth. Wages paid during the year. Value of logs. Value of mill supplies. The United States 25, 708 Dalian. 181, 186, 122 141,564 425 5,967 Dollars. 31, 845, 974 Dollars. 139, 836, 869 Dollars. 6, 31S, 516 Alabama .-. 354 1, 545, 655 2, 798 1,611 36 424,156 1, 517, 986 90,649 Alaska Arizona 13 310 251 96 300 39 86 1 135 655 48 640 2,022 102, 450 1, 067, 840 6, 454, 718 481, 200 607, 300 113, 750 259, 250 25,000 2, 219, 550 3,101.452 192, 460 3, 295, 483 7, 048, 088 126 2,985 4,945 1,605 1,262 451 646 . 3,240 4,971 311 5,799 16, 252 77 1,690 3,423 870 699 286 378 25 1,945 3,298 1£9 3,652 9,926 2 54 11 7 8 4 13 33, 375 237, 394 1, 095, 736 112,931 178, 336 54,974 40,694 6,000 562,249 554,085 33, 367 787, 867 1, 571, 740 126, 486 1, 009, 954 2, 055, 635 654, 500 609,024 269, 235 229, 763 32, 000 1, 763, 617 3, 049, 435 213, 691 2, 959, 537 9, 290, 4i8 5,300 60,441 186,868 45,794 32,545 12,640 13, 612 2,000 103, 596 147, 720 16, 875 185, 368 336, 669 Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Colombia Florida 85 94 4 199 413 Georgia Illinois Indian territory 328 146 670 175 848 369. 606 1,619 234 295 881 36 38 9 680 284 26 2,822 776 2,352 228 2,827 49 420 '755 324 107 688 907 37 472 704 7 4, 946, 390 262, 975 2,290,558 903,950 6, 339. 396 1, 237, C94 2, 480, 340 39, 260, 428 6, 771, 145 922, 595 2, 867, 970 208, 200 93,375 132,000 3, 745, 790 1, 657, 395 74, 675 13, 230, 934 1, 743, 217 7, 944, 412 1, 577, 875 21, 418, 588 144, 250 1, 056, 265 2, 004, 503 1, 660, 952 272,750 3, 274, 250 2, 122, 925 2, 456, 450 1, 668, 920 1 19, 824, 059 26,700 4,155 831 5,140 1,514 9,836 1,769 3,130 30, 886 3,772 2,113 6,678 374 295 66 4,765 1,066 282 17,509 5,334 15,277 1,185 21,160 260 2,338 5,587 4,579 845 4,501 5,812 891 3,765 14, 079 68 2,526 507 2,506 943 6,480 1,216 1,940 22,732 2,732 1,123 3,408 142 136 35 3,056 760 172 11,056 2,938 8,769 "566 14,443 139 1,431 3,577 3,136 375 2,411 3,922 495 2,057 7,748 38 463 9 94 33 183 23 30 1,360 100 47 95 825,244 66,757 671, 939 200, 063 1, 161, 142 223,786 431,612 6, 967, 905 924, 473 197, 867 669,644 47, 945 29, 313 9,892 548,556 179, 693 24,240 2, 102, 972 447, 431 1, 708, 300 242,154 2. 918, 459 33, 143 221,963 549, 222 732, 914 65, 175 426, 953 540, 231 200,539 459,945 2, 257, 218 6,380 4, 023, 661 421,738 2, 238, 888 1, 106, 280 4, 754, 613 1, 041, 836 1, 827, 497 30, 819, 003 4, 408, 468 1, 190, 902 3, 113, 049 257, 320 153,823 151, 790 2, 159, 461 942, 752 100, 145 8, 628, 874 1, 490, 616 8, 603, 127 1, 294, 703 13, 378, 589 116, 085 1, 170, 088 2, 006, 124 1, 909, 794 216, 619 1, 939, 775 1, 864, 288 1, 174 005 1, 307, 843 12, 219, 097 24,725 118, 224 25, 711 171, 855 80, 779 197, 344 64,959 76, 608 1, 432, 369 120, 587 28, 214 102, 243 20,778 11,055 11,020 113, 530 47,227 16, 910 490, 389 86,523 292,979 36, 639 576, 841 4,803 67,273 136, 761 186, 981 21,655 SI, 093 119,489 14, 070 67,ft29 262,376 2,625 Kansas 1 Louisiana Maine Mnrvlaud Massachusetts Michigan . 143 22 Minnesota . Montana 4 Nevada .. New Hampshire 48 8 New Jersey New Mexico NewTork 389 91 548 13 463 13 37 141 49 10 100 89 4 126 467 North Carolina Ohio Oregon . 8 Rhode Island ; South Carolina Tennessee Texas 1 Utah Vermont Virginia Washington . _ West Virginia 250 Wyoming . . ...... THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING MAY 31, 1880. 487 PRODUCTS. Lumber (board measure). Laths. Shingles. Staves. Sets of headings. Spool and bobbin stock (board measure). Value of all other products. Total value of all products. Bank according to value of products. Feet. Number. Number. Number. Number. 146 593 000 Feet. 34 076 000 Dollars. 2 682 668 Dollars. 233 268,729 251 851 000 5 4°7 000 2 357 000 437 000 2, 649, 634 23 1 *> 10 715 000 150 000 1 760 000 300 000 1,010 215, 918 44 S 350 000 1,793 848 29 4 304 795 000 2 420 000 2 063 000 1 203 000 3,000 4, 428, 950 13 ^ 63 792 000 4 925 000 27 214 000 700 1, 051, 295 34 6 64, 427, 000 29 286 000 1, 719, 000 564 000 7. 192, 000 4 823 000 270, 000 12,000 33,000 12,930 500 1, 076, 455 435, 792 33 37 R 31 572 000 317 000 506 000 4 510 000 550 000 411,060 38 g 2,000 50,000 46 10 a 247 627 000 20 101 000 3 061 000 791 000 HO 000 13,999 3, 060, 291 21 11 451, 788, 000 18 204 000 17, 438, 000 750 000 25, 332, 000 4 235 000 2, 014, 000 964,000 4,000 3,975 60,200 4, 875, 310 349, 635 12 40 12 13 b 334, 244, 000 915, 943, 000 b 25, 977. 000 28, 031, 000 b 15, 306, 000 26, 634, 000 24, 443, 000 283, 071, 000 1, 385, 000 26, 389, 000 30,000 1, 957, 000 16, 807 145, 750 5, 063, 037 14, 260, 830 11 5 14 15 Hi e412 578 000 c 79 924 000 c 128 ] 00 000 5 335 000 650 000 38,343 6, 185, 628 Q 17 45 281 000 25 000 835 000 150,000 3,400 682, 697 35 1R 305, 684, 000 133 472 000 26, 856, 000 7 745 000 25, 253, 000 23, 148, 000 900 000 8, 174, 000 33 000 383, 000 75,655 15, 470 4, 064, 361 1, 764, 640 14 30 19 •><) 566, 656, 000 123 336 000 184, 820, 000 7 955 000 426, 530, 000 4 499 000 62, 376, 000 16 227 000 3, 312, 000 13, 426, 000 182, 618 149, 894 7, 933, 868 1, 813, 332 7 28 21 •>•> d 205, 244, 000 4, 172, 572, 000 563 974 000 d 16, 947, 000 461, 805, 000 88 088 000 d 19, 667, 000 2, 584, 717, 000 21, 062, 000 199, 821, 000 7 825 000 1, 860, 000 21, 897, 000 547 000 572, 000 6, 038, 000 44,395 531,406 21,100 3, 120, 184 52, 449, 928 7, 366, 038 20 1 g 23 24 •"> 168 747 000 7 908 000 5 355 000 60 000 5,349 1, 920, 335 27 ?fi 21 426 000 3 363 000 7 097 5, 265, 617 10 °7 21, 420, 000 2 620 000 9 627 000 1,900 527, 695 36 ?8 13, 585, 000 1,100 265, 062 41 ?9 21 545 000 485 000 243,200 42 30 292, 267, COO 109, 679, 000 11, 195 000 49, 454, 000 8, 948, 000 107 000 67, 086, 000 10, 717, 000 722,000 31, 354, 000 40, 000 20 000 3, 491, 000 155, 000 3, 072, 000 883,000 58,612 40, 385 3, 842, 012 1, 627, 640 173, 930 15 32 45 31 32 33 1, 184, 220, 000 241, 822, 000 910, 832, 000 177, 171, 000 79, 399, 000 13, 340, 000 50, 625, 000 18 245 000 305, 711, 000 8, 707, 000 24, 876, 000 5,040 000 62, 654, 000 45,000 214, 245, 000 22, 136, 000 571, 000 25, 779, 000 1, 003, 000 1, 253, 000 25,000 285,263 7,195 186,788 10,500 14, 356, 910 2, 672, 796 13, 864, 460 2, 030, 463 4 22 6 26 34 35 36 :i7 1, 733, 844, 000 8,469 000 183, 740, 000 10 000 288, 561, 000 1 986 000 80, 062, 000 365 000 10, 401, 000 326,000 3,700 000 393,044 174 22,457,359 240, 579 2 43 38 39 185 772 000 23 133 000 10 036 000 385 000 93 000 41 700 2, 081, 507 25 •10 302, 673, 000 328, 968, 000 21, 275, 000 14 131 000 14, 205, 000 112 523 000 4, 342, 000 570, 000 140 000 6,000 72,998 10,350 3, 744, 905 3, 073, 449 16 17 41 45! 25, 709, 000 1 563 000 9 293 000 1,765 375, 164 39 43 322, 942, 000 315, 939, 000 160, 176 000 19, 745, 000 14, 40C, 000 6 550 000 55,711,000 8, 223, 000 3 610 000 13, 219, 000 14, 333, 000 23 666 000 1, 572, 000 929,000 415, 000 800,000 2,575 30, 355 3, 258, 816 3, 434, 168 1, 734, 742 19 18 31 44 45 4 ™ I ' }. N M ' s THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 489 .Michigan is tlie greatest lumber-producing state in the Union. The value of its lumber product, with that of Wisconsin and Minnesota, exceeds one-third of the total value of all the lumber manufactured in the United States. This enormous development of the lumber business in the lake region is due to the excellence of its forests, the natural advantages of the country for .manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forests and the treeless agricultural region west of the Mississippi river. The extinction of the forests of the lake region may be expected to seriously affect the growth of population in the central portion of the continent. The. country between the Mississippi river and the Kocky mountains, now largrly supplied with lumber from Michigan. Wisconsin, and Minnesota, must for building material soon depend upon the more remote pine forests of the (riilf region or those of the Pacific coast. A great development in the now comparatively unimportant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. Xew centers of distribution must soon supplant Chicago as a lumber market, and new transportation routes take the place of those .built to move, the pine grown upon the shores of the great lakes. It is not probable, however, that any one point will ever attain the importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution. With the growth of the rarroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests remaining in the country toward the center of the continent, lumber will be more generally shipped direct by rail from the mills to the consumer than in the past. In this way the pine of .Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas will reach Kansas, Nebraska, and the whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico will be supplied by rail with the pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of .Minnesota and Dakota must draw their lumber by rail, not as at present from the pine forests covering the shores of lake Superior, but from the flr and redwood forests of the Pacific coast. FUEL. The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census year. The estimates of the amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquiry addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families in each state using wood for fuel, and the result thus obtained is taken as the total state consumption : WOOD USED AS FUEL FOE VARIOUS PURPOSES. Use. Cords. Value. Use. Cords. Value. 140 5:17 439 $306 950 040 Ky railroiuls 1 971 813 5 I'^G 714 By steamboats 7S7 }•'«" ] 812 083 158 208 In miniim; ami amalgamating the precious metals . . . 358, 074 2, 874, 593 Total : 145 778 137 321 962 373 200 771 673 692 ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. Number of persons using wood for domestic fuel, 32,375,074. States and Territorial. Cords. Value. States and Territories. Cords. Value. States and Territories. Cords. Value. Alabama 6, 076, 754 $8, 727, 377 2 095 439 $7 328 723 7 434 690 A lasli ; i _ 7 994 813 13 313 "20 Ohio 8 191 543 170 017 724 572 1 944 858 4 607 415 Arkansas 3, 022, 400 5 095 H21 1 215 881 4,078 137 "' 7 361 992 California 1, 748, 062 7. 693, 731 1 15^ 919 3 170 041 Rhode Island 154 953 426. 719 1 638 783 890 041 4 613 °6it < 'nnlll'l'tictlt 525, 639 2 ;;7i .";; ' 7 838 904 13 197 "40 8 084 611 Dakota 422 048 3 028 300 ] 6f9 568 5 873 421 JMnware 177 306 751 311 5 090 758 7 145 u6 Utah District of Columbia 20, 902 80, 706 4, 016, 373 8, 633, 465 782 338 o 509 189 Florida GU9 04 G 1 230 41° 119 9-17 Georgia 5,910 04 j 8 279 "4-"> 908 188 3 859 843 Wishiii 'ton IllllllO 99, 910 383 6S6 1", "70 972 71° West Virginia Illinois 5 ''00 10-4 14 136 (i6° 567 719 Indiana 7, 059 874 1:1 :::M 7"K WO< H)J.A.\I ) WIT] i I X TIIH SETTI.KO A! ! K.S cENsrsii-;.\K. • r.S.S.VFNlKXT, SF»J;CJ,\J. ,-\ P to 1 "o | cj | £ $ A 06 s 1 1 0 0 c 23 a x •S i i SI 1 S "a p. 1 .2 1 I 1 1 11 1 i o S w o i a dn U Hi 1 fi H 83*8 t* 0 985, 430 *5. 254. 980 19 19 14 1 14 599, 359 273 990 19 3 7 2 16 4 Utah 42 865 ' 1 049 fiOO 3 4 3 3 3,941 48 466 10 5 2 1 272, 319 326 944 16 U 12 37, 910 713, 200 5 3 2 1 8 "West VirK C.S SARG?:XT. SPKCIAI. .\ia'2nt. <• I'.u-fHi 1 JE,.<:ioll. .III I. ,11, II,,.. I. ,,.,_;.• l,,,,ll,.s of Scattered Pin,- i ' >{ ..ii 1. 1 L^-±-. ',,ril, .„ ..... k ITiuga C ..... ,,lf..»is MAP OF M A I N E SII()\MX(i THE DISTRIBUTION OF PIN'E AM) SI'RITK FORESTS WITH SI'KCIAI. HKKKKK.NCE TO THE LUMHER INDUSTRY. (•OMI'IIJa) UNDER THE DIRECTION OF C.S.SARGENT, SPECIAL AfiKNT. 1881. JuIllL'.!,!. D as 30 is w b o ,p THE INTERIOR TENTH CENSUS OF THr. XKW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMON'I SIHWlNliTllI- DISTRII-UTIUX OF TIIK 1'I.VK AM) SP1-UTK FOKKSTS. WITH srKClAI. KKKKllKNCK TO TIIK I y While Pint- jl'imis Slrobus i ujumi. M.." ixnAaiiung connlarahltt amounts of .if mini -i-M-'.lll I'lli" (.1 (111 !!•: • . . -""i-in iirt- CfinsuIuniMc lK«ii('j,onii»nK(KnU f~~" 1 -.inn <• IMS Ix-cn ftnn.'fxt'il I'OMI'II.KII I'XIIKH -riil.. niKKl'TION OF C,S.S.\I',(iK\T, SI'Kl'IAI. Al.l'XT THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497 Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 4,225,000, valued at $29,280. New Hampshire is fourth among the states in the importance of its maple-sugar product. During the year 1879 it produced 2,731,9J5 pounds. BELKNAI* COUNTY. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. CAEEOLL COUNTY. — Five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the northern portion there are .still large areas covered with an original growth of spruce. Large quantities of charcoal are manufactured in this county, and the usual -method of lumbering adopted here and very generally in northern New Hampshire is first to cut the spruce large enough for saw-logs, taking all trees G inches in diameter 25 feet from the ground, and then cut for charcoal all the remaining growth, hard wood and soft, even the young spruce. As the land cleared is of little, value for agricultural purposes, it is allowed to grow up again with wood. Deciduous trees come up at lirst, and these are sometimes, but not always, followed by spruce1. It is necessary to exercise great care, in order to prevent the newly-cleared tracts from suffering from fire, as the material for charcoal, cut into cord-wood, is often left on the ground until the second season. Mr. C. G. Pringle, who studied the forests of this region, furnishes the following notes upon the forests of Carroll county : *'The forests on the mountain sides between Crawford's and Bartlett are composed principally of the yellow and paper birch, the sugar maple, the red maple, poplars, the black spruce, and the balsam fir. About Bartlett scattering specimens of white pine make their appearance. In the more level part of North Couway the red and the pitch pine and the hemlock become common, while on the more sterile, sandy plains farther down the Saco these pines with the white birch constitute the principal arborescent growth. " The tract known as Hart's location, lying partly in the White Mountain notch, includes 10,000 acres, 2,000 of which bear 15,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock — rather more of hemlock than of spruce; 10,000 acres in this tract will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The town of Bartlett, partly cleared, still has 40,000 acres of woodland, which will yield an average of 5,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock and 15 cords of hard wood. Sargent's grant covers mount Crawford, Stair mountain, and a part of mount "Washington. On this tract are 15,000 acres of timber-land, carrying 20,000 feet per acre, chiefly spruce. The Thompson and Meserve purchase comprises portions of mounts Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, and covers 12,000 acres. Two thousand acres of this will yield 30,000 feet of spruce and hemlock per acre in nearly equal proportions. The remaining 10,000 acres will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The Bean purchase lies north of the town of Jackson, and covers 40,000 acres. It is occupied by a dense forest, amounting to 20,000 feet of spruce and hemlock and 20 cords of hard wood per acre. Originally there was considerable pine on the streams and sides of the mountains in this vicinity, particularly on mount Kearsarge, but now there is little left. Twelve and twenty-five years ago much of the town of Bartlett was burned over, and a different growth has come up — white birch, poplar, bird cherry, etc." A large amount of cooperage stock, excelsior, and an average of 1,000 cords of shoe pegs (from birch and maple) are annually made in this county. Considerable damage to oak and poplar caused by the ravages of the army-worm [!] are reported. The natural increase of timber is said, however, nearly to equal the present consumption by local industries, and scarcity is not apprehended. CHESHIEE COUNTY. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Coos COUNTY. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's notes upon the forests of this county : " Everything east of the Connecticut lakes and about the upper portions of Indian and Perry streams is original forest. Such also is the condition of the Gilmantou, Atkinson, and Dartmouth College grants and the towns of Dixville, Odell, and Kilkenny. All the eastern portions of Clarksville, Stewartstown, Colebrook, Columbia, and Stratford are forest, and nearly all of Wentworth's location, Millsfield, Errol, Dummer, Cambridge, and Success. In these forests the spruce will cut 5,000 feet and the hard wood about 50 cords per acre. There is considerable hemlock, but even less pine than in Essex county, Vermont. Not much of the region has been burned over, and spruce comes into the soil again but slowly after clearings and fires. "In the township of Kilkenny, in the mountains east of Lancaster, there are 16,000 acres of forest still untouched, though a branch railroad from Lancaster into this forest has been surveyed, and may be constructed in a few years, for the purpose of bringing the lumber down to the mills at Lancaster. Lowe and Burbank's grant is a wilderness, three-fourths well timbered and the remainder a mountain ridge of nearly bare rock. Bean's purchase is nearly inaccessible and but little lumbered. Stark, on the upper Ammonoosuc, is badly cut over, only about one-quarter remaining in virgin forest. About one-half of Berlin is uncut; also the northern half of Eandolph, the south half of Gorham, and the south quarter of Shelburne. Considerable land in Success was burned over some years ago, as well as some in Stark and in the eastern part of Berlin, but fires have not lately been very destructive in the New Hampshire forests." A large amount of cooperage stock, handles, wood pulp, shoe pegs, etc., is manufactured in this county. Abundant material, with the exception of ash, is reported. GBAFION COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern and central portions. Shoe pegs, cooperage stock, wood pulp, and excelsior are largely manufactured. The amount of material is considered abundant for the present consumption. 32 FOR 498 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. A large amount of cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured. No deterioration in the quality of material is reported, although at the present rate of consumption it must soon become exhausted. MERRIMACK COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Cooperage stock, handles, and excelsior are largely manufactured. A slight deterioration in the quality of material is reported. ROCKINGHAM COUNTY. — From one-quarter to five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. STRAFFORD COUNTY. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. Hoop-poles, cooperage stock, etc., are largely manufactured. Wood of all sorts is reported scarce and rapidly increasing in value. VERMONT. The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and Maine, are varied in composition. About the shores of lake Chain plain several western trees first appear, and throughout the state the forest is more generally composed of deciduous than coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, spread over the high ridges of the Green mountains, their foot-hills being covered with hard-wood trees and little pine or hemlock occurring in the valleys. A forest of white pine once stretched along the banks of the Connecticut, and great bodies of this tree occurred in the northwestern part of the state, adjacent to lake Champlain. The original white- pine forests of the state are now practically exhausted. They are represented by a small amount of second-growth pine only, which furnished during the census year a cut of 6,505,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The forests of Vermont now suffer comparatively little from fire, although at different periods during the last fifty years very serious fires have laid waste great areas of forest in the Green Mountain region. During the year 1880 3,941 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $48,466. Of such fires ten escaped from farms into the forest, five were set by locomotives, two were traced to the carelessness of hunters, and one to malice. Large amounts of cooperage stock, woodenware, furniture, paper-pulp, excelsior, veneers, etc., are manufactured throughout the state. Material for these industries is fast disappearing, and a great deterioration in quality, especially of oak, ash, and chestnut, is reported by manufacturers. Vermont surpasses all other states in the manufacture of maple sugar. During the year 1879 11,261,077 pounds were produced in the state. The following estimate of the spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, has been prepared from Mr. Pringle's report, and is based upon the statements. of numerous timber-land owners and experts in different parts of the stater BLACK SPRUCE (Picea nigra). Regions. Feet, board measure. 380 000 000 Valley of the Connecticut rivor 375 000 000 Total 755 000 000 Cnt for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (excluding 16,191,000 feet imported from Canada). 199, 086, 000 Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of only 43,900, valued afe $470. ADDISON COUNTY. — About one-third of this county is reported covered with woods. Spruce and ash are scarce and rapidly disappearing. Oak of sufficient size for the manufacture of cooperage stock is exhausted. BENNINGTON COUNTY. — Two-thirds of this county is reported covered with woods. Manufacturers of woodenware and cooperage stock consider the prospects for future local supply favorable. CALEDONIA COUNTY. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern and western portions. CHITTENDEN COUNTY.— About one-fifth of this county is reported as woodland. The following extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's note upon the forests of Vermont : "Except on the summits of a few of the higher peaks of the Green mountains, where black spruce and balsam- fir grow to the exclusion of other trees, the arboreal growth is composed of a large number of species. In the valleys and on the foot-hills, and even on the slopes of the higher mountains in their lower portions, hemlocks mingle with spruce, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chiefly, for there is little white birch seen in northern Vermont); basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant than the trees first mentioned. Between the isolated patches of spruce and fir about the summits of the mountains and the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499 "To estimate the area of valuable original forest still standing in the Green mountains is not an easy task. The belt extends from the Canada line to Massachusetts, and even into that state. The outlines of this belt are made very irregular by the cleared and settled valleys which run up among the mountains, and by reason of forest clearings, so that its width is constantly varying as we proceed from one end to the other. " The woodlands of the plateau, some 10 miles broad and elevated from 200 to 300 feet above lake Champlain, lying between the foot-hills of the Green mountains and the lower plain beside the lake, occupy, for the most part, rocky hills, and are composed principally of sugar maple, beech, basswood, white ash, black birch, and red oak. Certain limestone hills offer a favorable situation for the butternut, the ironwood, the slippery elm, and the bitter hickory. The swamps and other lowlands yield the red maple, the black ash, the white elm, and the black willow. The latter, especially along streams, is associated with alders and the sheepberry. The colder, sphagnous swamps are covered with a growth, more or less dense, of yellow cedar, black spruce, balsam, and larch ; sometimes in the higher portions the white pine mingles with these, scattered or in groves. When grown in such soil this wood is liable to be extremely hard and brittle. The poplars occupy hillsides and ridges where the soil is a light, cold, sandy loam ; with them the bird cherry is perpetually associated. The black cherry is scattered in a diversity of soils. White oak and hickory attain their best development on clayey soil or glades of slight elevation ; on the red sand-rock hills they are smaller. Certain slopes of cold clay are still here heavily wooded with hemlock, while warm clay lands are the favored site of the burr oak. In the vicinity of the lake and its tributaries low, wet shores are scattered over with the swamp white oak and the burr oak. The chestnut oak is common on the thin, poor soil of the red sand-rock hills, ranging through the valley from the lake as far back in some places as the foot-hills of the Green mountains. The red pine appears on the sandy shores of lake Champlain, and extends far up the Winooski river. The moister and more fertile portions of the sandy plain are still occupied to some extent by white pine, the poorer portions by pitch pine. The white birch occurs on cold, wet, sandy soil near the lake ; and in the mountains the black spruce becomes the most common tree ; with it in stronger soil are associated the yellow birch and the sugar maple. " Burlington. — This place is believed to rank as third, or next to Albany, among the lumber markets of the United States. More lumber may enter some ports, as Oswego and Tonawanda, for transshipment, but all lumber brought to this market is stored and sold here. The kind is chiefly white pine brought up the lake from Canada, a little of it being cut in Michigan (perhaps one-tenth) ; all the rest is of Canadian growth. A few of the lumber companies here own lands of limited extent among the Green mountains, from which they obtain spruce for clapboards, etc. The general direction which the lumber sent from here takes is to the older portions of New England, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut, considerable pine being sent even to Maine, which once supplied to commerce so much of this material. Much lumber is dressed here and sent to Boston for shipment to foreign countries. The business still enjoys the highest prosperity, and during the census year, under the stimulus of general commercial prosperity, it was especially active. As yet no lack in the supply is felt, the loggers only having to go farther back in the Canadian forests than formerly to obtain timber enough to meet the demand. The proportion of lumber worked up here is small, there being merely a few factories producing doors, sash, blinds, packing boxes, etc." ESSEX COUNTY. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with forest. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's report : " Four-fifths of that part of the county of Essex lying north of Guildhall and Victory is still in virgin forest, which will yield 5,000 feet of spruce per acre. The towns of Lewis and Averill are entirely unlumbered, and so is Avery's Gore. Colton is mostly covered with forest, and so is Ferdinand. Timber-lands compose about two-thirds of Granby and East Haven, and cover the back parts of the river towns and those crossed by the Grand Trunk railroad. South of Guildhall and Victory the towns of Concord and Lunenburg are mostly cleared and settled. The proportion of hemlock in these forests is not large ; there is considerable yellow cedar and a large amount of maple, birch, and beech — probably 50 cords per acre. There is but little pine in all this region, principally confined to the township of Lewis; elsewhere only occasional pine trees occur." FRANKLIN COUNTY. — From one-fourth to three-tenths of this county is reported covered with forest, mostly confined to the hills in the northeastern and northern portions. In the village of Montgomery a large establishment for the manufacture of butter tubs is located, and at East Richford birch is largely manufactured into turned ware. GRAND ISLE COUNTY. — About a quarter of this county is reported covered with woods. LAMOILLE COUNTY. — About one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, very generally listributed over its entire surface. ORANGE COUNTY. — One-quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. ORLEANS COUNTY. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's notes : "At Newport, situated at the southern extremity of lake Memphremagog, are several mills for cutting veneering from birch. The product of these mills is closely packed in boxes, so that it cannot warp, and sent to the manufactories near the large cities, to be used for chair bottoms and other purposes. Southward from Newport, in the valleys of the Barton and Black rivers, which flow northward into lake Memphremagog, and of the Passumpsic river, which runs southward and joins the Connecticut, are almost continuous swamps of yellow 500 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. cedar, black spruce, and larch, from which the cedar timber is now being largely drawn to be sawed into shingles. At Barton the hard woods are largely cut into material for furniture, which is shipped toward the sea-board before being put together. " The valley of the Clyde river from Newport to Island Pond is cleared for the most part and improved for farms. The usual species of the northern forest occupy the summits of the low hills on either side of the valley. Eastward from Island Pond, down the Neipegan river to the Connecticut by the line of the Grand Trunk railroad, we pass through the wild region from which the lumbermen have only taken some of the spruce and pine. Here, beginning 2 or 3 miles back from the railroad, or in some places much nearer to it, a virgin and unbroken forest stretches over the slopes and summits of the hills for many miles to the northward and southward ; black spruce, yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech are its chief component species. In a few places, where the soil is sandy, white pine occurs in straggling groves or isolated specimens, and the swamps, as well as those of all of northern Vermont, are occupied by the black spruce, yellow cedar, and by a few scattering pines. The pine being the kind of lumber first secured, is seldom found now in these Vermont swamps. The cedars are now cut and manufactured into shingles, fence posts, railway ties, etc., for which purposes the lasting quality of the wood makes it eminently suited. There is little hemlock in northeastern Vermont, and it is believed to indicate poor soil wherever it occurs. The soil of this entire region presents a marked contrast to that of northern New York, being fertile and in other respects well adapted to agriculture. On this account laud once lumbered over is generally occupied by the farmer and not allowed to come up again to forest, except in the more hilly portions." Staves, tubs, pails, buckets, and hoops are largely manufactured from spruce, cedar, and ash. The quality of the material used is said to have deteriorated, and manufacturers report that at the present rate of consumption it will soon be consumed. KUTLAND COUNTY. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally in the eastern portion. Elm, formerly largely used in manufacture of tubs, etc., is reported exhausted, and basswood has become scarce. WASHINGTON COUNTY. — One-third of this county is reported covered with woods, principally situated in belts along its eastern and western borders. The following is extracted from Mr. Priugle's report : "Reaching Montpelier from the west we have left behind the Green Mountain gneiss and entered a granitic formation. Here is an extensive burned region; the fire, in consuming the forest and vegetable mold upon the surface of the land, has exposed granite bowlders thickly embedded in the soil. To replace the forest growth thus removed there is only an occasional little spruce or balsam to be found among the thickets of bird cherry. The hilltop and hillside forests east of Montpelier show hemlocks everywhere mingled with sugar maples, yellow birches, and spruce ; farther east the spruce and birch predominate. Approaching the Connecticut river, hemlocks and maples again appear and second-growth white pine and paper birches take the place of the other species." WINDUAM COUNTY. — Three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to ridges of the Green mountains. Ash and white pine are reported very scarce. WINDSOR COUNTY. — From one-fourth to one-third of this county is reported covered with woods, quite generally distributed over the hills. Tubs, barrels, kegs, and buckets of white and red oak, white pine, spruce, and ash are manufactured. Oak is reported by manufacturers to be already practically exhausted, spruce to be fast disappearing, and ash very scarce and in danger of speedy extermination. MASSACHUSETTS, EHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT. The original forest which once covered these states has disappeared and been replaced by a second, and sometimes by a third and fourth growth of the trees of the Northern Pine Belt. The area covered by tree growth in these states is slowly increasing, although, with the exception of the young forests of white pine, the productive capacity of their woodlands is, in view of the heavy demands conti nually made upon them, especially by the railroads, rapidly diminishing. Abandoned farming land, if protected from fire and browsing animals, is now very generally, except in the immediate vicinity of the coast, soon covered with a vigorous growth of white pine. The fact is important, for this new growth of pine promises to give in the future more than local importance to the forests of this region. These states sustain a considerable annual loss from forest fires. In Massachusetts during the year 1880 13,899 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $102,262. Of these fires fifty-two were set by locomotives, forty by fires started on farms and escaping to the forest, thirty-seven by hunters, nineteen by the careless use of tobacco, eight through malice, and three by carelessness in the manufacture of charcoal. No returns in regard to forest fires in Rhode Island and Connecticut have been received, but it is believed that in proportion to their forest area such fires are not less destructive in these states than in Massachusetts. Numerous important industries using hard wood have been driven from these states or forced to obtain their material from beyond their limits. On the other hand, industries like the manufacture of certain sorts of woodenware, using second- growth pine, are rapidly increasing in volume. The principal forests now found in these states are situated in Berkshire, Hampden, and Worcester counties, Massachusetts. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 501 BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth. The high ridges of the hills are still covered with forests of black spruce, their slopes and intervening valleys with hard woods or hemlock, now often replaced by a growth of young white pine. Cooperage stock, baskets, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Spruce is reported to have deteriorated in quality; manufacturers consider the supply of material, however, abundant for all present local demands. FRANKLIN COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second-growth white pine. WORCESTER COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second-growth white pine. Winchendon, the most important point in the United States for the manufacture of wooden ware, small cooperage, etc., is supplied with material from the young pine forests of this and the neighboring counties. Timber is reported to have deteriorated. The supply of pine is not equal to the demand, and is rapidly increasing in value. In Barnstable county, Massachusetts, numerous experiments in forest planting have been made. In South Orleans and neighboring towns fully 10,000 acres of sandy, barren soil have been successfully and profitably planted with pitch pine. Similar plantations have been made upon the island of Nantucket; and many large groves of white pine planted many years ago in Bristol and Plymouth counties demonstrate the entire practicability of forest culture in this whole region. The only important lumber manufacturing establishments found in these states are situated upon the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts and Connecticut. They are entirely supplied with material from the forests of northern New Hampshire and Vermont. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year in Massachusetts of 11,507,600, valued at $95,009 ; in Connecticut, of 191,000, valued at $9,660. NEW YOEK. That portion of the state north of the forty-third degree of latitude, including within its limits the elevated Adirondack region, was once covered with a dense forest of maple, birch, basswood, and other northern deciduous trees, through which were scattered spruce and pine. The low hills bordering the Hudson and extending along the southern boundary of the state west of that river were covered with the coniferous species of the Northern Pine Belt. Over the remainder of the state the broad-leaved forests of the Mississippi basin spread almost uninterruptedly, except where an occasional sandy plain or high elevation favored the growth of pines. The original forest still covers large areas in the northern counties, and protects the hills through which the Delaware river forces its way in crossing the southern part of the state. With these exceptions, however, the forests of New York are now almost exclusively of second growth. The forests of the state, especially in the north, have at different times suffered great damage from fire. During the census year 149,491 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,210,785. Of these fires thirty-seven were set by farmers clearing land for agricultural purposes and allowing them to escape to the forest, forty-three were set by locomotives, and twenty-two by the carelessness of sportsmen. With the exception of the spruce of the Adirondack region, the forests of the state are no longer important as a source of general lumber supply ; and many industries depending upon hard woods have in late years decreased in importance, owing to the want of sufficient material, or have been forced to obtain their Supply of timber from the west. White oak, largely consumed by the rail-roads, has become scarce, and has advanced at least 50 per cent, in value during the last twelve years. Elm, ash, hickory, and other woods are reported scarce in all parts of the state. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 10,948,258, valued at 8155,764. New York is only surpassed by Vermont in the amount of maple sugar produced by its forests. During the year 1879 10.693,619 pounds were manufactured in the state. The following extracts are taken from Mr. Pringle's report upon the forests of northern New York: " One who enters northeastern New York at Port Kent, and takes stage by way of Keeseville to the Saranac lakes, finds himself, as long as his route runs up the Au Sable river, which is as far as the Au Sable forks, passing through a region which gives evidence of having been formerly covered with pine. The white, the red, and the pitch pine are all represented here. The pitch pine is confined chiefly to the sterile sandy plains between the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers. The red pine mingles with this species, and grows on the rocky hills of the region and on the river cliffs, while the abundance of white pine in nearly all situations must have made this quarter of the state, like the region of Vermont lying opposite, a valuable pinery in former times. But fifty or seventy-five years have passed since the pine of the Champlain valley was harvested and shipped to England by way of the Saint Lawrence. " lu the valleys of the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers white pines spring up numerously whenever permitted to do so, and I am told that farmers, realizing that much of their soil is not suitable for profitable agriculture, lire seriously considering whether it be not to their highest advantage to surrender much of their land to timber growing, and encourage the growth of the more valuable species, such as white pine, white oak, etc. Of non-coniferous trees 502 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the white, red, and black oaks are conspicuous among the pines, and in the colder and wetter sands the white birch is common. But through all this region the trees are all of second growth, and lumber for building purposes is largely imported. " The forest on the upper waters of the Au Sable and of the divide between this river and the Saranac is principally devoted to supplying fuel to numerous iron furnaces. The best butt logs only of spruce are sorted out and sent to the saw-mills as the forests are mowed down ; the hemlock bark is removed for the tanneries, but everything else, young pine, spruce, and poplar, fall clean with maple and birch. Here and there, even far up on the hillsides, are seen the charcoal kilns, and around and about them, quite to the crest of the foot-hills of the Adirondacks, the woods are cut down in great swaths to feed them. Lands once cut over are left to grow up to timber again, though fires originating in the dead brushwood and consuming the sun-dried vegetable mold on the surface of the soil generally interfere with any new growth of trees. "Little Tapper lake is situated in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness, and is surrounded by some of the most valuable timber lands to be found in all this region. The woods about the lake have never heard the lumberman's ax. The stream which connects it with Tupper lake, by way of Bound pond, is not adapted to driving, and before lumber could be brought down it would be necessary to clear out the stream by blasting away much rock and building a dam with flood-gates at the foot of Bound pond. The shores of this beautiful lake present a marked contrast to those of any I have as yet visited. On other shores and river banks I had seen scattering pines, but on all the points and bluffs of this lake throughout its entire circuit, and even following the ravines far back in the hills, are great groves and belts of white pine with straight and clean shafts towering high above all other trees, unless isexcepted the red pine, of which a few specimens are mingled with them on the gravelly banks of the lake, vying with the white pines in height and beauty of trunk. At certain places on the shores of this lake, and particularly along the sluggish streams connecting it with Bound pond below, are considerable swamps occupied chiefly by larch. It is pleasing to observe and to learn from guides that this lake region of the Adirondack woods has suffered but little from forest fires. It is only limited areas here and there on the shores of the lakes and ponds or along the rivers that have been devastated by fires originally started in hunters' camps. Seldom do these fires spread far back from the water, a fact which is to be attributed, it is believed, to the wet and mossy condition of these woods; yet, when they have been lumbered, as is the case lower down the Backet river, and a considerable proportion of the trees have been removed so as to expose the brushwood, etc., to the drying influences of the sun, much the usual liability to tire exists here. " It is safe to assume that 2,500 square miles fairly represent the area of the virgin forests of the Adirondack wilderness. This area will average 3,000 feet of spruce (board measure) per acre, or about five billion feet in the aggregate. The amount of hemlock, variously estimated from 300 to 10,000 feet per acre, will cut at least 2,000 feet per acre, or 3,000,000,000 feet in the aggregate, or its equivalent; when the bark alone is considered, 3,000,000 cords of bark. The pine hardly, if at all, exceeds 200 feet per acre, or 320,000,000 feet in all. The hard wood growing over this entire region will fairly average 40 cords per acre, or 64,000,000 cords. "Glens Falls is the great sawing center for the lumber cut upon the upper Hudson. This business here has passed the point of maximum prosperity and begun to decline; not that there was any necessity for a diminution of the yearly crop of logs from this field, if the forest could be protected from devastating fires. The lumberman leaves standing, as far as possible, the spruce trees too small for the ax, and these, the overshadowing growth being removed, grow with increased vigor, so that good crops of timber could be harvested from the soil every thirty or forty years, were it not that over at least one-half of the area lumbered fire follows the ax, burning deep into the woody soil and inducing an entire change of tree covering. Poplars, birches, and bird cherries, if anything, succeed the spruces and firs. From this cause alone the lumbering industry of the region must dwindle. A large area utterly unadapted to agriculture is being made desolate and nearly valueless, and its streams, the feeders of the water privileges and canals below, become every year more and more slender and fitful. These fires are largely set by reckless sportsmen and hunters, with whom this region peculiarly abounds in summer. They are careless in their smoking; they neglect to watch and properly extinguish the fires lighted for camp and cooking purposes, and sometimes they even delight to set fire to the dry brushwood of lumbered laud in lawless sport. Again, to some extent, a class of petty pioneers follow the lumberman, obtaining for a trifling sum a title to a little land, or, squatting without rights, set fire to the dry brushwood left by the lumberers, and allow the fire to spread at will, devastating thousands of dollars' worth of property for the mere convenience of saving themselves the trouble of burning boundary strips around their fields, which might not cost them labor to the amount of $10. The laws of New York in respect to the setting of forest fires are totally inadequate to protect the forests. The opinion prevails in the forest region of northern New York that, a growth of trees removed is followed by a similar growth, the result of young seedling trees left in the soil, except in the case of pine. ' Pine once cleared off is never renewed,' was the invariable remark. This of course presumes that fire is kept out of the clearing, for after a fire has consumed the brushwood and much of the 'duff' or vegetable mold, and with this all the young seedling trees, and even the seeds of trees that may be in the soil, an entirely different growth from the hemlock and spruce springs up. Baspberry bushes are the first to appear, the seeds of which are dropped by birds flying over the clearing. Bird cherries generally appear among the first trees, the seeds being dropped everywhere in a new country by birds; THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503 poplars and small willows also appear early in a burned district, their downy seeds being widely distributed by the wind. It is only through the agency of the wind that the seeds of birches and conifers can be disseminated, and spruces and hemlocks must needs appear, if they return at all, as tardy stragglers. "Not many miles above Glens Falls the Hudson flows out from among the lowest outposts of the Adirondacks and winds through a plain which reaches from near Troy to the vicinity of the southern ends of lakes George and Champlain. The soil of this plain is sand deposited by the waters of former periods. The hills which bound this plain on the northwest are piles of sand, gravel, and bowlders, evidently the moraines of a glacier which once flowed through the course of the Hudson. All this region, from Troy to Luzerne, among the foot-hills of the Adirondacks, must formerly have been covered with pine; among the hills and near the streams white pine, and in the more sterile central portions of the plain, red and pitch pine. To-day there exists of these species scarcely more than a scanty and scattered second growth. " Thirty or forty years ago it was thought that all the accessible spruce in the valley of the upper Hudson had been. harvested, but there is to-day nearly as much sawed at Glens Falls as there was at that time. At that time nearly all the timber standing near this river and its larger tributaries had been cut. Such as stood 5 or 10 miles back from these streams and all that was growing in the valleys of the smaller streams, or higher up the mountain slopes, •would not pay the cost of hauling to the larger streams ; but it is this timber which now furnishes the present supply. Logs are now driven out of streams which were then thought incapable of being driven. By damming streams so small that they may almost dry up in midsummer, throwing the logs into their courses during the winter, either above or below the dams, and in spring-time, when the dams are pouring with the floods resulting from the melting of deep mountain snows, tipping the planks of the dams and letting loose the torrents, tlie logs from remote places are got out to the large rivers where they can be driven. All the rivers of this region, however, are steep and rocky. The logs come down with their ends badly battered, and often with gravel and fragments of rock driven into the ends in a manner to injure the saws. They must, therefore, be 'butted' before being sawed; that is, a thin section is cut from each end, and on this account the logs are cut in the woods 4 inches or, for the worst streams, G or more inches longer than the standard length. The standard length for all logs brought down the Hudson is 13 feet. The character of these streams is such that long logs, for spars or other purposes, cannot safely be driven through them. Such sticks are certain to get fastened among rocks and cause bad jams. As already stated, the lumber business upon the upper Hudson is well advanced in its decline, and a score of years hence it must become insignificant under the practices now pursued, and the future of this valley gives little promise of prosperity ; the soil is inferior in quality and not adapted to agriculture, while the timber, once the chief source of its prosperity, is nearly exhausted. " As a lumber market Albany ranks second in the United States, or next to Chicago. White pine is the variety of lumber most largely handled here, and two- thirds of it comes from Michigan by way of the Erie canal, the remaining one-third coming from Canada through lake Champlain, the white pine contributed by New York being an inappreciable quantity. Most of the lumber firms here are merely commission dealers, although in two large mills considerable lumber is dressed before being shipped. The region supplied by this market includes the banks of the Hudson, New York city, New Jersey, and the shores of Long Island sound. A little reaches Philadelphia, and much is shipped to foreign ports from the city of New York. A great deal of the lumber handled by Albany dealers, however, does not go to Albany at all, but, sold by runners, is sent direct by railroad from the Michigan mills to points south of New York. The lumber trade here is still in full prosperity. " Leaving the beautiful Mohawk valley at Rome, the traveler by the Rome and Watertown railroad soon notes a less improved region, and one, indeed, less capable of improvement. For a long time the road stretches over a sandy plain ; in the higher portions of this plain, not far from Rome, the red and pitch pines are seen, and in the •wetter places hemlocks and black spruces appear, with white birch, black ash, etc. On the higher, undulating lands, 20 or 30 miles north of Rome, white pine and hemlock seem once to have been the most abundant species of the forest ; they now exist only in broken and scattered ranks, although numerous stumps give evidence of a former heavy growth of these two species. Northward from Albion the country gradually rises, hard wood becoming more and more common until on the limestone banks of the Black river at Watertown the patches of woodland are mainly composed of birch and maple. Yet the soil continues sandy, and at a little distance from the river is favorable to the growth of pine, and I can readily believe that all this sandy tract east of lake Ontario was originally covered with a heavy growth, principally of pine and hemlock. The pine was long since harvested, and now the mills and tanneries are consuming the hemlock. On each of the small streams that flow into lake Ontario are established saw-mills which cut quantities of hemlock yearly. Little, however, is sawed at Watertown, although a limited amount of logs is driven down to Dexter at the mouth of the Black river, and there sawed; yet once the neighborhood of Watertown and Dexter was a great center for the production of pine lumber. This region (chiefly its swamps) still yields a little black spruce. The lumber sawed along the Rome and Watertown railroad at Williamstown, Richmond, etc., is mostly sent southward to Syracuse and other places to meet the demand there for coarse lumber. Tbe lumber yards at Watertowu are mostly filled with Canadian pine. "Carthage, in Jefferson county, was once an important lumber center. The 'Long falls' of the Black river furnished unlimited water-power. Immense quantities of pine and hemlock lined the banks of the river and covered 504 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the plains of the vicinity ; northward lay a heavy pinery. Canal-boats laden with lumber were towed through the river to Lyon's falls and thence by canal to Utica. Now the pine is nearly all gone from this region, the saw-mills are rotting down and only a little hemlock is sawed here. " That portion of the state which lies along the Saint Lawrence river as far east as the vicinity of Malone, and extending some 25 miles back from the river, seldom exceeds 250 feet above the sea-level and is, for the most part, clayey loam, flat and well adapted to agriculture. This tract is now pretty well settled. Proceeding to the southeastward and rising to an altitude of 250 feet a wide region of sandy soil is entered, cold, damp, and unfit for agricultural purposes. This is the region of forest lying northwestward of the mountains in the southern portions of Saint Lawrence and Franklin counties, and has not yet been badly encroached upon by the ax and tire. The destruction of this forest would be a public calamity, so useless is the soil for any other purpose than the production of timber, and so harmful to the settled country below would be the consequences resulting from clearing it. This forest is, no doubt, capable of yielding, perpetually, an annual crop double that now drawn from it. This estimate, of course, is based upon the supposition that tires are prevented. But this side of the forest is less invaded by fires than the valley of the Hudson river, and fires do not burn so deeply into the soil nor consume so much of the vegetable matter ; they are, consequently, less fatal to the continuance of timber growth. "At Canton, in Saint Lawrence county, and in its vicinity as far down as Buck's bridge, below Morley, is sawed all the lumber cut on the Grass river. From this point the lumber is shipped principally to Massachusetts and Connecticut by rail, both via Home and via Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point. " Colonel Colton, of Norwood upon the Kacket river, explained to me at length the methods employed by him in the lumber business, and, as nearly the same methods are pursued throughout this region, I give his account. Several weeks of the summer he devotes to exploring the lands of his company, to decide from what tract the stock of logs for the following year shall be drawn. In the settlements near the margin of the forest are men whose business it is to cut and haul onto the ice of the river during winter the timber desired by the lumber companies. Contracts are made with these men to harvest the timber above a certain diameter on certain specified tracts belonging to the company. The contractors go to their respective fields of labor as soon as the snow is of sufficient depth, taking into the woods a force of men, horses, and supplies, and building camps in the vicinity of their work. When a full stock of logs is placed on the river, and the spring floods break up the ice and set the logs going, other contracts are made with the same or other men to drive the logs into the booms of the different mills at a stipulated price per log. If, as is usually the case, logs of several different companies are on the same river, all are driven down in common, and the drive is called a ' union drive '. Arrived at the uppermost boom — formed by chaining together logs floating on the surface of the water and held in place by occasional piers, strong but rude structures of logs filled in with rocks, located above the first sawing station — the logs belonging to these mills are sorted out and turned into the different booms, while those belonging below are sent on their way down the channel. Once within the boom of the mills to which they belong, they are again assorted; the pine, hemlock, and the spruce are separated, and the different grades are floated into separate booms or pockets which lead down to the different mills or saws which are to cut up each separate class. At the mills inclined planes lead clown to the water from each gang of saws, up which, chains being attached to the logs, they are drawn by the machinery into the mill. After sawing, the sorting of the lumber into different grades is completed with care. The boards are run through planing-mills which smooth both sides, then through other machines which tongue and groove their edges, and finally fine saws neatly trim their ends. This dressing of the lumber at the mills makes a saving in freight when it is shipped, besides greatly facilitating sales. Colonel Colton invited me to accompany him 20 or 30 miles up the river to see the 'drive' which was just coming out of the woods. The highway by which, we drove led near the river, and we could see the logs everywhere coming down, advancing endwise with the current. In many places of still water the entire breadth, of the river for some distance was closely covered with them. These were not so small as those usually seen in the Maine rivers, but were from full-grown trees of the original forest — spruce from, 1 foot to 2 feet in diameter. With the spruce logs were a few hemlocks, usually of larger size ; a lew pine logs, sometimes 2 or 3 feet iii diameter, floated with the others. As the water was lowering, stranded logs were seen, everywhere- along the shore. They covered gravel banks and bars in the middle of the river, and were piled in disorder on the rocks of the rapids, or, pushing over the waterfalls, stood on end in the midst of the white, pouring; torrent. "A few miles above Potsdam we entered upon a sandy soil; the farms appeared less productive and the farm buildings and fences gave evidence of less thrift. As we advanced toward Colton, a region near the borders of the forest some twenty years settled, less and less prosperity among the settlers was manifest. The tilled fields appeared incapable of yielding even passably good crops; some of them could do no more than give a small crop of rye once in three years. The grass lands were red with sorrel, which comes up everywhere over this region as soon as the forest is cleared and the ground burned over. The sandy soil is cold and sour, in some places so light as to be blown about by the wind. Above South Colton we drove over sandy plains utterly incapable of sustaining the meager population, which ekes out a wretched existence by means of fishing and lumbering. My companion affirmed that settlements had been pushed farther into the forest than they can be maintained, and that they must in most places be abandoned and the land given up to forest again. All along our way the woodlands were THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 505 straggling and sadly ravaged by the ax, fire, and wind. The spruce and pine had been culled out and most of the hemlock had been cut down and barked. Half-burned stumps and logs and gaunt and blackened trunks still standing disfigured the landscape on every side. "The species of trees observed embraced all those common in northern woodlands. In one locality black cherry was remarkably abundant. Formerly the saw-mills of Colton cut pine, as there was a larger proportion, of this lumber upon the Racket than is usually found in northern New York ; now they do little busuess in any lumber. "As we passed up along the river I saw small squads of 'drivers' stationed in a few places where the character of the river was such that it was liable to become obstructed with logs. By assisting the logs to pass such places great jams are prevented. The main body of the men, however, worked at the rear of the drive, scrambling over the disordered piles of logs which accumulate upon the shore or lodge against the rocks in the midst of the current. With their cant-hooks the men pry and roll the logs into the current, springing about on the pile as the logs roll from under their feet. Not uufrequently logs are left by the subsiding waters among the rocks at some distance from the main channel of the river. Files of men on each side then seize them with their cant-hooks and, splashing through the shallow water, bring them by main force into the channel. Sometimes logs become fastened among the rocks where the current is so swift that they cannot be reached by a boat or in any other way. Then hooks attached to ropes are thrown out from the shore; the logs are grappled and thus hauled off into the current. The drivers work Sundays and week days, fair weather or foul; their occupation is full of peril, and men are lost every year. Such are usually, as a driver assured me, 'men who do not know where it is safe to go.' But sometimes the most careful men become mixed with the rolling logs or seized by the current of the waterfalls and are swept away. "Franklin county contains 995,279 acres, and 347,500 acres are still believed to be timbered. The timbered portion lies in the south end of the county, and because it is not watered through much of its area by streams of sufficient size for driving out the logs, much of the timber is inaccessible, or rather, the prices of lumber do not yet warrant hauling the logs long distances. The country across the line of the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain railroad appears exhausted of its spruce and hemlock. Some tracts of hard wood are still standing, but the poplars, whose young growth often conceals the stumps and prostrate trunks of dead hemlocks, really seem in many places the most common species. But little timber land remains in Clinton county and, until the present season, lumbering on the Saranac had been for several years nearly suspended. This year, however, a company was cutting a few million feet of lumber drawn from the woods of Essex and Franklin counties. The lumber of the eastern side of the Adirondack wilderness mostly comes out by the way of the Saranac and the Hudson rivers. The mountain sides about lake George are being denuded of their spruce, which is sawed in the vicinity of Ticonderoga, and here, as elsewhere, fires follow the ax in their usual fashion." The forests of the Adirondack region have suffered severe loss at different times, particularly in 1878, by the sudden death of great blocks of black spruce. Mr. Pringle carefally studied the extent of this destruction and the causes which produced it. In regard to these, great diversity of opinion exists among woodsim-n and others familiar with the Adirondack forests. It has been generally supposed that the trees were killed by an unusually severe summer drought, or by the attacks of a boring insect working under the bark; but the testimony gathered by Mr. Pringle points to other causes of destruction. The spruce occupies dry mountain slopes and ridges and deep wet swamps never greatly affected by drought. It is noticed that as many trees have died in the swamps as upon the dry slopes. It is evidently not drought, then, which has caused them to perish. The opinion, too, is firmly held by the most intelligent observers that insects do not attack the trees until they are dead or nearly dead, and are never found in vigorous living specimens. The black spruce is not a long-lived tree, and this dying out may indicate that the old trees of this forest, probably all of nearly the same age, had so nearly reached the limits of their natural existence as to be unable to withstand some unusual or severe climatic state, such as a period of intense winter cold or late spring frost. The following extracts from Mr. Pringle's report will indicate the opinions of those best able perhaps to form an opinion upon this subject : " Mr. Mark Moody, residing at the foot of Tupper lake, a hunter and woodsman who has passed his life in the forest, testifies as follows : ' The spruce died fearfully in his vicinity about two years ago ; he tried to learn the cause. Sixteen years ago the spruce had died out much in the same way as it has been doing lately. It is the older trees which die. They seem to die by crops, successively. Under the large trees were always springing up small trees to take the places of those that perish. There seems to be a narrower limit to the life of the spruce than to that of any other species. Other trees do not die in the same manner, by crops. The spruce does not seem to enjoy the same green old age, long drawn out, as other trees do, but when it has reached its full growth seems to relinquish its vitality without any apparent or sufficient cause, and before giving evidence of decay or any diminution of vigor.' "Mr. Wardner, of Bloomingdale, Essex county, an old hunter, woodsman, and guide, testified as follows: 'The spruce timber on this side of the forest has failed clear through to its northern borders, in the same manner and during the same seasons as in other portions of the region.' Mr. Wardner first noticed the leaves falling and covering the ground in 1878; the destruction was continued through 1879, but during the past season he had met 506 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. with very few trees that were dyiug. Spruce timber had perished in this manuer before, aiid he pointed out a broad valley in which most of the trees were dead and falling when he came into this region, twenty-five years before. He had carefully endeavored to ascertain the cause; was positive that insects either under the bark or upon the leaves had nothing to do with the death of the spruce trees, and he is sure that it is not due to drought, as he has seen the greatest destruction on the northern slopes. No active destructive agent being apparent, he inclines to the opinion that the spruce trees die because they have reached the limit of their life, and that it is some peculiarity of the winter rather than the summer that turns the scale against them ; for this reason they perish in quantities, sometimes in sections. He has counted the rings of many trees, and considers 100 to 150 years the average lifetime of the spruce." Whatever has caused the destruction of these forests, the damage thus occasioned, both in the loss of valuable timber and in the increased danger of forest fires from the presence of such a body of dead wood is enormous. It is believed by Mr. Pringle that from one-third to one-half of the fully-grown spruce timber left in the Adirondack region is dead. NEW JERSEY. The original forests of New Jersey have disappeared, except from some of the highest and most inaccessible ridges situated in the northwestern part of the state, and these, with the increased demands of the railroads for ties and other material, are now fast losing their forest covering. The forests of New Jersey are insufficient to supply the wants of the population of the state, and nearly all the lumber it consumes is brought from beyond its limits. The forests of pitch pine, which once covered large areas in the southern counties, have now generally been replaced by a stunted growth of oaks and other broad-leaved trees. The forests of New Jersey, especially those on the dry sandy soil of the southern part of the state, have long suffered from destructive fires. During the census year 71,074 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, causing a loss of $252,240. Of these fires twenty-eight were set by locomotives, seven through malice, seven by fires set on farms escaping to the forest, and six each by the carelessness of hunters and charcoal-burners. The manufacture of cooperage stock and other industries using hard woods have been largely abandoned, owing to the decrease of the local supply of timber. PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania once possessed vast forests of white pine and hemlock stretching over both flanks of the Alleghany mountains and extending from the northern boundaries of the state to its southern limits. East and west of the Alleghany region the whole country was covered with a heavy growth of broad-leaved trees mixed with hemlocks and occasional groves of pines. Merchantable pine has now almost disappeared from the state, and the forests of hard wood have been either replaced by a second growth or have been so generally culled of their best trees that comparatively little valuable hard-wood timber now remains. Large and valuable growths of hemlock, however, are still standing in northwestern Pennsylvania. From all parts of the state manufacturers using hard wood report great deterioration and scarcity of material, and Pennsylvania, which during the census year was only surpassed by Michigan in the value of its forest crop, must soon lose, with its rapidly disappearing forests, its position as one of the great lumber -producing states. The following estimates of merchantable pine and hemlock standing in Pennsylvania May 31, 1880, have been prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam. They are based upon the reports of a large number of timber-land owners and experts familiar with the forests of the state: WHITE PINE (Pinus Stratus). Regions. Feet, board measure. 500, 000, 000 1, 300, 000, 000 Total 1, 800, 000, 000 Estimated amount cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 380, 000, 000 HEMLOCK (Tsiiga CaaadensU). 4, 500, 000, 000 Estimated amount cut for the census year, exclusive of trees cut for their bark alone. 300, 000, 000 Of lumber of all kinds 1,848,304,000 feet, including 288,561,000 shingles and 183,740,000 laths, were manufactured in the state during the census year; the nature of the returns, however, prevents anything beyond an estimate, based upon extended correspondence, of the amount of pine and hemlock sawed. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 507 Numerous bodies of pine too small to be indicated ou the map, of 110 great commercial importance and not included in these estimates, still remain scattered over the region originally occupied by pine forest. The forests of Pennsylvania, especially through the mountain regions, have long suffered from destructive fires. During the census year 685,738 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $3,043,723. Of these fires a large proportion were traced to locomotives and the escape of fires from farms to the forest. The forests of Pennsylvania produced during the year 1879 2,866,010 pounds of maple sugar. The following extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's report upon the principal lumber-producing regions of the state : " Originally the broad pine belt of northern Pennsylvania, occupying the region drained by the numerous streams constituting the headwaters of the Susquehanna, extended from Susquehanua county, in the northeastern corner of the state, westward through Bradford and Tioga counties to Potter county, although this county never had as much pine as the others, and thence southwestward over Cameron, Elk, and Glearfield counties. The heaviest growth of pine in all this region was on Pine creek, in the southwest part of Tioga county. Now there is but little pine left in Susquehanua and Bradford counties, these counties being thickly settled; and in Tioga county, from which one firm alone has cut four billion feet, there now remain standing but little over one billion feet. The greatest part of the pine now standing iu the Pennsylvania forests is on the upper waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanua, in Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. In some of the counties adjoining these, as McKean, there was once, and still may be, a little pine timber. "Active lumbering operations on the West Branch of the Susquehanna were begun iu 1850, when the boom of .the Susquehanna Boom Company was constructed at Williamsport. At this place the greatest part of the lumber on the West Branch is sawed. At Lock Haven, 25 miles above, on the same river, advantage was taken of •the feeder-dam of a canal to construct another boom, and a few companies operating in lumber are now located there, about one-tenth as much lumber being sawed as is handled at Williamsport. Some of the companies, however, are removing from Lock Haven to the larger center of Williamsport. Below Williamsport no logs are driven, but a little timber squared by the ax in the woods and left at full length is made into rafts and taken 'down the main Snsquehanna. Some of this is sawed in the towns on the river, and the remainder is taken to the large markets to supply the demand for squared timber for ship-building, etc. "Williamsport is situated on the north or left bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and for 2 or 3 miles along the river side are ranged the mills and lumber-yards of the thirty-four lumber companies operating here. We visited a large number of mills and found much the same methods employed iu all. Tlie logs are first slit np by gang-saws ; then each board or plank is put through an edger, where two circular saws cut a strip from each side to give the board a square and straight edge ; the boards are then assorted into two or more grades, loaded on trucks, and moved o\-er tramways which ramify through the lumber-yards adjacent to each mill. The fragments of boards and better portions of the edgings are made into fence pickets and other portions into laths, and the fragments and strips which will not even make laths are carried to one side and added to a burning pile. The fragments thus burned (rather than thrown into the river) constitute the only waste, for the sawdust supplies the engines with fuel. This being cut chiefly from heart- wood makes better and more easily handled fuel than the sap- -wood strips. Even these are, however, often cut and put up into bundles of kindling-wood for city use. " In the woods the trees are sawed into logs 12, 16, or 18 feet in length, as can be done to the best advantage and the least waste of timber. "The West Branch of the Susquehanna must be an exceptionally fine river to drive, judging from the comparatively unbattered condition of the logs seen about the mills. The smaller streams in the woods are furnished with flood-dams, and from these extend throughout the timber belt numerous narrow-gauge railroads, tramways, and slides for bringing down the logs. Little hauling is done upon wagons or sleds, the ground in the -woods being too rough, it is said, for hauling logs with teams. It is probable that snow does not fill up the depressions and smooth the surfaces to the same extent as in the northern woods. " The lumbermen of this place at first were content to send their lumber to market in the simplest shape, but of late, as the supply diminishes more and more, mills and shops are being built for the manufacture of doors, sashes, blinds, packing-boxes, furniture, etc. Some companies have so exhausted their pine lands that they can in future only carry on business in this way, buying the rough timber from their neighbors. As the pine lands of one firm after another are exhausted the pine remaining comes to be held by a very few parties, who know its value. Not all of these are operators, but, living at a distance, sell stumpage to manufacturers. "The following table, giving the amounts of lumber rafted out of the Susquehanna boom at Williamsport since the record has been kept, may be of interest as showing something of the rise and decline of the lumber "business at this important center. The greatest prosperity or fullest development of the business was attained, as will be seen, iu 1873. After that year, with the steady decrease of the supply of pine and the consequent increase of expense in securing logs, the annual stock steadily diminished until 1877. During the past three years the increasing demand for lumber has stimulated the operators to greater activity, but more than to this cause the recent gain in the yearly stocks is due to the substitution of hemlock for pine, the ratio of hemlock to pine 508 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. being at present as 1 to 4, although the average for the last seven years is but as 1 to 10. As the supply of pine timber is exhausted, hemlock will be more and more handled until it will become the most important timber of this' region. The summary is made for the last eight years only: Tears. Number logs. Feet, board measure. Years. • Number logs. Feet, board measure. 186° 196 953 37 853 691 1875 1,096,897 210, 746 956 1863 405 175 76 475 826 1876 715, 087 134, 396, 293 1864 511 549 96 595 681 1877 589, 827 106, 944, 257 1865 379 392 72 421 468 1878 617, 552 112, 069, 602 1866 615 373 118 831 494 1879 1, 040, 278 190, 549, 111 1867 833 388 163,196,511 1880 (to November 2] ) 763, 768 128, 558, 959 1869 1 080 511 223, 000, 305 1873 to 1880 (eight years) . . . 7,395,455 1,382,342,272 1870 1, 099, 777 225, 180, 973 Logs remaining in river 95 000 000 1872 1 484 103 297 185,652 1, 407, 342, 272 140 734,227 1873 1,582.460 318, 342, 712 1874 989, 586 180, 734, 382 1 266 608 045 u It is proper to add that the variations in the yearly stock of logs shown above are in some measure due to a greater or less proportion of each annual cut being left behind in the woods or in the streams, from varying supplies of water or from other peculiarities of the season. " The lumber manufactured at Lock Haven and William sport is shipped by railroad and canal to Baltimore and Philadelphia and to intermediate cities and stations. " I found it more difficult to obtain information of the extent and limits of the hemlock woods of Pennsylvauiar and of the amount of the standing timber and the annual crop of hemlock, than I did to get the same facts respecting the pine. Lumbermen agree that there was originally far more hemlock in this state than pine, and they speak of it now as inexhaustible, which is not strictly true, for it is doubtful if it holds out to supply the increasing drain made upon it by tanneries and saw-mills for more than twenty-five years to come. Large quantities of hemlock have been wasted. Much that grew intermingled with the pine has died after the pine has been removed, partly from exposure to fuller sunlight and summer drought, and partly to forest fires induced by and following lumber operations. In the early days of the tanning industry of this region, when hemlock lumber was esteemed of little value, and whenever of late years the lumber trade has been so dull as to offer 110 inducement to send to market the trunks of the trees felled for their bark, large quantities Of these have been left in the woods to decay. Now, however, with a good market for hemlock lumber, tanning companies owning hemlock lands, or the contractors who furnish the tanneries with bark, buying for this i>urpose stumpage from the proprietors of the timber-lands, often own saw-mills in the timber region, and cut and ship this lumber to market by railroad. " Inasmuch as hemlock, besides mingling more or less with pine throughout the pine belt, seems to have formed a border entirely around the pine, the extent of the hemlock woods, as well as the quantity of hemlock timber, has always been much greater than of pine. Beginning in Wayne county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state, the original hemlock forest extended westward through the northern tier of counties as far as Warren county, in the vicinity of lake Erie. Thence its bounds may be traced southward through Forest, Clarion, and Jefferson, and thence eastward through Clearfield, Center, Clinton, Lycoming, and Sullivan counties. IsTow the northeastern counties are for the most part cleared, and not only have the outskirts of these woods been cut off on all sides, but their continuity has been completely broken up throughout its whole extent by countless clearings and settlements. Yet, however much the hemlock forest has suffered, it possesses to day greater value than did all the pine standing in 1850. Quite neglected a few years ago, hemlock is appreciating rapidly in value and importance, and ere many years shall have passed it will be almost the only kind of lumber known in the Williamsport market. The best grades of hemlock bring as high a price as scrub pine, the product of the shorter and more knotty trees grown on high land. Although as a rule Pennsylvania hemlock is of superior quality, much of it being nearly as good as spruce, yet here, as well as elsewhere, considerable variation in quality is noticed. Lumbermen classify hemlock into two kinds, red and white, according to the character of the wood, but the more intelligent among them attribute the difference to soil and situation. White hemlock, being sounder, firmer, and straighter grained, constitutes the highest grade. Bed hemlock is more brittle, more inclined to splinter, and liable to be found more, or less decayed when the trees have gained full size. In this condition trees are said to be 'shaky'. Such timber is generally found on bottom lands, while the hemlock of high hillsides is apt to be short and scrubby. The quality of the hemlock seems to deteriorate west from the center of the state. The Pine Creek hemlock is considered better than that of the Siuuamahoning, and this better than that on the Alleghany. Seldom more than two good logs can be obtained from a trunk, the third and fourth logs being generally inferior and knotty ; 8,000 feet per acre is here considered a good yield of hemlock, and 10,000 feet a large yield. " From Williamsport to Lock Haven the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehauua is usually less than a mile in width, being bounded by abrupt and rocky ridges a few hundred feet iu height. At Lock Haven we THE FORESTS' OF THE UNITED STATES. 5C9 ascended the ridge on the south side of the river, some 800 feet in altitude, in order to examine the moderate forest growth with which it was covered. In favorable places scattering specimens of white pine indicated the crop these hills have yielded the lumberman in former years. Hemlock, also, was scattered over the hillsides, but even as late as the present year most of the trees in this immediate neighborhood had been felled for their bark ; their peeled trunks lay strewn over the hillsides, being left to decay within a mile or two of the saw-mills of Lock Haven. The summit of the ridge afforded a good view of the surrounding country. Parallel ridges of a similar altitude, and which appeared more heavily timbered, lay back of the one on which we stood ; between them were seen narrow valleys occupied by farms. On the north or opposite side of the river successive ridges rose higher and higher as they receded from the river, and in the distance seemed to lose themselves in a plateau whose altitude was equal to that of the ground on which we were standing. The gentle slopes • and rounded summits immediately above the river showed smooth, cultivated fields interspersed among woodlands of deciduous trees. The more distant heights displayed a darker forest growth where hemlock and pines predominated. " From Lock Haven to Warren, the county-seat of Warren county, even on the hillsides overlooking the river, close to the banks of which the railroad crept, but especially where we were able to look into the deep runs coming down to the river by a gradual descent from the table-lands of the divides, seldom more than a few miles back above the river, we saw much original forest still standing and principally composed of hemlock. Some white pine appeared as scattering trees or in groves, and some hard wood. The proportion of hard wood increased as we ascended the divide between the waters of the Susquehanna and those of the Alleghany river. " On the summit of this divide the forest had a truly northern aspect, except that we missed the spruce, not seen in Pennsylvania. The dark foliage of the hemlock mingled with sugar maples, beeches, and birches. For many miles above Lock Haven it was a second growth which occupied the hillsides, a thin growth of white oak, chestnut, locust, etc., which had followed the lumberman and forest fires. Considerable second-growth white pine was seen in a few places, but on this none of the present generation seem to set much value, and I have yet to meet any one in the state who gives a thought to encouraging and preserving such growth. To consume the forests as speedily as possible, satisfied with what can be realized from them in the operation, appears to be the spirit which rules this region. Alternating here and there with the original forest mentioned above were seen all along the railroad leading through this timber belt, but especially in the vicinity of the settlements and lumbered districts, .tracts which have been ranged by fire. Sometimes the fires had spread from the clearings into uncullod timber, killing everything, large and small. Sometimes 'hemlock slashes' had burned over after the trees had been cut and ' peeled '. Always the charred stumps thickly dotted the ground, and the blackened, half-consumed trunks strewn over the soil in confusion gave to the landscape an aspect of complete desolation. The bird cherries and poplars, which in the forests farther north soon cover and hide from view such wastes of ruin, are wanting here. " I learned that the best hemlock grows on the steep sides of the deep runs, and that upon the summits of the divides were considerable barrens, the soil of which was sometimes too poor to support any arboreal growth. Farther to the west the summits of the dividing ridges are occupied by hard wood chiefly, although hemlocks mingle with the beeches and maples. " Arrived at Warren, we find that we have passed through the woods and are in a long-settled and -well- improved country, and, judging from the scattered patches of woodlands occupying the low hills within view, the region of hard- wood forest has been reached. The coniferous forest belt only extends into the southeastern quarter of Warren county ; the northern and western portions, lying beyond the Alleghany river, yield oak, chestnut, hickory, etc. Originally there was a little pine scattered over the southeastern portion of Warren county, but this has been mostly cut, and hemlock remains, as it ever has been, the most important timber in this part of the county. In Forest county, next south of Warren, pine is local, being scattered in small quantities throughout the county. On the highlands there is much hard wood, beech, maple, and white wood existing in belts between the streams. This, however, may be called a hemlock county. In McKeau county a central table-land is covered principally by a growth of maple, beech, etc. In the remaining portions of the county the timber is chiefly hemlock. The valley of the Alleghany river, in the eastern part of McKean county, is mostly cleared and improved. Elk county is one of the best counties for hemlock. Through Elk, the southwestern corner of McKeau, and the southeastern corner of Warren runs the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Along the line of this road, as it passes through this portion of the timber belt, are located the largest tanneries of the United States. These are consuming the hemlock of this region at an enormous rate, and, in addition to the vast amount of bark which they consume, large quantities are shipped out of the region by railroad. The first important tanneries of Warren county were established 12 or 15 years ago, and at the present rate of consumption the hemlock of this county can hardly hold out 20 years longer. The laud, after the forest has been removed, is excellent for agricultural purposes throughout this region, and on all sides pioneers are making themselves farms. These men prefer to begin in the undisturbed forest rather than locate on the slashes, because they can pay for their land with the hemlock bark which it yields; and from a radius of 15 miles bark is drawn and sold at from $4 50 to $5 a cord to the tanneries. On an average, four trees yield a cord or ton of bark, the equivalent of 1,000 feet of lumber, board measure. In Wrarren county from 5,000 to 6,000 acres of hemlock were cut down in 1880, and there is no possibility of this growth being renewed, for every foot of slashed laud is eventually burned over, and sometimes the burnings are repeated until the soil is nearly ruined for agricultural purposes. From the dry slashes the fires extend to a greater or less distance through the living 510 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. woods, ruining not only heavy bodies of hemlock, but also destroying the belts of hard wood intermixed with the hemlock. Notwithstanding stringent legislation in this state upon the subject of forest fires, they seem inevitable,, and especially so in the slashes. They spread from the clearings constantly made throughout this timber belt by the settlers, and, as the forest abounds in deer and its streams are stocked with fish, hunters and fishermen are always in the woods, and from their camp fires spread many conflagrations. Many fires here also are set by a tribe of half-civilized Indians residing in this region, to burn over the huckleberry fields in order that the bushes may renew themselves and yield fuller crops ; or, where it is so easy to start a fire and conceal its origin, many doubtless arise from malice. " In this region the aspen springs up on land upon which the hemlock has been destroyed, but this tree manifestly does not thrive as it does in northern woods. Yellow and black birch, bird cherry, beech, maple, white oak, chestnut, black cherry, etc., are the trees which spring up slowly among the briers, and cover burned land with a rather meager second growth. If a few pines have been left on the hilltops they may scatter a few seeds and give rise to some saplings, but as regards hemlock, fires kill it out clean, seedlings and seed; and if the 'peelers' and the fires happen to leave any scattering trees standing, these, being more sensitive to changed conditions than pines, are seldom able long to survive as seed bearers. The bird cherry only thrives on cold, wet soils here. There is another phase of the slaughter of the hemlock forest : As the pine forest gives out, large numbers of laborers turn to the hemlock woods and find employment as bark peelers. In the pine woods work is mostly suspended when spring arrives ; then larger numbers of men come into the hemlock woods than can find work at satisfactory wages, and these sometimes set fires in the slashes, which spread into the living woods and kill large quantities of hemlock. To save the bark it must be peeled at once, or before it adheres to the wood and becomes injured by worms, and thus employment is given to a larger force of men. " The pine now remaining in Clearfield county is mostly found in the northern and the southwestern portions of the county. The eastern and southeastern portions are now principally cleared and improved, as the entire county is destined to be, the soil being principally a strong, clayey loam, excellent for farming purposes. Already four-fifths of the pine timber originally standing in the county has been removed; most of the hemlock, which orginally about equaled in amount the pine, remains. There are no tanneries in this region, and after the pine is cut the hemlock is next harvested, the bark being saved and shipped to the tanneries below to the amount of from 5,000 to 6,000 cords annually. Fires are here sometimes started by hunters in order to clear away the young second growth, that they may be able better to see the deer. One important reason which lumbermen have for planting their saw-mills near the woods, in preference to driving all their logs to the sawing centers below, is that they can then work into shingles, etc., many trees which, being defective by reason of rotten spots or other blemishes, would not be worth driving down the river. Such trees are seen standing here and there all through the woods, having been left behind by the lumbermen. Sometimes persons buy this culled timber and erect shingle-mills, etc., to work it up. " With respect to the maximum yield of pine per acre, it would seem that 10,000 feet was a good yield for tracts of 400 or 500 acres in extent, although smaller tracts of 50 acres and upward will often cut 25,000 feet to the acre, and even a yield of 100,000 feet to the acre has been reported. The rough nature of the surface in all this region often necessitates the use of slides to bring the logs from the forest to the streams. They are constructed by pinning to ties of hemlock some 3 feet in length hemlock logs about a foot in diameter placed side by side, their inner sides above the point of contact being hewn with care to form a broad V-shaped trough along which the- logs may be slid. Except where there is considerable descent logs cannot be slid unless the weather is frosty, when the slide can be kept icy by means of water sprinkled over it from time to time. Slides sometimes are built for G or 8 miles back into the woods, usually following up some run so as to get an even and gentle grade. By this means the greatest part of the logs come down to the streams, for sleds are not used in this country. Most of the hazard of lumbering depends upon the lumberman's ability to slide his logs successfully. They can be cut at any time in the woods, and almost any year can be driven to the mills when once in the water, but mild weather interrupts sliding and deep snows impede the operation ; so that in open winters lumbermen are sometimes compelled to do their sliding in the night time, when ice will form on the slide. The logs, stripped of their bark, are drawn singly, by horses with chains, from the places where they have fallen to the upper end of the slide. When a sufficient number — from 6 to 40, according to the grade and the size of the logs— have been placed end to end in the slide, the hook of a chain is driven into the rear log near its forward end, and horses are attached which walk a tow-path formed on one side of the slide, and push ahead of them the ' trail' of logs, thus bringing them down to the stream. " Only in the late autumn and in the winter is it thought expedient in Pennsylvania to fell pine ; if cut in summer, when the bark will part from the wood, the sap-wood soon assumes a blackish appearance and disfigures the lumber. As a rule hemlock is here cut and peeled in summer, at the time when operations in pine are suspended j thus by alternating operations in pine and hemlock the hands are kept employed throughout the whole year. In cutting trees the several parts of the work are allotted to different men ; some merely fell the trees, others measure them off into suitable lengths and cut away the limbs as far as the upper end of the last log taken, where they sever the top of the tree from the trunk by means of the ax ; others follow in pairs with cross-cut saws and cut the trunk into logs." • . •. • J^8 DMNSITV OF FORKS TS OI.MI'II.KD I-NDKRTHK DIllKCTION < 'f C.S.SAI«;KXT. SI-KCIAI. .M;K.\T M). THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 511 SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. DELAWAEB. The northern portion of the state, comprising New Castle and Kent counties, was once covered with the deciduous forests of the Atlantic plain. Conifers, with the exception of the red cedar, were rare. In the sandy soil of the southern part of the state various pitch pines flourished, forming fully one-half of the forest growth. These pine forests were long ago consumed and are now replaced by a second growth, generally composed of the species which originally occupied the ground ; and throughout the state the best hard-wood timber has been culled from the forest. Large quantities of wheel and cooperage stock were formerly manufactured in the northern counties; but of late years these and other industries using the products of the forest have, for want of material, generally decreased in importance. The manufacturers report a general scarcity of timber. During the census year 3,305 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $15,675. Of such fires six were set by locomotives, six by the careless burners of brush upon farms, and two through malice. • KENT COUNTY. — About one-quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. A few small mills saw oak from the immediate neighborhood into shipstuff and car lumber, shipping to Wilmington, Philadelphia, and even to New York. NEW CASTLE COUNTY. — About one- quarter of this county is reported covered with woodland, mostly of second growth and attached to farms. The large establishments for the manufacture of gunpowder, located in the neighborhood of Wilmington, consume large amounts of willow wood, generally grown for the purpose upon farms in their immediate vicinity. SUSSEX COUNTY. — One-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woodland. Numerous small mills, obtaining their supply of logs from the immediate neighborhood, saw oak for shipstuff. MARYLAND. The northwestern portion of the state, crossed by the ridges of the Appalachian system, was once covered with the forests of white pine, hemlock, birch, and maple peculiar to this mountain region. The central portion of the state, extending from the mountains to the shores of Chesapeake bay, was covered with oaks, hickories, gums, and other deciduous trees in great variety, the eastern peninsula largely with different species of pitch pine, occupying sandy plains, or mixed with deciduous trees. In the mountain region considerable bodies of the original forest remain upon the highest and most inaccessible slopes ; in the remainder of the state this, where the land has not been permanently cleared for agriculture, is now largely replaced by a second growth, or— the best timber at least — has been everywhere culled. A large amount of cooperage stock was formerly manufactured in this state. This industry has, however, greatly suffered from the deterioration and exhaustion of the local supply of timber ; manufacturers report the best stock nearly exhausted and the substitution for oak, formerly exclusively used, of elm and other inferior woods now brought from beyond the limits of the state. During the census year 41,076 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $37,425. These fires were traced to the carelessness of hunters, to locomotives, and largely to the escape from farms to the forest of fires set in clearing land. The principal lumber manufacturing establishments using Maryland logs are situated in Garrett county ; these saw white pine, hemlock, and oak to supply a limited local demand and ship to Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Wheeling; considerable oak timber is sent to Europe from this county. During the year 1879 the northern counties produced 176,076 pounds of maple sugar. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The original forest has disappeared from the District of Columbia and has been replaced by a second and third growth of oaks, scrub pines, and other trees. The area occupied with woods is probably slowly increasing. A single saw-mill, situated in the city of Washington, saws logs grown beyond the limits of the District. VIRGINIA. The forests of Virginia, like those of the Carolinas and Georgia, fall naturally into three divisions, dependent upon the elevation and soil of the different parts of the state. The mountains and ridges of its western border are 512 THE FORESTS OF THE tJNITED STATES. covered with a heavy growth of pine, hemlock, white oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and other northern trees; over the region extending east of the mountains oaks, principally black oaks, once formed the prevailing forest growth; through these are now mingled long stretches of various pitch pines, occupying exhausted and barren soil once devoted to agriculture. The eastern counties are covered with the forests of the Maritime Pine Belt, generally confined to the Tertiary deposits of the coast and extending inland to the head of tide-water of the principal streams; along the western borders of this pine belt the forest growth is nearly equally divided between the pines and the broad-leaved species. The inaccessible mountain region in the southwestern part of the state still contains immense quantities of the original oak, hickory, walnut, and cherry, the scanty population of these mountains having made but slight inroads upon the forests. Eailroads have hardly penetrated them, while the streams which head here are uusuited tocarry to market the hard woods of which this forest is largely composed. The most valuable hard-wood forest remaining on the continent exists in southwestern Virginia and the adjacent counties of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. From the central and eastern portions of the state the original forest has almost entirely disappeared, and is iiow replaced by a second growth, in which the Jersey pine and the old-field pine are characteristic features, generally replacing more valuable species of the original growth. During the census year 272,319 acres of woodland were reported ravaged by fire, with a loss of $326,944. Of such fires the largest number was traced to the careless burning of brush upon farms and to locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock is increasing rapidly in the western part of the state, and great quantities of staves are exported thence directly to Europe, as well as oak, yellow poplar, and walnut in the log. The manufacture of tobacco cases from sycamore lumber is an important industry iu the neighborhood of Lynchburg and other tobacco-distributing centers. Considerable quantities of hand-made shingles are produced in the cypress swamps which occupy a large portion of Norfolk and other eastern counties. A large amount of second- growth pine (Finns Tceda) is shipped from the different Virginia ports by schooner to New York for fuel, and this second-growth pine furnishes the principal building material used throughout the state. The grinding of oak and sumach bark and the manufacture of tanning extracts are important and profitable industries of the state. WEST VIRGINIA. The forests of West Virginia, with the exception of the belt of pine and spruce confined to the high ridges of the Alleghany mountains, are principally composed of broad-leaved trees, the most important of which are the white and chestnut oaks, the black walnut, the yellow poplar, and the cherry. The white pine and spruce forests reach within the state their southern limit as important sources of lumber supply. The forests have been largely removed from the counties bordering the Ohio river, and the most valuable hard- wood timber adjacent to the pricipal streams, especially black walnut, cherry, and yellow poplar, has been culled in nearly every part of the state. But slight inroads, however, have yet been made into the magnificent body of hard-wood timber covering the extreme southern counties, which still contain vast quantities of oak, cherry, and poplar. The black walnut found scattered everywhere in West Virginia is least plentiful in the northwestern and Ohio Eiver counties, and most abundant along the upper waters of the rivers flowing into the Ohio through the southwestern part of the state. Yellow poplar is found throughout the state, and is still abundant about the headwaters of nearly all the principal streams. Large bodies of cherry are found in Greenbrier, Nicholas, Webster, and other counties immediately west of the mountains, and a large amount of hemlock is scattered through the valleys and ravines of the northeastern part of the state and along the western slopes of the Alleghanies. The area still occupied by white pine is estimated to extend over 310 square miles, and to contain about 990,000,000 feet of merchantable lumber. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are along the Kanawha river at Konceverte, in Greenbrier county, at Parkersburg, and along the upper Potomac. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry gave a product during the census year of 3,549,000, valued at $146,000. Dnring the census year 476,775 acres of woods were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $155,280. Of these fires the largest number was traced to the careless clearing of land for agricultural purposes, although many had their origin in sparks from locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock is fast increasing in importance, and seems destined, with the exhaustion of the more accessible hard-wood forests of the country, to assume a much greater development than at present Large quantities of black walnut, yellow poplar, and oak in the log are shipped to northern markets and to Europe. The following notes upon the forests of West Virginia are extracted from Mr. Pringle's report: "Entering West Virginia at Keyser (New Creek) by way of Cumberland, Maryland, we find ourselves in one of the narrow valleys lying among the low abrupt ridges of the northern Alleghanies, among which we have been traveling since we reached the vicinity of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Coming south from middle Pennsylvania, however, the forest growth covering the long mountain chains within view from the railroad becomes heavier and heavier, the evidences of fire and ax largely disappearing. On the hills above Keyser fewer evergreens appeared than I had previously seen. A few slopes were principally occupied by pine in variety, but the mountains of this . ?jl s 5 i ^ 'J- HEM " * s -» I 2 8 I ^ ^ s- ?• ~- 3 % ? = ~ »8 -^ g 1 § & a Els ; THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513 region were covered with a growth of deciduous trees, white, black, red, Spanish, and chestnut oaks, hickories, butternuts, black walnuts, yellow poplars, locusts, elms, sugar maples, etc. At Piedmont some $200,000 have been expended in the construction of a boom on the North Branch of the Potomac. At this point, as well as at Swauton and Deer Park, on the Maryland side, there are mills sawing chiefly white oak, and also considerable white pine, spruce, hemlock, poplar, white ash, etc. Some spruce which had not been seen or heard of in the timber belt of Pennsylvania is found 20 miles above Piedmont. The market for lumber manufactured here is chiefly eastward. Much of the oak is sent to Europe, partly in the form of squared timber, partly cut 5 by 12 inches and from 15 to 20 feet long. The mills at Swanton and Deer Park are located on the railroad, and cut timber is hauled to them from the vicinity. The mills at Piedmont are fed by logs driven down the river from the western portions of Mineral and Grant counties, West Virginia. This lumber is chiefly oak, spruce, and hemlock. Great difficulty is experienced in driving this part of the Potomac, as it is a swift and rocky stream. Logs, especially oak, constantly lodge on the rocks or banks, and there has been great difficulty in maintaining the boom and dam at this point. " Rowlesburg, in Preston county, owes its existence as a lumber depot to the fact that the Cheat river, upon which it is situated, as it passes through the Briery mountains, for a distance of 25 miles below this point has so narrow and rocky a channel and so swift a current that it is not possible to get the logs farther down the stream. Above Rowlesburg the Cheat river is a good stream to drive, and any one of its branches can be driven from a point 125 miles above that point. From the mouth of the Black Fork, 30 miles above, the timber is brought down in rafts rather than as separate logs; this is because there is no boom as yet at Eowlesburg to stop the logs. There are small booms on Black and Shaver's Forks, many miles above Eowlesburg. Scattered along the river at some distance above Rowlesburg there are a few small mills, the product of which is floated down the stream on rafts. The timber of Preston county between Kowlesbung and the vicinity of the mouth of the river is oak, poplar, chestnut, ash, beech, yellow beech, hemlock, bass wood, and hickory. " The timber of Canaan valley, in Tucker and Randolph counties, is largely hemlock on the lower lands, on the higher situations and slopes sugar maple and beech ; and, as soon as a suitable elevation is reached, spruce is mingled with black cherry. In other portions of Tucker county and on the tributaries of the Cheat river, flowing out of Randolph county, the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, ash, spruce, cherry, black walnut, white pine, etc. This, however, is not a black-walnut region, and there are here nowhere more than scattered trees ; a careful search has failed to find any great body of this timber here. It is estimated that 2,500,000,000 feet of yellow poplar are still standing in the valleys of the Cheat and its tributaries. " Shaver's Fork is heavily timbered with spruce. A boom has been constructed at Grafton, on Tygart's Valley river, a main branch of the Monongahela. It is a rough stream, unfavorable for lumber operations, and for a distance only of 10 miles above Grafton is smooth enough to admit of the passage of rafts. All lumber has, therefore, to come down in separate logs, and only such kinds as are light enough to float well can be got down. For this reason there is very little except poplar sawed at Grafton. Oak is too heavy to be driven successfully, and as it cannot be tied up in rafts with poplar, as is done on the Cheat, the stores of oak timber growing in the valleys drained by this river must wait the building of a railroad to bring them to market. The yellow poplar still standing in this region is estimated at 300,000,000 feet, and on the higher grounds, especially about the headwaters of streams, there are fine bodies of black cherry mixed with other trees. "At Parkersburg are located the mill and shops of the Parkersburg Mill Company, situated on the banks of the Little Kanawha, a short distance above its confluence with the Ohio. This is the only company operating in lumber within the city of Parkersburg. It manufactures about 6,000,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly poplar, some oak, and about a quarter of a million feet of beech. Little black walnut can now be obtained here, and that of inferior quality. Rough lumber and manufactured articles of wood find a market in nearly every direction, west, north, and east. I was astonished and delighted to see how closely the lumber was worked up and the great variety of articles manufactured from slabs, edgings, culls, etc., which in other mills are so generally thrown into the waste pile. Broom handles, corn-popper handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles of many descriptions, and fly-trap bottoms are but a few of the articles which are turned out by millions from odd bits of wood, few of which are too small to make something or other from. The company -executes orders for articles used in manufactories widely distributed over the country from Cincinnati and Chicago to Boston and New York. Poplar is used for broom handles, and beech, maple, sycamore, black walnut, cherry, etc., for smaller articles. This company does not own and operate timber lands, but buys its logs from parties who deliver rafts to its mill. Formerly much lumber was wasted in this region in clearing lands for farms, but now proprietors of land find it to their advantage to cut and save their logs, which they bring down in rafts themselves or sell to parties who make a business of rafting. Once out of the small streams, the logs are easily rafted down the Little Kanawha during favorable seasons. "There are no booms on the Little Kanawha, except temporary constructions for special purposes, which are broken up by every flood. Several years ago it was supposed that the timber on this river was nearly exhausted, but it continues to come down in undiminished quantities to the value of some hundred thousand dollars annually, in addition to railroad ties, staves, etc. It is only about 40 miles up the main river, and to no great distance back from the stream, that the supply of oak is exhausted. The river is a hundred miles long, and about its upper 33 FOR 514 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. waters ami those of its tributaries the oak is comparatively untouched. Much of Wirt county and the greater part of Roane, Calhoun, and Giliner, iu the upper part of the valley of the Little Kanawha, are a vast virgin forest of oak and poplar, containing a good deal of black walnut and sugar maple and some black cherry. Baxter county is magnificently timbered, as is Webster, although the timber here is yet inaccessible. "The Gnyandotte is a good river for lumbering operations. Rafts can come down from a point 100 miles from its mouth. There are yet no booms on this river, except strings of logs occasionally stretched across it for temporary purposes. On its course above Guyandotte are four or five mills, doing for the most part a local business, their product for export being only about 1,000,000 feet of sawed lumber. The rafting of this sawed lumber is attended with some risk of loss, and therefore a much greater amount is brought down in uusawed logs bound together in rafts, which are taken down the Ohio and sold to various mills along its course. These rafts are usually made 11 logs wide, and three or four of these courses are placed end to end. White oak is made up into rafts with a poplar log in the center of each course, and thus the raft is made light enough to float easily. Along the Guyandotte, in the lower part of its course, the oak and poplar have been cut for a distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from the stream, the black walnut for some 5 miles back ; but nine-tenths of the area drained by this river is still in original forest, composed of white, chestnut, and other oaks, poplar, walnut, several hickories, beech, sugar maples, sycamore, ash, etc. In this, region there is, in the aggregate, a good deal of black walnut, but it exists as scattered trees rather than iu groves or tracts. " Coal river is 1GO miles long, and for 36 miles, or to Peytoua, is navigable for barges. The valley of this river is covered with truly magnificent forests, in which the trees of the several species composing them attain remarkable dimensions. Poplar and white oak here exist in nearly equal proportions, and together constitute about a third of the timber. Besides these there is a good deal of black cherry, lin, and locust, as well as hemlock, the latter not being considered valuable iu this country. Black walnut appears more abundant in this region than in any other of similar extent of which I have yet heard. But little timber has yet been removed from the valley of this river, and it is chiefly the lower portion and the immediate vicinity of the banks which have been lumbered. " The Elk river empties into the Kauawha at Charleston. About 2 miles above its mouth are located a boom and several saw-mills, and here are also a dam and lock which secure slack-water for some 20 miles. The river is about 180 miles iu length ; logs haAre been driven from a point 150 miles above its mouth, but its valley has only been lumbered to any great extent iu the immediate vicinity of the main river, and to a distance of some 110 miles from its mouth. Most of the original growth of the forest of the Elk basin still remains, and is composed largely of white oak, hickory, chestnut, and poplar. Black walnut here, as everywhere else in this state, is scattered, although it is estimated that 10,000,000 feet of this lumber still remain in this region. Above a certain altitude and about the upper waters of this river considerable black cherry, sugar maple, and birch is found. Here also beech and basswood abound, by the streams hemlock occurs, and on the mountains a little black spruce. About the upper settlements on this river miles of fence constructed with boards of black cherry and farms fenced with black- walnut rails may be seen. Formerly large numbers of coal-boats and salt-boats were built upon the Elk river. Once, also, the salt-works of the Kanawha required vast numbers of barrels ; these were made of black as well as white oak ; now but five of the sixty furnaces once boiling brine in this vicinity are in operation, and there is little demand for black eak for staves. The country along the Kauawha between the Elk and the Gauley rivers has been lumbered for 5 or 6 miles back from the streams, and about one-fourth of the timber has been cut from these valleys. The Gauley river with its several large tributaries drains a valley which covers nearly 5,000 square miles; its length is about 110 miles, much less than that of the Elk, which is a long, slender stream, but it occupies a much broader valley and has twice the volume of water of the Elk. Unlike the rivers just considered, which wear out for themselves smooth channels through the soft sandstone, the Gauley is a rough stream, tumbling rapidly over hard conglomerate xock, its bed being full of bowlders and ledges. For the first 10 miles from its mouth the fall averages 4 feet to the mile ; above that 20 feet to the mile, while its upper waters are so swift and rough as to be unnavigable even for small boats. For these reasons the Gauley does not admit of the passing of rafts, and it is a difficult river upon which even to drive single logs. Its valley is but little settled, except on Meadow river and along its right bank below that stream. Above a point 15 miles from its mouth no timber has been touched except by the few settlers. In the lower part of the valley of the Gauley for 15 or more miles the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, walnut, etc. The Gauley and its large affluents, the Cherry, Cranberry, and Williams rivers, all head back iu the forests of black spruce, which sometimes take entire possession of the mountain tops; a little lower, yet often mingled with the spruce, hemlocks and black cherry abound. On Cherry river the cherry trees so predominate over all others as to have given their name to the stream. Here are trees often 4 feet in diameter. The region intermediate between the upper and the lower districts of the Gauley thus described contains much beech, sugar maple, and black cherry. The white oak which abounds in the lower basin of this river disappears above an altitude of 2,000 feet. I was informed that, although lumbering operations were but lately begun on the Gauley, nearly 1,000,000 feet of poplar were brought out of the river in 1879, and that it had yielded 50,000 feet of black walnut in 1880, while there were now in the river poplar logs enough to make 3,000,000 feet of lumber. About one-fourth of the cut of late years has been sawed at mills near the falls ; the rest is ratted to Charleston. 9 THE :NT:- 1 '" Vol MAP OF NOHTH CAROLINA SIIUWIMITIIK DISTHIHITION ill' Till- 1'IXK HIRKSTS wmi sncciAi, HKKUHKNCIO TOTIIF LUMItHK INDl'STUV. <'(l.\[fllj-;i) CNI'KH THK nlUKCTION OF !'..s.sAH(;i-:.\T, SI-KCIAI. AI.KNT. Uiltl . Scale ' i.i t; (•: NP i,l yaliie THE FORESTS OF THtt UNITED STATES. 515 " The valley of the New river is oiily lumbered for from 3 to 5 miles from the stream, although the walnut has been gathered 10 miles farther back. This is a rough country in which to lumber, since the streams cut deep into the earth, and New river cannot be driven. "Ronceverte is situated on the Greeubrier river at the point where the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad first meets this stream as it descends from the Alleghauy mountains. Here is the boom of the Saint Lawrence Boom Company, and here are located three or four lumber firms operating steam-mills. One of these, the New York Hoop Company, uses two million hoop-poles per annum, chiefly hickory, manufacturing hoops for flour barrrels, pork barrels, hogsheads, and tierces, besides strips for boxes, etc. The process of manufacturing hoops was explained to me as follows : The poles, of assorted lengths and sixes, are passed through machines which split each of them into two, three, or four pieces, and these are put through other machines which plane flat the inner side of each strip, leaving the bark intact. The hoops thus made are tied into bundles and shipped to New York. " The Greenbrier river rises in the limestone sinks in Randolph county, whence it flows southwesterly through the fertile limestone valley between the Alleghauy and the Greeubrier mountains for a distance of 120 miles, emptying into the New river at Hiutou. Flowing through such a valley it is not a rapid stream, but from a point 12 miles below Travelers' Rest, on its headwaters, it is fine for rafting. Yet the stream needs some improvement, especially by the closing up of back channels into which the logs are borne by high water, to be left in swamps when the flood recedes. "Only a small proportion of the timber of the Greenbrier river has been removed as yet, and it is estimated that in its valley white oak, white pine, poplar, cherry, hemlock, walnut, and ash enough remain to make 1,000,000,000 feet of boards, and that there are not less than 500,000,000 feet of white pine in this region, occupying a belt through the center of both Greeubrier and Pocahontas counties. The eastern limit of the black-spruce belt on the headwaters of the Elk and Gauley rivers, the most extensive and valuable in West Virginia, coincides with the western limits of the white-pine belt lying in Pocahontas county. Its southern line runs northwesterly from the south end of Pocahontas to near the center of Nicholas county. From this point its western line runs northeasterly through the center of Webster county to the vicinity of Huttonville, in Randolph county, the northern end of the belt covering the upper waters of Shaver's Fork of the Cheat river. Over this belt black spruce is scattered more or less densely, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly the northern slopes and the summits of the mountains. " It is believed that 10,000,000 feet of black walnut, in paying quantities, could still be gathered in this part of the state, aud that there would then be left an equal amouut so scattered that it could not be profitably collected at present prices." NORTH CAROLINA. The forests of North Carolina were once hardly surpassed in variety aud iinpo rtance by those of any other part of the Uuited States. The coast region was occupied by the coniferous forests of the southern Maritime Pine Belt; the middle districts of the state by a forest of oaks and other hard-wood trees, through which the old-field pine is now rapidly spreading over worn-out and abandoned farming lands. The high ridges and deep valleys of the Appalachian system which culminate in the western part of the state are still everywhere covered with dense forests of the most valuable hard-wood trees mingled with northern pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of this mountain region has protected these valuable forests up to the present time, and few inroads have yet been made into their stores of oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and walnut. The hard-wood forests of the middle districts, however, have been largely removed or culled of their finest timber, although the area of woodland in this part of the state is now increasing. These new forests, usually composed of inferior pine, are of little economic value, except as a source of abundant fuel and as a means of restoring fertility to the soil, preparing it to produce again more valuable crops. A larger proportion of the pine forest of the coast has been destroyed in North Carolina than in the other sou them states. This partof the state has long been the seat of important lumbering operations, while the manufacture of naval stores, once almost exclusively confined to North Caroliua, aud always an important industry here, has seriously injured these forests. The original forests have been practically removed from the northeastern part of the state, the great regiou watered by the numerous streams flowing into Albemarle aud Pamlico sounds; and although some lumber, largely second-growth pine trees of poor quality, is produced here, the importance of these forests is not great. The merchantable pine, too, has been removed from the banks of the Cape Fear aud other rivers flowing through the southern part of the state, and although these streams still yield annually a large number of logs, they are only procured at a constantly increasing distance from their banks and with a consequent increasing cost for transport. Forest fires inflict serious damage upon the pine forests of the south. During the census year 546,102 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $357,980. The largest number o'f these fires were traced to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, to locomotives, hunters, and to malice. Manufacturers of cooperage and wheel stock, industries which once flourished in the eastern and central portions of the state, already suffer from the exhaustion and deterioration of material. Such industries, however, are increasing in the extreme western counties, and promise to attain there an important development. 51(3 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following estimate, by counties, of the merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, south of the Neusi: river, the only part of the state where it is of commercial importance, was prepared by Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington. It is based upon actual surveys and tie reports of a large number of timber-land experts familiar with the different counties still occupied by the forests of long-leaved pine: LONG-LEAVED PINE (Phuis patustris). Counties. Bladen 288, 000, 000 Brunswick 141, 000, 000 Chatham 448, 000, 000 Columbus 288, 000, 000 Cumberland 806, 000, 000 Duplin 21, 000, 000 Harnett 486, 000, 000 Johnston 663, 000, 000 Moore 504, 000, 000 New Hanover 96, 000, 000 Onslow 31, 000, 000 Eobeson j 804,000,000 Sampson ' 602, 000, 000 Wake 48,000,000 Wayne 40,000,000 Feet, board measure. Total 5, 229, 000, 000 Cut for t he census year ending May 31, 1880, exclusive of 50, 190.000 feet cut in the counties adjacent to Alliemarle and Pamlico sounds and along the Pamlico and Nense rivers, which is largely loblolly pine (Finns Tceda). 108,411,000 NAVAL STORES. Small quantities of crude turpentine were produced upon the coast of North Carolina, between the Pamlico and Cape Fear rivers, soon after the earliest settlement of the country. It was sent to Great Britain or converted into spirits of turpentine and rosin for home consumption. The demand for ships' stores had greatly increased the North Carolina production as early as 1818, although the field of operations was not extended south of the Cape Fear river, nor more than 100 miles from the coast, until 1836. The large demand for spirits of turpentine created during that year induced manufacturers to test the yield of trees on the west side of the Cape Fear river, up to that time considered unproductive. The result was satisfactory, although overproduction and low prices deferred until 1840 the development of this region. Since 1840 this industry has been gradually carried southward. Naval stores were produced in South Carolina in 1840, and in Georgia two years later. Turpentine orchards were established in Florida and Alabama in 1855, and more recently in Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. The naval stores manufactured in the United States are principally produced from the resinous exudations of the lon^-leaved pine (Pinus palmtris), and in small quantities from the loblolly pine (Pinus Tceda), and the slash pine (Pinus Cubensis) of the Florida coast. The trees selected for "boxing" are usually from 12 to 18 inches in diameter, although trees with trunks only 8 inches through are now sometimes worked. A deep cut or "box" is made in the trunk of the tree, by a cut slanting downward, some 7 inches in depth, and generally 12 inches above the ground, and met by a second cut started 10 inches above the first and running down from the bark to meet it. In this manner a segment is removed from the trunk and a triangular trough formed 4 inches deep and 4 inches wide at the top. Two such boxes, or upon a large trunk sometimes four, are made on each tree. A "crop", the unit of production among large operators, consists of 10,000 such boxes. The boxes are cut early in November with a narrow-bladed ax specially manufactured for the purpose, and the trees are worked on an average during thirty-two weeks. As soon as the upper surface of the box ceases to exude freely, it is "hacked" over and a fresh surface exposed, the dried resin adhering to the cut having been first carefully removed with a sharp, narrow, steel scraper. The boxes, especially after the first season, are often hacked as often as once a week, and are thus gradually extended upward until upon trees which have been worked during a number of seasons the upper surface of the box is often 10 or 12 feet above the ground. For these long boxes the scraper is attached to a wooden handle, generally loaded with iron at the lower end to facilitate the operation of drawing down the resin. Once in four weeks, or often less frequently, the resin caught in the bottom of the box is removed into a bucket with a small, sharp, oval steel spade attached to a short wooden handle. The product of these "dippings", as this operation is called, is placed in barrels and transported to the distillery. The first season a turpentine orchard is worked boxes are usually dipped eight times, yielding an average of 300 barrels of turpentine to the crop. The second year the THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 517 number of dippings is reduced to five, the product falling off to 150 barrels, while for the third season 100 barrels are considered a fair yield from three dippings. To this must be added the yield of the "scrapes", which for the first year is estimated, for one crop, at from 60 to 70 barrels of 280 pounds each, and for succeeding years at 100 barrels. Trees can be profitably worked in North Carolina by experienced operators during four or five years, or, upon a small scale, in connection with fanning operations and by actual residents, several years longer; farther south the I ices seem to possess less recuperative power, and in South Carolina four years is given as the outside limit during which an orchard can be profitably worked, while in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama they are often abandoned at the end of the second and always at the end of the third year. Twenty-five men, including overseers, wagoners, distillers, coopers, and laborers can work ten crops. The average wages of such a force is $1 a day per man, so that the cost of labor necessary to work a crop during the season of thirty-two weeks is §480. The following grades of turpentine are recognized in the trade : "Virgin dip", or " Soft white gnm turpentine"- th» product the first year the trees are worked; "Yellow dip" — the product of the second and succeeding years, and becoming darker colored and less liquid every year ; " Scrape" or " Hard turpentine " — the product of the scrapings of the boxes. Rosin is graded as follows: "W"— Window-glass; " N "—Extra pale ; "M"— Pale; "K"— Low pale; "I"— Good No. 1; "H"— No. 1; " G "— Low No. 1 : " F "— Good No. 2 ; " E "— No. 2; « D "—Good strain ; "C"— Strain; "B"— Common strain; " A"— Black. Window-glass is the lightest grade, and is only produced from the first dippings of "virgin " trees — that is, trees worked for the first time. The resinous exudation becomes darker colored and less volatile every year, as the box grows older, and the rosin produced is darker and less valuable. Trees worked during several years produce a very dark brown or black rosin. Spirits of turpentine made from virgin trees is light colored, light in weight, and free from any taste; the resinous matter yielded in succeeding years gains more and more body, and the additional heat required in distilling it throws off some resin combined with the spirits, producing in it a strong, biting taste and greater weight. Tar, produced by burning the dead wood and most resinous parts of the long-leaved pine in covered kilns, is graded as follows: "Hope yellow", or Eopemakers' tar — the highest grade, produced with a minimum of heat from the most resinous parts of the wood; "lioany," or "Ship smearing" — the next running of the kiln; "Black" or • "Thin" — the lowest grade, made from inferior wood, or the last running of the kiln, and therefore produced with the maximum of heat. The following statistics of the production of naval stores during the census year were prepared by Mr. A. H. Van Bokkelen, of Wilmington, North Carolina, to whom I am indebted for much information in regard to the methods used in carrying on this industry : States. Turpentine. Rosin. Gallons. 2 005 000 Barrels. 158 482 Florida 1 036 350 68 281 Georgia 3, J51 500 277 500 950 000 20 000 250 000 20 000 North Carolina t 279 200 663 967 4 593 200 333 940 Total 17 565 250 1 542 170 Eighty thousand barrels of tar were manufactured during the census year in North Carolina, and 10,000 barrels in the other southern states. The total value of this crop of naval stores at centers of distribution, and of course including freight from the forest and different brokerage charges, was not far from $8,000,000. The net profits of the industry, even in the case of virgin trees, is very small, and at present prices is believed to be unprofitable except to the most skillful operators. The low price of southern timber-lands and the facility with which rights to operate tracts of forest for turpentine have been lately obtainable in several states have unnaturally stimulated production. The result of this has been that manufacturers, unable to make a profit except from virgin trees, abandon their orchards after one or two years' working and seek new fields of operation ; the ratio of virgin forest to the total area worked over in the production of naval stores is therefore constantly increasing. It is estimated by Mr. Van Bokkelen that during the years between 1870 and 1880 an average of one-third of the total annual product of the country was obtained from virgin trees, and that in 1880 one-fourth of the crop was thus produced, necessitating the boxing in that year of the best trees upon (500,000 acres of forest. The production of naval stores is carried on in a wasteful, extravagant manner, and the net profits derived from the business are entirely out of proportion to the damage which it inflicts upon the forests of the country; the injury is enormous. Lumber made from trees 518 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. previously worked for turpentine is of inferior quality, although it is probably less injured than has been generally supposed. Comparatively few trees, however, once boxed are manufactured into lumber. It is estimated that 20 per cent, of them, weakened by the deep gashes inflicted upon their trunks, sooner or later are blown down and ruined; fires, too, every year destroy vast areas of the turpentine orchards, in spite of the care taken by operators to prevent their spread. It is customary in the winter, in order to prevent the fires which annually run through the forests of the Southern Piue Belt from spreading to the boxes, to "racket" the trees; that is, to remove all combustible material for a distance of 3 feet around the base of each boxed tree. Fire, carefully watched, has then been set to the dry grass between the trees, in order to prevent the spread of accidental conflagrations, and to give the box-choppers a firmer foothold than would be offered by the dry and slippery pine leaves. In spite of these precautions, however, turpentine orchards, especially when abandoned, are often destroyed by fire. The surface of the box, thickly covered with a most inflammable material, is easily ignited, and a fire once started in this way may rage over thousands of acres before its fury can be checked. The manufacture of naval stores, then, decreases the value of the boxed tree for lumber, reduces the ability'of the tree to withstand the force of gales, and enormously increases the danger to the forest of total destruction by fire. Wilmington, the most important distributing point for this industry in the United States, handles 80 percent, of all the naval stores manufactured in North Carolina. Previous to 1870 Swansboro', Washington, and New Berne were also large shipping points. SOUTH CAROLINA. The forest covering of South Carolina resembles in its general features that of the states immediately north and south of it. The pine fores,t of the coast, nearly coinciding in area with that of the Tertiary deposits, covers the eastern portion for a distance of 150 miles from the coast. The middle districts are occupied with hard-wood forests, or forests, in which pines of various species are mixed with oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The forests of the Alleghanies, rich in species and magnificent in tiie development of individual trees, spread over the mountains and valleys, which occupy the extreme western part of the state. The streams whicli. flow through the Coast Pine Belt, often bordered by wide, deep swamps, are ill-suited to lumber operations, and less serious inroads have therefore been made into the pine forests of South Carolina than into those of North Carolina or Georgia. The merchantable pine, however, has been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the coast, from the banks of the Little Pedee river, and from along the lines of railroad. The most accessible hard-wood timber has been cut from the forests of the middle districts, although vast quantities still remain remote from railroads or protected in deep river swamps, inaccessible except during a few months of summer. The western counties still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, yet undisturbed except • to supply the wants of the scattered population inhabiting this almost inaccessible mountain region. The manufacture of rough red and white oak split staves and headings for the European and West Indian trade, already an important industry in this state, is capable of large development; rice tierces and rosin barrels are also largely made iu the coast region from pine. At Plantersville, in Georgetown county, and at other points along the coast quantities of hand-made cypress shingles are manufactured in the swamps. During the census year 431,730 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $291,225. These fires were set by careless hunters, by the careless burning of brush upon farms, and by sparks from locomotives. BURNING OFF DEAD HERBAGE. The pine belt of the coast, in South Carolina as well as through its entire extent from Virginia to Texas, suffers from fires set every spring by grazers for the purpose of improving the scanty herbage growing among the trees of this open forest. These fires run rapidly over the surface stripped by the fires of previous years of any accumulation of vegetable material, without inflicting any immediate injury upon the old trees of the forest unless a turpentine orchard is encountered, when, the resinous surfaces of the boxes being once fully ignited, nothing can save the trees from total destruction. If the mature trees of the forest are not under normal conditions greatly injured, however, by this annual burning of the dead herbage beneath them, the forest itself, as a whole, suffers enormously from this cause. Slight and short lived as these fires are, they destroy the vegetable mold upon the surface of the ground, all seeds and seedling trees, and all shrubbery or undergrowth, which, in protecting the germination of seeds, insures the continuation of the forest. They deprive the soil of fertility and make it every year less able to support a crop of trees, and in thus robbing the soil they influence largely the composition of succeeding crops. Few young pines are springing up anywhere in the coast region to replace the trees destroyed, but where seedlings protected from fire appear upon land long subjected to annual burning, they are usually, although not universally, of less valuable species, and not the long- leaved pine which gives to this forest its principal economic importance. These annual fires are slowly but surely destroying the value of the Southern Pine Belt. They destroy all seeds and seedling trees, the fertility of the soil, and its power to produce again valuable species. 10 . DKXSITY OF FOKKSTS O '.Mi'll.ril r\IM-.H 1'IIK DIUKC'I IlIN OF' C. S SAHlJKNT. SI'KCI.M. .ViKNT 1883. ! • THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 519 The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state were made up from information obtained from Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington, North Carolina, in regard to thatpai't of the state north of the Edisto river, and from Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, Georgia, for the southern part of the state. They are based on what is believed to be less accurate information respecting the northern part of the state than has been obtained in regard to the pine forests of the other states, and allowance should be made for possible large errors. The estimates are, however, probably largely below the actual productive capacity of the pine forests of the state which may be expected to exceed by 25 or 30 per cent, the following figures : LONG-LEAVED PINE (I'inun paluatrit). Counties. Feet, board measure. Count H's. Feet, board measure. Aiken 209, 000, 000 171, 000, 000 340 000 000 5 000 000 49 000 000 76 000 000 458 000 000 326 000,000 clicitiTaeld 183,000 000 191, 000, 000 330 000 000 465 000 000 453 000 000 l;irlil;ind 88 000 000 337 000 000 380 000 000 F;iirtield 7 000 000 536, 000, 000 Lreorgetown — 5 316 000 000 202, 000, 000 380 000 000 Cut fur the census year ending May 31, 1880. . . 124, 492, 000 The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Georgetown, Charleston, and various points in Hampton and Barnwell counties, where small railroad mills are located. Charleston and Georgetown are the distributing centers for naval stores manufactured in the state. GEORGIA. The northern counties of Georgia are covered with the forests of the Alleghany Mountain region, here and in northern Alabama reaching the southern limits of their distribution and considerably reduced in the number of species composing them, the pines, firs, beeches, and other northern trees being generally replaced by the broad- leaved species of the Mississippi basin. From the base of the mountains forests of oak mixed with pines extend southward, occupying the central portion of the state and mingling with the trees of the Maritime Pine Belt along its northern limits. In the southern and coast counties great areas of swamps are still covered with forests of cypress, protected by their inaccessibility from the attacks of the lumberman. The merchantable pine in the immediate vicinity of the principal streams and along the lines of railroad has been removed, and serious damage has been inflicted upon the pine forests of the state by the reckless manufacture of naval stores. Vast areas covered with pine, however, still remain, while the hard -wood forests of the central and northern portions of the state contain a large quantity of the most valuable hard woods. The manufacture of cooperage stock is still in its infancy, and this and other industries requiring an abundant and cheap supply of hard wood seem destined soon to reach an enormous development in the upper districts of Georgia and the other states of the south Atlantic division. During the census year 705,351 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of $167,620. The greatest number of these fires was traced to carelessness in clearing laud, to sparks from locomotives, and to hunters. The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state of Georgia May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, in that state, a timber viewer and expert of high standing. He obtained his results by dividing the whole pine belt into irregular regions over which the average cut per a«re could be obtained, allowance being made for clearings, farms, areas of culled forests, streams, swamps, etc. The area in each of these regions, by counties, was measured upon a large-scale map and the standing timber computed. These estimates include merchantable pine still standing on land partly cut over, or which has been worked in the manufacture of turpentine. The boxed areas include nearly all the regions from which any pine has been removed, and extend beyond them in all directions into the uncut forests and along rivers and railroads. Similar methods, practically, were adopted in preparing the estimates of the amount of pine standing in Florida and the other Gulf states. The results thus obtained are not, of course, strictly accurate, and are not supposed to be so. The estimates are intended to show the average productive capacity of the pine forests over large areas, and to indicate generally in what part of the state the principal bodies of pine still occur. Liberal allowance has been made in computing areas of swamp and cleared land, and it will probably be safe to add 10 per cent, to these estimates of the pine standing in any of the southern states. 520 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following is an estimate of the amount of pine timber standing in the state May 31, 1880 : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus palu.st.rin). Counties. Feet, board measure. Counties. Feet, board measure. Counties. Feet, board measure. 543, 000, 000 134, 000, 000 35, 000, 000 410, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 281, 000, 000 00, 000, 000 733, 000, 000 298, 000, 000 117, 000, 000 82,000,000 246, 000, 000 ! 96,000,000 350,000,000 ' 578,000,000 339,000,000 45, 000, 000 653,000,000 417,000,000 334, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 299, 000, 000 183, 030, 000 6, 000, 000 956, 000, 000 ear endinp Ma> \ed urowth). Floyd 19,000,000 17, 000, 000 47, 000, 000 76,000,000 21, 000, 000 22, 000, 000 191,000,000 488, 000, 000 206, 000, 000 291, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 1, 064, 000, 000 128, 000, 000 23C, 000, 000 236, 000, 000 10,000,000 65, 000, 000 52,000,000 164,000,000 379, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 791, 000, 000 35, 000. 000 2,000,000 ' 220, 000, 000 !35,000 feet cnt i Polk 36, 000, 000 408, 000, 000 126, 000, 000 21, 000, 000 28, 000, 000 188, 000, 000 191, 000, 000 44, 000, 000 768, 000, 000 53, 000, 000 598, 000, 000 104, 000, 000 311,000,000 84, 000, 000 32, 000, 000 161, 000, 000 80, 000, 000 240, 000, 000 160, 000, 000 48, 000, 000 292, 000, 000 152, 000, 000 512, 000, 000 16, 778, 000, 000 Baker Pnlaski Grlynn Hancock Bibb Schlev Talbot Tattuall Taylor 'I'd fair .. . . Terrell Clay Thomas McDuffie Ware Miller Mitchell Webster Wilcox Early Wilkinson .. Worth Panlding Total I*ierce n the region of short- Cut for the census j leaved pine and nil 31, 18FO (excluding 28, 272, 743, 000 The principal centers of lumber manufacture are situated along the coast at Brunswick, Darieu, Savannah, and Saint Mary's. Logs sawed at these points are now driven down the various streams for a considerable distance from the coast. Large quantities of pine lumber are also manufactured in different mills located along the lines of railroad in Appling, Polk, Floyd, and other pine counties. Savannah and Brunswick are the principal points of distribution of the naval stores manufactured in the state. FLORIDA. The forests of the Southern Pine Belt cover the state as far south as cape Malabar and. Charlotte harbor. The long-leaved pine is replaced along the sandy dunes and islands of the coast by oaks (of which the live oak is alone of commercial importance), scrub pines, and palmettos, while a deciduous forest, largely of northern composition, occupies the high, rolling lauds in a large part of Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, and Madison counties. The pine forests gradually decrease southward in density and value, and south of latitude 29° X. are of little present commercial value. Forests of pitch pine (Pinus Cubensi.t), however, extend far south of the region occupied by the more valuable long-leaved pine bordering the coast and covering the low ridges of the Everglades. Great areas of swamp occur everywhere through northern and central Florida, covered with forests of cypress, red cedar, gum, and bordered with bays, magnolias, and other broad-leaved evergreens ; while the hummocks or low elevations, covered with rich soil and everywhere common, bear oaks and other deciduous trees, often of great size. South of cape Malabar and Tampa bay the character of the vegetation changes, and the North American arborescent species are replaced by the semi-tropical trees of the West Indies. These occupy a narrow strip along the coast, cover the keys and reefs, and spread over some of the hummocks of the Everglades. This semi-tropical forest is confined to the saline shores of the innumerable bays and creeks of the region, or to the coral and sedimentary calcareous formation of the keys and hummocks. The species of which it is composed are here at the northern limits of their range; individual trees are comparatively small and the forests of the southern extremity of the Florida peninsula are commercially unimportant, although, sufficiently extensive and varied to supply the scanty population of this region with lumber, fuel, and material for boat-building and the manufacture of fishing apparatus. The forests of Florida have not suffered greatly from fire. Much of the state is uninhabited and unfit for agriculture or grazing. The danger, therefore, of fires set in clearing land for farms spreading to the forest is less than in other parts of the south, while the numerous streams and swamps everywhere intersecting the pine forests and the natural dr.} ness of the sandy ridges, thinly covered with vegetable mold, check the spread of fires when started. During the census year 105,320 acres of woodland were reported as burned over, with an estimated loss of $69,900. The largest number of these fires was set by grazers to improve the pasturage for their stock. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR i T • • ,'-> MAI' (IK GEORGIA :.M.TIII: iii.sriuiiniiiNoM'iNK HMI-.VIS. WITH sn.riAi. urnuiii.Nn; in mi: l.f.MHKH IMlfSTHY. COMI-II I II I Mil. I: 'Mi K liH'.i:i-n..:v uh C S SAIiCK.VT. SI'KCIAI. Alii'l.NT. utni . I.Kl.KXIl THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES." 521 The following estimates, by counties, of the long-leaved piue still standing in Florida east of the Apalachicola river were prepared by Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville; those for west Ilorida by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama : LONG-LEAVED PINK (Z'iH«* ;>n7«s/m). Counties. Feet, board meaMiiro. Counties. Feet, board measure. Counties. Feet, board measure. 5'25, 000, 000 : 144,000,000 | 138 000 000 150, 000, 000 233, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 425, 000, 000 346, 000, 000 75, 000 000 121, 000, 000 66, 000, 000 213, 000, 000 103.000,000 022, 000, 000 218, 000, 000 59, 000, 000 72, 000, 000 409, 000, 000 187, 000, 000 Baker Brevard (13,000,000 81,000,000 ; 77,000,000 ' 455, 000, 000 67, 000, 000 00, 000, 000 311,000,000 142, 000, 000 162,000,000 r ending May 3 •n Florid:1.). Clay Taylor 122, 000, 000 200, 000, 000 315, 000, 000 104, 000, 000 87, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 Wakulla Walton Hillsboruugh Cut for the census yes and sawed in westei Polk 6, 615, 000, 000 , It81 (excluding 77,500,000 feet, estimated, grown iu Alabama 208, 054, 000 Iii this estimate no account is made of timber remaining on lands which have been cut over, or of that injured by the manufacture of turpentine. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Pensacola, Millview, and Blackwater, in Escambia and Santa Eosa counties. The logs sawed here and at other points upon Pensacola bay are driven down the streams from the forests of Alabama, the accessible pine in this part of Florida having been long exhausted. A large amount of pine lumber is also manufactured at Ellaville, in Madison county, upon the upper Suwannee river, and at Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and at various points upon the lower Saint John river. Logs driven from the lower Suwannee river are sawed at Cedar Keys, where are situated the most important mills in the United States devoted to the manufacture of red cedar into pencil stuff. Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and Fernandiua are the largest centers of distribution for the naval stores manufactured in the state. The following extracts are taken from Mr. Curtiss' report upon the forests of Florida : " In visiting western Florida I have had particularly in view the examination of the timber of a part of the state which is unlike all others in physical conformation, and consequently in vegetation. This region differs but little from the country bordering the southern Alleghanies, and may perhaps be regarded as the southern terminus of the Appalachian range. It commences about 40 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico, and extends northward between the Chipola and Okalokonee rivers into southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama. North of this there is little to connect it with the southern mountains except the rugged banks of the Chattahoochee river. The surface is undulating, hilly, often precipitous. The soil, like that of the Piedmont region of Virginia and Carolina, abounds in red clay, and is therefore adapted to crops which do not succeed in other portions of Florida. The vegetation is extremely varied and interesting, comprising most of the plants of northeastern Florida, a large portion of those found in the Piedmont country and iu the rich river bottoms of the interior, and a considerable number found only on the limestone with which much of this country is underlaid. In the river bottoms, which are inundated at seasons, there is found a great variety of trees, some of which attain a size probably not equaled elsewhere. In this small portion of the state of Florida is to be found nearly every species of tree growing within the limits of the state, except those semi-tropical species found on the coast south of Cedar Keys and Mosquito inlet. Fully fifty American arborescent species here reach their southern limit. A few species show marked diminution iu size, and all northern species which extend southward of this Chattahoochee region here attain in Florida their largest dimensions. "There are two trees in this region of particular interest, as they are not known to grow anywhere else; these are the stinking cedar (Torreya taxifolia) and the yew (Taxus Floridana). There is reason to believe that the Torreya occurs also along the Wakulla river, and perhaps elsewhere in the state, but there is no positive knowledge of its occurrence except along the Apalachicola river, on the limestone hills which border it at intervals on the east "The forests of this region are still almost intact. Some poplar and tulip wood is cut from the river banks for northern markets, but the valuable timber on these rich shores is as yet almost untouched. The country southwest of this region, though of very little agricultural value, contains an immense quantity of the best cypress timber, hardly yet disturbed by the lumberman. "Two mills have recently been established at Apalachicola, one of which saws nothing but cypress lumber. The product of this mill is sent to New Orleans. As white-pine lumber must soon become scarce, the attention of dealers ought to be directed to southern cypress, which will prove a good substitute for it. Although there is plenty of valuable pine in this country the swamps render it somewhat inaccessible, and the mills at Apalachicola 522 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. are more easily supplied with logs rafted down the river from Georgia. Many hewed logs of large dimensions are shipped from this point. The country near Apalachicola in surface and timber growth is much like that of northeastern Florida, all the good timber having been cut. "PENCIL CEDAR. "The favorite variety of red cedar, of tall and straight growth, is becoming scarce, but there remains a large quantity of quality sufficiently good for pencils in nearly all sections of the state north of a line drawn from cape Canaveral to the north end of Charlotte harbor. There is no red cedar in southern Florida, the Dixon mill at, Tampa having exhausted the supply within reach of that place; but new mills have been established near Webster, in Sumter county, and at the head of Crystal river, at present the best source of supply. " CYPRESS. "The main body of cypress in southern Florida is located in the 'Big Cypress', a region of which I have heard much from persons who were in an expedition which went through it during the last Indian war. They entered it at the 'Little Palm hummock', 18 miles northeast of cape Romano. Traveling east about 12 miles they came to the 'Big Palm hummock', when they turned and traveled nearly due north for six days, averaging 12 miles a day. Their guide then informed them that the cypress extended 12 miles farther north; so it would seem that the main body of the ' Big Cypress ' has a length of about 85 miles and a width, as they think, of about 20 miles. The cypress grows in belts running north and south, the main central belt being about 6 miles wide and consisting of large timber. There are narrow strips of cypress and pine alternating with prairie, although probably two-thirds of the whole region is covered with cypress. According to these estimates there must be at least 1,000 square miles covered with cypress timber in this region, which in times of high water could be floated out by the numerous creeks and inlets flowing toward the Gulf. There are also large quantities of heavy cypress on the swampy borders of Peace creek, the Hillsborough river, the Withlacoochee, etc., many trees squaring from 2 to 4 feet. "The long-leaved pine extends south to Prairie creek, in about latitude 27° N. The pine between Prairie and Peace creeks, which is sawed at the mill near Ogden, belongs to this species. Timber in this region is quite shaky, and from all reports it is evident that the yellow pine in Manatee, Orange, and Hillsborough counties is quite inferior, being mostly of the rough-barked, sappy variety called in this region bastard pine. The long-leaved pine occupies nearly the whole of the interior of the peninsula north of a line drawn from Charlotte harbor to capo Malabar. At its southern limit I saw trees which measured over 2 feet in diameter and which would furnish logs 30 feet long. "Pitch pine (Pinus Cubensis) appears on the west coast at Margo, 10 miles north of cape Romano, and extends northward to Prairie and Fishhead creeks, being the only pine of this region. From Charlotte harbor northward it is confined to a belt from 10 to 15 miles wide, bordering the Gulf, extending to Tampa and as far northward as Pensacola, being also scattered through the interior. This tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter or 50 feet in height, and will afford a great quantity of framiug timber, although it will be probably generally used in the production of naval stores, for which it is nearly or quite equal to the long-leaved pine. " One of the most important facts in regard to the pine forests of Florida is their permanence. Owing to the sterility of soil and the liability to inundation of most of the state, it is certain that but a very small portion of Florida will ever be cleared of its forest covering. Taking into consideration the great area covered with valuable pine forests, and the fact that there will be a continuous new growth if the spread of forest fires can be checked, only trees of the largest size being cut, it is evident that Florida will furnish a perpetual supply of the most valuable pine lumber." The following notes upon the pine forests of western Florida were furnished by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama : • "The pine forests occupying the region between the valley of the Apalachicola river and the banks of the Choctawhatchee, and from the headwaters of the Chipola to the bay of Saint Andrew's, are yet mostly in their primeval condition and contain a vast body of valuable timber. The district between the Choctawhatchee and the Perdido is the seat of the oldest and most active lumbering industry of the whole Gulf coast. The numerous streams flowing through the pine forests of eastern Alabama to the large bays upon the coast of western Florida make fully 4,000 square miles of southeastern Alabama comparatively accessible and tributary to the region from which the lumber finds an outlet by way of the bay of Pensacola. "The better class of the somewhat elevated and undulating timber-lands which surround Escambia, Blackwater, and Saint Mary de Galves bay were long since stripped of their valuable timber. These forests having been culled time after time during the last quarter of a century, are now completely exhausted. The low, wet pine barrens, with their soil of almost pure sand, which trend eastward along the shores of Santa Eosa sound and Choetawhatchee bay, have never borne a growth of pine sufficiently large to furnish more than a small supply of timber of very inferior quality. The ridges between the Choctawhatchee river and the Yellow river are also, for the most part, arid, sandy wastes, never yielding more than a few hundred feet of lumber per acre. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 523 " The well-timbered portion of west Florida commences with the southern border of Holmes county. This region is now, however, nearly exhausted along water-courses large enough for rafting, while of late years canals and ditches dug into the forest afford facilities for floating timber growing remote from streams to the mills. According to those best informed regarding the amount of timber still standing in this section, there is scarcely enough left between the Escambia and Choctawhatchee rivers, in western Florida, to keep the mills on the coast supplied for another half-dozen years, even if the whole of the pine standing could be made available. "The lumber business of Perdido bay is entirely concentrated at Millview, where three large saw-mills are established. The production of lumber commenced here in 1865, increasing rapidly from 10,000,000 feet, board measure, in that year, to three and four times that amount. All the lumber manufactured upon Perdido bay is sent to Pensacola. by a railroad constructed for the purpose. Only about 400 pieces of hewed timber are shipped from .Millview, although the railroad has carried an average of 37,000,000 feet of lumber annually to Pensacola, the maximum annual yield of the Millview mills having been 45,000,000 feet. " Pensacola is the most important port of lumber export on the Gulf coast. During the year ending August 30, 1870, 403 vessels, of a combined capacity of 217,487 tons, carried from the harbor of Peusacola 3,090,469 cubic feet of hewed square timber, 3,769,527 cubic feet of sJiwed square timber, and 60,000,000 feet of sawed lumber, board measure. Of the squared timber four-fifths is shipped to Great Britain. u The peninsula between the junction of the Escambia and the bay of Saint Mary de Galves is low, and, along the shore-line, bordered with marshes. The timber needed to supply the mills located upon the shores of these waters lias during the past forty years been drawn from this region, and when new forests have replaci d the original growth they have been cut over and over again, and still furnish a small amount of timber, as the turpentine-distiller has not followed the log-getter in these regions. The supply of timber here, however, at present is ton small to be taken into account in view of the enormously increased demands of the mills. There are three large mills on Black water bay producing 40,000,000 feet of lumber a year. Three-fourths of this lumber is produced in the establishment of Messrs. Simpson & Co., near the mouth of the Blackwater river, at Bagdad, about half a niilc below Milton. Mills sawing square timber are situated 20 or 30 miles above the mouth of the Blackwater and use mostly water-power. The mill of Messrs. Milligau, Cbaffin & Co., on this river, 20 miles above Milton, sends 28,000 pieces of square sawed timber to Pensacola, averaging 32 cubic feet each ; 5,000 such pieces are furnished by a few very small water-mills higher up, swelling the whole amount of •square timber to 33,000 pieces. The last-named firm has acquired by purchase large tracts of public land along Black and Coldwater rivers. To reach the timber growing on their laud a canal 20 miles long, with sluices that intersect the small tributaries of these streams, has been dug. By means of this canal a sufficient supply of logs is secured to keep the mill running through the year. The large manufacturers of Bagdad have adopted a similar system, and by these means, and by the construction of tramways tapping the more remote and isolated regions tributary to the waters of Black and Yellowwater rivers toward the northern part of the state, the exhaustion of the timber-lands through the whole breadth of western Florida, as far as the banks of the Choctawhatchee river, will certainly be accomplished before the end of the next five years. A sash, door, and blind factory located at Bagdad consumes a large amount of cypress lumber. This is procured from the mills situated along the shores of the upper Choctawhatchee bay, and is grown along the banks of the Choctawhatchee river. The cypress lumber is exclusively used in the manufacture of sashes, blinds, doors, moldings, and particularly in the construction of houses, of which every year a considerable number is shipped by the way of New Orleans to the treeless regions of western Louisiana and Texas. This establishment manufactures a large amount of fencing, the rails of cypress, the posts of red and white cedar, rounded and capped. This is shipped to New Orleans and to the settlements in southern Florida. Of late years it has commenced sawing pencil- boards of red cedar. The logs, of very superior quality, are obtained from the hummocks and bottom lands bordering upon the Choctawhatchee. The lumber for this purpose must be entirely free from knots, of even, close grain, the woody fibers perfectly straight. These logs are cut in sections 6 inches in length, and the carefully-selected pieces sawed into slabs 2 inches broad and a quarter of an inch in thickness. Fifty gross of these slabs are packed in a case, and the establishment produces about six hundred cases annually. These are mostly shipped to a pencil factory in Jersey City, a small number going also to Germany. " The saw-mills situated on the shores of Choctawhatchee bay extend from the mouth of Alaqua creek to Freeport, and westward to Point Washington ; the logs sawed at these mills are for the, most part brought down by raft from the upper waters of the Choctawhatchee and its tributaries. The lumber sawed here is mostly long- leaved pine, with a small amount of cypress. The product of these mills is mostly shipped to New Orleans in small schooners carrying from 15,000 to 20,000 feet each. The capacity of the mills upon this bay is in excess of their production, the difficulty of obtaining logs causing most of them to remain shut during half the year. " The causes which up to the present time have prevented the destruction of the pine forests about Saint Andrew's bay, which is traversed by one fine river and bordered by another, must be traced to the difficulty of navigating these streams and to the want of a convenient outlet to the Gulf at Apalachicola. There are few saw- mills upon this bay, supplying only the local demand, and even these are furnished with logs floated down the Chattahoochee from beyond the confines of the state." 524 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. ALABAMA. The northern and northeastern portions of Alabama, embracing the foot-hills of the southern Alleghauy mountains and the valley of the Tennessee river, are covered with a rich and varied forest growth of broad-leaved trees, in which oaks, hickories, ashes, walnuts, and cherries abound. South of the Tennessee river the rolling country is covered with oaks, through which belts of short-leaved pine occur. In Cherokee and Saint Clair. counties isolated bodies of long-leaved pine appear, while- a narrow strip of the same species stretches nearly across the state between the thirty-third and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. South of this central belt the country is again covered with forests of hard woods, which farther south, in the rolling pine-hill region, are mixed with a heavy growth of the long-leaved pine ; and this species occupies, or once occupied, almost exclusively, outside of the numerous river bottoms, the sandy plain extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles inland from the shores of the Gulf. Great regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, although the demands of the rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have already stripped of their tree covering many of the low hills of northeastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood of Mobile bay, from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and flowing to the Gulf through western Florida. The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores. During the census year 569,160 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $121,225. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters. The manufacture of cooperage and wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of wood is still in its infancy in Alabama and the other Gulf states. Snch industries, in view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering- great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near future lie largely transferred to the southern states. The cypress 'swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment to many persons, principally blacks. The following estimate of the amount of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus paluatris). Regions. Feet, board measure. 4 055 000 000 West of Perdido river . . 2 000 000 000 10 000 000 000 In the Central Pine Belt 1 750 000 000 900 000 000 180 000 000 Total - . 18, 885, 000, 000 Cat for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 77,500,000 feet, estimated, grown in Alabama and sawed in western Florida). 245, 396, 000 SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitts). 1, 875, 000, 000 432, 000, 000 Total . 2, 307, 000, 000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880, none reported. » i ' • !,«.- i«Mv.-,llm.- I'm,,- palustrial will MAI' OF ALABAMA SHOWING Tin-: iiisTismrnoxoi' TIIK riM-: H WITH Sl'KCIAI. HKFKIiKNCK ToTlll: l.l'MitKI! IMII'STItV. ruMrn.i:n rNiii-:u 'i-in: iiiiiKt-noN UK .S.SAKliKVr, SI'l-X'IAI. ACK.NT. 1881. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 525 In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres which have been cut over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed, or on 600,000 acres injured by the manufacture of turpentine. There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt proper, with which it mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is greater, although generally of poorer quality. Mobile is still the principal center in the state for the manufacture of pine and cypress lumber ; a large amount of pine lumber is manufactured also along the line of the railroads penetrating the pine belt in Etowah county, and considerable hard wood is sawed iu counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment. Mobile is also the distributing point for the naval stores manufactured iu the state. The following notes upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report: "THE MARITIME PINE REGION. "West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-called 'second bottom', composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of 15 to 25 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within C to 18 miles of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, flat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas sparsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved pines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated with a few Coniferw, and with the wooded swamps which extend over the depressions about the base of the higher land, and follow the low, inundated banks of the numerous streams. The prevailing forest tree of this plain, now much cultivated in the vicinity of Mobile, is the lonp-leaved pine. Situations ottering a moister and somewhat richer soil along the hummocks and gentle acclivities bordering the swamps and the bottoms of the water-courses are occupied by the loblolly pine. With this is often associated the pitch pine (Finns Cubensis), which prefers, however, the more or less inundated and always wet, swampy forest, where its spreading crown towers above the gum trees and white cedars. Wherever in the plain the long-leaved pine has been cut down, this pitch pine principally and the loblolly pine spring up to replace it. "Many acres can be seen iu this region covered with thrifty seedlings of this pitch pine, and trees have sprung up, to my own knowledge, since 1865, which are now from 20 to 25 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to 6 inches ; and trees from 50 to 60 feet in height with a circumference of from 3 to 4 feet, forming quite extensive forests, may be seen upon the shores of the bay from which the primeval forest was removed about fifty years ago. " Ascending the highlands of drift, with its porous soil composed of irregular strata of white or ferruginous sands, gravels, and pebbles interspersed with layers of clay, the home of the long-leaved pine, which here arrives at perfection and forms the entire forest growth over immense areas, is entered. Upon this formation, after the removal of the original forest, either the long-leaved pine takes possession again of the soil or is replaced by a more or less stunted growth of various species of oak (Quercus Catesb&i, cinerea, nigra, obtusilob.i, and falcata), the mocker-nut, and a few other small trees and shrubs. What the conditions are by which such a rotation is regulated is not apparent. It is no doubt much influenced by the conflagrations which auuually sweep through the woods and which are particularly destructive to the young pines, but it cannot be explained solely upon that ground. I have, however, observed that the more broken lauds with the same sandy character of surface soil, but with a more argillaceous subsoil more or less impervious to water, are mostly covered with this second growth of deciduous trees, and that the flat table-lands with either a sandy or gravelly soil are invariably covered again with a second growth of the long-leaved pine. Among such young growths of this species I have never been able to discover a single seedling of the other pines. " CYPRESS SWAMPS OF THE TENSAS RIVER. — The river was extraordinarily high, the lowlands being overflowed to a depth of more than 10 feet. The torrents which had fallen during the past three weeks caused a heavier freshet than any that had been experienced since the spring of 1875. Since that year no such opportunity has been offered for getting heavy cypress timber from the depths of these swampy forests. No idle man was to be found on shore ; everybody who could swing an ax, paddle a boat, or pilot a log was in the swamp engaged in felling and floating cypress timber. All the mill-hands worked in the swamps ; fields and gardens were left untouched, and even clerks from the stores were sent to the swamps as overseers. "We soon entered the deep, dark forest stocked with some fine and large cypress trees, and came upon two negroes, each standing in his little skiff, engaged in felling a tree of the largest size. It was astonishing to witness the steadiness and celerity with which they performed their work, considering the instability of their footholds in the narrow boats. Every stroke of the ax told at the designated place, and it took them scarcely longer to cut a tree in this way than if they had been working upon solid ground. The top of the tree when felled is sawed off close to the first limbs by one man working under water a single-handled cross-cut saw. Another, provided with a long pole armed with a sharp iron spike, seizes the trunk and tows it, with the aid of 526 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES the slow current, to one of the lake-like sheets of still water which, interspersed with streams, are so common in these lowlands. Here the trunks are made into rafts and can be floated down the river to the mills along the oanks below after the subsidence of the flood. The greatest part of this large timber is only accessible during the time of a high stage of water, so that th« energies of the whole population are devoted during the times of freshets to getting out as much of it as possible. The large number of logs harvested shows clearly with what activity the destruction of these treasures of the forest is being pushed ; and the reports, as of heavy thunder, caused by the fall of the mighty trees, resounding at short intervals from near and far, speak of its rapid progress. " In 1831 Mr. Vaughn found these cypress swamps untouched by the ax. At present their resources are so diminished by the inroads made upon them during the last twelve years that, with a prospect of a rapidly- increasing demand for cypress lumber in the near future, he judges that they will be completely exhausted during the next ten years. This opinion is shared by all mill-owners here, who believe that in less than that time their business must come to an end. There is no hope that the supply will be continued by the natural increase of young trees. It is rare to find small trees among the large specimens. Seedlings and saplings are not found in these deep, swampy forests, and only occur in the openings and upon the banks of water-courses. The fact that the almost impenetrable shade, excluding the admission of light and air to a soil almost constantly drenched with water, is unfavorable to the growth of a new generation of the cypress, threatens to exclude it from localities where formerly this tree attained its greatest perfection. In swamps- open to the influences of light and air, and not liable to prolonged periods of inundation, a growth of seedlings and small trees, especially along the banks of the smaller tributaries of the larger streams, springs up. The extremely slow growth of the cypress, however, during all stages of its existence, even if young trees spring up, destroys all hope of an adequate supply of this timber to meet the wants of coming generations. Trees of small size are as frequently cut as large ones. Saplings from 4 to 12 inches in diameter even are cut and supply the farmer, the builder, and the mechanic with material for many useful purposes. Logs not over 30 inches in diameter, however, are not worked up in the Tensas mills, which only use logs of larger size, the saplings being sent in rafts with pine logs to the saw-mills of Mobile. It is rare that a tree over 3 feet in diameter is found perfectly sound. Trees above 4 feet through are almost always invested with signs of decay. No timber seems to be open to so many defects as that of the cypress. Many of the trees are ' wind- shaken ' ; that is, portions of the body of the wood have separated in the direction of the concentric rings, causing annual splits which extend throughout a great length of the trunk, and if occurring repeatedly in the same stick render it unfit for use. A considerable number of the larger trees are rotten in sections. Logs cut from such trees may appear perfectly sound at both ends, but are found hollow and rotten in the interior. The inspection of cypress logs requires great experience and care to protect the buyer from loss. But there is one disease which particularly affects this timber, the cause of which is a perfect mystery to all interested in the matter, (a) From the center of the tree outward, although never extending into the sap-wood, occur great numbers of spindle-shaped, narrow excavations with perfectly smooth, rounded walls more or less tapering toward the ends, parallel with the bundles of woody fibers and nearly regularly disposed in the direction of the annual rings of growth. These cavities vary from one-half an inch or less to a foot in length, and are found from a few lines to "an inch in width. They are filled with a yellowish-brown powder, the result of decayed, woody substance, although the walls of the cavities appear perfectly sound and unaffected by decay. These excavations are called ' pegs ', and timber so affected ' peggy ' timber. The cavities have no communication with the surface apparently, and remaiu always inclosed within the surrounding belt of sap-wood. It is only in the case of very old trees that the larger cavities produced by the junction of the pegs sometimes reach openings produced by external decay or accident. Undoubtedly these pegs cause the large hollows so often found in the center of large-sized and apparently perfectly healthy trees. Some of the timber of medium-sized specimens is honey-combed with these pegs. Such peggy stuff is useful for poles and pickets, which are found not less durable than if made from solid lumber. " Two varieties of cypress timber are recognized according to the color, firmness, and heaviness of the wood, and are known as white cypress and black cypress; the latter has darker, closer grained, and more resinous wood than the former, and will sink in water. Its weight makes impossible the transportation of black-cypress logs by floating under ordinary circumstances, and the lumberman, unable always to recognize these peculiarities of the wood in the standing tree, cuts a chip before felling, which thrown into the water indicates, by its floating or sinking, whether it is black or white cypress. Trees of the heavy variety are deadened during the months of August and September by cutting a deep ring through the bark, and in the spring of the second season the timber is founjl sufficiently light to float. "The cypress region of southern Alabama, which must be regarded as one of the great resources of its forest wealth, commences upon Mobile river, about 16 or 18 miles above its entrance into Mobile bay, extending through the lowlands upon both banks of this river, in Baldwin and Mobile counties, where it covers an extreme area of from 75 to 80 square miles. It extends northward to the junction of the Alabama and Toinbigbee rivers, covering a This injury to the cypress is caused by a fungoid plant not yet determined, although widely distributed along the Gulf coast. — C. S. S. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527 large tracts in the delta between them, follows uorthward the course of tliese streams, and covers the extensive swamps which border their hanks and the mouths of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile Itiver region the largest supply of cypress can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbee, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson. During the freshet of the present year (1880) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the mills on the Tensas. "BALDWIN COUNTY. — A quarter of a century ago a pine forest, unequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth, and supposed at that time to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole extent. To-day this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery railroad, along the eastern shore of Mobile bay, and along all the water-courses as far as Bonsecours bay, upon the Gulf, is entirely destroyed, and presents a picture of ruin and utter desolation painful to behold. " The production of naval stores has been carried on in this region without regard to any of its future interests, and, the forest being exhausted, manufacturers have been driven to seek new fields of operation. In the old turpentine orchards, long abandoned, no young trees have sprung up. Too far remote to make it possible to get their timber to the saw-mills, the large trees which have sufficient strength to withstand the effects of the barbarous process of boxing drag out their precarious existence for years after the smaller and weaker trees have been laid low, and shade the ground sufficiently to prevent the start of a young growth. The wood of these old boxes, as dead pines are called, is, after the loss of their vitality, charged throughout with an excess of resinous matter, and is in that condition sold as 'fat' or 'light' wood, being greatly esteemed as fuel for the generation of steam. For this purpose this final product of the pine forest is carried to the city of Mobile in broad flatboats, propelled by one huge square sail, and steered by a ponderous horizontal beam serving as a rudder. In a few years, however, this, the least valuable and the last product of the pine forest, will have forever disappeared, and with it the last remnant of the original forest growth of this part of the state. Occasionally, under the shade of the trees left standing, a young growth of pine is found, and on the high and undulating table-land between Mobile bay and Fish river, where the soil is light and very porous, a low and scanty oak scrub has taken possession of the ground. Toward the banks of the water-courses, however, where the largest trees were first cut to furnish timber to the mills once situated on Fish river, thus early leaving the ground open to atmospheric influences, fine and promising groves of long-leaved pine now often cover areas of wide extent. I measured many trees in these young second-growth pine forests, grown up within the last twelve to twenty-five years, standing from 15 to 30 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to G inches, of thrifty growth, and rapidly overcoming the small oak growth with which it had to contend for the possession of the soil. It is the turkey and the upland willow oak alone which occur in these thin soils, too poor to support the Spanish and black oaks. " The banks of the North Branch of the Fish river are composed of marsh or white drift sand. The arid, sandy ground is covered with a dwarf growth of live oak and myrtle live oak, observed here for the first time, and which farther east formed by far the largest part of the oak scrub covering the shore-lines of the large bays of western Florida. Two or three miles beyond the forks of Fish river a belt of pine forest is reached, not yet destroyed by the mutilations of the 'box-cutter' nor bereft of its best growth by the log-gatherer; it covers the highlands and declivities between Fish river and the waters which find their way into Perdido bay. This may be regarded as a virgin forest, only slightly invaded up to the present time along the Blackwater creek, Hollenger's creek, the Perdido river, and the bay shore. The mills situated on Perdido river and bay depend entirely for their present and future supply of logs upon this forest of southern Baldwin county, althoiigh I learn that it is expected to supply them during the next five years only, even if their production of lumber does not increase. This fprest extends over six townships and covers an area estimated at from 125,000 to 150,000 acres. "THE FORESTS OP THE CHATTAHOOCHEE IN EASTERN ALABAMA, MIXED FOREST GROWTH, ETC. " The forests which once covered the wide bottom lands of the Chattahoochee in the neighborhood of Franklin, Alabama (opposite Fort Games), are. now reduced to small patches of woodland confined to the base of ranges of low hills bordering the plain valley to the southeast. The tree growth was found here to differ in no way from that found lower down, except that the short-leaved pine (Pimts mitis) occurs more frequently. The crab apple and the cockspur thorn are frequent along the borders of the woods, but the pond pine (Pimm serotina), which might have been expected here, was not observed. In the sandy, wet, and deeply-shaded bottoms of a sluggish stream winding along the base of these hills I found the spruce pine (Pinus glabra) abundantly associated with the loblolly bay, red and sweet bays, and stately magnolias. The live oak is not found here, and it is donbtlnl if it extends in this part of the Gulf region more than a few miles north of the thirty-first degree of latitude. The low hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain; in entering them the second division of the sylvan vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, which must be regarded, on account of its extent as well as the variety of its vegetation, as one of the important natural features of the region. I am of opinion that the deciduous-leaved trees have an equal representation in this forest with the 528 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. conifers. This certainly was the case before the settlement of the country, but as the broad leaved trees occupy the best land, the areas of hard-wood forest have been more reduced by the demands of agriculture than have the forests of pine. "The distribution of the different species of trees throughout this region depends upon the nature of the soil and the topographical features of the country. In general it can be stated that the marls and calcareous Tertiary strata which form the lower ridges and more or less undulating uplands and plains are chiefly occupied by trees with deciduous leaves, and by a few yellow pines. Here oaks predominate, and especially the post oak (Quercus obtusiloba), which prefers the level or gently-swelling ground with a generous, warm, and open soil; with it is frequently found the black oak (Quercus tinctoria), the Spanish oak and black-jack upon soils of poorer quality, the last, particularly, preferring one of closer, more argillaceous character mixed with fine sand. The black-jack finds here its best development, rivaling often in size the post oak ; it enters largely also into the undergrowth of the post-oak woods, forming dense thickets on lands too poor to sustain a heavier tree growth. "The hickories are unimportant features in the forests of this region. In the dry uplands they seldom attain more than medium size, although in the more shaded and richer situations the mocker-nut and pig-nut are not rare. "The long-leaved pine, on account of the broad extent it covers, its gregarious habit, and the splendid growth it attains here, must be regarded as the most important timber tree of this region. Confined to a siliceous, dry, and porous soil, it occupies the high ridges invariably covered with a deposit of drift, often found widely spread over the more elevated highlands. For this reason the pine forests crown the hills and cover the more or less broken plateaus. They are found also toward the southern boundaries of this region, where the sands and gravels of the drift of the lower pine region encroach upon arid mingle with the strata of older formations. Under these circumstances it is evident that the line of demarkatiou between this and the pine region of the coast is difficult to determine. The best distinction is found in the fact that in the pine forests of the lower pine region the growth of pines upon the uplands is never broken by patches of oak, and that the short-leaved pine never occurs there. Another point of distinction is found in the nature of the second growth, which springs up after the large pines have been removed. In the pine woods in the region of mixed tree growth the subsoil, of Tertiary origin, seems more favorable to the growth of oaks than to a second growth of the long-leaved pine. This is replaced generally by oaks mixed with the short-leaved pine and various deciduous trees. It is safe to assert that the southern limits of this region coincide with a line following the northern boundary of the coast drifts, along which the lower strata have completely disappeared be neath it. « "PiKE COUNTY. — On the broad ridges which form the divide between the waters of the Pea and Conecuh rivers, upon a purely sandy soil, are found, within the forest of long-leaved pine, tracts with strictly-defined outlines from a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth presents no unusual features ; it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights. Hurrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an Indian name the meaning of which I was unable to learu. " The trees are of small growth, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, red maple, and black gum rarely rising to a height of more than 30 feet among the sourwoods, junipers, hornbeams, hollies, papaws, fringe-trees, red bays, and other trees of the coast. These glades verge upon deep ravines from which issue large springs, and from this fact I conclude that, below their sandy, porous soil, strata must exist perpetually moistened by subterranean waters near enough to the surface to supply the moisture necessary to support such a luxuriant vegetation. "FOKESTS OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY. " The character of the forest vegetation changes upon the limestone formation of the valley of the Tennessee. This new region of tree growth extends from the northeastern confines of Alabama to a short distance beyond the Mississippi state line with a width of from 35 to 40 miles, and reaching beyond the northern boundary of the state. Its prominent feature is the total absence of pine and the scarcity of other evergreen trees. A few scattered saplings of the loblolly pine are found on its lower borders, waifs strayed from their natural habitats, the lower part of Morgan county, the true northern limit of this species, in Alabama at least. The red cedar is the only evergreen tree common among the forest growth of this limestone region, and the durability of its wood combined with its beauty places this tree among the most useful produced in this region. The red cedar forms here almost exclusively the second growth after the removal of the original forest, covering everywhere with extensive groves the dry, rocky hillsides and flats. The timber, however, of this second growth is only fit for the most ordinary purposes. The trees branch low, and the trunks are consequently full of knots and unfit for anything except fence posts. The fertile portions of this region have been largely denuded of their forest growth, although more than half is still covered with wood, a considerable portion with almost virgin forest. This is particularly true of Lauderdale and Colbert counties and the mountainous portions of the counties of Madison and Jackson. The vast quantities of oak, ash, walnut, and poplar timber contained in these counties can be sent to northern markets as soon as the Tennessee river has been made navigable by the removal of the obstacles at the Mussel shoals. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 529 " The road from Decatur to Moulton, in Lawrence county, leads through broad and fertile valley lands, broken, as the mountains are approached, by limestone ridges jutting out into the plain. The beautiful Monlton valley, . inclosed by the low foot-hills of the Sandy Mountain range which form its southern boundary, shows only along the base of the mountains a remnant of its original tree covering. Here the water oak, willow oak, red oak, mulberries, elms, and ashes were the trees found in the lower situations, and on rolling, higher land the white oak, the black oak, post oak, sassafras, and dogwood formed the prevailing forest growth. The lower flank of the steep escarpment of the highlands, a terrace of limestone cliffs mostly destitute of soil, bears a stunted tree growth. Here the red cedar and the upland hickory abound, and where the surface is less broken and a deeper soil covers the rock, chestnuts make their appearance with white oaks and the shell bark and mocker-nut hickories. The ascent is less precipitous as the sandstone ledges are reached, and here the yellow pine (Pimm mitis) and the scrub pine (Pinus inops) are prominent among the oak forests of the mountains. When the crest of this abrupt decline is passed the oak forest is reached. It covers the extensive table-land between the Coosa and the eastern tributaries of the Tombigbee, and extends southward from the valley of the Tennessee to the lowlands commencing below Tuscaloosa, occupying an area of nearly 6,000 square miles. " GENERAL REMARKS. * "The forests of long-leaved pine are principally confined to the following limited regions east of the Mississippi river: 1. The Great Maritime Pine region. 2. The Central Pine Belt of Alabama. 3. The Pine Eegiou of the Coosa. " Pine forests of more or less extent, too, mixed with woodlands composed of deciduous-leaved trees, occupy the ridges covered witli a porous siliceous soil in the region of what I have called the mixed tree growth, and which upon its southern borders verges upon the Coast Pine Belt. Upon the heights of the low ranges of the metamorphic region of Alabama are also found more or less extensive tracts of this pine, generally, however, of inferior quality and size, while as far north as the thirty-fourth degree of latitude patches of thinly-scattered pine are met on the brows of the mountains, and, rarely, on the plateau of the carboniferous sand. " The pine forests of Alabama, from the Escambia to the Mississippi state line, in the counties of Monroe, Baldwin, Washington, Mobile, and in portions of Clarke county, cover 3,500 square miles. Of these about 1,000 square miles have already been more or less destroyed in the manufacture of naval stores. Allowing 25 per cent, for land under cultivation, or covered by a forest of different trees, by water, etc., there are still 1,875 square miles left of this forest to supply the demands of the future. "The whole amount of long-leaved pine lumber received at the port of Mobile averages about 60,000,000 feet, board measure, representing the product of mills at that place and along the various railroad lines leading to it. The amount of hewed square timber received is still small, but the business of exporting timber of this sort promises to assume large proportions in the near future. "THE PINE BELT OF CENTRAL ALABAMA.— This forest occupies the deposits of drift which, in a strip varying from 10 to 30 miles in width, traverses the state from east to west. Jt is nearly in the center of the line connecting its eastern and western limits that its greatest width is found. This forest is estimated to cover 550 square miles, no allowance being made for lands cultivated or covered by other trees. The timber, both in quality and quantity, is unsurpassed by that growing on the best sections of the lower pine region. The manufacture of lumber and its export to northern markets has only been carried on in this region to any large extent during the last three or four years, and it is now rapidly assuming large proportions. The most important saw-inills in this region are situated on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elinore county, and produced in the aggregate 67,000,000 feet of lumber, board measure, during the years 1879-'SO. Considerable lumber is also produced along the line of the Selma, Home and Dalton railroad, in Chilton county. "Naval stores are not yet manufactured in this region. " THE PINE REGION OP THE COOSA. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stretches from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estimated to cover from 400 to 450 square miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Logs are driven down the Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at this place has been carried on for a number of years, and amounts to an average of 20,000,000 feet. "NAVAL STORES. "The manufacture of naval stores in the central Gulf states is almost entirely restricted for the present to the forest contiguous to Mobile and to the railroad lines leading to that port and to the southern confines of the pine belt in Mississippi. It is only during the past two seasons that turpentine orchards have been worked near Pascagoula, Mississippi, Pearl river, and in eastern Louisiana above Covington. The first turpentine distilleries were established on the Gulf coast a little, more than a quarter of a century ago, along Fish river on the eastern and Dog river on the western shores of Mobile bay. The business soon assumed such proportions as to lead to the destruction of the :.J4 rou 530 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. forests covering hundreds of square miles, particularly in Baldwin county. The production of uaval stores in this , county, as well as in the lower part of Mobile county, has at present nearly ceased, on account of the exhaustion of the forest. It is, however, now carried on with the greatest activity on the line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad. Between Mobile station, in Mobile county, and Quitinan, Mississippi, there are at this date not less than thirty-three stills in operation, while along the Louisville and Nashville railroad there have been during the last five years fifty- three stills established in Alabama and Mississippi. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital, their whole product being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the board of trade of Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region. "According to the statements contained in the report for 1880, the crops amounted in the years 1879-'80to 25,409 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 158,482 barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, between 1873 and the close of the business year of 1880, 160,000 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 800,000 barrels of rosin have been produced in this same district, (a) " The increase in prices during the last few years for all kinds ef naval stores, and particularly the active demand for the best class of rosin, have given an increased impetus to this business, in consequence of which many of the older orchards have been abandoned and new ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the present season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can be safely assumed that up to that year 250 square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875 must have involved a further destruction of 640,000 acres, or 1,000 square miles of forest. With the low price at which pine lauds are held there is not the slightest regard paid to the utilization of their resources, and under the present system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of obtaining the quickest possible returns on the capital invested. "It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 25 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligncous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of lightwood he obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 62£ gallons of tar, and 60 gallons of pyroligueous acid. The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of pine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced 22 gallons of spirits of turpentine." MISSISSIPPI. The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated in the northern central part of the state, presented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a belt of long-leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Vicksburg and Meridian. The northeastern portion of this long-leaved pine forest spread over a high rolling country, and here the pines were mixed with various hard-wood trees; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Preutiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area was covered with forests of the short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed with a growth of hard woods, which in the swamps of the Yazoo delta and the bottom lauds of the Mississippi river formed vast and almost impenetrable forests, where cypresses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home in the deep, inundated swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value. The pine forests have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula and Pearl rivers and from their principal tributaries within the southern tier of counties; the most accessible timber has been cleared from the Biloxi, Blind, Jordan, Wolf, and Tchefuncta rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and Xew Orleans railroad. The long-leaved pine of Mississippi is, however, still practically intact, and these forests are capable of supplying an immense amount of timber as soon as the means of transportation can be furnished for it. A small amount of pine has been cut in the northeastern pine region from along the line of the Memphis and Charleston railroad. The hard-wood forests outside of the bottom lauds have been largely cleared from many counties in providing for the requirements of agriculture. Such laud when abandoned is again covered in the central part of the state •with a growth of old-field pine, and in the north, and especially in the northeastern counties, by a vigorous growth of short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis), which seems destined to become the most important timber tree of that region. The forests which cover the swamps of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypress, which has long been cut in the Yazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the Xew Orleans market, has become scarce. During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $78,500. Of these fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to improve pasturage. a These figures differ somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokkelen. See page 493. — C. S. S. • MAI' OK M I S S I S S I IT I SIIOVlXtiTIIK lUSTIUHITNINUF Till; I 'INK I'OHKSTS. WITH SPm.M, Hh.TKHKMTTOTIII. U'MHKH IXDI'STUV. COM!'; i 1'M'N Df C.S SARGENT, SI'KCI.M. A8ENT. Mini . mn.-d witli ILnttw, ,,-l- [.>j..: LeavwlHiM !' t<..K THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 531 Establishments for the manufacture of wagons, win-el stock, cooperage, etc., have been established at different times in the northern part of the state. The industries, however, which depend upon the hard-wood forests for material are still in their infancy in Mississippi, and are capable of enormous development. The following estimates of the standing-pine supply of Mississippi, May 31, 1880, were prepared by Dr. Charles Molir, who carefully explored the forests of the state : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Fi»ue paluatri*). Koj-ions. Feet, board mea«nre. In region west of Pearl river, tributary to the Chicago, Saint Loins, and New Orleans railroad. 6, 800, 000, 000 7, 600, 000, 000 Region of mixed growth, exclusive of 200,000 acres injured by the manufactuie of turpentine. 3, 800, 000, 000 Total 18 200 000 000 108 000 000 SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitts). 1, 000, 000, 000 5 175 000 000 Total 6 775 000 000 7 775 000 Iii this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 acres which have been cut over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed. The region of mixed growth, which adjoins the pine belt upon the north, contains a smaller number of pine trees per acre than the pine belt proper; but, the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is here greater, although generally of poorer quality, than nearer the coast. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of Pascagoula river, in Jackson county, at Mississippi City, in Harrison county, along the lower Pearl river, upon the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad in Lincoln county, and in the northeastern counties, where are located many small railroad mills, manufacturing iu the aggregate a large amount of yellow-pine lumber (Pinus mitis). The pine forests of the state have up to the present time suffered but little damage from the manufacture of naval stores. Turpentine orchards, however, have been recently established in the vicinity of the coast, near the mouth of the Pascagoula river, and at other points iu the coast counties. The following remarks are extracted from Dr. Charles Mohr's report upon the forests of Mississippi : " THE PTNE FORESTS OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI.— In the vicinity of Scranton, near the mouth of the Pascagoula river, little is left of the original pine forest. The old clearings are covered with fine loblolly pine, from 40 to 60 feet high, upon rather close, dry soil. The pitch pine (Pinus Ctilensis) forms dense groves, with seedling trees from 20 to 30 feet in height upon lauds of lighter soil extending to the sea-shore. Oaks are not common. Fine groves of stately live oaks, however, line the banks of the river up to Moss Point, 4 miles distant. " The annual export of lumber during the last four or five years has averaged 45,000,000 feet from the Pascagoula liver. The largest percentage of this lumber is manufactured into boards and scantling for ordinary building purposes, and is shipped to Cuba, the Windward islands, to Mexico, Brazil, and a small part, in the form of deals 2 or 3 inches in thickness, intended for ship-building, to France, Spain, Holland, Belgium, and Germany. Large quantities of charcoal burned upon the banks of Black and Eed creeks are sent to New Orleans in small coasting schooners, which run also from the bay of Biloxi and the bay of Saint Louis. At Moss Point eleven saw-mills, which furnish the lumber manufactured upon it, are situated on both banks of the East Pascagoula river. The combined capacity of these mills amounts to 220,000 feet a day, although the annual production during the past years has scarcely exceeded 40,000,000 feet. The timber manufactured in these mills comes from the Pascagoula and its tributaries, the Leaf and Chickasawha rivers and their sources, the Bogue Homo, Tallahala, Bay, and Okatuma creeks, as far up as the southern limits of Covington and Jones counties. A small number of logs also, comes from the Escatawpa. The logs received at these mills average 20 inches in diameter and 40 feet in length Sticks of such average dimensions are only furnished from first-class timber-lands, which, according to the best judges, produce six or seven trees of that size to the acre. Only lands lining the streams just mentioned, in a belt not exceeding 3 miles in width on each bank, have been up to this time invaded by the log-getter to supply these mills. 532 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "The vastucss of the timber resources yet contained in the region embraced in the northern half of Harrison and the whole of Greene and Perry, up to the southern confines of Marion and Jones counties, is astonishing. As is the case in Alabama, however, trees furnishing first-class spars for masts are difficult to find; they have been cut by spar hunters in every part of the forest which could be reached by teams. '' Cypress lumber is not manufactured in this region, and the loblolly pine furnishes so small a part of the timber manufactured that it need not be considered. In Jones and Covington counties, about the headwaters of the upper tributaries of the Pascagoula, the country is rolling, intersected by numerous small, swift streams and rivulets. This region is magnificently timbered, and devoid of the barren ridges of almost pure sand so frequently found in the pine belt of Alabama. ''The low, flat, more or Jess wide pine lauds bordering upon the marshes of the coast are sparsely covered with pine, while the trees growing in this wet, boggy soil, devoid of drainage arid overlying a subsoil impervious to water, are stunted and of little value. The lower part of Harrison county is covered with these pine meadows, which fact accounts for the comparatively small importance of the bay of Saint Louis as a lumber-producing center. "At Pearliugton, on the Pearl river, is established the large saw-mill of Poitevent & Favre, capable of producing 100,000 feet of lumber a day; at Logton, 2 miles farther up the river, are two mills, and 5 miles above these, at Gainesville, there is another. The largest part of the logs sawed at these mills is cut upon the banks of the Abolochitto creek, in Hancock county, and its tributaries extending into the lower part of Marion county, 50 or CO miles distant. The remainder comes from the banks of the Pearl and the upper and lower Little rivers, which empty into it 10 miles above Columbia. " The cypress is nearly exhausted from the lower Pearl river, and the 20,000 or 30,000 feet of this lumber which are sawed annually at Pearlington are derived from the cypress swamps on the upper waters of the Pearl and Jackson rivers, where there is still a large amount of this timber of good size. " The eastern bank of the Pearl river, within the Maritime Pine Belt, is sparsely settled, and forests, the especially in Hancock county and the upper part of Marion county, are unsurpassed in the quality and quantity of their pine timber. It is estimated by good judges that these forests will yield an average of 2,000 feet of lumber, board measure, to the acre. Up to the present time a strip of land scarcely 3 miles in width, embracing the banks of the water-courses, has been- stripped of its timber growth, and fine spar timber is yet to be found here a few miles back from all th« streams. Almost the whole of these rich timber-lands supplying the mills on Pearl river form a part of the public domain. " The almost unbroken pine forests covering the upper tier of counties between the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers, toward tloe^horthern confines of the pine region, are still practically intact. The wealth of these- forests has as yet found no outlet to the markets of the world. Thinly settled, they are still largely the property of the government, but in view of the speedily -increasing demand for lumber and the profits derived from the lumber business, such a condition of affairs must soon come to an end. It can be safely asserted that by far the largest part of the timber, felled in the Abolochitto region is taken from government laud. There can be no question of this when it is considered how insignificantly small is the area of land which has been legally entered by private persons along that stream. The necessity of adopting proper measures to protect the timber wealth upon the public domain from depredations of such enormous extent forces itself upon the most casual observer, while to one who looks closer at the consequences of the continuance of the existing state of affairs the urgency becomes appallingly apparent. The ever-increasing consumption of timber at the mills upon Pearl river, of which one alone can cut 100,000 feet of lumber a day, will prove a powerful stimulus to a people who, since the development of the lumber business in these regions, have almost completely abandoned their former agricultural and pastoral pursuits and now depend entirely for their support upon cutting pine logs, to supply this enormous demand at the expense of the public property. Already plans have been made to invade this region by tramways and railroads, in order that its timber may be brought to market. This is true, too, of the region between the Pearl and the Amite rivers, down to the marshy lands of eastern Louisiana, a region in which the forests are also particularly good. "In the state of Mississippi it is safe to estimate that, after deducting 25 per cent, for areas of swampy and cleared land, 9,000 square miles are still covered by forests of long-leaved pine. The production of this region during the census year amounts to 108,000,000 feet; of this, 60,000,000 finds its outlet at Pascagoula, 30,000,000 by Pearl river, 6,000,000 by bay of Saint Louis, and 12,000,000 by the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad to northern markets. "In the northern part of Harrison county we crossed a tract from which twelve years ago a hurricane swept a belt a quarter of a mile wide of all tree growth. It is interesting to note the growth which has since sprung up among the prostrate charred trunks of the pines still found lying about in large numbers. Black-jack oaks, the largest not over 12 feet in height, are mixed in almost equal numbers with stunted, thin saplings of the long-leaved pine. These plainly exhibit the helplessness of the struggle to which these offspring of the great timber tree are subjected under the influence of repeated conflagrations wherever the oak scrub has sprung up and added fuel, in the abundance of its leaves, to the fires which annually sweep through these woods. "THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES. — After crossing the Sucarnoochee river below Scooba, in Kemper county, the pines which had covered the ridges near the borders of Lauderdale county disappear; scarcely a stray sapling THE FORESfS OF THE UNITED STATES. 533 of the loblolly pine is seen as Scooba is reached. The cold, wet, calcareous soil of the flatwoods and prairies is nnsuited to the growth of all coniferous trees, with the exception of the cypress. Along the railroad, as it traverses the flat prairie region, the country is sparsely wooded; large tracts of the prairie lands have always been destitute of trees, and the woodlands with which they were interspersed were cleared at the first settlement of the country. "What remains of the original forest growth is now confined to localities too difficult of drainage to make agriculture profitable, and to the banks of streams subject to inundation. 'More or less extensive patches of woods are found also on the ledges where the limestone rock comes to the surface. In the swampy land the willow oak, the water oak, the black gum, sweet yum, white ash, and along the ponds willows and cottonwoods, prevail. The post oaks, white oaks, and cow oaks are mingled more or less freely with these trees in localities enjoying better drainage. Black-jack and black oaks, mixed with various haws, viburnums, and persimmons, occupy the rocky flats. No magnolias were seen in this region. The red, willow, and water oaks, the sycamore, and the sweet gum abound along the streams here, and are so common as to deserve special mention, while on the rolling uplands black oaks, post oaks, and white oaks, with poplars, shell-bark and pig-nut hickories, are common. From Tupelo toward Corinth the country is poorly wooded. The ascent is constant, reaching the point of highest elevation between the Gulf of Mexico and the Ohio river at Booneville. Corinth is situated on a wide pine plain, bounded on the west by the valley of the Tuscumbia river and east by the ridges which mark the water-shed of the Tennessee. The soil is here a deep calcareous clay, very stiff and heavy, hard as brick in warm, dry weather, and suddenly becoming a bottomless, stiff mire in seasons of rain. Below the valley of the Tuscumbia river the road passes over low and undulating ridges, of which the higher and steeper are yet covered with the remnants of the old oak forest. Here the Spanish and post oaks predominate in numbers ; then follow the black oak and the scarlet oak, while the shell-bark hickory and the mocker- nut form but a small part of the tree growth of these uplands. The bottoms of the Tuscumbia, although subject to frequent overflows, are covered with 'a primeval forest not inferior in luxuriance and variety to that of the Mississippi river bottom lands. White-oak timber of the finest quality is found here in the greatest abundance and perfection. The most common species is the cow oak (Quercm Michanxii). I found that this river-bottom forest contained, by actual count, an average of from twelve to fourteen trees of this species, from 30 to 35 inches in diameter, to the acre. It is known to the inhabitants here by the name of cow oak or basket oak, being easily split into narrow, thin strips. The wood is extensively used in the manufacture of baskets used by the negroes in cotton-picking. These baskets are light, and of considerable strength and durability. Next in frequency follows the willow oak, and then the over-cup swamp oak (Qucrcus lyrata), and finally the red oak, found especially on the outskirts of the forest. "The white ash is not so frequently seen here as elsewhere in similar localities, and does not seem to thrive on these stiff, cold soils. It is in part replaced by the green ash, which here attains the size of a large tree. The black gum is very common, and where the soil is least subjected to overflow the true white oak is found, with fine groups of beech, overtowered by large poplars. Among the smaller trees the mulberry, hornbeam, holly, and abundant papaws must be mentioned. "The pine hills in the eastern part of Alcoru county are reached at a distance of 6 or 7 miles in a southerly direction from Corinth. Pine occurs on the dividing ridges between the waters of the Tuscumbia river and Yellow creek, or toward the south on those between the Tombigbee and the Tennessee rivers. A short distance west of Glendale station the Cretaceous strata disappear under the ferruginous sands, and mixed with a stunted growth of post oak and Spanish oak, pines appear, forming vast forests on the crests of the hills. This pine (Pinus mitis) takes possession of all the old clearings and fields thrown out of cultivation. The rapid growth of the^ seedlings, which spontaneously spring up thickly after the removal of the broad-leaved trees, leaves no chance for the seedling oaks. It is therefore a certainty that in the future the short-leaved pine will be almost the sole forest tree in this part of the state, outside of the bottom lands, and that it will probably extend its domain far beyond the original limits of its growth. "The aspect of these pine woods resembles closely that of the lower pine region. The short-leaved pine replaces here the long-leaved pine of the coast, the scrubby post and Spanish oaks take the place of the turkey and the upland willow oaks, while the black-jack is common to both these regions of identical geological formation. The flora of the two regions also presents the same general features ; the asters, goldenrods, sunflowers, and various leguminous plants are often the same or belong to closely-allied species. The pine-clad drift hills interspersed between the Carboniferous and Cretaceous regions are parts of the northern interior drift belt which extends throughout Alabama. The region of the short-leaved pine of northeastern Mississippi exlends from the southern border of the valley of the Tennessee river to the southern extremity of Itawamba county, and is on an average 10 miles in width, embracing an area of nearly 600 square miles. Of this region, after the deduction of the fertile bottoms of the Tombigbeo and Yellow Creek valleys, where no pines are found, two-thirds can be regarded as occupied by the pine forest. As the sole supply of pine lumber in the northern part of the state, this region is of great importance. Several saw-mills, none of which have an annual capacity of more than 3,000,000 feet, are established on the railroad line at Glendale, Burnsville, and near luka ; portable saw-mills are worked also through this forest in its whole extent, their product being hauled in wagons for miles to the nearest station on the Mobile and Ohio and the Memphis and Charleston railroads. The largest shipments are made from Burnsville and Corinth. 534 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "The second growth of the short-leaved pine, which is already growing with great rapidity in northern Mississippi upon exhausted fields thrown out of cultivation and wherever the forest has been cut from the ridges, should be protected and fostered by the owners of the soil. The care bestowed upon the natural seeding of this useful and valuable timber tree, and in assisting it to gain a permanent foothold on lands regarded as unfit or unprofitable for agriculture, of which tens of thousands of acres are now found in this state, would lead to results of great benefit to the community. The people have it in their power to replenish their timber resources, fast failing through the ever-progressing destruction of the original forest, without other outlay than simply assisting nature in her efforts to recover from injuries sustained in the wholesale destruction of the forest. The restoration of the forest over vast areas, now barren and unproductive wastes, would add vastly to the general welfare and prosperity through the influence such forests would exert upon the climate and salubrity of the country, by the shelter they would offer to insectivorous birds ever busy in the destruction of insects injurious to farm crops, and by the formation of protective screens against the cotton-worm, the most destructive of all insects in this part of the country; for it must be admitted as an undisputed fact that the destruction caused by the cotton-worm is far less upon the small farms where strips of woodland divide the fields than upon the plantations in the rich prairie lands where large areas are destitute of woods. Such forests would serve as windbreaks for crops growing in field and orchard, and as protection against the washing away of the light soil so peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of the great staple of the country, thus preventing the ruin of many productive fields, the debris from which, carried away by the rain and floods, fills the rivers and their estuaries, rendering navigation every year more dangerous. "CENTRAL PINE HILLS. — A hilly region, the northern limit. of which is near the center of Beuton county, covered with upland oaks and short-leaved pines, extends eastward to the flatwoods in a belt from 8 to 12 miles in width. Farther south, in Calhoun and Suniter counties, this pine region js much wider, embracing the largest part of these and Choctaw and the western part of Oktibbeha counties; from Kosciusko, Attala county, it extends over the whole of Winston and the western part of Noxnbee counties, being merged, south of Neshoba in the western part of Kemper county, with the region of mixed tree growth. This pine forest supplies a sufficient amount of lumber for the local demand, and portable saw-mills are found near the large settlements from Kosciusko to the southern limits of the region. It forms a prominent feature in the eastern Gulf states by its geographical position, and must be regarded as one of the distinct divisions which might be designated as the region of the central pine hills. Botanically this region differs from that of the mixed tree growth, upon which it borders toward the south, by the more equal distribution of the pines among the oaks, and particularly by the total absence of the long-leaved pine and other conifers, with the exception of the loblolly pine and of scattered cypress along the river banks, and by the absence of the great magnolia (M. grandiflora). The second forest growth in the northern part of this region consists almost exclusively of the short -leaved pine, which southward is associated with the loblolly pine. The short-leaved pine will in the future be the chief forest tree of this region. "I have personally seen but little of the flatwoods proper, having only touched their southern limits in Kemper county. It is a region of close, cold soil, devoid of drainage, and covered with a stunted growth of post oak; and in its economic aspects as a timber region, or botanically, is of little interest or importance. "WESTERN MISSISSIPPI. — In Copiah county, below the village of Terry, fifteen saw-mills are in operation along the railroad, obtaining their supply of logs from the heavily-timbered hills in the neighborhood. This lumber is shipped by rail to Saint Louis and Chicago. This business has already reached large proportions and is still increasing rapidly, the mills running without intermission at their full capacity throughout the year. " Beyond Crystal Springs the country loses its rolling character ; the pine hills disappear, and a short distance above the northern boundary of Copiah county, near Terry, a different geological formation is entered, and a strongly-marked change in the vegetation takes place. Horizontal strata of loam, inclosing layers of what appears a whitish sand, stretch northward over a vast extent of level country, and the long-leaved pine disappears with the gravels and sands of the drift. "North of the pine region a large amount of rich land between the Pearl and Mississippi rivers has been brought under cultivation, especially along the bottoms of the Pearl river and along the principal railway lines. At Jackson, on the Pearl river, little is left of the original tree growth which covered its banks. Still enough is left, however, to show that it was chiefly composed of sweet gnms, white oaks, elms, white ashes, etc. The railroad from Jackson to Vicksburg passes through a fertile agricultural country, where only small strips of forest remain between the large plantations and farms. Pines are not seen here, and the black walnut, originally so abundant among the oak and hickory forests which covered this region, must now be regarded as entirely exterminated. Beyond the Blackwater, in the hilly region of the bluff formation, the great magnolia covers the hillsides, although in the vicinity of Vicksburg the hills for miles around the city are entirely stripped of their forests. " Vicksburg is the center of a considerable lumber industry, depending for its supply of timber upon the cypress rafted down from the mouth of the Yazoo river. The first mill devoted to the manufacture of cypress lumber was established in Vicksburg in 1865. Before that time all the timber from the Yazoo valley was rafted down the Mississippi river, mostly to New Orleans, as is still the case with the greatest number of the rafts. A second mill has lately been built at Vicksburg, and the combined annual capacity of the two is ten or twelve million feet. No THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 535 manufactured lumber is shipped from here farther south than Baton Rouge, nearly the whole production being consumed in the erection of small dwellings in the Mississippi and Yazoo bottoms. The logs received at these mills average 25 inches in diameter, with a length of from 30 to 70 feet. "The hillsides in the neighborhood of Vicksburg, when thrown out of cultivation, are seen covered with a stunted growth of locust, Chickasaw plums, and other shrubs. The original forests of the bluff hills consist of extensive groves of stately magnolias, stretching down the slopes and mixing with large white oaks, Spanish oaks, beeches, and towering poplars, covering the mossy ground of the small valleys with delightful shade. Many of the magnolias are from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter. The full-grown trees, however, show that they have already passed their prime ; the upper limbs have begun to die, the base of their trunks being often rotten and hollow. Small specimens and sapling or seedling trees I could not find. The large trees are cut down to supply the neighboring city with fuel, and it is inevitable that in a comparatively short time these magnolia groves will have disappeared, and that these delightfully-shaded hills must share the desolation which surrounds the town. " THE YAZOO DELTA. — Indian bayou, one of the small water-courses between Pearl river, Deer creek, and Sunflower river, has a sluggish current even in time of high water. As is the case with all the streams of the Yazoo delta, its banks are elevated often to a height of 10 or 15 feet above the surface of the water, thus affording excellent natural drainage for the adjacent country, which is covered with a yellow-brown loam of unsurpassed fertility. As the land, however, recedes from the banks it gradually sinks down again toward the level of the bed of the stream, and the water-courses, following the general direction of the Mississippi river, inclose corresponding lines of depression nearly level with the beds of the streams. These troughs between the bayous and rivers are one of the characteristic features in the topography of the Yazoo delta. They are of various extent, depth, and shape; flat and wide, they form tracts of dark, wet forest swamp, more or less dry in summer; or, narrower and deeper, they form swamps rarely ever entirely free from water; sometimes they are inundated wooded marshes and cane brakes, or ponds and lagoons more or less shallow and studded with the mighty trunks of the cypress. When these depressions are of considerable depth, lakes, presenting open sheets of water sometimes miles in extent, are formed, their margins, only, overgrown with the cypress. Upon these features depend the great diversity of the forest growth which yet covers the largest part of the Yazoo valley. Along the elevated ridges fronting the streams the white oak, the willow oak, the shell-bark and mocker-nut hickories, the black walnut in great numbers, the yellow poplar and the sassafras large enough to furnish canoes of great size, the mulberry, the Spanish oak, the sweet and the black gums are the principal forest trees, with an undergrowth in the openings of dogwood, various haws, crab apples, wild grapes, buckthorns, etc. In the forests covering the lower lands, which slope back to the swamps and reservoirs, the cow oak takes the place of the white oak, while the over-cup white oak occurs everywhere in the more or less saturated soil. Here the sweet gum reaches its greatest size, and here grow also in great perfection the bitter-nut, the elms, hornbeams, white ash, box-elder, and red maples of enormous size. The honey locust, water oaks, and red and Spanish oaks are equally common. Here, among the smaller trees, the holly attains its greatest development, with hornbeans and wahoo elms, while papaws, haws, and privets form the mass of the dense undergrowth, which, interspersed with dense cane-brakes, covers the ground under the large trees. " The region covered by these splendid forests of hard woods possesses a wealth of timber of the most valuable kinds and in surprising variety. They occupy by far the greatest part of Sunflower and the adjoining counties between the Mississippi river and the hills which border upon tke Yazoo to the east. Most of the clearings made in this region before the outbreak of the war, by the planters settled lower down, have since been abandoned and are again densely covered with the young growth of the trees of which the forest was originally composed. During the last few years, however, the country has been entered again for cultivation by a class of small farmers, who from being farm hands have now risen to the position of independent landholders. It is astonishing to see the utter disregard of these settlers for the forest wealth of the country, which in a short time could not fail to be of great commercial value. On the shores of Indian bayou may be seen clearings with hundreds of the finest black walnuts among the deadened trees, while many of the noblest specimens of this valuable timber tree are felled for fence rails or trifling purposes. The amount of oak and hickory timber destroyed here annually is amazing. It is generally believed, however, that not one acre in fifty over this whole region of hard-wood forest has yet been stripped of its tree covering. Quite different is the condition of the cypress growth in the great Yazoo valley. This tree, confined to low and more or less inundated bottoms bordering on the Mississippi, the Lower Yazoo, Big Sunflower, and their numerous tributaries, was once found in the greatest abundance in this region, and immense quantities of cypress lumber have been furnished by the lower parts of Issaquena and Washington and the western parts of Warren and Yazoo counties. The most valuable timber has now, however, disappeared from the immediate neighborhood of the low river banks easily accessible at seasons of high water during every winter and spring. Only groves .standing remote from the banks of the water courses, and which are only accessible to the raftsman during exceptionally high stages of water, now supply this lumber. In the upper portions of die valley, however, in the low depressions described as extending between the elevated banks of the streams, more or less limited areas of undisturbed cypress forest are found. The shallow lagoons, covered with water except during seasons of prolonged drought, and called cypress creeks, present in the spring of the year a strange sight. No object meets the eye between the immense trunks of the mighty trees, as in these cypress groves no other tree nor 536 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. shrub can live iu the dark, shaded, water-covered soil. These reservoirs of drainage, generally without outlet, are called cypress lakes if the water iu any part of them, too deep to allow the growth of trees, confines the cypress to their more shallow borders. Here the cypress arrives at its greatest dimensions and produces timber of the finest quality. These cypress lakes and cypress brakes, remote from streams, at no time of the year connected with them, and always surrounded with a mire of forest swamp impassable to wagons, still retain their best timber. Of late years, since swamp and overflowed lauds have become the property of the state, planters have added many of these cypress tracts to their estates by purchase ; many others have been acquired by companies formed to construct artificial channels by which the timber may be floated to the nearest streams. The richest and most extensive of these groves of cypress, already more or less in the hands of capitalists, are found along Steele's bayou, between Deer creek and the Sunflower river, in Washington county ; between that stream and the lower course of Bogue Phalia, aud between the Mississippi river and Black creek above Greenville. There is also a very large body of cypress inclosing the 'California brake', upon the Little Sunflower, in the counties of Bolivar and Coahoma, extending through Tallahatchie county to the Yazoo river. "The traffic in cypress lumber in the Yazoo region dates from 1830. In 1838 it was commenced upon the Sunflower river and Deer creek, ten years after the fiist settlements were established upon the banks of these streams; since that time rafts have been sent regularly to New Orleans, and camps of lumbermen have been established in every direction, the forests, particularly those upon the public domains, being regarded as the undisputed property and lawful prey of the log-getter. In consequence the cypress groves have been, if not entirely destroyed, largely culled of their best timber wherever it could be obtained without investment of capital, that is by simply floating the logs to the streams at times of freshet and overflow. "The cutting of these cypress forests is not wisely regulated under the ownership of the state. Thesc'lands have been thrown into the market at 50 cents an acre with the condition of settlement. Beneficial as such a law might prove in the disposal of lands fit for cultivation, it results, in the case of timber-land unfit for the plow, in the reckless destruction of one of the surest sources of public revenue. The state thus sells for 50 cents what on its face is worth to the purchaser hundreds of dollars, and which, when deprived of its value and rendered forever worthless, will be turned back to the state again. "Much of the destruction of the timber can be traced to wasteful methods practiced by the negroes. Under present methods any one having rented a plantation will, for the most trifling wants, cut down a tree, regardless of size, and without any effort to preserve for future use the parts not immediately wanted, so that the next quarter of a century will probably see the entire destruction of the vast quantities of timber stored in the whole of this great territory." LOUISIANA. The coast of Louisiana is bordered by saliue marshes and savannas extending inland from 10 to 40 miles, or is covered with a scattered growth of cypress occupying extensive fresh-water swamps peculiar to the region. In Vermillion, Calcasieu, Saint Martin's, and Saint Landry parishes considerable treeless areas, open grassy prairies in the borders of theforest, occur. With these exceptions Louisiana was originally covered with a dense and varied forest growth. The Maritime Pine Belt covered the eastern portion of the state nearly to the Amite river, or until checked from further western development by the alluvial deposits of the Mississippi. Forests of pine, too, occupied the western part of the state north and south of the Eed river. The pine flats of Calcasieu were covered with forests formed almost exclusively of the long-leaved pine, which, farther north, mixed with oaks and various hard-wood trees, extends over the high rolling country which stretches from the Sabiue northeasterly nearly to the Ouachita river. The northeastern part of the state was covered, outside of the broad bottom lands of the rivers, with a heavy forest of short-leaved pine (Finns mitis) mixed with upland oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The bottom lands and all that part of the state bordering the Mississippi were covered with a heavy growth of the trees peculiar to such low, rich soil throughout the Gulf region. The high bluffs which occur at different points along the Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, and other streams flowing through the western part of the state were covered with a noble forest of evergreen magnolias mingled with beeches, water oaks, and gums. The most valuable forests of the state are still almost intact, although the pine has been cut from the banks of the Pearl river and some of its tributaries, and from along the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad, to furnish the New Orleans market with lumber. Pine has also been cut along the Sabine river, from both forks of the Calcasieu, along the Red river in the neighborhood of Alexandria and Shreveport, and more recently in Catahoula parish, along Little river. The river swamps and rolling hills in the eastern and northern parts of the state still contain vast bodies of valuable hard-wood forest yet untouched by the ax. The forests of Louisiana, uninvaded as yet by the manufacturers of naval stores, have not greatly suffered from forest fires. During the census year only 64,410 acres of woodland were reported as burned over by fire, with a loss of only $0,800. These fires were generally set to improve pasturage, or by careless hunters camping in the forest. A small amount of cooperage stock is made in New Orleans almost entirely from cypress aud pine, although that city has long been an important point of export for oak staves and headings brought there from Arkansas and •mi THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 537 Tennessee by river. The magnificent hard woods common over much of the state can supply abundant material for many important industries which already at the north sailer from the exhaustion and deterioration of the local timber supply. The following rough estimates of the amount of the long-leaved and short-leaved pine standing iu the state have been prepared by measuring upon a large-scale map areas occupied by the pine forests, which coincide almost exactly with geological formations. From these areas the totals of clearings as returned by enumerators and all areas of swamp, bottom lands, and prairies are deducted to obtain the extent of territory covered with pine forests. By multiplying this area by the average stand of timber per acre, obtained by numerous observations in different parts of the state, the following estimate of the amount of merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, is reached: PamkeM. Long-lcuvf.l p'mi (Pinit* palittitrix). Short-leaved pine (I'imtg milts). Feet, board measure. •JIG 000 000 Feet, board measure. 1 S'i7 000 000 1 574 000 000 Caddo . -. 1 0% 000 000 4, 219 000, 000 Caldwell G02 000 000 3G9 000 000 1 9'>'t 000 000 Do Soto 1 971 000 000 • 157 000 000 198 000 000 886 000 000 1 574 000 000 493 000 000 1 670 000 000 300 000 000 797 000 000 1, 792, 000, COO 618, 000, 000 16 000 000 J 12G 000 000 2,422,000 000 Red River 043 000 000 !598 000 000 1 974 000 000 Saint Helena 749 000 000 579 000, 000 1 398 000 000 Tangipahoa 1, 537, 000, 000 0 522 000 000 3 741 000 000 1 734 000 000 "Webster 1 443 000 000 West Feliciana.. 122 000 000 Winii . . 2 662, 000, 000 Total 26 588 000 000 21 625 000 000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 . . . 61,882,000 22, 709, 000 The principal point of lumber manufacture is Saint Charles, in Calcasieu parish, on the southern border of the western pine forest. Lumber manufactured here is shipped east and west by rail, and in small schooners to Mexican and West Indian ports. A comparatively small amount of lumber is manufactured at New Orleans from logs cut in eastern Louisiana and towed through lake Pontchartraiu and the canals to the city, and along the river front from logs rafted out of the Red, Little, Black, and other streams of northern Louisiana. New Orleans, however, is principally supplied with lumber sawed at Gulf ports, in spite of its position with reference to the most valuable hard-pine forests upon the continent, its large local demand for lumber and all saw-mill refuse, and its facilities for export, which would seem to indicate that it must become the most important center of lumber manufacture and distribution in the south. Small quantities of pine lumber have long been manufactured upon the Eed river near Alexandria; short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis) is sawed at Shreveport, and in small quantities for local consumption at other points in the northern parishes. MOSS GINNING. New Orleans is the center of the " rnoss-ginning " industry of the United States. The "moss" (Tillandsia usneoides), a common epiphyte, growing in great quantities upon the cypress, live oak, and other southern trees, is gathered, by men known as " swampers", in the swamps of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. The moss when gathered is piled near the swamps and allowed to rot during ten or twelve months. It loses in this process about 90 per cent, of its weight, and is then shipped to New Orleans, where it is cleaned, dried, and ginned, losing in this latter operation 35 per cent, in weight. The prepared moss is used in upholstery, either alone or 538 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. mixed with hair. The product of the New Orleans factories is principally shipped to the western states, a comparatively small amount being sent to Europe. Six moss factories are located in Xew Orleans, and there are also small establishments at Plaquemine and at Morgan City, Louisiana, and at Pcnsacola, Florida. New Orleans received during the year ending August 31, 1881, 3,500 bales of rough moss, weighing 10,000,000 pounds, and valued at $315,000. A considerable amount, however, is ginned in the country and shipped direct to consumers, or is prepared by the consumers themselves. Persons most familiar with the volume of this industry estimate that the value of the prepared moss gathered annually in Louisiana, the principal region of supply, is not far from $550,000. The amount gathered, however, varies considerably from year to year. Moss can only be profitably collected at times of high floods, when the swamps are navigable to small boats, and the moss, hanging from the branches of the trees, can be easily gathered. The wages earned by the swampers, too, are not large, and the gathering of moss is only resorted to when more profitable employment upon farms cannot be obtained. The following extracts are from notes of a hasty journey made through the forest region of western Louisiana by Dr. Charles Mohr : " For the investigation of the important pine region of western Louisiana I selected Alexandria as my starting point. Situated almost centrally between the forests of long-leaved pine which skirt both sides of the Eed River valley, Alexandria is the seat of the actual lumber trade and the point where the lumber interests of this great timber region must be developed in the future. Little is left of the vast cypress swamps which once covered the alluvial lands on the Mississippi river below the mouth of the Red river and the lower basin of that stream. It is only in the most inaccessble swamps, cut off from all communication with the rivers, that patches of this timber remain. The ever-increasing demand for this lumber has almost exhausted the available cypress of the Red River country, and cypress is now drawn from the forest farther north bordering the Black and Ouachita rivers. The lowlands along the river front, subject to inundation and devoid of drainage, present in their tree growth the same features as the low forests of the Mississippi and the Yazoo valleys. The bitter pecan flourishes here luxuriantly, and with it the white ash, the swamp over-cup oak, the persimmon, sycamore, sassafras, sweet gum, and cottonw.ood. The green ash is common, and in better-drained localities the willow, white, cow, and red oaks appear, with elms and occasional pecans. Twelve or 15 miles below Alexandria the first pines are seen looming up in the forest; upon a nearer approach they are recognized as the loblolly. A short distance farther up the river, upon sandy bluffs fronting the western shore, fine specimens of the short-leaved pine are observed, associated with black oaks, Spanish oak, the black-jack, and many of the shrubs peculiar to the drift of the coast pine region east of the Mississippi." The wide bottom lands of the river upon which Alexandria is situated extend west to bayou Boeuf. This district, unsurpassed in fertility and regarded as the garden of Louisiana, has but little left of the forest with which it was once covered. The pecan trees alone of the original forest growth have been spared from the general destruction. Of these, fine specimens line the roadsides and dot the fields. The unsightly honey locust occupies the waste low places, in company with a second growth of willows, hackberries, and catalpas. The shores of bayou Boeuf are covered with a variety of trees. Cypresses line the brink of the water; beyond these, sycamores, bitter gums, sweet and white gums, pecans, water and willow oaks, red and white elms, red maple, and ash occupy the gentle acclivities, with a dense undergrowth of smaller trees — the dogwood, several haws, wahoos, catalpas, Carolina buckthorn, southern prickly ash, etc. Ascending the ridge to the uplands the deep alluvial soil is left behind, and the light sandy loams of the Tertiary strata make their appearance, and with this change of soil the vegetation changes as suddenly. Stately loblolly pines rise above the groves of post, black, and Spanish oaks, and where the ridge descends again to what might be called the second bottom of bayou Bceuf, a forest of white oak is entered, which contains a stand of timber seldom equaled. On the long, gentle swells these are associated with fine Spanish oaks, a few pig-nuts and mocker-nuts, and in the depressions with red oak, elms, ash, and other trees found on soil of good quality in the same latitude east of the Mississippi river. "The hills formed by the sandstone drift gravels rise suddenly from the plain covered with the forest of the long-leaved pine, comparing favorably both in the size and number of the trees with the best timber districts in the Coast Pine Belt of the eastern Gulf states. Trees under 12 inches in diameter are rarely seen, as is the case everywhere in these undisturbed primeval pine forests. The soil of this region is closer, more retentive of moisture, and richer in plant-food than that in the Maritime Pine Region east of the Mississippi. The pines here are therefore of more rapid growth and below the standard of quality for which the pine produced on the poor, siliceous ridges of lower Mississippi and Alabama is so highly valued. The numerous streams which cut their way through these pine hills are fringed with many of the evergreens peculiar to the eastern Gulf coast; and magnolias, the red and white bay, wax myrtles, willows, and the devilwood are common. "The pine region west of the Red River valley spreads westward to the Sabine, forming part of the great pine forest which extends far into eastern Texas. Southward it constantly increases in width ; and its length from north to south, where it verges upon the lower maritime prairies of the Calcasieu, is not less than 100 miles. It includes the whole of the parish of Vernon, the largest part of Calcasieu, and portions of the parishes of Natchitoches and Rapides, covering an area of about 4,500 square miles. The northern portion of this belt is one vast primeval forest. The small inroads made by the scattered settlers and the few small saw-mills which supply a small local THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 539 demand are too insignificant to ho taken into account. In tlio southern portion of this forest the saw-mills on the Sabine river and at Lake Charles have already removed some timber from the banks of the principal streams. "The region of long-leaved pine which skirts the eastern confines of the Eed River valley, and which at its southern extremity almost touches the river hanks, may he called the central pine region of west Louisiana. The village of Pineville, opposite the city of Alexandria, is the center of the lumber trade of this region. The high, undulating uplands formed of the Pliocene-Tertiary strata which here front the, river bear a growth of loblolly and short-leaved pine, mixed with upland oaks. A few miles to the eastward, however, upon the hills covered with drift, the forest of long-leaved pine appears. The surface in this central pine region is more broken, the soil poorer, more porous and siliceous than west of the Eed River valley, and the timber produced here is of unsurpassed quality. An average of not less than fifteen trees to the acre, with a diameter of over 15 inches 3 feet from the ground, grow here. The production of lumber is limited to saw-mills situated 7 or 8 miles from the river. They have been gradually removed from its banks as the timber was exhausted on a line 7 or 8 miles in length north and south from Pineville. - The production of these mills amounts in the aggregate to 40,000 feet a day. The lumber manufactured here supplies the population of the Red River valley as far west as Shreveport. "The rolling uplands which extend to the edge of the river at Shreveport are covered with a heavy, cold, clayey soil almost impervious to water ; they bear an open growth of oaks, among which the post oak is the prevailing species, finding here the conditions most favorable to its growth. The Spanish oak, invariably called west of the Mississippi river red oak, with fine black-jack makes up the larger part of the tree growth. Hickories, represented by the pig-nut and mocker-nut, are not frequent, and are of small size. The black oak is found in localities with somewhat rocky surface and loose subsoil, while white oaks occur along the base of declivities where an accumulation of vegetable matter has been deposited. The undergrowth in these woods is scanty, and consists for the most part of seedling oaks. Where, however, the forest has been entirely removed, the loblolly pine takes exclusive possession of the soil. These oak forests reach to the northern confines of the state and extend west into Texas. In their southern extremity toward the pine region the soil is better, and the white oak becomes the prevailing forest tree. My attention was directed to the fact that since the removal of the raft of the Red river the drainage of the npper part of the valley has been greatly improved, and many of the lakes and swamps formerly continually inundated are now dry, while the swamp forest growth, including the cypress, is dying, or has already died. "Opposite Shreveport the valley spreads out into an extensive plain from 8 to 10 miles in width, descending imperceptibly as it recedes from the bank of the river. These lowlands are mere swamps, often deeply overflowed by the backwater of the river, which finds its way through the numerous bayous and inlets which intersect this plain. The forest growth covering these swamps is of inferior size, and consists of but few species. The cypress occupies the overflowed swamps, but it is always below medium size, and I did not notice a single specimen 2 feet in diameter. The saline, gypsum soil does not seem suited to its full development. The water locust finds here its favorite home. It is very common in moist localities not subject to constant inundation. The wood of this tree is as hard and durable as that of the common honey locust, and is employed for the same purposes; that is, in the manufacture of stirrups, blocks, hubs. etc. The green ash is frequently seen here growing with the wahoo, hornbeam, holly, and privet, and forming broad clumps of great luxuriance beneath the larger trees. After passing Cross bayou the land gently rises, and, with better drainage, the trees of the swamps disappear and are replaced by a more varied and valuable timber growth. The white ash and white and red oaks are the more common trees in the woods which skirt the base of the ridges forming the eastern limits of the valley of the Red river. At this point they are separated from the low hills of the Pliocene sandy loams by a pretty, clear stream, the Red Chute, which runs swiftly over its bed along the base of the uplands; these form long, gentle, swelling slopes, or spread out into broad flats more or less deficient of drainage. The ridges are all wooded with upland oaks and short-leaved pines, while the loblolly pine, with water and willow oaks, sweet and black gums, cover the depressions and damp flats. The tree growth upon these ridges is vigorous. I have nowhere found the short-leaved pine of finer proportions, equaling in size and length of clear trunk the long-leaved species. This region of the short-leaved pine, with its low, heavily-timbered ridges, is similar in character of soil and vegetation to the pine hills of central and northern Mississippi, and might be designated as the region of the pine hills of northern Louisiana. Between lake Bodcau and lake Bistineau the surface of the country is very often imperfectly drained, and there the loblolly pine is the prevailing tree. A few miles back of Bellcvue, in Bossier parish, the level forest is interrupted by a strip of prairie from 1 mile to 3 miles wide, covered with a cold, soapy, gray soil impervious to water. On these natural meadows no tree or shrub is growing, except a peculiar Cratcegus, new to me. (a) It is a small tree or large shrub, forming strictly-defined, impenetrable, dense thickets a few rods or of several acres in extent. In its arborescent form it rises to a height of frem 15 to 20 feet, with a more or less bent trunk 6 or 7 inches in diameter, spreading its crooked limbs at a height of from 4 to 6 feet above the ground. The fruit is said to be as large as that of the apple haw, sweet and edible ; it is eagerly eaten by swine, which fatten upon it. This tree is here called by the people 'hogs' haw'. a Cratcegus brachyacantta, Sargent and Engeliiiaun. 540 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "On the decline which leads to the valley of bayou Dauchitta, the flatwoods give way to a flue growth of Spanish and post oaks, elms, and gums. "The western bank of the bayou is confronted by hills of the post-Tertiary sands and gravels which westward form a succession of steep ridges heavily wooded with the upland oaks and short-leaved pine. The narrow creek bottoms inclosed between these ridges are watered abundantly by springs and clear streams shaded by white and red bay, hollies, azaleas, and kalmias. The great magnolia is not seen here, and the American olive is missing. In these gravelly hills, extending westward to the valley of the Ouachita river, the short:leaved pine is very common and the characteristics of the pine-hill region are prominent. These hills cover a large area extending northward into Arkansas, and toward the south merging gradually into the oak woods which border upon the bottoms of the numerous tributaries of the Eed river. This pine-hill region is sparsely settled, and, remote from water and rail communication, its original stores of pine and hard-wood timber have scarcely been touched. "An intimate knowledge of the forest growth in this section was obtained by an excursion over the hills to bayou Dauchitta above its entrance to lake Bistineau. In the localities of the best drainage in this valley the cow oak is very common, mixed with the white and post oaks, while sweet gums, black gums, water and willow oaks, and hackberries occupy lower situations. On the immediate banks and in the sloughs small cypress trees are common, mixed with the bitter pecan, the hornbeam, the water locust, and the sycamore. The loblolly pine takes possession of every opening in the forest, descending the high hills, while numerous haws border the edges of the forest. In the bottoms and along the declivities, the Chickasaw and the American plum are found of larger size than farther east. Loblollies and hickories with the black and post oaks occupy the lower declivities, and upon the heights the yellow pine mixed with upland oaks forms fine forests." TEXAS. The most important forests of Texas are found in the extreme eastern part of the state, where the Maritime Pine Belt of the south Atlantic region extends to about midway between the Trinity and the Brazos rivers. A forest of long-leaved pine occupies most of the territory between the Sabiue and the Brazos south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, reaching south to within 20 miles of the coast. Beyond the long-leaved pine forests, forests of the loblolly pine, mixed with hard woods, stretch westward 50 or 60 miles, while north of these two regions a third division of the pine belt, composed of a heavy growth of short-leaved pine mingled with upland oaks, occupies the rolling ridges which extend northward to beyond the Eed river. The swamps which line the larger streams flowing into the Gulf, especially within the limits of the pine belt, still contain large bodies of cypress. The quality of the Texas cypress, however, is inferior to that grown east of the Mississippi river, and probably one-third of the timber growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Xueces rivers is "peggy " or affected by dry rot. West of the pine belt open forests largely composed of post and blackjack oaks occur, gradually decreasing in density, and finally, west of the ninety-seventh degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west, however, the "lower" and "upper cross-timbers", two remarkable bodies of timber, composed of small and stunted specimens of these oaks, extend from the Indian territory far south into the prairie region, occupying long, narrow, irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial deposits overlie the limestone of the prairie region. A belt of forest, largely composed of post and black-jack oaks^ varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of the Trinity nearly to the Nueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of from 50 to 00 miles inland, the trend of the coast. The bottom lands east of the one hundredth meridian are lined with the deciduous trees which occupy similar situations in the eastern Gulf states. !Near the coast the bottom lands of the large rivers, often several miles in width, are covered with dense forests composed of enormous trees. Farther west the bottoms gradually narrow, the number of arborescent species covering them decreases, and individual trees are small and stunted. West of the Colorado river the forests of the Atlantic region are replaced outside of the bottom lands by Mexican forms of vegetation ; the hills are covered with a stunted growth of mesquit, Mexican persimmon, various acacias, and other small trees of little value except for fuel and fencing. An important tree in the forest of western Texas is the cedar covering the low limestone hills which occupy hundreds of square miles north and west of the Colorado river, in Travis, Bastrop, Hays, Comal, and adjacent counties. West of the one hundredth meridian all forest growth disappears, with the exception of a few scattered cottonwoods, elms, and hackberries, confined to the narrow bottoms, and a shrubby growth of mesquit, which coveis the plains of western Texas, furnishing the only fuel of the region. The mountain ranges, outlying ridges of the Eocky mountains, which occupy the extreme western part of the state, are covered with an open, stunted forest of western pines and cedars, with which mingle the post oak, the yellow oak, and other species of the Atlantic region. The pine belt covering the eastern counties of the state is alone important as a source of lumber supply. Areas of river-bottom land covered with trees are, as compared with the area of the state, insignificant in extent, and these river belts of forest are entirely insufficient to supply even the mere local wants of the nearest settlements. The oak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western prairies and plains, are, except along their extreme eastern borders, composed of small, stunted trees, often hollow, defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway ties. The forests of the western mountains are : ! I ! I : : „ • .- • III! s? -- \ z - -2- i == = • f 'II J 1 J 5 j'RJ ?! ill 1 • III * J JTi A • * ' fff\ • ' '' ' % - • - i i V e I M a s . THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 541 not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is probably no exaggeration to say that west of the pine belt, and with the exception of the small amount of hard wood found on the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree fit to manufacture into first-class lumber. The pine forests, therefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern provinces of Mexico, which must draw their building material from these pineries. The position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory destitute of timber, although adapted to agriculture and grazing, and which must soon be covered with a considerable population and a net-work of railroads, their richness of composition, and the facility with which they can be worked, give to them perhaps a greater prospective value than that possessed by any body of timber of similar extent in the United States. During the census year 599,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by fire, with an estimated loss of $273,990. Of these fires the larger number was set to improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the mesquit over a great extent of territory. Small amounts of cooperage stock and woodenware, principally for local consumption, are manufactured in the eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abundant supply of material. The following rough estimates of the amounts of the three kinds of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, were made by multiplying the average stand of timber per acre by the county areas occupied by the pine forests, these being obtained by deducting, from total areas of the county, estimated areas covered by clearings, bottom lands, swamps, etc. : Counties. Long-leavpd pino (Pinuspalustris). Short-leaved pine (Pinu* mitis) . Lobloll v pine (Pinus Tceda). Anderson Feet, board measure. Feet, board measure, 336 000 000 Feet, board measure. 1 763 600 000 • 1 340 ?00 000 1 190 400 000 2 380 800 000 Camp... . .. 579 200 000 Cass 2 470 400 000 2 230 400 000 Franklin 448 000 000 Gregg 598 400 000 Grimes 211 200 000 1 244 800 000 697 200 000 Harris 1 827 200 000 Harrison 2 326 400 000 Henderson 521 600 000 483 200 000 Houston 3 216 000 000 Jasper 2 534 400 000 Jefferson 288 000 000 41 600 000 2 147 *>00 000 Madison 233 600 000 Marion 1 187 200 000 Montgomery 2 326 400 000 Morris 729 600 000 Nacogdoches 1 216 000 000 1 555 200 000 35 500 000 2 ll'J 000 000 Orange > i i 230 000 000 518 400 000 Panola 1 193 600 000 1 107 200 *00 Polk 2 7°0 000 000 Red River 272 000 000 Rusk 115 200 000 2 492 800 000 Sabine 1 648 000 000 San Augustine 1, 6^5 600 000 San Jacinto 1 833 600 000 Shelby Smith. 2 035 200 000 Titus 806 000 000 Trinity 51 000 000 1 987 200 000 Tyler 2 550 400 000 1 39^ 006 000 Van Zandt ... 26 000 000 "Walker 1 590 400 000 : Waller 19 000 000 Wood 1 600 000 000 Total . . 20 508 200 000 26 093 200 000 20 907 100 000 Amount cut for the year ending May 31, 1880 66, 450, 000 a 146, 420, 000 61, 570, 000 a Including 30,290,000 shingles. 542 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The principal centers of lumber manufacture iu Texas are Orange and Beaumont, oil the Sabiue and Nueces rivers, above Sa'*iue pass. Loug-leaved pine and cypress are sawed here and shipped east and west by rail, and in small quantities by schooner to Texan and Mexican ports. Loblolly pine is sawed at a number of small mills upon the line of the International and Great Northern railroad in the counties south of the Trinity river, and a large amount of short-leaved pine is manufactured in the mills upon the line of the Texas Pacific railroad in the northeastern counties, Lougview, in Gregg county, being the principal center of this industry. The product of these mills is shipped west by rail to supply settlers upon the prairies of northern Texas with building material. The following extracts are derived from the notes upon the forests of Texas made by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile : " West of Marshall, upon the Texas Pacific railroad, the surface of the land becomes more broken ; the soil is lighter, more porous, and favorable to the growth of the short-leaved pine, which soon becomes the prevailing forest tree in the woods extending toward the west. Longview, a small town at the junction of the International and Great Northern and Texas Pacific railroads, is situated almost in the center of the short-leaved pine region, and is the seat of an active lumber business. These forests of short-leaved pine, more or less interspersed with oaks, extend to the northern boundary of the state, and southward with an easterly trend to the confines of the region of the long-leaved pine. The short-leaved pine finds its western limits near Mineola. At Palestine, in Anderson county, the uplands are covered with a loamy, somewhat sandy, soil underlaid with, a heavy clay. Here a more or less open oak forest is common. The black oak abounds, with the Spanish, black- jack, blue-jack, and post oak, the last, however, always the prevailing species. Next to the post oak the black- jack is the species of widest distribution in Texas, the two species being always found associated together from the northern confines of the state to the prairies of the coast, and from the east to the treeless regions of western Texas. The bois d'arc (Madura aurantiaca) is common along the banks of the water-courses in eastern Texas, attaining a size large enough to be economically valuable. It is here, however, most probably adventitious from the region in the northwest, where it forms an almost uninterrupted belt of woods from 4 to 10 miles wide, extending from a short distance south of the city of Dallas to the northern frontier of the state, entering the Indian territory between Sherman and Paris. This tree attains a height of from 45 to 50 feet, with a diameter of from 1 foot to 2 feet, and is of great value. " The timber growth immediately west of the Brazos is stunted and scanty ; large areas of grass land intervene between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disappears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, in gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Milam county a belt of open post-oak woods from 20 to 25 miles in width is entered. It extends from Belton, in Bell county, southward to the upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of poor quality, sandy, gravelly, and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable mold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near Bastrop; a tract of loblolly pine is found covering nearly four townships, or about 90,000 acres. During the last twelve years all the useful timber on this isolated tract has been cut down. A second growth of pine, however, has sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the land, and promises in a short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper part of McLennan county, near Waco, and extending to the northern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross- timbers of the Wichita. It is known as the 'lower cross timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly 150 miles long, with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and Fort Worth. At a distance of from 20 to 40 miles west of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boundary of the state, with a long western spur following the valley of the Brazos as far as the ninety -ninth meridian. This oak forest is known as ' the cross-timbers '. " Taken as a whole, the country west of the Brazos river, except the basin of the Colorado, is a poorly-timbered region. The inesquit was first met with on the declivities of the prairie, which verge here upon the valley of the Colorado. The wood of this tree is hard, fine-grained, tough, heavy, and of great durability. In the western portions of the state, almost entirely destitute of other timber growth, it serves, according to its size, a variety of purposes in the economy of the stock ranch, and is there invaluable for fencing. Burning with a clear, smokeless flame and possessing great heating-powers, it is unsurpassed as fuel by any other Texas wood. It serves, moreover, another important purpose in furnishing an abundance of wholesome and nutritious food to large herds of cattle, at a season of the year when long-continued droughts have destroyed the grass upon the prairie. With the increasing settlement of the treeless-prairie region during the last 15 or 20 years, this tree has spread rapidly east and north. Near San Antonio I saw extensive districts, reported to have been, a few years ago, entirely destitute of even a trace of ligneous growth, and which are now covered with copses of mesqnit. Similar growths have sprung up everywhere in the prairies of western Texas. The appearance of this new growth may be traced to the influence of the vast herds of stock which range over the prairies, and which, in voiding the seeds of this tree, assist its wider distribution, and, in keeping down the grass, diminish the quantity of combustible material which feeds the prairie fires, and thus check and finally prevent the spread of the frequent conflagrations which swept year after year over these grassy plains. 19 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR i i j — >. a V i FIlLMO^Tr^A LI DENSITY OF FORESTS COMPILED UNDKHIHK DIRECTION OF C.S.SARGENT, SPECIAI. AGENT 1883. I j Under i cord per acre II TENTI: _,j wooDsou! vauEw i 3^HBI si. !TOB JubusBicn&CeJJfb THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 543 " West of the Colorado river the pecan-nut is an important product, forming one of the staple articles of export. Shipments of this nut from San Antonio average annually 1,250,000 pounds, obtained from the bottom lauds of the Nueces, the llio Frio, Medina, and liio Ooncho. A million pounds, obtained from the Colorado, Guadalupe, Itio Blanco, Pierderelis, Sabiual, Llano, and Sau Saba rivers, are shipped from Austin, and about a quarter of a million more from Indiauola, gathered on the lower Guadalupe, San Antonio, Colorado, and other streams flowing into the Gulf. The nuts are worth, on an average, 5 cents a pound to the gatherer. '' On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terraces leading to the table-land of northern Mexico, the woods are confined to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The open plains on these table-lands are either entirely destitute of ligneous growth, or, when covered with deeper and more fertile soil, support low copses of mesquit. The western juniper is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding 35 feet in height, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a bro.id, round head. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, fine-grained, hard, and heavy, and in density and durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks sufficiently long to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough construction, posts, palings, etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which surround the channels of the headwaters of the numerous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these hills. Here it forms open groves, with scarcely any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees. These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue the large springs which form such a striking feature in this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few of the filll-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil. Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upper part ef the Colorado valley, extending toward the south a short distance below New Brauufels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered tracts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boerne, in Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties." INDIAN TEERITOEY. The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies, south of which a heavy body of forest composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with a maximum width in the Choctaw nation of CO miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of pine, varying from 10 to 30 miles in length and 2 to 4 miles in width, occur on Spavina creek, Illinois river, Salina river, Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 25 miles west of Beams, a station upon the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Smaller bodies of pine are found, too, east of Beams, and at Striugtown, where lumber is manufactured and shipped southward by rail into northern Texas. % The bottom lauds of all the streams flowing through the eastern portion of the territory are heavily timbered with hard woods, and especially those of the Neosho, Verdigris, Arkansas, and Canadian rivers contain great bodies of the finest black walnut now growing. A particularly fine growth of this timber extends along the Verdigris river for 50 miles above Coffeeville. West of the region of heavy forest the country is covered with an open growth of upland oaks, among which the most prominent are the post oak and the black-jack. These forests are interspersed with prairies, often of considerable extent, which gradually occupy the whole country outside the bottom lands. Farther west, between the ninety-seventh and ninety -ninth degrees of west longitude, the "cross-timbers" enter the territory from the south. They are composed, as in Texas, of a stunted growth of post oak and black-jack, and extend northward across the territory in straggling patches into southern Kansas. The main belt of the "cross-timbers", about 70 miles wide at the Texas boundary, gradually becomes narrower toward the north and northwest, disappearing, at about longitude 99° west, upon the ridges south of the Cimarron river. No returns of the amount of lumber manufactured in the territory have been received, nor other than the most general information in regard to its forest covering. ARKANSAS. Heavy forests cover the state of Arkansas, with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally confined to Prairie and Arkansas counties, north of the valley of the Arkansas river, and the western borders of the state. North of the Arkansas river the forests are mostly composed of the deciduous trees of the Mississippi basin, through •which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, in which the short-leaved pine, the only species found in 544 TPIE FORESTS OF T^E UNITED STATES. northern Arkansas, is mixed with the hard woods. The southwestern part of the state south of the Arkansas river and west of the broad, level plain of the Mississippi is covered outside the river-bottom lands with an almost continuous forest of pine, in which the short-leaved species occupies the high, dry ridges and the loblolly the moist soil above the bottoms. Great bodies of cypress cover the extensive swamps that stretch along the eastern border of the state or line the bottoms of the White, Arkansas, Washita, and Eed rivers. The hard-wood forests of the state are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the finest oak, walnut, hickory, and ash timber. Black walnut of large size is still widely scattered over the state, and is particularly abundant in the valley of the Eed and other southern rivers. The pine forests are almost intact. Settlements made for agricultural purposes have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few years has pine lumber been manufactured in the state, except to supply a very limited local demand. Recently, however, comparatively small quantities of lumber manufactured at numerous railroad mills, principally established south of the Arkansas river, have been shipped north and south out of the state. The forests of Arkansas have received comparatively little damage from fire. Pine generally succeeds pine even on burned land, although upon certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black and red oaks, or, in the southern part of the state, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lands. During the census year 858,115 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $259,470. The largest number of these fires was due to the carelessness of farmers in clearing laud, or to hunters camping in the forest. Industries consuming hard woods are still in their infancy in Arkansas, although doubtless destined to attain an important development. Eough white-oak staves are largely manufactured in the White Elver country and in the northeastern part of the state for eastern and European markets. A considerable traffic exists in the southwestern counties in the wood of the Osage orange, used for wheel stock, and more recently as pavement in Saint Louis and other northern cities. The following estimates of the amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas May 31, 1880, were prepared by Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville : SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinus mitfs). Counties. Feet, board measure. Counties. Feet, board measure. Counties. Feet, board measure. Ashley 1, 555, 000, 000 187, 000, 000 124, 000, 000 1, 140, 000, 000 1, 519, 000, 000 159, 000, 000 1, 280, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 1, 866, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 54, 000, 000 1, 659, 000, 000 726, 000, 000 482, 000, 000 42, 000, 000 146, 000, 000 1, 865, 000, 000 207, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 1, 176, 000, 000 Hot Spring 1, 348, 000, 000 1, 254, 000, 000 93, 000, 000 242, 000, 000 518, 000, 000 248, 000, 000 586, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 105, 000, 000 690, 000, 000 554, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 55, 000, COO 207, 000, 000 622, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 2, 281, 000, 000 1,453,000,000 767, 000, 000 1, 384, 000, 000 Perry 1, 023, 000, 000 21, 000, 600 1, 695, 000, 000 45, 000, COO 2, 592, 000, 000 208, 000, 000 668, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 933, 000, 000 1, 516, 000, 000 166, 000, 000 243, 000, 000 909, 000, COO 35, 000, 000 179, 000, 000 2, 364, 000, 000 435, 000, 080 23, 000, 000 1, 306, 000, 000 Baxter I'htllips Pike Bradley Polk Carroll Pope Clarke Pulaski Clay Lee Scott Dallas ; Sharp Miller Fulton Garland Grant White Tell Hempstoad Ouachita Total 41, 315, 000, 000 Cnt for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 57,943,000 shingles and 2,891,C 00 laths) 129, 781, 000 TENNESSEE. The western counties of Tennessee are covered with heavy forests, similar in distribution and density to those which occupy the Yazoo region of western Mississippi. The river swamps in this part of the state still contain large bodies of cypress, while the hills are covered with oaks, hickories, and other hard- wood trees. The central portion of the state, now largely cleared for cultivation, was once covered with forests of hard wood, remnants of which are still found upon rocky ridges or land unfit for agriculture. Nearly through the center of this middle district, extending north and south, "the cedar glades" occupy an extensive region of Silurian limestone. Here the characteristic growth consists of red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), often forming stunted forests of considerable extent, to the exclusion of other species, or is mixed with the honey locust, a characteristic species, also, of this well-marked region. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 545 The eastern part of the state, occupied by the Cumberland plateau and the high ranges of the southern Alleghany mountains, is covered with a heavy forest of oak and other hard woods, mixed at high elevations with, hemlock, pine, and spruce, and constituting one of the finest bodies of timber now standing in the United States. It contains, besides white and chestnut oak of fine quality, much yellow poplar, black walnut, and cherry. In the southeastern counties, especially in the valley of the Tennessee river, the hard-wood forests have been, however, already destroyed over large areas to furnish charcoal for the iron-manufacturing industry established here. During the census year '.).S5,430 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of 65,254,980. Of these fires the largest number was set ;n the careless clearing of land for agriculture or to improve grazing, and by hunters, locomotives, etc. Mr. A. G. Willey, of Manchester, Tennessee, has supplied the following statement in regard to the effects produced upon the forest growth by the annual burning of dead herbage to improve pasturage : "EFFECT OF FIRES UPON THE FOREST. "The practice of burning timber-land, said to have been of Indian origin, has been continued by the white settlers. The native grasses do not die down when killed by frost; they simply die standing, and the young grass in the spring has to push through the old tuft, which is often Q or 8 inches high. The fires are set in the timber and old fields to burn these tufts, that stock may graze four or six weeks earlier than if the old herbage had been left upon the ground. In the barrens and on the Cumberland plateau the timber is principally oak of various kinds, which do not shed their leaves at once when killed by frost, or rot when partially green, but remain dry upon the trees and fall gradually during winter and spring. The largest portion, therefore, are on the ground in February, the time when fires are set. The effect of these fires is to destroy all the natural sources of fertility, grass, leaves, and fallen timber. Had these been allowed to accumulate, what are now called barren lands would be the most fertile in the state. The practice kills, too, the young trees, so that some of the most valuable timber that the land is suitable to produce is unable to stand. The black-jack, post oak, black oak, etc., however, on account of the protection afforded by their thick bark, are able to gain some headway, and so crowd out more valuable trees. The state law makes it a misdemeanor with heavy penalty for any one to set fire to and burn a neighbor's land ; but the difficulty of detection and conviction in such cases makes this law non-effective. These are the causes and effects of forest fires in this section ; they never occur here in summer." Considerable cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured in Tennessee, but, except in the eastern part of the state, manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of the best hard woods, especially white oak. In the eastern counties the manufacture of oak staves and other industries using hard woods are capable of large development. The principal center of lumber manufacture in the state is Nashville, where several mills saw large quantities of black walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, oak, etc., received by raft from the upper Cumberland river in Tennessee and Kentucky. The local market takes about one-third of the lumber manufactured here, the remainder being sent north and east by rail. Memphis, on the Mississippi river, is also an important manufacturing center. The mills here are largely supplied by rafts from Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and saw large quantities of cypress, ash, poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hard-wood lumber manufactured in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion, and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jefferson, largely from logs obtained in the vicinity of the mills, is principally consumed locally. KENTUCKY. The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cypress, gum, and various water oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, was once covered with the oaks, walnuts, and hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and southeastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain great bodies of the best hard wood, especially black walnut, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are particularly fine and abundant in Bell, Harlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the falls of the Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upper waters, and inaccessible to rail communication, are still practically uninjured, and probably unsurpassed in the amount, quality, and value of the timber which they contain. The destruction of forests to supply numerous iron furnaces with charcoal has been great in the northeastern counties, and no small part of this region has already been cut over. During the census year 550,647 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $237,635. Of these fires by far the largest number was traced to farmers carelessly clearing land for agricultural purposes. In Barren, Bdmouson, and other central counties extensive tracts of prairie existed at the time of the earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these prairies in the midst of a heavily-timbered region is ascribed to the annual burning to which thev were subjected by the aborigines. With the disappearance of the 35 FOR 546 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES Indians trees sprang up, and this region is now well covered with a vigorous growth of black oaks of different species. White oaks, however, are not abundant, and other species common to the region, such as the walnuts, the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the effect of fires in checking the subsequent growth or development of many useful timber trees. PASTURAGE OF WOODLANDS. The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and southern portion of the United States, suffer severely from the almost universal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice is only more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proportionately larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled agricultural sections of these states the ratio of woodland to total area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlands necessitates, or at least induces, the annual burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What the fires spare, browsing animals devour ; hogs root out seedlings, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks, are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests of the more thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this change of forest composition must be ascribed to the preference of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the most valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by .the constant stamping of animals and consequent packing of the land about the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual dying of old trees left standing in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. The spread of the mistletoe (Phoradendronflavescens), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it does not flourish or increase rapidly in the dense forest, and cannot spread except by the agency of birds), is a cause of serious injury to the forest of this whole region. It slowly but surely destroys the trees upon which it obtains a foothold. The black walnut especially suffers from the growth of this parasite, which seems destined to destroy the finest walnut timber left standing in the settled portions of the southern central region. Large quantities of cooperage and wheel stock are produced all over the state, and manufacturers generally report no scarcity or deterioration of timber, with the exception of white oak. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of the Tennessee river, in McCracken county, where a large amount of cypress, sycamore, gum, oak, walnut, and other hard wood is manufactured for the northern market from logs rafted down the Tennessee and other streams flowing into the Mississippi; at Frankfort, where poplar, oak, ash, walnut, pine, cherry, hickory, and maple logs, rafted from the upper waters of the. Kentucky river, are sawed, the lumber being- shipped north and east by rail; and at Louisville, where walnut, poplar, and oak lumber is manufactured for local consumption. The manufacture of pumps and water-pipes from logs of the Jersey pine (Pinus inops), at one time an important industry at Louisville, has, since the general introduction of city and town water-works, become unremuuerative and unimportant. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 547 NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. onio. The forests of Ohio were originally composed of deciduous species. among which, iii the eastern and especially in the northeastern counties, white pine and hemlock existed in isolated bodies of no great extent. The original forest has now been generally removed, except from Ottawa, Miami, Montgomery, and a few other western counties, and from swamps and other lauds unfit for agriculture; everywhere the walnut and other valuable timbers have been culled, and Ohio must soou depend almost exclusively for the lumber which it consumes upon the northern pineries and the hard-wood forests of the south. During the census year 74,114 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $797,170. Of these fires the largest number was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to hunters, sparks from locomotives, etc. The production of cooperage stock has long been an important industry in the state; it has already suffered from a scarcity and deterioration of white oak, for which elm, beech, maple, and poplar are now often substituted. Manufacturers of wheel stock, furniture, woodenware, etc., report abundant material for present consumption. Ohio is sixth among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The business is widely distributed throughout the state, generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills, which threaten the rapid destruction of the remnants of her forests. INDIANA. Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous trees. Along its western bordi-rs these were interrupted, however, by numerous small prairies, the extreme eastern outposts of the great treeless region which, toward the north, extended over the counties of Benton, Newton, and Jasper, and over considerable portions of Lake, Porter, La Porte, Pulaski, White, Tippecanoe, and Warren counties. These prairies have gradually decreased in area with the settlement of the country, and those originally of small extent are now covered with a vigorous growth of the forest trees of the region. The forests of Indiana are characterized by an almost entire absence of coniferous trees. Stunted white and gray pines occupy the sand-dunes which border the southern shores of lake Michigan, and "the knobs" — low, gravelly hills of small extent, in the southeastern river counties — are covered with a heavy growth of the Jersey pine. Swamps in the southwestern counties contain cypress, which finds here the northern limit of its distribution. The broad bottom lands and low ridges of this part of the state are covered with a forest growth probably unsurpassed in the development of individual trees, and rarely equaled in the richness of its composition. The forests of the state have been largely removed in the development of its agriculture. No large bodies of the original timber remain. The black walnut with which the forests of Indiana once abounded has been everywhere culled and is now rare, while the best yellow poplar, oak, and other valuable timbers have been largely consumed. During the census year 90,427 acres of woodland were reported injured by fire, with an estimated loss of $130.335. These fires were set by farmers carelessly clearing land, by hunters, and by sparks from locomotives. The forests of Indiana have long supplied material for a large manufacture of cooperage stock, furniture, wagon stock, woodenware, etc. The cooperage and furniture manufacturers already feel the scarcity and deterioration of the highest grades of oak and walnut, and very generally predict the entire exhaustion at no very distant day of the forests of the state. Indiana is fifth among the states in the value of its lumber-manufacturing interests. Evansville, upon the Ohio river, in 'Vauderburgh county, is an important manufacturing center on account of the capital invested there in he lumber business and the amount of its product. The business, however, as in Ohio, is generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the present rate of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance. ILLINOIS. The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southern portion of the state, the broad bottom lands of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and the southern third of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state was covered by broad, rolling prairies. The forest growth in this prairie region was confined to the narrow river bottoms and occasional open park-like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black-jack, or post oaks, known as " oak openings ", 548 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. through which the prairie fires swept, destroying all nuclei-growth, without doing great injury to the full-grown trees. Prairie fires have gradually decreased in frequency and violence since the settlement of the state, and these open groves are now filled with a vigorous growth of young seedlings and shoots ; their characteristic features have disappeared, and the area of the forest is gradually increasing. The shores of lake Michigan are covered with a stunted growth of white pine; the dry, rocky hillsides in the western part of Union county, one of the southern counties of the state, bear a few yellow pines (Pinus mitis), and cypress is found in the southern river swamps. With these exceptions, of little importance commercially, the forests of Illinois are composed of deciduous species. During the census year only 48,691 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $45,775. These fires were generally traced to hunters, and to farmers permitting brush fires to escape to the forest. The production of cooperage stock was once an important industry in southern Illinois. The business has greatly diminished, owing to the exhaustion of the local supply of the best hard woods. Bass, gum, hackberry, elm, sycamore, and other woods formerly considered of little value, are substituted for oak, and Illinois now receives most of its hard wood from Kentucky, Tennessee, and other southern states. Illinois is eleventh among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes this position to the fact that many large mills sawing pine logs rafted down the Mississippi river from the forests of Wisconsin are established within its borders, and not to the extent and value of the forests of the state. The manufacture of Illinois-grown lumber is small and totally inadequate to supply the wants of the present population of the state. Chicago, owing to its general commercial importance and its position with reference to the great pine forests of the northwest, has become the greatest lumber-distributing center in the world. According to the statistics gathered by the Northwestern Lumberman of Chicago, and published in that journal January 29, 1881, there were received in Chicago during the year 1880 1.419,974,000 feet of lumber by lake and 145,563,118 feet by rail, a total of 1,565,537,118 feet, an increase of 96,817,127 feet over the total receipts of 1879; 650,022,500 shingles were received during the same year. Lumber was received from the lake ports during the year 1880, as follows : Points of shipment. Lumber. Shingles. Points of shipment Lumber. Shingles. Feet. 150, 000 4, 517, 000 5, 200, 000 3, 670, 000 980, 000 3, 876, 000 4, 825, 000 6, 858, 000 755, 000 200, 000 17, 383, 000 1, 541, 000 33, 250, 000 Number. Feet. ?L'5, 110,000 202, 000 451, 854, 000 110, 000 11,003,000 2, 503, 000 739, 000 2, 681, 000 SCO, 000 G, 8C6, 000 9, 596, 000 45, 000 51, 600, 000 3, 355, 000 12, 985, 000 735,000 314, 000 180, 000 200, 000 1, 966, 000 11,926,800 1,662,000 4, 014, 000 522, 000 2, 185, 000 3, 650, 000 11, 640, 000 3, 065, 000 23, 280, 000 730, 000 C6, 603, 000 Number. 700, 000 1, 311, 000 23, 660, 000 Bay tie Noquet '. North Bay Oconto liayfield 395, OCO 2, 886, 000 Black Creflk Black River Canada ports 3, 190, 000 25, 572, 000 Cedar Elver 100, 000 Charlovoix Chebovgan Peshti^o 7, 920, 000 Clav Bank 650, 000 Copper Harbor 70,000 233, 000 2f,0, 000 1, 340, 000 5, 182, 000 17, 850, 000 9, 565, 000 90, 166, 000 1, 577, 000 12, 822, 000 300, 000 857, 000 110, 000 9, 430, 000 970, 000 1, 295, 000 103,713,000 125,000 275, 000 1C5, 217, 000 70, 000 2,411,000 1, 030, 000 Cross Village 1,611,000 Portage Lake Depere Duck lake Port Sheldon Escanaba 3, 457, COO 6, 915, 000 114, 000, 000 22, 562, 000 11, 026, 000 Red River 3, 857, 000 Ford River Rogers City Frankfort Saginaw River Grand Haven Green Bay 4, 000, 000 Uamlin Sanlt Ste Marie Hancock Silver Lake 600,000 300, 000 19, 978, 000 2, 480, 000 Holland Kewaunee 5, 881, 000 170, 000 300, 000 34,330,000 L'Anse Lclnnd Traverse Whitensh Bay Lincoln Ludington White Lake 24, 756, 000 Total 259, 911, 000 300, 000 522, 000 1, 419, H74, 000 145, 563, 118 583, 340, 000 67, 582, 500 Mamsteo Receipts by rail Mauitovroc Grand total 1,565,537,118 650, 922, 500 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Lumber was received by rail during the year 1880, as follows : 549 Nantes of lines. Lumber. Shinies. Feet. 9 096 000 tfttmbtr. 988 000 70 000 26, 799 000 I, 50C, 418 80, 000 11 727 900 44 642 000 3 716 800 Chicago, MilwimlciT, .mil Siiint I'iiul railway 12, 473, 000 2 "24 000 13, 180, 500 2 040 000 18 636 000 1, 385, 000 °4 798 000 8 175 000 12 481 000 17,567 000 50,000 610 900 Total 145,563,118 67, 582, 500 The following account of the early lumber trade of Chicago is condensed from a paper prepared by Mr. George W. Hotchkiss, secretary of the Chicago lumber exchange, and printed in the Northwestern Lumberman under date of March 19, 1881 : "Colonel Maun, residing at Calumet, brought the first raft of lumber to Chicago. It was square building timber, poled from the mouth of the Calumet to the mouth of the Chicago river. The value of this raft was $100, aud its owner found considerable difficulty in disposing of it. In 1834 or 1835 Captain Carver opened a lumber- yard ou the river bank, near the present site of the State-street bridge, and about the same time a man named Harrison owned a small schooner which went to some point across the lake and brought in white wood. This little vessel could not enter the river, on account of the bar across its mouth, and her cargo was unloaded upon scows and rafts, which were floated southward for half a mile or more, around the end of the bar, before they could be headed for the deep water of the river. In 1835 or 183G a man named Eossiter had a small dock and yard on the river, between Clark and La Salle streets, and by this time other yards were started on the river. About the year 1836 a mail named Cammack had a pit-mill on the north branch of the river. His son acted as pit-mau, the old man being the top sawyer. It is not unlikely that the first lumber used in Chicago was manufactured by this method, although about the same time a wind saw-mill was located not far from the present Kinzie-street bridge, which found abundant occupation in sawing white-wood timber, which then grew in the immediate neighborhood, mixed with elm, ash, busswood, and a few oak trees. History does not record, however, that the market was overstocked by the product of this mill, or that the lumber dealers of that day hurried to issue a new price-list low enough to crush the aspirations of their dangerous competitor. In fact, history is so perfectly silent upon the subject of this saw-mill that it is probable its work did not cut much of a figure iu the lumber trade of that day, and that, in fact, it proved a veritable windmill, of less caliber than the muscle of the Cainmacks, who no doubt found greater profit, if harder work, in driving their pit-saw. Captain Carver's lumber-yard was on the river bank, just west of the present State-street bridge, having a light, temporary dock, upon which the small vessels bringing lumber to the river unloaded. There was at this time (1836 or 1837) no other lumber-yard in the village upon the river. Captain Carver afterward (about 1839) sold out to George W. Snow, who occupied the same ground for a number of years. " The earliest lumber of which Mr. Hilliard has any recollection came from Saint Joseph, Michigan ; but shortly after his arrival at Chicago a man named Conroe built a mill at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Jones, King & Co., who were then doing a hardware and general business, received and handled his lumber as a side issue. A small pocket saw-mill, built by a man named Huntoon, iu 1836, was located on the river bank not far from the present Chicago avenue bridge. It was too small to do much work, but was esteemed a very useful and really wonderful mill at that time. The North Side was pretty well timbered with elm, oak, and white wood, and from this timber the, mill obtained its stock. After the streets were cut out the wet nature of the ground compelled one who would visit this saw-mill to pick his way to it by jumping from log to log. It was so far from the village to the mill that it was seldom visited, except by those who enjoyed a Sunday walk and could find no objective point of greater interest for their stroll. The lumber-yard of Tuckerman & Rigginsou was located in 1843 on the north side of the river, near the present northwest end of Clark-street bridge. Clark street above Kiuzie street had been cleared of timber, and a clear view was to be had as far as the eye could reach in a western direction, broken only by a few scattering trees which had been left as sentinels upon the plain. At this time George W. Suow had a yard on the river, near State street, and a Mr. Rossiter had also a yard between Newberry & Doles' warehouse, on the south branch of the river, west of what is now Clark street. Barber & Mason had a yard a little farther west, near Wells street. J. M. Underwood and Sylvester Lind each had a yard on the west side of the river, near Randolph 550 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. street. This was in 1844. Mr. Higginson obtained liis supply of lumber in those days from Hall & Jerome, of Menomiuee, Michigan, Elisha Bailey, of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and - - Fisk, of Depere. In 1845 he had a contract for 1,000,000 feet with William F. Ferry, of Grand Haven. Lumber came also from Kalarnazoo river, Saint Joseph, and Muskegon. hi 1844 Mr. Higginsou purchased a cargo from Mr. Kose, of Muskegou, and, as it was a beautiful lot of lumber, running W\ per cent, upper grades, he was willing to pay a good price, obtaining it at $5 75 per thousand feet. The first cargo of Saginaw lumber which reached Chicago was brought by James Fraser, one of the original proprietors, of the plat of Bay City, who built two mills at Kawkawlin, in latter years known as the Ballon mills. This was in the year 1847 or 1848, and the cargo attracted a good deal of attention, because it was the first lot of circular-sawed lumber that had ever been seen by any of the dealers, and because of its general cleanness of appearance, the attractiveness of a lot of circular-sawed sidings among it, and its excellent quality. All these combined to make the cargo a novelty in its way, and it found a sale at $8 per thousand feet, an extra good price for those days. Average cargoes at this time were quoted at $6 50 to $7 for mill-run lumber, culls out, and it did not need a very coarse piece to rank as a cull. Culls were rated at half price. The retail market held common lumber at about $8 during the summer, and $9 was asked for dry lumber through the winter. Common included everything below first and second clear ; third clear, selects, picks, 'and finishing grades generally, being an invention of a later day. First clear sold at from $12 to $16, and second clear at $10 to $12 ; clear, undressed flooring brought $12, and common flooring $10. The lath trade was mostly in what was known as board lath, although narrow lath arrived in small quantities. The trade of the city in 1843 was about 12,000,000 feet, and this was considered as remarkable as to us were last year's sales of 1,500,000,000 feet, or about 140 times as much more." MICHIGAN. Michigan once possessed a tree covering of great density, richness, and variety. The hard-wood forests of the Ohio valley covered the southern portion of the state, extending to just north of the forty-third degree of latitude. North of this hard-wood belt the character of the forest changed ; the white pine appeared, occupying the drier and more gravelly ridges, and, gradually increasing in size and frequency, became the most important element in the forests of the central and northern portions of the southern peninsula. In the northern peninsula, especially in the basin of the Meuominee river, it covered the sandy plains almost to the exclusion of other species. The forests of hard wood, occupying low, rich soil between the pine-covered ridges, were valuable in their stores of sugar maple, birch, ash, beech, oak, and other northern trees, while the swamps common in the northern part of the state abounded in tamarack and yellow cedar of large size and excellent quality. Forth of the central portion of the lower peninsula large tracts of barren plains exist. One of the most extensive of these tracts occupies a considerable portion of Crawford county, covering an area of several hundred square miles. A second barren region exists in Lake county, and there are others in Ogemaw and losco counties ; similar barrens occur in the northern peninsula, the largest in Schoolcraft and Marquette counties. The soil covering these barrens is a light sandy loam, supporting a stunted growth of gray pine, birches, poplars, and scrub oak. These sandy plains owe their existence, perhaps, to the continual burning of the forest, prostrated possibly, in the first instance, by tornadoes, and thus affording abundant material for a fire hot enough to consume the vegetable mold of the surface and render the soil unfit to produce a second growth of heavy timber, or in many instances any tree growth whatever. Serious inroads have already been made upon the forests of Michigan. The hard wood has been generally cleared from the southern counties, now largely occupied by farms, and the timber remaining in this part of the state, in small, scattered bodies, can hardly suffice for the wants of its agricultural population. The merchantable white pine has been cut from the banks of the principal streams and the shores of the lakes, and what now remains is remote from water transportation or scattered in isolated bodies of comparatively small extent. The hard-wood forests of the pine belt, however, although greatly injured by fire in parts of the state from which the pine has been cut, and invaded along their southern borders by agricultural settlements, contain, especially in the northern third of the lower peninsula and through the northern peninsula, vast quantities of valuable timber. FOREST FIRES. The forests of Michigan have long suffered from destructive fires. These have generally originated in the neighborhood of the loggers' camps or upon the farms of the agricultural pioneer, while the virgin forest has generally, although not always, escaped serious conflagrations. The timber-prospector and the hunter are responsible for many fires in the primeval pine forest of the northwest ; but, as a rule, fires follow and do not precede the lumberman. The reason is obvious: The logger in his operations leaves the resinous tops, brandies, and chips of the pine trees scattered far and wide; these by the following midsummer become dry as tinder, and afford abundant material to feed a fire started by a careless hunter, log-cutter, or farmer clearing land near the forest. Such fires, which too often follow the cutting of pine forests of the northwest, have inflicted incalculable injury upon the country. They have destroyed vast quantities of hard-wood timber; they have consumed the > ouug DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR -; , LEGEND. [ I j Under i cord per acre II ' From i to a „ -, 2 „ 5 „ DENSITY OF FORESTS C.S..SAI«;KNT. srrviAi. ACI-J.NT io*ttj Hr-f«- B&3 'w^ v w V ^H§*^: LOWER PENINSULA m MICHIGAN TEE DISTKIBlTrOX D¥ .FOJfKSTS,WJTB S.PKC1.M. REFEKKM'K TO THK LUMBKI! 1NDUSTRV. IP* YHK niKi:cTin\ i Ililil THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 551 pine trees left by the logger; they have robbed the soil of its fertility, ami made it unfit to produce another crop of pine until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents. In the dense, unwilled forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absence of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground is strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips. During the census year only 23S,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of s9S5,9S5. Of the 207 fires reported, 101 were traced to (ires set in clearing land for agricultural purposes, and which escaped to the forests; 59 to hunters, 43 to sparks from locomotives, .'! to smokers, while only 1 was reported set by Indians. The hard-wood forests of Michigan have long afforded abundant material for large and important industries engaged in the production of cooperage stock, handles, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc. Manufacturers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, however, a scarcity and general deterioration of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of the Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, which a few years ago were considered of little value, are now in great demand and are fast disappearing, except from regions remote from railroads. Much hard wood, especially in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for manufacturing purposes by partial burning. Next to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other state. During the year 1879 3,423,149 pounds were manufactured in the state. STATISTICS OF GROWING TIMBER. The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower peninsula especially, of Mr. G. W. Hotchkiss. These, as well as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained by compiling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given represent estimates, and not facts. -Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are difficult to obtain and always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread, presents greater difficulties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and more easily studied crops of the field. The estimates of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and trees are now generally estimated and cut as small as 8 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount of standing pine had been estimated upon the 8-inch basis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. Putnam's figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in different parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The following figures, however, are believed to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity of the northwestern pineries. They cover the entire region, and these pine forests now contain no great body of unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the country's lumber supply: WHITE PINE {Pinna Strobus). Regions. Feet, board measure. LOWEK PENINSULA. Basins of streams flowing into Sagiaawbay, including Saginaw river and tributaries. 7, 000, 000, 000 8, 000, 000, COO 14, 000, 000, 000 Total 29, 000, 000, 000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 2,9P8,600,000 shingles nnd 428,445,000 laths, but exclusive of 36,000,000 staves and 3,330,000 sets headings). ITI'EK PENINSULA. Basin of Menominee river and tributaries (Marquette and Menomi- neo counties). Ontonagon, Houphton, Keweenaw, Baraga, Marqnette (west and north of Menominee basin), and Mrnommcc (east of Menominee basin) counties. 4, 068, 773, 000 1, 600, 000, 000 2, 400, 000, 000 2, COO, 000, 000 Total » 6, 000, 000, 000 Cut for tin- census vrar endingMay 31, 1880 (including 106,482,000 shin- gles and S4,2(iG.()('ml;:1li.-.). 328, 438, 000 552 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Aii estimated amount of 575,500,000 cords of liard wood is distributed over some 20,000,000 acres in the lower peninsula. Of this about 20 per cent, is suitable for lumber and cooperage stock. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 163,821,000 staves and 18,567,000 sets headings, and including 6,038,000 feet of spool stock), was 440,944,000 feet. In scattered swamps there are standing some 5,000,000 cords of yellow cedar (Thuya occidental-is). From Meuominee and Delta counties the merchantable pine has been almost entirely removed. Baraga county contains little pine, and Keweenaw county a single considerable body some 30,000 acres in extent. The northern portion of Ontonagou and Marquette counties is chiefly covered with hard wood. An estimated amount of 124,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed ov. r some 10,000,000 acres in the upper peninsula. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties), was 1,145,000 feet. The southern counties of the upper peninsula contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow cedar (Thuya octidentalis), estimated, in the aggregate, at 62,500,000 cords. Some 7,000,000,000 feet of hemlock lumber and 7,000,000 cords of bark still remain in the state. Michigan is first among the states in the volume and value of its lumber product. Its principal centers of lumber manufacture are Muskegon, on the shores of lake Michigan, the shores of Saginaw bay, in Bay county, the Saginaw river, in Saginaw county, Manistee, and Menorniuee, in the upper peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw was long the seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however, has departed with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its water-shed, and the center of manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Huron across the peninsula to the waters flowing into lake Michigan. Lumber -was first manufactured in the Sagiuaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later a second mill, with an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Sagiuaw. In 1836 the first shipments of lumber were made from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber for shipment. The commercial panic of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the development of this business, and it was not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1844 there were 23 mills upon the Sagiuaw, with an aggregate capacity of 60,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, manufacturing 425,000,000 feet of lumber, while in 1873 there were 83 mills, which produced that year 567,000,000 feet. Since 1870 tliere has been an almost steady decrease in the number of mills operating in the Saginaw valley ; the number finishing their "cut out" is fast iucreasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased, their production has increased, their present capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber manufactured upon the Saginaw is transported by lake to Ohio and New York ports, and thence to the principal eastern markets, although a considerable amount is shipped by vessel to Chicago and Milwaukee, and thence distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty years ago logs which would run 25 per cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 per cent, was the rule, and as high as 75 per cent. '' uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs were then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below the tops, and only the largest trees were selected. Now land which has been cut over three times is gone over again, and lumbermen are satisfied if logs yield 10 per cent. " uppers ". Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Michigan lumbering operations by railroad logging; by this means mills are able to obtain a constant supply of logs by railroads built into the forest for the purpose, and this supply can be regulated almost entirely by the demand. There are several roads in different parts of the state doing this business, the principal being the Flint and Pere Marquette and the Lake George and Muskegon Eiver railroads. The growth of this business in the Saginaw valley and at Muskegon, Manistee, and on the Flint and Pere Marquette road is shown by the following table extracted from Bradstreet-s of February 6, 1881 : Teara. Saginaw valley. Muskegon. Manistee. Flint nml Pere Marquette railroad. 1865 200 000 000 108 505 700 1866 209 000 000 157 468 300 1867 419 207 808 288 502 200 1868 446 960 583 213 692 600 1869 3'?1 3"0 G63 267 789 900 1870 6°3 397 353 198 862 600 1°1 2*>1 395 1871 521 796 927 250 000 000 142 369 817 1872 645 285 278 315 OCO 000 155 556 729 1873 680 979 461 376 035 037 179 8°0 243 1874 589 225 404 2Q4 571 5°7 18° 218 383 1875 584 843 701 309 C38 418 168 9°6 197 1876 572 2°9 472 299 5°5 919 147,724 241 1877 651 567 948 312 285 951 152 221 548 1878 5r)8 079 674 340 990 055 178 549 869 1879 780 182 286 432 431 679 211,722,030 14, 357, 670 1880 948, 174 274 380 000 GOO 211,971,000 87, 485, 547 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553 The following extracts are made from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Micbigau: "The southern boundary of the piuo forest in Michigan maybe represented by a line drawn from Samia westward across the state nearly to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river. Originally the pine forest covered (lie northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 1S35 gave the amount of pine then standing as 150,000,000,000 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The present estimate of the pine standing in the whole state, the northern peninsula also included, is 35,000,000,000 feet. There are now remaining no large bodies of standing pine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams lias all beeu cut. The pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to float the logs. The best pine in the state has been ,000,000 feet a year. The principal manufacturing points on the Chippewa deriving their logs from its basin are situated at Wanbeck, Dunnville, Menomonee, Meridian, and Eau Claire, where several large and important manufacturing establishments are located. Higher up the river the Badger State Lumber Company and the Grand Island Lumber Company are located, and at Chippewa Falls, the county-seat of Chippewa county, the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company has a large water-mill, with a capacity of 65,000,000 feet a year, besides several smaller concerns. The railroad extending from Chippewa Falls eastward through Chippewa and Clark counties into Marathon county, ami joining the Wisconsin Central railroad at Abbottsford, passes through a hard-wood country. Several firms are already established upon tins line and have commenced the manufacture of staves and the production of hard-wood lumber for wagons, etc., and are developing a large business. This road runs through one of the finest bodies of hard wood in the state, containing large amounts of oak and maple growing on a fine soil suitable for farming. The Chippewa River country now contains the largest body of white pine of the best quality left, in the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. It is, however, being very rapidly cut. "It is found in going north toward the heads of the streams that the timber stands more in large grovesr and that there is less hard-wood timber mixed with the pine. When the loggers attack these forests they cut clean as they go, the timber being of more uniform size and age, and there being less undergrowth than farther down the streams. It is found, also, that the pineries on the heads of the streams do not hold out as well or yield as large an amount of timber as those farther south, where the forests border on the prairie lauds and where the- pines grow on better soil. This is true both of the Wisconsin and of the Michigan pineries. The poorer soils in the northern portion of the state do not grow and mature the large sapling forests of pine found in the southern portions of the pine belt. So that, while there is still a large area which has not been cut and which may appear inexhaustible, yet, owing to the fact that the timber lies more in groves, and that there are here wide extents of tamarack and cedar, swamps and t;pen spaces, the ground will be cut over more rapidly than when the forest was first entered. This is true of the pine standing upon all the streams of northern Wisconsin in the Menomonee district — the Wisconsin, the Chippewa, Saint Croix — and on the southern shores of lake Superior. Commencing at Menomonee, on the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, and running west through the 30 miles of ' big woods', large mills for the manufacture of hard- wood timber and of what little scattered pine there is left are established at Kuapp, Wilson, Hersey, Woodville, and Baldwin stations. The principal manufactories in the Saint Crojx district are at Hudson, on the Willow river, and at Stilhvater, in Minnesota, which receives its logs from the Saint Croix, in Wisconsin, and which, therefore, should be treated as one of the Wisconsin pinery manufactories. At Somerset, on Apple river, there is one mill ; there is one at Osceola, upon the Saint Croix, and upon the Northern Wisconsin railroad, which runs through the Saint Croix division; at Clayton, Granite Lake, and Shell Lake are large mills. There are also other mills along this road on the Lake Superior shore. There are mills of small eapacity at Superior City, Bayfield, and Ashland ; the latter receive their logs by the Wisconsin Central railroad from the Bad River pinery. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557 uOn the Eau Claire river the timber is small and sound, growing very thick and long; there are frequent instances where 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lumber have been cut upon a 40-acrc lot. One tree was cut on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of thi.s timber, especially upon the main Chippewa or West Branch and a portion of the Flambeau, is called 'big sapling pine'. Of the true eork pine very little is fouud iu the northern part of Wisconsin, probably because the soil is not strong enough to permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very flue pine having been cut iu the hard-wood forest upon the lower part of the river, and some fine groves are found even as far north as the Tomahawk and East Branch. The Flambeau river, or East Branch of the Chippewa, has also, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine. " On the Jump river are some fine bodies of pine, nearly approaching iu quality Michigan cork pine and running largely to ' uppers '. This is true also of the pine upon the Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattered among hard woods and is of fine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to Cornell university, lying in townships 33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the divide between the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres have been made. On the Saint Croix river are many barren areas timbered with scrub pine, patches of Norway pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. The soil is sandy, and fires run over the country every year. South of these barrens, in Poik, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and Pierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard-wood land, upon which the greatest portion of the timber is now standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This body of hard wood contains a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for general manufacturing purposes. It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agricultural and logging operations. "In Clark county, which lies partly in the Chippewa and partly in the Black Eiver region, are large bodies of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon land valuable for farming purposes. This growth extends as far north as the northern line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wood counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions. The same body of hard-wood timber continues east toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, Waupaca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown, Kewauuee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaukee. Large tracts in these counties are, of course, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the opportunities for cheap farms are plenty. " Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully 5 per cent, is not covered with timber; this includes swamps, lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern part of the forest area, over a region from 35 to 50 miles in width, the hard wood predominates, only about one-fifth of the forest growth being pine. North of this hard-wood region proper, perhaps one-half of the forest growth is pine and other soft woods and the rest hard woods. Hemlock is scattered through the pine forest outside of the heavy hard-wood areas. A careful estimate of the hemlock timber now standing gives the following results, the divisions agreeing with those used in estimating the standing pine : On the Chippewa river, upon 3,000,000 acres, 2,500,0110,000 feet of hemlock; on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,000,000 acres, 500,000,000 feet of hemlock; on the Black river, upon 350,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hemlock; in the country east of the Wisconsin River division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menomonee rivers and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1,500,000,000 feet. •• The total area in the state on which hemlock timber grows is about 10,500,000 acres, containing, roughly, 5.500,000,000 feet. The quality of the hemlock timber in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and northern Pennsylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the timber when peeled can be driven down with the pine and sawed at the mills into dimension stuff for use where coarse lumber is required. " Generally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into the hard- wood lands already described, along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut ; north of this, and extending northward somewhat indefinitely, the mixed growth of hard wood and pine, growing upon soil adapted for agricultural purposes. The open meadows in this region are covered either with grass or cranberry marshes, alike valuable to the lumber and farming interests. About the head of the Flambeau river are large open spaces running into groves of heavy pine timber. These open spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying up and the timber is gradually spreading over them. There are bodies of timber scattered through the southern portions of the state outside of the original forest area, but the amount of this timber is relatively so small that it cannot be considered of commercial importance, and hardly supplies the wants of the population occupying the thickly -settled southern counties. " Five thousand men are employed in the pineries of the Chippewa river. They are expected to cut during the logging season about 600,000.000 feet of logs, or an average per man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not applicable to the northwestern pineries generally, for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther from the streams, the average cut per man is not as great, and 80,000 feet per man would perhaps be a fair average, taking the pineries of the whole northwest. 558 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "The annual increase or growth of timber is counterbalanced by the annual waste by windfalls and the natural decay of the old trees. The loss to the forest by fire, is an unknown quantity, but it is quite a large amount, probably 5 per cent, of the whole. The lumbermen waste the log which runs into the top of the tree; this is knotty, but usually sound, and would make good merchantable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because there is a good deal of work in trimming- the knots and cutting off the limbs. From an ordinary-sized tree four 16-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this top log is 22 inches in diameter at the butt and will scale from 100 to 120 feet. Loggers are paid so mucli per thousand feet by the lumberman, and the amount they receive is so small that they cannot afford to spend the time to finish up and take out the fifth or last log, which is therefore left in the woods and lost. Nearly one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The fires about the old choppiugs, or where lumber operations are going on, are principally caused by the carelessness of woodsmen in hunting up laud-lines, or of driving-crews 011 the river in the spring who leave their tires, or by explorers in the forest during the month of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings the dried pine boughs and other timber left on the ground get very dry, and' fire once started burns with great rapidity and violence. " As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is sooner or later burned over. The fire destroys the young trees and changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that the next crop which comes up consists of briers and poplars, and then hard woods. When pine is cut off or burned it does not come in again, and I have never seen any old choppiugs of pine come up with pine again, even when some trees were left and the ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a pine forest growing on good soil the small trees left standing, if protected from fire, will continue to grow." MINNESOTA. The Northern Pine Belt finds in Minnesota its extreme western limit in the United States in longitude and its southwestern limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern and western borders a narrow territory covered with an open growth of hard wood separates the forests of pine from the prairie, which occupies all the southern and western portions of the state. The same general features which characterize the piue belt of Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The pine in the southern portion, confined to gravelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the forest changes in character, the pine being small and of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren land covered with stunted birch, gray pine, and scrub oak occur, while the whole country is thickly studded with lakes and with tamarack and cedar swamps. North of the Mississippi River divide the country is more open; the forest is stunted and of little value, and pine is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar. The forest growth here occupies perhaps two-thirds of the rocky or swampy surface of the ground. Its productive capacity is not large, and the northern part of the state is not adapted to lumbering operations. The pine has been removed from the principal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the region tributary to lake Superior and in the vicinity of Eed lake, is now inaccessible or of comparatively inferior quality. The best hard-wood forests of the state, as in Michigan and Wisconsin, have suffered seriously by fires started in abandoned pineries, or in clearing land for agriculture. During the census year 250,805 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $1,395,110. The largest number of these fires was set in clearing land or by sparks from locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock to supply the large flouring-inills of the state is an important industry. Manufacturers report a growing scarcity and general deterioration of material. Basswood, elm, and ash are largely used ; oak is inferior in quality to that grown farther east and south. The following estimates of the amount of pine timber standing in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. C.Putnam: WHITE PINE (I'inns Strobus). Regions. Feet, board measure. 2 900 000 000 300 000 000 Red Lake river and other tributaries of th<* Eed river 600, 000, 000 3 500 000 000 870 000 000 Total 8 170 000 000 Cat for the census year, endina May 31, 1880 (including 187,836,000 shingles and 88,088,000 laths). 540, 997, 000 In the belt of hard wood extending west and south of the pine region, and consisting of white, red, and burr ' «ak, sugar maple, poplar, etc., it is estimated that 3,840,000 acres of forest remain, capable of yielding an average MAI' OK MINNESOTA. ; TIIK DISTRIBUTION OK FOKESTS, WITH SI'KCIAI. KKKKlil'.NCK TllTHK I.r.MHKIt INW'STUY n>\;l :u:i» I-NLIKH rniK nll;K«'Tli>N or ^ c s.s.\i:(ii-:sT, SI'KCIAI. .M.KNT. •;1 ,• --- • Jifm . I _ _._ | i * :-. - , ... ' , N • , *rt* 2^i. J3__: THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 559 of 15 cords of w,ood to the acre, or 57,000,000 cords. Tbe cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 7,825,000 staves and 517,000 sets of headings), was ;! possible by the government as a timber reserve. They should not be surveyed and subdivided except so far as may be necessary for their protection, and they should not be offered for sale until some necessity, now unforeseen, arises for their disposal. The 1,000,000,000 feet of pine should be held until the amount for which it can be sold is needed by the Indians, or until a price near its value can be obtained for it. By selling- the land now the value of the timber cannot be realized, while the interest of the settlers who may hereafter enter upon the prairies would seem to demand that some reservation of pine should be made for them, if possible. The proposition to bring these lauds into market, subject to pre-emption and homestead entry, is against the interest of every one except the few worthless tramps and irresponsible persons who may seek to enter and procure a title to these lauds; and even if the land was so open to homestead and pre-emption entry, the aim and purpose of these laws could not be carried out, for no farms will be made nor homesteads improved in this Indian country. "The White Earth Indian reservation is largely covered with hard wood, there being no pine upon more than a quarter of its area. The land is desirable for agricultural purposes, and may be utilized for the settlement of Indians, or under the homestead and pre-emption laws by whites, but the pine lands are unfit for cultivation, and the homesteading or pre-empting of them should not be allowed." IOWA. Iowa lies within the prairie region. The broad bottom lands along the river of the eastern part of the state once bore heavy forests of broad-leaved trees. Farther west the tree growth was less heavy in the narrower bottoms. All over the state, however, forests lined the streams and often spread, especially in the southwestern counties, over the uplands. Since the first settlement of the state the forest area has increased by the natural spread of trees over ground protected from fire, and by considerable plantations of cottonwood, maple, and other trees of rapid growth made by farmers to supply fuel and shelter. The natural forests have been everywhere largely culled of their most valuable timber, and in spite of their increased acreage are, in their commercial aspect, in danger of speedy extermination. Manufacturers of cooperage stock and others using Iowa timber report great scarcity and general deterioration of stock. During the census year 11,017 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $-15,470. These fires were largely the result of carelessness in clearing land. Iowa is the ninth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position to numerous large mills situated along the Mississippi river entirely supplied with logs from the pineries of Wisconsin. The amount of Iowa-grown lumber manufactured is insignificant. MISSOURI. Southern and southwestern Missouri was originally covered with a dense forest of hard woods, through which in the southern counties extensive areas of the short-leaved pine (Pinus mitis), covering gravelly ridges and the low Ozark hills, were common. The northern and western limits of the true forest region may be defined by a line entering the state from the southwest, in the southern part of Jasper county, and passing northeasterly through Dade, Cedar, Saint Clair, Henry, Benton, Morgan, and Cooper counties, and then northward to the borders of the state. West of this line the timber is largely confined to the broad bottom lands, in belts often 2 or 3 iniles in width. Farther west these become narrower and less heavily timbered. The extreme northwestern counties, Atchison and Nodaway, are almost destitute of timber. The forests of southeastern Missouri still contain great stores of valuable timber, although the best trees have been cut in the neighborhood of all settlements, and for a distance varying from 5 to 20 miles back from all iine.s of railroad. This is especially true of the best white oak and of black walnut, once common, but now almost exterminated in all parts of the state. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a growing scarcity of material everywhere, and are now forced to obtain oak from Arkansas and elm and basswood from the rivers of southern Illinois and Indiana. The further development, however, of the railroad system of southern Missouri will make available for manufacturing purposes a large amount of valuable timber now remote from transportation. During the census year 783,646 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $294,865. These fires were traced to careless hunters, to fires set in clearing farming land, to sparks from locomotives, etc. A gratifying improvement in the condition of the forest in the parts of the state first settled has followed the enactment of a fence law preventing the general ranging of stock through the timber-land. A young growth has sprung up among the older trees and along the borders of woodlands protected from browsing animals, and these . young forests are valuable in their prospective yield and as an indication of the methods which must be adopted to preserve and perpetuate the forests of the whole Atlantic region. DEPARTMENT O!-: L • SHERIDAN | GINGRAS I 8Br| ' TAULK \"t' -* -i f \ HAM LI I „: j, HAND DKNSITV OF FOUKSTS : !»IHh ' C.S.SAKCiKNT. SI'KCIAI. AC-K DAKOTA THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 561 Missouri is the tenth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position in part to large mills located upon the Mississippi river manufacturing logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin. A much larger amount of lumber, however, in the aggregate, both pine and hard wood, is produced in numerous small railroad mills located along the line of the Iron Mountain and other railroads running through the southern part of the state. Saint Louis is an important center of lumber distribution. It receives a large portion of the Wisconsin pine crop by raft, Michigan pine by rail, and southern pine and hard woods by rail and river. DAKOTA. Dakota, with the exception of its river lands and the small territory between the north and south forks of the Cheyenne river, is p7-actically destitute of timber. The bottoms of the principal streams contain extensive groves of hard wood. As far west as the James river timber exists about the shores of the larger lakes, and upon the Low Turtle and Pembina mountains of the northern boundary, occasionally ascending the cotes or sides of low tables rising from the prairie. The Black hills, an extreme outpost of the Rocky Mountain system, were once heavily timbered. The yellow pine of the Pacific region is here mingled with the white spruce, the canoe birch, the burr oak, and the elm of the eastern forests, while poplars of the Atlantic and Pacific regions grow side by side. Much timber has already been cut along the eastern rivers to supply the wants of a rapidly-increasing agricultural population, and the isolated pine forests of the Black hills, separated by hundreds of miles from any equally large or valuable body of building timber, have already suffered serious inroads. The best and most accessible pine has been cut and manufactured into lumber or consumed as fuel in the silver mines and stamping mills to which this region owes its population, and much timber has been allowed to perish in the fires which of late years have often swept through these forests. The principal center of lumber manufacture is Deadwood, in the Black hills, where a comparatively large amount of pine is sawed. In the eastern counties a little oak and elm is manufactured, for the most part in small portable mills. The following extracts are made from Mr. H. C. Putnam's report upon the eastern portions of the territory : " Along the whole length of the Missouri river in Dakota there is a belt of hard-wood timber in the bottoms in bodies of from 100 to 500 acres in extent. This timber sometimes grows continuously, but more often there are open spaces between the groves. About three-fourths of the trees are burr oak, the remainder sycamore, cottonwood, green ash, box-elder, poplar, willow, etc. A similar forest growth lines the banks of the Bed river north of Fort Abercroinbie as far as Fort Pembina, near the international line. This strip of timber averages perhaps forty rods in width, and consists of the same varieties of trees that grow upon the Missouri river. "In the Pembiua mountains and west of Fort Pembina, on the Tongue and Pembina rivers, there are bodies of timber, generally of stunted growth, lying mostly along the streams or about the Pembina mountains in groves of from 160 to 3,000 acres in extent. This timber is situated principally in the two northern tiers of townships of Pembina county. It has no value except as fuel. The next body of timber in Dakota is in the neighborhood of Devil lake ; it aggregates some 25,000 acres, distributed as follows : At Wood lake, some 20 miles north of Devil lake, there are 1,000 acres; on Graham's island, a promontory on the north shore of Devil lake, near the northwest end, are 2,500 acres of timber ; east of this, on the north shore of the lake, are two groves of about 500 acres ; at Eock island, which is really a promontory running into the" lake, are 3,800 acres of timber ; around the east and north shores, and around the whole southern shore of the lake, past Fort Totten to the extreme west end, are some 15,000 acres of forest adjacent to Devil lake; at Stump lake, a lake some 15 miles in diameter on the north side of Devil lake, there are 1,400 acres of timber; and commencing some 10 miles south of Fort Totten, and extending down along Cheyenne river into township 146, range 56, in Trail), Foster, and Grand Forks counties, are about 10,000 acres of timber. The valley here is only 1 or 2 miles in width, and the timber is generally distributed through it. Probably seven-eighths of all this Devil Lake timber is burr oak ; the remainder is sycamore, green ash, etc. This timber in many places grows large, sometimes 30 or 40 feet to the first limb, and is Valuable for fuel, for the construction of log houses, and for general use by settlers in the absence of other and better material. " In the Turtle mountains, in Bottineau and Eolette counties, arid extending into the British possessions, is quite a large tract of timber, principally oak of short, scrubby growth, and only valuable as fire- wood. A body of timber from 1 mile to 5 miles in width extends for 150 miles along the Mouse river, in the counties of Bottineau, McHenry, Stevens, and Eenville. This timber is composed of burr oak, box-elder, sycamore, green ash, etc., and is suitable for fire-wood, house-building, and rough construction. " Mr. Eobert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, contributes the following remarks upon the forests of the Black Hills region, of which he made a critical examination : " From Fort Meade the stage road runs about 2 miles along the base of the hills, and then follows up through heavy timber, gaining an altitude of over 1,500 feet above the fort when within 2 miles of Deadwood ; thence down a 36 FOR 562 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. steep grade of about a mile until the valley is reached, and then up the valley by an easy grade to Deadwood. Five- days' driving through the hills from the base of the foot hills to one of the highest peaks shows little variation in the species of forest trees. The yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the only tree of much value in the hills, and composes nineteen twentieths of the forest, generally covering the hills from base to summit. The trees are larger and stand closer together than in Colorado, and grow here, too, more rapidly than farther south, as is shown by the •width of the annual rings of growth and the shoots upon the standing trees. This is the only tree used for lumber at the saw-mills, and no other is used in the mines. The white spruce (Picea alba) grows principally near the water- courses, and here the largest trees of that species are to be found. It is scattered, however, through the pines even •within 50 feet of the summit of Terry's peak. It is condemned by both saw-mill proprietors and miners as lacking strength and being very knotty, which cannot be doubted, as it retains its lower branches with wonderful tenacity, even when growing closely and in dense shade. These two species comprise all the Coniferw in the Black hills, •with the exception of a prostrate juniper and rare specimens of the red cedar. The burr oak is found in the valleys extending into the foot-hills and along the creeks for 40 or 50 miles into the plains. It is short, gnarly, and apparently of little value, although exceptional trees in the valley are of fair size. In the narrow valleys and along water-courses are found the common cottonwood, black willow, narrow-leaved cottonwood, green ash, white elm, box-elder, ironwood, canoe birch, and quaking aspen ; in the hills canoe birch, mountain ash, hazel, choke cherry, and juneberry are found growing side by side with the snowberry and mahonia of the Pacific region. The little aspen and the canoe birch perform the same service, the aspen does in Colorado, and cover the ground after the timber is burned off, thus making a shade in which the pine seedlings find protection from sun and wind, and finally repossess the hills. On the banks of the numerous creeks intersecting the 'bad lands' and plains from the Missouri river to the Black hills, box-elder, white elm, green ash, black willow, cottonwood, choke cherry, wild plum, and buffalo-berry occur, but the canoe birch is not found below the foot-hills, where it grows along the creeks 6 or 8 inches in diameter, or as a low shrub upon the hillsides. •'The region occupied by the Black Hills forests is 80 miles in length north and south, and about 30 miles wide from east to west. Forest fires are not so frequent nor so disastrous as in Colorado, although the 'big burning' of 1865, near Custer's peak, is estimated to have extended over 400 square miles. The yellow pine is largely reproducing itself over the whole of this area, the trees being now 3 or 4 feet high. As far as my observation went, this reproduction of'the yellow pine over the old 'deadeuings' is almost universal through the hills, although rarely or never seen in Colorado, and even in northern Wisconsin and the Michigan peninsula scarcely a single young pine has appeared in the whole burned district of 1871. "The timber is disappearing rapidly in the vicinity of Deadwood, Lead City, Terryville, and Central." NEBRASKA. The forest growth of Nebraska was once confined to the eastern part of the state; the broad bottom lauds of the Missouri and the lower Platte rivers contained groves of large oak, walnut, ash, and box-elder of considerable extent. These, under favorable conditions, spread to the bluffs and uplands. Westward the tree growth gradually became more scanty and stunted, until, west of the one hundredth meridian, only the large streams were lined with a few small cottonwoods and willows. The best trees have already been culled from the scanty forest growth of the state, and if the area of natural woodland has somewhat increased along its eastern borders since the settlement of the country and the diminution of prairie fires, these forests are, in their commercial aspect, of little importance. Many small plantations of cottonwood and other trees of rapid growth have been made in connection with farms in the eastern counties, and these in some cases already furnish much-needed shelter to buildings and crops, and supply domestic fuel. The lumber-manufacturing interests of Nebraska are not importan t. Mills at Omaha, the principal manufacturing center, saw cottonwood and a little walnut and oak, hauled to them from the neighborhood of .the city, and small portable mills at other points along the Missouri saw a little cottonwood and such logs as the country tributary to them can furnish. The product of all the Nebraska mills is consumed in supplying the local demand. KANSAS. The heavy forest of the Mississippi basin just reaches the extreme southeastern corner of Kansas, covering nearly one-third of Cherokee county. North of this, and occupying the remaining eastern border of the state, a. prairie region varying in width from 30 to 100 miles is still heavily wooded with valuable timber along the streams, the forest growth occasionally extending and covering areas of upland. WTest of this region of mixed prairie and woodland the timber is confined to the banks of streams. It is often, east of the ninety-seventh meridian, of considerable size and value, occurring in sufficient quantity to supply the most pressing wants of the agricultural population of this part of the state. West of the ninety-seventh meridian the tree growth gradually diminishes in vigor. Trees are here confined to the immediate banks of the large streams, and are small and of little value. West of the ninety-ninth meridian a few small stunted willows and cottonwoods, scattered at wide intervals along the large streams, represent the only forest growth of this arid region. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G3 A large amount of lumber is manufactured in the eastern counties in proportion to the extent of their forest area; but much of the best timber of the state has been cut, and Kansas must soon depend, even more than at present, upon the forests of Arkansas and Louisiana for its lumber supply. Considerable plantations made in the eastern and southeastern counties by railroads and in connection with farms promise abundant success. All attempts, however, to raise trees iu the arid central and western parts of the state have resulted in failure. During the census year 7,080 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $14,700. The largest number of these fires originated upon the prairie. 564 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. WESTERN DIVISION. MONTANA. The forests of Montana are confined to the high mountain ranges which occupy the western part of the territory They are dense and important upon the slopes of the Cceur d'Alene and other high ranges. Farther east, along the eastern slopes of the Rocky mountains and their outlying eastern ranges, the Big Belt, the Little Belt, the Crazy, the Snow, and the Bear mountains, and the ranges south of the Yellowstone river, the Yellowstone, Shoshonee, and Big Horn mountains, the forests are more open, stunted, and generally confined to the highest slopes, the borders of streams, or the sides of canons. A narrow fringe of cottonwood, green ash, and willow lines the bottoms of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Tongue, Eosebud, Milk, and of the other large streams of the territory; and a few stunted pines and cedars are scattered along the river bluffs and the highest ridges of the Powder Eiver, the Wolf, and other ranges in the southeastern part of the territory. The remainder of the territory, the eastern, northern, and southern portions, are destitute of timber. The heavy forests of northwestern Montana, largely composed of red fir, yellow pine, and tamarack, and containing great bodies of white pine (Pinus monticola) and considerable valuable spruce (Picca Engelmanni and P. alba) constitute, with those covering the adjacent mountains of Idaho, one of the most important bodies of timber in the United States. East and west of this forest a treeless country, adapted to grazing and agriculture, and destined to support a large population which must obtain its building material and railroad supplies from it, extends over thousands of square miles. The development, too, of the important mining interests of southern Montana and Idaho is dependent upon these forests, their only valuable source of timber and fuel supply. These forests guard the headwaters of two of the great rivers of the continent, and in regulating their flow make possible through irrigation the devotion to profitable agriculture of a vast territory now an almost arid waste. The forests, largely composed of the lodge-pole pine (Pinus Murray ana), which cover the outlying eastern ranges of the Eocky mountains at an elevation of from 5,000 to 10,000 feet above the ocean level with a dense growth of slender trees or on poor soil and in exposed situations with an open, scattered forest, are, as sources of lumber supply, of comparatively little value. These forests, however, contain valuable supplies of fuel and abundant material for railway ties. They guard, too, the flow of numberless small streams, and their importance in this connection should not be overlooked. The most important forests, commercially, of the territory are found along the valley of Clarke's Fork of the Columbia river, between the Horse Plains and the Idaho line ; here the western white pine reaches its greatest development, becoming an important part of the forest growth. Tho valleys of the Saint Eegis de Borgia and Missoula rivers contain great bodies of valuable fir and pine, which spread also in great luxuriance over the mountains east and south of Flathead lake. Fires destroy every year large areas of the forest covering the mountains of the western division. The long, dry summers and the character of the forest, composed as it is almost entirely of coniferous resinous trees, favor the spread of forest fires. They increase rapidly in number with the increase of population, and threaten the entire extermination of the forests of the whole interior Pacific region. During the census year 88,020 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,128,000. These fires, few in number, were traced for the most part to careless hunters, prospectors, and smokers. Little lumber is manufactured in the territory. Bed fir and spruce are sawed at Missoula and in the neighborhood of nearly all the mining centers in the western part of the territory. The product of the Montana mills is entirely used to supply the local demand. The following report upon the forests of the northern Eocky Mountain region was prepared by Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, a special agent of the Census Office, in the division of Forestry : "The territory whose forest resources I attempted under your instructions to examine includes an area of about 150,000 square miles, extending from the one hundred and thirteenth meridian to the summit of the Cascade mountains and from the parallel of 44J° to the British boundary; or, according to political divisions, the western fifth of Montana, the northern two-fifths of Idaho, the eastern three-fifths of Washington territory, and the northeastern portion (or nearly one-half) of Oregon. It comprises a central treeless plateau of some 30,000 square miles in extent, the great 'plain of the Columbia', surrounded by more or less extensively timbered mountain systems. This tract is bounded on the east by the broad mountain range which separates Montana from Idaho, on THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G5 the north by the irregularly-broken country which lies north of the Spokane river and of that portion of the Columbia which has a westerly course in the same latitude, and on the west by the Cascade range, while on the south the circuit is less completely closed by the somewhat complicated system known as the Bluo and Salmon River mountains. "With the exception of a single county (Beaver Head) in Montana this entire region is drained by the Columbia river, since the Rocky Mountain divide, or the main central divide between the headwaters of the Columbia and of the Missouri, forms the boundary between Idaho and Montana only as far north as 45° 40', when it turns abruptly < ast ward for 75 miles and then again northwestward to the British boundary in continuation of the line of the Wind River mountains of Wyoming. "As will be seen from the detailed account which is to follow, the general character of the forest growth throughout this region is remarkably uniform, both in the kinds of trees found and in their manner of distribution. The trees of the most constant occurrence and that form the mass of the forests generally are, first, the red fir (Pseudotsuga Douglani) and yellow pine (Pinm ponderosa). gradually giving place at higher altitudes to Picea Engelmanni and Abies mbalpina or Pinus Miu-rni/ann ; while of only somewhat less extended range, though sometimes more local in their distribution, are the larch (Larix occidental™), cedar (Thuya gigantea), the white pine (Pinus monticola), the hemlocks (Tsiuja Mertensiana and, less frequently, Tmyn r/ittoniana), Abies grand is, and the balsam poplars. Abies amabilis only is confined to the Cascade mountains. ZSTo other species occur of sufficient size to be of importance as timber trees. "In order to indicate more particularly the extent and distribution of the tree growth, the territories will be taken up in order by counties, and an estimate given of the area covered in each, though necessarily of the actual density of growth and amount of available timber (varying from square mile to square mile, and much of it never seen) no estimate can be given of such probably approximate accuracy as to be of any value whatever: " MONTANA. " BEAVER HEAD COUNTY (4,230 square miles). — This county, nearly equally divided by the one hundred and thirteenth meridian, is surrounded on three sides, north, south, and west, by the Rocky mountains, and is divided into two portions by a lofty spur which sets off in a northeasterly direction from the middle of the western side. The valleys of Beaver Head river and Red Rock creek to the east and south of this spur are treeless, except that the latter stream is bordered with a considerable growth of Populus angustifolia, often CO feet high and a foot or two in diameter. The region to the east is scantily supplied with timber of any kind, while the northern flanks of the Rocky Mountain range as far as the head of Horse Plains creek are only sparingly timbered on the ridges and in some of the canons, the trees small and mainly red fir, with some Pinus albicaulis, the summits and exposed ridges wholly bare. "The broad dividing spur, which includes Bald mountain and several other peaks from 10,000 to 11,000 feet high, is about 30 miles in length by 20 in breadth. The peaks are bare above 9,000 feet, and the western slopes have some timber in the upper ravines alone. The trees at 7,000 feet are mainly red fir, giving place above to a small growth of Pinus Murrayana and P. albicaulis. On the eastern side of the spur there are deep, densely- wooded valleys, the timber said to be chiefly red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Pinus Murrayana. On Rattlesnake creek in this region there is a single saw-mill, 12 miles from Bannock City, which supplies the town and neighboring mining camps with lumber. When a better quality is needed it is brought across the mountains from the Lemhi River district in Idaho by a road crossing the range at the head of Horse Plains creek. The fuel used in Bannock City is hauled some 12 or 15 miles, chiefly from the Rocky mountains. Beyond the head of Horse Plains creek (where the Bald Mountain spur commences) the range for about 40 miles changes in character greatly, becoming higher, broader, and more rocky, with rugged, snow-clad peaks from ] 0,000 to 12,000 feet high, and with high, rocky spurs to the east, separating densely-wooded valleys difficult of access and rarely visited. The forests here come down to the western edge of Big Hole valley, and are continuous. The trees are said to be largely Pinus Murrayana, but there is probably a considerable proportion of red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina. The range now takes its turn to the east, forming the northern line of the county, and rises again into some high, snowy peaks, but is much less densely wooded. Where the pass crosses the range from the Big Hole valley to the Bitter Root, the prevalent tree is found to be Pinus Murrayana, mixed toward the summit of the divide (at 7,000 feet altitude) with some red fir and a small proportion of Picea Engelmanni and Pinus albicaulis. The trees are mostly young and small, evidently frequently overrun by fires, a dense new growth immediately in most cases replacing the old. The trunks very rarely reached a diameter of 15 or 20 inches. The timbered area of the county may be estimated at 1,000 square miles. No yellow pine was seen or heard of within its limits. " DEER LODGE COUNTY (0,500 square miles). — This county, also nearly bisected by the one hundred and thirteenth meridian, is occupied by spurs of the Rocky mountains, which form its southern and eastern border, with the intervening open valleys of Deer Lodge river, Flint creek, and Big Blackfoot river. These spurs are to a large extent wholly bare of trees, only some of the ravines and ridges being covered by a more or less scattered growth of yellow pine and red fir of moderate size, and the higher northern slopes by a denser growth of Pinus Murrayana. 2sortli of the Big Blackfoot the timber is more dense, coming down into the valley, and consisting principally of 566 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. yellow pine, with some red fir and larch, and at the higher elevations (above 5,000 feet) of red fir, larch, and scrub piue. In the higher canons of the main range to the south it is probable that Abies sulalpina and Picea Engelmanni also occur, as I heard of a soft tamarack found at Gwendale, which appeared from the description to be the latter species. Total timbered area of the county is estimated at 2,250 square miles. " MISSOULA COUNTY (21,000 square miles). — The Bitter Root mountains, which separate this county from Idaho, are a direct continuation of the Rocky mountains north from the point of divergence of that range in latitude 45° 40'. While broadening out until they cover a base of 100 miles or more; they rarely reach a height of 8,000 feet. There is nothing alpine in the character of their higher vegetation, nor do they anywhere rise above the limit of forest growth. The summits are not often very rugged, and though the slopes may be steep they are not generally greatly broken. For the most part they are well wooded upon both sides, with no meadows along the streams and little grass anywhere until the foot-hills are reached. Upon the Montana side it is from 20 to 40 miles from the base to the summit of the divides, and the Bitter Root valley, which skirts their feet for 60 miles, separates them from the low and comparatively bare spurs of the Rocky mountains on the east. " Upon crossing the main divide upon the southern border, between the Big Hole and the Bitter Root valleys, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, the yellow pine immediately appears, of large size, and with its usual massive habit, and is henceforth the most conspicuous forest tree along the usual routes of travel, coming farther down into the valleys than any other tree, and more frequently attaining a large size, probably from its less liability to serious injury from fires. The descent from this southern divide to the Bitter Root valley is well wooded with large trees of the yellow pine and red fir (with at first some small Pinus Murrayana), which continue to be the only trees seen bordering the valley. These mountains were crossed by me on the Lolo trail up the Lolo creek, and by the Mullan road, which follows the Saint Regis de Borgia river. In the lower caiions only yellow pine and red fir are found, of the usual scattered growth — the tree* rarely much over 2 feet in diameter — with larch and Abies subalpina coming down the side gulches, and white pine in the middle canon. The yellow pine gradually gives place to Picea Enyelmanni, Abies subalpina, and A. grandis, though none of these reach the size which they attain on the Idaho side of the range. The large timber is mostly confined to the neighborhood of the streams, where the larch and white pine sometimes reach a diameter of 3 or 4 feet, but it becomes much smaller upon the ridges, and in the upper caiions rarely is more than a foot or 18 inches through, while the mountain slopes are usually much burned over and covered with fallen timber, largely of Pinus Mnrrayima. The largest and most abundant tree in the upper canons is probably the Picea Engelmanni. Small trees of the Thuya gigantea are also occasional, but nowhere in northern Montana does it become large enough to be of importance. The Thuya and Abies grandis extend as far south as the Nez Perc6 creek. I think that no hemlocks were seen on the Montana side of the range, but they may occur. "North of the Mullan road to Clarke's Fork the eastern slopes of the range continue well wooded. On the eastern side of the county the low spur of the Rocky mountains lying to the east of Bitter Root valley is to a large extent bare, but has some young yellow pine (known as 'scrub pine' or 'blackjack pine') and Pinus Murrayana. Approaching Hellgate river the timber becomes more prevalent in the ravines; and in the government timber reservation near Missoula, where there is a saw-mill run for government purposes, the timber was found to be yellow pine and red fir (not large) and considerable larch — fine trees 2 feet in diameter or more and 100 feet high. In Granite canon, in the mountains north of Missoula, where there is also a saw-mill, the lower canon was occupied by yellow pine and larch, with some red fir rarely over a foot through, and in the upper canon Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni a foot in diameter. On the mountain sides above the canon the timber is, as usual, small and worthless for lumber. In the eastern portion of the Flathead Indian reservation a very high and rugged range of mountains extends nearly as far north as the head of Flathead lake, and parallel with the main Rocky Mountain range, which here enters the county and continues across the northern boundary. Both of these ranges are throughout densely wooded, though on the eastern side of the Rocky mountains the timber wholly ceases a few miles (8 or 10) below the summit, giving place to the open grazing region of the upper Missouri. On crossing over the lower end of the western range, from the Big Blackfoot to the Jocko river, the timber was found to be at first almost entirely yellow pine, with red fir and larch in the gulches, the yellow pine ceasing toward the divide (at 6,000 feet altitude) and Pinus Murrayana taking its place, but reappearing on the northern side, with occasional Picea Engelmanni and even small Thuya giganlea. No white pine was seen. The same trees probably continue northward to the boundary (the larch is reported from about 30 miles south of the boundary). "The remainder of the county, lying west of the Flathead River valley, is wholly occupied by mountains, of less altitude, but, so far as is known, generally densely wooded, with the exception of some of the spurs toward the Flathead river and Clarke's Fork and some small prairies bordering the streams. "The total timbered area of the county is estimated at 17,000 square miles." • WYOMING. The highest, mountain ranges in Wyoming only are well timbered. The high rolling table-land which occupies the central part of the territory is destitute of all tree growth, while the low ranges which rise from this plateau TUP: FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. iind border it on the soulli are eitlier treeless or only support a few stunted yellow pines or firs widely scattered or forming small, isolated patches of open forest upon the highest slopes of the most sheltered ravines. The most important forests of the territory are, those in the northeastern corner covering the western extension of the Black hills of Dakota, those upon the foot-hills and slopes of the canons of the Big Horn mountains, and the dense •forests of small lodge-pole pine (Pinus Murrayana) which occupy all the northwestern portion of the territory studded by the system of mountains surrounding the Yellowstone park. The most valuable timber of the Big Horn mountains consists of yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa), attaining on the foot-hills sufficient size to furnish saw-logs. Probably one-third of this timber on the east side of the mountains has already been cut to supply mills located upon the streams from Crazy Woman creek to Tongue river. The table-land on both sides of the range between the crests of the foot-hills and the base of the Snow range is covered with a belt, from 8 to 10 miles in width, of small white fir (Abies subalpina). The trees are small, rarely exceeding 8 or 10 inches in diameter. They afford, however, useful material for fuel and fence and telegraph poles. This forest has suffered seriously from wind storms and fire. A heavy growth of cotton wood, with which is mingled a little green ash, occupies the banks of all the streams of the Big Horn region, with the exception of No- Wood creek, flowing from the western flank. The forests of the Yellowstone region, composed for the most part of small lodge pole pine, are confined to the mountain slopes and high valleys, at an elevation of between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. These forests are capable of supplying great quantities of fuel and fencing material. They contain, however, little timber suitable to manufacture into lumber. The forests of all this arid central region suffer seriously from fire. These increase with the settlement of the country and inflict great damage upon the forest. In northwestern Wyoming, however, the forests of lodge-pole pine •(Pinus Murrayana) destroyed by fire reproduce themselves, and the area occupied by this species in all the Rocky Mountain region is increasing. This is due no doubt to the fact that fire does not destroy the seeds of this species, protected in the cones, which remain closed upon the trees for years. The heat of the fire causes the cones to open and shed their seeds upon the burned surface of the soil, where they germinate quickly and freely. During the census year 83,780 acres of 'woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $3,255,000. These fires were set by Indians, trappers, and prospectors. A little lumber, in addition to that manufactured in the Big Horn region, of which no returns have been received, is sawed in the Medicine Bow and other ranges in the southern part of the territory. A large amount of fire-wood and many railroad ties are cut in the southern mountains and delivered by chutes along the line of the Union Pacific railroad. COLORADO. The forests of Colorado are confined to the mountain ran ges and high valleys which cover the western half of the state ; the elevated, rolling plateau which extends from the eastern base of the mountains to the eastern boundary •of the state is entirely destitute of tree growth, with the exception of an occasional stunted willow or cottonwood found in the bottom lands of the large streams. The important forests of the state cover the mountain slopes between 10,000 and 12.500 feet elevation, and are almost exclusively composed of spruce (Picea Engelmanni), with which are mingled different alpine pines of little economic value. Below the spruce belt a more open forest of red fir and yellow pine, occupying ravines or scattered over the ridges, extends down to the foot-hills. These are covered with an open growth in which the nut pine and the western juniper are the prevailing trees, while the borders of streams and bottoms of the canons are occupied by cottonwoods, willows, cherries, oaks, and other deciduous trees and shrubs of little economic importance. Large areas upon the sides of the high Colorado mountains are exclusively covered with a dense growth of the quaking aspen. This tree, very generally takes possession here of ground from which the coniferous forest has been removed by fire, and, as the number of forest fires is rapidly increasing in Colorado, it seems destined to become the only widely-distributed forest tree of this region. The high valleys, or "parks" as they are here locally called, when timbered at all, are covered with a dense forest growth in which the lodge pole pine (Pinus Murrayana), also common at high elevations in the spruce forests, is the prevailing and often the only species, disputing with the aspen the possession of the burned soil. The high plateau of southwestern Colorado is either treeless or is thinly covered with an open growth of small, stunted junipers. The increase in the number of forest fires raging in the mountains of Colorado is alarming in a region where the forest once destroyed cannot easily reproduce itself, and upon mountains where forest covering is necessary to preserve the integrity of the channels and the constant flow of numerous important streams essential to the irrigation of wide areas of arid territory. During the census year 113,820 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $1)35,500. These fires were set by careless hunters, miners, and prospectors, and by Indians or whites through malice. The forests of the Colorado foot-hills afford abundant fuel and fencing material to supply the wants of the present population of this part of the state. Coarse lumber, suitable for the timbering of mines and railroad 568 THE FORESTS OF THK UNITED STATES. construction, is manufactured from the fir and pines of the lower mountain slopes, which have also furnished immense quantities of fuel and railway ties. The timber, however, of this forest most accessible to mining centers and the lines of railroads has already been destroyed, while its productive capacity is everywhere impaired by wasteful methods of lumbering and destructive conflagrations. The elevated spruce forests, which contain the only great bodies of heavy timber found in the central Rocky Mountain region, have thus far, on account of the difficulties of operating in them, escaped all serious inroads from the ax of the lumberman. Small portable mills, however, have been established in these forests to supply the wants of some of the most elevated mining centers, and fires every year reduce their extent and value. Colorado is principally supplied with lumber from Chicago; a small amount is manufactured, however, in the- state, mostly upon the waters of the South Fork of the Platte river, in Jefferson county, and in the extensive pineries which cover the divide between the waters of the .Sooth Platte and the Arkansas rivers. A little lumber is also manufactured in small portable mills in nearly every county. NEW MEXICO. The forests of New Mexico are confined to the slopes and cafions of the high mountain ranges. The elevated plateau which occupies the whole of the eastern part of the territory is treeless, with the exception of occasional willows and cottouwoods bordering the large streams, while the high mesas of the southwest and west are sometimes dotted with an open growth of dwarf junipers and nut pines of considerable local importance as a source of fuel and fencing supply. The high mountain ranges extending southward into the northern part of the territory are covered with forests very similar in composition, density, and distribution to those covering the mountains of Colorado. Engeluianu's spruce is here the important timber tree at high elevations; lower, open forests of red. fir and yellow pine occupy the sides of canons and the lower mountain slopes, and the nut pine and juniper cover • the foot hills with an open, scattered growth. The detached mountain ranges which spring from the central plateau of the territory are less heavily timbered than the higher mountains north and south. The yellow pine is here the most common and important tree, mingled in sheltered canons and at highest elevations with occasional red firs. The most important forests of the territory cover the high group of mountain ranges west of the Rio Grande and south of the thirty-fourth degree of latitude — the San Francisco, the Tulerosa, Sierra Blanca, Sierra Diablo, Mogollon, Pinos Altos, and Mimbres. The foot-hills and lower slopes of these mountains, between 0,000 and 7,000 feet elevation, are coverexl with a heavy growth of junipers, nut pines, and different evergreen oaks. The banks of streams are here lined with immense cotton woods, sycamores, cherries, ashes, and hackberries, while the arroijos or depressions in the menus contain fine groves of mesquit. Above an elevation of 7,000 feet the yellow pine appears,, and mingled with it on north slopes the red fir and white pine (Finns reflexa) ; the elevated valleys contain fine groves of cottonwood, box-elder, alder, and small oaks, wl'ile the most inaccessible slopes of some of the highest ranges are covered with forests of cypress (Cuprcxntin (lurttltilupensis). The coniferous forests of these mountains are dense and valuable, and, although not yet accessible for lumbering operations except at a few points, they seem destined to become an important factor in the future development of the whole region. They can, if properly protected, supply with lumber indefinitely a larger population than will probably occupy this part of the United States. The deciduous trees of this entire southwestern region, often of considerable size, are generally hollow, especially the oaks; they are of little value for any mechanical purpose, although affording abundant and excellent fuel. During the census year 64,034 acres of woodland only were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $142,075. A small amount of coarse lumber, principally yellow pine, is manufactured in the territory, mostly in the counties of San Miguel and Santa Fe. New Mexico, however, like Colorado, obtains most of its lumber by rail from Chicago. ARIZONA. Northern, western, and southwestern Arizona are destitute of true forests. Ravines in the mesas of the high Colorado plateau of northern Arizona are occasionally covered, however, with stunted junipers. Cottonwoods and willows line the banks of the Colorado river, and the ironwood, the palo verde, the mesqnit, the suwarrow, and other Mexican forms of arborescent vegetation are found in the valley of the Gila and the deserts of the southern part of the territory ; individual trees are, however, widely scattered, nowhere forming forests in the true meaning of the word. The low lava ridges and arid lake beds with which the southwestern part of the territory is covered are entirely destitute of tree growth. The mountain system culminating south of the Colorado plateau in the San Francisco mountains, and extending southeasterly through the middle of the territory into New Mexico, is well timbered. The high ranges •which spring from this central elevated plateau bear heavy forests of yellow pine and red fir, the plateau itself I DENSITY OF FORESTS roMPIUJI) fNDKRTHK FUHKCTKIN OF C.S.SAROKXT. Sl'KCIAI. AliK.NT 1883. Scale MEXICO Jobuttn DEPARTMENT Of THE INTER.'OR TENT In i cord |.rr a . 5 . . .If ?1ESER VAiTION COMPILED IT>DER THE DIRECTION OF C.S.SAROENT, SPECIAL AGENT. 1883. Sfiile (if Slat. Miles 0 10 20 3O 40 &(> 1OO M ' . " - IV ARIZONA JidiuaBten&Co.UUi THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. being covered, over thousands of square miles, with an open growth of yellow pine of considerable size. The streams and bottoms of the high mountains are lined with deciduous trees, of which the cotton wood, the cherry, the ash, the alder, and the walnut arc the largest and most important. The group of short, detached mountain ranges which occupies with a general north and south trend the southeastern part of the territory is covered with a rich and varied forest growth. The highest slopes are covered with forests of pine, in which, in the Santa Catalina range at least, great bodies of splendid cypress (Gupressus Guadalupensis) are found; a little lower the red fir and white pine (Pinus reflexa), different oaks and junipers with a madrona, are scattered over the dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. These in turn are replaced below 5,000 feet with an open growth of small evergreen oaks. The bottoms of the canons and the borders of the streams between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation are lined in these mountains with hackberry, sycamore, cottouwood, willows, cherries, and ashes. The arroyos in the mesas are often covered, as in southern New Mexico, with noble groves of mesquit, or iu drier situations support a stunted growth of acacias, yuccas, cacti, and other desert plants. The yellow pine is the only tree of Arizona of great importance as a source of lumber supply. Oaks and other hard-wood trees are invariably defective and of little value except for fuel. The red fir, white pine, and cypress occur only at high elevations, and are generally too scattered and too difficult of access to make their manufacture into lumber practicable for the present at least. The pine forests of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico are of great importance to the development of the treeless regions which surround them. No other body of timber of any extent or value exists near the southern boundary of the United States between the pine belt of eastern Texas and the forests of the California mountains. These southern interior forests have nowhere yet greatly suffered. Their inaccessibility has protected them. Railroads, however, now either penetrate this forest region, or will soon do so, and these, with the rapid development of the mining industry now going on in the southwest, threaten these forests with the dangers which are fast exterminating those of Colorado and Utah. During the census year 10,240 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $56,000. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and Indians. Pine lumber is sawed in Pima and Final counties, principally upon the Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, and Huachuca mountains, to supply important mining centers in this part of the territory. It is also manufactured iu small quantities in portable mills near Indian reservations and other centers of population throughout the forest region. Returns from 13 mills only, situated iu Pima, Final, Apache, and Yavapai counties, have been received. Southern Arizona is now, in spite of its fine forests of pine, almost entirely supplied by rail with lumber manufactured iu California. UTAH. The Uintah range, occupying with an east and west trend the whole of the northeastern part of the territory, the Wahsatch mountains and their southern extension, the San Pitch and the Sanpete ranges, extending north and south nearly through the center of the territory, and the mountains which bound on the east the great Colorado plateau, bear at high elevations fir, spruce, and pine forests of considerable extent. The foot-hills of these mountains and their high valleys are dotted with an open growth of nut pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus). The high Colorado plateau and the arid deserts of western and southern Utah are treeless, with the exception of a few stunted junipers and nut pines which struggle for existence upon some of the low mountain ranges, and of willows and cottonwoods which line the banks of the infrequent and scanty streams. The western flank of the Wahsatch mountains north of the fortieth degree of latitude has already been almost denuded of its best timber to supply the wants of the agricultural and mining settlements of the Salt Lake region, and the scanty forests of the territory have everywhere suffered serious loss from fire and wasteful methods of cutting timber and railway ties and of manufacturing charcoal. During the census year 42,865 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $1,042,800. These fires were set by Indians, wood-cutters, careless hunters, and prospectors. Small quantities of lumber — pine, cottonwood, and a little spruce — are manufactured through the Wahsatch region, the principal centers of manufacture being Beaver City and Cedar City, in the south, the neighborhood of Salt Lake City, and Cache county in the extreme northern part of the territory. Utah is, however, almost entirely supplied with lumber from the eastern slopes of the California sierras and from Chicago. Small tanneries in Salt Lake City obtain a supply of red fir and spruce bark from the neighboring mountains. The following notes upon Utah forests, made during the prosecution of a special investigation into the meat- producing capacity of the territory, have been supplied by Mr. E. C. Hall, a special agent of the Census, in the division of " Meat Production in the Grazing States and Territories" : "The timber of the Wahsatch mountains, in Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber counties of Utah, hardly suffices for the wants of the settlers. The trees from which lumber is obtained are cedar and a variety of white pine (Pinus flexilis). Some fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) is found, but it is not common north of the latitude of Salt Lake City. This tree likewise furnishes an inferior kind of lumber. In general, in Utah, north of latitude 40°, the west .570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. base of the Wahsatch mountains has been stripped of tbe available timber, so that in the accessible canons, especially in the neighborhood of settlements, it is laborious and expensive obtaining posts and poles for fencing, to say nothing of smooth planks, etc., for building. Cottonwood and occasionally box-elder are found fringing the river bottoms of the sections described. " The Oquirrh mountains, on the east of Toocle county, and the Onaqui mountains, 30 miles west, contain cedar and considerable red fir, the latter a tree which I am told is not frequent in the Wahsatch range. The mining camps of Salt Lake and Tooele counties have largely depleted the timber areas of these mountains. More timber is standing on the Onaqui hills than on the Oquirrh range. From the vicinity of the latter to Cottonwood and Bingham Canon mining districts the dearth of good fencing material is very noticeable throughout Box Elder, Cache, Eich, Weber, Morgan, and Salt Lake counties. Willow withes, stone walls, cottonwood poles, and sod walls flanked by ditches .are among the devices for barriers against stock incursion, all pointing to the lack and costliness of lumber. "LAKE RANGE, WEST OP UTAH LAKE. — This range of low mountains contains scattered black balsam and red fir. In winter this range is visited from the settlements of Utah valley, and the trees felled and sledded across the lake on the ice, to be used by the railroad and by farmers. No pifion pine was found in the Oquirrh or Onaqui mountains. "The San Pitch mountains, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 111° 52', contain sparse timber — a so-called white pine (Finns JJexilis), scrubby cedar, and some other evergreen trees — at a high elevation and unavailable as lumber. No good clear planking suitable for building is obtained from these cuts. "The low ranges west of Juab valley and flanking Dog valley, Dry valley, and Ferner valley, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 112°, contain stiaggling cedar and some red fir difficult of access. The timber of the whole region north of latitude 39° and west of the main Wahsatch mountains is meager and inadequate for the purposes of the Mormon settlers. "Fencing about Salt Lake City is of poor construction and costs $200 per mile of pine poles and cedar posts. I saw some posts of white balsam (Abies concolor) 50 feet long, obtained from the canons of the San Pitch range, •used for fencing. At Springville, in Utah valley, posts of cedar were pointed out which were in good condition after fourteen years standing. Were it not for the existence of the 'no-fence' law, which enables a farmer to cultivate unfeiiced ground and claim damages from incursions of stock, the Utah farmer would be very badly off, not having means to purchase fencing material in a country so ill supplied with timber. The cedar which abounds here affords a lasting supply of fire- wood and posts, but lor poles or plank the region depends largely upon imported lumber, especially for building plank, joists, etc. "Upon ranges flanking East and West Tiutic valleys, Juab county, in latitude 39° 50', longitude 112° 30', the timber is not abundant; it consists of red fir and black and white balsam, from which rough lumber for the mining •camps of Mammoth, Tintic, and Silver City has been extensively taken. Cedar of the usual dwarfed kind grows abundantly along the upper slopes of the foot-hills, and is used for braces and posts in shafts of mines. " SANPETE VALLEY RANGE (longitude 111° 30', latitude 39° 20'). — The Wahsatch mountains, on the east of Sanpete valley, carry on their spurs and through the deep canons facing the valley some of the best timber found in Utah. It is largely used by the Sanpete settlers. Yellow pine, black and white balsam, red fir, cedar, and poplar constitute the varieties of trees found. The yellow pine, less abundant now in accessible canons, furnishes, it is claimed, a clear and firm lumber, fit for building, and not surpassed by any variety in Utah. The range west of the Sanpete mountains — i. c , the San Pitch mountains before spoken of— carries on its eastern slopes and canons considerable balsam of both varieties and some red fir and poplar about the headwaters of creeks. Little yellow pine is found on the San Pitch range ; at least, none is taken out at present, although I was told considerable had already been lumbered from such canons as were penetrable. Fencing of cedar posts and poplar and balsam poles is largely used iu the valley ; cedar posts and pine plank are also used in fencing meadows and fields. In no other valley of Utah are the Mormons so well supplied,'apparently, with fair lumber of native growth. Except for furniture and house trimmings, no imported wood is used here. "SEVIER RIVER MOUNTAINS (latitude 38° 30' to 39° 10', longitude 112°). — TheTushar mountains and the Valley range, on the. west of the Sevier valley, are supplied with meager timber, especially the Valley range. In no part of Utah have I noticed so few and so limited areas inclosed. Timber is said to exist in inaccessible places only on the Wahsatch range to the east of the valley. This is true in regard to the ranges west of the Sevier valley, where the character of the tree growth is inferior to even the average poor quality of Utah forests. Black balsam, white balsam and red fir grow in both ranges, but are approached with great difficulty. The indigenous scrub cedar prevails often in thick groves along the foot-hills, especially on the Valley and Tushar ranges to the west of the valley. Several saw-mills at the mouths of canon streams on the East Wahsatch range have for several years worked up all the available lumber, but the prices asked for lumber— from $35 to $45 per 1,000 feet— place fencing material beyond the reach of the Sevier farmer. " All the way up the Sevier valley, and along its south and east forks, fencing is limited and lumber high, a sure proof of the inadequate supply of trees on accessible mountains. " Fish Lake plateau and mountains (latitude 38° 33', longitude 111° 50') contain a considerable quantity of the prevailing timber of Utah, as do also Thousand Springs mountains. DEPAK.TME 1 DKNSITY OF FORKS TS i '' >.M!'ll.K!> I 'M )KH 1 1 IK I IIIIK ' ril IN . >K r.S.SAKOKNT. SPKCIAI. .M'.I.M T O O ' E L. E J U A B U TAH ST. ! 1 H •A / i JTS ki DENSITY OF FORES COMPUJH) l?>D?Ji THE D1HKCTIOK OF C.S.SARGKXT. SI'KCIAI. AGENT 1883. LEGEND. 9 \ I | Under i cord per IVADA THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 571 "The Aquarius plateau is said by Sevier Valley stockmen to be abundantly timbered with pine, balsam, and spruce, but Boulder valley (latitude 37° 55', longitude 110° 30') was destitute of standing timber, save cedar and poplar on its foot-hill fringe. The country was visited by fires, the Mormons told me, in 1872-73, which destroyed large areas of the forests in the region southeast of the Grass Valley country. The whole section of Utah lying east of the Sevier valley to the Rio Colorado is better timbered, but from its rough and impenetrable location the timber is of no avail to most of the settlers, but only to such as penetrate the high valleys of Grass, Boulder, Potato, etc*, lying adjacent to the timber. Fencing on Grass and Rabbit valleys, western Pinto county, is cheaper than in Sevier valley, but farmers and stockmen are so poor that they are forced to avail themselves of the no- fence law when breaking ground for crops. " In the Paria River region fencing is very limited and lumber expensive, as timber is hard to get out of the mountain canons. "In the Kanab River region fencing at the settlements of Upper Kanab and Lower Kanab, Kane county, is said to be expensive, as material is difficult to obtain, the canons leading to the valley affording a meager supply of cedar and black and white balsam, while some red fir and yellow pine is said to grow on the Sevier plateau (latitude 37° 30'); this, however, seldom reaches a market in the settlements, owing to the isolated situation of these forests. "Considerable scrub oak is found on the slopes of the Oqnirrh and Onaqui mountains, above referred to, in Tooele county, and many cedar thickets of considerable extent. In Tooele valley some fencing with cedar and panels of balsam occurs. Ensh valley contains some bull fences of trunks of cedar, costing 81 25 per rod, showing the cost of even poor material. "It will be observed that outside of the "VVahsatch mountains no building timber of value has been noted in Utah. The supply in this range has been largely consumed from the easily-approached canons and slopes. "In summing up my observations, which were made wholly with a view of investigating the fencing of pasture areas and cost of same, it may be stated that Utah seemed very generally lacking in serviceable material for fencing or building. The country settled for thirty years has drawn upon the near supply of standing timber, so that now lumber is obtained by great exertion and expense in most of the valley settlements. The labor and cost of fencing caused Brigham Young to enact the no-fence law, which enabled the destitute settlers to break ground, irrigate, and raise grain without the provision of any barrier against stock inroads, the cattleman being held responsible for the damages of his herd. This law in itself is a commentary on the scarcity of timber in Utah." NEVADA. The tree growth of Nevada, except in a portion of Douglas county, in the extreme western part of the state, which the forests of the California sierras just reach, is confined to the low ridges of the central and southern part of the state. The most important of these— the Humboldt, Toiyabe, Monitor Creek, Timpiute, Hot Creek, Kawich, and probably others — bear near their summits, in sheltered ravines, scattered patches of stunted white pine (Pinus fiexilis] of sufficient size to furnish saw-logs. The lower slopes of the mountains of this region are often quite thickly covered with small nut-pines and groves of the mountain mahogany ( Cereoc&rpus), here attaining its greatest development. Below the nut-pine low, stunted junipers cover the foot-hills, often extending, in the central part of the state, across the narrow elevated valleys which separate the low mountain ranges. The great development of the mining interests of Nevada has already nearly exterminated its scanty and stunted forests. The white pine has been cut in the neighborhood of mines from all the mountain ranges, and the most accessible nut-pine, juniper, and mountain mahogany have been converted into cord-wood or made into charcoal. The forests of Nevada are nowhere reproducing themselves, and a scarcity of fuel, even for domestic purposes, must soon be felt. A considerable amount of lumber is manufactured in the neighborhood of lake Tahoe, in Douglas county, and sent in flumes down the eastern slopes of the sierras to supply Carson City and Virginia City. The lumber- manufacturing interests of the remainder of the state are necessarily small and unimportant. Their entire extermination, with the forests which furnish them material, cannot be long delayed. During the census year 8,710 acres of woodland were devastated by tire, with a loss of $19,000. The fires -were traced to hunters and Indians. IDAHO. The western slopes of the Bitter Root and Cceur d'Alene mountains, which form north of latitude 46° the eastern boundary of the territory of Idaho, are covered with dense, extensive, and valuable forests of fir, pine, and larch. The ridges of the Rocky mountains, which below latitude 46° occupy the eastern border of the territory, and the extreme eastern development of the Blue mountains of Oregon, just entering it from the west, are less heavily timbered with a scattered growth, in which yellow pine and red fir are still the prevailing trees. The great central region occupied by the Salmon River mountains is unexplored. These mountains are more or less timbered, but nothing is known of the composition or character of the forests which cover them. Judging, however, from the general elevation and climate of this region, its forests cannot be very important, nor capable of 572 TUP] FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. supplying more than the local wants of its mining population. The great plains south and southeast of Hie Salmon River mountains, comprising fully one-third of the territory, are entirely destitute of tree covering, while the Snake River range and the ranges of the Bear River country contain in their more sheltered canons only small areas of open, stunted forest. During the census year 21,000 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $202,000. These fires originated in the carelessness of hunters, prospectors, Indians, etc. A small amount of pine and fir lumber is manufactured at Bois6 City and near other centers of population. The great forests of cedar, fir, and pine, however, in the Cceur d'Alene region are still almost intact. These forests, •with proper care, are capable of furnishing indefinitely tlie treeless agricultural region of eastern Washington; territory and Oregon with an abundant supply of excellent building material. The following extracts are made from Mr. Sereno Watson's report upon the forests of the territory: "This territory north of latitude 44|° is occupied by the Rocky and the Bitter Root mountains, forming it* eastern boundary, with their broad, timbered, interlacing spurs, which terminate in the high, mostly treeless plateau which extends from near the Spokane river in a southeasterly direction to this parallel of latitude. The southern and southwestern portions were not visited by me, and the statements regarding them are to some extent conjectural. " LEMHI COUNTY (5,530 square miles). — In the extreme eastern portion of this county, where the mountains are crossed by the Utah and Northern railroad, scattered trees of red fir are first met at an altitude of 6,000 feet. Beaver canon, up which the railroad passes, is well timbered on both sides nearly to its head at 0,600 feet altitude with red fir only, but the broad plateau at the summit (6,869 feet) is treeless, lii the lateral canons (8 to 10 miles long), coming out near the mouth of Beaver canon, there are two saw-mills, one of which was visited. The timber was here found to be confined to the south side of the eaflou, and consisted almost wholly of red fir (here called 'red pine'), averaging from 20 to 22 inches in diameter. The largest log seen measured 32 inches at the butt. A 'white pine' proved to be Picea Enyelmanni, and a • bird's eye pine' was Pimis Murrayana^ both small, as was also the balsam (Abies subalpina), which was found some 3 or 4 miles up the canon. The yellow pine did not occur here. "It is probable that the canons westward along the range are similarly timbered as far as the Lemhi agency. Here the character of the range changes (as stated under Beaver Head county, Montana), becoming higher and more rugged, and the Pinus Murrayana is probably more abundant, at least at the higher altitudes. The yellow pine also appears, but at what point is uncertain ; it is certainly found at Gibbonsville, on the North Fork of the Salmon river, and it probably extends still farther southward. The Salmon River mountains, lying between the Lemhi river and Rock creek, are reported to be well timbered. The southwestern portion of the county I presume to be much more open. "The total timbered area is estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 square miles. "IDAHO COUNTY (10.100 square miles). — The high and crowded spurs of the Bitter Root mountains fill the entire northeastern portion of this county, extending to the line of the South Fork of the Clearwater, mostly densely wooded from base to summit. The foot-hills and plateaus between the streams are more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and red fir. The valley of the Salmon river is probably comparatively treeless, and the low mountain range between that river and the Snake is scantily timbered. "Estimated timber area, 4,000 square miles. "WASHINGTON COUNTY (3,000 square miles). — I have but little information in regard to this county. The southern portion has been surveyed, and is probably nearly treeless. The rest appears to be more mountainous, and may be scantily timbered. "Wooded area (say) 300 square miles. "NEZ PERC£ COUNTY (3,400 square miles).— Mainly high plateau, at about 3,000 feet altitude, in the southeast more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and red fir of good size, on the western side nearly without timber or with occasional yellow pine. Toward the head of Potluck creek some yellow pine and red fir are found in the valleys, and in the northeast the spurs from the Rocky mountains enter the county, covered iu addition with the larch and Thuya yigantea. East of the Indian reservation the county extends up into the mountains in the form of a narrow gore, and is heavily timbered. The portion lying south of the reservation in the angle between the Snake and Salmon rivers is occupied by low mountains, mostly bare. "Total timbered area estimated at 750 square miles. " SHOSHONE COUNTY (5,950 square miles). — Wholly mountainous and covered with forests, with the exception of some prairies and open country near the Clearwater and lower portion of the Lolo Fork. "Immediately after crossing the divide by the Lolo trail from Montana, at an altitude of 6,000 feet, the forest consisted of Abies subalpina and Picea JEnfjelmanm, with young Abies grandin and Tsuga Mertemiana, and occasional larch and red fir, and upon the creeks some small Thuya and Taxus. The trail soon ascended the ridges and followed them for about 100 miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to over 7,000 feet, doubtless to avoid the fallen timber which made the canons impassable, though enough of it was found on the route followed. The timber on these ridges was often small and scattered — Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni, with Pinus Murrayana and P. i'm — or on the damper northern slopes with larch and red fir, balsam, hemlock, and sometimes the mountain DENSITY OF FORESTS CIIMl-II.Kl) DKDEII THE IllllErnciN OP ('..S-SAHOKN'T, Sl'EClAI. AliKNT I.';;:.;. Soul.- nl' SMI O ]0 20 30 40 IHt 100 LEOEND i I I niliT I i iiril pi-i mi i I I ...111 1 1.1 _• O I S E U N EX P L O R E D / , IDAHO , SI1. Jill. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 573 hemlock ( Tsuga Pattoniana), the trees larger (occasionally 2 feet through, the Abies grandis being the largest). The white pine (Pinus monticola) also frequently occurred. During the last day upon this ridge the trail was through heavy timber, chiefly of hemlock sometimes 3 feet in diameter, with some Abies and rarely Pinitx Murrayana and P. monticola, the ridge eveu at 7,000 feet being covered with the same dense growth. Descending quite abruptly from the drier extremity of the spur, which was covered with Abies, Tsuga. and Pinus (Murrayana, albicaulis, and monticola), we passed through a forest of heavy balsam (Abies grandis), with a few larch and some red fir, and at about 4,000 feet came upon cedar (Thuya gigantea) to the exclusion of everything else — the trees from 2 to 4 feet in diameter. On the stream banks at the base were found the Thuya, Pinus monticola, Abies subalpina and A. grandis, Picea Engelmanni, and Txitga Mertensiana, all growing together, with an undergrowth of maple, mountain ash, Vac- cinium, Ceanothus, Cratccgus, Pachystima, Primus, etc. With timber of this character upon the high ridges it is evident that there must be much very heavy timber in the canons. "After crossing a low ridge covered with cedar, larch, and red fir, and following a narrow meadow frequently interrupted by clumps of timber, the trail at length came out upon an open camass prairie 25 miles northeast of Kamai. From this point the timber covering the plateau is an open growth of yellow pine and red fir, often quite large, with young trees intermixed, and some Picea Engelmanni and the two Abies in the wetter places. Considerable timber is cut upon the Lolo Fork and Clearwater and floated down to the mills at Lewistou. It is uncertain how far south along the main range the above large variety of trees continues. It is probable, in my opinion, that the Thuya, Abies grand in, Tsuga, Pinus monticola, and Taxus do not pass beyond the headwaters of the Clearwater, or, at the farthest, that some of them may reach the North Fork of the Salmon river, while the larch may possibly be found in the Salmon Itiver mountains. " At the northern extremity of the county, along the Mullan road, which from the Coeur d'A16ne mission follows up the canon of the Coeur d'Alene river, instead of following the spurs, a distance of 37 miles, the swampy bottoms were found heavily timbered with Thuya, red fir, Abies grandis, and Tsuga Mertensiana, with some larch and Pinus monticola. Some of the drier bottoms had been burned over, and were mostly covered with Pinus Murrayana. Some Populus baltsamifcra occurs, 3 feet through, or more (as also on the Montana side). The sides of the ridge were also nearly bare. The Thuya, which exclusively occupies some of the swamps, attaining a large size, ceases at the base of the dividing ridge, where also the Picea Engelmanni and Abies subatyina come in. The range above Cceur d'Alene canon, and bounding the county on the north, is uot heavily timbered, much of its upper slopes being bare. "Total timbered area estimated at 5,000 square miles. "KooTENAi COUNTY (5,530 square miles). — The portion south of the Coeur d'Aleue and Spokane rivers belongs mostly to the Cceur d'AltJne Indian reservation, and is timbered, with the exception of open meadows upon the Co3ur d'Alene and Saint Joseph rivers and upon Hangman creek. The timber is principally yellow pine and red fir, with some Pinus Murrayana, and fine bodies of cedar (Thuya gigantea) near the western borders of the lake. North of the Creur d'Alene river the road from the mission to the fort passes through a cedar ( Thuya) swamp, with many large trees, from 3 to 5 feet through, traversing canons filled with a mixed growth of Abies subalpina and A. grandis, larch, hemlock, Picea Engelmanni, and red fir. This latter growth continues for some miles below the fort, where the valley opens out into the broad Spokane plain, which extends northeastward toward Pend d'Oreille lake without trees. The mountains south of the lake are low and not heavily timbered. The portion of the county north of Clarke's Fork and of Pend d'Oreille lake has, so far as I know, never been explored, but is probably mountainous and for the most part well timbered. "Estimated timber area of the county, 4,500 square miles." • WASHINGTON. Washington territory west of the summit of the Cascade range is covered with the heaviest continuous belt of forest growth in the United States. This forest extends over the slopes of the Cascade and Coast ranges, and occupies the entire drift plain surrounding the waters of Puget sound. The highest mountain peaks and the sand- dunes of the coast are treeless. The narrow valleys of -the Cowlitz and Chehalis rivers are dotted with small oaks and other deciduous trees, and oaks and stunted yellow pines occupy with an open growth the barren Steilacoom plain south of Puget sound; with these exceptions western Washington territory is covered with a magnificent coniferous forest. The most valuable and generally distributed timber tree of this region is the red or yellow fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii), forming about seven-eighths of the forest growth. The valuable red cedar (Thuya gigantea) and the hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana), often covering extensive tracts, especially near the base of the Cascade mountains, are common ; the noble tide-land spruce adds value and importance to the forests bordering the coast. The forests which cover the upper ridges of the Cascade mountains are principally composed of firs (Abies amabilis and A. nobilis), spruces (Picea Engelmanni), various small pines, hemlocks, etc. These elevated forests, often of great beauty, are of little economic importance. East of the Cascade mountains the forests are less dense, and are confined to the mountain ranges. The great plains watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers are entirely destitute of tree covering. 574 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Stevens connty, which is broken and mountainous, with the exception of the narrow valleys and occasional) small prairies, is covered with a heavy, open forest growth. The most valuable trees of the forests of this county are the red iir, the yellow pine (Pinm jjondcroftft), the white pine (Pinus monticola), the larch (Larix f>cci(lentalis)r and the red cedar. The forests of Spokane county are confined to the spurs and ridges of the extreme eastern part of the county, and consist of the yellow pine, red fir, and larch of small size and inferior quality. The forests of Yakima county cover about one half of its area, being confined to the eastern slope of the Cascade range. The forests covering the eastern slopes of these mountains are only surpassed in density and value by those extending over their western flanks. The yellow pine occupies the lowest slopes with an open growth of large trees. Above the pine the red fir is the prevailing tree. This at a greater elevation is succeeded by hemlock and larch, with which are mingled fine bodies of spruce (Picca Enfjetmanni) and hemlock, while th& forest growth below the timber-line consists of firs, pines, and mountain hemlock. The western portion of Rlikitat county is covered with heavy forest growth, similar in composition nnd density to that of Yakima. Walla Walla county is destitute of timber except in the extreme southeastern corner, where the spurs of the mountains are thinly covered with a sparse growth of yellow pine and larch. Columbia county is without forest except along the ridges and summit of the Bine mountains, which are- covered with yellow pine, larch, and, above 5,000 feet elevation, with a continuous growth of lodge-pole pine (Pimm Murrayana). Whitman county is destitute of forest except in the extreme southeastern corner, where there is a scattered growth of small yellow pine. An estimate of the actual amount of timber standing in the territory is not possible with the existing knowledge of the country, and none has been attempted. The quantity of merchantable timber, however, standing in western Washington territory is enormous ; a yield of 200,000 feet of lumber to the acre is not at all exceptional, while over fully 20,000 square miles a yield of 2."), 000 feet to the acre might be expected ; such estimates certainly would not exaggerate, the productive capacity of these noble forests. The forests of Washington territory, especially in the more thickly .-ettled portions west of the Cascade- mountains, have long suffered from destructive fires. The injury inflicted by such fires is proportionately less, however, in the hnmid coast region than east of the mountains, where the dryness of the climate prevents the reproduction of the forest once destroyed. West of the mountains young trees of the species of the original forest, and especially the red fir, soon densely cover the burned surface and grow with astonishing rapidity and vigor. It seems reasonably certain, therefore, that, whatever may be the fate of the forests which now cover western Washington territory and Oregon, they will be succeeded by forests of similar composition, and that this whole region, ill adapted in soil and topography to agriculture, will retain a permanent forest covering long after the other great forests of the continent have disappeared. During the census year 37,910 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $713,200. These fires were set by Indians, by whites in clearing land, by hunters, prospectors, etc. The forests bordering the shores of Pnget sound, the strait of Jnan de Fuca, and the lower Columbia river have been culled of their best trees for a distance inland of 1 or 2 miles to supply the important lumber- manufacturing interests of this part of the territory. The product of western Washington territory during the census year was 153,98(5,000 feet of lumber, 6,550.000 laths, 910,000 shingles, and 23,000,000 staves— by far the largest part being manufactured in the mills located on the waters of Puget sound. The first saw-mill built upon Puget sound was erected in 1851. It was a small water-power mill, with a daily capacity of about 1,000 feet. Two years later a similar mill was erected at Seattle, with a daily capacity of from 8,000 to 10,000 leet. The centers of manufactnres now are Port Gamble, Port Madison, Port Blakely, Port Discovery, Seabeck, Utsaladdy, Tacoma, and Seattle. At the last-named place there is a large establishment manufacturing sugar-barrel staves from cottonwood for the San Francisco market. The lumber manufactured upon Puget sound is largely shipped to San Francisco and directly to China, Australia, New Zealand, and Mexican and South American Pacific ports. The population of the, southeastern part of the territory is principally supplied with lumber, largely coarse yellow pine of inferior quality, cut on the Blue mountains in small portable mills, and delivered at Dayton, in Walla Walla county, by a flurne several miles in length. No statistics, however, have been received of the amount of lumber manufactured in this county. The methods adopted by the lumbermen of western Washington territory are wasteful in the extreme. Loggers cut only timber growing within a mile or a mile and a half of shores accessible to good booming or shipping points, or which will yield not less than 30.000 feet of lumber to the acre. Only trees are cut which will produce at least three logs 24 feet long, with a minimum diameter of 30 inches. Trees are cut not less than 12 and often 20 feet from the ground, in order that the labor of cutting through the thick bark and enlarged base may be avoided, while 40 or 50 feet of the top of the tree are entirely wasted. 36 DEPARTMENT OF THE IN 125' WASHINGTC DENSITY OF FORF.STS COMPILED C'MiKR rilK ullttli S SAKCKNT. SHKC1.M. ACh'.N'T L883. THE FOKESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. f,7.-> The following notes upon tbe forests of eastern Washington territory are extracted from Mr. Watson's report : "WALLA WALLA COUNTY (1,200 square miles). — This county is wholly without timber, which is supplied from the Blue mountains of Oregon. "COLUMBIA COXTNTY (2,100 square miles). — A spur of the Blue mountains traverses the southern portion of this county, occupying about a fourth of its area, which is partially timbered, chiefly with red fir (Pxeudotxuga), pine (Pinus ponderosa), and some Picea EHtjelmanni, none of it large. Elsewhere the county is nearly destitute of trees, though some of the streams, especially the Touchet, were at the first settling of the county bordered by scattered pines. "WHITMAN COUNTY (5,000 square miles). — This county is destitute of timber. Some of the townships along the Idaho line were originally sparingly wooded with scattered pines upon the ridges, but these have nearly or wholly disappeared, and the supplies for fencing and fuel are brought from the neighboring mountains of Idaho. There is a saw-mill on the Palouse river, at Talouse, the logs for which are floated down from about !l miles above. "SPOKANE COUNTY (8,500 square miles). — The portion of this county to the west of the mouth of the Spokane river is wholly destitute of trees, with the exception of the high point or plateau opposite to the month of the Okinakaue river. Here, there is a small area thinly wooded, probably with yellow pine and red fir. On the eastern side of the county spurs from the mountains bordering Cceur d'Alcne lake enter between l.'ock creek and Spokane river, and are covered more or less densely with a growth of yellow pine, often small, with some Douglas spruce and tamarack in the ravines. There is a saw-mill at Rock creek supplied from its immediate neighborhood. Crossing Hangman's creek a scattered growth of pine appears upon the ridges between Deep creek and the Spokane river, and as far west as the head of Crab creek. Trees also border the Spokane river below the falls and to within a few miles of its month. The region between the Spokane and Little Spokane rivers is mostly a broad, open valley, the- hills bordering it upon the north being very thinly wooded. There are two saw mills at Spokane Falls, but the logs- tor them are floated down from near Coeur d'Alene lake. "The total area more or less covered with trees may be estimated at from 400 to 500 square miles. "STEVENS COUNTY (14,760 square miles). — This county is broken and mountainous throughout, but with no- high ranges east of the Cascade mountains. The portion lying east of the upper Columbia and north of the Spokane river has several small prairies upon Chamokaue creek and Colville river, and there is a narrow, open valley along the Columbia for 20 miles below the mouth of the Colville. The mountains are all low, the ridges most frequently thinly wooded or nearly bare, with the timber becoming denser in the ravines, especially northward. The most common tree is the yellow pine, but in the ravines red fir is frequent, with tamarack and lodge-pole pine. ISTear the Colville river were seen Picea Engelmanni, Abies grandis, small Thuyas, and fine specimens of Pinus monticola, as well as Popuhts balsamifera, Betulapapyracea, and Abuts of considerable size. The hills bordering the Columbia above Old Fort Colville are treeless. The drift-wood brought down by the river is said to be chiefly cedar (Thuya gigantea). "The Colville Indian reservation, lying between the Okinakuue and the Columbia eastward, is comparatively little known, being crossed by but two trails, one leading directly westward from (JL1 Fort Colville, the other following the Kettle river, and for much of the way not far distant from the British boundary. As seen from the Columbia- and from the heights bordering the Okiuakane, this portion appears to be more open and grassy than that east of the Columbia, and, especially toward the south, more like the bare plateau of Spokane county. Okiuakane valley itself is narrow, with mainly a desert vegetation of sage-brush, Purnhia, and other like representatives of the Great Basin flora, which seems to find here its only passageway northward to the British boundary. The hills eastward have thinly-scattered pines, which occasionally descend into the valley. The northern trail from Old Fort Colville shows the lower valley of Kettle river to be well wooded, but above, opening out into grassy prairies and bordered by grass-covered hills or with scattered yellow pine, red fir, and larch. Upon the more densely wooded ridges and ravines were also found Picea Engelmanni, Abies subalpina, Pinus Murrayana, and Thuya. " The main ridge separating Kettle river from the Okinakaue (about 5,000 feet high and 12 miles from the latter stream) was well grassed upon both sides with large Picea, Pseudotsuga, Pinus ponderona, and Larix along the creeks upon the eastern side, and on the west the Pinus ponderosa only. The ridges above the Okiuakane to the north appeared treeless, while the northern slopes of the nearer hills to the south were pretty well covered with underbrush. West of the Okiuakane, between that river and the Methow, the country is much like that to the east — high and broken, with scattered patches of timber, which becomes more general toward the northern boundary. Upon the Methow and Similkameen creeks there are open, grassy valleys of considerable extent, but for 12 miles from the mouth of the Methow the hills close in upon it and are considerably wooded. The rest of the county, from the Methow to the Wenatchee, is occupied by spurs from the Cascade mountains, which reach the banks of the Columbia; these are exceedingly rugged and almost impassable, being seldom traversed, even by Indians. A foot-trail leads from the headwaters of the Methow over to the Skagit, and a trail which has been passable for horses crosses the ridges between the upper Chelan lake and the Wenatchee, but it is described by the Indians as dangerous and long disused by them. The whole region is probably for the most part well timbered except along the Columbia river, where the mountains for from 10 to 15 miles back are but scantily wooded, the pine (Pinus ponderosa) and red fii occasionally reaching to the river. Heavy timber is reported about the head of Chelan lake, commencing at about 15 miles from 570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the foot, mostly yellow pine, but also red fir, some Larix, and small Thuya. The outlet to this lake is through a deep cafiou, and is obstructed by falls and rapids. The Wenatchee flows through a more open valley, and, at '.east in high water, could be used for floating timber to the Columbia. For 7 miles from its mouth the ridges on each side are only scantily wooded, but from that point the trees (yellow pine and red fir, mostly young) occupy the valley, and at 20 miles the thick timber begins — pine, fir, red fir, larch, white pine (Pinus monticoln), and cedar, the white pine sometimes 4 feet through, the cedar not large. "YAKIMA COUNTY (S,900 square miles).— Immediately south of the Wenatchee the highest of the eastern spurs of the Cascade mountains extends in a southeasterly direction to the Columbia, forcing that river to make a bend eastward. This spur has an altitude of about 5,000 feet, and its higher northern slopes, overlooking the mouth of the Wenatchee and eastward, are somewhat densely covered with pine, red fir, and larch. The southern slope, as seen from Ellensburg, appeared nearly bare. I crossed the ridge about 17 miles above the mouth of the Wenatchee and a few miles east of the high, exceedingly rocky, aud snow-covered peaks called by McClellau ' Mount Stuart'. It was found mostly well wooded, but the trees not exceeding 1 or 2 feet in diameter, and usually small red fir and yellow pine, with at length some Abies grandis and Pinus monticola, rarely a small Thuya, on the higher rocky ridges small larches, and at the summit some Pinus Murrayana. The same trees were found on the southern descent, excepting the Pinus monUcola. Large cottonwoods (Populux trldiomrpa) occurred on the creeks. South of this range the spurs recede, leaving a comparatively level sage-brush region, wholly treeless, from 50 to 70 miles broad, between the Columbia and Yakima, and crossing the lower portion of the latter river. "Below the mouth of the Schwank, which is at the head of what is known as ' Killitas valley', on the Yakima, the foot-hills of the Cascade mountains extend to the Yakima river, a distance of about 50 miles from the summit of the range; but the lower portions of these spurs are bare, or with only scattered pines on their northern slopes, and the chief reliance of the settlers for fencing aud fuel is upon the aspens and cottonwoods bordering the streams. Following up the Yakima from the mouth of the.Scliwank, the valley for 10 or 12 miles is thinly timbered with pine and red fir. For 17 miles more there is some larch on the ridges, and in the bottoms some Abies grand is, and rarely a small Thuya. Timber and ties had been extensively cut here for the railroad and floated down the river. At this point the yellow pine and tamarack ceased, and a dense, heavy growth began aud continued for most of the way to the summit (20 or 25 miles), consisting of red fir, hemlock, Alien (/nnidia and A. amdbilis (all these from 3 to 5 feet through and 200 feet high or more), Pinus monUcola (18 inches' through), and Thuya (2 feet in diameter). One spruce, not over 2J feet through, had a height of 225 feet. " In like manner, upon the Nachess river, the open sage-brush country extended about 10 or 12 miles from its mouth, with only cottonwood along the stream. Scattered pines then commence, with at length red fir, but it is some 25 or 30 miles more before heavy timber is reached. A small grove of oak (tyuercus Garry ana) is found at the mouth of the Schwank, the only point upon the Yakima where it occurs. It is also frequent along the Nachess for 3 or 4 miles, commencing at about 12 miles from its mouth, but small and rarely over (i inches in diameter or 15 feet in height. In Satas valley it is abundant. Along the southern border of the county there is again a long spur extending east from mount Adams to within about 40 miles of the mouth of the Yakima. This spur has an altitude of about 1,500 feet, and is mostly covered with a scattered growth of yellow pine, red fir, aud Abies grandis. "The entire wooded area of the county may be estimated at about 4,500 square miles. " KLIKITAT COUNTY (2,300 square miles). — The spur eastward from mount Adams, just spoken of, covers much of the northern portion of this county and affords a good supply of excellent timber. The area may be estimated at 750 square miles. The high ridge overlooking the Columbia from The Dalles eastward is perfectly bare of trees." OREGON. The heavy forest of western Washington territory extends through western Oregon. The most valuable timber tree of the regiou is the red or yellow fir (Pseudolsuga Douglasii), which forms fully seven-eighths of the forest. The tide-land spruce (Picea Sitchensis) abounds along the coast, and the red cedar (Thuya giganlea) and the hemlock (Tsuga Mcrtensiana) are common and of large size. South of Coos bay an important forest of Port Orford cedar (Chamcecyparis Laicsoniana), mixed with the red fir and the tide-land spruce, occurs. The valleys of the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue rivers contain an open, scattered growth of white oak (Quercus Garryana], now gradually increasing by the recent growth of young trees protected from the fires which formerly swept every season through these prairie-like valleys. South of the Rogue- Kiver valley the sugar pine (Pinus Lambcrtiana), the chestnut oak (Quercus densiflora), and other trees of the California forest occur in sufficient numbers to add economic value to the forests of the state. The bottom lauds of western Oregon are lined with a continuous growth of cottouwoods of immense size, willows, maples, ashes, and gigantic alders ; those in the southwest, near the coast, contain great bodies of splendid card maple (Acer macrophyllum) aud laurel ( Umbellularia Californica). East of the Cascade mountains the forests are confined to the mountain ranges ; they are open, scattered, and generally composed of comparatively small trees. 37 UEF/ IT OF THE 11. DKXSITV OF FOKKSTS C. S SARGKNT, SPKCIAI. ACI'.'.N"! 1883. LEGKM). [ 1 j Unjdnr t card per acre l--M-n From 1102 „ 122' THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 577 The forests of Wasco county, on the western slope of the Cascade, range, when above 3,000 feet elevation are important. The most valuable trees are the red fir, the yellow pine, and the larch. The eastern part of the county is covered with a light growth of pine, principally yellow pine. The slopes of the Blue mountains iu Umatilla and Union counties are covered with an open, stunted forest, consisting of red iir, yellow pine, larch, and, above 4,000 feet elevation, a heavier continuous growth of lodge-pole pine (I'hntN Mnrrut/aiia). Lake county is destitute of timber except on the eastern slope of the Cascade mountains and the southern part of the county, which contain a light forest growth confined to the high ridges of the mountains, and principally composed of yellow pine. Grant and Baker counties are treeless except in the northern part, where the Blue mountains are covered with a light, open growth composed chiefly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub pine. The forests of Oregon have sull'ered serious losses from forest fires. Along the Coast Itangc, from the Columbia river to Port Orford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, fires have raged nearly every summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble fir, spruce, and cedar. Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spring up again and cover the burned surface, but the loss iu material which the state has snUercd in this way is incalculable. Forest fires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the census year, however, only 132,320 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by lire, with an estimated loss of $593,850. These (ires were set by hunters, Indians, and by farmers clearing land. The abundant spruce, cedar, cottonwood, ash, maple, and alder of western Oregon have developed flourishing industries. At Portland large quantities of ash, maple, and aider are manufactured into furniture, and cottonwood, spruce, and cedar supply numerous establishments engaged in the production of cooperage stock and all kinds of wooden ware. The supply of this material is large and of excellent quality. The principal centers of the lumber-manufacturing interests are at Portland, where fir, spruce, cottonwood, and hard woods are sawed for the local market, and at Empire City and Marshfleld upon Coos bay. Port Orford cedar and red-fir lumber arc manufactured here, and shipped by schooner to Portland, San Francisco, and Mexican and South American Pacilic ports. The first mill was established upon Coos bay, at North Bend, 4 miles above Empire City, in 1853; other mills were soon built, and in 1854 the first shipment of Port Orford cedar was made to San Francisco. Great quantities of this timber have been cut, while fires have destroyed even more than the ax. The tire which rageu through the forests of Coos bay for three months in the summer of 1807 destroyed cedar estimated to amount to between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber. This tree, however, reproduces itself very rapidly, and after the forest has been burned over it is the first arborescent species to reappear, springing up generally in the third year. The heaviest continuous body of Port. Orford cedar now standing is on cape Gregory, extending south to and beyond the mouth of the Coquille river. It is about 20 miles long by an average width of 12 miles, and lies along the western slope of the foot-hills of the Coast Eange, extending to within 3 miles of the coast. In this forest two- thirds of the trees are Port Orford cedar, the others tide-land spruce and a lew red firs. There is great danger, however, that the Port Orford cedar, one of the most valuable trees of the American forest, will soon be exterminated as a source of lumber supply, so far as this generation is concerned. The following notes upon the forests of Wasco, Umatilla, Union, Grant, and Baker counties, the only portion of the state visited by Mr. Watson, are extracted from his report: "WASCO COUNT? (17,700 square miles). — The timber of this county is confined almost wholly to the steep eastern slopes of the Cascade range; the low spurs of the Blue mountains, which enter the county on the east, bordering John Day's river and southward, being only partially supplied with pines, etc. I know nothing about Walker's range, and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no wood. The trees of the Cascades are doubtless nearly the same as those to the north of the Columbia, the larch reaching to the headwaters of the Deschutes river, the most southern locality for it that I have seen mentioned. "The total more or less wooded area may be estimated at from 2,500 to 3,000 square miles. "UMATILLA COUNTY (6,100 square miles). — The Blue mountains occupy the southern and eastern borders of this county, and are the only source of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, especially in the ravines, the trees growing to a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, spruce and balsam (Abies sulalpina and A. grandis). "The wooded area is about 1,500 square miles. " UNION COUNTY (4,300 square miles). — This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on the west and north and the Cedar mountains on the east, separated by the valleys of the Grande Koiide and Wallowa rivers. A large portion of these mountains is well timbered, the amount decreasing toward the cast. " The wooded area may be estimated at about 2,000 square miles. "GiiANT COUNTY NORTH OP LATITUDE 44° (5,800 square miles). — This portion of the county is traversed by the valley of John Day's river, to the north and east of which lie the main ranges of the Bine mountains, which are to a considerable extent well wooded. The mountains to the south are low and probably scantily timbered. 37 FOE 578 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "Fifteen hundred square miles is probably a liberal estimate for the wooded area. "BAKER COUNTY NORTH op LATITUDE 44° (3,800 square miles). — This section is bordered on the west by a high range of the Blue mountains, which is well timbered. The remainder is almost wholly without timber. "The estimated wooded area of this county is 900 square miles." CALIFORNIA. The heavy forests of California are confined to the Coast Range, the eastern and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and the group of mountains joining these ranges in the northern part of the state. They extend from the Oregon boundary south to latitude 34° 30' north. The most important trees of the Coast Range forest are the redwood and the red fir. The tide-laud spruce and the hemlock of the Northern Coast Forest extend as far south as cape Meudocino, although less generally multiplied and less valuable than in Oregon and Washington territory. The chestnut oak (Quercus densijlora), of which the bark is largely used in tanning, is still common in the coast forests of the northern part of the state. The most valuable forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada is confined to a belt between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, consisting of the sugar pine (Pinus Lambertiana), the yellow pine, and the red fir. Small scattered groves of the big trees (Sequoia gigantea) stretch along the southern portion of this belt. The western slopes of these mountains below 4,000 feet elevation are more or less densely covered with various species of pine of little economic importance, and the broad valleys of the Sacramento and the San floaquin, lying between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada, are covered, except at the south, with an open growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada are covered with a heavy forest, in which yellow pines (Pinus ponderosa and P. Jeffreyi) are the prevailing and most important trees. South of latitude 36° 30' the forests, both of the Sierra Nevada and of the Coast Range, become gradually less heavy and less valuable than those covering the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south they are open and scattered, and have little economic value. The pine and fir forests, however, which cover the upper slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges are important on account of their isolated position in a region destitute of tree covering, and supply a considerable local market with lumber. The northeastern and nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the state are almost entirely destitute of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and junipers are, however, dotted over the low mountains of southwestern California, and willows and cottonwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest ridges of the Inyo and other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, and arborescent yuccas (Yucca brevifolia) form upon the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangeness of its growth than in economic value. The narrow belt of redwood which extends along the western slopes of the Coast Range from the bay of Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. I Few trees equal the redwood in economic value. No other forest can compare with this in productive capacity, and no other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable of producing 75,000 feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 feet of lumber per acre is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay, both north and south, and through the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible to streams and railroads have been culled. Heavy bodies of redwood are still standing, however^ in the Santa Cruz region, and in Humboldt county in the valleys of Eel and Mud rivers and Redwood creek. The largest number of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwood lumber are located upon Humboldt bay, principally at Eureka and Arcata. The logs which supply these mills are generally cut within a distance of 1 or 2 miles from the shores of the bay, to which they are hauled by teams, made into rafts, and towed to the mills. Attempts made to raft logs down the mountain streams watering the redwood forests have not been successful. The rivers flowing west from the California Coast Range are short and rapid. Floods following the winter rains are sudden and severe, breaking up rafts and driving the logs out to sea, or lodging them for from the banks. At periods of low water numerous bars close these rivers to the navigation of the enormous redwood logs. The general destruction of these forests must therefore be accomplished by means of short logging railroads specially constructed to bring logs to the mills. Such a road has been built along Mad river, and there are others either built or projected near Trinidad and at other points along the coast. Besides the mills upon Humboldt bay, there are others devoted entirely to the manufacture of redwood lumber at Crescent City, in Del Norte county; Trinidad, Rohuerville, and Bridgeville, in Humboldt county; Westport, Kibesillah, Albion, Little River, Caspar, Meudociiio, Cufi'ey's Cove, Punta Arena, and Gualala, in Mendociuo county; Duncan's mills, in Sonoma county; and at Santa Cruz. Redwood lumber is principally shipped by schooner to San Francisco, the great point of lumber distribution upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern California, and to Mexico and South America. 38 o > r *4 O '/ / Illllll - !« -: - £ : r. r t - ^ C/3 H X THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 579 The following estimates of the amount of accessible redwood standing May ;J1, 1SSO, were prepared by Mr. E. L. Allen, secretary of the l!ed\vood Manufacturers' Association of San Francisco. They embrace only such portions of the forest as can be readied by water, or may in the future be penetrated by railroads, and do not include the small, isolated bodies of timber growing in inaccessible canons: ItKDWOOD (.Sr»/««m «i mi: Ki ;;ions. hoard meamirc. ! i the Oregon li"iin»l;ii y !o tin- mouth of lied wood rrn.'k itlu- month of K.-ilu 1 rn-rk to the moutli of Mail riviT :i. i.iin " 145 i 4, 4;"0 - :u [lit- numlli of Mattoli vivrr to tin- mouth of Cotonavia f I'Yoin tlit- Mioiitli ot Cotonavia rrerk to tin- moutli ot' Kuw.stan river. '_>OII, (Hill. ("Ill 7, 6811, (Kin, dim 1 550 000 000 Total •jr., wf,, (wo, ooo K.slirnatrd cut tor th«> rriistis year ending May 31, 1880 : 125 :•: : -il 000 "" "05 000 12 noo, ooo Total . No estimate of the amount of pine and fir lumber standing iii the state is now possible, and none has been attempted. An enormous amount of pine of excellent quality, both white and yellow, is contained in the sierra forests. These forests have been invaded by the lumberman at only a few points; their inaccessibility and the cost of getting to market the lumber manufactured in these mountains have thus far preserved them, and these sierra forests, if protected from fire, will serve as a reservoir from which the whole Pacific coast can draw its lumber supply long after its more accessible forests have disappeared. The forests of California suffer seriously by fire; during the census year 356,815 acres of woodland were reported thus destroyed, with an estimated loss of $440,750. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and by farmers in clearing laud. Great injury, every year becoming greater, is inflicted on the mountain forests by stockmen starting fires to improve the herbage of the alpine pastures. These fires destroy undergrowth and young trees, and often consume great quantities of valuable timber, which does not grow again iipon these exposed mountain slopes. PASTURAGE OF MOUNTAIN FORESTS. The permanence of the mountain forests of California is severely endangered, moreover, by the immense herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year, at the commencement of the dry season, to graze. From the foot-hills to the highest alpine meadows every blade of herbage and every seedling shrub and tree is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs are able to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep acclivities tread out the roots of grasses and other perennial plants and loosen the surface of the stony soil, which, deprived of the protection of its vegetable covering, is gradually washed into the valleys, choking the bottoms of streams and preparing the way for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the sierra forests; and the destruction of these forests is certain, if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheep pastures is continued. The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as soon as they appear above the surface of the soil is limited to the life of the fully grown individuals which compose it. A period of unusual climatic conditions, the demand of an increased population for lumber, or the now unforeseen attacks of some insect enemy may at any- time sweep away the old trees of the sierra forests. There are no young trees growing to replace them, and it is doubtful if the forest could ever regain its foothold upon the steep and exposed slopes of these mountains once entirely stripped of the protection of their present covering of trees. The sheep which threaten the destruction of the sierra forests threaten also the agricultural prosperity of the state; the streams heading in the sierras and watering the great interior valleys of California are protected in their tio\v by the forests growing about their upper sources. If these forests are destroyed, and the protection to the surface of the ground which they afford removed, the immense accumulation of the winter's snows must melt suddenly in the spring; brooks will become torrents, sweeping with irresistible force gravel and stones from the mountain sides down into the valleys below, and burying rich bottom lands in ruin. And this is not the only danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which supplies the mountain streams melts slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season; if, on the other baud, the snow melts suddenly and rapidly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by 580 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. its equally sudden disappearance, and the torrent will suddenly diminish to a slender brook or entirely disappear. Irrigation, without which agriculture in a large part of the Pacific region is impossible, is dependent upon the constant and steady flow of streams formed by melting snow, and as the forests which cover the mountain sides are essential to prevent the sudden melting of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any large or comprehensive scale. The forests of California suffer from wasteful methods of cutting. Only the best and most accessible young trees are cut; often a noble pine capable of producing 25,000 or 30,000 feet of lumber is felled, a few split shingles made from the butt-cut, and the rest of the tree left to rot upon the ground. The preference of the railroad companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood ties causes an immense and needless waste of this valuable timber. A great amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out the ties, and when trees after being cut are found to split badly from any defect in the grain they are abandoned and left to waste. The forests of California, unlike those of the Atlantic states, contain no great store of hard woods. The oaks of the Pacific forests, of little value for general mechanical purposes, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory, gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California produces no tree from which a good wine cask or wagon wheel can be made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the development of grape culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its supply of oak. V.'oodenwaie and small cooperage stock are manufactured in large quantities, however, from cottouwood, spruce, alder, and red and white fir. Wine-butts and water-tanks are universally made from redwood, which is probably unsurpassed for such purposes. The large tanning industry of the state consumes, in preference to all other material, large quantities of the bark of the chestnut oak (Quercus densiflora), once a common tree in the forests of tile northern Coast ranges, but now* becoming scarce and in danger of speedy extermination. The principal centers of lumber manufacture outside of the redwood belt are situated along the line of the Central Pacific railroad, upon both flanks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in Butte, Tehama, and Mono counties, and in the San Bernardino mountains. Lumber manufactured upon the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas is largely shipped eastward by rail to supply Nevada and Utah. The product of the mills situated west of the mountains is largely sent to San Francisco for distribution, or direct by rail to the mining centers of southern Arizona and New Mexico. ALASKA. Little is known to me of the present condition or productive capacity of the forests of Alaska. Their distribution, as shown on the forest map of North America, is based upon notes made by Mr. Ivan Petroff, a special agent of the Census Office, who has traced the timber limits of the territory, aided by Mr. C. W. Nelson, of the Smithsonian Institution, by whom the northern limits of the spruce forest ate laid down. The forests of the territory of any commercial value are confined to the islands and Coast ranges east and south of Prince William sound. The most valuable tree of this region is the Sitka cedar (Chamcecyparis Nutkaensis). The hemlock, the tide-land spruce, and the red cedar ( Thuya gigantea) attain here also a considerable size. The importance, however, of these forests, both in extent and in the value of the timber they contain, has generally been greatly exaggerated. The Coast Forest north of the fiftieth degree of latitude rapidly diminishes in density and quality, and there is nothing in the climate or soil of Alaska to produce a forest growth more valuable than that covering the Coast ranges of British Columbia. A few saw-mills of small capacity are located at different points in southeastern Alaska to supply the local demand for coarse lumber. Alaska is, however, largely supplied with lumber from Puget sound. The treeless Shumagin and Aleutian islands and the southern settlements of the peninsula are supplied with fire- wood brought from other portions of the territory. - Mnirtlt 'nrH,,xxi,lil MAP OK A PORTION OK CALIFORNIA snim'ixdTiiK nisTiiiiuTin.N or rin: RKIWOO!) l-'OIU'iS'l'S MTTII SI'I;CIAI. Ki-:ri:iii-:x( i: '\> fUMI'll.lilt I'Mihlf THK IHUKCTIUN ill c.s s.\!;i;r;\'r, si'i-;ci.\i, AC;I:\T. umi . i • • . 5 Ins h'-i-ti rcii' • Lti-fH- •/niirifitjf-; ofRetbwLtimbq /i.n< - trjun •''•' Scale; GENERAL INDEX. [NOTE.— In tfiis index the names of families are indicated by "SMALL CAVS". ut species by "Roman" type, and of synonyms by "ItaKct".] •*• Page. Page. Abies inaijnlfini (Abiew nobilis) 214 Abies 11,12,16,573 Abiee Mariana 202 Abler ulbn (Picon iill.a) 204 Allies Mari/Miitlica 203 Abie.* all>i. (Picea Eugclmanni) 205 Abies Menziuii (Picoa pungens) 205 Abies alba (Piceii uigra) 203 Abies Menziesii (Picea Sitchcnsis) 206 Abies alba, var. arctica 204 Abies Xenziceii Parryana 205 Abies alba, var. caerulea 204 Abies Mertenriana 207 Abies Albertiana 208 Abies niicrocarpa .. 215 Abies amabilia 213,250,255,259,346,412,478,573,576 Abies mucronata. 209 Abiei amabilif (Abies concolor) 212 Abies mucronata pahatrit. 209 Abies amabilis (Abies graadis) 212 Abies nigra (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Abies amabilis (Abies rungaifica) 214 Allies nigra (Picea nigra) 203 Abien Americana 203 Abies nigra, var. rubra 203 Abies urctira (Picea alba) 204 Abies nobilis 214, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 573 Abies arrticn (Picoa nigra) 203 • Abies nobilis (Abies magnifies) 214 Abies aromntica 212 Abies nobilis robusta 214 Abies balsamea 210,251,255,259,346,412,478 Abies Parsonsii 212 Abies bahamea (Abies concolor) 212 Abies Pattoni 208 Alnes bals/imea, var. Fraseri 210 j| Abies Pattoniana 208 Abiet balsamifera 211 |j Abies I'attonii (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Abies bifolia 211 j Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Pattoniana) 208 Abies livacteata 8,213,249,346 |! Abies pendula 215 Abies Uridgetii 207 j Abies religiosa 185 Abies campt/locarpa 214 Abies rubra 203 Abies Canadensis (Picea alba) 204 j Abies rubra, \&r. arctica 203 Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Canadensis) .. 208 Abies rubra, var. c&rulea 204 Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Merteusiana) 207 Abies Sitchenms 206 Abien Caroliniana 207 Abies species (Tsaga Caroliniana) 207 Abies aentlca, 204 Abies subalpina 211,251,255,259,264,346,412,478,564-567,572,573,575,577 Abies concolor 9,212,251,255,259,264,346,412,478,570 Abies subalpina, var./u«(W 211 Abits dnticulata 203 Abies taxifolia (Psendotsnga Douglasii) , 209 Abies Douglasii 209 Abies taxifolia (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Abies Dmiglttiii, var. macrocarpa 210 Abies trigona 208 Abies Dmtylasii, var. taxifolia 209 At>ies venusta 213 Abifl Engdmanni 205 Ai)i>< Williamsonii 208 Abies tngclmanni glauca 205 Acacia 6,10-12,14 Abies falcata 206 Acaaa Bahamensit 64 Abies Fraseri 210,251,255,259,346.412,478 Acacia Berlaudieri 63,248 Abits fiordoniana 212 Acacia biceps 02 Abies grandis 7,212,251,255,259,346,412,478,565,566,572,573,575-577 : Acacia csculenta 03 Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 , Acacia frondosa 62 Abies grand™ (Abies concolor) 212 Acacia glauca 62 Abies ijrandis (Abies snbalpina) 211 j Acacia, Green-bark 60,280,362,426 Abies grandia, var. densiflora 213 Acacia Greggii 13,63,249,282,362,426 Abies grandis, var. Loiciana 212 Acacia latisiliqua 64 Abies heterophytta 207 Acacia leucocfphala- 62 Abies nookeriana 208 I Acacia pnluerulenta 63 Abits Jfudsonica 211 Acacia tephroloba C3 Ahic.^ latiocarpa (Abies concolor) 212 Acacia, Tbree-thorned 59,280,360,426 Abies lasiocarpa (Abies snbalpina) 211 Acacia Wrightii 63,249,282 Abies laxa, 204 Acer 10-12 Abies Loiviana 212 Acer barbatum (Acer glabrnm) 48 Abies macrocarpa 210 Acer barbatum (Acer saccharinum) 48 Abies magniflca 214,250,255,259,346,412,478 Acer CaUfornitum 51 581 582 GENERAL INDEX. . Page. Acer Canadense 46 Acer Caroliniana 50 Acer circinatnm 47,249,253,256,274,358,422 Acer coccineum 50 Acer dasycarpnm 49,250,253,256.276,358,424 Acer Douglasii 48 -1 cor Drummondii .• 50 Acer eriocarpum 49 Accrglabrum 47, 2.">0, 274 .1 car glaitmm 50 Acer grandidentatum 13,48,249.270 Acer niacrophyllnm 47,250,253,256,259,274,358.422,570 Acer montanum . 46 Acer Neyundo 51 Acer nigrum 49 A cer palmatum 47 Acer parviflorum 46 Acer Penusylvanicum .46, 250, 274 Acer Pennsylvanicum (Acer spicatnm) 40 Acerrubrnm 50,250,253,256,259,276,358,424 Acer rabrum, mar. Drummondii 50,250,276 Acer rubrum, var. pattidum • 49 Acer s»rcharinum 4ft 249, 253, 256, 259, 270, 358, 422 Acer saccharinum (Acer dasycarpum) 49 Acer saccharinum (Acer saccharinum, var. nigrnm) 49 Acer saccharinnm, var. nlgram 49, 249, 253, 256, 259, 276, 350, 358, 424 Acer gaccharum 48 A cer sanguineum 50 Acer spicatum 46, 250, 274 Acer striatum 46 Acer trlpartitum 48 Acer virgatum ta 47 Achrax cuncifolia 103 Achras mammoia 103 Achras pallida 101 Achras salicifolia 101 Achras serrata 69 Achras Zapotilla, var. parviflora 103 Actual fuel value of some «£ the more important woods of the United States 350-353 Adelia acuminata 112 J5sculns 10-13 .aSsculug Californica 43,250,253,256,274,422 JEsculus carnea 42 ^sculus discolor 43 JSsculus echinata 42 .aSsculus flava 43, 250, 274 .ajscnlus flava, var. pnrpnrascens 43 -Esculus glabra 42,250,253,256,274,422 jEsculus nippocastanum, var. glabra 42 jEsculvS'lJippocastanum, var. Ohioensis / 42 jEsculus Ilippocfutanum, var. pallida 42 &sculus hybrida 43 JEsculus lutea 43 JZsculus neglecta , 43 JEscultix octandra 43 JEsculuit Ohioensis 42 JEsculus pallida 40 JSsculus Pavia, var. discolor 43 &nculwt Watsoniana 42 Agattianis secundiflora 57 Ageria Cassena 36 Ageria geminata gg Ageria heterophylla 35 Ageria obovata ' 35 Ageria opaca 35 Ageria palustris 35 Alabama, central, pine belt of 529 Alabama, cypress swamps of the Tensas river in 525-527 Alabama, eastern, forest* of the Chattabooohee, mixed forest growth, etc., in. 527,528 Alabama, forests of the Tennessee valley in 528,529 Alabama, lumber industry and manHfactnres from wood In 486, 487, 524, 525 Alabama, Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in 525 Alabama, pine forests of Baldwin county in ,-,27 Page. Alabama, pine region of the Coosa in 539 Alabama, production of naval stores in 517, 527, 529. 530 Alabama, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Alabama, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests and the turpentine industry of 525-530 Alabama, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 524-530 Alabama, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 524 Alabama, the forests of Pike county in .r,;g Alabama, the Maritime Pine Region in 535 Alaska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .'»SO Alaska, tli<> Xorthprn Coast Forest in OKO Albany, Xcw Tork, rank of, as a lumber market "i03 Abler ( Alnus oblongifolia) 103, 326, 391. 400 Alder ( A Inus rbombifolia) 163, 3'JC, 394 . 460 Alder (Alnus rubra) 163, 326. 392, 410, 458 t Alder, Black (Alnus incana) 165, 320, 3!M, 400 '• Alder, Black (Aluus serrulata) 101, :12G I Alder, Hoary 165,326,394,460 j Alder, Seaside 162,326,458 i Alder, Smooth 104,326 Abler. Speckled .165, 328,394, 4CO Algaroba 62,265,280,302,476 A Igarolna glandulosa : 61 Alnus 11,12,16,575 Alnus Americana (Alnua incana) 164 A Inus 4 mericana (Aluus serrulata) 164 Almi-s arguta 162 A Inus Canadensis 164 Alnus genuina t 164 Altuts fflauca 164 Alnus ylutinom (Alnus rubra) 163 Alnus glutinosa, var. rugosa 164 Alnus glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnus rhombifolia) 163 Alnus glutinosa, var. serrulata (Alnns serrnlata) 164 Almts hybrida 104 Alnus incana 12,164,250,326,394,460 Alnus incana (Regel) i 04 Alnus incana, var. glauca (Alnus incana) 104 A Inus incana, var. glauca (Alnus incana, var. virescens) 1 65 Alnus incana, var. rubra 1 63 Alnus ineana, var. virescens 165 Alnus Japonica 162 Alnns maritima 162, 250, 326, 458 A Inus maritima typica 163 A Inus oblongata (Alnus maritima) 162 Alnus oblongata (Alnns serrulate) 164 Alnus oblougifolia 163,250,255,258,326,394,460 Alnus obtusifolia 164 Alnus Orega.no, 163 Alnus rhombifolia 163,250,255,258,326,394,460 Alnna rubra 163,250,255,258,262,326,392,416,458 Alnusrubra (Alnns sernilata) 164 Alnus rugosa 164 Alnns serrulata 164,250,326 Alnus serrulata (Regel) :64 Alnus serrulata genuina 104 Alnus serrulata, var. latffolia 164 Alnus serrulata, var. wacropbylla 164 Alnus serrulata, var. oblongata 164 Alnus serrulata, var. oblongifolia 163 Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnns incana, var. virescens) 165 Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnns rhombifolia) 103 Alnus serrulata, var. rugosa (Alnus serrnlata) 164 Alnus serrulata, var. vulgaris 164 Alnus undulata 164 Amelanchier 10,12,14 Amelanchier alnifolia 85 Amelanchier Jiartramiana 84 Amelanchier Kotryapium 84 Amelanchier Canadensis 84, 249, 253, 256, 364, 430 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia 84 Amelanchier Canadensis, VST. oligocarpa 84 Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia 84 Amelanchier intermedia 85 GENERAL INDEX. 583 Amelanchier oblonffifolia Aiiu'lnnch ier ovalis (Amelanchier Canadensis) Amelanchier ovalig (Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia) Amelanchier tpicata A melanchier Wanyenheimiana American Crab 72, 2f4, 304, 428 American Crab Apple 7'J, 2S4 American Elm 123, 304, 350, 374. 414, 440 American Holly 35,270, American Linden 27, 268, 350, 356, 418 Amount and valno of charcoal used for domestic and nianui':i< tin ing purposes during t lie census \ -••;(!• 489 Amount and value of wood usrd as fuel in iimiml'aetures, etc., during the census year 489 Amount and value of wood used for domestic purposes during the census year 4811 Amyris 10,13 Amyrix cymoga Amyris dyatripa Amyris demifera Amyris Floridana Amyris maritima .4 un/ris I'ltnnicri 33 Amyris sylvatica- 33, 249, 253, 256, 270, 356, 420 ANACAKDlAtEJ. 52-54,253,256,276,361.1.424 Anamomis punctata Anaqua 114.300.372.438 Andromeda 11, 15 Andromeda arborea 98 Andromeda arborescent Andromeda ferruginea 96, 249, 254, 257, 29-', ::. Androm eaa ferruginea, var. arborescent 96 Andmmtdaferruyinea, var./n/dVora 96 Andromeda plumata - •'" Andromeda rkomboidalis 90 Andromeda rigida 96 Anona 10,13 Anona glabra -. 23 Anoua laurifolia 23,250,253,256,266,354,418 Anona pendula '-3 Anona species (Anona lanrifolia) ...'. Anona triloba 23 AXOXACK*: 23,253,256,260,354,418 Anonymos aquatica 124 Anthomeles ccstivalis 82 Anthomeles Douglasii 75 Anthomeles flava P2 Anthomeles glandulosa 82 Anthomeles rdtundifolia, 77 Anthomeles turbinata 82 Ants' Wood 103,294,368,434 Apple, American Crab 72,284 Apple, Custard 23,266,354,418 Apple Haw 82,286,364,430 Apple, Oregon Crab 73,284 Apple, Pond 23, 266, 35», 418 Apple, Seven-year 95,290 Apple, Southern Crab 72,284 Arbol de Hicrro 56,278,360,426 Arbor-vita? 176,330,350,396,462 Arbntns 11,12,15 Arbutus laurifolia 97 Arbutus macrophylla 9~? Arbutus Menziesii 97,249,254,257,292,368,432 Arbutia Jfenzusii (Arbutus Texana) 97 Arbutus Menziesii (Arbntns Xalapensts) 97 Arbutus procera 97 Arbutus Texana 97,249,292 Arbutus variens 97 Arbutus Xalapensis 97,249,254,257,292,368,434 Arbutus Xalapensis (Arbutus Texana) 97 Ardisia 11,15 Ardisia Pickeringi'a 100,249,292 Areas burned over and value of property destroyed by forest fires during the census year (see, also, under state headings) 491, 492 Page. 85 84 85 i 85 84 Page. Arizona, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in ........... 436,487,569 Arizona, rank of, according to value of laml'or products ................. 487 Aiizon;!, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .- .491, 5C8, 569 Arkansas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in .......... 486,487, Ml Arkansas, rank of, accoiding to value of lumber products .............. 487 Arkansas, statistics of foivsts. I'orc-^t Ilivs. standing timber, etc.. in- -491, 543, 544 Arkansas, tubular statement of tlie amount of Shurt -leaved Pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 .......................................... r,4 1 A roniaarborea .......................................................... 84 Aronia arbutifolia ....................................................... 83 .1 1'on'nf Hntritapium ...................................................... 84 .1 r'tnia cordata .......................................................... 84 i I'rulis ........................... ............ ..................... 85 Arrmvwood .............................................................. 38,272 .1 f.'ircea spinosa ......................................................... 55 Ash .......................................................... 107,296,298,370,434 A sl> a nd .-pcciflc gravity of woods ....................................... 54R-251 Ash. r.'.ack ....................................................... Ill, 298, 372, 43S Ash. Blue ........................................................ 111,298,370,430 Asli.Orreu .................................................... 109,298,370,430 Ash, (li-onnd .................................................... 111.29S, 372,438 Asli.Honp ........................................................ 111,298,372, 1'W Ash, Mountain IPyms Americana) ..................................... 73,284,428 Ash, Mountain (Pyrns sambucifolia) .............................. 74,284,364,428 Ash. Oregon ...................................................... 111,298,372,438 Ash, Prickly (Xantlioxylum Americanum) ............................... 29, 268 Anli, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) ...................... 30,270,356,4:11 Ash, Red.. ....................................................... 109,296,370,4:;n Ash. Sea .......................................................... 30,270,356.420 Ash, specific gravity, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States ...................................... 20Bay, Sweet 20, 2CC, 354, 414,418 Bay, Tan 25,265. 268, 354, 418 Bay Tree, California 120,302,374,440 Bay, White 20,206,3:4,414.418 Bayberry 136,312, 3M>, 446 Bran, Indian 115,300,372,438 Bean Tree 115,300,372,438 Bearberry 41,172,358,422 Bearwood 41, '.'72, :;58, 422 BeavorTrco 20,266,354, 414, 418 l!,,.cli 158, 322, 350, MM™ Beech, Blue 159, T122. H92, 456 Beech, Water (Carpinns Caroliniona) 159, 322, 392, 456 Beech, Water (Platanns occidental) 129, 306, 350, :!7ii, 442 Beefwood 117,302,372,438 Bee Tree 27,268,356,418 Behavior of selected woods of the United States under transverse strain : specimens eight centimeters square 414-417 Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression . -118-481 Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under transverse strain 354-415 Btntfiamidia Jlorida 90 Betula 11,12,15 Betula acuminata Betula alba, subspecies commutata Betula alba, subspecies occidentals typica Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera Belula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. communis Betula alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. eordifolia Betula alba, subspecies populifolia Betula alba, var. papyrifera Page. BIGNONIACE.B.. 115,116,254,257,300,372,438 Bilsted 86, 286,350, 364, «14, 430 Birch. Black (Betula lenta) 162,324,392,458 Biichj Black (Betula occidentals) 160, 324, 392, 458 Biivh, Canoe ...160,324,350,392,458 Birch, Cherry 162,324,392,458 Birch, Gray (Betula alba, var. popnlifolia) 159, 324, 350, 392, 458 Birch, Gray (Botula lutea) 161,324,392,451) Eirch, Mahogany 162,324,392,458 Birch. Old-fleld 159, n24, 330, ::92, 458 Birch, Paper 160,324,350,302,458 Birch. Rod 161,324,392,458 Bircli, River 161, 324,392,458 Birch, Sweet, 162, 3'J4, 392, 458 Birch, West -Indian 33,270,350,356,420 Birch , White (Betula alba, cor. populifolia) 159, 324, 350, 392. 458 Birch. White (Betula papyrifera) 160, 324, 2.">0, 'M:, 458 Birch, Yellow 161,324,392,458 Bi Khi ip'» Pi ne 200, 340, 404, 472 Bitter Xut 135,310,350,380,448 Bitter Pecan 136,310,350,380,414,448 Black Aider (Alnus incana) 165, 326, 394,460 IJUu'k Alder (Alnus serrulata) 104, 326 Black and White Spruces the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest . 3 Black Ash 111,298,372,438 Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162,324,392,458 Black Birch ( Betnla occidentals) 160, 324, 392, 458 libel; Calabash Tree 1 1C, 300 Black Cherry, Wild 68,2^2,362,428 Black Cotton wood (Populus angnstifolia) 174, 330, M4, 462 Black Cottouwood (Populus trichocarpa) 174, 3:iO, 394, 462, 578 Blai-k Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 Black Gum 92,200,306.432 ISlack Haw 94,290,366,432 Black Hickory (Carya porcina) 1 34, 31 0, 350, 380, 446 Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444 Black Hills region of Dakota, remarks by Mr. Robert Douglas on the forests of the 561,562 Black Iromvood 39,272,358,422 Black Jack (Qnercus Catesba:i) 151,320,388,454 Black Jack (Quercus nigra) 150,265,320,350,388,454 BlacUJack, Forked-leaf 151,320,388,454 Black Larch 215,346,352,412,478 Black Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 69, 280, 360, 426 Black Locust (Robinia Pscudacacia) 55, 278, 350, 360, 414, 424 Black Mangrove 117,302 Black Oak (Quercns Etnoryi) 146.265,318,386,452 Black Oak (Quercus Kelloggii) 149,265,320.388,416,454 Black Oak (Qucrcus rubra) 148, 265, 318, 350, 30, 390, 456 Blue Myrtle 41,272 Blue Oak 143,316,386,450 Blue Spruce 205,344,408,474 Bluewood 40,272 Boisd'Arc 128,306.376,442,542 BoiiUAGIXACEyB 113,114,254,257,300,372,438 Borya acuminata - Bvrua ligustrina U2 Borya nitida — Bottom Shell-bark 133,310.378,444 GENERAL INDEX. 585 Pago. liourreria — 11,1") Bnurreria Havanensis 114,249,254,257,300,372,438 Bourreria Havauensis, var. radnla 114 Bourreria ovata 114 Bourrcria radula 114 Bou rrcria recu rra 114 Btfurt-eria tomcntosa 114 Bourreria tvmeatota, var. Haranrntit 114 r,ii\ i:;il,T (NYgmxIoartToides) 51,276,300.424 Box Elder (Ni-gulidoCaliforuicnm) 51,276,360,424 Boxwood (Cornus florida) 91, 28C, 306, 430 Boxwood (Scha^floria frutescens) . -- 39, 272 Braliea dulcig 217 Rraheajilamentom 217 Bni-kloy Tliatrh 218,348 Brittle Tliatch 218,348 l;road-le:iv,'d Maple 47,274,358,422 l:n>its*'>nttia tccundijlora - 57 Brov*!<"ncti(r linctvria 128 Brown Hickory 134,310,350,380,446 Kiiriitit Buceras 87 Buckeye, California 44,274,358,422 Buckeye, Fetid 42, 274, 35:-. 122 Buckeye, Ohio 42,274,358,422 j Buckeye, Spanish 44, 274, 422 ' j Buckeye, Sweet 43,274 Bucktlioni, Southern 103,294,368,434 jj Buckwheat Tree 38,272,350,420 Bull Bay 19,266,354,414,418 ! Bull Nnt 134,310,350,380,444 (| Bull Pine (Pimis Jeffrey!) 193,338,402,470 j Bull Pine (Pinusmitis) 200,340,330,400,472 | Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468 Bull Pine (Pinus Sabiuiana) 195,338,350,401,470 Bnmclia 11,15 Bumelia anfjugtifolia 103 Bumelia arborea 102 Bumelia chrysophylloides 101 Bnmcliaciincata 103,249,254,294,368,434 Bumelia fcrrufjinea 102 nuincllafoetidissima 101 Bnmelia lanuginosa 102,250,254,257,294,368,434 Bumelia lanuginosa, var. macrocarpa 102 Bnmelmlyeioidis 102,249,254,257,294,368,434 Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatura 103 Bumelia macrocarpa 102 Bumelia Mastichodendron 101 Bumalia Jiiitrsinifolia 103 Bumelia ablunyifolia. 102 lluinclia pallida 101 Bumelia parrifnlia , 103 Bumelia reclinata (Bnmclia cuneata) 103 Bumelia rcdinata (Bumelia lycioidee) 103 |l Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) 101 Bumelia xalicifolia 101 Kuinelia fterrata 69 Bumelia spinosa 102, 249, 294 Bumelia tcnax 101,249,254,257,294,368,434 Hutuclia totnentosa 102 Bumwood 54,278,360,424 Burlington, Vermont, as a lumber market, importance of 499 Burning Bnsh 38, 272 Burr Oak 140,285,314,384,448 lliirsora . 10, 13 Jlursera acuminata 32 Bnrsera gummifera 32,251,253,256,270,350,356,420 UL'UBKltACK-*; 32,33,253,256,270,356,420 Bustic 101,294,368,434 Butternut 130, 300, 376, 442 Button-ball Tree 129,306,350,376,442 Buttonwood (Conocarpns erecta) 87,288,364,430 B;i(tonwood (Platanns occidentalis) 129, 306, 350, 376, 442 Buttonwood (Platanns racemosa) 129,306,376,442 Buttonwood, White 87, 288, 364, 430 Byrsouima 10,13 Byrsonima lucida 28,250,253,256,268,356,420 c. Page. Cabbage Palmetto 217,348,352 Cabbage Tree- 217,348,352 CvbaUcria Coriacea 99 CACTACK* 89,90,288 Cactus, Giant 90,288 Ciigipnt 120,302,374,440 Calabash Tree, Black 110,:; 0 Calico Ifusb 98,292.368,434 Calicowood 100, 2U« Calil'oi nia Bay Tree 120,302,374,440 California Buckeye 44,274,358,422 California, economic value of the Redwood of 579 California Holly 84,280 California, Injury by grazing cattle to the mountain forests of r.79 California Laurel 120,302.374,440 California, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 578, 5dO California Nutmeg 180,334,400,406 California Olive 120,302,374,440 California, pasturage of mountain forests in 579, 580 California, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 California, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 578-580 California, tabular statement of the amount of Redwood standing in the forests of, May 31. 1S80 579 Calothyrws CaUfornica 43 Calyptrantues 10, 14 Calyptranthes Chytraculia 88,249,288 Canada Ph. in 65,282,362,426 Canella 10,13 Canellaalba 24,249,253,256,268,354,418 Canella la it rifulia 24 Canella Winterana 24 CAXKI.I.ACEJE 24,253,256,288,354,418 Canoe Birrli 160,324,350,392,458 Canoe Cedar : 177,330,390,462 Canotia 10,12,13 Cauotia holocantha 32,249,270 C.u'i'AimiACK.E 24,268 Capparis 10,13 Cupparis Breynia 24 Capparis cynophyttophora ,- 24 Capparis emartjinata, 24 Capparis Jamaicensis 24, 249, 268 Cuj'pans siliquosa 24 Ca/iparis torulosa 24 Capparis itncinata 24 CAPKIFOLIACEX 93,94,253,257,290,366,432 Cardiolepis obtum 41 Carolina Poplar 175,330,350,396,402 Carpiuus 11,16 Carpimis Americana 158 Carpimts Betulus Yirginiana 158 Carpinus Carolinians 158,249,255,258,322,392,456 Oarpinug Ostrya 158 Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana 158 Carpinus triflora 158 Carpinvs Yirginiana 158 Carya 4,11,15 Caryaalba 132,249,254,257,261,308,350,378,444 Carya alba (Carya tomentosa) 134 Caryaamara 135,249,254,257,310,350,380,448 Carya- amara, var. myritticteformit 135 Carya amara, var. porcina 134 Carya anrjuttt\folia 132 Carya aquatica 135,249,254,257,261,310,350,380,414,446 Carya cathartica 130 Carya c&rdiformis 133 Carya glabra 134 Carya Illinoenaia 132 Carya intcyrifolia - 135 Carya microcarpa 133 Carya niyristicaeformla 135, 249,254,257, 310, 350, 380, 445 Carya olivseformis 132,249,254,257,308,350,378,444 Carya porcina 134,249,254,257.261.310,350,380.446 Carya snlcata 133,249,254,257,261,310,378,444 Carya tetraptera 133 586 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Carya tomentosa 133,249,254,257,319,350,380,444 Carya tomentosa, var. maxima 134 Caryotaxus Myristica 186 Caryotaxus taxifolia 186 Cassada 101,294,368,434 Cassena 36,272 Cassine Oaroliniana 36 Cassine Peragua 36 Cassine ramulosa .' 36 Castanea 11,16 Castanea alnifolia 156 Castanea Americana 157 Castanea chrysophylla 156 Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor 156 Castanea nana 156 Castanea pumila 156,250,255,258,322,390,456 Castanea sempervirens 1 56 Castanea vesca (Castanea pomila) 156 Castanea resca (Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana) 157 Castanea vesca, var. Americana 157 Castauea vulgans, var. Americana 157, 250, 255, 258, 262, 265, 322, 390, 456 Castanopsis 11, 12, 15 Castanopsis chrvsophylla 156, 250, 255, 258, 322, 390, 456 Castanopsis chrysophyUa, var. minor 156 Castanopsis chrysophylla, var. pumila 156 Catalogue of Forest Trees 17-219 Catalogue of Forest Trees, Index to 220-243 Catalpa 11,15,115,300,372,438 Catalpa bignonioides 115,250,254,257,300,372,438 Catalpa bignonioides (Catalpa speoiosa) 115 Catalpa communis 115 Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa bignonioides) 115 Catalpa cordifolia (Catalpa speciosa) 115 Catalpa speciosa 115,250,254,257,300,350,372,414,438 Catalpa syringcefolia 115 Catalpa, Western 115,300,350,372,414,438 Catawba 115,300,372,438 Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) 63,282,362,426 Cat's Claw (Acacia Wrightii) 63,282 Cat's Claw (Pithecolobium TTnguis-nati) 64,282 Ceanothus .• 10,12,13,573 Ceanothug ferreus 39 Ceanothus Icevigatus 39 Ceanothug reclinatus . 41 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 41,250,272 Cedar, Alaska, Tide-land Sprnce, and Hemlock the characteristic and most valuable trees of the Northern Coast Forest 7 Cedar an important tree in Texas 540 Cedar, Bastard 176,330,396,462 Cedar, Canoe. 177,330,396,462 Cedar Elm .' 122,304,374.440 Cedar, Incense 176,330,396,462 Cedar, Oregon 179,332,350,398,464 Cedar, Pencil, of Florida 522 Cedar Pine 201,340,406,472 Cedar, Port Orford 179,332,350,398,464,576 Cedar, Post 176,330,396,462 Cedar, Red ( Juniperus Virginiana) 183, 332, 398, 464, 544 Cedar, Red < Thuya gigantea) 177, 330, 396, 462, 573, 575, 576, 580 Cedar, Stinking (Torreya Californica) 186,334,400,466 Cedar. Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) 186, 334. 400, 466, 521 Cedar, White (Chamascyparis Lawsoniana) 179,332,350,398.464 Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis sphaeroidea) 178, 330, 396, 416, 464 Cedar, White (Libocedrns decurrens) 176, 330, 396, 462 Cedar, White (Thuya occidentals) 176, 330, 350, 306, 462 Cedrus Makogoni 33 CELA8TRACE.E 38,39,272 Celtis 11,12,15,251 Celtisalba 125 Celtis Audibertiana 126 Celtis Audibertiana, var. oblongata Oeltis Audibertiana, var. ovata Celtis Jierlandieri Celtis brevipes Celtis canina 126 126 126 126 125 Page. 125 125 125 125 125 126 125 125 ..- 125 125 125 126 125 125 125 125 125 125 Celtis occidentalis 12, 125, 249, 254, 257, 260, 306, 376, 414, 442 Celtis occidentalis, var. eordata Celtis occidentalis, var. crassifolia Celtis occidentalis, var. grandidentata Celtis occidentalis, var. integrifolia Celtis occidentalis, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis) Celtis occidentalis, var. puinila (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 126, 249, 254, 257, 306, 376, 442 Celtis eordata , Oeltis crass! folia, Celtis crassifolia, var. eucalyptifolia Celtis crassifolia, var. morifolia Celtis crassifolia, var. tilicefolia Celtis Douglasii Celtis Ftoridiana Celtis fuscata Celtis heterophylla Celtis integrifolia Celtis Itxvigata Celtis Lindheimeri Celtis longifolia Celtis maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit Eev.) Celtis maritima (in New Fl. and Bot.) Celtis Mississippiensis Celtis m.orifolia Celtis obliqua 125 126 125 125 126 126 Celtis occidentalis, var. scabriuscula ...................................... Oeltis occidentalis, var. serrulata ........................................ Celtis occidentalis, var. tenuifolia ........................................ Celtis patula ........................................................... Celtis pumila ........................................................... Celtis reticulata ......................................................... Oeltis salicifolia ............................ . ............................ Celtis tenuifolia ..... . ................................................... Celtis lexana ........................................................... Central pine hills of Mississippi, forests of the ......................... Cerasus Americana ..................................................... Cerasus borealis ............................................ . .......... Cerasus Oapollin ........................................................ Cerasus Capult .......................................................... Cerasus Caroliniana .................................................... Cerasus Chicasa ........................................................ Cerasus demissa ........................................................ Cerasus emarginata ..................... ... ____ . ___ ...................... Cerasus erecta ............ . ...................... ___ .. ................... Cerakus glandulosa ............ . ................... .. .................... Cerasus hiemalis ................... ........ ............. .. .............. Cerasus ilicifolia ..................... ... ........ ...... .................. Cerasus mottis .......................................................... Cerasus niyra ........................................................... Cerasus Pennsylvania .................................................. Cerasus persicifolia ..................................................... Cerasus serotina (Prunns demissa) ................... . .................. Cerasus serotina (Prunus serotina) ...................................... . Cerasus sphcerocarpa, .................................................... Cerasus umbettata ....................................................... Ceraxus Virginiana ..................................................... Cercidium Jloridum ..................................................... Cercis .................................................................. 125 125 12B 125 125 126 125 125 126 534 65 66 68 68 69 66 69 67 67 6T 65 70 67 65 66 66 69 68 70 67 10, 12, 14 Cercis Canadensis _____ ................................ 61,250,253,256,280, Cercis Canadensis, var. pubescens ......................................... Cercis occidentalis ....................................................... Cei-cis occidentalis, var ................................................... Cercis occidentalis, var. Texensis .......................................... Cercis reniformis ................................. . ............ . ....... 61, Cercocarpus ................................................... 9,10,12,14, Cercocarpus bctulcefolius ................................................. Cercocarpus betuloides ........................... . ........................ Cercocarpus brevifolius ................................................... Cercocarpus intricatus ................................................... Cercocarpus ledifolius 13,71,249,284, Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. iutricatns Cercocarpus parvifulius 71, Cereorarpus purvifolius, var. glaber Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. paucidentatna 362 426 61 61 61 61 249, 280 569, 571 71 71 71 71 350, 428 71 249, 284 71 71 GENERAL INDEX. 587 Page. | Cereus 10,12,14 Cereus giganteus 89, 251, 28X Chapote .. 105,294 ChamjrcypariR 11,12,10 Chamtecyparig Itoursierii (ChamSDcyparis Lawsoniana) Chamcecyparis Boiirgierii (Jnni perns oecidentalis) 181 Gham&ci/paris exce.lsa 178 Chaimec.vparis Lawsoniana 8, 178, 250, 255, 258, 350, 398, 464, 576 Cbarawcyparis Xutkarnsis , 178, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 580 rig Xvtkatnsis, var. 0ta«ca 178 ris Nutkanu* 378 Chamircyparis, one of the characteristic and most valuable trees of tin- Coast Forest 7 ChMnw.-yvarisspbffiroidea 177,251,255,258,262,330,396,416,464 Chama*ropR Palmetto 217 Charcoal used for domestic and manufacturing purposes during the cen- sus year, amount and value of 489 Cheiranthodendron Califomicnm 26 Cherry 100,292 Cherry Birch 162,324,392,458 Cherry, Indian 40,272,358,422 Cherry, May 84,286,364,430 Cherry, Pigeon 66,282,428 Cherry, Pin 66,282,428 Cherry, Rum 68,282,362,428 Cherry, Wild (Primus Capnli) 69,282,428 Cherry. Wild (Prnmis demissa) 69,284,362,428 Cherry, Wild Black 68,282,362,428 Cherry, Wild Eed 66,282,428 Chestnut 157,265,322,350,390,456 Chestnut Oak (Quercus densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 578, 560 Chestnut Oak (Qnercus prinoides) 143, 265. 316, 384, 450 Chestnnt Oak (Qnercns Prinus) 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 Chestnut Oak, Rock 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 Chicago, amount of lumber and shingles received at, during the year 1880 . 548, 549 Chicago, commercial importance of, with reference to the lumber industry - 548 Chicago, early lumber trade of 549, 550 Chicago, the principal source of supply of lumber for Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico 568,569 Chickasaw Plum 66,282,362,486 Chilopsis ...11,12,15 Chilepsis glutinosa H*> Ohilopftis linearis 116 Chilopsis saligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438 Ghimanthus amygdalinus 69 China, Wild 44,274,358,414,422 Chinquapin (Castanea pnmila) 156,322,390,456 Chinquapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla) 156. 322, 390, 456 Chinquapin Oak 143,265,316,384,450 Cliionanthus 11, 15 Ohionanthus angustifolia 112 Chionanthus heterophytta 112 Ghionanthns longifolia 112 Chinnanthus marilima 112 Ghionantlms m-ontana 112 Chionanthus trifida 112 Chionanthus Virginica .112,250,298 Chionanthus Virginica, var. angustifolia 112 Chwnanthus Virginica, var. latifolia 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. maritima 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. montana 112 Chittamwood 52,276 Chloroweles scmperrirens 72 Chrysobalanus 10, 14 Chrysobalanus Icaco 64,249,282,362,426 Chrysobalanus Icaco. var. pellocarpa 65 Ghrysobalanus pellocarpa 65 Chrj-sophyllnm 11, 15 Cltrifxophyllum Barbasco 100 Chryaophyllum Caneto, p 100 Chrynopfiyllum ferrugineum 100 ChrysophyUum tnicropJiyllum - 100 Chrysophyllum in&nopyrenutn .. ... 100 Chrysophyllum oliviforme 100,249,254,257,292,368,434 Cigar Tree 115,300,372,438 Page. ( '>'/!' -lifma Cariba'a 95 Cincfiuna Car»!iniana 95 Cinchona Jamaicensit 95 Cinnamon Bark 24, 268, 354, 418 Cinnamon. Wild 24, 268, 354, 418 Citbarexylnm 11,15 Citharex.Uum villosnm 116,249,254,257, 300, 37U, 4:i.s f.'ludrasti.-s 10,11.14 Cladrastis lutea 57 Cladrastis tinctoria 67, 250, 253, 256, 278, 360, 426 Clammy Locust 56,278 CHffElm 123,304,374,440 Cliftonia ] igustrina 38, 250, 253, 256, 272, 358, 420 Clusia 10,13 25 25 7 580 Clusia tiava Cl/iai" rotfa, Coaat Forest in the Pacific region . Coast Forest, Northern, in Alaska . Coast Live Oak 147,318,386,452 Coast Pine Belt in South Carolina 518 Coccoloba... 11,13 Coccoloba Floridana 117, 249, 254, 257, 302, 372, 438 Coccoloba Lo?gancnais 118 Coccoloba parvifolia 117 Coccoloba uvifera 118,249,302,372,448 Coccoloba uvifera, car. Lceganensis 118 Coccoloba uvifera. var. ovalifolia 118 Cockspnr Thorn 76,286,364,430 Cocoa Plnm 65,282,362,426 Coffee Nut 58,280,360,426 Coffee Tree. Kentucky 58,280,360,426 Colorado, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 567, 568 Colorado, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Colorado, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 567, 568 Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal source of supply of Inmber for 568,569 Colubrina 10,13 Colubrina recliuata 41,249,274,358 COMHRF.TACEJ. 87,253,257,288,364,430 Comparative value of woods 252-255 Compression, behavior of the principal woods of the United States nnder 418-481 Condalia 10-12 Condalia lerrea 39,249,253,256,272,358,422 Condalia obovata 12,46,249,272 CONIFERS 4,176-216,255,258,330,362,396,416,525 Connecticut, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 500, 501 Connecticut, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Connecticut, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 500, 501 Connecticut, the Northern Pine belt in 500 Conocarpus 10, 14 Conocarpui acutifolia 87 Conocarpns erecta 87,249,253,257,288,364,430 Conocarpui erecta, var. procumbent 87 Gonocarpus procumbens 87 Conocarpus raecmosa 87 Consumption of wood for domestic pnrposes daring the censns year, esti- nated. Coral Sumach 54,278,360,424 Cordia 11,15 Cordia Boissieri 114,249,300 Cordia Floridana 114 Cordia juglandifolia. 113 Cordia Sebestena 113,249,300 Cordia speciosa 1 13 Cork Elm 123,304,374,440 Corkwood 117,302,372,438 CORXACE.E 90-93,253,257,288,366,430 Covnus 10-12,14 Corn-us alterna 90 Cornus alternifolia 90,249,288 Cornus ilorida 90,249,253,257,260,288,366,432 Cornus florida (Cornus Nnttallii) 81 Cornns Sfuttallii 91,249,253,257,288,366.432 Corypha Palmetto 217 Cotinus Americamis 52 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Cotinus coggygria 52 Cotton Gum 93,290,350,366,4:12 Cottonwool! (Populus Fremontii) 175, 300, 396, 41)2 Cottonwool! ( Popnlus Fremontii, cor. Wislizeni) 175, 300, 396, 462 Cottonwood (Popnlus monilifera) 175,330,350,396,462 Cottonwaod, Balsam 174, 330, 394, 402- Cottonwool!, Big 175,330,350,396,462 Cottonwool!, Black (Populus angustifolia) 174,330,3114,402 Cottonwool!, Black (Populus trichocarpa) 174, 330, 394, 462, 570 Cottonwood, River 172,328,394,460 Cottonwool!, Swamp 172, 328, 394, 4CO Cottonwool!, White 175,330,396,462 Cow Oak 141,310,384,416,450,533 Crab, American 72,284,364,428 Crab, Swtvt-scented 72,284,364,428 Crab Apple, American 72,284 Crab Apple, Oregon 73,284 Crab Apple, Southern 72,284 Crabwooil 121,304 Cratsegus 10-12, 5M. 573 Crabegns ajstivalis 82,250,253,250,286,364.430 Crat.-cgus apiifolia 81,249,286 Crnhegus nrborescens 75,250,253,256,284,364,428 Cratcegus arbutifolia 83 Crata-u'us berberifolia 82,248 Cratcegus Tlosciana 77 Crata?gus brachyacantha 75,249,284,539 Cratcegus Caroliniana 82 Crauegus coccinea 77,249,286 Cratcejus coccinea (Cratsegus tomentosa) . 79 Cratcegtis coccinea, var. cordata 79 Cratcfgus coccinea, var. moUis 78 Crata,-£U8 coccinea var. oligandra 78 Cratiegus coccinea, var. populifolia 78 Cratcegus coccinea, var. typica 78 Cratif^us coccinea, var. viridis 78 Oratcegus coccinea, var. viridii ( C ratsegns tomentosa) 79 Cratsegns cordata 80,249,286 Cratcegus coronaria 72 Oratcegus Coursetiana 70 Crataigiis Crus-galli 76,249,253,256,286,364,430 Cratcegus Crus-galli (Cratsegua coccinea) 77 Cratasgua Crus-galli (Cratjegtis tomentosa, var. pnnctata) 80 Cratajgns Crus-gall^ var. lincaris 76 Crata,'i:Qs Crns-galli, var. ovalifolia 70 Cratcegus Crns-galli, var. prnuifolia 77 Crata?gu» Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia 76 Cratcegus Crus-gaUi, var. pyracanthifolia (Cratsegus arborescens) 75 Cratcegus Crus-gaUi, var. salicifalia 76 Cratcegus Crus-gaUi, var. splendent 76 Cratcegus cuneifolia _ 80 Cratajgus Douglasii 75,249,284 Oratcegus elliptica (Crataigua rcstivalis) 82 Cratcegus elliptica (Cratsogus flava, var. pubescens) 83 Cratwgus flava 82,249,286 Cratcegus flava, (Cratsgns flava, oar. pubescens) 83 Orat&gus flava (Cratasgus tomentosa) 78 Cratcegus jiava (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 Grahegus Jlava, var. lobata 82 CratiEgus Suva, var. pubescens 83, 249, 253, 250, 286, 364, 430 Oratcegug Jfexuosa 80 Cratcegus glandulosa (Cratasgus coccinea) 77 Crattegus glandulota (Crata5gus Donglasii) 75 Oratacgus glanduloxa (Cratagus fiava) 77 Cratcegui glandulosa (Crataegns flava, nor. pnbescens) 83 Cratfegus glandulosa, var. macracantha 77 Cratcegus glandulosa, var. rotundifolia 78 Cratcegus latifolia (Crataegus tomentoaa) 79 Cratcegus latifolia (Crattegns tomentosa, var. pnnctata) 80 Oratcpgus leucocephalus 79 Orattegiifr Icucophlaeos 79 Cratcegus linearis 77 Cratagut lobata (Crata?gus flava) 82 Crattrrrtts lobata (Crattegus tomentosa) 79 Orattegut lucida (Cratsegus testivalle) 82 Oratcegus lucida (Crateegns Crus-galli). Cratceffiis macracantha Crateegits Hichauxii Cratcrgus microcnrpa Cratccgus mollls ('/•ft (trims obovatifolia ('rata'flits opaca Page. 76 77 83 81 78 80 82 Crata'gvg oralifolia ....................................................... 70 Cratcrgug ozyacantha ... ................................................. 81 Cratcerfus oxyrtcantha, var. apiifolia ...................................... 81 Cral a-gus parvifoli.i ..................................................... 83 Oratceijits popuiifolia (Crata'gus cocrinea) ............................... 7H Crattegun pvpulifolia (Crata?gus cordata) ................................ 80 Crata-giiK prtincllifolia ................................................... 70 Cratceyiis pntnifolia ..................................................... 77 Cratcegus punftata ....................................................... 80 Crateegus punctata, var. brevispina ....................................... 75 Cratcegus punctata, var. rubra and aurea ................................. 80 Cratfpgus punctata, var. xantliocarpa ..................................... 80 f'ratirgutt pyrifolia ...................................................... 7£> t'r'/ttryuit racemosa ...................................................... 84 Crata'fjus rivularis ................................................. 13, 74, 249, 284 Cfdta'tjus rirularis (Crata'gus Douglasii) ................... ............. .75 Crat(rgtiK salicifolia ...................................................... 78 Cratcrgus sanguinfa ....................................... .............. 75 CratffrjtiK sanguinea. var. Douglasii (Crata;gu8 Douglaaii) ................ 75 Cratatgus aanguinea, var. Douglasii (Cratsegus rivularis) ......... . ....... 74 Crattrgin sanguined, fur. villosa .......................................... 78 Cratcegus spatbulata .................................. 81,249,253,250,286,364.430 Cratcegus spathulaia (Cratsegus flava, var. pubescens) ................... t<3 Cratrrgus spicata ........................................................ 85 Cratu'gn* Hiibvillosa ................................... 78,249,253,256,286,364,430 Cratixgus Texana ........................................................ 78 Cratii'pus tomentosa ................................ 12,79,249,253,256,286,304,430 Cratcegus tomentosa (Ainelanchier Canadensis) .......................... 84 Orativgus tomentosa, var. mollis .......................................... 7H Cratcegus tomentosa, var. plicata ......................................... 80 CrattBRiis tomentosa, var. pnnctata ...................................... 80 CraUegus tomentosa, var. pyrifolia ....................................... 79 Cratcegus turbinata ...................................................... 82 CrattTgus Yii-ginica ...................................................... 83 Cratcegus viridis (Crataigus coccinea) .................................... 78 Cratcegus viridis (Cratajgus flava, var. pubescens) ....................... 83 Cratcegus Watsoniana .................................................... 76 Crtscentia ............................................................... 11,15 Crescentia cucurbitina ............................................... 116,250,300 Crescentia latifolia ....................................................... 110 Crescentia lethifera ...................................................... 110 Crescentia obovata ....................................................... 116 Creacentia ovata ......................................................... 116 Crescentia toxicaria, ...................................................... 116 Crop, forest, of the United States for the census year .................. 485 Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata) ............................. 20,260,354,418 Cucumber Tree (Magnolia cordata) ................................ 21,266.354,418 Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved ..................................... 21,260,354,418 Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved ...................................... 22,266,354,418 Cuprespinnata diaticha .................................................. 183 Cupressus ............................................................... 1 ! , 12, 10 Citprcssus A mericana ____ ................................................ 178 Cupressus Arbor-vitce ................................................... J"0 Cupreasua Arizonica ..................................................... 180 Cupressus attenuata ..................................................... Cupressua Californica .................................................... 3 79 Cupresms Californica gracilit (Cnpressus Goveniana) .................... 1 79 Cupreasus Californica gracilie (Cupressus Macnabiana) .................. 180 Cupressus cornuta ....................................................... 179 Cupressus diaticha ....................................................... 183 Cupressus disticha, var. imbrusaria ...................................... 183 Cupressus disticha, var. nutans Cupressus disticha, var. patent .................................. Cupressus fraijrans Cupressus glandulosa ....... . Cupressns Govi-niana ................................ 179,250,255,258,332,398,484 Cupressus Guadalupensis .................................... 180,250,332,568,569 Cupressus Hartwegii .................... . 183 GENERAL INDEX. 589 Page. Cupregtu* Uartwegii, vnr.fatKgiata 179 Cuprcxsns Lainbertiana 170 Cupressu,i Lawt, :«i.<, 400 Cypress, Ili-eiduous 184,334.:i50.:!'JS,4(10 Cypress, I.awson'a 179, 332. :::,(!, ::'.». 404 Cypress. Monterey l"!l. :;';-. '•'•'•*• "'4 Copies.-.. R.-d 184,331 Cypress. Sitka 178, 3TJ. :,!«, 404 Cypress, Southern, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4 C> press swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama .. 525-527 Cypress, While 184, 334, 350, Ml>, 400 Cypress, Yellow 178,332,398,404 CVRIU.ACF..K 37,38,253,256,272,356,420 Cyiill.. 10,11,13 ('tti'illa Caroliniana Cyrilla fuscata l'!/ 1 ilia paniculate < '///•//'..- ;< -i rr( folia OyrtUapolyitaeMa. 37 37 100 37 37 Cyrilla rarcmiflm a 37,249,272,350 Ci/rilla rartmosa 37 D. Dahoon 35,270,356,420 Dahoon Holly ..35,270,350,420 Dakota, lumber industry and manufacturers from wood in 480, 487, 561 Dakota, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Dakota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of the eastern portion of 501 Dakota, remarks by Mr. Robert Douglas on the forests of the Black Hills region of 501,562 Dakota, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 561, 502 Daica 10.12,14 Daleaspinosa 55,250,278 Darling Plum 39,272,358,422 Dalisca hirla 52 Deciduous Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 Deciduous Finest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain 4 Delaware, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in .486,487,511 Delaware, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Delaware, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,511 Dermalophyllum speciogum 57 Desert Willow 116,300,372,438 Devil wood 113,300,372,438 Diamond Willow ... 170,328 Digger Pine 195,338,350,404,470 Dilly, Wild 103,294,368,434 Diospyros 11,15 Diospyros anguttifolia 104 Diospiiros calycina 104 Diospyros ciliata 104 Dio>-pyrog concolor 104 Diospyro* Guaiacana J04 Diagpyros intermedia 104 Diospyros lucida 104 2>iu8pyrvg*PerBimon 104 Diospyros pulescens 104 Diospyros Texana 105,249,294 Diospyros Virginiana 104, 249, 254, 257, 260, 294, 350, 368, 434 Diotpyrov Ylrginiana, var. concolor 104 JXospyrot Yirginiana, var. macrocarpa 104 Tirginiana, var. mjcrocarpa 104 Page. •os Yirginiana, var. pubescent 104 ' Dipholis 11, 15 Dipholis salicifolia 101, 249, 254, 257, 294, 308, 434 Distr ibution of genera JQ Distribution of species ]o District of Columbia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in.. 480,487 District of Columbia, original forest of, replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine, District of Columbia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 District of Columbia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc , in :,n Division of the Xorth American continent with reference to its forest geography 3 Dogwood 90. 2i>8 Dogwood, Flowering (Cornus florida) 91, 288, :!> Dogwood. Flowering ('Jornus Niittallii) 91. •>•*, 300.432 Dogwood, Jamaica 57, 278, 30U, 420 Dogwood. Striped 40. 'J74 Douglas Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476 Douglas, Robert, remarks on the forests of the Black Hills region of Dakota by 501,562 Downward Plum 103, 294, :;G>', 4.31 Drimoplitillum pauciflorum i-jo I>r\ IM tes nt 15 Ilnipetcs alba, var. latifolia 121 Dry petes crocea 120,249,254,257,302,374,440 Dry petes crocea, var. latifolia 121, 249, 254, 257, 302, 374, 440 T)riipttt>it rrncea. var. lontjipes 120 i)/'//l>ctes glauca (Drypetes crocea) 120 1 ;'la.irca (Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia) 121 Drypetes sexsili flora 120 Dry wood of trees of the United States, weight of 249-251 ; Duck Oak 152,320,350,388,416,454 Dwarf Maple 48, 274 Dwarf Sumach 53,278,360,424 E. EUESACKB 104,105,254,257,294,368,454 Economic aspects of the forests of the United States 483-580 Ehretia 11,15 Ehretia Bourreria 114 Ehretia elliptica 114,250,254,257,300,372,438 jj Ehretia Havanensis 114 ! Ehretia radula 114 Ehretia tomentoga 114 Elaphriiun intcgerrimum 32 Elder (Sambucus glanca) 93,290,368,432 Elder (Sambucus Mexicana) 94, 290 Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51, 276, 360, 424 Elder, Box (Negundo Californicnm) 51,276,300,424 Elder, Poison 54,278 Elemi, Gum 33, 270, 3V), 356, 420 Elk wood 21,260,354,418 Elm, American 123,304,350,374,414,440 Elm, Cedar 122,304,374,440 il Elur, Cliff 123,304,374,440 , Elm, Cork 123,304,374,440 Elm, Hickory 123,304,374,440 i Elm, Moose 122, 30 », 374, 440 j Elm, Red 122,304,374,440 Elm, Rock 123,304,374,440 |l Elm, Slippery (Fremontia California) 26,268 !' Elm, Slippery (TJlmns fulva) 122,304,374,440 |j Elm, Water 123,304,350,374,414,440 j! Elm, White (TJlmus Americana) 123,304,350,374,414.440 Elm, White (Ulmus racemosa) 123,304,374,440 '] Elm, Winged 124,304.374.440 Emetila ramutosa 36 |i Enceno 147,318,386,452 Endotropis oleifalia 40 | ERICACK^... .-. .'....90-99,254,257,292,368,432 Erytfi rina piscipula 57 Eugenia : 10,14 Eugenia axiUarie 80 • Eugenia Baruentit 89 590 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Eugenia buxifolia 88,249,253,257,288,366,430 Eugenia dichotouia 88,249,288 Eugenia dichotoma, vax.fragrans Eugenia dicaricata Eugenia longipes 89,249,288 Eugenia montana Eugenia monticola 89,249,253,257,288,366,430 Eugenia myrloides Eugenia pallens Eugenia procera 89,249,253,257,288,368,430 r.ti'jt'it'nt nmtgens Evyenia triplincrr/ui (Eugenia buxifolia) 88 Eugenia triplinercia (Eugenia monticola) 89 Euonynms 10,12,13 Enonymus atropurpurous 38, 249, 272 Enonymus Carolinensi* - Euonymus latifolius 38 • EL'PHOBBIACKA 120,121,254,257,302,374,440 Excifcaria htcida 121 Exostemma 10, 14 Exostemma Caribosnm 95, 249, 253, 257, 265, 290, 36«, 432 Emthea oblongij'olia 45 Experiments by Mr. S. P. Sharpies 247,251,264,265 Eysenhardtia 10,12,14 Eysenhardtia amorphoidei 55 Eysenhardtia amorphoides, var. orthocarpa 55 Eysenhardtia orthocarpa 13,55,249,278 Fagara fraxinifolia Fagara lentiscifolia Fagara Pterota Fagus Fagui alba Fagus Americana Fagua Americana latifolia . Fagus Castanea Fagus Castanea dentata . . . Fagus Castanea pumila — F. 30 31 31 11,16 157 157 157 157 157 156 Fagus ferruginea 157,249,255,258,262,322,350,390,456 Fagus J'erruginea, var. Caroliniana 157 Fagus pumtta, 156 Fagus pumila, var. prcecox 156 Fagus sylvatica '. 157 Fagus sylvatica atropunicea 157 Fagus sylvatica, var. Americana 157 F agus sylvettrte 157 Fan-leaf Palm 217,348,414,480 Farkleberry 96,292,432 Fetid Buckeye 42,274,358,422 ,15 Ficus 11, Ficus aurea 126,251,254,257,306,376,442 Ficus aurea, -vm.latifolia 126 Ficus brevifolia 127,250,306 Ficus complicata 127 Ficus pedunculate 127,250,254,257,306,376,442 Fiddlewood 116, 30(i, 372,438 Fig, Wild 127,306,376,442 Fir, Balm of Gilead 211,346,412,478 Fir, Balsam (Abies balsamea) 211,346,412,478 Fir, Balsam (Abies concolor) 213,346,412,478 Fir, Douglas 209,205,344,352,410,476 Fir, Rod (Abies magnifies) 214,346,412,478 Fir, Red (Abies nobilis) 214,346,412,478,573 Fir, Red (Pseudotsnga Douglasii) 209, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 575 Fir, Red, the most important timber tree of the Pacific region 7 Fir, White (Abies concolor) 213, 346, 412, 478 Fir, White (Abies grandis) 212,346,412,478 Fir, Yellow 209,265,344,352,410,470.576 Fires, effect of, upon the forests of Tennessee 546 Fires, forest, during the eensus year, causes of, areas burned over, and losses entailed by (see, also, under state headings) 401 , W'2 Fires, forest, in Michigan, destructiveness of '. 550 Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the — North Atlantic division 494-510 Northern Central division 547-503 Page. Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the — continued. South A tlant ic division 51 1-523 Southern Central division 52-l-.">46 Western division 564-580 Fires, forest, forests, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 491, 524-530 Alaska 580 Arizona 491,568,569 Arkansas 491,543.544 California 491,578-580 Colorado 491,567,568 Connecticut 5otj, "nl Dakota 491,561,502 Delaware 491,511 District of Columbia "'11 Florida ... 49J,. Georgia 491,5111,520 Idaho 491,571-573 Illinois 491,547-550 Indiana 401,547 Indian territory 491. 5J3 Iowa 491,560 Kansas 491,562.563 Kentucky 4»1, 54.r>, 546 Louisiana 491,5:ir,-MO Maine 491,404-496 Maryland 4iil,Ml Massachusetts 491,500,501 Michigan 491,55n-r54 Minnesota 491,558-500 Mississippi 491,530-536 Missouri .491,560,561 Montana 49j,5C<-r,i;6 Nebraska 562 Nevada 491,571 New Hampshire 491,490-498 New Jersey 491,506 New Mexico 491,568 New York 491,501-506 North Carolina 491,515-518 Ohio 491,547 Oregon 491,576-578 Pennsylvania 4,91,506-510 Rhode Island 491,500.501 South Carolina 491.51S, 519 Tennessee 492,544,545 Texas .. 492,540-543 Utah 492,569-571 Vermont 492,498-500 Virginia 492.511,512 Washington 492, 573-J70 West Virginia 492,512-515 Wisconsin 492,554-558 Wyoming 492,560,567 Fires, forest, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by 491-493 Florida, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 521-523 Florida, Pencil Cedar of 522 Florida, production of naval stores in . 517 Florida, rank of. according to value of lumber products 487 Florida, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 522,523 Florida, remarks by Mr. A. H. Cnrtiss on the forests of 521,522 Florida, Sem i-tropical Forest of 6 Florida, Southern Pine Belt in 520 Florida, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 520-523 Florida, tabular statement of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 521 Florida, the Big Cypress region of 522 Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 91, 288, 366, 430 Flowering Dogwood (Cornns Nuttallii) 91, 288, 366, 432 Fcetataxus montana 186 Faetataxus 3Iyristica 186 Forestiera 11,12,15 Forestiera acuminate 112,250,254,257,298,372,438 Forest crop of the United States for the census year, value of the 185 Forest, Deciduous, of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain Forest fires during the census year, causes of, areas burned over, and losses entailed by (see, also, under state headings) 491, 492 Forest fires, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by. 491-493 Forest, Interior, in the Pacific region, extent of the Forest, Mexican, of southern Texas, extent of the Forest of Florida, Semi-tropical Fot v.-t Trees, Catalogue of Forest Trees, Index to Catalogue of 220-243 Forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the — North Atlantic division 494-510 Northern Central division 547-ot South Atlantic division v 51 Southern Central division ' 524-541 Western division 564-580 Forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in— Alabama 491,524-530 Alaska •"'"« Arizona 491,568,569 Arkansas 491, 543, 544 California 491,578-580 GENERAL INDEX. 591 Page. Forests, forest im-s, standing timl.rr. etc., statistics of, in— continued. Colorado 491, : Connecticut Dakota <'Ji,.v,i,:,';? Delaware 491,511 ,t of Columbia Florida 491,,v Georgia 41)1, 5i:i,.vjo Idaho 491,571-073 Illinois .' 491, 547-550 Indiana 491. ."47 ludhm territory ' Iowa 4111,5(1" Kansas 491.: Kentucky 491, 545. 54U Louisiana 4!ll.. Main,' 491,491 196 Mars laud. 491,511 Mass rChnSCttS 491. • an 4iii.r,r,ii-r,:.t Minnesota 491.: Mississippi 4'.ll , 530-53G Missouri. 401, nun. mi Montana 491, r,(i4-.jii(i Nebraska *'*J- Nevada 491,571 Xt-w Hampshire 401, I : New Jersey 491,506 Ni-w Mexico : '• Ni-w York 481,801-606 North Carolina 49J.5ir.-518 Obio . 491.547 Oregon 491,576-578 Pennsylvania 491,508-510 Rhode Island 491,500,501 South Carolina 491,518,519 Tennessee 492.544,545 Texas ... 492, 5411-.- i:i Utah .. 492,509-571 Vermont 492,498-500 Virginia 492,511,512 Washington 492, 573-576 West Virginia 492,512-515 Wisconsin 492, 554, 558 Wyoming 492,566,567 Forests, mount a in. of California, injury by grazing cattle to the 579 Forests of North America, general remarks on the 3-16 Forest^ oHoe r.-ntral pine hills of Mississippi 534 Forests of the Chattahoochee, mixed forest growth, etc., in eastern Ala- bama 527,528 Forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine. 494 Forests of the Tennessee valley in Alabama 528, 529 Forests of t!ie Vnited States in their economic aspects 483-580 Foivstsof the Yazoo delta in Mississippi 535,536 Forests of western Mississippi 534, 535 Forests on Indian reservations in Minnesota 559, 560 Forked-leaf Black Jack 151,320,388,454 Foxtail Pine 191,336,402,468 Frangula Californica 40 Fraitgula Calif arnica, var. tomentetta 41 Franyula Caroliniana ' 40 Franijula /rayili,* 40 Frangula Purshiana 41 Franklinia 26 Franklinia Alatamaha 25 Fraxinus 11,12,15 Fraxinus crcuminata 107 Fraxinusalba 112 Fraxinus alba (Fraxinus Americana) 107 Fraxin un albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa) 108 I'ruxinus albicans (Fraxinns Americana, Tar. Texensis) 108 Fraxinus Americana 107, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 296, 350, 370, 436 Fraxinui Americana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110 Fraxinus A mericana, var. Caroliniana - 110 Frazim't -1 ix>Ticana, v&r.juglandifolia 109 Fraxiiiu* Americana, var. latifolia 107 I'laxiinis Amerieana, var. microcarpa 108 Fraxinus A mericana, var. pubescent 108 Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata 110 Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata neruosa 110 Fraxiitux Americana, var. sambucifolia Ill Fraxin us A mericana, var. Texensis 108, 249, 254, 257, 296, 370, 414, 436 Fra.rin>'8 Aincyirana, var. triptera 110 Fraxiuus anomala 13,106,249,290 Fraxinus Berlandicriana 109 Fraxinus Canadensis 107 Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110 Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus viridis) 109 Fraxinus Carolinfnsis 107 Fraxinus ciuerca 112 J'ruxiiiHS coriacea (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) Fraxinus coriacea ( Fraxinus pistaciffifolia) .' t spa Fraxinus Curtissii F/'fixinus curvidens Fraxinas ciispidata Fruxiuus diiictalu Fraxinus discolor Fraxinus elliptica Fraximis epiptera Fraj: i Page. 108 106 Ill 108 110 112 112 107 112 107 110 n "« expansa 109 Fr.ixhms i'usca 112 Fraxinus yrandifolia Ill Fraxinus Grivgii 106,249,251,296 Fru.nntiR juylaiidifolia (Fraxinus Americana) 107 Fi\t j iimsjiiijlandifolia ( Fraximis viridis) 109 '<>lia, var. serrata 107 F :-u.> //?i/.s- jnrjlandifoUd, var. subintefjerrima 109 FrazinusjuijlaniltJ'uliii, \-;ir.m:liit(rrata 107 Fraxinus lancea 107 Frfifhniti longifolUl 108 Fraxinus mixta 112 DtU fl frrnsa 110 Fraxiuns uigra 112 Fraxinui mgra (Fraxiuus pubescens) 108 Fraxinvf niijra (Fraxiuus sambucifolia) Ill Fraxinus nigrescens 110 Fraxinus Norte-Anrjlice (Fraxinns sambncifolia) Ill Fraxinus Novte-Anglice (Fraxinus viridis) 109 Fraxinus NuUaUii 110 Fraxinus oblongocarpa 108 Fraxinus Oregana 111,250,254,257,298,372,438 Fraxinns ovata 112 Fraxinus pallida HO Fraxiuus pannosa 112 Fraxinus pauci flora HO Fraxinut Pennsylvania 108 Fraxinus pistacitefolia 13, 106, 249, 254, 257, 296, 370, 434 Fraxinus putaciafolia ( Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis) 1 08 Fraxinus pistaci&folia, var. coriacea 106 Fraxinus platycarpa 110,251,254,257,298,370,436 Fraxinus pubescens 108,250,254,257,296,370,436 Fraxinus pubesceng HO Fraxinus pubescens, var HI Fraxinus pubescens, var. latifolia 108 Fraxinus pubescens, var. longifolia 108 Fraxinus pubescens, var. mbpubescens 108 Fraxinns pnlvernlenta 112 Fraxinus quadrangularis HO Fraxinns quadrangulata 110,249,254,257,260,298,370,436 Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nemosa HO Fraxinus Eichardi H2 Fraxinus rubicunda :..... 112 Fraxiuns rufa 112 Fraxinus sambucifolia 111,250,254,257,298,372,438 Fraxinus sambucifolia, var. crispa HI Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. parvifolia 106 Fraxinus subvillosa - • 108 Fraxinus tetragona HO Fraxinus tomentosa 108 Fraxinus trialata 1^9 Fraxinus triptera HO Fraxinus velutina - 106 Fraxinus viridis 12, 109, 249, 251, 254, 257, 260, 298, 370, 436 Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana 109,250,298 Fremontia 10,12,13 Fremontia Californica 26,249,268 Frigolito 58.278 Fringe Tree - H3, 298 Fuel in manufactures during the census year, amount and value of wowil used as - 489 Fuel value, actual, of some of the more important woods of the United States 350-353 Fuel value of woods, method of determining the 247, 251, 252 592 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Gardenia alunicpfolia 95 GcigerTree 113,300 Genera, distribution of 1" General remarks OD Hie forests of North America 3-1C Genipa 10,14 Genipa clusiasfolia 95,249,290 Georgia Bark 93,290,360,432 Georgia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,519, 520 Georgia Pine 202,342,352,400,416,472 Georgia, production of naval stores in -- 517 Georgia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 ino 179,332,350,398,464 Glamberry 28, 268, 356, -(20 lil.iui-iiiis Willow 169,328 Gleilitschia 10, 11,14 Gleditxctiia rtquatica 59 Gltditscli ia bracbycarpa 59 Glcdi tichia Oarottnmtit 59 GletlitSfli ia t'.eyaau 59 Glcditxt -I, i't i >uT,/iiH iCtlcditseliia monosperraa) 59 Gleditxchia inermis (Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis) 59 Gb'ditscli ia macrantha 59 Gletlitidiia HcUloba 59 GlfditscMa mouosperma 59,249,253,256,280,362,426 Gleilitschia xpinosa 59 Glcditgchia triacaiitha . 59 Gloilitsehia triacanthos 59, 249, 253, 256, 280, 300, 426 Gleditschia triacantlios, var. brachycarpos 59 Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis 59 Gleditscltia triacanthos, var. monosperma . 59 Goose.foot Maple 46,274 Gopher Plum 91,290,366,432 Gopherwood 67,278,360,426 G< jordo .10,11,13 Gordonia Franklini 25 Gordonia Lasianthus 25,250,253,256,265,268,334,418 Gordonia pubescens 25, 248 Gordonia pyramidali* 25 Grape, Sea 118,302,438 Gravity, specific, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the wooils of the United States 206-349 Gray Birch (Betnla alba, var. popnlifolia) ' 159,324,350,392,438 Gray Birch (Betula lutea) 161,324,392,438 Gray Pine 201,342,352,406,472 Great Laurel 99,292,368,434 Great Plains, -the 4-6 Green Ash 109,298,370,436 Green-bark Acacia 60,280, 362,426 Ground Ash 111,298,372,438 Guaiacura ,. 10, 13 Guaiacmn angugtifolium 29 Guaiaeum sanctum 28,249,253,256,268,356,420 Guaiacuin verticals 28 Guettarda . 10, 15 Gnettarda elliptic* 96,249,290 Guettarda Modgettii 96 Guiana Plum 121, 302, 374, 440 Gnilandina dioica 58 Gum, Black 92, 290, 366, 43J Gum, C'ottnn 93,290,350,366,432 Gum, Doctor 54,278,360,424 Gum Elastic 102,294,368,431 Gum Elonvi 33,270,350,356,420 Gum, Red 86,288,350,364,414,430 Gum, Sour 92,290,366,432 Gum, Star-leaved 86,286,350,364,414,430 Gum, Sweet 86,286,350,364,414,430 Page. Gum, Tupelo 93,290,350,366,432 Gumbo Limbo 33,270,336,420 Gilrgcon Stopper 88,288,366,430 GUTTIKEU.E 35 (lymnanthes lucida : 121 (1 innnobalaniis Catesbyana nj Gymuocladus 10, 11, 14 Gymnocladus Canadensis 58, 249, 253, 256, 280, 360, 426 Gymnacladiis dioica 53 n. Hark berry (Celt is occidentalis) 126,306.376,414,442 Hackbi-rry (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) 126, 3c,6, 37U, 412 Hackmatack 215,346,352,412,478 Halesia 11, 15 Hale-sia diptera 105, 250, 254, 257, 294, 'aCf, 434 Hal. :.ia parriflora 106 llriltxin reticulata 105 lla'csia t' traptera 106,250,296 llnlh'ia carnifolia ^ 80 Ualima flabcllata 77 llitlnna lobata 79 Halm ia punctata 80 IJalntin tomeiltusa 79 HAMAMKI.ACE.B 85.86,253,256,286,364,414,430 Hamainelis 10, 11, 14 Ilaitiatiielix anarogyna 85 BamomeKt cor ylif olio, 85 Ilairiamelia dioica 85 Hamamclis tnacropliylla 85 llamainclis parvifolia 85 Ilamamelif Virginiana, var. parvtfolia 85 Hamainelis Virginica 85,24(1.286 Hard Maple 48,276,358,422,576 Hard Pine 202,342,332,406,416,472 Haw, Apple 82,286,364,430 Haw, Black 94, 290, 306, 4S'J Haw, Hogs' 75, 284 Haw, May 82,286,364,430 Haw, Parsley 81,286 Haw, Pear 79,286,364,430 Haw, Purple 40,272 Haw, Rod (Cratsegus coccinea) 78,286 Haw, Red (Cratergus flava, var. pubescens) 83, 286, 364, 430 Haw, Scarlet (Crat6, 394, 460 Hog Plum (Prunns angustifolia) 66,282,362,426 Ho;; Plum (Ehua Metopium) 54,278,360,424 |j Hog Plum (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 j| Hogs' Haw 75,284 Holly, American 35,270,356,420 i| Holly, California : 84,286 j[ Holly, Dahoon 35,270,356,420 Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59,280,360,426 ; Honey Locust! Prosopis juliflora) 62, 265, 280, 350, 362, 426 | Honey Pod 62,265,280,350,362,426 j Honey Shucks 59,280,360,426 '] Heop Ash 111,298,372,438 J Ilopea tinctoria 105 Hop Hornbeam ,.158,322,390,456 Hop Tree : 31,270 Hornbeam 159,322,392,450 : Hornbeam, Hop 158,322,390,458 Horse Plum - 65,282,362,426 Horse Sugar 105,294,368,434 Hypelate 10 Hypelate oblongifolia 45 Hypelate paniculate 45,249,272,358,422 Hypelate trifoliata 45,249,272,422 Hyperanthera dioica 58 Hypericum Lasianthus 25 I. Idaho, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 572 Idaho, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Idaho, remarks by Mr. Sereno "Watson on the forests of 572, 573 Idaho, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,571-573 ...10,11,13 Ilex Ilex cestivalis Ilex ambtguus . . . Ilex angustifolia . Ilex aqttifolium . . Ilex Canadensia.. Ilex Ccissena 37 37 35 35 35 36 IlexCassino 36,249,272 Ilex Cassine (Ilex Dahoon) 35 Ilex Cassine, 3 -- 36 Ilex Cassine, var. angustifolia 35 Ilex Cassine, var. latifolia 35 Ilex cassinoides - • — 35 Hex Dahoon , 35,250,253,256,270,356,420 Hex Dahoon, var. angustifolia 35 Hex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia 36,250,270 Hexdecidua * 37,249,272 Ilex Floridana ' 36 Hex laurlfolia •• 35 Ilex laxijlora 35 Ilexligustrifolia 36 Ilex ligustrina (Hex Cassine) 36 Hex ligustrina (Ilex Dahoon, var. angustifolia) 36 Hex myrtifolia 36 Hexopaca 34,250,253,256,270,356,420 Ilex prinoides 37 Hex quercif alia...*. 35 Ilex religiosa 36 Ilex rosmarifolia 36 Ilex vomitoria 36 Ilex Watsoniana 36 ILICINEJE 34,253,256,270,356,420 Illinois, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 548-550 Illinois Nut. 132,308,350,378,444 Illinois, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 548 Illinois, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 491, 547-550 38 FOR Page. Incense Cedar 176,330,396,462 Index to Catalogue of Forest Trees 220-243 Indiana, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487. 547 Indiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 547 Indiana, statistics of foresta, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 547 Indian Bean 115,300,372,438 Indian Cherry 40,272,358,422 Indian territory, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 543 India- rublwr Tree 127,306,376,442 Industry, lumber, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the 548 Indnstry, lumbering, of the United States, average number of hands em- ployed in the 486 Industry, lumbering, of the United States, general remarks on 485-493 Industry, lumbering, of the United States, statistics of, for year ending May 31, 1880 486,487 Inga forfex 64 Inga Guadalupensis 64 Inga microphylla 64 Ingarosea 64 Inga 'Unguis-cati 64 Inkwood 45,274,358,422 Interior Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 8-10 Iowa, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 560 Iowa, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 560 Iowa, statistics of forests, 'forest fires, standing timber, et«., in 491,560 loxylon pomiferum — 128 Iron oak 139,312,382,448 Ironwood (Bumelia lycioides) 103,294/368,434 Ironwood (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159,322,392,456 Ironwood (Cliftonia lignstrina) 38,272,356,420 Ironwood (Cyrilla racemiflora) 37,272,356 Ironwood (Hypelate paniculate) 45,274,358,422 Ironwood (Olneya Tesota) 56,278,360,426 Ironwood (Ostrya Virginica) 158,322,390,456 Ironwood, Black 39,272,358,422 Ironwood, Red 39,272,358,422 Ironwood, White '. 45,274,422 Islay 70,284,364,428 IteaCyrilla 37 Ivy .' 98,292,368,434 jr. Jack, Black (Quercus Catesbffii) , 151,320,388,454 Jack, Black (Quercns nigva) 150,265,320,350,388,454 Jack, Blue 153,320,390,456 Jack, Forked-leaved Black 151,320,388,454 Jack Oak 150,265,320,350,388,454 Jack, Sand 153,320,390,456 Jacqninia 11,15 Jacquinin armillaris 100,249,292 Jamaica Dogwood 87,278,360,426 Jersey Pine 199,340,350,404,470,546 Joewood 100,292 Joshua, Tha 219,348 Joshua Tree 219^348 Judas Tree 61,280,362,426 JUGLANDACEJ! 130-136,254,257,306,376,414,442 11,12,15,251 Juglans - — - Juglans alba (Caryaalba) Juglans alba (Carya tomentosa) Juglans alba acuminata Juglans alba minima ... Juglans alba ovata Juglans amara — Juglans angustifolia (Gary a amara) Juglcms angustijolia (Carya olivseformis) Juglans aquatica Juglans California Juglans cathartica. 133 133 134 , 135 132 135 135 132 135 131 130 Juglans cinerea 130, 250, 254, 257, 260, 306, 376, 442 Juglans coinpressa 132 Juglans cordiformis -- 135 Juglans cylindrica 132 Juglans exaltata l3'- Juglans glabra J34 594 GENERAL INDEX. Juglans Illinoinensis Juglans ladniosa Juglans mucronata Juglans myristicfeformis. Page. 132 133 133 135 JuglaDS nigra 131, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 308, 350, 376, 414, 444 Juglans nigra oblontja 131 Juglans obcordata 134 Juglans oblonga .- 130 Juglans oblonga alba - 130 Juglans olivctformis - • 132 Juglans oualis 132 Juglans ovata 132 Juglans Pecan 132 Juglans porcina 134 Juglans porcina, var. obcordata 134 Juglans porcina, var. pisiformis 134 Juglans pyriformis 134 Juglans rubra - 132 Jnglans rupestris 13,131,250,251,254,257,308,378,444 Juglans rupestris, var. major 131 Juglans squamosa 132 Juglans sulcata 133 Juglans tomentosa 134 Jnneberry 84,286,364,430 Juniper (Juniperus Californica) 180, 332 Juniper (Juniperus Californica, var. Utahenais) 181, 332 Juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis) 182, 332, 464 Juniper (Jnniperus occidentalis, oar. conjugens) 182, 332,398, 464 Juniper (Juniperus occidentalia, rar. monosperma) 182, 332, 350 Juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea) 181, 332, 398 Jnniperus 11,12,16 Juniperus Andina 181 Juniperus arborescens : 182 Juniperus aromatica — 179 Juniperus Sarbadensis 182 Juniperns Califo-nt6a 180,250,332 Juniperus Californica, Tar. osteosperma 180 Jnniperus Californica, var. Utahensis 180,250,332 Juniperus Garoliniana — 182 Juniperus Cerrosianus 180 Juniperus excelsa 181 Juniperus faetida, var. Tirginiana 182 Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus occidentalis) 181 Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus Virginiana) 182 Juniperus occidentalis 13,181,250,332,464 Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica) 180 Juniperus occidentalis (Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis) 180 Juniperns occidentalis, var. conjngens 182, 249, 255, 258, 332, 398, 4 64 Jnniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma 181,249,332,350 Juniperus occidentalis, var. pleiosperma 181 Juniperus occidentalis, var. Utahensis 180 Juniperus pachyphtoa 13,181,250,332,398 Juniperus plochyderma 181 Juniperus pyriformis 181 Juniperus Sabina pachyphloea 181 Juniperus Sabina, var. Virginiana 182 Juniperus tetragona (Juniperus Californioa) 180 Juniperus tetragona, var. oeteosperma 180 Juniperus Virginiana 12, 182, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 544 Juniperus Virginiana, var. Carolinia.no. — 182 Juniperus Virginiana, var. Hermanni 182 Juniperus Virginiana mlgaris 1 82 Kalraia 11,12,15 Kalmia latifolia 98,249,254,257,292,368,434 Kampmania fraxinifolia 30 Kansas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 563 Kansas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Kansas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,562,563 Kentucky Coffee Tree 58,280,360,426 Kentucky, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 546 Kentucky, pasturage of woodlands in 546 Kentucky, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Kentucky, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in.491, 545, 541) King Nut 134,310,350,380,444 Page. Knackaway 114,300,372,438 Knob-cone Tine 196,340,404,470 Ii. Lacathca Jlorida 25 Laguncularia glabrtfolia 87 Laguncularia mcemosa 87,249,253,257,288,304,430 Lancewood 119, 302 Larch 215,346,352,412,478 Larch, Black 215,346,352,412,478 Larch, "Western, the largest and most valuable tree of the Columbian Basin in the Interior Forostj 9 Large-leaved Cucumber Tree 21, 266, 354, 418 Large Tupelo 93,290,350,366,432 Larix 11,12,16,575,576 Larix Americana 215,250,255,259,264,346,352,412,478 Larix Americana rubra 215 Larix Americana, var. brevifolia, 216 Larix Americana, v&T.pendula 215 Larix Americana, var. prol\fera 215 Larix decidua, var. Americana 215 Larix intermedia 215 Larix Lyallii 216,248 Larix mierocarpa 215 Larix occidentalis 216,249,255,259,264,348,414,480,565,574 Larix pendula 215 Larix tenuifolia 215 LAUKACR* 118-120,254,157,302,372,438 Laurel 98,292,368,434 Lanrel, Big 19,268,354,414,418 Laurel, California 120,302,374,440 Lanrel, Great 99,292,368,434 Laurel, Mountain , 120,302,374,440 Laurel Oak (Quercns imbricaria) 154,322,390,456 Lanrel Oak (Quercus laurifolia) 153,320,390,454 Laurel, Swamp 20,266,354,414,418 Laurel, 'White 20,266,354,414,418 Laurocerasus Caroliniana 69 Laurocerasus ilicifolia 70 Laurus Borbonia — 118 Lauras Caroliniana 118 Laurus Carolinensis 118 Laurus Carolinensis, var. glabra 118 Laurus Carolinensis, var. obtusa 118 Laurus Carolinensis, var. pubescent 119 Laurus Catesbcei 119 Laurus Catesbyana 119 Laurus regia - 120 Laurus sanguinea 119 Laurus Sassafras i 119 Lawson's Cypress 179,332,350,398,464 Leaf, Sweet 105,294,368,434 LBOUMINOS.B 55-64,253,256,278,360,414,424 Leguminosae (Mexican) 6 Leptocarpa Garoliniana 69 Letter of transmittal ix Leucsena -* 6,10,12,14 Lencffinaglanca 62,249,280 Leucasna pulverulent* 63,249,280 Leverwood 158,322,390,456 Libocedrns 8,11,12,16 Libocedrus decurrens 176,250,255,258,330,396,462 Lignum-vitiB - 28,268,356,420 LILIACEJ5 218,219,348 Lime, Ogeechee 91,290,366,432 Lime Tree .....27,268,356,418 Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) 31,270 Lime, Wild (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 Lin 27,268,356,418 Linden, American 27,268,350,356,418 Liquidambar 10,11,14 Liquidambar macrophytta 86 Liquidambar Styraciflua 86, 250, 253, 256, 260, 286, 350, 364, 414, 430 Liquidambar Styracifl.ua, var. Mexicana 86 Liqnidamber 86,286,350,364,414,430 Liriodendron 10,11,13 Liriodmdron procera GENERAL INDEX. 595 Page. Liriodendron Tulipifera 22,250,253,258,259,260,350,354,418 Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis) 146,318,386,452 Live Oak (Qnercos virens) 145,265,316,386,452 Live Oak (Quorcus Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452 Live Oak, Coast 147,318,386,452 Loblolly Bay 25,205,268,354,418 Loblolly, Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of Loblolly Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541 Locust (Robinia Neo Mexicana) 56,278,360,426 Locust (Robinia Pseudacacia) 55,278,350,360,414,424 Locust, Black (Gleditsobia triacanthos) 59, 280, 360, 426 Locust, Black (Eobinia Pseudacacia) 55, 278, 350, 360, 414, 424 Locust, Clammy 56,278 Locust, Honey North Carolina 486, 487, f,l :> Ohio 4SO. 4<-7. M7 Oregon 4«i, 4*7, r.77 Pennyslvania 486,487,506-510 Ithode Island .486,487,500,501 South Carolina 486, 487, 51S, :>11> Tennessee 486,487,545 Texas 486,487,541,542 Utah 486,487,569 Vnmont 486,487,498-500 Virginia 486,487,512 Washington 486, 4X7, ,r>7+ West Virginia 486,487,512-515 Wisconsin 486, 487, 554, ,r>r>6 Wyoming 486,487,567 Lumber industry, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the 548 Lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in Michigan Lumber industry of the United States, general remarks on 485-493 Lumber market, importance of Burlington, Vermont, as a 499 Lumber market, rank of Albany, New York, as a 503 Lum ber trade of Chicago, early ; 549, 550 Lumbering industry of the United States, average number of hands employed in 486 Lumbering industry of the United States, statistics of, for year ending May 31, 1880 486,487 Lumbermen of Washington territory, wasteful methods of 574 Lyonia arborea 98 Lyonia fermgvnea 96 Lyonia rigida 96 Lysiloma 10,14 Lysiloma Bahamentit 64 Lysiloma latisiliqna 64,250,282,362,426 M. Madura 11,15 Madura aurantiaca 128,249,254,257,306,376,442,542 Madeira 34,270,350,356,420 Madrofia 97,292,368,432 Magnolia 10,11,13 Magnolia acuminata... 20,250,253,256,259,266,354,418 Magnolia auricularis Magnolia airriculata 22 Magnolia cordata 20,250,253,256,266,354,418 Magnolia De CandoUii 20 Magnolia fragrant 20 Magnolia Fraseri 22,250,253,256,266,354,418 Magnolia glauca '. 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418 Magnolia glauca, var. latifolia 20 Magnolia glauca, var. longifolia 20 Magnolia grandiflora 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418,534 Magnolia grandiflora, var. eUiptiea and obovata 19 Magnolia grandijlora, var. lanceolata 19 Magnolia, longifolia 20 Magnolia macrophylla 21,250,253,256,266,354,418 Magnolia, Mountain 20,266,354,418 Magnolia pyramidata •- 22 Magnolia tripetala 21 Magnolia Umbrella 21,250,253,256,266,354,418 Magnolia Yirginiana, var. a. glauca 20 Magnolia Virginiana, var. p.fcetida 19 Magnolia Yirginiana, var. e 20 lUagnolia Virginiana, var. tripetala 21 MAGNOLIACE* 19-22,253,256,266,354,414,418 Mahogany '. 34,270,350,356,420 Mahogany Birch 162,324,392,458 Mahogany, Mountain, and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the Interior Forest 9 Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 71, 284, 350, 428, 569, 571 Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus parvifolius) 71, 284, 569, 57 1 Maine, forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of. 494 Maine, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 494-496 Maine, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Maine, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,494,496 Maine, tabular statement of the amount of Pine and Spruce standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 494 MALI-IOHIACK.E 28, 253, 256,,208, 356, 420 Malpighia lucida -8 Mains angustifolia 72 J/ tin North Carolina, grades of tar and rosin produced in 517 North Carolina, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 515 North Carolina, production of naval stores in 516-518 North Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 North Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 496,515-518 North Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 516 North Carolina, the Maritime Pine Belt in 515 Northern Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, .. 547-563 etc.. in the. 3,4 7 494 500 500 558 501 500 4 Northern Forest in the Atlantic region Northern Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the Northern Pine Belt, forests of the, once extended over the State of Maine Northern Pino Belt in Connecticut Northern Pino Belt in Massachusetts Northern Pine Belt in Minnesota '. Northern Pine Belt in New York Northern Pine Belt in Rhode Island Northern Pine Belt in the Atlantic region Norway Pine 192,336,350,402,468 Nut, Bitter 135,310,350,380,446 Nnt,Bull ~ 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Coffee 58,280,360,426 Nut, Illinois 132,308,350,378,444 Nut, King 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Mocker 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Pig 134,310,350,380,446 Nut Pine and the Mountain Mahogany the most important trees of the Interior Forest 9 Nut Pine (Pinus cembroides) 190,336 Nut Pine (Pinus edulis) 190,336,402,468 Nut Pine (Pinns monophylla) 190,336,350,402,468 Nnt Pino (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468 Nut, Tallow 34,270 Nutmeg, California 186,334,400,466 Nutmeg, Hickory 135,310,350,380,446 NYCTAGINACE.B 117,254,257,302,372,438 Nyssa 10,11,14 Nyssa angulisans Nyssa angulosa Nyssa aquatica (Nyssa sylvatica) Nyssa aquatica (Nyssa uniflora) Nyssa biflora Kyssa Canadensis Nyssa, candicans Nyssa capitata 91,250,253,257,290, Nyssa capitata, var. grandident&ta Nyssa Caroliniana Nyssa coccinea Nyssa denticulata Nyssa yrandidenlata Nyssa integrifolia Nyssa moictana — Nyssa multijlora Nyssa multiflora, var. sylvatica Nyssa Ogeche Nyssa palustris Nyssa s.ylvatica 92,250,253,257,260,290, Nyssa tomcntosa (Nyssa capitata) Nyssa tomcntosa (Nyssa unifiora) Nyssa uniflora 92,250,253,257,260,290,350, Nyssa villosa 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 366, 432 93 92 91 92 93 92 91 92 99- 91 93 366, 432 91 93 360, 432 Oak, Bartram's Oat, Basket 153,320,390,456 141, 316, 384, 416. 450 Pnge. Oak, Black (Qnercus Emoryi) 146,265,318,386,452 Oak, Black (Qnercus KelloggU) 149,265,320,388,416,454 Oak, Black (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 Oak, Black (Qucrcus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454,528 Oak, Blue 143,316,386,450 Oak, Burr 140,265,314,284,448 Oak, Chestnut (Quercus densiflora) 155, 265, 322, 390, 456, 576, 578, 580 Oak, Chestnut (Quercus prinoides) 143, 2C5, 316, 384,450 Oak. Chestnut (Quercns Prinns) 142, 265, 316, 350, 384, 416, 450 Oak, Chinquapin 143,265,316,384,450 Oak, Coast Live . 147,318,386,452 Oak, Cow 141.316,384,416,450,633 Oak, Duck 152,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Iron 139,312,382,448 Oak, Jack 150,265,320,350,388,454 Oak, Laurel (Qnercns imbricaria) 154, 322, 300, 456 Oak, Laurel (Quercns laurifolia) 153,320,390,454 Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) ...146,318,386,452 Oak, Live (Quercus virens) 145,265,316,386,452 Oak, Live (Qnercus Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452 Oak, Maul 146,318,386,452 Oak, Mossy-cup 140,265,314,384,448 Oak, Mountain White 143,316,386,450 Oak, Over-cup (Quercus lyrata) 140, 314, 350, 384, 450, 533 Oak, Over-cup (Quercns macrocarpa) 140, 265, 314, 384, 448 Oak, Peach (Quercus densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456 Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,300,456 Oak, Pin 152,320,388,454 Oak, Possum 152,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Post 139,312,382,448,528 Oak, Punk 152,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Quercitron 149,265,318,350,388,454 Oak, Red (Qnercns falcata) 151,265,320,350,388,454 Oak, Hod (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 Oak, Bed (Qnercns rubra, var. Texana) 148, 318, 388, 452 Oak, Kock Chestnut 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 Oak, Scarlet 148,318,388,452 Oak, Scrub (Qnercns Catesba;!) 151,320,388,454 Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) 139, 314, 384, 448 Oak, Shingle 154,322,390,450 Oak, Spanish .151,265,320,350,388,454,528 Oak, Swamp Post .....140,314,350,384,450 Oak, Swamp Spanish 152, 320, 38S, 454 Oak, Swamp White 141,314,384,450 Oak, Tanbark 155,265,322,390,456 Oak, Turkey .151,320,388,454 Oak, Upland Willow 153,320,390,456 Oak, Valparaiso 146,318,386,452 Oak, Water (Quercns aquatica) 152, 320, 350, 388, 4 16, 454 Oak, Water (Quercns palustris) 152,320,388,454 Oak, Water White 140,314,350,384, 450 Oak, Weeping 138,312,382,448 Oak, White (Quercus alba) 137,265,312,350,380,414,446 Oak, White (Quercus Garryana) 138,312,350,382,448,576 Oak, White (Quercus gvisea) 144,316,386,452 Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138,312,382,448 Oak, White (Quercus oblongifolia) 144,316,386,452 Oak, Willow 154,322,290,456 Oak, Yellow (Quercns prinoides) 143,205,316,384,450 Oak, Yellow (Quercns tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454 Oak, Yellow-bark 149,265,318,350,388,454 ObispoPine 200,340,404,472 (Enocarpus regia - 218 Ogeechec Lime 91,290,366,432 Ohio Buckeye 42,274,358,422 Ohio, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 547 Ohio, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 587 Ohio, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., is 491, 547 GLACISES 34,270 Old-field Birch 159,324,350,392,458 Old-fieldPine 197,340,350,404,416,470 Old Man's Beard 113,298 Olea Americana 113 OLKACKJC 106-113,254,257,296,370,434 Olive, California 120,302,374,440 GENERAL INDEX. 599 Page. Olneya 10,12,14 Olneya Tesota 56,249,253,256,273,360,426 Orange, Mock 70,284,362,428 Orange, Osage 128,306,376,442 Orange, Wild (Prunus Carolinians) 70,284,302,428 Oran ge, Wild (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Herculis) 30, 270, 356, 429 Orchidocarpum arietinum S3 Oregon Ash 111,298,372,438 Oregon Cedar 179,332,350,398,464 Oregon Crab Apple 73,284 Oregon, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 577 Oregon Pine 209,205,344,352,410,476 Oregon, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Oregon, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of certain counties of 577, 578 Oregon, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in ... 491, 576-578 Oreodaphne California 120 Oreortosa 11,16 Oreodoxa oleracel - -• 218 Oreodoxa regia 218,250,348,352 Original forest of the District of Columbia replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine, etc 511 Osage Orange 128,306,376,442 Osmantbns 11,15 Osmanthus Americanus 113,249,254,257,300.372,438 Ostrya 11,16 Ostrya Tirginiana 158 Ostrya Virginica 158,249,255,258,322,390,456 Ostrya Virginica, var. eglandulosa 158 Ostrya Virginica, var. glandulosa — 158 Over-cup Oak (Quercns lyrata) 140,314,350,384,450.533 Over-cup Oak (Qnercns macrocarpa) 140,265,314,384,448 Oxydendrnm 11,15 Oxydendrnm arboreum 98,249,254,257,292,308,434 P. Pacific Coast Forest, the 7 Pacific region, the 6-10 Padus cartilaginea - 68 Padus demissa 69 Padus serotina 68 Padus Virginiana 68 Palm, Fan-leaf 217,348,414,480 Palm, Eoyal 218,348,352 Palma argentea 218 PALMACEJS 217,218,255,259,348,414,480 Palmetto, Cabbage 217,348,352 Palmetto Sabal 217,250,348,352 Palmetto, Silk-lop 217,348 Palmetto, Silver-top 218,348 Palo Blanco 126,306 Palo Verde 60,280,362,426 Papaw 23,266,354,418 Paper Birch 160,324,350,392,458 Paradise Tree 32,270,356,420 Parkinsonia 10-12,14 Parkinsonia aculeata 12,60,250,280 Parkinsonia microphylla 60,249,280 Parkinsonia Torreyana 60,250,253,256,280,362,426 Parsley Haw .' 81,286 Pasania densijlora — . 155 Pavia Californica 43 Pavia earned — 42 Pavia discolor 43 Panto flava 43 Pavia glabra 42 Pavia hybrida 43 Pavia lutea 43 Pavia neglecta 43 Pavia pallida 42 Pavia Watsoniana 42 Peach Oak (Quercus densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456 Peach Oak (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,390,456 Peach, Wild 70,284,362,428 Pearllaw.. 79,286,364,430 Page. Pecan 132,308,350,378,444 Pecan, Bitter 138,310,350,380,414,446 Pecan-nut, the, an important product west of the Colorado river in Texas 543 522 506-510 487 507-510 Pencil Cedar of Florida Pennsylvania, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .488, 487, Pennsylvania, rank of, according to value of lumber products Pennsylvania, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of Pennsylvania, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 491,506-510 Pennsylvania, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine and Hem- lock standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 506 Pepperidge 92,290,366,432 Pepperwood 30,270,356,420 Percent, of tannin in the bark of certain species 265 Persea 11,18 Persea Borbonia 118 Persea Carolinensis 118,250,254,257,302,372,438 Persea Curolinensis, var. glabriuscula 118 Persea Carolinensis, var. palnstris 119,250,254,257,302,372,438 Persea Carolinenris, var. pubescent 119 Persea Catesbyma 119 Persea Sassafras 119 Persimmon 104,294,350,368,434 Persimmon, Black 105,294 Persimmon, Mexican 105,294 Phamopyrum acerifolium 80 Phcenopyrum arborescens - 75 Phosnopyrum Carolinianum 82 Phcenopyrum coccineum 77 Phcenopyrum cordatum 80 Phcenopyrum elliptimm 82 Phcenopyrum populifolium Phcenopyrum pruinosvm - 79 Phcenopyrum spathulvtum 81 Phcenopyrum subvillosum 78 Phcenopyrum Virginicum — 82 Phosnopyrvm viride - 78 Phcenopyrum Wendlandii 77 Photinia arbutifolia 83 Photinia salicifolia - 83 Picea 11,12,16,575 Piceaalba 12,204,250,255,258,263,342,408,474,562,504 Picea amabilit (Abies amabilis) 2)3 Picca amabilis (Abies snbalpina) 211 Picea balsamea 211 Picea balsamea, var. longifoKa 211 Picea bifolia 211 Picei bracteata 213 Picea Californica - 208 Picea Canadensis 206 Picea coerulea 204 Picea concolor 212 Picea concolor, var. violacea 212 Picea Douglatii 209 Picea Engelmanni 9, 205, 251, 255, 258, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564-567, 572-575 Picea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211 PiceaPrateri (Abies Fraseri) 210 Picea glauca 204 Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Piceagrandis (Abies grandis) 212 Picea laxa 204 Picea Lowiana 212 Picea magnifica 214 Picea Menzifsii (Picea pungens) 205 Picea Memiesii (Picea Sitchensis) 206 Picea nigra 202, 250, 255, 258, 263, 265, 342, 352, 408, 474, 494, 496, 498 Picea nigra, var. glauca 204 Picea nigra, var. rubra 203 Picea nobilis - 214 Picea pungens 13,205,251,255,258,344,408,474 Picea rubra 203 Picea Sitchensis 206,250,255,258,263,344,408,474,576 Pickeringia paniculata 1W> Pigeon Cherry 86,282,428 600 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Pigeon Plum 117,302,372,438 Pigeonwood 117, SOL', 372, 4D8 Pig Nut 134,310,350,380,446 Pike county, Alabama, the forests of 528 Pilocfreus Engelmanni 80 Pin Cherry 66,282,428 Pin Oak 152,320,388,454 Pinckneya 10,11,14 Pinckneya pnbcns 95,250,253,257,200,366,432 rinckneya pubescens 95 Pine and Sprnce standing in the forests of Maine May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 494 Pine, Bastard 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine belt of central Alabama 529 Pine, Bishop's 200,840,404,472 Pine, Black (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470 Pine, Black (Pinus Murrayana) .- 195,338,350,404,470 Pine, Bull (Pinus Jeffreyi) 193,338,402,470 Pine, Bull (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Pine, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468 Pine, Bull (Pinus Sabiniana) 195,438,350,404,470 Pine, Cedar ..201,340,406,472 ;! Pine, Digger 195,338,350,404,470 j Pine forests of Baldwin county, Alabama 627 Pine forests of southern Mississippi 531, 532 Pine forests of the northeastern counties of Mississippi 532-534 Pine, Foxtail 191,336,402,468 Pino, Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine, Ginger 179,332,350,398,464 Pine, Gray 201,342,352,406,472 Pine, Hard 202, 342, 352, 406,'416, 472 Pine, Hickory (Pinna Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191, 336, 402, 468 Pino, Hickory (Finns pungens) 199,340,350,404,472 Pine, Jersey 199,340,350,404,470,548 Pine, Knob-cone 196,340,404,470 Pine, Loblolly 197,340,350,404,416,470,516,541 Pine, Lodge-pole 195, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564, 574, 577 Pine, Long-leaved 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541 Pine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Alabama May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 524 Pine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Louisiana May 31,1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537 Pine, Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541 Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880. tabu- lar statement of the amount of 521 Pine, Long leaved, standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabu- lar statement of the amount of 520 Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 516 Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of South Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 619 Pine, Long-leaved, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4 Pine, Meadow 202,342,352,406,416,474 Fine, Monterey ' 196,340,404,470 Pine, Norway 192,336,350,402,468 Pino, Nut (Finns cembroides) 190,336 Pine, Xut (Pinus edulis) 190,336,402,4(58 Pine, Nut (Pinus mouophylla) 190,336,350,402,468 Pine, Nut (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468 Pine, Nut, and the Mountain Mahogany the most important trees of the Interior Forest 9 Pine, Obispo 200,340,404,472 Pine, Old-field 197,340,350,404,416,470 Pine, Oregon 209,265,344,352,410,470 Pine, Pitch 198,340,350,404,470,520,522,525,531 Pine, Pond 198,340,350,404,416,470,527 Pine, Prince's 201,342,352,406,472 Pine, Red 192,336,350,402,408 Pine rt-^ion of the Coosa in Alabama 529 Pine. Rosemary 197,340,350,404,416,470 Pine. Sand 199,340,404,472 Pine, Scrub (Pinus Banksiana) 201, 342, 352, 4011, 472 Pine, Scrub (Piuns clausa) 199,340,404,472 Page. Pine, Scrub (Pinus contorta) 194,338,404,470 Pine, Scrub (Piiius inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529 Pine, Short -leaved 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 530, 531, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560 Pine. Short -leaved, standing in the forests of Arkansas, May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 544 Pine, Slash 202,342,352,406,416,474,516 Pme, Southern 202, 342, 352, 400, 416, 472 Pine, Spruce (Pinus clausa) 199, 340, 404, 472 Pine, Spruce (Pinus glabra) 201, 340, 406, 472, 527 Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitis) 200, 340, 350, 40(i, 472 Pino, Sprnce (Finns Murrayana) 195, 338, 350, 404, 470 Pine, Sugar 188,338,350,400,466,576,578 Pine, Sugar, an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Pine, Swamp 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine, Table-mountain. 199,340,350,404,472 Pine, Weymouth 187,334,300,400,466 Pine, White, and Hemlock, standing in the forests of Pennsylvania, MaySl, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 506 Pine, White (Pinna floxilis) 188,336,400,468,569,570,571 Pine, White (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472 Pine, White (Pinus monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466, 564, 574, 676 Pine, White (Finns reflexa) 189,336,402,468 Pine, White (Pinus Strobus) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 506, 551, 554, 558 Pine, White, standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 551 Pine, White, standing in the forests of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 568 Pine, White, standing in the forests of Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 554 Pine, White, the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4 Pme, Yellow, an important, characteristic tree of the Coast Forest 8 Pine, Yellow (Pinus Arizonica) 192,338,402,468 Pine, Yellow (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,529 Pine, Yellow (Pinus palustris) 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472 Pine, Yellow (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565, S74, 578 PiCon (Finns edulis) 190,336,402,468 Pifion (Pinus mouophylla) 190,336,350,402,468 PiBon (Finns Parryana) 189,336,402,468 Finns '. 11,12,16 Pinus Abies Americana . Pinus Abies JSalsamea . . Pinus Abies Oanadensis. Pinus adunca Pinus alba 206 211 202 , 196 204 Finns albicaulis 189,250,255,258,336,400,488,565,572,573 Pinus amabilis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus amabilis (Abies magnificat 214 Pinus amabilis (Abies subalpina) 211 Pinus Americana (Picea nigra) A 203 Pinus Americana (Tsnga Canadensis) 206 Pinus Americana rubra -. -. 202 Pinus aristata 191 Pinus Arizonica 192,250,255,258,338,402,468 Pinus australis 201 Pinus Balfouriana 191,250,255,258,336,402,468 Pinus Balfouriana (Pinus Balfouriana, ear. aristata) 191 Pinus Balfouriana, rar. aristata : 191, 250, 255, 258, 336, 402, 468 Pinus balsamea 210 Pinus balsamea, var. Fraseri 210 Pinus Banksiana 201, 250, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406, 472 Pinus Banksiana (Pinus contorta) 194 Pinus Beardsleyi 193 Pinus Benthamiana 193 Pinus Bolanderi 194 Pinus Boursieri - 194 Pinus brachyptera - — 193 Pinus bracteata 213 Pinus Califomica (Pinus insignis) 196 Pinus California (Pinus tuberculata) 196 Pinus Canadensis (Picea alba) 204 Pi n ut! Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) . — 206 Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207 Pinus cembroides 190,250,336 Pinus cembroides (Pinus albicanlis) 189 Pi n us cembroides (Pinus edulis) 190 GENERAL INDEX. 601 Pago. Pinus Cliihualinana 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 I'inus . -lansa 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 Pinus commutata 205 J'iniitt com-olor -12 Finns con!. "t;, 194, 250, 255, 258, 33S, 404, 470 Pinus contottit (I'iuus miuioata) 199 Pinus contorta (Pinus Murrayana) 194 Pinus contorta, var. Ilolanderi 194 Pinus contorta, v:tr. latifolia 194 Finns ConlU-ri '. 195,250,255,258,340,404,470 Pinus Craigana 193 Pinus Cnbensis 202, 249, 255, 258, 2C3, 342, 352, 406, 416, 474, 516, 5M, 522, 525 Pinus Cubensis, var. tcrthrocarpa '. 202 Pinus dfflexa 193 Pinus Vouglasii 209 Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata 209 Pinus echinata 200 Pinus Edgariana 199 Pinna edulis 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,402,468 Pinus EUwttii 202 Pinus Engelmanni (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Pinus Enyelmanni (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Pinus flexilis 13, 188, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 488, 569-571 Pinus flexilis (Finns albicanlia) 189 Pinus flexilis, var. albimulis 189 Pinus flexilis, var. macrocarpa 188 Pinus flexilis, var. refiexa 189 Pinus flexilis, vfcr. serrulata 188 Pinus Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210 I'inus Fraseri (Pinus rigida) 197 Pinus Fremontiana ...". .' 190 Pinus futilis 190 Pinnsglabra 200,250,255,258,263,340,406,472,527 Pinus grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Pinus grandis (Abies grandis) 212 Pinua Grozelieri 187 Finns Hudsonica 201 Pinus inops 198, 250, 255, 258, 263, 340, 350, 404, 470, 529, 546 Pinus inops (Pinus contorta) 194 Pinus inops (Piuus Murrayana) 194 Pinus inops, var. (Pinus muricata) : 199 Pinus inops, var. clausa •. 199 Finns insignia 8,196,250,255,258,340,404,470 Pinue insignia matrocarpa 196 Pinut insignis, var. binata 196 Pinus intermedia 215 Pinus Jeffrey! 9,193,250,255,258,338,402,470,578 Finns Lambertiana 8, 188, 251, 255, 258, 336, 350, 400, 466, 576, 578 Pinui Lambertiana, var. (Finns flcxilis) , 188 Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevifolia 188 Pinus taricina 215 Pinus Laricio, var. resinom 191 Pinus Larix 216 Pinus Larix alba ,.. 215 Pinux Larix nigra 215 Pinus Larix rubra _ 215 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies concolor) ' 212 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies snbalpina) 211 Pinus Llaveana (Pinus oembroides) 190 Pinus Llaveana (Finns Parryana) 189 Pinus Loddigesii 197 Pinus lophosperma 192 Pinus Lowiana 212 Pinus Lyalli 216 Pinus macrocarpa .1 195 Pinus macrophylla 193 Pinus Mariana 202 Pinus Menzieirii 206 Pinus Menziesii, var. crispa 206 Finn* Mertensiana 207 Pinus microcarpa 215 Finns mitis 4, 200, 250, 255, 258, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 529-531, 533, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560 Pin'ts mitis, var. pavpera 200 Page. Films monophylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,350,402,468 Films monticola 7, 187, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 468, 564. 565, 573-576 Finns muricata 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 Finus muricata (Finns coutorta) 194 Finns Mnrrayana 9, 194, 250, 255, 258, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564-567, 572-577 I'inus nigra 202 Pinus nobilis. 214 Pinus Ifuttallii 216 Pinus osteospenna 190 Finns palust ris 4, 201, 249, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521 . 524,531,537,5)1 Pinus palustris tbe characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4 Finns Farryana 189,250,255,258,336,402,468 Pinus Parryana (Pinns ponderosa) i>. 193 l*inus Pattoniana (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Pinus Pattoniana (Tsuga Pattoniana) 208 Pinus pendula 215 Pinus ponderosa 8, 9, 192, 250, 255, 258, 263, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565, 567, 574, 575, 578 Pinus ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. .. 8 Pinus ponderosa, var. Renthamiana 193 Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi 193 Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum 193 Pinus porphyrocarpa 187 Finns pungens 199,250,255,258,340,350,404,472 Pinus radiata 198 Finns reflexa 189,250,255,258,330,402,468, 568,569 Pinns resimm 191,250,255,258,263,336,350,402,468 Pinus resinom (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Finns rigida 197,250,255,258,340,350,404,470 Pinusrigida (Pinus insignis) 196 Pinus rigida (Pinns mitis) 200 Pinus rigida, var. serotina 198 Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203 Pinus rubra (Pinns resinosa) 191 Pinus rubra, var. violacea 204 Pinus ritpestris 201 Finns Sabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pinus Sabiniana CouUeri 195 Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa 195 Pinna aerotina 198,249,255,258,340,350,404,416,470,527 Pinus Shasta..; 189 Pinus Sinclairii 196 Pinus Sitchensis 208 Pinus species (Abies subalpina) , 211 Finns Strobus 4, 187, 251, 255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 400, 466, 494, 506, 551, 554, 558 Pinus Strobus the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4 Pinus Strobus, var. alba 187 Pinus Strobus, var. brevifolia 187 Pinus Strobus, var. compressa 187 Pinus Strobus, var. monticola 187 Pinus Strobus, var. nivea 187 Pinus sylocstris, var. divaricata 201 Pinna Tieda 197,250,255,258,263,340,350,404,416,470,512,510,541 Pinus Tteda, var. a 1 197 Pinus T Robinia glutinota 58 Robinia Neo-Mexicana 13,56,249,253,256,278,360,426 Robinia Pseudacacia 55, 249, 253, 256, 259, 278, 350, 3«0, 424 Robinia viscosa 56,249,278 Rock Chestnut Oak 142,265,316,350,384,416,450 Rock Elm 123,304,374,440 Rock Maple 48,276,358,422 Rocky Mountain region, northern, report by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of the 564,565 ROSACK.E 64-85,253,256,282,362,428 Rose Bay 99,292,368,434 Rosemary Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470 Rosiu and tar produced in North Carolina, grades of 517 Royal Palm 218,348,352 l RUBIACEvE 95,96,253,257,290,366,432 Rum Cherry 68,282,362,428 RUTACEJ3 29-32,253,256,268,356,420 8. Sabal 11,16 Sabal Palmetto 217,250,348,352 Saffron Plum 103,294,368,434 Sage-brush 575 Saginaw valley in Michigan, lumber industry of 552 Saguaro 90,288 SALICACE.* 165-175,255,258,326,394,460 Salix ...11,12.16 Salix- V f7l '0 Salix ambigua 165 Salix amygdaloides 13,166,250,255,258,326,394,460 Salix argophylla 168 Salix arguta 167 Salix arguta, var. lasiandra 167 Salix Biffelovii 170 Salix Rigelovii, var./wwrior 170 Salix brachycarpa 168 Salix brachystachys . 170 Salix brachystachys, var. Scouleriana 170 Salix Caroliniana 165 Salix cklorophylla, var. peUita 171 Salix cordata 170 Salix cordata, var./oteato 165 Salix cordata, var. vestita 170,250,328 Salix crassa. 169 Salix cuneata 171 Salix discolor 169,250,328 Sulix discolor, var. eriocephala .' 169 Salix discolor, par. prinoides 169 Salix eriocephala 169 Salix exigua 168 Salix falcata 165 Salix Fendteriana 167 Salix flavescens 169, 250, 255, 2J8, 328, 394, 460 Salix jlavescent (Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana) 170 ; Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana 170, 250, 255, 258, 328, 394, 460 Salix Jlavo-virena 165 Salix fluviatalis 168 Salix Hartwegi 171 Salix Hindsiana ... 169 606 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Salix Hindsiana,\m. tenui/otia 169 Salix Ho/manniana 167 Sulix Hookeriana 170,250,328,460 Salix Houstoniana •- 165 Salix humilis, var. Hartwegi 171 Salix liEVigata 167, 250, 255, 258, 3£6, 394, 460 Salix lajvigata, uar.-angustifolia - -• 167 Salix Isevigata, var. congesta 167 Salix lancifolia 167 Salix lasiandra 167,250,326 Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana 167,250,255,258,326,394,460 Salix lasiandra, ror. lancifolia 167,250,255,258,326,394,460 Salix lasiolepis 170,250,255,258,328,394,460 Salix lasiolepis, var. anaustifolia 171 Salix lasiolepis, var. Bigelovii 170 Salia lasiolepis, var./aKaz 170 Salix lasiolepis, var. latifolia 171 Salix ligustrina 165 Salix longifolia 12,168,250,326 Salix longifolia, var. angustissima 168 Salix longifolia, par. argyrophylla 168 Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla angustissima 168 Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca 168 Salix longifolia, var. oxigaa 168,250,326 Salix longifolia, Tar. opaca ... 168 Salix longifolia, var. pedicellate 168 Salix longipes 166 Salix longipes, var.pu&cacen* 166 Salix lucida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra 167 Salix lucida, var. macrophylla 167 Kalix marginata 166 Salix melanopsis 166 Salix nigra 12,165,250,326,394,460 Salix nigra, var. amygdaloid** 166 Salix nigra, var. angusttfolia 166 Salix nigra, var./oZcoto . — » 165 Salix nigra, var. latifolia 166 Salix nigra, var. longifolia 166 Salix nigra, var. longipes 166 S