V-'r.-f j;;:?!

=ar -,^^^^£^"fV OP

Z F> METCALP

LIBRARY OF

1885- IQ56

University of the State of New York

NINTH REPORT

ON THE

Injurious and Other Insects

OF THH!

STATE OF NEW YORK

KOR XHE YE^ AR 1 892

[From the Forty-sixth Report on the New York State Museumj

By J. a. LINTNER, Ph. D., State ENTOMOLoaiST

ALBANY

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

1893

CONTENTS'.

PAGK.

Transmittal 293

General Notes for the Year 295

Injurious Insects :

Anthrenus scrophulariae and Attagenus piceus, two Carpet Beetles. . . . 299

Tenebrio obscurus (Fabr.) — The American Meal-worm 307

Pollenia rudis (Fabr.) — The Cluster Fly 309

Murgantia histrionica(H'a7w?.) — The Harlequin Cabbage-bug 315

Psylla pyricola (Foerster) — The Pear-tree Psylla 317

Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer) — The Green-striped Locust 330

Notes on Various Insects, etc,

Eriocampa cerasi (Peck) — The Cherry-tree or Pear-tree Slug 335

PapiUo Cresphontes (Cramer) — The Yellow-banded Swallow-tail 336

Podosesia syringae (Harris) — The Syringa Borer 338

Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.) — The Codling Moth 338

Dynastes Tityus (Linn.), as a Fruit-eater 343

Crioceris asparagi (Linn.) — The Asparagus Beetle 343

Systena frontahs (Fabr.) — Injuring Gooseberry Foliage 343

Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus, the Pennsylvania Soldier-Beetle 344

Pissodes strobi (Peck) — The White-pine Weevil 344

Myzus cerasi (Fabr.) — The Cherry-tree Aphis 345

Pemphigus tessellata (Fitch) — The Alder-blight Aphis 346

Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) — The Grapevine Phylloxera 347

Crangonyx mucronatus (Forbes), a BUnd Shrimp in Wells 347

Insectivorous Birds for Protection 349

Insect Attacks :

Resistance of Fleas to Insecticides 353

White Grubs Injuring Nursery Stock 353

The White Grub Eaten by the Robin 356

A Maple-tree Pruner, Elaphidion parallelum Neivm 357

The Striped Cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata (Fabr.) 361

The Grape CurcuUo, Crapomus inaequalis (Say) 364

292 Contents.

Insect Attacks — {Continued) : PAas.

The Peach-bark Scolytus, Phlceotribus liminaris (Harris) 365

An Unrecognized Attack on Pease 368

The Plum-tree Aphis, and the Brown Rot 368

The Currant Aphis, Myzus ribis (Linn.) 870

Aphides and Myriapods as Aster and Lily Pests 371

Some Apple-tree Insects 372

Beet Insects 374

Diseased Austrian Pines 376

APPENDIX.

(A) Catalogue of the Known Homopteea of the State of New York

IN 1851 881

(B) Entomological Addresses 414

(C) List of Publications of the Entomologist 439

(D) Publications of the Entomologist During the Years 1870-1874,. 446

(E) Contributions to the Department , 461

{¥) Classified List of Insects Noticed in this Report 465

General Index 467

REPORT.

Office of the State Entomologist, [
Albany, December 10th, 1S92. )

To the Regents of the University of the State of Neio York :

Gentlemen. — I have the honor of presenting to your Board
my Ninth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State
of New York, embracing some of the studies and observations of
my department during the current year.

The year has been one of remarkable exemption from insect
injuries, as the result, beyond question, of meteorological con-
ditions unfavorable to the multiplication of our more common
insect pests. This has been particularly noticeable in the very
few complaints that have been received of injuries to fruits —
certainly not one-fifth of the average of preceding years. While
this, in part, may be ascribed to the better knowledge of methods
of dealing with the enemies of fruits to which our fruit-growers
are becoming educated, and to the rapidly growing use of
insecticides and spraying implements, certain it is that several
of our more noxious insects, which almost annually are the
cause of serious injury, did not present themselves in sulhcient
number to call for active operations against them. Thus, apple
trees for the most part, escaped their customary early spring
visitation of the aphis, Aphis mail. The cherry-tree aphis,
Myzus cerasi, was not prevalent. The orchard tent-caterpillar,
Clisiocampa Atnericana^ was far less abundant than in preceding
years. Not a single communication came to me relating to the
operations of the eye-spotted bud -moth, Tmetocera ocellana, which
had been exceedingly destructive in 1S91, and a general cause
of complaint from the orchardists of Western New York. The
pear-tree Psylla, Psylla pyricola, which threatened, in its excessive
increase, to extend its destruction to pear trees in the Hudson
river valley to other portions of the State, has not, during the
past season, inflicted any appreciable harm.

294 FoRTT-siXTH Report on the State Museum

No very severe attacks have been reported to me upon either
garden or field crops. No complaint has reached me of injury
to any of our grains from the grain aphis, Siphonophora avenoe,
although again appearing in Columbia county, nor did the hop-
vine aphis, Phorodon huinuli^ very materially affect the yield of
our hop yards. The year has further been an exceptional one
in that no new insect pest of marked economic importance has
come under my notice calling for special investigation. Several
of the minor attacks to which my attention has been drawn, will
be noticed in the " Notes for the Year," to follow.

It was hoped that time would have been found to enable me
to complete for publication some studies commenced in former
years, but this has been prevented by a serious and protracted
illness. I have also reason to regret that owing to this illness,
I was compelled to cancel a number of engagements for address-
ing the farmers and fruit-growers of our State and scientific
bodies, during the winter months. While the work of this
Department would be largely extended and promoted by attend-
ance at such meetings, it would at the same time make ample
returns to your entomologist in information that he could not as
well obtain through any other means.

The addition to the State Collection for tlie 3^ear has been over
2,500 specimens. Memoranda commenced on April 1st, show
the number of specimens collected by me, 2,419. Of these 2,323
have been labeled and 1,411 mounted.

The Contributors to the Collection number fifty-three. A list
of their contributions is appended to this Report. The cus-
tomary list of the publications of* the entomologist during the
year, embracing thirty-three titles, accompanied with brief sum-
maries of contents, will also be found in the Appendix.

The additional room and cases for which arrangements had
been made, as stated in my report for 1891, have not yet been
provided. This want has interfered with and impeded work
which has been commenced in the classification of the biological
material, both dry and in alcohol, and which is not at present
conveniently accessible for reference or for study.

Respeccfully submitted.

J. A. LINTNEK

GENERAL NOTES FOR THE YEAR.

In the absence of any serious outbreak of insect injury during the
year, the following notes on some of the more common species that are
with us in greater or less abundance annually, may be put on record.

The fall tent-caterpillar, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), has been
noticeably abundant in various parts of the State — in Oswego county
and elsewhere.

The injury to the foliage of the elm and horse-chestnut trees on the
streets of Albany by the caterpillar of the white-marked tussock-moth,
Orgyia leucostigina (Sm.-Abb.), which has been remarked upon in
preceding reports, was again quite serious during the past summer.
The falling to the pavement of the tips of the elm twigs, consequent on
the girdling of the stem by the young larva? for food, was not nearly as
abundant as that noticed in 1883 (see Second Report on the Insects of
New York) and in some subsequent years, nor was the insect so gen-
erally distributed throughout the city. But in certain localities, at
about the time of cocoon spinning, the caterpillars could be seen by
hundreds on the sidewalls of corner houses, as upon m}" own residence
shaded by several large elms. A row of tall elms opposite had the
foliage so severely eaten during the months of June and July as no
longer to serve the purpose of shade, and not to be recognizable as elms
at a short distance from them. Several horse-chestnut trees in the
vicinity were entirely defoliated, except that portions of the larger ribs
were left uneaten.

The Dryoccmipa ruhicunda (Fabr.) caterpillar very seldom appears
in harmful numbers in New York or the eastern States, but an excep-
tional occurrence of it was reported from Monticello, Sullivan county,
N. Y., on the grounds of Mr. John D. Lyons, where a number of soft
maple trees, which had been set out by him a few years, before, were
completely defoliated by it during the sunmier. In several of
the western States, as notably in Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska, the
soft maples planted as shade trees in cities are annually almost stripped
of their foliage.*

♦ Bulletin No. 14, vol. ill, 1890, of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, pp. 54-69.

296 FORTY-STXTH REPORT ON THE StATE MuSEUM

The cabbage Plusia, Plusia hrassicoe (Riley), which is so great a
pest to cabbage growers in the southern States, but is by no means
common in the State of New York (see Second Report on the Insects of
New YorTc), has been complained of as giving much trouble in a gi'een-
house at Garden City, L. I., N. Y. Rev. Dr. Cox has written of it :
" The caterpillar specially affects young parsley, but will also feed con-
tinuously on heliotrope, pelargium, and, in fact, on almost any green
thing."

The canker-worm, Anisopteryx vernata (Peck), was so abundant in
some orchards in Monroe county as to have nearly destroyed the
foliage. Orchards in Cooperstown, Otsego county, were so despoiled
by the caterpillars as to present the appearance of having been scorched
and shriveled by fire.

The apple-worm of the codling-moth, Garpocapsa potnonella, was
less injui'ious than usual throughout most of the State. An extensive
fruit-grower and nurseryman of Rochester has written me of it :
" Codling-moths in our orchards .were almost extinct, it being difficult
to find an apple with the larva or its burrows in it. I can not account
for this, as ordinarily they are very abundant with us."

Although I have stated that nothing had been reported to me of
injuries from the eye-spotted bud-moth, Tnietocera ocellana (Schiff.),
during the year, I have since learned, on special inquiry, that it has
been continuing its ravages in Western New York, Avithout diminution,
but rather on tlie increase, and that it threatens to become a permanent
pest.

The cow- horn fiy, Hmnxatohia serrata R. Desv., the introduction
of which into New York was announced in my preceding report, has
during the year become generally distributed over the State. It is
known to me to occur in forty-four of the sixty counties, and with
scarcely a doubt is present in each one. The rapidity with which thi^
insect has spread throughout the country is almost, or quite, without a
parallel in the histories of our imported pests. First known in the
United States only six years ago, it has at the present time become an
annoying pest to cattle in New England, Florida, Mississippi, Kansas,
and many of the intermediate States, and in Canada from the western
part of the Province almost to Quebec.

Severe injuries to potatoes and to strawberry plants from the white
grub of, probably, Lachnosterna fiisca (Frolil.), were reported from
Cattaraugus county. Examples, for identification, of Lachnosterna
tristis (Fabr.) were received from Mr. J. S, Smart, of Cambridge,

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 297

Washington count}^ whioh liad appeared in large companies in the
month of May in localities in the neighborhood and devoured the
foliage of trees, showing a preference for the sugar maples.

The elm tree beetle, Galerucella Xanthomelaena (Schr.), or G. luteola
Mull., as we may, in obedience to the law of priority be obliged to call
it, has not, so far as we know, reached Alban}'- in its steady northward
progress. It is said to have done mucli damage to elms in Dutchess
county in June.

One of the Chrysomelid flea-beetles, Systena frontalis (Fabr.), was
observed as quite destructive to the foliage of the gooseberry at the
Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station, early in August. It is
believed that this is the first time it has been found to attack the
gooseberry.

The Colorado potato beetle, Doryphora decemlineata (Say), although
twenty years have passed ^ince it tirst entered the State of New York,
is still continuing with us, — less abundantly in some y-'ars than in others,
but always in sufiicient numbers to call for ])rotection from its destruc-
tiveness by the use of Paris green or London purple. Spraying or
sprinkling the vines with one of the arsenites is now quite generally
practiced throughout the State. During the year it has been reported
as doing much damage in Chautauqua and Albany counties, but perhaps
not greater than in other counties where no mention of its injuries has
been maie. In its progress northwardh'" the insect has reached Prince
Edward Island, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, north latitude 46 1^ degrees,
and has caused great damage to the potato crop the present year.

The plum curculio, Gonotrachelus neitnphar (Herbst), was quite
harmful to plums in Orange and other of the Hudson river counties,
and in Monroe county about Rochester.

The little Curculiouid beetle, Otlurhy)ichus ovtUus (Linn.), for some
unexplained reason, frequently intrudes in large numbers in dwelling-
houses. In August, examples for name were received from Moriches,
Long Island, where they were infesting a house to the extent of being
an annoyance to the household. For notice of some similar occurrences
see my 2d Report, page 51, 4th Report, page 14, and 6th Report, page
107; also Insect Z,lf'e, v, page 46. The insect is known to be very
destructive to the plants that it attacks, but as it is strictly phytophagic,
no fear need be entertained of injury from its presence in houses.

The grass crop was materially injured in some of the western coun-
ties of the State by an unusual number of " grasshoppers " (locusts),
probably Melanoplus femur-rubrum (De Geer), and allied species.
1893. 38

298 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Some alarm was excited in portions of Columbia county by an early
appearance of multitudes of young " grasshoppers " while snow was yet
on the ground. It was feared that their abundance at this time
betokened an excessive multiplication as the season advanced. The
insect, from examples received, was ascertained to be the young of "the
green-striped locust," Chortojyfiaga viricllfasciata (De Geer). A notice
of it and of its occasional winter appearances is contained in this report.

As a possible addition to the faunal list of our drinking waters may
be named a species of Ephemera — one of the " day-flies." Severa'
examples of it were received in April from Professor G. C. Hodges, of
the Utica Academy, with the information that they had been taken
from a water-filter in Utica. From a notice contained in the Utica
Observer of April 25th, it appears that the filter was one that was con-
nected with a fountain on a lawn. The little orifices through which
the water escaped having become clogged, the cap was taken off, and,
on examination, a large accumulation of the May-fly larvae was
found. Two days thereafter the same trouble recurred, and with the
same results. Some of the larvae were sent to Washington for com"
parison, where they were identified as, in all probability^, belonging to
the genus Ephemera, but as there were no named larvae of the family
Ephenieridm in the collections of the National Museum, no more definite
determination could be made.

Among other living forms which in previous years have come under
my obser\'ation as having been drawn from water-faucets in dwelling-
houses in Albany where their occurrence might have been inconvenient
if not dangerous, are examples of Gordius, or the so-called "hair-
snake," a blood leach of considerable size, and a specimen of the large
intestinal worm, AscarU himbricoides with several inches in convoluted
form of its extruded ovaries crowded with its countless eggs (now in
the collection of the New York State'Museum).

INJURIOUS INSECTS.

Anthrenus scrophulariae (Linn): Attagenus piceus (Oliv.).

Two Carpet Beetles.
(Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Dermestid.k.)

LiNNiEUS: Faun. Suec, 1761, p. 429 (Dermestes); Syst. Nat., 1767, i, pars ii, p.
568. 1 (Byrrhus).

FABRIcros: Syst. Ent,. 1775, p. 61. 2; Spec. Ins., i, 1781, p. 70. 2; Mant. Ins., i,^
1787, p. 39. 2 (Dermestes); Syst. Eleuth., 1801, p. 107.

Lamarck: Hist. Nat. An. Sans. Vert., iv, 1835, p. 724.

Melsheimer: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., ii, 1844, p. 117 (describes A.
thoracicus, now regarded as a variety of A. scrophularice).

LeConte: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vii, 1854, p. 112 (describes A. flavijies
and A. lejndus and A. thoracicus, now regarded as varieties of A.
scrophularice); in Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phil., 1876, p. 195 (occurrence
at Albany); in Bull. G.-G. Surv. Terr., ii, 1879, p. 503 (Rocky Mts. at
6,000 ft. altitude).

Lintner: in The Argus [Albany, N. Y.], Oct. 21, 1876; in Schenectady Union,.
Oct. 21, 1876; in Trans. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc, xxxii, for 1872-1876, p.
236; in Count. Gent., May 31 and June 7, 1877, xlii, pp. 347, 363; in id.,
Aug. 2, 1877, p. 491, c. 2-4 (stages, history, remedies, attraction to
flowers, etc.); Entomolog. Contrib., iv, June, 1878, pp. 15-23, figs, a-d;
in Anier. Nat., xii, Aug., 1878, pp. 536-544, figs, la, b, c, d; in Count.
Gent., Sept. 12, 1878, xliii, p. 583, c. 2, 3; in Proc. Albany Institute, ii,
1878, pp. 310-313; in Count. Gent., Aug. 7, 1879, p. 503, c. 4; in Thirtieth
Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, pp. 127-135 (general account);
in Johnson's Nat. Hist., ii, 1880, p. 651, figs, a-d (brief notice of stages,
etc.); First Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1880, pp. 9, 10, fig. 5 (brief notice); in
Count. Gent., Aug. 23. 1883, xlviii, p. 681, c. 2 (its food and remedies);
in Amsterdam Daily Democrat, July 21. 1884, p. 3, c. 3, 4 (habits,
remedies, etc.); in Count. Gent., Aug. 14, 1884, xlix, pp. 676, fi77, c. 4, 1
(history, habits, transformations, remedies, and preventives); in
American Cyclopedia, iv, 1883, p. 797; Second Rept. Ins. N. Y. ,^
1885, p. 46 (mention): Fifth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1889, pp. 267, 268, fig. 38
(habits and as a museum pest); Sixth Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1890, p. 118,.
fig. 11 (Adalia mistaken for it); in Count. Gent., Aug. 21, 1890, Iv, p,
662, c. 3 (remedies); Seventh Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 33.^
(introduction).

300 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Saunders: in Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1878, pp. 33-35, fig. 14 (from Lintner in

Amer. Nat.). »

Hagen: in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. H., xx, 1878, p. 57 (noticed as a museum pest);

in Canad. Entomol., x, 1878, p. 161 the same with figures, in Rept.

Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1879, pp. 30, 31, fig. 1; in Boston Journal for July

15, 1879.
Riley: in N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 1, 1878 (ravages and remedies, figs.) id., for

Dec. 4, 1878 (food-habits, and spread); in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880,

pp. 53-55, fig. 15 (trapping the beetle); in Insect Life, ii, 1889, pp. 127-

130, fig. 19 (general account).
Jayne: in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, xx, 1882, p. 369, figs. 66, 69 (descriptions).
Apgar: in Science, for Nov. 21, 1884, iv, p. v (unaffected by Naphthaline),
Weed: in Prairie Farmer, Sept. 10, 1887, p. 582, c. 2 (ravages in Michigan).
Hamilton: in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvi, 1889, p. 129 (its varieties).
Fernald: Bull. No. 5, Hatch Exp. St. Mass., July, 1889, pp. 3-6, fig. 1.
Beutenmuller: in Journal N. Y. Microscop. Soc, vii, 1891, p. 14 (bibliography

of early stages).
Dermestes piceus OlA\'VE.R: Entomol., ii, 1790, p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 4 a, 6; Encyc.

Method. Hist. Nat Ins., vi, 1790, p. 267.
Dermestes megatoma Fabricius: Ent. Syst. Supp., 1798, p. 71. 1; Syst.

Eleuth., i, 1801, p. 813. 5.
Attagunus spurcus LeConte: in Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vii, 1854, p. 109.
Attagenus dichrous LeConte: in Proc. Acad. N. S. Ph., viii, 1854, p. 110.
Attageaus rufipennis LeConte: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1859, p. 71.
Attagenus sp. ? Walsh: in Pract. Entomol., i, 1866, p. 34 (in feathers).
Attagenus megatoma. Provancher: Pet. Faun. Ent. Can., — Coleop., 1877,

p. 305.
Attagenus megatoma. Hagen: in Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1878, pp. 56, 61

(as a museum pest).
Attagenus megatoma. Lintner: in Count. Gent., xliv, 1879, p. 503 (feeds on

carpets; icL, xl vii, 1882, p. 567, c. 2 (description); Ent, Contrib., iii,

1882, p. 64 (remedy); Second Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, pp. 46-48 (general

notice of habits, etc).
Attagenus megatoma. Riley: in Amer. Nat., xvi, 1882, p. 1019 (causes felting);

in Rural New Yorker, Oct. 14, 1882, xU,pp. 699, 700 (felting); in Amer,

Nat., xvii, 1883, p. 790,
Attagenus picetis Jayne: in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, xx, 1882, p. 355 (descrip-
tion), p, 374, pi, 1, figs. 22, 23 (antennas).
Attagenus megatoma. Dimmock: in Cassino's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, 1884, p. 378

(feather felting),
Attagenus joiceus. Henshaw: List. Coleop. N. A., 1885, p. 54, No. 3434.
Attagenus piceus. Fernald: in Bull. 5. Hatch Agr. Exp, St., July, 1889, p, 6,
Attagenus piceus. Hamilton: in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvi, 1889, p, 129

(distribution),
Attagenus megatoma. Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, pp.

317-318 (feather felting); in id., iii, p. 170 (in houses).

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist

301

Attagenus piceus. Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, iii, 1890, p. 34 (incr. and
inj. in Washington); pp. 65, 66 (injuring carpets); id., iv, 1893, p. 345
(abundance and injury in Illinois), p. 404 (feather felting).

Attagenus piceus. Beutenmuller: in Journ. N. Y. Microscop. Soc, vii, 1891,
p. 14 (bibliography of larval descriptions).

Both of the above-named insects have been briefly noticed in former
reports, but so frequent are the inquiries received in relation to them,
and so serious the injuries that they inflict, that some additional notes
on them may be acceptable and prove of service.

The publication of a Bulletin, to contain all that seemed desirable
for practical purposes and of interest to know, which could serve as a
convenient reply to the many inquiries made, has been in contemplation
for some time, but it still awaits the leisure for its preparation. In
the meanwhile the bibliography herewith presented should be of service
to those desiring to learn more of its history and habits.

Some Features of Anthrenus scrophulariae
In the accompanying diagrammatic di'a wings (after Jayne) represent-
ing the markings of the beetle as seen from above, a is that of the typical

serophularim. In comparison with
Figure 2, reproduced from former
reports, it more faithfully repre-
sents the hundreds of examples
that have come under ray observa-
tion, in the extended white mar-
ginal bordering of the thorax;
while the white spots near the
outer border of the Aving-cover

Fig. 1.— Anthrenus scROPHCLARia:: a, thetypi- . „V.o».r.Kr Aa^nc^A on/l fnW +.->

calform; 6, var.PLAviPKs; c, var. thoracicus; 3.16 lOO buarpiy uenneu ana laii lo
d, then-jointed antenna. connect with the red projections

from the sutural line so as to form the irregular
transverse bands. It should be remembered that
the line (sutural) along the joining of the wing-
covers and its three inward projections are orange-
red, and a striking characteristic of the species. \
There are, however, marked differences in orna-
mentation, which are to some extent local : two
varieties bear the name of var. jiavipes LeConte,
(shown at h in Figure 1), and var. thoracica Mels.,
at

represented, by means of which it may be separated from the other
species of the genus.

c. At d, the Il-jointed clubbed antenna is p^ijLARiJ7f^omRUeyo

302 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Ignorance Respecting the Carpet Beetles.

Almost every newspaper published in the United States has contained
some account of the dreadful " carpet beetle " or " buffalo bug," giving
its habits, describing its appearance, often accompanied by figures rep-
resenting its different stages; still, there are many who are not able
to distinguish it from a harmless lady-bug when they find the two in
intimate association in rooms where carpets and clothing are evidently
suffering from " carpet bug " attack.

The following letter, from Poughkeepsie, N, Y., in which this ignor-
ance is displayed, is one of many of a similar tenor:

I herewith send you a small vial containing what is believed to be the
carpet-bug in two, perhaps three, forms of its existence. The creature
is giving us much trouble and injuring valuable property. If you can
aid in identifying the animal, and in stopping its ravages, you will con-
fer a great favor on many sufferers.

The little lady-bug has been found in great numbers about our dwell-
ings, and in such relation to injured carpets, etc., as to create the belief
that it is the veritable carpet-bug; but if I am right in supposing that
the insect I send you is the " real. Simon-pure " little pest, then the pet
lady-bug has been more " sinned against than sinning." E. L. B.

Larval features of the two Insects.

The vial contained a specimen of the veritable carpet bug, which
has become such a formidable household pest, but in its larval stage
only — not in subsequent forms of its existence. In company with
it was another larva and two perfect beetles. The larva of the obnox-
ious Anthrenus scrophularice was the one of an oval form, and clothed
with stiff bristles standing out from it. It has received (perhaps
in California, where it first became known in this country,) the name
of the " buffalo-bug," from a fancied resemblance in its large and hairy
front, to that animal.

The other larval form — of a reddish-brown color, with appressed
hairs — long, slender, tapering to its tail, and ending in a pencil of
hairs, — is also a carpet-bug, and the earlier stage of the two black
beetles which were sent with it. It was for a long time known
to science as Attagenus megatoma (Fabr.), but a few years since was
found to have been earlier described by Olivier under the specific
name of piceus.

Attagenus piceus detected as a Carpet pest.
• At the time of my detection of the Anthrenus carpet bug at Schenec-
tady, the larva of A, 2^^ceus was associated with it. It was at first
supposed that it was drawn to the borders of carpets to feed upon the
dead bodies of flies and other insects that collected there, in accord-

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist

303

ance with the general habits of the Dermestidai. Subsequently I
have reared it upon pieces of carpets, and complaints have been
received from Boston and elsewhere of its carpet-eating propensities.
It may possibly prove to be almost as destructive to carpets as the
A. scrophularice, for there can not be much doubt that its food is the
same, and that it multiplies with equal rapidity.

Its Abundance.
Already in some houses it has become the more numerous. In my
own residence the beetle has fallen under my observation, on window
panes, thrice as often as its prettily ornamented rival. As it will
assuredly ere long win a notoriety for itself, a common name will have
to be selected for it, now that we have two "carpet-bugs", comparatively
"new," both being beetles in their perfect form. Until a better name
shall be found, this may be known as "the black carpet-beetle."

Description of the Beetle.
A brief description may be of value for its identification. It meas-
ures 0.15 to 0.18 inch in length. In outline it is elongate-oval, twice
as long as it is wide, and rather flattened. Its head is small and so
bent downward as hardly to be
seen from above in cabinet speci-
mens, but extended, and with its
antennae conspicuous, when walk-
ing; both it and the prothorax are
black. The wing-covers are more
or less reddish, finely punctured,
Mith a short gray pubescence in
fresh examples under a magnifier.
The legs'and the antennoe are red-
dish: the latter terminating, in a „ „ , . .

' ^ ^ Fig. 3. — Attaoenus pigkus; a, antenna of

large ovate club, the last joint of male; 6. antenna of female. (After Jayne.)

which is grayish. Abdomen beneath, brown with short ochreous-yel-
low hairs. Legs brown. Outlines of the beetle and of its antennae are
given in Figure 3.

Food of the Larva of Attagenus Piceus.
This insect by no means confines itself in feeding to woolens, but
like others of the Dermestldm, its larva feeds largely upon dried ani-
mal matter. In the notice of ^^ Attagenus megatoma,''^ in the Second
Report on the Lisects of New York, 1885, pp. 46-48, its occur-
rence in hair-cloth furnitui-e is mentioned, and the suspicion is

304 • FoRTT-siXTH Report on the State Museum

expressed that it eats lace curtains and other cottons, and that its range
of food may embrace '*hair, furs, cotton, linen, and wool." Even
Anthrenus scrophularice, which in this country is hardly known except
as a woolen pest, is developing a fondness for insects in collections,
while in Europe it is recorded as eating furs, hides, leather, dried
plants, animal collections, "all kinds of collections of natural objects,
and victuals."*

Dr. Hagen in his interesting paper on " Museum Pests, observed in
the Entomological Collection at Cambridge," mentions the species as
" exceedingh^ dangerous " to the collection.**

Feather-felting by Attagenus piceus.
Professor Riley has recorded an instance of a remarkable felting of
the inside of a pillow ease with the soft parts of the chicken feathers
with which it had been filled, through the feeding operations of this
insect. The short, downy particles which had been stripped off were
found inserted by their basal ends, the barbs of which would be caught
by the repeated shakings and firmly anchored. "The felting was
remarkably dense, evenly coating the whole surface of the ticking, and
greatly resembling in softness, smoothness, and color the fur of a mole."f
Another similar occurrence was related by Dr. Horn, and a specimen
" resembling fine plush " exhibited to the American Entomological
Society. J

Remedies for the Carpet Beetles.
The best remedies for the two carpet beetles are, frequent searches
for their larviB in their haunts and crushing them, and the application
of kerosene or benzine to the places where the eggs and young larvae
occur. The favorite locality for the A. scrophularim, as is probably
known to most housekeepers by this time, is beneath the borders of
carpets, and in the floor joinings underneath. These crevices should
first be thoroughly treated with kerosene, and then closed with putty, or
a packing saturated with kerosene." The crevices beneath the base
boards should also be closed; by these means the retreat and escape of
the larvjB will be almost entirely prevented, when the borders of the
carpet are lifted for a thorough search for the larvae, as should by all
means be done, from time to time, in an infested house. The examina-

* Hagen: in Canadian Entomologist, x, 1878, pp. 161, 163.

** Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, xx, 1878, p. 61 .

t American Naturalist, xvl, 1882, p. 1018.

i Transactions of the American Entomological Society, x, 1883, p. xvii.

NiyTH Report of the State Entomologist 305

tion will be more coiivenienl and i>ro(liK'tive oi" better results if the
carpet is left unnailed.

Possibility of Freeing Infested Houses from the Insect.

That freeing a house from the presence of this exceedingly annoying
and destructive pest, is not a hopeless task, will a])pear from the account
given by a correspondent of her successful campaign against it. The
prefatory reference to her first acquaintance with the insect is of suffi-
cient interest to quote, particularly as it gives an earlier time \i\ several
years for its observation in this country than had been previously
recorded.*

How a House was Freed from A. scrophulariae.

In November, 18S8, Mary E. Clark, of New Yovk city, wrote to me
as follows:

It may not be uninteresting to 3'ou if I add my mite to the information
already gained in regard to these insects. I tirst heard of them about
twenty years ago at which time they were quite domesticated in parts
of Montgomery count}^ Penn. The people called them " woolly-
heads," and one who lived there described them to me as looking like a
little piece of black avooI. A few years later — I think about 1868 —
when visiting a friend on Long Island, I saw quite a number of them:
they had made their appearance only a short time previously, and before
their prei«ence was known had made great havoc with the carpets.

My own experience with them began last year. We moved to oui-
present abode in April, and it was not until every carpet had l)een put
down and the house settled that I was aware that we had such unwel-
come guests. I was not long in observing their habit of running into
any crack or crevice that presented itself, and also running along the
joints of the floors, and our warfare against them was directed toward
these joints. In the closets we stopped up every nook on the walls;
every crevice under the base boards, and filled up the joints of the floor;
then Ave laid down oil-cloth, and kept a plentiful supply of camphor in
the closets. I am happy to say that we have had no trouble with them
since so doing.

Fortunately, Ave had put paper under all the carpets, so Ave felt that
they Avere in a measure, at least, protected, but I found them continually,
just under the edges of the carpet. As far as possible, A\'e filled up the
crevices under the baseboards and I used benzine very j^lentifullv all
the summer, saturating the borders of the carpets e\'ery tAvo A\-eeks

* Examples of it, labeled Anihrenus lepidus, in the cabinet of Dr. LeConte had been received
from Oregon ■' in 1871 or 1872." Dr. Hagen had heard of its operations in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1672.
The first notice of its injuries was seen by me in 1874, and in 1876, examples were taken in my
house at Schenectady, N. Y., and the new household pest brought to public notice. Its earlier
observation in Pennsylvania accords with the statement made to me some time ago by a gentle-
man living in that State (the time and place have escaped my memory), that he had reason to
believe that he was chargeable with its introduction into this country in a trunk which was found
to contain them on his return from Europe.

1893 39

306 Forty-sixth Report oa the State Museum

and killing all I saw in the meantime. Last spring we varnished the
cracks of the floors, and in some cases, where they were very open,
covered them with strips of thin muslin stuck down with the varnish;
we again put paper under the carpets, as we had found it such
protection the previous year. I have found the various insect
powders of no use whatever when the insect is in the larval state :
whether or not it has any effect on the beetle I can not say; but this I
can state, — that our unceasing warfare has not been in vain, for I have,
during the past summer, seen only single ones where last year I found
scores.

The Two-spotted Lady-bug, mistaken for the Anthrenus Beetle.
" The little lady-bug " mentioned in the inquiry from Poughkeepsie as
occurring in great numbers in association with the carpet beetles, is the
two-spotted lady-bug, Adalia hipvnctata (Linn. ) . It
has frequently been mistaken for the carpet-beetle,
and has come to an untimely end inconsequence —
in some instances having been collected on dust-
pans and burned. It is unfortunate that such
mistakes should occur, since it is to this insect
more than to any other that we are often indebted
Fig. 4— The two-spotted for deliverance from a plant-louse infestation of
\. lady-bug Adalia bt- fvnit-trees, shrubs, and flowers. It has no resem-

punctata (after Em-

mons). blance Avhatever to the carpet-beetle, than which it

is many times larger (see figures of the two in my 6th Report) ; the
only reason for confusing it with the carpet pest is that it enters
dwelling-houses in the autumn for passing the winter (the only one of
the lady-bugs having this habit), and is frequently to be met with col-
lected in corners underneath the carpets, or creeping or flying about
when fires have been made in rooms ordinarily cold. It seems strange
that, in this enlightened age, any household could be found in
which none of- its members could recognize so typical a lady-
bird as the Adalia and know of its entire harmlessness. The lady-
birds are quite common insects : they are attractive in their
bright shining colors and conspicuous maculation; their form is
peculiar — "gotten up," as a reportorial wit has recently expressed
it, "on the architectural lines of a split pea;" for centuries they
have been cherished objects of admiration in the countries of the
Old World, where peculiar associations or superstitions have been con-
nected with them. From some one of these has doubtless been bor-
rowed the motherly couplet that all of us have heard in our childhood
and have ourselves uttered when some one of these pretty creatures
had run up to finger-tip'and was about to unfold its wings for flight :

Lady -bird, lady-bird, fly away home,

Your house is on fire, your children will bum.

N'iNTu Report of the IState Entomologist 307

Tenebrio obscurus Fabr.

The Americait Jfeal-ioorm..

(Orel. Coleopibra: Fam. Tenebrionid-e.)

Fabricius: Ent. Syst., i, pars i, 1792, p. 111. 5.
Westwood: Classif. Insects, i, 1839, p. 318 (larva and habits).
Curtis: Farm Insects, 1860, p. 334.
Walsh: in Pract. Entomol., ii, 1866, p. 34 (bri.ef notice).
Provancher: Pet. Faun Ent. Canada — Coleop., 1877, p. 448 (description).
Le Baron: 4tli Kept. Ins. 111., 1874, p. 123, f. 57 (figure only).
Gissler: in Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc, i, 1878, p. 87 (of the larva).
Riley: in Anier. Naturalist, xvii, 1883, p. 547 (number of molts).
Lintner: in Count. Gent., Ivii, 1892, p. 501 (habits, remedies, etc.}.
BeutenmOller: in Journ. Microscop. Soc. vii, 1891, p. 41 (bibliography of
early stages).

Although rather a common insect, very little seems to have been
written of it by our economic entomologists, as appears from the quite
limited bibliography presented above.

Examples of it were recently received from Buckland, Virginia,
asking for information of their habits, as they had appeared in large
numbers in a granary where wheat was stored.

The Larva and the Beetle.

It is greatly to be regretted that so few of our Coleoptera have been
described, and of those few, many have been done in so general terms
and so indifferently that they do not serve the purpose of identifica-
tion, I am not aware of any description of T. obscurus. It may be
said of it, as aid to its recognition when met with in the localities
where it is apt to occur, that it is about an inch long, cylindrical,
smooth, of an ochreous or pale-brown color, and with three pairs of
legs on its front or thoracic segments, and that it has much the appear-
ance of the common wire- worm. But this would apply equally well to
several other species of the family of Tenebrlonldcr* The larva is
shown at a in Figure 5.

Perhaps the best specific characters in the larval Tenebrio are to be
found in their pygidium — the designation of the upper part of the last
abdominal segment. Mr, C F, Gissler, loc. cit., has given some study
to the larva' of the Tenebrionidm, indicating pygidial differences
between them. Of T. obscurus he finds: " Pygidium comparatively

* See the excellent and greatly needed remarks made by one of our able Coleopterlsts, Mr.
E. A. Schwarz, on many of the published " descriptions of Coleopterous larvae which are
wholly wanting in either popular or scientific value," in the Canadian Entomologist, xxiv,
1892, page 233.

308 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

small, cordiform, with two minute articulated spines on each side, a
little behind the middle, a median longitudinal groove, one lateral
punctured notcli^ and two terminal small, siiddenly turned-up hooks."
A figure is also given of the " pygidium of Teuebrio," presumably of
T. obscurus, which would seem to imperfectly illustrate the text, unless
for "punctured notch" Ave read "punctured spot." The two terminal
hooks, according to Westwood, distinguish the larva of this species
from that of T. molitor (see*Westwood, loc. cit.).

The beetle, described in general terms, which
should suffice for its recognition when taken in
connection with its figure herewith given, is over
a half inch in length, narrow, of a dull, opaque,
black color above, with the underside, the
feet and antennae chestnut-brown. The tho-
rax is subquadrate. The elytra, or wing-covers,
are closely ])unctured with sixteen depressed
Fig. 5— The meal worm, longitudinal lines, the intervals of which

Tenebrio obscurus: a, i ^ i n^i i ^ ^ ^i i • i

larva; 6, pupa; c, imago; 3.ve angulated. 1 he legs are stout; the hinder

maxHi^r/, "fabrurn;' 9, ^^^^ ^^^ f our-jointcd — the Others are five-
terminal segment. (From • • - j

RUey.) jointed.

Its Habits.

The name of the "American meal-worm" has been given to this insect
to distinguish it from a closely resembling species, Tenebrio molitor,
which has been introduced from Europe and has become much more
common with us than the native one. It is the more injurious of the
two, as it prefers for its food diy and sound flour, while T. molitor is
more fi'equently found in that which has become damp or otherwise
damaged. T. obsexrus is said to feed sometimes on animal matter.
Both of the species infest granaries, mills, and farm houses, and are
justly regarded as very troublesome pests when thej^ have gained a
lodgment, it being a difficult task to exterminate them.

Remedy.
The best remedy for this, as for most of the other stored grain
insects, as Silvaw's iSurinamensis (Linn.), ^S'. cassim Reiche, /S. advena
(Waltb.), Calandt'agrcmaria^Linn.), C. or i/zce (Liun.), C.remotejnincta
Gyll., Triboliurti ferruginewn (Fabr.), Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.),
and others, is found in the use of bisulphide of carbon. The infested
grain should be inclosed in a tight bin, and for each one hundred pounds,
one ounce of the bisulphide of carbon may be placed in any convenient
open vessel on top of the grain. It need not be inserted therein, as

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 309

has been directed by some writers, for the heavy vapor (about two and
one-half times heavier than common air) will descend and permeate the
mass and destroy the insect life — the beetle, the larva*, or the eggs
deposited on the grain. After a day or two the bin may l)e oj>ened for
the offensive odor to escape, and no injury will have been done to the
grain, either for flouring, for feeding, or for seed.

It would be well in all cases where badly infested grain has been
treated in the above manner, especialh' Avhen it is to be converted into
flour, to remove the dead insects by sifting or otherwise, as it is believed
that bad results have followed the use of flour into which the elytra
and dead bodies of the infesting insects had been ground uj).

In consideration of the explosive nature of bisul})hide of carbon, it is
proper always to accompany the recommendation of its use with the
caution that a light or fire should never be brought near it.

Pollenia rudis (Fabr.).
The Cluster Fly.
(Ord. Diptera: Fam. Muscid.e.)
Fabricius: Ent. Syst., iv, 1794, p. 314. 9 (as Musca rndis).
Macquart: Hist. Nat. Ins.— Dipteres, ii, 1835, p. 269 (as Pollenia).
Rob. Desvoidy: Hist. Dipt. Env. Paris, ii. 1863, p. 600.
LOEW: in Amer. Journ. Sci.-Arts, 2d ser., 1864, xxxvii, pp. 318, 331 (introduced

from Europe).
Harris: Entomolog. Corr. , 1869, p. 336 (as Mn sea familiar is).
Osten-Sacken: Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 160.
Mann: in Psyche, iii, 1883, p. 378 (liabits).
Dall: in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1884, p. 635 (habits).
Riley: in Amer. NaturaUst, xvii, 1883, pp. 82, 83; in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v,

1884, pp. 637, 638 (habits, synonymy, etc.).
Marlatt: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 153 (killed by fungus).
LlNTNER: in Count. Gent., Ivii, 1892, p. 358 (general notice).
Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, v, 1893, p. 263 (in Illinois, habits, remedy, etc.).

Pollenia rudis (the Musca rudis of Fabricius) was known and name
given to it in Europe a century ago. AVhen it was introduced into this
country is not known, but commercial intercourse may liave brought it
at any time either in its* larval or perfect
stages. Dr. Loew, in an article in Silliman's
Journal of Science, in 1864, mentions it in a
list of species of flies known to be common to
Europe and America. Of these, a number are
believed to have first made their appearance

^\. ^^ •,! ^ 1 1 11 .. t Fig. 6.— The cluster fly, Polle-

on the Facinc coast and gradually to have nia rudis. (After Macquart.)
worked their way to the Atlantic States. Presuming the ]\ rudis to

310 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

have been one of these, it would account for the absence of any early-
notice of its peculiar habits in hibernation that would naturally have
attracted observation to it.

What the Fly Is.
The fly has been sent to me on several occasions during late years,
with inquiry if it was the common house-fly, and telling of its abund-
ance or strange conduct that drew attention to it.

While belonging to the same family with Musca domestica, viz., the

Miiscidd', and to the ordinary observer
bearing a general resemblance to it in size
and appearance, a comparison of the two
would show marked difi^erences between
them. P. rudis may be recognized by its
sluggish movements when on or about the
^ * windows, as if })artialty stupefied; a some-

FiG. 7. — The cluster tiy, Pollenia i.i • -i -nr j u- -j.

RUDIS. (Original) what larger size than J/, domestica; its

black thorax (in fresh examples) covered with rather closely ajjpressed
tawny-colored hairs, sometimes inclining to a green shade; its grayish
abdomen marked above with two black quadrate spots on each segment,
and a black edging to the segment; and its black legs. See fig. 7.

So little was known of the insects of our country fifty years ago
that it is not surprising that among the manuscript material left by Dr.
Harris, there should be found descriptions of the two above-named
species, under the names of Musca harpyia and Musca famillaris, —
the former since recognized as the common house-fly, and the latter the
cluster fly.

When with progress in entomology it was found necessary to sub-
divide the old genera of Liniifeus, Fabricius, etc., the genus of Pollenia
(suggested by the pollen of flowers) was founded by R. Desvoidy in
1830 for those Muscids having, among other features, the thorax cov-
ered with a down-like clothing, classing them as '■^ Muscidm tomentosoi.''''
P. rudis was named as the type of the genus, which included about
twenty European species. Of North American si:)ecies, Osten Sacken
(1878) has named but one other Palleiiia, P. vespillo, occurring in

Nova Scotia.

Its Common Name.

The popular name of the " cluster fly " has been given to this insect
in consideration of its habit of leaving the flowers, fruits, branches or
trees, walls, etc., upon which it is often to be seen during the summer
months, and entering dwelling-houses in the autumn, for hibernation,
where it gathers at times in large clusters on the walls and ceilings,
and especially in the corners that they form.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 311

What Has Been Written of Its Habits.

Not liaving at hand the writings of Desvoidy, Meigen, and other
European entomologists who have written of tliis insect, I am not able
to state what has been narrated by them of its habits. Our own
literature relating to it is quite limited.

A note of two pages on " Cluster Flies " is contained in the Pi-oceed-
ings of the U. iS. National Museum for 1883, vol. v, by W. H. Dall,
based on specimens of the insect received from the vicinity of Geneva,
N. Y., where it was reported as a great nuisance in the country houses.
They were said to have first appeared in that locality about thirty
years before. In the meantime they had increased until they had
become a serious annoyance to housekeepers, as they intruded into
places where flies do not ordinarily take up their abode, as "' in beds, in
pillow-slips, under table covers, behind pictures, in wardrobes, nestled
in bonnets and hats, under the edge of carpets," and in many other
unusual and unexpected places. A window-casing removed, disclosed
" a solid line of them from top to bottom." Their preference seemed
to be for a clean, dark chamber seldom used, where the}'^ were wont to
gather in large clusters about the ceilings. It is also stated of them
that they sometimes suspend themselves from the cornice of a room in
large clusters like swarming bees, which could be brushed bodily into a
vessel of boiling water: this statement, however, we can not vouch
for, and it needs verification.

To Professor Dall's notice. Professor Riley has contributed about all
of the scientific knowledge we have of the fly, including the several
names under which it has been known during the last hundred years,
together with some additional notes of its habits. A note by Professor
Riley on " The Cluster Fly," in the American Naturalist, loc. cit., may
also be consulted.

Mr, B. P. Maun has recorded in Pst/c/te, for August, 1882, its
occurrence in Maine, where the flies are reported as having the habit of
burrowing into homespun yarn and the goods of loose texture made
therefrom, to feed, as was supposed, on the greasy matter that remamed
in them. They were thought, also, to cut the threads.

Although the fl}^ appears to have obtained a wide distribution in this

country, the above are the only notices that I find of attention liaving

been drawn to its habits of congregating in houses in large companies.

I am able to add two other instances of the kind, with the probability

of a third.

The Fly Observed in St. Lawrence County, N. Y.

In a visit made to Hammond, St. Lawrence Co., during the first

week of October, 1883, for observations on a remarkable occurrence of

312 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

tlie chiiicli-biig, large clusters of the Hy were seen in the corners of the
walls and ceiling of a second floor bedroom of the farm house that I
occupied. Tliey were in irregular black masses, each consisting of
several hundreds of indiA'iduals. A few were found to have hidden
away within the bedding. The weather at the time was quite cold,
and frosts ])revailed during the nights.

A Pest in a House at Palenville, N. Y.

Last spring, about the middle of April, a lady brought to me

examples of flies taken in her house at Palenville, Greene Co., N. Y.,

Avhere they were abounding in most disagreeable numbers. They were

found in every room, and all her ett'orts to destroy or eject them had

been f I'uitless. They were recognized as the cluster fly, and pyrethrum

pOAvder was i-ecommended for killing them. The poAvder was used

after the manner dii-ected, and proved entirely effective. Dustpanfuls,

as I was afterwards informed, of their dead bodies were swept up and

burned.

Another Spring Appearance of the Fly.

A number of years ago — somewhere about 1875 — when residing in
Schenectady, N. Y., upon returning from church one morning, the
Aviudows of a ground-Hoor front room Avith a sunny exposure, Avere
found to be so thickly dotted Avith Hies as to arrest the attention of
passers-by. They were ejected by brushing from the panes as speedily
as possible, without examination; but recalling their features and
movements, it is hardh'^ possible that they could have been any other
species than this Pollen ia. At that time it Avas unknown to us by name.

Its Entrance in Dwellings and Departure.

It would appear, from this and the preceding account, to be the
habit of the tiy, to emerge in company from their winter retreat on
some Avarm day in early spring, unlike their method of entering in
the autumn, Avhen they steal in singly, one by one, even Avith closed
Avindows and doors, and during successive weeks or months.

Since first obserA'ing the fl}', a fcAV years ago, it has been a regular
visitant to my office on the fourth floor of the Capitol. It does not
collect in clusters, but each year in October and November, individuals
to the number, perhaps, of from thirty to fifty may be seen resting on,
or sloAvly Avalking over, the loAver portion of the Avindow frame or pane.
Several specimens in the State Collection bear the late date of Decem-
ber 3d. Referring to my notes of the present year, I find: " September
29th, a number of Pollenia rudis on the windoAv of my office." A few
indiA'iduals had been seen some daA's earlier. ^

NiMTH Heport of ruE State Entomologist 313

Other Species that Hibernate Within Doors.

There are a numl)erof other Diptera that avail themselves of the shelter
aud comfort of our thvellings for their protection and repose during the
months of autumn and winter. A German author, as quoted bv Riley,
records the swarming of two other species of Pollenia, viz., P. atramen-
taria and P. vespillo, in the same building for several successive years.

Mr. B. P. Mann {loc cit.) has written: "I remember that during one
or two ja'ars, at a certain season, which, as far as my recollection serves
me, was in April, T noticed numerous specimens of Microclo)i globosus,
a syrphid fly, issue from a nail -hole in a j)lastered wall of an apartment
in a dwelling house, as though the flies had passed the winter within
the walls of the house."

Tlie many interesting features attending the in-door liibernation of
one of the Oscinidu — Cldorojts pi'nlificu of Osten Sacken, have been
presented at considerable length in my Fourth and Seventh Reports.
This species, however, has not yet become a common nuisance, dis-
agreeable as it may be to the inmates of the house that it selects for
its annual winter abode, as we know of its occurrence in onlj" three
localities in the United States.

Baron Osten Sacken has kindly contributed to the Fourth Report
above referred to (page 72) several notices of assemblages of one or more
species of Chloro2)s (they were not authoritively determined) within
occupied buildings in Europe, for hibernation: In one instance it Avas
estimated that eighteen millions of one species had gathered, in Sep-
tember, on the ceiling of a botanical conservatory in Warsaw.

It is (|uite probable that numbers of the common house-fly (females)
pass the winter within the houses that they have been previously
occupying, hidden away within crevices about the windows, but it is not
recorded that they ever assemble in companies at such times, either for
warmth or from social instinct.

Early Stages of Pollenia rudis.
It is not known that the early stages of this insect have been observed
in this country,' or minutely anywhere. R. Desvoid}^ has given the
general statement of the European PoUenias, that their eggs are laid
in decomposing animal and vegetable matter. According to Macquart,
their larvtv develop in the manure pile and cow droppings — "sans le

ferrier et les bouzes.'"

Description of the Fly.
The description of this tiy, left in MS. by Dr. Harris under the name
of Masca familiar is, as previously referred to, is as follows:

Head somewhat prominent in front, of a dirty yellow or tawny color
with a silky lustre, aiul distinct black bristles; eyes in the male conni-

314 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

vent above, in the female distant, with an interposed, oblong, black
spot, furcate above and below, antennre blackish, with the articulations
piceous or ferruginous. Thorax black, covered with a close, dirty yel-
low or fulvous, coarse pubescence, with remote, curved, black bristles.
Wings at the articulations and extreme base, ferruginous. Winglets
and poisers white. Legs rusty black, with black hairs. Abdomen with
distant, curved, black bristles, in both ibexes cinereous, with a silky
lustre, each segment with two quadrate black spots, and widely edged
with black, varying in situation and degree, according to the incidence
of the light.

This species, not uncommon in houses in summer, nearly disappears
when the more abundant 3f. harpyia \doinesticci\ appears.

Remedies.

Whenever this fly intrudes in such number as to render its destruc-
tion desirable, this can readily be accomplished by the use of pyrethrum.
If they are gathered in clusters, the insecticide vciS^y be conveniently
thrown upon them with a powder bellows. Should they be scattered
thi'oughout the room, the powder may be distributed through the
atmosphere of the apartment, first closing the windows and doors, and
driving up the flies that they may l)e bi-ought more directly under its
influence.

That the pyrethrum is effective against these flies, notwithstanding a
statement that has been made to the contrarj^ is shown from the note
received from my Palenville correspondent, to whom its use in her
emergency had been recommendtd:

" I send my kindest thanks for the advice which has cleared m}^ house
of its army of flies. I used the pyrethrum with bellows, and send you
a trophy of its success. We swept up dustpanfuls of them, and are
now entirely free from their anjioying presence."

Killed by a Fungus.
Mr. C. L. Marlatt, of the Entomological Division, U. S. Dept. Agri-
culture, at Washington, in recording, in Insect I^ife {loc. eit.) an extra-
ordinary mortality among flies observed by him on the grounds of the
Agricultural Department, in the autumn of 1891, sta1:es, that among
the large number of dead flies that were thickly covering the under-
side of the leaves and were fastened by a fungus growth — often as
many as eight or ten flies on a single leaf — most of them were Pol-
lenia rudis. The fungus was not, as was at first supposed, the com-
mon fungus of the house-fly, viz., Emjyusa niusca', which is not
uncommon in houses on windows, etc., during the late summer and
early autumn, but was determined as a species recently described by
Dr. R. ihaxter, as Empusa Americana,- which, so far as known,
occurs only out-doors, on vegetation, etc.

Ninth Eeport of the State E.stomologist

315

Murgantia histrionica fllahn.).

The Harlequin Cahbage-hug.

(Ord. Hbmiptera: Subord. Heteroptera: Fam. Pentatomid.e.)

A correspondent from New Jei'sey sends examples of insects which
are for the first time injuring his cabbages that liave been put out for

seed (not noticed on others).
They were recognized as the
insect above named, upon which
an article giving description, life-
history, habits, and other details
relating to it, together with the
accompanying illustration, is con-
tained in my First Report.

The steady progress northward
y of this cabbage pest is of interest

Fig. 8.— The Harlequin cabbage-bue:. JIur- ^ , ^ ^ i • . i .

GANTIA histrionica: ctancU), the larva ami pupa, not only tO entOmolOglStS, DUt
enlarged: c. the eggs, natural size; d, side view i.- i i ^ i,i

of the eggs showing the bands; e. end view of particularly tO Cabbage groWCrS-

same, showing the lid for the escape of the larva; • -vt -tr i i i i. a.

/.the adult insect; j?, the same, with expanded m -Mew 1 Ork and Clsewnere UOt

wings. (From Kiley.) - j i? ^i ^i

far removed from the northern
boundary of its present operations.

From Texas, Avhere it was first observed about twenty-five years ago
as severely injuring the cabbage crop, it has been slowly and steadily
extending eastward and northward, with an annual progression that
within a few years will, in all probability, carry it into and over New
York and the New England States, and other States lying in the same
parallels of latitude. It was operating in Southern California several
years ago. It had previously been reported from Delaware, in the
latitude of the southern line of Pennsylvania, but this is the first
instance, to ni}^ knowledge, of its recognition in New Jersey, and
therefore worthy of special note.

As Professor Smith has not included the species in his recent
" Catalogue of the Insects of New Jersey,''^ published in 1890, it cer-
tainly has not as yet become common or notably injurious to cabbage
culture in the State. Woodbury, whence the insects came, is in the
southwestern portion of the State, a few miles south of Philadelphia.

The date at whicli they were received leaves in doubt whether they
were hibernated individuals, or if they were matured forms of the first
spring brood (other broods follow through the summer). In the
warmerj^cliraate of Texas, eggs are deposited as early as the last of
February. The development of the insect is remarkably rapid, for
under favorable conditions the period from the deposit of the eggs to
the appearance of the mature form may be less than three weeks.

316 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

MemecUes. — So destructive to cabbage and so difficult to combat is
this insect, that its advance northward into territory yet unoccupied
by it should be resisted by everj' means that can be etHciently
employed, and by hand-picking when every other remedy seems to
fail. The arsenites are powerless against it, as it belongs to the suc-
torial class Avhich feed through a beak and not with biting jaws.
Experiments that I have made with pyrethrum and hellebore have shown
but transitory effects, and fail to kill. Kerosene emulsion would prob-
ably prove equalh' valueless. In my First Report, before cited, the
following recommendations were made, as the best methods known for
attacking it: 1. Sprinkling with hot water of as high a temperature as
the plants will bear. '1. Trapping with leaves plucked from the plants
and spread on the ground, beneath which the bugs will retire on cold
nights, and where they may be found in the morning and killed.
3. Burning the waste leaves, stalks, and weeds in the autumn, in which
many of the adult insects pass the winter. 4. Destroying the first
brood in the earl\^ spring by crushing the eggs. These may easily be
found on the leaves, as they are conspicuous from their beautiful orna-
mentation, being white, tinged with green apically, surrounded by two
sharply defined black bands of which the upper one is the broader, and
having the apex bordered upon its depressed lid \\\X\\ a black crescent.
The eggs are placed on end on the leaves fastened to one another, and
often arranged in two rows of "six each. With this description of the
eggs, they can be easily recognized, and not mistaken for any others.
5. The hibernating bugs, when first resorting to the plants for ovipo-
sition, should be picked off by hand, or if too abundant for this, which
they seldom are at this time, as many that go into winter quarters fail
to survive its rigors and the enemies to which they are exposed, they
maj"" be knocked off the plants with a stick into a pan of water and
kerosene. — {Goiintry Gentleman of June 9, 189-2.)

A new reniedij. — Mr. H. E. Weed, Entomologist of the Mississippi
Agricultural Experiment Station, premising that '* there is but one
efficient remedy for this insect, Avhich is to destroy the brood which
lives over winter" before their oviposition, has proposed a method
which he has found successful in controlling "by far the worst cabbage
pest of the South." It certainly gives promise of being the most
simple and effective method yet discovex'ed. Mr. Weed reconmiends
that a row of mustai'd or radish plants be run on the sides or through
the middle of the cabbage patch or field, and as the Murgantia Avill be
drawn to these in preference to the cabbage, — when they have collected
thereon, they may be killed by the application of kerosene. It does

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 317

not appear from Mr. Weed's report that the liibernating individuals
were killed by this method. Ife states:

Our present crop of cabbage was put into the field early in March,,
and at the same time a row of radishes was planted through tlie middle
of the patch. The radishes were Avell grown by the time the second
brood of bugs [the first spring broodj had hatclied, and nearly all the
insects found their way to the radishes, where they were killed by
spraying with kerosene. At this date, June 15, liardly a single l)ug is
to be found in this patch, while cabbage planted in otlier parts of the
grounds are badly infested. {Bulletin. JSfo. 21 of the Mississippi
Af/ricultural Experiment Station, June, 1892.)

Unless there should be no survivors of the radish feeders which
might transmit, through heredity, an especial fondness for that plant
to their successors, it would seem to be desirable that only mustai'd,
if equally attractive, should be used as a bait. We have no knowledge
that M. histrionica has been reported as a radish pest, although long
known to feed on it and on other Crucifera', but another member of the
genus, probably 31. munda Stal, has recently appeared in that role, in
California {Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. S3).

Psylla pyricola (Foerster).

The Tear- Tree Fsf/lla.

(Ord. Hemiptera : Subord. Homoptera : Fam. Fsyllid-e.)

Foerster : in Verhandl. d. naturh. ver. d, preuss. Rheinlande, v. 1848, p. 77.

Harris: Treat. Ins. New Engl., 1852, pp. 301-204; Ins. Inj. Veg., 1863, pp.

231-234 (early observations, habits, description, etc.).
Fitch : in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. See, xvi, 1856, p. 853; 3d-5th Repts. Ins.

N. Y., 1859, p. 35 (brief mention).
Uhler : in Rept. Coiumis. Patents for 1860. 1861, p. 314 (discovered in U. S.).
Packard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 53 (mention) : Entomol. Begin., 1888, p.

83 (mention).
Walsh-Riley : in Amer. Entomol., i. 1869, p. 235 (mention, in Eastern States).
LeBaron : 2d Rept. Ins. 111., 1872, pp. 134-136, figures (injuries in Illinois).
Glover : in Rept. Comniis. Agr. for 1876. 1877, pp. 33, 34, fig. 36 (description,

localities, etc.).
Thomas : in 7th Rept. Ins. III., 1878, p. 73, fig. 12 (mention); in 8th Rept. do.,

1879, p. ] 3, fig. 3, pp. 16-17 (general account, remedies, etc.).
Barnard : in Proc, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xxviii, 1880, pp. 478-486, plate

(as P. piirisuga).
AsHMEAD : in Canad. Entomol., xiii, 1881, p. 320 (questions KoUar's account of

habits).
Riley : in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xxxii, 1884, p. 319 (mention); in Proc.

Biolog. Soc. Wash., 1884, p. 69 (referred to x^yricolaoi Foerster); in

Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 103 (synonym).
LOEW : in Neue Beitriige, zur Kenntniss der Psylliden-Verh. Wien Zool.-Bot. .

Gesell., xxxvi, 1886, p. 154.
COMSTOCK : Introduc. Entomol., 1888, p. 171 (brief reference).
Saunders : Ins. Inj. Fruits, 1889, pp. 145, 146, figs. 151, 152.

318

IfORTY-sixiH Report on the State Museum

LlNTNER: in Count. Gent., Ivi, 1891, pp. 317, 374, 637; in Canad. Entomol.,
xxiii, 1891, p, 230 (in Hudson river valley); in Science, xix, 1893, p.
343; 8th Kept. Ins. N. Y., 1893, p. 219.

Riley-Howard : in Insect Life, iv, 1891, pp. 127-9 (descriiJtion and habits from
Loew), p. 225 (occurrence in New York); id., v, 1893, p. 200 (is undoubt-
edly P. pyricola of Foerster), pp. 226-280 (observations of Mr. SUnger-
land, and dimorphism).

Powell : in Orange County Farmer, May 21, 1891 (brief notice).

Fisher : in New Engl. Homestead, Dec. 5, 1891; in Bull. No. 17, Hatch Agr.
Exp. St., 1892, p. 24 (habits and remedy).

LODEMAN : in Garden and Forest, v, 1892, p. 285 (brief notice of habits, etc.).

Slingerland : in Count. Gent., Ivii, 1892, p. 629; in Canad. Entomol., xxiv,
1893, p. 207 (injuries, broods, remedy); in Insect Life, v, 1892, pp.
100-103 (description, transformations, remedies, etc.); Bull. 14, Cornell
Univ. Agr. Exp. St., Oct., 1892, pp. 159-186, 7 figs, (full account).

Smith : in Canad. Entomol., xxiv, 1892, p. 207 (copper and London purple
spraying for it); Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 192 (injuries and spread in
New Jersey).

Until within a few years the pear tree has been remarkably free from
insect attack — the amount of injury from such source being probably
less than live per cent of that to which the apple tree has been subjected.
Recently two pests have forced themselves upon the notice of pear-
growers, which have already inflicted serious losses, and threaten, unless
arrested, greatly to interfere with the cultivation of this most excellent
and prized fruit. Of these, the pear nudge, Dij^losis p^rivora (noticed
in the preceding Report), which was introduced in this country about
the year 1880, has not become broadly distributed, and has not occa-
sioned much trouble except in western Connecticut and in portions of
the Hudson river valle3^

The pear-tree Psylla is also an introduced insect, which has been with
us for a number of years — how long, is not known,
but long enough to have carried it into some of our
western States. It has, at times, multiplied exceed-
ingly in particular localities and become very
destructive, as notably in the summer of 1891, in
the Hudson river valley, in association with the
pear midge. Fortunately, however, after continuing
its injuries for a
few years, its ex-
cessive multipli-
cation seems to
operate as a check to its further
increase, and to consign it for
another term of years to insignifi-
cance in numbers and comparative

, , Fig. 10.— Wings of the pear tree Psylla; c,

iiarmleSSneSS. clavus; c. s., claval suture; s, stigma.

Fig. 9.— The pear-tree
Psylla, Psylla pyri-
cola, male.

Ninth Repor'i of the S'iate Entomologist

319

Through llie kindness of Mr. M. V. Slingerland, of the Cornell

University, Ithaca, X, Y.,
we are enabled to present
the excellent figures of the
insect in its immature and
perfect stages which illus-
trate this notice. Figure
9 represents the insect in

Fig. 11— Head of the pear-tree Tsylla: n, front view; b, ■ „_f„„4- ^ino-pd stao-p-

antenna greatly enlarged; c, frontal cones; o, ocelli. 11-= perxecb wiugeu »id.ge;,

in Figure 10 the venation and markings of the wings are shown, greatly-
enlarged; Figure 11 gives enlargements of the head and antennse, show-
ing the two characteristic bristles at the tip of the antenna.

The Family Psyllidae.

The family to which this species belongs is nearl}- related to the
Aphides {Ap/iklkhi), or plant-lice, coming next to it among the
Homoptera in classification, but are stouter forms and of firmer texture.
In general appearance the winged insects look like miniature Cicadas.
Their head is broad, short, generally triangular \n front, where it is
cleft or bilobed with the lobes projecting conically forward; the eyes
are large and project from the sides, with three simple eyes or ocelli in
a triangle on top of the head; the antennae are rather long, slender, and
thread-like, usually ten-jointed and terminate in two small bristles — a
distinguishing characteristic of the family; the beak is short, three-
jointed and arises from between the- fore-legs, and is fitted with a groove
for securing it. The wings are sub-leatherj^ or transparent, large, the
front pair with the midrib three-branched, and these again bifurcating
(see Figure 10); in repose they are placed over the abdomen in a steep
roof; the hind wings have a few longitudinal and delicate veins. The
abdomen of the female ends in a short conical ovipositor. The legs are
fitted for leaping, having the thighs (femora) thick and the hindmost
shanks (tibije) armed with spines; the feet (tarsi) are two-jointed. In
their ability to leap, as also in their feeding habits, they resemble the
smaller leaf -hoppers of the grapevine and rose.

The larvw have a broad head, flat body, rounded abdomen, with the
antennae at first one- jointed. Some species are covered with a cot-
tony secretion, or they may be naked, or covered with a honey-dew as
in the pear-tree Psylla. The pupre are distinguishable by their stouter
forms and the projecting wing-pads on their sides.

Earliest Notice of the Pear Psylla in the United States,
According to Dr. Harris, this insect was observed by Dr. Ovid Plumb,
of Salisbury, Conn., "in the spring of 1833, on some imported pear

320 FoRTY-srxTH Report on the State Museum

trees wliich had been set the year before; Tliese trees, in the autumn
after they were planted, wore an unliealthy aspect, and had patches of
a blackish rust upon their branches. During the second summer, the
trees died ; and other trees on which this same rusty matter was found,
proved to be infested with the same insects,"

Whether the insect had appeared in the United States prior to this
is not definitely known, yet there is reason to believe that it may have
been operating in the State of New York as early as in 1824, if not in
the preceding century.

In an article on "Pear-Tree Blight" by Dr. J. J. Thomas, in the
Cultivator for June, 1850, vii, p. 204, it is stated that Mr. E. J, Genet
had written expressing his belief that the disorder was caused by an
insect observed by him, and operating in the following manner: At a
little before midsummer, in the absence of dew for several nights, liquid
drops could be seen falling from a pear tree, which was subsequently
found to proceed from minute aphides thickly covering the shoots or
branches, and which had at iirst escaped notice from the indentity of
their, color with that of the pear bark. They continued for about ten
daj^s, and then disappeared. The varnish which these insects exuded was
legarded as poisonous to the tree,

Mr. Genet states that the same disorder had appeared on the banks
of the Hudson in 1780-1793, and in 1802-1807. As these attacks may
not have been seen by the writer, it is not improbable that they were
the true "pear blight." "In 1824," Mr. Genet writes (probably from
personal observation), "the same disorder prevailed, and lasted four
years. In 1846 we were once more suffering from the same cause, and
our pear trees are still prostrated by its fatal attacks. This disease has
been called by some 'fire-blight.' One writer saj's it is produced by
the Aphis lunata, a small insect covered by fine, white wool, but the
insect which came under mj observation is very different in every char-
acteristic — so small as to escape observation in the first stage, and so
similar to a fly at maturity as to mislead an inattentive observer."

As the insect, from characters given, could not have been the common
and well-known apple-tree aphis, there can hardly be a doubt of its
having been the pear-tree Psylla. Its introduction may easily have
occurred as early as 1824, as pear-trees had been imported by nursery-
men for thirty years pi-ior to that date.*

Dr. Harris' attention was first drawn to the Psylla in 1848 by Dr.
Plumb, through a communication published in the American A(/9'ictd-

* See article on " Early Pear Importations" in the Country Gentleman for December 1, 1892
page 907, where importation of pear-trees as early as in 1794 is recorded, and of other fruit-trees
in the first decade of the present centm-y, which, doubtless, "would easily be the means of
mporting such noxious insects as infested them."

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 321

turist for Januar}', 1849, ^age 29. In this Dr. Plumb states that he
had lost several hundred young pear-trees between the years 1834 and
1838. It was not from the pear blight, which first shows itself in the
leaves. But in this attack the bark turns black, sometimes commenc-
ing in July, more often in August, and then again not until September.
It had not troubled him since 1838 until the present ^1848), when he
believed that he had found the cause of the trouble in an insect which
he observed on the affected trees in September, although they might
have been there earlier. None were seen on, the trees not affected.
They looked to him like aphides, and jumped like fleas. Specimens
were taken from his trees about the middle of November, and sent to>
Dr. Harris.

From Dr. Harris' reply, jiublished with the above, we learn that the
specimens received were in the winged state, both males and females.
From their injured condition and changed colors in drying, he was
unable to name the species, but thought it probable that they were the
Psylla pyri of Europe. Their habits and transformation not unlikely
would be found to be similar to those given by European writers;
these are quoted by Dr. Harris, including the remedies recommended
by Kollar, substantially as given in the "Insects of New England" and
later editions of the same. The letter of reply concludes with the
following description of the specimens received from Dr. Plumb:

Description by Dr. Harris of the Psylla.

The insects were of a brownish color, with transparent wings, marked
by a few dark veins. Each measured one-tenth of an inch or rather
more, from the forehead to the tips of the closed wings. The front of
the head is notched in the middle. The eyes are large and pi'ominent,
and with the thorax resemble somewhat in form those of our common
cicada. The antennae are longer than the body, slender, or threadlike,
and are tipp d at the end with two little bristles. The body of the
female is pointed at the end, and is more of a reddish hue than that of
the male.

In 1857, Dr. Harris saw the living insects on the trees at Salisbury.
Of these he has written : *" On the 23d of July, I saw these insects on
the trees, some already provided with wings, and others advancing
toward maturity. The young ones [pupae] were of a dull orange-yellow
color. They were short, and were obtuse behind, and had little wing-
scales on the sides of their bodies [omitting what is given above of
the winged forms]; the head and thorax were brownish-orange, and
the hind body greenish. Their four ample wings were * * * *
colorless ***** rpj^g European, P. pyri, is said to vary in

* Insects of Sew England, 1852. p. 203. Insects Injurious to Vegetation, 18b2, p. 232

1893. 41

322 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

color at different ages, and in different seasons of the year, being of a
dull crimson color, shaded with black in the spring, when it comes forth
to lay its eggs. Not having seen any of our pear-tree PsyUce in their
spring dres-", I can not say whether they agree with those of Europe in
being of the same crimson color at this season of the year."

The Pyslla Referred to P. pyricola.

In the bibliograph}'^ herewith given, all of our earlier writers have
accepted it as probably identical with the Psylla jyyri of Europe, with
the sole exception of its description and illustration by Dr. Barnard
under the name of P. pyrisuga. Dr. Riley, I believe, was the first to
detect specific characters separating it from that species, and to refer
it to P. pyricola — one of the three closely allied species which attack
and injure the pear tree in Europe, of which, according to Dr. Loew,
'•'P. pyrisuga Foerster is found throughout Central Europe in large
numbers annually, and is a great pest; P. pyrl Linn, is comparatively
rare, appearing in small colonies, but is widely distributed; P. pyricola
Foerster occurs in some localities in large numbers, particularly infesting
dwarf pears, and often occasions considerable damage."*

In his reference to P. pyricola Dr. Riley states: " This is the Pear-
tree Psylla of our Northern and Western States, and its reference to
Foerster's species is made after comparisons with European specimens
received from Meyer-Dur and Lichtenstein."f

The identity of our species with any of the Euroj;ean has been
questi jned by some of our writers, but for the present, at least, we
must accept Dr. Riley as authority, he having recently, in reply to
inquiry made, written me even more explicitly than quoted above:
" The common pear-tree Psylla of New York and Massachusetts is
unquestionably P. pyricola Foerst., and agrees perfectly with European
specimens sent me by Dr. Loew."

Its Recent Multiplication in the Hudson River Valley.
Like many other of our insect pests, the Pear-tree Psylla, from time to
time, and for a longer or shorter term of years, is favored with condi-
tions peculiarly fitted to its increase, which are again followed by cor-
responding periods of almost entire exemption from its presence.
Thus, according to Dr. Plumb, it was not noticeably present in his
orchards for the ten years folio win i^ the year 1838, i^reyious to which
it had annually been very destructive.

* From an abstract by Riley-Howard in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 127, from Dr. Loew, loc. cit.
+ Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, ii, 1884, p. 69.

Ninth Report of tue State Entomologist 323

Up to the year 1891, the insect was known to me only by name. In
the spring of that year I first made its acquaintance, after the manner
related below in the Coxintry Gentleman, of April 16th.

Eds. Country Gextlemax. — A gentleman has sent to me fi'ora
Athens, N. Y., a package of pear twigs taken from his orchard, which
are quite blackened with what he calls "honeydew." Many other
orchards in Greene county are affected in the same manner. Mention
was made of this peculiar appearance at the Farmers' Institute recently
held at Coxsackie [March 20th]. As it was thought that it might pos-
sibh' have some connection with the fungus disease known as " apple-
scab," Avhich occurs upon the fruit and leaves and also on the twigs
of the apple and the pear, infested twigs have been, by request, sent to
Albany for examination.

The blackening is apparently of the same kind as that which we
find upon hop leaves, elm leaves and other foliage which have been
infested with plant-lice, the excretion from which, known as " honey-
dew," has collected upon the upper surface of the haves — at first of a
limpid appearance, but in drj'ing and with age becoming blackened.
Subsequently a fungus growth usually occurs on the surface of the
hone^'-dew and increases the blackness. The fungus is present in the
€xamples received, as detected by State Botanist Peck, but as it is of
a harmless kind, being superficial only and not penetrating the bark,
neither it nor the dried honey-dew on which it rests can be of any par-
ticular injury to the trees.

It is desirable, however, that the cause of the honey-dew should be
removed. The insect that excretes so large a quantity can not be other-
wise than injurious. I know of no aphis Tplaut-louse) that infe^ts the
pear in sufiicient numbers to produce such a deposit. It is probable
that examination during the month of May w'ill show the presence, in
association wnth fresh honey-dew of an allied insect, known as the pear-
tree Psylla [Psylla 2yyri), which is known in some localities to infest
the twigs of the pear in large numbers, and, by sucking the sap, to
occasion a large flow of the honey-dew. It has not been observed in
this vicinity, but watch will be kept for it and, if discovered in its
nefarious work, recommendation will be made of the best w^ay to meet
it.*

*In a communication made to the CorxTRY Gentleman of May 7th, 1891, and copied in my
Eighth Report on the Insects of New York, some larvae on apple twigs, received from Wayne
coimty, in the western part of New York, were Identified by me as Psylla pyri. They were
thought to be identical with larva; that had been sent to me a few days earlier, on apple blos-
som buds, from Ghent, Columbi i county, N. Y.

The above identification should not hav ■» been made, or doubt should have been expressed ,
for, from having had only the larvas before me, it is by no means certain that they may not
have belonged to some other species, as Psylla mali or Ps. pyrisuga. It is sufficiently difficult
to disinguijh these Pyrus-infesting Psyllids in their final winged stage.

324 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Early in June, in a visit made to the orchards of Mr. Cole, at Cats-
kill, Greene Co., N. Y., to observe the attack of the pear midge, which
had just been brought to notice (see Eighth Report Insects of New
York), it was learned that the pear Psylla had been extremely abun-
dant with him for the preceding four years, and had seriously aifected
the bearing of his trees. That they had been very numerous was evi-
dent from the appearance of some of the larger trees, the terminal
branches of which looked as if they had been coated with a black
paint. A few of the insects were observed at this time on the wing,
but, later in the year, according to Mr. Cole, clouds of them would
rise up in the air if a limb was shaken. The branches would be so
covered with honey-dew as to smear the hands and sleeves of the men
gathering the fruit.

About the middle of June the insect was seen prosecuting its
destructive work at Ghent, Columbia county, N. Y. : in the extensive
orchards of Mr. G. T. Powell, larva;, pupjie, honey-dew, and the winged
insects abounded. Of the latter a dozen or more could be seen at one
time feeding from the foot-stalks of a leaf or young pear, extracting
its sap, and, of course, producing blight. If a small tree was shaken,
thousands would take wing, circle about the branches for a short time,
and then agiin settle upon the leaves. A correspondent of the Rural
A'ew Yorker, who visited the orchards of Mr. Powell in August, has
given the following sad account of their appearance :

From the beautiful apple orchards we strolled to the pear orchards,
and here was a sight to make one cry. He has about three thousand
pear trees, half of them in full bearing, but a pest has struck them this
season, which has made the orchards a picture of desolation. Last
year the pear-tree Psylla appeared, but were not numerous enough to
do any appreciable damage. This season they reappeared in force, and
have converted his beautiful orchards into a most distressing scene.
Mr, Powell's most vigorous efforts, seconded by the wisdom of the
State Entomologist, were powerless to check the ravages of this pest,
though they hope another season to be more successful. Possibly the
pests may not reappear another season, as they come and go mysteri-
ously. But they have done their work most effectually this season, and
instead of twelve hundred barrels of fine pears which he had counted
on, he will barely have one hundred, {Rural New Yorker, August 29th,
1891, page 624,j

Similar conditions presumably prevailed in a large number, if not in
most, of the pear orchards of Greene and Columbia counties, judging
from other reports that came to me.

A severe attack was also reported, in June, by Professor C. H. Peck,
on some young pear trees in his garden, at Menands, in Albany county.
It continued through the summer into the autumn, causing consider-
able damage to the foliage of the infested trees.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 325

Distribution.

As already stated, the pear-tree Psylla is known to have occurred at
Salisbury, Conn., in 1833, and it was probably operating in an eastern
county in New York in 1824. At the time that Dr. Harris wrote of
it — in 1852 — it was known to him "in the western part of Con-
necticut and Massachusetts, particularly in the valley of the Housatonic,
and in the adjoining counties of Dutchess and Columbia in New
York."

Little is known of the extent of its eastern distribution in the New
England States. Mr. T. S. Gold found it "several years ago" in West
Cornwall, Conn., ten miles south-east of Salisbury, Coe Brothers first
noticed it in their pear orchards at Meriden, New Haven county. Conn.,
ten or fifteen years ago, where it has been quite destructive in certain
years. Mr. Fisher has had the opportunity of studying its habits at
Fitchburg, in northern Massachusetts, nearly one hundred miles from
Salisbury. That it is rather a local insect would appear from the
statement that it is not known to the Messrs. Coe in any other portion
of the State, and furthermore, that it has not appeared in a young pear
orchard (set out in 1881), which is only a half-mile distant from their
badly infested orchards.

Along the Hudson river valley it has been injurious in Rensselaer,

Columbia, Dutchess, Greene, and Albany counties. Its presence has

not been reported in the extreme south-eastern counties of New York, nor

is it known to Dr. J. B. Smith to occur in the State of New Jersey.* In

Central New York, Mr.lM. V. Slingerland has been able to make valuable

studies upon it at Ithaca, Tompkins county. In Western New York it

must occur sparingly, if at all, for Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, who has been

giving careful study to the Hemiptera for several years past, reports

*' no observed injury from it," nor is he able to identify the species, as

described in Dr. Loew's paper, among the seventeen species of Psyllids

contained in his collection. Professor A. J. Cook does not know

of its presence in Michigan. Professor F. M. Webster has found it

abundant in Ohio; and Dr. LeBaron has written of its presence and

injuries in lUinoit-".

Its Injuries.

The injuries resulting from formidable attacks of this insect are the
consequence of the large amount of sap which the myriads of indi-
viduals draw from the twigs, buds, leaves, leaf -stalks, and fruit-stalks
of an infested tree, and eject in the form of "honey-dew," thickly
coating the surface and thereby preventing the normal vital action of
the leaves and bark.

* It has since been observed in New Jersey by Dr. Smith.

326 FoRTT-sixTU Report on the State Museum

Some of these injuries have ah-eady been referred to, as in the
orchards of Mr. Powell, in Ghent, N. Y. The extensive pear orchards
of Coe Brothers, at Meriden, Conn., have for several years suffered
severely from it. In a letter from Mr. A. J. Coe, dated September Tth,
1891, he wrote that on his return from Europe, a few Aveeks j^revious
to his writing, he found that his pear orchard had been devastated by
the Psylla, and bore very little fruit.

A severe attack prevailed in a pear orchard of Mr, H. S. Wright,
of Ithaca, N. Y., during the season of 1891. Mr. Slingerland, who
saw the orchard in November of that year, has reported of it as fol-
lows: " The whole orchard appeared as though a fire had swept quickly
through it, scorching the trees and blackening the trunks, large
branches and the smallest twigs. Both young and old trees of dwarf
and standard varieties had been attacked. Most of the trees had made
little or no new growth drtring the season, and many buds were then
dead."

Dr. LeBaron has described severe injuries from it in the State of
Illinois, in the year 1871, when young pear trees had been so badly
attacked by it that " the leakage of sap from the axils of the leaves
[? the honey-dew given out by the insects] had in some instances run
down the branches and trunk to the ground."

The frequent death of pear trees in former y< ars, from unknown
causes, after a season of languishing, is now believed to have been
owing to the unsuspected presence of this insect, which from its minute
size may have easily been overlooked. Mr. Powell unhesitatingly
charges the recent death of many of his trees to Psylla attack. Certain
it is, that a continuance for several years in succession of such injuries
as have been cited, must necessarily prove fatal to the trees. If not
carried to this extent, — in years of abundance of the Psylla, the crop
would be a failure. The leaves, covered Avith a thick coating of the
honey-dew and the sap withdrawn from their foot-stalks, would cease
in midsummer to perform their functions and would fall to the ground:
without them, the fruit could not mature.

Life-history.
There was not the opportunity during the season of 1891 to make
a study of the life-history of this insect, or to learn much more of it
than what has been given in the preceding pages. The folloAving year,^
its abundance at Ithaca gave to Mr. Slingerland the opportunity
of watching its development and habits; and in a Bulletin (No. 44)
issued by the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station,
under date of October, 1892, he has given to the public its entire life-
history carefully Avorked out, together Avith its early history, descrip-

Ni^TH Report of tee State Entomologist

327

tion and illustrations of the sevei'al stages, methods of preventing its
ravag.'s, together with its bibliography and sjnionymy.

"Whether or not, eggs of the pear-tree Psylla, are, in some eases at
least, deposited in the autumn for hibernation, seems still an unsettled
question.

Mr. Sliugerland found a hibernating brood of the winged insect,
in both sexes, in the month of December, hidden in crevices under
loosened bark of the trunks and larger branches of trees. The
females contained no mature eggs. During some warm days occurring
about the 7th of April, hibernated adults were seen in copulation and
a few eggs were laid. By April 18th, most of the eggs had been
deposited — in crevices of the bark, in old leaf scars, and about the

bases of terminal buds of the preceding
year — usually singly, but sometimes in
rows of eight to ten. Under a continu-
ance of cold weather, the eggs did not
hatch until more than a month thereafter,
or May 10th to 18tb, but eggs that had
been removed and subjected to the
warm temperature of the Insectary, gave
out their larvae in eleven days. The
larvre at once resorted to feeding grounds
M'hich were usually found in the axils of
Fig. 12.— Pupa of the pear-tree the leaf petioles or stems of the young
Psylla, do, sal view. ^^,^^^^^ into Which they thrust their short

beaks and extract the sap. "The whole life-cycle of the generation
studied, from the layiug of the ^gg to the appearance of the adult insect,
was about one month " [in the Insectary].
During this time, five stages — " nymph
stages" — of the immature insect were
observed, followed by the fifth molt
giving the winged adult. [If it be pre-
ferred to retain a " pupal stage " for the
insect, the last two of the above noted
may be so regarded, in which there are
eight antennal joints, Avhile the preced-
ing show but three, four, and six or seven
respectively, according to Mr. Slinger-
land's observations.] Figures 12 and 13

represent the full-grown "nymph" or Fig. 13.- Pupa of the pear tree Psylla,

pupa — the natural size indicated by the ventral view.

accompanying hair-lines.

328 FoRTT-t-siXTH Report on the State Museum

The mature insects made their appearance about June 15th, and com-
menced to feed soon after emerging. "They appear to secrete no
honey-dew." Within a week copulation ensued, and oviposition soon
began. There were at least four broods during the year, at intervals
of about a month. The adults of the summer broods Avere the most
numerous July 2()th, August 20th, and September 25th — the last
constituting the hibernating form.

This last-named form varied so much from the preceding summer
broods, being one-third larger and of much darker colors, that they
were believed, at first, to be a different species. On careful comparison
with descriptions of Psylla simulans Foerster, of Europe, it was found
to present so close a resemblance as to leave scarcely a doubt that P.
simulans had been described from the winter form of P. pyricola, and
that the species is dimorphic, appearing in two distinct forms during
the year, as some others of the Psyllida> are known to do.

The P. simulans form continues to feed until the leaves fall, when it
retires to its hiding places for the winter. None were observed in
copulation during the autumn.

For descriptions of the insect in the several stages, the paper of Mr.
Slingerland may be consulted.

PJggs of the Psylla. — Among the few notes made by me during the
prevalence of the insect in 1891, the following occurs:

Prof. C. H. Peck, brought from his garden at Menands, N. Y., on

June 15th, leaves of a pear tree having numerous eggs of the Psylla

on both the upper and lower sides, but rather more abundant on the

lower side. Many are placed along the midrib from the base to the

tip, and some on other parts of the leaf, usually beside a vein and thrust

in almost out of sight between the twisted hairs clothing the surface.

The hair-like thread projecting from the narrow end of the Qgg, is, in

most, a little longer than the egg, but in some, twice

the length. The egg is not attached by it to the leaf

but by a transparent teat-like process given off from

Fig. 14.— Egg of the pear near the broader end, as shown in the accompanving
tree Psylla. .

figure. Three eggs were seen standing close

together on a leaf with the thread pointing upward, as if it were the

remains of the secretion in Avhich the eggs were enveloped at their

oviposition.

Nearly all of the eggs are near their hatching as the inclosed larvae

are seen within, separated from the shell. On one leaf there were about

thirty eggs. Young larvae, apparently disclosed within a day or two,

were also present. Cast pupa-cases were attached to various portions

of the leaves. Professor Peck noticed the adults mating when the

leaves were gathered.

Ninth Eeport of the State Entomologist 329

Remedies.

Recent writers upon this insect have been recommending as perhaps
the best method for its destruction, that of killing the eggs in which
the insect was believed to hibernate during the winter, by spraying
them Avith kerosene emulsion. This was based, not on actual experi-
ment, but on the known insecticidal property of kerosene and its pene-
trative powers. Late experiments, however, carefully made, have
given the unlooked-for result that there are insect eggs which can not
be killed hj kerosene emulsion of the extreme strength with which it
may safely be used on vegetation, or even by undiluted kerosene.
Such are the eggs of the Psj'^lla, as has been shown by Mr. Slin-
gerland in his Bulletin on the Pear-tree Psylla previously quoted. It
was found by him that eggs dipped in a kerosene emulsion of full
strength, and into kerosene undiluted, hatched a few days thereafter.
The same result attended their immersion in spirits of turpentine, carbolic
acid emulsion, whale-oil soap solution, strong potash solution, and undi-
luted benzine.

The vulnerable stage in this insect is when it has hatched from the
egg and the larvte are distributed over the j^oung leaves and on the
leaf stalks. This, in ordinary seasons, in the State of New York, would
be about the middle of May. If the infested trees are at this time
sprayed with kerosene emulsion, even so weak as five per cent of
kerosene, it will be fatal to all the insects with which it comes in con-
tact. With careful spraying very few should fail of being reached,
unless they ai"e protected by a covering of honeys-dew.

When the insect has passed to its winged stage, it has attained com-
parative immunity in the alertness with which it takes wing and leaves
the tree upon the first motion communicated to the foliage by the
impact of the spraying liquid. But even so late as the month of Sep-
tember, the war against the insect should not be abandoned, for multi-
tudes may be destroyed, and the hibernating individuals for the
following year greatly reduced. The kerosene emulsion will still be
effective, but in its application, all of the ordinary sprajing-nozzles
should be discarded, even the finest gauge of the Nixon nozzle, and a
Vermorel used, adjusted to the delivery of the finest possible mist-like
spray. With proper care the emulsion may be distributed over the
entire foliage without scarce stirring a leaf and with the least possible
alarm to the winged tenants. ' Of those that take wing — after circling
about the tree for a while — on their return to the leaves, their bodies
will in most cases come in contact with the liquid, and take up sufticient
of it to cause their death.
1893 42

330 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer).

The G reen-stri/ped Locust,

(Orel, Orthoptera.: Fam, Acridid.k.)

Additional to Bibliography given in Second Report, Insects of New York :

Tragocephala viridifasciata. Riley : in 1st Rept. U. S. Ent. Commis., 1878,

p. 256 (quotes from 8th Rept. Ins. Mo.); in Cassino's Stand. Nat. Hist.,

1884, p. 203, fig. 285 (range).
Chimarocephala viridifasciata. Scudder: Entomolog. Notes, vi, 1878, p. 30

(collections in Florida).
Chimarocephala viridifasciata. Lintner : 2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, pp.

187-198, fig. 54; in Count. Gent., Ivii, 1892, p. 286 (at Canaan Four

Corners).
Chortophaga viridifasciata. Fernald : Orthop. New F.ngl., 1888, p. 40,

lig. 15 (the two forms).
Chortophaga viridifasciata. Comstock : Introduc. Entomol., 1888, p. 98

(stridulation), p. 104 (varieties).
Tragocephala viridifasciata. Weed : in 15th Rept. Ins. 111., 1889, p. 42

(early appearance in Illinois).
Chortophaga viridifasciata. McNeil : in Psyche, vi. 1891, p. 62 (habits, etc.).
Chortophaga viridifasciata. Blatchley : in Canad. Ent., xxiii, 1891, p. 76

(habits).

Young individuals of this locust (commonly called grasshoppers)
were received from Canaan Four Corners, Columbia county, N. Y.,
where tlie}^ had excited surprise and alarm by their having been seen
in large numbers, on March ."SOth, hopping about on the snow and else-
where in pastures and meadows having a warm southerly exposure.

Identification of the Species.
A notice of this occurrence was published in the Country Gentleiaan
of April 14th, 1892, in which they were recognized as the young of "the
green-striped locust," which had been described by Dr. Harris in his
"Insects of New England" as Locusta {Tragocephala) viridifasciata.
In my Second Report {loc. cit.) an account is given of this insect under
the generic name t)f Chimarocephala — a name proposed b}'- Mr.
Scudder, in 1876 (meaning in the Greek, goat-headed) to replace the
preoccupied one of Tragocephala. It has since been referred to the
genus Chortophaga \\j Saussure, and this designation appeal's to have
been accepted by our later scientific writers. It hardl}'^ seems worth the
while, however, to attempt to follow the frequent generic alterations
to which many of our insects are subjected.

Its Frequent Winter Appearance.
This particular species of locust seems, in its young stage, to respond
more quickly to the influence of warmth in emerging from its winter
retreat than any other of the species which, like it, hibernate in their
larval stage, as Arphia sulphurea (Fabr.), Ilippiscus tuberculatus Pal.
de Beauv, species of Tetfi.i', et cet. Its proneness to premature appear-

XlXTH JxEPOET OF THE StATE E^T0M0L0OIST 331

ance has been remarked upon by several writers. Dr. Riley having-
received examples of it in Missouri, which were observed hopping^
about during mild weather in midwinter, has written of it: "It becomes
active whenever the weather is mild. It is sometimes found in winter
in the early larva stages, but more often in the pupa state."* Dr.
Thomas has stated : " The larvoe and the pupas and even the perfect
insects are occasionally observed during the Avarm days in winter."f
Mr. Weed {loc. <:it.) saw them in Peoria couuty, Illinois, in the month of
March, 1886, "hopping. around on the grass, although the ground in
many parts of the field Avas covered with snow." Mr. Blatchley
records them as " frequenting dry open woods and roadsides, where the
half-grown young can be seen jumping vigorously about in any warm
sunny day in winter." In my Second Report {loc. cit.) record is made
of their occurrence in several localities in the State of New York
during the winter of 1882, in the month of February, in immense
numbers — millions as stated by some observers — jumping about on
the surface of the snow with all the life and activity of midsummer.
That a temperature of about fifty degrees above zero, Fahr., will
usually bring out the insect from its winter quarters, may be inferred
from the following data: Of the thermometrical conditions attendant
on the February (1882) occurrences in the State of New York, I have
written : " From an average temperature for the several preceding weeks
of +27° Pahr., it suddenly changed to a mean temperature (of one
week) of 40"^, reaching at tlie highest, 56^." Almost the same condi-
tions seem to have attended the appearance at Canaan Four Corners
above reported: Thus, the average temperature of the week preceding
March 25th, as given in the " Report of the New York Meteorological
Bureau" for the month of March, for Albany, the nearest reporting
station to Canaan Four Corners, w^as +28^°; that for the week following
(25th to 31st), 40°; the highest temperature observed, 57°, on the 26th.

The Two Forms of the Insect.
A description of C. viricUfasciata has been given in the Second
Report on the Insects of New York. Figure 15 represents the full-grown
insect, and its larva in
form and size as usually j^^^^?!^
seen during the winter.
The dimorphic forms un- " a-

der which it appears are

quite marked. Thevhave Fig. 15.— The green-striped locust. Chortophaga viRiDiFAS^
^ " ciATA, yv^ung and adult.

been thought by some

* Eighth Report on the Insects of Missouri, lSr6, page 149.
+ Eighth Report on the Insects of Illinois, 18S0, page ICG.

332 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

to be sexual features and by others as seasonal varieties. " In one,
the typical form, the head, thorax, and femora are green, and there
is a broad green stripe on each wing-cover, extending from the horn to
beyond the middle: this often includes two dusky spots on the edge.
The second variety differs so much that it was described by Harris as a
distinct species under the specific name, infuscata. In this form the
ground color is dusky brown. Intergrades occur in which the head and
thorax are of a reddish velvety brown. Length of male to end of
abdomen, 20 mm. (.8 inch); to tip of wings, 25 mm. (1 inch). Length
of female to tip of wings, about 30 mm. (1.4 inch)." (Comstock.)

Transformation, etc.

This species has been shown from reliable data to be double-brooded,
unlike our common red-legged locust {3felanoplus Jemitr-ruhrimi), the
Rocky Mountain locust {Melanojjlus spretus*), the lesser locust, Melan-
oplus atlanis, and most of the other Acrididm, of which there is but
one brood annually. It is to this fact in its life-history that its not
infrequent appearance in winter or early spring may be ascribed.

The insects received from Columbia county are immature, being in
their early stages of larvse and pupte — the latter distinguishable by
their somewhat larger size (over half an inch) and possession of wing-
pads or wing sheaths containing the future wings. They are from the
egg-pods that were deposited in holes made in the ground by the ovi-
positor of the females last autumn. The larvae hatching from the eggs
two or three weeks thereafter, fed for awhile, until they had attained the
size that they now present, when the coming of cold weather drove
them to shelter for the winter in rubbish, beneath leaves, and in stone
walls. Here they remained in an inactive, lethargic state, until unusu-
ally warm weather toward the last of March awakened them from their
sleep and enticed them abroad.

The insect becomes fully matured, and takes its place among the
earliest harbingers of spring, ordinarily toward the latter part of May,
It has been seen by Mr. McNeil for the first, on the 22d of April, and
he has pleasantly written of it : " This species is the first of its order
to reach maturity in the early spring, and the noise of the male [it has
remarkable stridulating powers] is the beginning of the grasshoj^per
chorus which continues for six months to come."

Its Early Appearance Should not Excite Alarm.
Occurrences of this kind — the premature appearance of an insect
associated in most minds with the warmth and heat and abundant vege-

* Caloptenita spretus of the earlier New York Reports.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 333

tation of summer — never fail of exciting apprehension of its unusual
abundance later in the year with serious injury to the grass crop. Such
fear, however, need not be entertained. Large numbers of these
locusts, in their tender and helpless condition, become the prey of
black birds that come in flocks in the month of April, and feed
eagerly upon them, aided in their work by others of our early appear-
ing feathered friends. Furthermore, it is more than probable that this
premature coming forth really serves to lessen prospective injuries from
the brood, for the cold rains and frosts of early spring can not fail of
killing a large proportion of those that are thus prematurely abroad,
before they could find fitting shelter, even if they are endowed with
the instinct in this phase of their life to seek it.

The So-called Grasshoppers are Locusts.
I have referred to these insects as locusts, for by this name the
so-called " grasshoppers " should be known. The true grasshoppers are
pale green, unicolored creatures, with long legs, and long thread-like
attennre projected from their heads, of the katy-did type. There is a
lamentable confusion in the common names of these Orthoptera, as
when we speak of the "17-year locust" which is not a locust, but
a cicada, and belongs to quite a different order of the Insects from the
Orthoptera, viz., the Hemiptera. It is always hard to correct long
standing popular errors, and it would be foolish to attempt it in cases
like the above, were it not that there are always those — albeit a small
minority — who would prefer to call things by their right names.

Distribution of the Insect.

This species has an unusually extended range over the United States.
According to Scudder, it occurs " from the White Mountains to Key
West, Florida, Texas, and westward into northern New Mexico, and
southern Colorado; also in Guatemala. It is found in Iowa, Minnesota,
and Nebraska (Thomas). It probably occurs in all the States east of
the Rocky Mountains, although Mr. Lawrence Bruner, of the Nebraska
Agricultural Experiment Station, has not included it among the forty-
eight species of locusts observed by him in his Locust Examinations in
the valley of the Yellowstone river in eastern Montana and northwest
Dakota in 1885.* In reply to an inquiry made of Mr. Bruner of its
western distribution, he has kindly written:

" I have taken the Chortophaga viridifasciata as far west as the
Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico; and I believe that it
occurs also in Utah. I know that it is found in the Black Hills, S. Dakota,

* Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for the Year 1885, p. 307.

334 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

and also in the Platte river bottoms in Wyoming. These Rocky-
Mountain specimens are all of the darker form — infuscata. Here in
Nebraska we have both the green and the brown, and find them in
about equal numbers. It is a very common insect along all our streams
and at the edges of natural and artificial groves. It is especially com-
mon on south hill slopes early in spring."

It probably does not extend to the Pacific coast, for Mr. Coquillet has
enumerated eighteen species observed by him in the San Joaquin valley
California, in 1885, but this species is not mentioned among them.*

* Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for the Year 1885, page 297.

NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS.

Eriocampa cerasi (Peck).
The Cherry-tree or Pear-tree f^lug.
As this common insect lias not been noticed in this series of reports,
a few words in relation to it may be convenient for reference. They
were written in response to the following inqniry from Orange, N. J.:

For a few seasons past some of our pear trees have been badly dam-
aged by numerous slugs Avhieh adhere to the upper sides of the leaves
and devour all the spongy portion. These pests, a sort of flesh-colored
snail, appear in great numbers soon after the leaves have attained their
full size. Last season some of our trees were defoliated three times by
these little pests. Consequently the trees made only a partial growth,
and those that produced fruit were damaged to such an extent that the
fruit did not attain half the usual size. Is there a remedy ?

The pear-tree slug, the ravages of which are told in the above com-
munication, is a well-known fruit-tree pest, occurring on the pear, cherry,
plum, and quince, and also at times on the mountain ash. It was described
tinder the name of Sclaiidria cerasi over a hundred years ago by Pro-
fessor Peck, of Massachusetts, in a little pamphlet, for which a gold
medal and fifty dollars were awarded by the Massachusetts State Agri-
cultural Society.

The parent fly is a four- winged hymenopterous insect, of a glossy
black color, with transparent wings, with the
exception of a dusky cloud crossing the front
pair. It is one of the "saw-flies," and bears
*\*^eelhJ,*''ERro-' ^^® Scientific name of Eriocampa rerasi (Peck),
farged ''^'*''^'' ^°' ^nd is represented in Figure 16.
The female appears in the early part of June, and deposits her eggs
singly in incisions made in the leaf, either on the upper or the lower
side. The eggs develop into
slugs in about two weeks time.
Their slimy and disgusting ap-
pearance is too familiar to fruit-
growers to need description. In

the month of August, a second Fig. ir.— The pear-tree slug, in natural size and

brood of the slugs make their ^° ^'^^^ '

336 Forty-sixth Report on tee State Museum

appearance, which feed for about a month, and are frequently more
destructive than the first brood. The slug is shown in natural size
upon the leaf, and in enlargement beside it, in Figure 1 7.

The insect is regarded as only two-brooded in Canada and in the
Northern United States. Possibly there may be occasionally three
broods in New Jersey, but it is not improbable that the supposed third
brood may have been belated individuals of the second, as some of these
do not develop the winged insect until September and even in October,
while others pass the winter in the pupal state.

Remedies. — This insect is not a difficult one to destroy. Powdered
hellebore has long been a favorite and satisfactory remedy for this and
all other of the slimy slugs. It may be distributed over the foliage in
powder, or, if more convenient, it may be mixed in water in the pro-
portion of one ounce to two gallons of w^ater, and applied with a force-
pump. Spraying with Paris green and water would doubtless be equally
effective, as the slugs feed upon the parenchyma from the upper side
of the leaves. Powdered lime is also excellent for killing the slugs,
when thrown by hand or otherwise over the leaves. A few years since,
a young pear orchard in Western New York was severely attacked by
a species of slug, allied to the E. cerasi, but apparently an uncommon
insect, as appeared from examples sent me which I was unable to name.
Request was made for additional specimens from which to breed the
perfect insect, but answer was returned that the orchard had in the
meantime been gone over with air-slaked lime, and no more of the slugs
could be obtained.

Road dust has also been eraploj^ed as a remedy, as almost any fine
powder will kill the slugs by adhering to their viscid surface and clos-
ing the breathing-pores, unless they should be near one of their molt-
ing stages at the time, when the skin would be cast off and the dust
inoperative. — {Countri/ Gentleman, for May 19th, 1892.)

Papilio Cresphontes (Cramer).
The Yellow-banded Swallow-tail.

A number of the larvae of this beautiful butterfly were received from
Mr. Wm. Falconer, of Glen Cove, Long Island, on October 18th
of this year, with the following notice of their occurrence: " I send you
a few larvfe that I found on a bush of Choisya ternata — a Mexican
shrub that I set out, in summei", and take in, in winter. I first noticed
them two or three weeks ago. There were a great many of them on

Ninth Report of the State EyTOMOLOGiST 337

the bush then, hut since a week or ten days many of them have disap-
peared: a few, hut not nearly all of the missing ones, are on the ground,
dead. They did not occur on any other shrub, although there were a
hundred species of shrubby plants near hyy

Fig. 18.— The caterpillar of Papilio Cresphontes. in natural size.

Mr. Falconer further stated, that a gentleman whose attention had
been called to the larva^, identified them with some that had occurred
in his garden at Creedmore, L. I., a few yeai-s ago on a Fraxinella
{^Dictamnus fraxinella) bush, but on nothing else. Both the Choisj^a.
and the Dictamnus belong to the family of Rutacece.

Other known food -plants of the larva are prickly-ash {Xanthoxylum) ^
hop-tree (Ptelea), orange, lemon, and others of Citrxis — all pertaining
to Rutacece. The larva is represented in its mature size, and in contrac-
tion of its anterior segments, in Figure 18.

Papilio Cresphontes is a southern species, ranging from the northern;
part of South America, northward. It has gradually extended its range
until now it occurs as far north as the vicinity of Montreal in Canada.
The first record of its appearance in "the State of New York was in
1864. Within late years, from being an occasional visitor, it seems to
have established itself in Westchester county, and at Poughkeepsie,
In other localities in the State it is occasionally abundant, as in Roch-
ester, where, according to Mr. Bunker, it " swarmed," one season, sev-
eral years ago. Professor L. M. Underwood has written me that on
September 12th, 1882, he saw several examples flying over the low
swales near the Rhinebeck and Connecticut railroad in Columbia county.
It has not been observed in the neighborhood of Albany. A single
example was taken at New Baltimore, seventeen miles south of Albany,,
in the month of September.
1893 43

338 Forty-sixth Report on tue State Museum

Podosesia syringse (Harris).
The Syringa Borer.

This beautiful moth is generally so rare that it remains a desideratum
in the collections of some of our earnest collectors. That it may, at
times, multiply to an inconvenient extent is shown from a letter received
from Mr. John L. Lockwood, of New York city, who, sendhig examples
of the larvae in their burrows for identification, asks for some method
by Avhich he may arrest the attack, as all of his lilacs are being
destroyed.

Possibly the insect is becoming more numerous, since, no longer con-
fining itself to Syringas, it is multiplying in ash trees. Dr. Kellicott
has " watched twenty or more [of the moths] emerging from an
[ash] tree in a single day; and often a hundred or more were in a single
tree." This was ia Buffalo {Entomologiea Americana, i, p. 177). Rev.
Mr. Hulst records it {Bull. Brooklyn Eatomolog. Society, v, 1882, p.
17) as so abundant in the English ash, in Brooklyn and the vicinity,
that the tree is being rapidly exterminated. He had seen trees which
were " completely riddled with the holes made by the larvte and had
died from the effects." Professor H. Osborn has also observed the
larvie boring in young shoots of ash trees, in Ames, Iowa. It appears
to be a local insect, as are also several of the Sesladce.

Carpocapsa pomonella {Linn.).
The Codling Ifoth.

A correspondent from Malcom, Seneca county, N. Y., Mr. Malcom
Little, writing November 4th, has sent a section of an apple containing
a larva within its burrows, with the statement that it has done great
damage to apples this autumn, in that, while not penetrating deeply, it
greatly distigures the fruit.

The calyx end of the apple received, had been eaten out into irregular
open channels filled with rounded black excremental pellets, extending
in one direction to more than a half-inch from the center of the calyx,
but not penetrating deeper than its base. The calyx has the moderate
depression of three-tenths of an inch below the apex.

The larva is at this time, November 6th, apparently full grown and
quite sluggish in its movements, as if about to prepare for pupation.
In its pink color and structural characters, I find no difference in it from
the ordinary apple-worm of the codling-moth.

NiATiT Report of the State Entomologist 339

Dr. Harris has stated, that upon the hatching of the eggs "the little
apple-worms or caterpillars ))ro(luced from them immediately burrow
into the apples, making their way gradually from the eye towards the
core." In this he has [until recently as will be hereafter noticed] been
followed, without qualification, by all our other writer.^, so far as I
recall them, and all our illustrations show such a mode of procedure.

The feeding, to maturity, of the caterpillar in the apex of the apple,
had never come under my observation before, and it seems to be quite
new to Mr. Little, although he has long been engaged in growing
fruit. Possibly it may not be uncommon, and may even frequently
occur, Avhen in the second brood of moths the eggs are deposited after
the fruit has attained such a size and position on the tree that the
"downward" direction that at first leads to the core would no longer
guide the larva thither, but rather confine it to the apex. And at this
time, the seeds, for which it shows a particular fondness, may be so far
removed from it as to have lost their power of attraction. Later, it was
learned from Miss Little, upon inquiry, that the section of apple sent
was from a Rhode Island Greening, but that " the same trouble was
common in all kinds of apples this fall." It was further stated that in
several instances, the burrows were at the stem end, and occasionally
one would be found where the skin on the side was affectel in the same
manner for a space not larger than a five-cent piece, and to a very slight
depth. A few apples had been seen in which both the calyx and stem
ends had been burrowed, with the core and parts surrounding, intact.

It would, therefore, appear that the second brood of larvne not
infrequently operate upon the fruit near its surface without penetrating
to its interior. It would be of interest to learn to Avhat extent this
occurs.

Mr. P. C. Lewis, of Catskill, N. Y., has kindly permitted me to copy
a portion of a letter addressed to him, from a correspondent in Tas-
mania, who, having the agency for the sale of his force pumps for
spraying purposes, has given studious attention to the life-history and
habits of the codling-moth. The habits of the insect, in the anti-
podes, as given, are so different in several respects from those observed
elsewhere, that the letter will be read with interest:

1 do not see why the codling-moth should operate here so differently
from what it does in your country, but it does, most decidedly. Per-
haps it would be best to simply state my experience or the mode of
operation here, and then you can note the differences.

The moths emerge from the chrysalids from middle of November
[corresponding with our May] to March, and deposit tJteir eggs i^romls-
cuously — in the eye — on the side — on the stalk — where two apples

340 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

touch (a favorite place), — in short, there is no rule, but perhaps, if the
weather is wet, a larger percentage are in the eye. They strike [lay
the egg'\ from the time that the apple is of the size of marbles until
they are full-grown : this must be self-evident, from the long period
during which they strike — from November to March.

In about a month the larva? mature, leave the apple, seek shelter,
spin a cocoon, and lie in the larva state until about October or Novem-
ber [April and May in New York], when they change into the chrysalis,
and emerge as moths, as before stated.

There are some who hold that there is more than one generation, but
that is contrary to my experience. If it is so, it is the exception and
not the rule. I am constantly removing bandages from January to
June, and have ne^er found, in a single instance, a chrysalis or the
empty case, but larvre by the hundreds. I have also experimented with
larva3 under cover, taken from the apple as early as possible, and the}'-
have not emerged until December.

I am strongly of the opinion that spraying should be commenced
early — Avhen the calyx of the apple is up, because I find that after the
fruit has been struck in the eye, spraying is not effectual. The pear is
chiefly struck in the eye. The apples most liable to attack are the
Ribstone, Alexander, Dutch Mignon, Imperial Green, Russets, and Vic-
torias. In some places, the apricot, peach, plum, cherry-plum, and even
some cherries, are affected. — W. N. Cressy, Feb. 13, 1891

Referring to the habit as above given, of the promiscuous egg-laying
of the moth in Tasmania, upon any part of the fruit, and even on the
stem, it is safe to say, that it is opposed to all observations made in
this country.

Mr. L, O. Howard, in his extended account of the Codling-Moth,,
contained in pages 88-115 of the Report of the Commissioner of Agri-
culture for 1887, has aimed to give a complete account by bringing
into one readily-accessible article a review of the life-history of the
insect, and to this end, all of its literature, so far as known, was con-
sulted and gleaned. According to this: "In the little crumpled-up
spot caused by the falling off of the calyx the eggs are hidden, sometimes
two or three to a single apple or jsear. The eggs are laid sometimes
upon the smooth cheek of the apple and sometimes in the hollow at
the stem, but these are both unusual." From this statement we may
conclude that an e,gg of the codling-moth deposited elsewhere than in the
eye of the apple is, in this country, exceptional and of rare occurrence
or, at the least, has not been frequently observed.* Probably the same
rule would apply to the oviposition in Europe.

In a paper read before the Conference of the Fruit and Vine-grow-
ers of New South Wales, Australia, in June, 1890, by J. H. Dickenson,
of South Bridgewater, Tasmania, based apparently on his personal
observations, we read as follows: " The moth lays her eggs in the eye

• This will require qualification in view of observations since made, in Maine, by Mr. Munson,
on the second brood of the insect, and given on the following page.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 341

of the apple in the first part of the season, but later-hatched ones lay
tlieir eggs on the side of the apple as well as in the eye."

Accepting, therefore, as a fact, that in Tasmania eggs are frequently
placed on the body of the apple, may not the explanation be found in
the insular limitation of Tasmania, comparatively a small area of
orchards, and such an abundance of the insect under conditions highly
favorable to its multiplication, as to render it almost impossible for the
moth to find an apple the blossom end of which has not already
received an cg^ or two, and therefore compelled by instinct to resort
to the side ? Professor Rile}- has found that, in an instance where
several moths were confined under a jar with a single apple, that in a
few days it was fairly riddled with young larva\* The eggs had no
doubt been placed at random, anywhere on the apple. In Tasmania,
the codling-moth had been a notorious pest for many years — at least
thirty — before its introduction into the Australian colonies.

The latitude of Central Tasmania is about equal, in degrees from
the equator, to that of Central New York.

A recent publication by W. H. Munson, Horticulturist of the Maine
State College Agricultural Experiment Station, f shows that the apple
worm enters the fruit much more frequently from other points than at
the calyx than had been hitherto supposed. He states: " The objection
has been raised b}^ some of our fruit-growers that a large proportion
of the affected fruit is entered from side or base, and consequently that
spraying before the fruit turns down has no special merit."

The following result is extracted, in condensed form, from a table
given by Mr. Munson, from the examination of six trees of Rhode
Island greenings, four of which had been sprayed twice with one
pound of Pai'is green in 250 (in two trees) and 310 gallons of water.

The four sprayed trees gave 346 wormy apples, of which 133 (^=38.5
per cent) had been entered from the cah^x, and 213 (=61.5 per cent)
from the side or base.

The two unsprayed trees gave 449 wormy apples, of which 252
(r=56.1 percent) had been entered from the calyx, and 197 (=^43.9
per cent) from the side or base.

Of the entire number of wormy apples on the six trees, more tlian
one-half (51.5 per cent) had been entered from the side or base.

This large proportion may probably be accounted for by the state-
ment made by Mr. Munson, that " a large proportion of the fruit

* Report of the Commissioner of Ar/riculture for the Year 18S7, page 91.

+ Annual Report of the Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station for 1891-1692,
page 105.

342 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

infested had been attackel by the second brood, and the larvae were
still present" when the examination was made.

Possibly the second brood may have been unusually abundant. The
trees had only received the June spniyinos.

Dynastes Tityus {Linn.)
As a Fridf-Eater.

In the notices of this insect — the Rhinoceras beetle, or the Spotted
Horn-bug, as it is popularly called — in the 5th and 7th Reports of this-
series, the ash was given as the food of the beetle — either the tender
leaves of young shoots, the alburnum or sap-wood of the limbs from
which the bark has been planed, or the sap which it has caused to flow.
It has never been recorded as injuring fruits.

An example of the beetle — a male — was received October 4th of
the present year (an unusually late period for it) from Mr. F. H.
Emmord, of Magnolia, Md., with the memorandum, " came off a ripe
pear." As its occurrence on the pear might have been simply accidental,
it was inclosed in a box with a ripe seckel to see if it would feed upon
it. The da}' following it was found with its head and thorax buried in
the pear. In the meantime, Mr. Emmond had lieen written to, asking
him if the insect had eaten into the pear from which it had been taken,
and if any instances of its feeding on fruit had been observed by him»
The answer returned, was the following:

"I found the spotted horn-bug in a soft, ripe, seckel pear which lie
had eaten into quite to the core. I had laid the pear in a crotch of the
tree the day before. I put him in a paper box with a piece of the same
pear which he ate. Where the juice of the pear had softened the
paper box he ate through it."

As the beetle also in like manner ate through the saturated bottom
of the box in which he was confined in my office, it is probable that
the' sweet juice of the fruit is the chief attraction, and that fruit ordi-
narily would not be attacked by it unless its surface had been broken,,
permitting of the escape of its juices.

Crioceris asparagi (Linn.).
TJie Asparagu.^ Bcttle.
In the notice of this insect in the Firxt Report on the Insects of
JSfeto York, 1882 (pp. 239-246), it was stated, that in the State of New
York "we only hear of its serious injuries from Long Island and the
vicinity of New York city." It might have been added, that it was
not known to occur elsewhere in the State.

Nj]sth Report of the State Entomologist

343

Two years thereafter the insect appeared in Central New York. In
June of that year (1884), Mr. E. S. Goff, at that time the Horticultu-
rist of the Agricultural Station at Geneva,
sent to me examples of larvto, and the eggs
on the leaves and slender branches of the
plants, with the statement that it was the
first time that he had met with the insect,
but that he had learned that it was quite
prevalent in and about Geneva. In a com-
munication to the (ieneva Courier of June
4, 1844, Mr. A. P. Rose wrote, after calling
attention to the new insect (test: "I think
that this must be the first vear of its appear- ^i«- 20- Asparagus beetle (a

J 1 r common six-spotted formj, en-

ance in this part of the State. My attention ^^""^l^ about six diameters with

^ •' further enlargement of antenna

was called to the subject by the late report ^"^^ '^ont tarsus.
of Professor Lintner, the State Entomologist, and on examining my
own asparagus bed, I found a number of the beetles and great quanti-
ties of the eggs. As yet, no damage seems to have been done by them,
but when the present crop of eggs hatches we may expect to hear
many accounts of their ravages."

During the year (1892), the insect has made its appearance much
farther westward in the State — at and about Rochester. At the meet-
ing of the Association of Economic Entomologists in August, in that
city, examples of the beetle taken within the city were brought in for
identification. Later in the month, I learned through Mr. George S.
Conover, an eminent horticulturist of Geneva, that Mr. John Charlton,
florist and nurseryman of Rochester, had informed him that the insect
was very destructive to his asparagus beds. Mr. Charlton had used
every means that he knew of, and hid sprayed with different insecti-
cides, including Paris green, but had not succeeded in relieving
himself from the pest, which was still abundant with him.

Systena frontalis (Fabr.)

Injuring Gooseberry Foliage.

This little Chrysomelid beetle was quite injurious to the foliage of
gooseberry bushes at the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station,
during the later part of July and earh^ August. It had not been noticed
there before. Upon the identification of the insect, received August
6th, request was made for additional examples for the State collection,
but answer was returned, August 12th, that no more could be found,,
the bashes having meantime been sprayed with Paris green.

344

FoRTT-sixTH Report on the State Museum

S. frontalis, although common, has not as yet attained as bad a rep-
utation as has some of its congeners, as for example S. blanda Mels.,*
which has gone on record as injurious to cotton, to potatoes, and par-
ticulary so to corn (see First Report on the Insects of Nexo York, pp.
155, 156), and to beets (Instct Life, iii, p. 149). S. tmniata (Say)
has been injurious to beans in Now Mexico {Insect Life, iii, p. 122)
and feeds on many of the Cuciirhitacece, and has been taken in associa-
tion with a number of grass insects {id., iv, 198). S. elongata (Fabr.)
is at times destructive to cantaloupes in Maryland.

Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus (De Geer).
The Pennsylvania ^Soldier- Beetle.
Mr. C. R. Moore, of Bird's Nest, Va., has sent this beetle — one of
the Lamjyyricke — as appearing with the rose-bug in the latter ])art of
May, and eating roses and blossoms of grapes.
He was informed that the insect was not recog-
nized as an injurious one, although it was
known to feed on the pollen of various blos-
soms. Writing again, he stated that he had
observed the operations of the beetle on his
FiQ. 21.— The Pennsylvania grapes for the past three years, and wherever

soldier- beetle, Chauliognathus ^ '■ ^ .

Pennsylvanicus: u, the laiva; he liad seen them operating, the blossoms were

6, its head enlarged; i, the ^

beetle. all destroyed.

Should this form of injury by the beetle be established, it might be
of more economic importance than the service rendered by it in its
earlier stage of larva, when it is occasionally, at least, beneficial, in fer-
reting out and destroying the apple-worm of tlie codling-moth and the
larva of the plum curculio and, as later discovered {Insect Life, i, p.
516), feeding upon the pupae of the destructive cotton- worm.

Pissodes strobi Peck.
The White-pine Weevil.
An attack on the Norway spruce, of what was in all probability this
insect, was^reported, in August, 1892, by W. C. Pierce, of Richford, N.Y.

According to his statement, one hun-
dred and fifty Norway spruces, which
had been planted in the cemetery at
that place, commenced, last year, to die
at the top. On examination, small
borers were found working between
the bark and the wood from above
Fig. 22.— The white pne weevil. Pis- downward, and into the wood, begin-

SODES strobi: larva, pupa, and imago — • • j.i ^ i i. j j ^ •

enlarged. > »- ^ > & ning m the top shoot, and destroying

the life of the tree as far as they progressed.

♦Recently referred, together with ligafa Lee, mitis Lee, ochracea Lee, and others, to
iS. tema to (Say). See Dr. Horn's Synopsis of the Halticini of Boreal America, in Transac-
tions of the American Entomological Society, xvi, 18S9. page 273.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 345

It is the well-known habit of this curculionid beetle to deposit its
€ggs in the bark of the topmost shoot of young pines, and also in sprnces,
the larvai from which burrow into the wood and thence to the pith,
causing the tip to die, and thereby arresting the normal growth of the
tree, and producing deformity, in the crookedness produced by the
sending out of lateral branches.

Dr. Fitch has treated of this insect in his usual able manner in his
Fourth Report, giving the natural history of the insect, and the serious
injuries that it causes to the white pine — one of our most valuable
timber trees. Dr. Packard has devoted a half-dozen pages to this
insect in the recently issued (1890) Fifth Report of the U. S. Ento-
mological Commission — on Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade
Trees, in which he includes Dr. Fitch's account, wnth figures of the
insect in its several stages, and its work in the deformities caused by
it in white pines. In addition to the pine, Pissodes strobi also attacks
spruces and hemlocks, nor does it confine its operations to the terminal
shoot, but according to Dr. Packard, may " lay its eggs in the bark
and mine the sap-wood of large pines and other coniferous trees."

Perhaps the best remedy for this attack is to cut off and burn the
infested shoots before the beetles have emerged — during the months
of July and Auijust.

Myzus cerasi (Fabr.),
The Cherry-tree Ajyhis.
Notice of a severe attack of this insect was received from Mrs. E. C.
Brinkerhoff, of Nunda, Livingston Co., N. Y., under date of June 4th,

1892:

We have a large cherry tree of over one foot in diameter. Some six
years ago a very few of the cherries ripened that were very fine ox-
hearts, but soon the remainder of the fruit was destroyed by a
small, black insect similar to the small, black ant, but with wings.
The insects almost entirely covered the cherries and the leaves and all
Avere destroyed, but the tree leafed out again and has done so every
year since. This year the pest came earlier and not a cherry was half-
grown before they were destroyed. I have sprayed the tree twice each
year for the i)ast three years with Paris green, but it has done no good.
I have two young sour cherry trees about forty feet from it that are
not affected by the insect, nor plums, nor currants, nor do I know of
any other neighbors who are troubled with it. Can you tell me what
I can do to destroy them ?

The lady was advised that Paris green was entirely ineffective against
this or other aphides, but that remedies were found in kerosene emul-
sion, tobacco water, or strong soap suds, as given in the Fifth Report
1893. 4i

346 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum.

on the Insects of N'eio York, 1889, pp. 256^ 257, It was important that
these applications should be made as early in the season as the first
aphides were seen upon the leaves, and before they are partly sheltered
from the sprajang liquid within the curls or folds of the leaves result-
ing from their attack.

The preference shown by this aphis for the ox-heart cherry is inter-
esting. Dr. Fitch has stated that it never invades any of our native
or wild cheri-y trees. It was for a long time believed that it was limited
to the cultivated garden cherry, but within late years it has also been
observed feeding on the plum by Dr. Thomas, in Illinois, in 1878 ; and
in the Country Gentleman for May 26th, 1892, I have identified the
species in specimens taken from the wild-goose plum in Central Ken-
tucky. It has also been foimd in Eui'ope on the black currant.

The life-history of this common and destructive siJecies was fully
worked out by Professor C. M. Weed, while connected with the Ohio
Agricultural Experiment Station, and was published in the Bulletin of
the Station, Technical Series, i, No. 2, May, 1890. By the kindness of
the Director of the Station, the plate illustrating the several stages of the
insect which accompanied Professor Weed's article, is herewith given.

Pemphigus tessellata (Fitch).
T'he Alder-blight Aphis.

This alder aphis has been uuusuall}^ abundant the present year (1892)
in various localities in the State of New York. Mr. John D. Lyons, of
Monticello, N. Y., has written me that during the month of August it
occurred in such numbers on the swamp alders that "it was hanging in
strings from the branches."

A larger number of their Avhite patches and of larger size than usual,
were observed at Keene Valley, N. Y., during July and August. On
removing a colony of the aphids from a branch of alder, on July 23d,
thirteen of the eggs of Feniseca Tarquinius were found scattered singly,
or in twos and threes on the bark beneath. For the manner in which
these eggs are placed among the aphides, — for the interesting habits of
the caterpillar while living among and subsisting on the aphides, and
for a detailed account of the insect, the second volume of " Scudder's
Butterflies of the Eastern United States," pp. 1016-1026, may be
consulted.

Professor Comstock, in writing of P. tessellata, has stated:* "There
is a curious fungus which grows in large spongy masses immediately

* Introduction to Entomology, part 1, 1888, p 166.

Kg. 6.

Fig, 3.

Plate 1. The Cherry-tree aphis, Mtzus ckrasi: Fig. 1, apterus viviparous, female; 1 a, head and
antenna of same; 2, winged migrant; 3, return migrant; 4, winged male; 4 a, head and antenna of
same; 5, oviparous female.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist

347

beneath the cluster of plant-lice; this is knows to botanists as Scorias-
spongiosum. It is evidently fed by the honey-dew that falls upon it."
An example of this fungus has been shown me by Miss Florence
Ilimes, of Albany, who had taken it from an alder in Washington park.
The fungus was at the tip of a small twig that was given off from about
four inches below the aphis-bearing stem, and curved upward so near
it that it might easily have received (juite an amount of the honey-dcAV
dropping from the plant-lice. The specimen was identified by Prof.
Chales A. Peck, State Botanist, as the above-named species of fungus.
Two or three other examples of the same had been seen by Miss Ilinies.

Phylloxera vitifolise (Fitch).
The Grapevine Phylloxera.

Leaves of grapevine having their under surface almost entirely
covered with the galls of this insect, similar to the representation in
Figure 28, were received Au-
gust 6th, from Director Col-
lier, of the New York Stale
Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. They were from the
vineyards of Mr. Edwin Slo-
combe, of Camillus, N. Y.,
who reported the foliage of
his Delaware grapes as being
literally covered with the
galls, as shown in the examples
sent. The insects emerged a
few days after the reception
of the leaves.

Dr. Collier states that the
insect has been quite plentiful
on the Clinton grape, in the vineyards at the Station, and had also-
appeared on a few other varieties.

Fig. 38.-

-Grapevine leaf with galls of Phylloxera

VITIFOLI.E.

Crangonyx mucronatus Forbes.
A Blind Shrimp in, Wells.

Several examples of this crustacean were received from Oswego,^
N. Y., where they were taken from the water of a driven well of
moderate depth, located in a gravelly soil, on a rising knoll. The
creatures are slender forms, white, about a half-inch in length, with

348 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

rather long legs, and otlier thread-like terminal organs. " They are
not occurring abundantly at the present time, but usually in the autumn
small ones of the same general appearance are quite numerous."

The gentleman sending them desired to know what they were, and
their source, as he feared that they might render the water unfit for
domestic use.

It proves to be an interesting species of fresh-water shrimp which
occurs only in such unusual localities as wells and subterranean streams.
Like the blind craw-fish of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, to which
it is closely allied, it is entirely destitute of eyes. It was first discov-
ered by Professor S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois, in a
well at Normal, 111., and Avas named and described by him, in Bulletin
JVb. 1 of the Illinois Museum of N'atural History, December, 1876,
page 21. It belongs to the Order of Amphipoda and to the Family
of Gamniaridm. It is described as follows, — combining the generic
characters with ihe specific:

C mucronatus Forbes. No eyes [a congeneric species, gracilis, has
eyes]. Peduncles of the two pairs of antennae subequal. Hind angles
of first three abdominal segments rounded; no clusters of spines on
posterior abdominal segments. Last pair of abdominal legs with inner
branch minute, outer branch shorter than peduncle; the first two pairs
of feet subequal. Telson single, of male a slender spine about as long
as fir?t three abdominal segments.

Illustration is given of structure in seven enlarged figures.

Professor Forbes informs me that the above is the first instance in
which this crustacean has been reported from east of Indiana. It is
not confined to wells, but it has been frequently found in certain
springs in seasons of high water when the soil is saturated; it also
often comes to the surface at the mouth of drains, but as it is entirely
subterranean, it does not live for any length of time in surface waters.

In explanation of its occurrence in drains. Professor Forbes has
kindly written me: "The drains referred to in my letter are ordinary
farm drains, but as the Crangonyx and its companion crustacean,
Asellus stygius, do not occur in such drains indiscriminately, but only
in here and there one, I presume that their appearance in such situ-
ations is due to the presence of springy ground and a penetration of
the tiles by the subterranean crustaceans from some underground
source."

The publication of the occurrence of the Crangonyx at Oswego, in

the Albany Evening Journal of March 27tb, 1891, and in the New York

Times, brought to light other localities in the Sate of New York and

•elsewhere where it was also to be found. Referrinj; to the Times'^

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 349

notice, Mr. Walter L. Allertoii, of New York city, wrote me as

follows :

They are frequently found in wells in Westchester county and in
Fairfield county, Connecticut, and are generally believed to indicate
the purity of the water, I have a well at my residence at Mt. Vernon
[Westchester Co., N, Y.] in which they are quite abundant. This
well is about fifteen feet deep, and is supplied by a large stream flow-
ing through a bed of coarse gravel resting upon rock. I have also
known thom to be pumped from a well in -my father-in-law's place at
Berwick, Maine. I have no doubt that if there was any object to
induce a careful search they would be found wherever the same condi-
tions exist, viz., an underground stream of good size flowing through a
layer or bed of gravel.

The Asellus crustacean above named as often associated with the
Crangonyx, is probably the one noticed in Insect Life, ii, p. 375, as
brought up abundantly by a pump from a well in Keokuk, Iowa,
and which is figured in the American Entomologist, iii, 1880, p. 36,
and of which Mr. H. G. Hubbard, writing of the inhabitants of the little
pools of water in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, states: "Though
none of the pools were larger than an ordinary washbowl, I found them
all veritable little aquaria, well-stocked with the crustacean described by
Packard {Ccecidotea stygia). Some of the pools contained twenty or
thirty specimens in all stages of growth."

The presence of these crustaceans in wells need not excite the slightest
fear. All of their kind are eagerly sought for food, and are regarded
by epicures as great delicacies. In their subterraneous habitat the
waters are necessarily, from filtration, \Qvy pare, and when, through
underground currents, they are carried into wells they attest to the
purity of the incoming water. As inhabitants of wells, they would
serve as purifiers in the capacity of scavengers, feeding upon any
injurious matter that might be present.

[From the Albany Evening Journal of February 14th, 1891 .]

Insectivorous Birds for Protection.

State Entomologist J. A. Lintner made a vigorous protest before the
committee of the Assembly having under consideration the codification
of the Fish and Game Laws, against the provisions in the proposed act
which gave no j) roper protection to insectivorous birds. The law under
consideration repeals all former laws upon the subject. In his address
to tlie committee he urged the importance of protecting all such birds
as are of benefit to the agricultural interests of the State.

Doctor Lintner said, that to the wanton destruction of our Avild birds
was largely owing the present excessive ravages of insect pests,

350 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

greater in this country than anywhere else in the world, and rapidly
increasing annually. It had become a necessity that everj^ bird which
was of benefit to the agriculturist should be given protection. It was
possible to pronounce definitely upon what particular bii'ds were bene-
ficial,— which were of negative importance, and which were injurious.
This was arrived at through the investigations of the stomachs of birds
shot during every season of the year, showing the food upon which
each species feeds. These investigations were mainly conducted by the
Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy at Washington, and when,
as the result of such examinations, perhaps of a thousand stomachs of a
single species, it was definitely asserted that such a bird was beneficial,
the decision should be unhesitatingly accepted without question. The
bird itself had borne testimony to the nature of the food upon which it
fed.

Dr. Lintner asked of the committee to strike out from the printed
bill under consideration, the following provision: "Nor does it [this
act] protect the English spirrow, crane, crow, raven, hawk, shrike,
owl, crow-blackbird or king-fisher;" also, the section, providing that
the robin, blackbirds, and meadow lark may be killed during the
months of November and December.

Referring to the birds named in the act, the professor said: The
provision exempting the English sparrow lacked the stringent legisla-
tion against it contained in the old law. This bird was accepted as an
•unmitigated and intolerable nuisance, the rapid multiplication of which
must be checked, even if poison must be used against it, as is being
largely done in Australia.

The crane never occurs in the State of New York; the larger herons
ai'e mistaken for it. The precise economic status of the crow and the
raven, were not yet determined; their investigation was still going on.
It was certain that the crow rendered very valuable service in its feed-
ing upon the white grub — a notorious pest, — often pulling up young
corn to reach the grub concealed in the hill.

The hawks and owls, as a class, deserve jjrotection more than any other
birds, for the reason that considerably more than 90 per cent of their
food consists of the enemies of the farmer, viz., field mice and grasshop-
pers. Even the bulk of the food of one or two hen-hawks — the red-
tailed and the red-shouldered— consists of injurious rodents, and their
occasional attack on poultry may properly be ignored.

The northern-shrike, notwithstanding its unpleasant jjopular name of
*' butcher-bird," had of late years, during its winter sojourn among us,
treated itself almost entirely to the English sparrow, killing and impal-

Ninth Report of the State Eistomologist 35]

ing on thorns or thrusting in forks of limbs many more of the birds
than it consumed in food. It should by all means be protected as a
valuable ally of the farmer.

The blackbirds, of which there are several species, should also be
protected. When the crow-blackbird was seen tearing off the husks
from the ears of corn to feed, as generally supposed, upon the corn,
examination of its stomach showed numbers of a caterpillar Avhich
feeds upon the tips of the f ars, and only incidentally a few kernels of
the corn. The kingfisher is only injurious in fish-ponds.

The robin is one of our most valuable insectivorous birds, and
should therefore never be shot. It may be pardoned for the berries
and the cherries that it takes, in consideration of the hundredfold return
that it makes. The meadow lark feeds only on insects and wild seeds.
It is difficult to imagine how one could kill for sale as food so useful a
bird, the musical notes of which, while lacking the compass and
volume of the famed English meadow lark, quite supasses it in
sweetness.

In place of the provisions of the act, which Dr. Lintner wished to
be stricken from the bill, he asked to have inserted the following:
" The English sparrrow [Passer domesticus) is not protected under this
act, and it shall be considered a misdemeanor intentionally to give it
shelter or food, except with a view to its ultimate destruction; nor
does it protect the'crow, raven, or Cooper's hawk (Accipiter Cooperi), or
the great horned owl {Buho Virginia7ius)y

INSECT ATTACKS.

Resistance of Fleas to Insecticides.

That fleas are capable of resisting the effects of insecticides such as
will usually destroy insect life, is shown in the following communica-
tion received from a gentleman in Central New York, under date of
August 14th:

Deak Sie. — I am in a qnandary, and feel constrained to appeal to
you to help me out of my difficulty. About six or eight w eeks ago I
discovered that my cellar was infested with fleas, and 1 at once went
at them with a mixture of turpentine and gasoline, and supposed I had
exterminated the pests. Aboi^t two weeks later I found they were still
jumping about, and I treated the floors with a solution of two ounces
cyanide potassium in one gallon water. Later, I used Persian insect
powder freely and an infusion of Cocculus indicus berries, one gallon
containing four ounces cyanide potassium. Then I again used the
insect powder, and gave my cellar two sulphur fumigations, using
three drams sulphur each time. I supposed I had really knocked
them out, until this morning, Avhen I found that there were still a few
left to tell what they know about "hades." I have reached the limit
of my knowledge of insecticides applicable to fleas, and, if you can
suggest to me anything that I can use to rid my cellar of these rascals,
I shall be exceedingly indebted to you. My house is a new one, with
a well-lighted, airy cellar, and the fleas must have come from a Scotch
Collie dog that has slept in the cellar. I have almost concluded that
fleas will resist the action of any insecticide, for I noticed to-day a
number of lively fellows in a barrel standing outside of my cellar, that
had come up through sawdust that had been saturated with the flsh-
berry and cyanide potassium mixture that I had swept up from the
cellar floors a couple of weeks ago. I am very anxious to rid my cellar
of these pests before my family returns from the country, and an early
response from you will be greatly appreciated. I remain, sir, &c.

Reply was made of inability to recommend better insecticides than
those that had already been employed, unless, without endangering the
lives or health of his family, the infested cellar be charged with hj^dro-
cyanic acid gas [made by treating cyanide of potassium with sulphuric
acid]. It was probable that the larvse had been killed by the insec-
ticides used, and that the imagoes that were now appearing, in smaller
numbers than before, were those which had been sheltered and pro-
tected by pupation.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 353:

A resort to the favorite nneaus for the reduction of this pest, used'
many years ago in Poland — " the paradise of fleas," — was recommended-
for use in the present stage of the infestation, viz., setting a shallow
vessel of water (a film of kerosene might be floated on its surface) on
the floor, with a lighted candle standing in it. The fleas, attracted to
the light, would leap toward it, and be caught in the water and killed.
In Poland they would often almost blacken the water with their bodies.

White Grubs Injuring Nursery Stock.

A firm of nurserj^raen and florists at Newark, N. Y., have suffered
severely from injuries from white grubs, as appears in the following-
letter, sent under date of June 18th, 1892:

" We have been corresponding with Dr. Peter Collier, of the Experi-
ment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in regard to corn grubs. He has
suggested that you might be interested to know about them, and,
might be able to recommend something that would help us to get rid-
of them. Two years ago these grubs destroyed thousands of dollars
worth of nursery stock for us; last year they did not trouble us much;
this year there aj^pears to be millions of them, apparently about one
year old. We do not suppose they will do as much damage this season
as they will if let alone till another year, but, we wish, if possible to-
find some way of destroying them. Any suggestions that will help us-
in this matter will be thoroughly appreciated by us."

Request was made for some of the grubs to see if they could be'
identified. Upon their receipt, the following answer was returned:

" The larvffi kindly sent me on the 23d inst., are young white^
grubs, apparently in the second year of their growth. Whether they
are those of the May-beetle, Lachnosterna fusca, or even of the genus
of Lachnosterna, I am unable to say, as we can not identify with cer-
tainty, especially when young, any of the manj' different species of
that genus, of which nearly one hundred have been described in their
beetle stage [see remarks in 8th Rept. Insects of N. Y., page 175].

" White grubs of Allorhina nitida, in experiments made in the
Capitol grounds at Washington, were killed by applying freely to the
ground, kerosene emulsion of the dilution of one part to eighteen of
water (see Insect Life, i, 1889, pages 48, 49), and afterward carrying it
into the soil by soaking it with water for several days in succession.
The grubs were among the grass roots at the depth of from two to four
inches when the emulsion was first applied, but were subsequently
found dead at various depths down to sixteen inches. The experiment,
was very satisfactory.

1898. 45

354 Fort F- SIXTH Report on the State Museum

" If this metliod could be made equally effective Avith you, it would
certainly j^ay to resort to it. The expense of following the emulsion
with repeated water application could, I suppose, be saved, if the
Icercsening should be done before a I'ainy spell.

"At what depth do you find the grubs at the present time, and what
nursery stock do they mostly infest ?

" I wish that you would try the emulsion upon an area of some
extent, and, after the rains, dig for the grubs, and see what the effect
has been. The low cost of kerosene would permit of its free use if
found to be effective. You probably have the formula for the prepara-
tion of the emulsion — if not I will send it to you."

In reply to the question of the nursery stock attacked, answer was
made: "We raise mostly roses, ornamental shrubs, and grapevines.
These grubs attack all of our stock; we even find them at the roots of
two-year-old apple, peach, and plum trees, but they do the most damage
to the roses. We would like to try the kerosene emulsion, and, if you
will kindly send us the formula, we Avill do so, but fear that it may
Icill the young rose-bushes as well as the grubs."

The formula for the emulsion was sent as requested, but no report
-of results from its use has been received.

As the Entomological collection of the U. S. National Museum at
Washington, D. C, contains more larval Coleoptera than any other
collection in the United States, examples of the grubs noticed above
were sent by me to Dr. Riley, at Washington, in the hope that they
■could, by comparison, be at least generically determined, but unfortu-
nately, by some mishap, they failed to reach their destination.

The enormous aggregate of losses in gardea and field crops inflicted
by white grubs is offered as a reason for appending to the above some
additional words in relation to this destructive class, which will be
found of economic importance in directions that will be pointed out.

Professor Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois, has recently written:*
" The white grubs are among the immemorial enemies of agriculture in
both worlds, but in neither Europe or America has the problem pre-
sented by their injuries on the farm and in the fruit and vegetable gar-
den received a satisfactory solution."

While still unable to recommend entirely effective, simple, and inex-
pensive methods for destroying these larvj^e when infesting grass land
or other large pieces of ground, we now know through the labors of
Professor Forbesf so much of the life-history of the more common
species allied to the May-bug, Lachnosterna fusca, that we^ may say,

* Seventeenth Report on the Insects of Illinois, 1891, p. 30.

+ On the Common White Grubs, loc. cit., pp. 30-53, plate iv, figs. 1-7.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 355

with certainty, when fields jnfested with these larv:B may or may not
be with safety planted to another crop.

For many years past we have been told that the grub of the May or June
beetle required three years for its maturity. The most particular state-
ment of its transformations was that given by Professor Riley in his \st
Report on the Insects of Missouri, in 1869. According to this, the
eggs were laid in the ground after the pairing of the beetles, and
hatched in the course of a month. The grubs attained their full size in
the early spring of the third year, when they changed to pupa?, and soon
thereafter to beetles, emerging from the ground in May. " Under
favorable conditions it is probable that some of the grubs became pupjB
-and even beetles in the autumn, subsequent to their second spring," but
remained in the earth until the following spring.

In correction of the above. Professor Forbes has given as the result
of his studies upon the white grubs in Illinois (where thirty-one species
are known to occur), and more particularly upon six of the most abun-
dant and most destructive species, viz., Lachnostema gibbosa, L.
ifivei'sa, L. fusca, L. rugosa, L. impUcita, and L. hirticula — the fol-
lowing as their life-history, quoting his carefully considered words:

*' It is not too much to say concerning the six species above, and quite
possibly of all the others, that they lay their eggs in June and early
July; that these eggs hatch in from ten days to two weeks; and that
the grubs live in the earth for a number of years unknown, but seemingly
at least for two; that they may begin to pupate as early as the middle
of June [late spring, but pupae may be found until September 5th] of
the year when they become full grown, and may form the first imago
in the earth by the middle of August and the last as late as the middle
of September [all in summer], but that they very rarely, if ever, pass
the winter in the pupa state. They form the adult in this latitude in
late summer and early fall, and escape from the earth the following
spring and early summer * * * in April, May or June, or rarely
in July."

Presuming, as it seems we may do, that there is a year in which the
Lachnosternas deposit their eggs, — identical with the j^ears in which the
beetles appear, and that these are separated by a term of years (probably
three), instead of there being deposits of eggs in successive years, giving
grubs of various sizes and ages in the same field, — we may educe from
the above statement of life-history the following:

1. The age of grubs turned up in sj^ring plowing, seemingly about
hatf-groxcn, can not positively be told; it is, therefore, uncertain
whether they are to cease from feeding the following spring so as to

356 Forty- SIXTH Report on the State Museum

exempt from injury by them grain sown in the autumn and crops put
in the following spring.

2. If full-grown grubs (their size is well known to almost every agri-
culturist) are found in the spring, no injury to roots will be caused by
them after midsummer — during autumn or the following spring, — leaving
winter wheat, and corn, jiotatoes, etc., of the succeeding year free from
their attack.

It is interesting to compare the above life-history of Lachnosterna
worked out in Illinois by Professor Forbes with that j^ublished in the
Patent Office Report for the year 1852, part ii, page 219, by Mr. D. L,
Bernard, of Ulster county, New York, which I have quoted in my
pamphlet entitled " The White Grub of the May Beetle," being Bul-
letin No. 5 of the New York State Museum of Natural History. These
almost pi'ecise points of agreement may be noticed: Eggs deposited
generally in the month of June (Bernard); in June and early July
(Forbes). Life duration of grubs, two years (B.); seemingly two (F.).
larvae mature, middle of June (B.); the same (F.). Pupation, middle
of August (B.) ; * begins middle of June and continues into September
(F.). The perfect stage or beetle, about the last of September (B.);
middle of August to middle of September (F.). The beetle appears
abroad about the last of April or first of May (B.); April — June (F.).

It will be observed that the above life-histories shorten the grub
stage by one year from that given by most of our authors and drawn
mainly from that of the European cockchafer.

See, also, " Notes on Lachnosterna," by G. H. Perkins, in Insect Life,
iv, pp. 389-392.

The White Grub Eaten by the Robin.

Mr. W. C. Little, of the Commercial Nurseries, at Rochester, N. Y.,
has sent me the following note of observations made by him, of the
fondness of the robin for the white grub of our lawns and fields,
Lachnosterna fusca:

I do not remember to have seen it stated in print that the robin is a
great feeder on the white grub of the May Beetle. Two or three
years ago I noticed the robins industriously engaged in grubbing on
our lawns. I thought at first that they were after the earth worms,
but their mode of procedure was so peculiar that I was led to investigate
and interrupt their operations; and in every instance I found the large
white grub at the bottom of the hole which the bird had drilled with
its beak — about an inch and a half below the surface. I estimated

* It will be observed that this date is later than that given by Prof. Forbes. They agree as to
time that feeding ceases, but Mr. Bernard says that they then " descend deeper in the earth and
become torpid until about the middle of August."

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 357

that these robins must have destroyed hundreds of grubs on my prem-
ises that summer.

In " Bulletin No. 5 of the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History,"
the robin was merely named among a few other birds that were said to
feed on white grubs, in the absence of any definite information of the
extent to which they entered into its food. That in addition to its
other well-known insectivorous habits, it is also an active white grub
destroyer, should certainly increase our regard for it, and secure as far
as possible its protection.

A Maple-Tree Pruner, Elaphidion parallelum.

The following communication and I'eply is from the Country Gentle-
mxan of September 9th, 1886 :

" I enclose a sample of fallen limbs taken from beneath the orna-
mental maples that help to beautify the grounds surrounding the coun-
try residence of Hon. J. B. Dutcher, Pawling, Dutchess Co., N. Y.
These pieces represent portions of boughs that have been cut off by a
worm, and have fallen to the ground.

" So extensive is the injury inflicted by these insects that the handsome
tree tops are becoming sadly disfigured by the unequal dismemberment of
twigs and limbs that daily drop out, even if nothing worse results from
it. The section of wood illustrates the manner in which the damage
by these pests is effected. A knife has been passed longitudinally
through one of the pieces to expose the interior of the wood. It will
l)e seen that the heart or pith throughout the entire length of the piece
has been destroyed. You will also please observe that the end of one
of the sticks is a cross-cut, made by the worm, the woody part being
neatly severed, while the outer covering or bark was left intact. It is a
peculiar feature characterizing the work of this worm that it first
enters the wood at the junction of a twig or limb with its larger parent
stem. Having reached the heart, it turns and follows this until satis-
fied with the length of the tube bored out, and is then ready to cut the
limb off. The reason for selecting a knotty point wherewith to com-
mence business is known only to the instinct which prompts it to
injure the tree at all. The work of cutting off the limb is done from
its resting place in the heart of the wood, the cut thus radiating out-
wardly in continually enlarging circles until all is detached excepting
the bark. There is, apparently, no aversion to attacking at any point
other than a knot at this stage of the work, — the clear wood of the
inclosed specimens being squarely cut off at an intermediate point
between a growth of knots.

358 Forty-sixth Report ox the State Museum

" Nature seldom commits the error of an absolute waste of energy, so it
may be assumed that this operator has a mission of some sort, and means

busiries-^. A little study into the pos-
sible object this fellow may have in
tree chopping, I fancy reveals an effort
on his part simply to reach the ground
without exposure, and the boring and
cutting is merely a means to an end.
The two specimens of worms which

Fig. 29-Elaphidion parallelum: a, accompany the pieces of wood, I hope
larva; 6, pupa, in burrow; c, the beetle; may reach you lively enough to afford

<i>«,/. 3. 'i. head and mouth parts of larva; . ,. t, • -i , ,i ,

t,ba9aijoinisof antenna of beetle;;, tip an examination. It IS evident that
of wing-cover; A-, section of cut-off twig, while abundantly able to act on the

cm ley.) aggressive, they have no means of

defense, and are doubtless toothsome morsels to any prying wood-
l^ecker. Their length is one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch, and
their body and the absence of any rapid means of locomotion would
render them an easy prey, but for instinct of secrecy during the pro-
cess of severing a limb. The wood is cut squarely in two, but the out-
side bark is left untouched as previously stated, so that while a wander-
ing woodpecker may go about seeking a sign, no sign can be found.

" The mission previously referred to, probably includes a scheme of
life, covering transformations from one form and habitation to another,
until finally emerging into that of a fly or winged moth, which I
imagine is the immediate ancestor of this fellow.

"After the wood is cut, securely hidden in the portion of the limb
beyond the cross-cut, he has only to wait a passing breeze to have the
branch blown off and borne to the ground. Once arrived there safely,
he can quit the bough at the first favorable chance and pass into the
ground.

" How much damage they may eventually cause to maples can only be
conjectured. Nothing similar to this pest has hitherto been noticed in
the vicinity of Pawling, and any suggestion through your columns
looking to a remedy or preventive will be very thankfully received."

To the above the following reply was made to my correspondent,.
Mr. A. T. Thomas, of New York city :

The samples of wood sent, the larva (crushed and useless for specific
identification), and the account of its operations given, show the cutting
off of the limbs to be the work of a longicorn beetle of the genus
Elaphidion, and of the species villosum (Fabr.) or parallelum
(Newm.). The former, originally described in this country as Steno-

Ninth Report of the State Entomolooi&t 359

corns jyutator, the oak-pruner, by Prof. Peck, in the Massachusetts
Agricultural Mepository, and Journal, vol. v, 1819, is the species that
so frequently comes under observation as the pruner of the red and
black oaks — occasionally of the scarlet oak. It also, according to Dr.
Fitch, occurs in the beech, birch, chestnut, apple, and peach; in the
spruce, on the authority of Dr. Halderaan, and in the hickory, accord-
ing to many writers and my own observations. E. paralleluni has
been bred from some of the above food-plants, and also from plum; in
the latter, not as a pruner, it is stated [American Entomologist, i, p.
187); also from apple {id., ii, p. 60). It also bores the branches of the
orange, according to Mr. Hubbard.

An Elaphidiou attack upon maples is not of common occurrence.
Dr. LeBaron, former State Entomologist of Illinois, mentions Ela-
phidion larvae as well-known pruuers of oaks, maples, and other trees
(4th Report, p. 154), but I find no record of the particular species bred
from the maple. They are not included among maple insects in Dr.
Packard's " Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees." The severe
attack brought to our noti 'e in the above communication, is, therefore,
of considerable interest, and it is to be hoped that the additional twigs
containing the larv« which I have requested of the writer may be sent
to me and will give me the beetles for identification some time during
the winter or the coming spring. [They subsequently gave E.
parallelum.^

The observation of Mr. Thomas of the entering of the larva at the
junction of a twig or limb witli its larger parent stem, may need some
correction. Tlie burrows will, it is true, be found passing from the
twig into the branch, but Dr. Fitch is probably correct when he states
that the beetle deposits her egg near the tip of a twig of the same
year's growth in the angle where a leaf-stalk branches from it. The
egg hatching, the young larva burrows into the center of the twig, and.
consumes all the soft pulpy tissue until only the bark remains, which in
its thin and tender condition, withers and dries. By this time the
larva has eaten downward in the center of the twig, through the pith,
to its base, and onward into the main branch from which the twig
grows, passing to the centei', an inch or less below the twig. Here,
when about half-grown, it proceeds to cut ofl: the branch, in the
manner stated in the above communication, and as more fully narrated
by Dr. Fitch, of Elaphidion villosiim.

The account given by Dr. Fitch is quite interesting, and will amply
repay for its perusal. It is to be found in his Fifth Report on the Insects
of New York, pp. 17-24, and also in the Transactioiis of the New
York State Agricultural Society for 1858, vol. xvii, pp. 797-812, under

360 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

the name of the Oak-pruuer, Elaphidion putator. In his Report 3, pi. 2,
fig. 2, is a figure of the beetle. It is also noticed and figured in Dr.
Harris' Insects Injurious to Ver/etation, 1862, p. 98, figs. 47-8-9. Dr.
Packard, in his Guide to the /Study of Insects, 1869, on p. 496,
represents the larva and pupa, but the accompanying figure should not
be accepted for the imago. Excellent figures of E. parallelum in the
larva and beetle, with enlargements of portions of the same, and of the
pupa in a section of the excised branch, after Riley, may be found in
Dr. LeBaron's Fourth Report on the Insects of Illinois. [These are
given in Figure 29.]

In speculating upon the reason for the cutting off of the twigs by the
larva. Dr. Fitch writes as follows: "As the woi'm is to remain in the
limb through the winter, it appears to foresee that, from being wounded,
as it is, it will perish and become too dry if it remains elevated in the
air; it therefore drops it to the earth, where, lying among the fallen
leaves and buried beneath the winter's snow, it remains moist and
adapted for the development of the insect within it."

Although secreted within the central portion of the branch, the
larva does not enjoy immunity from its foes. Woodpeckers may dis-
cover its retreat while still upon the tree, and artfully extract the
favorite tid-bit. After the larvse drop to the ground their burrows are
probed, and they are extracted by many of the smaller birds, or eaten
by burrowing insects. Certain it is that many of the excised twigs,
when examined, will be found without the larva within them.

The branches sent by Mr. Thomas were received about the 20th
of July, when the larva? were already at least half -grown: the eggs
had probably been deposited in early June. One of the twigs, four-
tenths of an inch in diameter, had been cut off at three inches above
where the burrow entered from the twig that nurtured the young larva.
A section of a larger branch, over half an inch in diameter, shows the
entrance of two larvte from lateral twigs, one inch and three-fourths
apart. In this the burrowing is still going on, as is shown by a large
quantity of small, round, hard, whitish grains of excrement which are
being thrown out. [Of several branches of red oak received from
McGregor, Iowa, — in one, measuring one inch in diameter, the cutting
was unusually thorough, passing entirely through the wood and into
the bark, leaving only a thin outer film of the bark, so that the branch
would break off by its own weight. Another section of a larger
branch, measuring one inch and one-half, shows one-fourth of its
plane uneaten, so that the action of the wind was necessary to its
breaking and separation.]

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 361

Dr. Fitch, in writing of the transformations of the oak-pntner, states
that some of the worms enter their pupa state the last of autumn, and
•others not till the following spring, to come forth as perfect beetles in
-June. Mr. F. Clarkson, of New York city, in a recent number of the
Canadian Entomologist (1886, xvii, p. 188), states that this insect was
very abundant in Columbia county, this State, in 1878, and that the
September winds brought showers of twigs and branches to the
ground, containing nearly full-grown larvae, in tunnels of from ten to
fifteen inches in length. Some of these, which had been placed in a
room having veiy nearly the condition, thermometrically, of the tem-
perature without, were opened in the early part of November, and
were found in every instance to contain the beetle, — the transforma-
tion from the larva to the imago having been completed in less than
eight weeks. It is not stated whether the season had been an unusually
warm one, through which the ordinary development of the insect may
have been hastened.

liemedy. — It is seldom that the operations of this insect amount to
more than a moderate pruning of the infested trees, but, as in the
instance above brought to our notice, they are seriously marring the
"beauty of the trees that they occupy, it is important that the attack
should not be permitted to continue and extend itself. As the insect
remains within the fallen branches until the following spring, and it is
probable that very nearly all the tunneled branches fall to the ground,
w^e have a simple and easy method of arresting the injuries We have
only to collect and burn the severed branches as soon as they fall, or at
any time during the autumn, and the deposit of eggs for another brood
the following season will be prevented. If danger is apprehended that
the species may be continued through a few of the insects remaining
upon the tree, watch should be kept for withering ends of branches
during the summer and early autumn, which may be removed and
■destroyed, or the outer limbs may be beaten, after the burrowing
operations have ceased, with a moderate force, Avhich would serve to
break off an}' partially excised branches which the winds had failed to
remove.

Diabrotica vittata (Fabr.).
The Striped Cucumber Beetle.
A squash plant, of a growth of nine inches above the ground and
three inches of stalk beneath, was submitted, June 30th, for examina-
tion and for some method of destroying the insects attacking it.
1S93 40

362

Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Three of the larvue of the cucumber beetle were boring into the
stalk at about an inch downward upon it, and several round holes were
seen that had been made by others — some of them
clean cut and others surrounded with irregular
erosions; still others were superficial and had not
extended into the root. On cutting open the stalk
seven nearly full-grown larvtv were taken from its
interior, Avithin a length of two inches, in longitu-
dinal tunnels which they had excavated. Figure 30
shows the operations of the larvae within a root,
and Figure 31 the larva in natural size and enlarged.
The best method of protection from this form of
attack would undoubtedly be in preventing the
deposit of the eggs on the stalk of the plants by
the parent beetle, by covering them during the
early stage of growth with a thin loose muslin
or netting. By the time that they have out-grown
such a protection, they will have attained a sufficient
size and vigor of growth to enable them to resist
attack unless it be unusually severe. Possibly an
Fig. 30.- Cucumber root gg^^.^y g^ppj^^j^^j^j^ q£ ^l^g burdock infusion which is

infested -with the larva" • i • i t-t i-. -r -\-r

of the striped cucumber noticed in the Fifth HepoH Oil the Insects of New
beetle. (After Fitch.) YovTx, page 158, if repeated at intervals of about a
week, would prevent attack by rendering the plants distasteful to the
newly hatched larvse. Kerosene emulsion — one-fifteenth kerosene,
^tsxssm poured about the roots would destroy

the eggs already deposited and such
:of the l^rvje as had not already bur-
rowed into the root beyond its reach.
Fig. 81 -Larva of the striped cucumber In a communication recently made,,
beetle, Diabrotica vittata, natural size by me to the Country Gentleman

and enlarged. C After Fitch.) . ^ ^ -i~, r -mr i j

experiments by Professor Weed and
others, with remedies and preventives for the beetle were noticed as
follows:

A correspondent asks, what is the best remedy and how should it be
applied for the destruction of the striped cucumber beetle?

This question is often asked, but can not be replied to satisfactorily^
Various preventives are announced from time to time, as invariably
giving efficient protection, but when tried b}^ other persons, in different
localities, only partial success is reported.

Last year a series of careful experiments were made by Prof. Weed^
of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in order to test the value

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 363

of the various preventive and remedial methods that have been proposed
against the beetle, Diahrotica vittata. The methods experimented with
were divided into these four classes: 1. The use of offensive odors; 2.
Mechanical coating of the leaves; 3. Poisonous coating of the leaves;
4. Inclosing i)lants under tents or gauze-covered frames.

The results of the above, made when the beetles were exceedingly-
abundant, were as follows:

Of class one, five substances were tested, viz.: hen manure, cow
manure, carbolic acid, and bisulphide of carbon. None of these proved
practically successful.

Of class two, three substances were tried, viz. : coal soot, gypsum, and
saltpetre. Of these, gypsum only showed some beneficial effect, while
the other two were worthless.

Of class three, were pyrethrum, slug-shot and peroxide of silicates.
Pyrethrum killed the beetles with which it came in contact, but soon
lost its efficacy. Slug-shot injured the plants. Peroxide of silicates
was beneficial, and saved such plants as had been well started.

Class four, or fencing out the insects, was by far the most satisfactory.
It was best accomplished by covering the plants with a piece of cheese-
cloth about two feet square, held up by a bent hoop or wire, or two
crossing at right angles, and fastened at the edges by loose earth or
stones.

It would seem from the above that safety from the cucumber beetle
is to be found only by excluding the insect from the plant. This method
would, of course, be effectual if all attack from above and below ground
could thus be prevented; but unfortunately it is not proof against the
operations of the larva in the stalk, or the beetles that may develop
from the ground beneath the plants.

It will be observed, however, that only a few substances were tested,,
and while these j^roved inefficient, it is not improbable that others, had
they been tried, might have given better results. Paris green and
London purple were not experimented with. Possibly they would not
have been as injurious as slug-shot.

A writer in one of our journals {Garden and Forest, for March 12th,
1890), has stated that he annually saves his cucumber plants by sprink-
ling a handful of bone dust over each hill as soon as the seed-leaves
appear, and rarely has to repeat the operation, unless washed off by rain.

A corres})ondent of the Mural New- Yorker claims as a cheap, simple,
and effective preventive, spirits of turpentine mixed with common land
plaster — about a tables])Oonful of the turpentine to two or three gal-"
Ions of plaster. " In the morning after the plants have shown up nicely,

364 FoRTT-sixTB Report on the State Museum.

a man goes through the patch, taking two rows at a time, and scatters
a small pinch on each hill. The turpentine drives away the beetles, and
we seldom make the second application."

Another writer finds safety from the beetle by planting cucumbers
and beans in alternate hills. In order to get two crops from the same
ground, it is marked in rows three feet apart each way, and planted
with melons or cucumbers in hills alternately in- one row, and in the
next, all beans. The string beans are out of the way in time for the
melons to occupy the ground.

Another person has tested the efficacy of beans for ten years, with
perfect success, by planting a circle six inches apart around the outer
edge of each hill. The beans would come up in advance, and no beetle
would molest the cucumbers. {Country Gentleman, for November
20th, 1890.)

The Grape Curculio, Craponius inaequalis (Say).

A correspondent from Sanford, Tenn., sends grapes that have been
stung by an insect, desiring to know what the insect is. The bunch
from which the grapes were taken had every one punctured in the
same manner. The damage to his crop from this cause was very
great, and he could only secure a good crop by bagging the clusters.
The grapes showed a small, dark brown spot or puncture on one side,
surrounded with a rounded discolored blotch. On opening them, a
yellowish- white footless larva with a pale-brown head was found work-
ing within the pulp, and having partly eaten one or more of the seeds,
somewhat after the manner of the caterpillar of the grape-berry moth.
It was recognized as the larva of the grape curculio, Craponius
inopqualis (Say).

This insect is rather a local one, and is only occasionally reported as
'injurious to the grape crop, and rarely so, outside of the valley of the
Mississippi river, although it ranges, according to LeConte and Horn,
over the Middle, Southern, and Western States. It was found by
Prof essor Webster particularly abundant on one of the Ozark mountains
in Arkansas, working in both cultivated and wild grapes. I have
never met with it in the State of New York, but it is probably occa-
sionally found therein, as it is reported from opposite New York city, at
West Hoboken. Its attack can, of course, be prevented by bagging
the clusters, and as bagging not only improves the appearance of the
^g^apes, but also preserves them from injury to which they are exposed

Ninth Report of tee State Entomologist 365

from several species of insects besides the curculio, and from some of
the fungus attacks to which they are liable, it would be well always
to resort to this method of pro-
tection wherever the curculio
abounds. Where this is not
done, perhaps the next best
means of relief would be that
of jarring the beetles from the
vines upon a cloth when they

..,,,, . -, • ^, Fig. 82.— The grape curculio, Craponius in^qua

Visit the berries during the us: a, grape injured by the larva; 5, tbe larva.

month of June for feeding on them and for depositing their eggs.

The beetle may be recognized by its black color sprinkled with
grayish spots; its prothorax with four large tubercles of which the
outer ones are acute; the alternate interspaces of the wing-covers the
more elevated and somewhat uneven; and its rounded form, unlike the
oval of most of the curculio tribe. Its length is rather more than one-
tenth of an inch. It is represented in Figure 32.

In August, the larva having attained its growth, drops to the ground
and enters it for pupation, where it remains for about a month before
changing to the beetle. If during this time the ground beneath the
vines could be worked, many of the delicate larvae or pupoe would be
crushed or injured to a degree sufficient to prevent their maturity. The
arsenical spraying so effective against the plum curculio, would not
be available, it is thought, for protection against this insect. See
Walsh, First Annual Report on the Insects of Illinois, 1878, pp. 13-21,
fig. 1. Riley, First Report Insects of Missouri, 1868, pp. 128, 129,
figs. 70-72. Saunders, Insects Injurious to Fruit, 1889, pp. 300, 301,
figs. 311, 312. Webster, in Insect Life, iii, 1891, pp. 452, 453.

The Peach-bark Scolytus, Phlceotribus liminaris {Harris).

Mr. George C. Snow, of Penn Yan, N. Y., sent on the 7th of May,
peach bark infested with the above-named insect, accompanied by the
following note :

I send you by this mail under separate cover a section of peach bark
which you will find filled with an insect that is new to me. It may be
of interest to you to know that the trees that they are in are literally
full of them from collar to branches.

I find an unusually large number of borers in the trees this spring. I
am intending to make a mixture of sludge-oil soap, carbolic acid and
lime for a tree- wash, to prevent any eggs from being deposited. Do
you know of anything better ?

Answer. — The insects sent in the bark are a destructive bark-borer,
one of the ScolytidcB, known as Phloeotribus liminaris. Ordinarily it

-366 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

does not attack perfectly healthy trees, and from the fact that it is
often found in trees affected with the " yellows,"^ years ago it was
• commonly but erroneously believed to be the cause of the "yellows."

As we are not acquainted with the entire life-history of this species,
I hope that you will be able to tell me from your observations whether
the beetles are at this time boring into the trees for oviposition or are
emerging from them. From the red dust that I find sprinkled on the
bark, I judge that they are entering, as the pear-tree Scolytus,
Xyleborus dispar, is known to do about the middle of May. If the
beetles are still resorting to the trees to commence their burrowing in,
a thick wash of sludge-oil soap and carbolic acid should repel them. If
very thoroughly applied, it might even reach and kill those that had
. already entered, if they have not penetrated too deeply.

I wish that you would try the experiment of applying with an ato-
'mizer to a single infested tree of not great value, undiluted kerosene,
' over the entire trunk, so as to have it enter the little holes that the
beetles have made. I do not think that kerosene thus applied would
kill or even injure the tree. I have atomized it freely over rose-bushes
and small branches of plum trees, without harm resulting.

If this little beetle once takes possession of a tree — unless it should
be found that it can be effectually killed by kerosene as above sug-
gested — the fate of the tree is sealed and it can not long survive. It
had better be cut down at once and burned, rather than it should
remain as a breeding place for the multiplication of the pest.

The wash that you name will be excellent for excluding the peach-
tree borer, and I do not know of a better one.

I have noticed the P. liminaris in my Western New York . Horti-
cultural Paper of last year — "Late Experiences with Insects," — and in
ray Fourth Report — in each quite briefly.

Albanv, 3/ay 8th, 1891.

From the small piece of bark received from Mr. Snow, there were
found on June 15th in the box in which it had been placed, four dead
and one living P. liminaris beetles, with living ones still in the bark.

To those who still entertain the belief that this beetle, in its attack
of peach trees is the cause of the "yellows," the reply made by me,
through the Country Gentleman of November 3d, 1887, page 837, to
an inquiry from Ringwood, Ontario, Canada, may be of interest:

Inclosed I beg to hand you specimens of an insect taken from one
of my peach trees. The inspectors for the yellows have recently been
through this district, and on examination, have condemned several
trees in my orchard and others. They say that the presence of this
insect is a sure indication of the yellows; also an examination of the

NiKTH Report of the State Entomologist 367

now little remaining fruit they sa}^ also shows signs of the disease by
the pinkish appearance of the flesh around the stone. The insect
appears to bore into the bark at the butt of the tree, similar to the
borer, but above ground, showing a small amount of sawdust around
the hole. Would you kindly give me through the columns of your
valuable paper your opinion ? While being perfectly willing to destroy
the trees if so advised, we are not quite so sure of the expeiience of
our inspectors to justify us in destroying our orchards. E. F. O.

The insect sent, taken from i)each trees, the presence of which,
according to the statement above, fruit-tree inspectors of Ontario pro-
nounce to be a sure indication of " yellows," is one of the ScolytidcB, or
bark-boring beetles, known as Phkeotrihus Uminaris (Harris). Its
presence in a tree by no means shows the existence of " peach yellows'*
therein. Many years ago, Miss Morris found the beetle under the bark
of peach trees affected with the yellows, and hence supposed that it
was directly connected with that malady (Doionmg^s Horticulturist,
iv, p. 502, and Hams' Insects Injurions to Vegetation, 1862, p. 88).
Dr. Harris and Dr. Fitch each found it under the bark of elms, where
it occurs so often that it has been written of by Saunders in his Insects
Injurious to F'ruits, and by other writers, as " the elm-bark beetle."*

This beetle, like most of the other members of the Scolytid<x family,
does not attack a peach or other tree for breeding therein (it may for
feeding purj^oses) unless it be in an unhealthy or diseased condition.
Injury from frost might invite its attack, or the presence of the peach-
tree borer, Sannina exitiosa, in burrows about its base. According to
Professor Penhallow, the operations of this last-named insect produce
symptoms in the infested tree so like those of the yellows that they
might easily be mistaken for it. The same writer, who has given
earnest study to peach-tree yellows, states that the ScolytidcB can not
in any way be connected with that disease, or even be considered as a
predisposing cause.

I have, at different times, received the beetle under consideration,
Phlce)tribus Uminaris, from peach-trees in localities where the yellows
has not been known. Positive indications of this mysterious disease
(its cause as yet not ascertained) must be found in other than insect
presence.

The following have been named by authorities as reliable
indications :

1. The production on the main stem and along the branches, of a
multitudinous growth of slender, wiry, shoots, having small, narrow,
yellowish-colored leaves.

* It has since beea ascertained that it does not occur in the elm, but that another species,
Hylesinus oijaculus, had been mistaken for it.

368 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

2. The premature ripening of the fruit, which, when first attacked
may be nearly normal in size, but becomes smaller each year, with its
surface spotted more or less, and the ilesh more deeply colored around
the stone ( U. S. Dept. of Agriculture — Heport of the Statistician,
No. 43).

An Unrecognized Attack on Pease.

Mr. B. W. Gregory, of Liberty, Sullivan Co., N. Y., reports in a let-
ter of August 9th, 1892, the following injury to his pease:

Inclosed please find samples of peas: can you tell me what the matter
is with them ? They are not attacked by birds or by fowls, for I have
watched them closely, nor have I been able to find any insect working
on them. The vines are perfectly healthy and vigorous, and are of the
Sexton's Alpha variety. The first picking from them was about June
25th, at which time four-fifths of them were affected like the sample.
The later pickings were less injured. I picked from the same vines
to-day and those sent [five pods] were all that I found. Other beds
in the neighborhood are affected in the same way. You will observe
that the lower end is ci'acked open, which is invariably the case when
I find them, and the pulp is all taken out. Whatever insect does the
work, I think does it at night.

In the pods sent, they had split open at the lower end, but the sides
were closely adherent. From all of the pease within, the pulpy portion
had been entirely removed, leaving only the outer wall, in more or less
irregular shape.

In the absence of any knowledge of such an injury, which seemed,
in all probability to be that of an insect, and as there was no possible
clue to the depredator, the specimens, while still fresh, were taken to
the meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists at Roches-
ter, and shown to those present. While all concurred in the belief that
it was an insect attack, no one could assign it to any known insect.

Mr. Gregory was requested to keep careful watch another year and
to report any discovery that he might make.

The Plum-tree Aphis and the Brown Rot.

Mr. J. W. Smith of Schoharie, N. Y,, sends, June 5th, 1891, an aphis
which is badly infesting his plum trees. Nearly all of them are winged,
with a black head and thorax, a green abdomen, spotted with black,
and yellowish legs. Plums are also sent, marked with a large ovoid
brown spot, extending over nearly one-half the length of the fruit.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 369

Usually one spot only appears, but in one example three are seen.
They were accompanied with the following note:

I send you by this mail, plum leaves covered with plant-lice, also-
some plums that are affei;ted from some cause. The trees from which
these plums were taken have been sprayed with strong soapsuds. What
can be used to spray the trees that will kill the lice and not injure the
tree and its fruit ? They are becoming very thick, not only on plums,
but also on cherry and peach trees.

Mr. Smith was answered that the plant-louse infesting his plum trees,
was the j^lum-tree aphis, Aphis prunl Fabr. Their multiplication
could have been kept down by throwing a strong soapsuds or tobacca
water upon them, if it had been done earlier and before they had com-
menced to acquire wings. A kerosene emulsion of a moderate strength
would have been still better. But unfortunately it is quite difficult \.o
reach the insects, gathered as they are on the underside of the
leaves, where they feed. They could best be reached by a
Verraorel nozzle attached to the end of a rod, and throwing an.
upward fine spray. This species so seldom appears in destructive
numbers that the above report of its presence is rather a surprise. It
is probable that its numbers will show a diminution soon, althougli
it continues on the plum throughout the season, not migrating ta
another food-jilant, as do some other species, as notably the hop-vine
aphis, Phorodon huniuU — its associate dui-ing the early spring.

The affected fruit has been attacked by the fungus known as the'
*' brown rot," MoniUa fructigena Pers. For this, spraying with a cop-
per solution would perhaps be the best that can be done, but it is not
probable that it would be of much benefit at this time when the fungus
has made so great progress. It should have been done, as a preventive,
before the leaves expanded in the spring, and at intervals thereafter."^

The cherry aphis {Myzus cerasi) reported, is still more difficult to
reach. The kerosene emulsion should have been used upon it on its
first appearance, before it had multiplied to the extent of sheltering
its myriads within the curled leaves which accompany its attack, where
they are virtually inaccessible.

The peach-tree aphis, 3Iyzus persiccB (Sulzer), although curling the
foliage to a certain extent, may be more easily reached by the kerosene
emulsion than the preceding species. Destructive pests as are most of
the plant-lice, and of prodigious powers of multiplication, they are by
no means beyond control if operations are commenced against them
soon after their first appearance, or if proper sprays are applied to the
plants or trees that they infest while the foliage is absent, to kill their
eggs.

1893 47

-370 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

The Currant Aphis, Myzus ribis (Linn.).

IE send you with this, leaves taken from the currant bushes in my gar-'
•den which show the ravages of some insect which seems to be doing
considerable injury to the bushes, or rather leaves of the same, although
as yet not sufficient to prevent their bearing fruit and making consider-
able growth. I first noticed their work some weeks ago in the crumpled
appearance of the leaves — not to any great extent then, but it has
steadily increased until the present time. I notice, too, of late, that a
■small black ant is apparently attacking or feeding on the larvje very
freely on some of the bushes.

AVill you kindly inform me what the insect is, and what is the remedy
.for the same without injury to the bushes, — C. J. H.

Unadilla, N. Y., July 3, 1891.

The insect that curls the leaves and lives within the folds is the cur-
'rant aphis, Myzus ribis (Linn.), which is frequently found on currant
bushes from May to July. In some seasons it multiplies prodigiously and
proves quite injurious, while in others it is early attacked by one of its
•natural enemies, the larva of the two-spotted lady-bug, Adalia hipunc-
■ tata, and brought under control — at times completely exterminated, as
was observed in my garden the present season. A minute hymenop-
terous parasite also frequently attacks it by depositing an egg, within
its body, which in a short time consumes its interior and escapes
through a round hole made in its back. Nearly all of those which
were found upon the leaves received from you had been destroyed in
this manner, and the little parasite has apparently been rendering you
valuable service.

These plant-lice, as with most other species of the family-, may be
(killed by the application of a whale-oil soap solution, or tobacco
water. As these kill by contact they must be so applied as to
Teach all of them — rather a difficult matter within their shelter
■of curled and crumpled leaves. A Vermorel nozzle attached to
the hose of a force pump, will be found an efficient implement for
rthis purpose, as, by the aid of a rod, it can be held beneath the bushes,
and a mist-like spray thrown upward which should readily diffuse
itself over and within the curled foliage.

Where this apparatus is not at hand, the bushes of a small garden
■may be treated by bending over the branches by hand and dipping
and shaking them within the pail or other vessel containing the
•insecticide. ,

The little black ants that you observe in association with the
aphides are not destroying them, but are giving them all the protec-
tion in their power, even by driving away some of their predaceous
<;nemies that they may continue to feast upon the honey- dew which

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 371

the aphides give out, through the two honey-tubes that may be eeen
projecting backward from the upper side of their abdomen.

Aphides and Myriapods, as Aster and Lily Pests.

A correspondent from Central New York has made inquiry of
remedies for protection from some pests attacking lilies and asters.

It is important and desirable that in all cases where information of the
kind is desired, that the insect complained of should accompany the
inquiry. It may be possible that from the few descriptive words con-
tained in an inquiry, recommendation of some general method may be
made which is available against many insects of the family; but there
are special remedies often to be employed for certain insects, and for this,
specific determination of the pest of which complaint is made, is all
important. Such positive determination might often, as in the
present instance, in its contributing to our knowledge of our insect
pests, more than compensate for the time expended in replies returned
possessing no special scientific value.

Last year my aster plants, after growing finely, became yellow and
ceased to make progress. On pulling up several, I found the roots
covered with very minute white objects, and working actively among
them were myriads of red ants. The white creatures possessed life
and motion. This spring I find the same ruinous condition about the
roots of self-sown seedling asters. What can I do ?

My lilies suffer from the attack of small worms which eat into the
stalk below the surface. The worms are as slender as pins, half an
inch long, varying in color from white to shiny brown, with two con-
spicuous antenna?, and an infinite number of legs. The lilies are some-
times cut down by them when the stalks are as big as my thumb and
full of flower-buds. Is there a method of extermination ?

The aster insect is probably a root-feeding plant-louse or aphis.
Professor Thomas has described a form livingkon roots of asters and the
iron-weed, and varying in color from leaden-gray to white. As this
species bears conspicuous honey-tubes, the ants associated with " the
minute white objects " may have been drawn thither to feed on the
honey-dew secreted by the aphides. Professor Thomas named the
species Aphis Jliddleton li n. sp.* Mr. G. W. Oestlund, in writing of
this aphis as observed by him in Minnesota, refers to " the ants which
were always found to attend this species." f

The root-inhabiting plant-lice may be killed by removing the ground
from over the roots until they are exposed, and drenching them with
soap-suds, tobacco water, or pyrethrum water. Hot Avater poured over

* Eighth Report of the Insects of Illinois, 1879, page 99.

+ Bulletin No. 4, of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Synopsis of
the Aphididie of Minnesota, 1887, page 55.

372 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

the roots upon the ground would also kill the aphides, but care should
be exercised not to apply it at too high a temperature, by fii'st experi-
menting with a single plant.

The lily pest of which complaint is made, is, without doubt, a species
of " thousand-legged worm," belonging, not to the
insects, but to the Myriapoda. Many of these
species are known to feed upon the roots and under-
ground portion of the stalk of various plants. Lime
water has generally been recommended for killing
^ no .„,. ^ them, as also nitrate of soda spread about the stalks

Fig. 33.— Thousand- ' , ^ _

legged worms. and water poured upon it to carry it into the
ground. — {Country Gentleman, of June 23d, 1892.)

The following notice of these insects and suggestions of remedies
for them, is from the Neio England Homestead of August 24th:

might in Asters. — When asters blight or look yellow the trouble
is often caused by root-lice. They are of two kinds, the white and the
green. When planting, wood ashes should be raked in freely where
the plants are to stand. To kill these pests, take a watering pot hold-
ing eight quarts of water and stir in three tablespoonfuls of hellebore.
Water the plants thoroughly so that the water will soak in around the
roots. Tobacco water or kerosene oil in dilution is also good.

Kent county, R. I. W. H. T.

Some Apple-tree Insects.

The fruit-growers of our county have learned to look to you for
counsel and advice in time of trouble. My apple orchard is infested
with more lice than all Egypt produced in the lifetime of Moses. I
send you specimens in No. 1 of the most numerous of these foul
insects. They cover and enwrap themselves in the foliage, and eat and
destroy, as you will see on examination of what I send you. They
also nest under the loose bark of the limbs and body of the tree.

There is also a green louse, not nearly so numerous, that gathers on
a part of the apple which is covered by foliage, seemingly trying to
hide themselves from view. They do not appear to eat the apples, but
simply cluster in droves on the covered or hidden part of the fruit —
perhaps doing no serious harm.

I inclose pieces of bark covered with lice which seem to be dead.
There are a good many of these. Are they of any special harm to the
trees; if they are, what is to be done to destroy them ?

I have suffered greatly from the bud-worm — a little brown, black-
headed worm or insect. I sprayed for these about the 12th of May
with Paris green and London purple, but I suppose that I was ten or
twelve days too late. The spraying may have affected them some, but
I think not much.

I inclose some imperfect fruit, the checked development of which is
probably caused by the lice destroying the foliage surrounding it. Is
there any indication in the examples sent of the workings of the cod-

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist

373

ling-moth worm ? Would jou. advise any more arsenical spraying ? I
sprayed for the codling-moth on the 3d and 4th of the present month,
and again on the loth.

I suppose that all these fruit enemies have their period of active
work, after which they retire for the season. Is there anything at this
late day to be done that will be of benefit for this 3^ear ? Kindly suggest
anything that will promise to give relief. I have about a third of a
crop of apples at the present showing, some of which are very fine and
healthy looking. — N. M. R., Oswego, N. Y., June 29th.

The apple twigs sent show an unusually severe attack of the apple-
tree aphis, Aphis malt Fabr,. which is present in the different
stages of its growth. The curled and blighted condition of the leaves
and much of the dwarfed and distorted forms of the fruit, shown in
No. 1 package, is the result of the operations of this pest.

The green lice represented as clustering on the fruit where it is cov-
ered by the foliage are probably the young of the same insect — none
being on the fruit when received, and no other similar species being
found on the twigs. I do not know that the apple aphis ever punctures
the young apple to feed upon it; nor do I know that it ever clusters
under the loose bark of the limbs and trunk of the tree.

The multiplication of this plant-louse to any approach to that now
shown might have been prevented by a few sprayings with the kero-
sene emulsion when it first appeared; and it is not too late now to
derive some benefit from this treatment.

The "pieces of bark covered with lice" show the peculiar oyster-shell
scale of the apple-tree bark-louse, 3I(/tilas2)>s jyotnorum (Bouche) — an
extremely common pest of the apple-tree. The scale is an
excretion from the insect proper which covers the eggs
when deposited. These insects, minute as they are indi-
vidually, but making up in their incredible numbers, are
always injurious to the tree, robbing it of its vitality
through the draught made upon its sap, and thus predis-
posing it to other insect attacks. They can best be
destroyed by spraying them, at the time when the young are
hatching from beneath the scale, with a strong kerosene
emulsion. (See Fourth Report on the Insects of New York,
pp. lU-120.)

The bud-worm, Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff.), has wrought
severe injury in the orchards of Western New York this
season — greater by far than known before. It should be
controllable by arsenical spraying, but, to make this fig.34.— Scales
effective, it must be resorted to early, when the caterpillar the apple-tree
commences to feed upon the leaf buds. Later, it is ofJTiLASPis" pomo-
little service. The life-history of this insect has been'^^"'

'MM^

374 FoRTT-sixTH Report on the State Museum

published, but we believe has not been altogether correctly given.*
Further study will undoubtedly show some simple and effective method
for preventing its destruction of the buds and blossoms and twigs.

In addition to the injury to the fruit, as stated above, by the large
amount of sap drawn from the leaves and twigs by the myriads of
plant-lice, a portion of it has been scarred by the burrowing into it of
a " case-worm " — a species of Coleophora, which is being studied at
present-! The small caterpillar projects its front segments from its
case, and eats round holes into the apples to a moderate depth and of
about the diameter of a large-sized pin. Several of the apples have
been excavated or deeply pitted by a larger caterpillar — one of the
"leaf-rollers," and probably Cocoecla argyrospila (Walker), which is
known to inflict similar injury to pears. The remedy for these two
insects would be arsenical spraying. None of the fruit shows the
presence of the apple-worm of the codling-moth. The timely spray-
ing with Paris green seems to have prevented it.

During the coming month of July, most of the more destructive
apple pests will have passed away, and the insects occurring then and
later would be more effectively reached by a kerosene emulsion than
with Paris green. The number of the sprayings during the spring and
early summer should be governed by observation of the species of
nsects operating, and the amount of harm that they are inflicting.

Beet Insects.

The following inquiry in regard to serious injury to beets in the
vicinity of Rochester, N. Y., was answered, as below, through the
Country Gentleman of July 16th, 1891:

I send beet plants, and would be greatly obliged if information can.
be given as to what the insect is that has been affecting not only the
market- gardener's sale of greens for the past three years, but also the
subsequent growth of the beets. — J. H. C.

There is no one insect that is answerable for the recent injury to the
beet crop mentioned above. The increased cultivation of the beet in
our country, as encouraged by the beet-sugar industry, has added

*It has subsequently been fully worked out by Mr. M. V. Sllngerland, and published in
Bulletin 50, March, 1893, of Cornell University Experiment Station.

t The insect has since been described by Prof. Fernald as Coleopliora Fletcherella. See-
Canadian Eniomologist, xxiv, 1892, p. 122.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 375

largely to the number of its attacking insects, and at present the list of
its known depredators embraces sixty-four different species.

The beet plants submitted for examination, show the operations of
several distinct species. The principal of these seems to be a plant-bug
which punctures with its beak the leaf or stem for sucking its juices,*
and leaves an unsightly deadened spot and scar. On one of the leaves
a hundred of these s]>ots may be counted. Many of these are probably
caused by that great pest of our gardens and orchards, the tarnished
plant-bug, Lygus pratensis (Linn.). A number of these operating,
together upon the plant would not only mar the leaves in this manner,,
and render them undesirable for " greens," but would also tend to arrest
the growth and development of the beet iiself.

In some of the plants, irregular holes have been eaten in the leaves,.
which may have been by one of the several species of tiea-beetles which
are known to operate upon the beet in this manner. One of the most
injurious of these is the "pale-colored ilea-beetle," Systena blanda;
(Melsh.), while another is the very common "striped flea-beetle," Phyl-
lotreta vittata (Fabr.), sometimes known as the turnip flea-beetle from
its special fondness for this plant, although almost equally injurious to
the radish and other of the Cruciferce.

On a few of ihe leaves transparent spots were observed, which are
probably the c /mmencement of the attack of one of the beet-leaf mining-
• flies. This ordinirily commences about the middle of June, and it soon
increases to such an extent that the leaves can no longer be used on the
table for " greens." On holding them up to the light — within large semi-
transpar nt blotches, a goodly-sized larva or " maggot," as commonly
termed, may be seen industriously cutting out and feeding upon the
inner material (parenchyma) of the leaf. The growth of these larvae is
completed during the latter part of July, when they creep out from the
leaves and enter the ground for pupation. Early in August the pupae
give out the perfect insect, which is a fly, somewhat resembling the
common house-fly, but of a smaller size, and quite nearly allied to the
onion-fly. For an account of these beet-leaf miners, of which three dis-
tinct species are known to me, my First Heport on the Insects of Neto
York, 1883, pp. 205-211, may be referred to.

The best protection from the injuries of the insects above noticed is
probably to be found in the application to the plants at the proper time
of kerosene emulsion. The proper time would be when the insects first
make their appearance, as the emulsion does not drive away, but kills
by contact. If made of the usual strength recommended — one part of
kerosene to fifteen of water — it would not interfere with the use of the

*See G. C. Oavis, in Bulletin 102, of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, 1893, p. 6.

376 Forty-sixth Report on the State Mvsevm

leaves for the table after rains had washed the foliage. The emulsion
would also kill the eggs of the leaf -miners which are deposited on the
upper surface of the leaves.

No attack upon the beet itself (root-bulb) could be discovered, either
■of insect or of the nematode worms which are infesting the roots of so
many of our vegetables and garden plants. Most of the beets seemed
unusually small, but their dwarfing, if really such, may have resulted
from impaired leafage or soil condition.

An interesting and valuable paper on the " Insect Enemies of the
Sugar Beet " has lately been published by Mr, Lawrence Bruner, Ento-
mologist of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, and con-
tained in Bulletin 16, vol. iv, of the Station. For copies, the Station
might be addressed, at Lincoln, Neb.

Diseased Austrian Pines.
The following communications relate to a diseased condition of Aus-
trian pines and some other evergreens, which is not confined to the two
localities indicated, but occurs elsewhere in the State, — perhaps more
particularly in its southeastern portion :

Dear Sir. — I send you twigs of Austrian and California pines from
trees in this place, showing disease, and beg the favor of information
and advice either written or printed. This place is the estate of the
late Colonel Rowland, who was treasurer of the State in 1866. The
ornamental or planted part is about 60 acres, and the trees were all
■carefully chosen and planted durii g the war, and have made excellent
vigorous growth for thirty years. White pines and others have been
struggling with disease for several years, and now are dying by ones
and twos. But perhaps something may be done to save the others.
The California (Bentham) pine has looked brownish for two 3'^ears,
The Austrians seem a case of sudden decay. The foliage of a whole
group looks curled and dry, and boughs here and there turn brown,
then yellow, and are dead. On supposition that it is caused by insect
attack, I venture to address your office. A. M. W.

Matteawan, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

Dear Sir. — I send you by mail a specimen branch of an Austrian
pine ^Pi7ius Austriaca) showing the manner in which several of my
finest trees are affected. I can not find the trace of any insect, and I
would thank you if you are able to give me any explanation of the

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 377

cause and a cure for the attack. I have among the same group of
trees white pine, balsam fir, red cedar, Scotch pine and Norway spruce,
none of which are affected. A. F.

Mastic, Moriches P. O., N. Y.

The twigs, of which an ample number were sent with the first com-
munication (received about the middle of September) did not at the
-first glance show serious injury. Upon closer examination, however,
the tips of many of the leaves were found to be dead, shriveled, and
brown. A large number were marked with small brown spots, which in
some instances showed a depression or seeming puncture, while a few
of the leaves were brown and dead for most of their extent. At the
end of the twigs among the bases of the leaves, pitch had exuded to
an extent, presenting the appearance of an inflorescence, and clearly
indicating some abnormal state.

As the cause of the condition was not apparent on a cursory inspec-
tion, a careful microscopic examination was made in order to detect, if
present, the suspected attack of some gall-mite, of the family of Fhytop-
tkl(e — such as are being found to infest many of oui- trees, both decidu-
ous and evergreen, in their buds and leaves — one of which was noticed
in the Country Gentleman of October 2d, under the heading of the
" Pear Leaf Blister." None could be found, nor any indication, through
■exuviffi or eggs, of their previous occurrence. A few quite small
insects of a different group were seen running rapidly over the leaves,
but no part of the injury could be charged upon them. Several exam-
ples of a minute, black, shining thrips were detected upon the leaves
and within the basal sheaths, but these, also, were at least harmless,
and may possibly have been beneficial, as many of the species are
believed to be of carnivorous habits. A few examples of a white scale-
insect, Chionaspis piaifolim (Fitch), occurred upon the leaves, but
their number was by far too small to have occasioned any serious
injury.*

In the inability to detect insect injury, the twigs were submitted to
the State Botanist, Prof. Peck, for examination for fungus attack.
The brown spots and browned tips were carefully examined under a
high power, but no fungoid injury could be discovered, except in the
dead tips received from Mastic. In these, however, the fungus
observed had evidently followed their death, and could not have been
its cause.

*This pernicious scale has for some time been present in immense numbers on the Austrian
pines in Washington Park, Albany, overspreading and whitening the surface of the leaves, and
■causing the death of a nxunber of the trees, and a greatly impaired condition of others. On the
worse infested trees from 100 to £00 scales could be counted on a single leaf.

1893. 48

378 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

It would seem, therefore, that the unhealthful and diseased conditioD
of the evergreens is owing to some unfavorable soil condition or atmos-
pheric influence, akin to, or possibly identical with, those that are
affecting fruit trees (to an unusual extent this year), where the blossoms
or leaves blight or die and are cast from the tree, and the fruit, if any,
also falls. While many of the diseases infesting our trees are clearly
traceable to fungus attack or bacterial presence, for others no satisfac-
tory reason can be assigned. Among these is one which has lately
been brought to my notice, as causing the death of the white pines
on Beede mountain, near Keene valley, in the Adirondacks. A local
name for the disease is " ring-rot," but why it should have been so called
is not obvious. From account received from Forest Warden Parker,
through Secretary Train of the Fore.«t Commission, the attack is first
to be seen in discoloration of the inner bark, arrest of circulation
beneath it, and consequent death of the wood adjacent. It may occur
on any portion of the trunk or limbs. The wood thus killed becomes
brittle, valueless for working, and all that can be done is to fell the
tree and convert it into lumber upon the first indication of the disease,
and before it has spread.

It is not at all improbable that the affection of the evergreens in
Southern New York, above noticed, is due to soil conditions. The
Austrian and Californian pines might naturally be expected to respond
moi'e quickly to any unfavorable surroundings than would our native
species. While the cause of this difficulty is for the present unknown,,
it would be well to make the experiment of applying fertilizers to the
trees, in the hope that some exhausted or lacking material might be
restored or given to the soil, or growth and vitality so stimulated that
the disease or the attack, whatever it may be, ma}' the better be resisted
and overcome.

The State Botanist suggests that a liberal application of hard-wood
ashes, would, under the appart nt conditions, give promise of the best
results. — Cuuntry Geutleman, for October 16, 1890.

Note. — Mr. William F. Fox, Superintendent of State Forests, has informed me of amother
form of " ring-rot " in the white pine long known to him, in which a decay within the trunk
occurs, usually midway between the sapwood and center, and encircling the heart as a cylinder
of decayed material extending from the base upward for fifteen feet or more.

APPENDIX

(A)

CATALOGUE OF THE MOWN HOMOPTERA OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK IN 1851.

The following paper by Dr. Asa Fitch, was published in the Fourth
Anmtal Mejyort of the Regents of the University of the State of New
York on the State Cabinet of Natural History, 1851. Its scope is
stated in the note by the author that precedes it. From the large
number of original descriptions that it contains, viz., of eighty species
and six genera, it has been a desideratum to many students working
in this suborder, which, from the report having long been out of print,
could only be supplied through the labor of transcription.

In this reprint, it is designed to reproduce the paper in its original
form, Utteratum et punctuatum, with the exception of the introduction
in the text of the small reference figures, indicating corrections in the
names, or notes thereon given in supplementary pages. The paging of
the Fourth Report is retained in the catalogue, in brackets.

In compliance with request, Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of the Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y,, has kindly made revision of the nomen-
clature of the Catalogue as far as the Psyllidse, and indicated such
changes therein as are accepted at the present time. The remainder of
the catalogue, comprising the Psyllidae, Aphididre, and Coccidae, has
been revised and annotated by Dr. C. V. Riley. The names in the
catalogue unaccompanied with the reference figures are unchanged.

The case of Homoptera, arranged by Dr. Fitch, to accompany and
illustrate the catalogue — each specimen indicated by name and
number cut from the catalogue — was placed in the collections of the
New York State Cabinet of Natural History in 1850. During ensuing
years it became infested with Anthrenus and other museum pests, and
a number of the specimens were destroyed. In 1879, those that had
escaped destruction were removed and arranged with the original labels
in a new case, which has since been in charge of the State Entomologist
in his office in the capitol. A slip attached to the case states that it con-
tains the TYPES of fifty-four species and five subspecies described in the
catalogue. The Psyllidte were all destroyed ; of some of the Aphididae
portions are remaining. In the other families, the structural features
remain for comparison, but the colors have become so seriously
impaired that they would be almost valueless for study.

(0.)
CATALOGUE

WITH REFERENCES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF THE

INSECTS

COLLECTED AND ARRANGED FOR THE

Jitate tf^nbintt of ^ahtvat ^istox^^

BY ASA FITCH, M. D.

The following paper comprises all the New York Insects of the sub-order Homoptera known
to me, except some of the minute species, to determine which required further researches.
The species and genera that are here presented as new, are indicated by an asterisk preceding
the scientific name, and a brief description of these, embracing their essential characters, is
added. To the described species is appended a reference to the name of the author and the
place where the original description will be found.

In the generic arrangement of these insects, Amyot and Serville's Hist. Nat. des. Ins. Hemip
teres, Paris, 1843, and Westwood's Synopsis of British Genera, have been my chief guides. An
acknowledgment is due to the Rev. D. Zeigler, of York, Pa., for a copy of Germar's paper on
the genera Clastoptera, &c., in the Zeitschrift f. d. Entom . ; and to Dr. T. W. Harris, of Harvard
University, who has been so kind as to place temporarily in my hands his entire collection of
Homoptera, including the several species named in his Catalogue, and also those magazines
and other publications which contain all the more important papers of Germar, Spinola and
Fallen upon this order of insects. I regret that these latter favors were not received in season
for me to avail myself of them in preparing the following paper, though it is not probable they
would vary it in any important point from the shape in which it is here presented.

Albany, February HSid, 1851.

INSECTS.

FAMILY CICADID^.

^ CICADA. Linn.

^ Frosted Cicada.,'"(7. lyruinosa^ ^Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol]
iv,, p. 330. The specimen was taken near the east end of Lon^
Island. No. 609, male.

O
Dog-Day Cicada, C cojmcwforw, (Harris.) Inj. Ins., p. 175. No. 610^

male; 611, female.

Cbeviced Cicada, C. rlmosa, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., \\\
235. Two specimens were taken in "Washington county tlic
middle of June, 1845. As these are the only ones I have ever
met with, I am led to suspect that, like the following, this!
species may be periodical in the time of its appearance. No,.
612, female.

* Seventeen- YEAR Locust, C. septendecim, (Linn.) Syst. Nat. ii<.
708. No. 613, male.

0
FAMILY FULGORID^.

^CIXIUS. Lat.

Stiqma-spottbd Cixius, C. stigmatus, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.,.
iv. 336. On various trees and shrubs. No. 614, male; 615
female.

0
Pine Cixius, *C. pini. Elytra with a few fulvous, cloud-like spots;

destitute of a larger black stigma and black band at the base.

Length to the tip of the elytra, 0.23, (twenty-three hundredths

of an inch.) Found on spruce, fir, and pine. Smaller than

the preceding, and evidently distinct. No. 616, male; 617^

female,

1893. 49 ,

S

^^

.'386 Forty-sixth Report on tee State Museum [46]

^Impunctate Cixius, *C imjnmctatus. White, dorsum yellow;

two bands on the front, two dots on the vertex, and two on

the prothorax, black; elytra brownish-pellucid, immaculate,

♦ nerves impunctate. Length, ()-23. Foiind on oaks. No, 618,

male.

\/ 0 Var. a. The whole upper half of the face black. No. 619,

male.

0
*^FiVK-LiNED Crxius, C. quinquelineatus, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat.

Sci., vi. 241. No. 620, female.

.■->■

"DELPHAX. Fab.
t

Field Delphax, *Z>. arvensis. Pallid-yellow, immaculate; elytra

and wings pellucid. Length 0-1 V. Common in fields of

wheat early in June. No. 622, male; 623, female.
0
Doesal-striped Delphax, *I). dorsalis. Dull yellow, dorsal vitta

white; elytra dusk}^, middle apical nerve and a small dot on

the tips of the outer apical nerves black; facial carinas white,

interstices black; tergum black, with a dorsal and lateral vitta

orange red; legs pale yellow, striate with black. Length,

«0-20. yNo. 621, male.

C OTIOCERUS. KiRBY.
Degeer's Otiocerus, 0. degeerii, (Kirby.) Trans. Linn. Soc, xiii.
16. On various trees. No. 624, male; 625, female.

vCoquebert's Otiocerus, 0. coquehertii, (Kirby.) Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii.
18. Sometimes abundant on grape vines; also on beech and
oak trees. No. 626, male; 627, female.

Var. a. The elytral vitta dividing into three branches.
^ No. 628.

b. The vitta not prolonged upon the sides of the
thorax. No. 629.

Wolf's Otiocerus, 0. wolfii, (Kixhy.) Tr. Linn. Soc, xiii. 19. Taken
on walnut bushes. No. 630, male.

Abbot's Otiocerus, 0. ahbotii, (Kirby.) Tr. Linn. Soc, xiii. 17.
Taken on oaks. No. 631, male; 632, female.

Kirby's Otiocerus, *0. kirby ii. White; elytra without dots, with a
faint brownish band from the middle. of the inner to the apex
of the outer margin, and spot on the apex of the inner margin.
Length, 0*42, to the tip of the elytra. Found on oaks. No.
633, male; 634, female.

^s/

[47] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 387

ANOTIA. KiRBY.
•^Bonnet's ksonx, A. bonnetii, (Kirb3\) Tr. Linu. Soc, xiii. 21.

On willows, about the middle of September. No. 635, male;
636, female. ^

"^ PCECILOPTERA. Lat.

^ * Frosted Pceciloptera, P. pruinosa, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., vi. 237. No. 637, male; 638, female.

^ * Common P<eciloptera, *P. (?j vulgaris. Blackish-pruinose; elytra
with a transverse row of pellucid-white points beyond the mid-
dle; legs pallid, femurs blackish; ventral segments edged with •^'*
orange ; medial carina sometimes obsolete. Seems more allied
to this than any other genus, though the simple neura^ion of
its elytra, and some other marks, present discrepancies to this
association. Length, 0.20. Common on various shrubs and
trees. No. 639, males; 640, female. q -cH;

^FAMILY MEMBRACID^E. ^ Q.

0 ENCHOPHYLLUM. Amy. and Serv.
'" Two-spotted Enchophyllum, ^E. binotatum, (Say.) Appendix
to Long's Exped., p. 301. Common on numerous plants and
trees. No. 641, male; 642, female.
0 Var. a. Color brown. No. 643.

" Broad-footed Enchophyllum,^^. latipes, (Say.) App. to Long's
Exp., p. 302. No. 644, female.

ENTILIA. Germar.

Notch-backed Entilia, E. si?iuata, (Fab.) Entom. Syst. Suppl.,
p. 513. No. 645, male; 646, female.

Sub-species ^t07'va. Front somewhat concave, causing the
anterior foliole to incline slightly forward. No. 647.

"Hollow-backed Entilia, E. concava, (Say.) App. to Long's
Exp., p. 301. That part of the generic definition which repre-
sents the thorax as " foliaceous and deeply notched " does not
apply to this species. In all other respects this is so closely
related to the preceding as scircely to call for a generic sepa-
ration. Both species occur on various herbs and trees, par-
ticularly on tl»e Canada thistle, where the larvtu are, like
plant-lice, attended by ants, Avhich protect. them and subsist
upon their saccharine secretions. No. 648, male; 649, female.

388 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [48]

0

i3*CARYN0TA.

(Gr. xapa, roundish, vwto?, the back.) Head broad, triangular; thorax
in form of a half cone, not compressed above into a sharp or foliaceous
edge; elytra with five terminal cells, the apical triangular with its end
rounded; border broad, slightly wrinkled; nerves strong, elevated.
Allied to Gargara, from which genus, however, our species are excluded
by the form of the head and of the apical cellule.

0
Butternut Cabynota, G. mera, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi. 301.
On the butternut. No. 650, female.

o
" Oak, or arch-stbipbd Carynota, G. arquata, (Say.) Jour.
Acad. Nat. Sci., vi. 302. On different species of oaks. No.^
651, female; 652, male (?)

^ SMILIA. Germar.

"Unadorned Smilia,"aS. inornata, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
vi. 299. Common on oaks, chestnut, hickory, &c. No. 653,.
male (?); 654, female.

Var. a. Edge of the keel not fuscous-black. No. 655.

O
"Unarmed Smilia, S. inermis, (Fab.) Ent. Syst., iv. 15. On

oaks. No. 656, male; 657, female,

0
" V-MABKED Smilia, S. van, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi. 299.

Abundant, particularly upon the white oak. No. 658, female.

Var. a. Elytra fuliginous throughout. No. 659.
0 J. Elytra hyaline throughout. No. 660.
Oc. The thoracic bands margined with black. No. 661..
fQd. Front tinged with sanguineous. No. 662.
0 €, Head white. No. 663.

'^ f. Head white, with sparse large black punctures^
No. 664.
g. Posterior thoracic band obsolete. No. 665.
t h. Bands obsolete; a fulvous spot above each eye»
No. 666.
^ i. White; apex of the thorax and a spot above each
r\ eye fulvous. No. 667.

j. Apex of the thorax white. No. 668.

[49] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist. 389

'* Chestnut Smilia, *S. eastanece. Fuscous, more or less green when
recent; head, anterior edges of thorax and all beneath, bright
yellow; elytra hyaline with an apical and large longitudinal
basal spot, fuscous. Length, male 0-25, female 0-30. Com-
mon on the chestnut. No. 669, male; 670, female.
^ Var. a. Face with scattered fuscous dots. No. 671.

0
" Oak Smilia, *S. quercL Black, with an abbreviated bright yel-
low dorsal vitta, which is commonly interrupted near its tip;
legs pale yellow. Length, 0-22, On oaks. No. 673, male.
^ Var. a. Dorsal vitta not interrupted. No. 673.

Striped Smilia^**?. mttaUi, (Amyot and Serv.) Hemipt. p 539. Com-
mon on the red and black oak. No. 674, female.

Subsp.^*^^<««^f^ The oblique stripe replaced by a few
greenish spots or dots. No. 675.

o

^° Eared Smilia, ^S. auriculata. Bright green, when faded mottled
with yellow, immaculate; humeral angles somewhat salient,
rounded; keel evenly rounded, much elevated, anteriorly
advanced and overhanging the head ; elytra scarcely exceed-
ing the tip of the thorax. Length, from the front 0 35, from
the anterior end of the keel 0.40; height 0-23. On oaks.
Rare. No. 676, male.

^~.

(Gr. xujiTd^, curved, hump-backed.) Humeral angles rounded, not
salient; dorsum compressed-foliaceous, forming a regularly arched keel
highest near its middle, and at most with a slight concavity posteriorly;
apical cellule triangular, its end rounded. Differs from Smilia in hav-
ing the keel most elevated in its middle instead of anteriorly.

0
** Marbled Cyrtosia, C. marmorata, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat.

Sci., vi. 801. On oaks. No. 677, female.

" Windowed Cyrtosia, * C. fenestrata. Yellow marbled with
rufous; a pellucid spot behind the summit of the keel and a
smaller one half way to the apex; an oblique yellow vitta
below the anterior spot, margined with fuscous or sanguineous;
tip of the thorax reaching beyond the terminal cells of the
elytra. Male black, the pellucid spots almost obsolete and

[t Error for Cyrtosia.]

390 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [50]

the yellow vitta replaced by a few yellow dots. Length 0-25.
On oaks. No. 678, male; 678 (bis) female.

0
CERESA. Amy. and Serv.

Two-horsed Cerksa, C. dicer os, {Sa.j.) App. to Long's Exp., p. 299.
Occurs like the following, on various trees and shrubs. No.
679, female.

0

Buffalo Ceresa, C. bubahis, (Fab.) Ent. Syst., iv. 14. No. 680,

male; ^81, female.

Var. a. Sides of the thorax mottled Avith fuscous. No. 682.
b. Under side black-brown. No. 683.

0

54*TELAMONA.

(From Telamones, a synonym of Atlantes, in allusion to the enor-
mous backs of these insects.) Humeral angles projecting, pointed and
ear-like: dorsum compressed-foliaceous, the keel abruptly elevated at
one or both its ends, forming a somewhat square crest or foliole: thorax
nearly or quite reaching the tips of the elytra, with elevated longitudi-
nal lines on each side : apical cellule triangular, its end rounded. The
squarish dorsal crest forms a marked distinction between the genus
here proposed, and that of Thelia, to which it is most nearly related.

"One-colored Telamona, *T. unicolor. Yellow, immaculate,
apex of the thorax tinged with fuscous; summit and angles
of the crest rounded. Length 0-45, height 0"25. No. 684,
female.

'' 0 ■

Banded Telamona, *7I fasciata. Yellow; thorax anteriorly and at
its apex, and an oblique band crossing the posterior part of
the crest fuscous; head and anterior margin of the thorax
yellow, with numerous black punctures and a black dot above
each eye; crest longer at its base than above, anterior end
more concave than the posterior, angles rounded. Length
0-38, height 0-20. Found on walnut trees. No. 685, female,

•0 -

Hollow-crested Telamona, *T. concava. Brown; a large spot on
each side and a transverse band behind the crest, yellow, with
sinuous black margins, the spot traversed by an interrupted

[51] Ninth Report of the State L\\tomolooist 391-

ilexuous black line; summit of the crest slightly concave pos-
teriorly, with a small yellow spot; crest contracted at its base
before and more strongly behind, its posterior angle rectangu-
lar, its anterior rounded and more elevated. Length 0-42,.
height, 0-22. No. 686, female.

Beech Telamona,'*7I /uffL Black, varied with obscure cinereous j
anterior half of the crest double the height of the posterior half,
and elevated from it perpendicularly. Length 0-40. Taken,
on beech trees. No. 687, male.

O
Woodbine Telamona^ T. ampelopsidis, {HsLvris.) Inj. Ins. p. 180. On-

the woodbine. No. 688, female.

"Sad Telamona, *T. trlstis. Fuscous mottled with pallid; crest
with a white line on its posterior base and one or two small
pellucid ppots in it^ upper edge; three black dots over each
eye; posterior angle of the crest nearly rectangular and almost
as high as the anterior, the upper edge nearly straight.
Length 0-35. Found on bushes of hazlenut, &c. No. 689,,
female.

0

Hazblnut Telamona, *T. corylL Pale dull yellow; an abbreviated
band occupying the anterior end of the crest, a curved and
fuscous-margined band crossing its posterior end, and the
apex of the thorax, ferruginous; form of the crest similar to
that of tristis. Length 0-32. Taken on hazelnut bushes.
No. 690, female.

'^ Oak Telamona, * 71 quercL Green, freckled with yellow, fading
to dull yellow punctured with black; crest with a pale yellow
vitta on its posterior edge; angles of the crest rounded, the
anterior much higher than the posterior. Length 0-40. On
different species of oak. No. 691, male; 692, female.

Tj
Reclivate Telamona, *7'. reclivata. Greenish white; a sub-inter-
rupted band crossing the back part of the crest, a stripe at
its posterior base and the apex of the thorax brownish black;
anterior end of the crest strongly inclined backwards, rec-
tilinear. Length 0'35. On oaks and chestnut. No. 693,
female.

392 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [52]

^ THELIA. Amy. and Serv.

Two-spotted Thelia, T. himaculata, (Fab.) Entom. Syst. iv. 10.
Occurs on the locust. No. 694, male.

V
Single-striped Thelia, T. univittata, (Harris.) Inj. Ins., p. 180. On

oaks. No. 695, male; 696, female.

C
Thorn-bush Thelia, *7I cratmgi. Fuscous varied with black and

white; thorax with two broad white bands margined with

black, the anterior narrowed on the front and notched on each

side at the base of the foliole. Length, 0-34; height, 0-13; to

the apex of the foliole, 0-26. On the thorn. No. 697,

female.

0

TRAGOPA. Germ.

"Dorsal Tragopa, *7! dorsalis. Greenish- white, polished; elytra
hyaline; occiput, pectus, and large dorsal spot sending a
branch towards each eye, black. Males black, with the face,
apex of the thorax, the abdomen and feet greenish-white.
Length, 0-20. On grape vines. No. 698, male; 699,
female.

D

UROXIPHUS. Amy. and Serv.

0

*" Walnut Uboxiphus, JJ. carym. Dull brown; elytra towards
the apex obscure-cinereous; abdomen and annulus on the tibiae
pale yellowish; sternum pruinose- white. Length, male, 0'30;
female, 0-37. On the walnut and pig-nut. No. 700, male;
701, female.

i) Var. a. Femurs rufous, tibre and base of the hind tarsi pale
yellow. No. 702.

^ FAMILY CERCOPID^.

^ APHROPHORA. Germ.
f
FouK-sPOTTED Aphrophora, 'A. quadrinotata, (Say.) Jour. Acad.

Nat. Sci., vi. 304. Taken on grape vines. No. 703, male;

704, female.

0 Var a. Elytra nearly hyaline. No. 705.

[53] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist. 393

LEPYRONIA. Amy. and Serv.

c

Four-cornered Lepyronia, L. qiiadrangtdaris, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., iv. 335. Common in autumn and spring in groves of the
sugar-maple, wliere numbers may often be met with, drowned
in the vessels of sap. No. 706, male; 707, female.

6
'' Parallel-marked Lepyronia, L. parallella, (Say.) App. to

Long's Exp., p. 303. Common on the white pine. No. 708,

male; 709, female.

O
^^ Saratoga Lepyronia, *X. saratogensis. Pale fulvous varied with

white; anterior and posterior margins of the vertex parallel.
Closely related to parallella, but that has the vertex cres-
centiform, is much darker colored, and is confluently nigro-
punctate. Here the punctures are uncolored. Length, 0.40.
Common on the pitch pines of Saratoga plains and is some-
times met with on the white pine also. No. 710, male; 711.
female.

^ Var. a. Dorsal vitta obsolete; elytra pel lucid- white. No>
712.

0 CLASTOPTERA. Germ.

Obtuse Clastoptera, C. ohtusa, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., iv.
339. If this is not the^C. achatina. Germ., that species is
unknown to me. No. 713, male; 714, female.

Testaceous Clastoptera, *(7. testacea. Testaceous; scutel rufous;
elytra with a polished callous-like black dot near the apex.
Length, 0.20. Found on oaks and pines. No. 715, female.
Yarra. A black callous-like dot on each side of the pectus,
rj No. 716.

b. Pectoral dots present, elytral dots wanting. No.
717.
0 c. The black dots wanting, both on the elytra and
pectus. No. 718,

^^ Pine Clastoptera, *(7. j»«V</. Black; head yellow, with a black
band on the anterior margin of the vertex; thorax with a
yellow band anteriorly; elytra with a broad hyaline outer
1893 5(» '

394 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [54]

margin interrupted in the middle, and a black callous dot near
the apex. Length, 0-14. Found chiefly on pines. No. 719,
male. ,v

Var. a, A ferruginous dot on the apex of the scutel.^No.
720.
\)h. The yellow thoracic band widely interrupted. No-

72i:

Proteus Clastoptera, *C. f>roteus. Head bright yellow, a black
band on the anterior margin of the vertex and a broader one
on the front; front polished, without transverse striae; a
callous black dot near the apex of the elytra; legs yellowish-
white, tarsi black. Length, 0-16; males slightly smaller.
Abundant on the wanicled dog- wood, [Cornus 2)(i^iiculata).
Closely allied to the C. atra (Germar,) but on examining a
host of specimens, not one occurs in which the legs are
annulated with black or fuscous. No. 722, female.

This pretty insect, though so small in size, presents an astonishing
number of sub-species and varieties, so clearly and distinctly marked
that at first glance they would be confidently regarded as well charac-
terized species. The following are the more prominent, though by na
means all, of the varieties that occur:

Sub-s|). \. flavicollis. Thorax entirely yellow. .
Var.^/. Elytra yellow. No. 723.

b. Elytra with an oblique blackish vitta. No. 724.
'&vih-9^y cincticoUis. Thorax with a black band.

Var.' a. An interrupted black band on the anterior margin
of the thorax. No. 725.
h. An entire black band on the anterior margin of the
thorax. No. 726.

c. Thoracic band crossing the disk instead of the

anterior margin. No. 727.

d. Band on the disk of the thorax, and scutel black.
^ No. 728.

Sub-sp. maculicollis. Thorax with one or two discoidal

spots.
Var. a. A black spot on the disk and interrnpted band
■ anteriorly. No. 729.

[55] Ninth Report of the State Fatomolooist. 395

b. A black spot on the disk and anterior band entire.
Q No. V30.

c. Two black spots on the disk of the thorax.

No. 731.

Sub-sp.- nigricollis. Thorax black, with a yellow band

forward of the disk.
0
Var. a. The black band on the anterior margin of the

thorax interrupted. No. 733.
0

b. The band continuous. No. 734.
C)

c. Scutel black, with a yellow dot at its base..

^ No. 735.

d. Scutel entirely black. No. 736.

<::::^

o FAMILY TETTIGONIID.E.

o TETTIGONIA. Geoff.

FoRK-STRTPED Tettigonia, T. bifida, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
vi. 313. On grass in meadows. No. 737, male; 738, female.
Var. a. The usual three white dots in the black frontal
spot confluent, forming a luuule. No. 739.
b. Tavo white dots only on the front. No. 740.
O c. The orange color on the sides of the front replaced,
. by black. No. 741.

Three-dotted Tettigonia, *7I tripunctata. White; vertex with two
black dots on the disk and a third on the apex ; thorax with
two pale brown bands ; elytra pellucid- white, the longitudinal
nervures brown, except at their tips ; head longer and more
pointed than in the preceding species. Length, 0-20. Taken*
on dog- wood. No. 742, male.

^ PROCONIA. Lepel. and Serv.

^* Four-striped Proconia, P. quadrivittata, (Say.) Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci., vi. 312. In having the vertex flattened, this and
the succeeding species are widely separated from the twa
foregoing. Common, on various shrubs. No. 743, male; 744,.
female.

396 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [56]

Var. a. Spots on the thorax sanguineous. No. 745.

0 b. Thorax with two black spots at its base. No. 746.
Oc. Thorax margined with black at its base. No. 74*7.
^ d» Disk and base of thorax green, immaculate. No.

748.
' e. Thorax with a green mark shaped like a trident,
based on its posterior margin. No. 749.

0
AULACIZES. Amy. and Serv. ^

" Tender-footed Aulacizes, A. mollipes, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., vi. 312. Common on the grass of meadows and pas-
tures. No. 750, male; 751, female.

■'"New York Aulacizes, ^A. noveboracensis. Yellow; elytra and
large spot at the base of the thorax, olive-green; no black
vitta on the sides of the pectus; head shorter, broader, and its
apex more obtuse, than in^^ollipes. Length, 0-33. Rare.
On grass in meadows. No. 752, female.

*HELOCHARA.

{Gr. i^.oi, a marsh, xmpuj, to rejoice.) Head, obtuse-triangular,
broader than long, slightly broader than the thorax, the transversely
striated front reflected over on to the anterior sides of the vertex;
vertex with a slight longitudinal stria; ocelli on the vertex, farther from
each other than from the eyes; tips of the male attennte knobbed ;
elytra with five terminal and three discoidal cells. By its knobbed
antennpe, this genus occupies a similar rank to the sub-family "-ye^^a-
gonides, that Idiocerus does in that of Jassides.

D
" Common Helochara, *ir. communis. Dark green; females grass-
green, when faded variously mottled with tawny yellow ;
beneath, more or less black, legs testaceous. Length, 0'20.
On grass in marshy situations, often excessively numerous.
No. 753, male; 754, female.

0 Var. a. The usual transverse row of large punctures on the
foreside of the thorax obsolete. No. 755.

[57] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 397

/r

^ ^ EVACANTHUS. Lepel. and Serv.
^/J Orbital Evacanthus, *M orbitalis. Black, shining; orbital margins,
autennaj and legs, tawny white; elytra deep fuscous, nerves
and large spot at the apex of the outer margin white; face
with a tawny white, transverse spot or band above. Length,.
0.18, to tip of female abdomen 0-20. On dogwood, the last
' of July. Rare. No. 756, male.

ViGYPONA. Germ.

y y^ Yellow-striped Gypona, * G. flavilineata. Pale green, immac-
ulate; thorax with eight pale yellow vittoe, the middle ones
common to the vertex and &c\\ie\y^ Tettigonia S-lineata, vai\
a, of Say. Having never met with specimens possessing rosa-
ceous strines and nervures, and this insect being larger in size
than the B-lineata, I am induced to regard it as a distinct
species. Length, 0-35 to 0-45. Common on oaks, maple, wal-
nut, &c. No. 757, male; 758, female.

sy J Red-mottled Q\tot!(x,* G. scarlatina. Dull yellowish brown; elytra
with rosaceous nerves and dots; thorax without vittne; com-
mon disk of the elytra sparsely dotted with black; length,.
0-40. No. 759, female.

V

PENTHIMIA. Germ.

V O Ambrican Penthimia, *P. americana. Black; elytra white towards
the apex; two dots on the anterior edge of the vertex, and a
spot on each outer angle of the thorax sanguineous or rufous.
Female, with the vertex, thorax, scutel and venter, san-
guineous. Closely alied to the European varieties hemor-
rhoea and sanguinicollis, (Fab.) but is a size larger. Length,
0-23. Rare. Taken on the sugar maple. No. 760, male;
761, female.

^ AqOCEPHALUS. Germ.
^' Yellow Acocephalus," *A. vUelUnus. Yellow; elytra longer
than the abdomen, with pellucid spots, and on the margins
towards the apex a few black dots. Length, 0 26. Found
on the sugar maple. No. 762, male.

398 Forty-sixth Report on THti State Museum [58]

C Var. a. Four faint tawny yellow vitt<B on the thorax, and
an oblique tawny band across the middle of the elytra. No.
763, female.

CCELIDIA. Germ.
^^ Banded Ccelidia, C. subbifasciata, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., vi. 310. Found on beech trees. I have also taken this
species in Kentucky and Illinois. No. 764, female.

"' Garden Ca^LiDiA, C. olitoria, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
vi. 310. Taken on raspberry bushes. No. 765, female.

0

BYTHOSCOPUS. Germ.
0
"** Black-Backed Bythoscopus, *B. tergatus. Sordid green

immaculate; elytra smoky; tergum black; beneath greenish

yellow; tart^i pale brown. Length, 0-30. On willows. No.

766, male.

"^ One-colored Bythoscopus, *B. unicolor. Greenish-yellow,
immaculate; elytra hyaline; length, 0-28. Taken on flowers
of gold-enrod. No. 767, female.

O

^ Half-clothed Bythoscopus, B. seminudus, (Say.) Jour.

Acad. Nat. Sci., vi. 307. Found on birch trees. No. 768,
female.

0

^^ Saddled Bythoscopus, JB. clitellarius, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci., vi. 309. On various herbs and shrubs. No. 769, male;
770, female.

V
•^^ Pine Bythoscopus, B. *strobi. Yellowish-brown; elytra with

three white bands, and closely inscribed with fuscous points

and lines, outer margin with small fuscous spots; beneath

brown; legs pallid, with spine-bearing black dots. Length,

0-20. Common on pines in May. No. 771, male; 772,

female,

Z^ IDIOCERUS. Lewis.
Weeping Idiocerus, *I, lachrymalis. Brown varied with white;
elytra hyaline, immaculate, nerves fuscous; a black spot at
the anterior edge of each eye; two remote black dots on the
fore side of the vertex commonly connected by a transverse
black line ; scutel with a transverse black spot on the disk and
two triangular ferruginous spots at the base. Length, 0" 28.

[59] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 399

Taken on poplar and walnut trees. No. 773, male; 774,
female.

Var. a. The black frontal line prolonged to the spots for-
ward of the eyes. No. 775.
b. The usual small black spot beneath each ocellus
wanting. No. 776.
^c. The black frontal line wanting. No. 777.
^ d. One or two small four-sided discoidal cells in the
elytra in addition to the usual number. No. 778.

*' Alternatk-marked Idiocerus, */. alternatiis. Brown varied with
white; elytra hyaline, immaculate, nerves fuscous with white
alternations; two remote black dots on the anterior edge of
the vertex; scutel with two dots on its disk and two triangu-
lar spots at its base black. Length, 0-22. Common, on wil-
lows. No. 779, male; 780, female.

O
Spotted-winged Idiocerus, *Z maculipennis. Chestnut-brown varied

wnth white ; elytra hyaline, with a large fuscous spot on the

middle and another at the apex of the outer margin, with an

intervening white spot; a faint white spot towards the base of

the sutural margin. Length, 0-25. Taken on thorn bushes

No. 781, female.

O
Suture-striped Idiocerus, *Z suturalis. Yellowish white: elytra

hyaline with a dusky vitta on the suture, and two dusky spots

on the base of the scutel. I have never met with the males

of this and the following species, but their facial ocelli and

elytral neuration indicate this to be their generic place.

Length, 0-25. Taken on chestnut trees. No. 782, female.

Pale Idiocbrus, *Z pallidas. ■ Greenish white, immaculate; elytra
hyaline. Length, 0-22. On poplars and willows. No. 783,
female.

/n ^ PEDIOPSIS. BuRM.

Green Pediopsis, *P. viridis. Light green, immaculate; elytra pel-
lucid, almost hyaline. Length, 0-18. No. 784, female.

400 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [60]

0

Thrkb-spotted Pediopsis, *P. trimaculatus. Dull brown; scutel
with a black spot at each angle, the posterior one sometimes
obsolete ; elytra with pellucid white spots situated one on the
apex, one on the disk and a third anteriorly, scutellar region
obscure cinerous; face whitish. Length, 0'18. No. 785,
female.

C^ATHYSANUS. Bubm.

To this genus we refer those species which differ from Macropsis and
Pediopsis in having the ocelli between the vertex and the face, and
from Jassus in having the elytral suture straight.

*^ Variable Athysanus, *A. variabilis. Sulphur-yellow; elytra
commonly with an oblique black vitta, their tips pellucid;
vertex, thorax and scutel often fulvous or black. Length, 0-20.
Abundant on birch trees, in June. No. 786, female.
C> Var, a. Dull yellowish- white throughout. No. 787.
<^ b. Bright sulphur-yellow throughout. No. 788.
f^ c. An oblique black stripe on each elytron. No. 789.
Od. Vertex, thorax and scutel tawny yellow. No. 790.
Ce. Vertex and thorax tawny yellow, scutel black.

No. 791.
^f. Vertex, thorax and scutel black. No. 792.

*' Spbucb-tree Athysanus, *A. abietis. Black, shining; headlight
yellow, mouth and two bands on the vertex confluent at their
ends, black; middle of the sutural edge of the elytra with a
white streak. Length, 0-20. Taken on the black spruce.
No. 793, female.

"Windowed Athysanus, *J[. fenestratus. Brownish-black; face
and scutel rufous; elytra each with a pellucid spot near the
apex, another on the disk, and a third opposite this last on
the sutural margin. Length, 0 20. On birch trees. No. 794,
female.

r

" Smaller Athysanus, *A. minor. Cinnamon yellow; elytra with
a discoidal and large apical spot hyaline. Length, 0-18.
Common on birch trees. No. 795, female.'

[61] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 401

^' Bekch-trke Athysanus, *A. fagi. Elytra fuscous, immaculate;
scutel, face and pectus black; venter and legs light yellow.
Length, 0-18, Taken on beech trees. No. 790, female.

O
" Black-nosed Athysanus, * A. nigrinasi. Pale yellow, lower

part of the face black or fuscous. Length, 0 • 1 8. Common,

particularly upon the hornbeam {^Garpinus americana,)

Presents many varieties. No. 797, female.

e

AMBLYCEPHALUS. Curtis.

" CuRTis's Amblycephalus, ^ a. curtisii. Greenish yellow; two
dots on the vertex, band on fore part of the thorax, and six
vittre on each elytron, black; beneath black. Length, 0' 15.
Common particularly on the grass of meadows. No. 798,
male; 799, female.

o

"Say's Amblycephalus, * A. sayii. Pale yellowish, without dots;
elytral cells partially margined with fuscous or black, nerves
white. Length, 0-13. Abundant on grass in pastures and
meadows. No. 800, male; 801, female.

Var. a. A black spot on the base of the thorax. No. 802.
^b. Three black spots on the base of the thorax.

No. 803,
^ 0. Only the apical cells margined with fuscous at
their tips. No. 804.

O
^^ Melshbimer's Amblycephalus, *A. melsheimerii. Pallid, base
of the tergum black; elytra pellucid, nerves white. Length,
0-10. Common on grass. No. 805, male; 806, female.

" Inimical Amblycephalus, A.'i inimicus, (Say.) Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci., vi. 305. Though this much resembles the species
named^/Sayw, above, it differs from this genus by the length
of its elytra, and ivovayjassus by its striated front and the
number of its discoidal and apical "CeTls. It probably foims
the type of a separate genus. Common on grass, and its larva
has been said to depredate upon the roots of young wheat.
No. 807, male; 808, female.

d Var. a. Nerves white, cells margined with fuscous.
No. 809.
1893. 51

402 'Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [62]

0
b. Two smaller dots between the oi'dinary ones on

^ the head. No. 810.

^ c. Two dots only on the neck. No. 811.

V d. Dots on the neck all wanting. No. 812.

0
P JASSUS. Fab.

" Fbeckled Ja.ssus, * J. irroratus, (Say.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
vi. 308. Common on herbage. No, 813, male; 814, female.
Q Var. a. A transverse row of five white dots on the anterior
edge of the head. No. 815.

*' Yellow-backed Jassus, * J. fulvidorsum. Head, thorax and
scutel sordid yellow, uninscribed; elytra white, closely
inscribed with fuscous lines and points, and on the outer
margin irregular spots. Length, 0-25. On pines. No. 816,
male, 817, female.

0 . .

*" Pointed Jassus, JJ acutus, (Sa3^) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi.,
306. Found on hornbeam. No. 818, male.

0
«' * ERYTHRONEURA.

(Gr., z()oO(>it<; red, '^topo'^, nerve; in allusion to the color of portions
of the elytral nerves in several of the species.) Head ci'escentiform,
about as broad as the thorax; vertex rounded down to the front with-
out an angular edge; ocelli between the vertex and the front, almost
as near each other as to the eyes: elytra without closed cells in the
disk; apical cells four, longish; middle apical nerve simple. Forward
of the transverse nerve the exterior and middle nerves are sometimes
obsolete. For a group of our small Jassides, ^xho-Q elongated linear^
bodies give them the aspect of Tettigoniides, no place appears among
the genera defined by Amyot and Serville. This and the following
genus is therefore proposed for their reception.

0

*'- Wounded Erythroneura, * F. vulnerata. Fulvous-brown spot-
ted and lined with whitish; elytra with an abbreviated
yellowish-white vitta on the outer margin, interrupted near the
middle by an oblique black line, and towards the apex by an
oblique sanguineous one; tips dusky, with whitish nervures
and spots; a whitish medial line common to the vertex, thorax
and scutel; beneath black, legs pallid. Length, 0 12. On

[63] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 403

raspberry buslies, grape-vines and other situations where the
foliage is dense, often in great numbers. No. 819, male; 820,
female.

*^ Grapk-vine Erythroneura, E. vitis, (Harris.) Inj. Ins., p. 184.
Inhabits with the preceding. No. 821, female.

0

*^ Allied Erytiiroxbura, *£!. affiiiis. Pale yellow; elytra hyaline,
spotted with light yellow, with a black dot on tlie inner
margin towards the anex, and a broad yellowish brown band
on the base. Allied tobasillaris Say, but readily distinguished,
being destitute of sanguineous markings. Length, 0-12. No.
822, female.

V
*^ Three-banded Erythroneura, *E. tricincta. Pale yellow, with

three broad bands, the anterior velvet-black, occupying the

thorax and basal half of the scutel; the middle bright

ferruginous ending outwardly in black, forward of the middle

of the elytra, the posterior dusky brown, on the apex. Length,

0-12. No. 823, female.

Var. a. Anterior band sanguineous. No. 824.

O
** Oblique-striped Erythroneura, £J. obliqua, (Say.) Jour. Acad.

Nat. Sci., iv. 342. No. 825, male.

0
*' Bean-vine Erythroneura, E. JahcB, (Harris.) Inj. Ins., p. 186.

No. 826, male; 827, female.

0
«**EMPOA.

^ (Gr. £v, upon, -'>a, herbage.) Diifers from Erythroneura in having
the apical nerve widely forked, forming a triangular apical cell, which
is shorter than the three other terminal cells.

c
** Oak Empoa, E. querci. White; elytra pellucid, with three
blackish dots in a transverse row behind the middle. Length,
0-12. On oaks, sometimes excessively numerous. No. 828,
female.

""Scarlet Empoa, E. coccinea. Scarlet-red, immaculate, pectus
and venter orange, elytra brownish-pellucid. Length, 0 10.
Taken on pines. No. 829, male.

404 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [64]

FAMILY PSYLLIDJE.

PSYLLA. Geof.

" Three-dotted Psylla, ^jt*. tripunctata. Wax-yellow, dorsum
black; legs and antennae pale yellow, the latter black at the
tips; elytra hyaline, nerves brown, beyond the furcation
widely margined with smoky-fulvous, a blackish dot on the
middle of the terminal margin of each of the inner apical
cells. Length 0-16, No. 830, female.

Four-lined Pyslla, *P. quadrilineata. Bright fulvous; elytra
hyaline, nerves blackish; four whitish longitudinal lines on
the middle of the metathorax; abdomen black with a yellow
band at its base. Length, 0-12. No. 831, female.

Hornbeam Psylla, *P. carpinl. Light-green or greenish yellow;
elytra hyaline, nerves light-green. Length, 0 16. Common
on the hornbeam, in July. No. 832, male; 833, female.

" Annul ATED Psylla, *P. annulata. Straw yellow; legs white;
elytra hyaline, nerves straw yellow; antennae black, basal
half straw-yellow annulated with black. Length, 0 " 15. Occurs
on the sugar-maple. No. 834, male; 835, female.

LIVIA. Lat.

Vernal Livia, *X. vernalis. Bright ferruginous; pectus and tips of
antennae black; legs ferruginous-pallid. Length, 0-15. Found
in spring in vessels of sap of the sugar-maple. No. 836, male;
83V, female.

Black-legged Livia, *X. femoralis. Bright ferruginous; pectus,
four forward femurs and tips of the antennae black. Perhaps
not distinct from the preceding. Length, 0"15. Taken on a
pine tree, in July. No. 838, female.

[65] mffTH Report of the State Entomologist 405

• FAMILY APHID.E.

APHIS. Linn.
Apple-tree Aphis, A. mali, (Fab.) Ent. Syst. iv. 216. Common on
the under side of the leaves and tips of tlie voung branches of
the apple-tree. No. 839, male.

" Cherry-tree Aphis, A. cerxsi, (Fab.) Ent. Syst. iv. 211. Com-
mon on the under side of the leaves of the garden cherry,
{Cerasus vulgaris, Mill.) No. 840, male.

"Cherry-inhabiting Aphis, *A. cerasicolens. Pale greenish yel-
low; autenn:B and legs black, base of the femurs pallid;
nerves of the fore wings dusky, stigma pellucid white;
abdominal horns quite short. When irritated, the legs and
antennae instantly emit from their pores a bluish white cotton-
like substance, which remains adhering to them, resembling
fine mould. Length, 0-20, to the tips of the wings. On the
common black-cherry-tree, {Cerasus serotina, DC.) No. 841,
male.

"Berberry Aphis, =^1. berberidis. Black; pectus and abdomen
pale yellow, tip black; legs dusky; larva and pupa pale, with
a green or black vitta on each side of the back, parallel with
the outer magin. Length, 0-10. On the under side of ber-
berry leaves. No. 842, male; 843, female.

Cabbage Aphis, A. hrassiccn, (Linn.) Syst. Nat. ii. 734. Common on
the under side of cabbage leaves. No. 844, male.

'« Silk-weed Aphis, *.4. asdqnaiis. Black; abdomen pale green;
sides with two rows of impressed fuscous dots, three in the
lower, larger, five in the upper; abdominal horns nearly
equalling the tip; stigma smoky whitish; nerves brown; the
costal whitish. Length, 0 • 15. On the lower surface of young
leaves of the common silk-weed. No. 845, male.

Dogwood-leaf Aphis, *A. cornlfoUm. Apterous females black, sub-
pruinose, obovate; legs pale yellow, feet black; antenna pale
yellow, tips black; horns nearly equalling the truncated tip
of the abdomen. Length, 005, to tip of abdomen. On the
under surface of the leaves of Gornus jmniculata. No. 846,
female.

406 Forty- SIXTH Report on the State Museum [66]

Thobn-leaf Arms, *A. cratmgifolice. Black; abdomen green, with
a row of blackish dots along each side; nerves of the fore
wings whitish, black at their tips; tibioe, except at their tips,
and base of the femurs, green; horns nearly half equalling the
tip of the abdomen. Length, 0-15. On the leaves of Cratmgus
jyunctata, corrugating them. No. 847, male.

"Birch-inhabiting Aphis, *>1. hetukecolens. Sulphur yellow;
antennae deep black, two basal joints sulphur-yellow, the fol-
lowing joints white at their bases; stigma pellucid yellowish;
nerves black, the costal and marginal sulphur-yellow, base of
the forked nerve hyaline; horns very short. Length, 0' 18.
No. 848, male.

" Maple-tree Aphis, A. aceris, (Linn.) Syst. Nat. ii. 736. Our
insect appears to correspond with the brief description given
of this species. Occurs on the Acer pennsylvamcuTin. No.
849, male.

Elder-leaf Aphis, *^1. sambucifolim. Black; tibiti? and base of the
femurs pallid; stigma dusky; nerves black, the furcate one
hyaline at its base. Length, 0-15. On the under side of the
leaves of the elder. No. 850, male.

PiNB-iNHABiTiNG Apiiis, *A. j^:>m^co?ews. Straw-yellow, densely
pruinose; antennae black, bases pallid, with a fuscous annulus;
fore wings with a fuscous spot on the apex of each nerve;
nerves brown, hyaline at their bases, the costal straw-yellow;
horns veiy short. Length, 0-25. Solitary on the pine. No.
851, male.

"PoPLAR-LEAF Apiiis, ^4. popuUfoliii. Chestuut-brown, pruinose;
legs hairy, black, above the knees pale brown; stigma smoky
fulvous, margined with black; nerves brown; tergum with
two dorsal rows of impressed, quadrate, fuscous spots, and on
each side two rows of impressed dots; horns equalling a third
of the distance to the tip. Length, 0-22. On the leaves of
the Populus (jrandidentata. No. 852, male.

*° CoNE-FLowER ApHis, *^. ruclhecklix. Red; antenme and legs
black; basal half of the femurs pale yellow; horns equalling
the tip; stigma yellowish; nerves brown, the costal sulphur-
yellow. Length, 0-20. Infests the upper part of the stalks of
Rudbeckla laciniato, Solidago serotina and S. gigantea. No.
853, male.

[67] Ninth Repobt of the State Entomologist 407

LACHNUS. iLLiG.

Spkuce-tree Lacunus, *X. abietis. Apterous females pubescent,
broad oval, blackish clouded with lurid brown, with a faint
cinereous dorsal vitta ; venter lurid, pruinose, with a black
spot near the tip ; antennje sordid- white, with a black annu-
lus at the apex of each joint. Length, 0-15 to tip of the
abdomen. Occurs on the Ahles nigra. No. 854, female.

Oak-leaf Lachnus, * L. quercifolkn. Light yellow; antenna? pellucid
white, with a slender black annulus at the tip of each joint;
fore wings with a blackish spot on the apex of each nerve and
a deep black dot on the base of the curved apical nerve;
stigma whitish. Length to tip of wings, 0-15. On the leaves
of the white oak. No. 855, male.

Willow Lachnus, *X. saUcellis. Black; tibiiv and ba*^e of the
antenna^ obscure pallid; base and costal margin of the fore
wings yellowish-white. Length, 0- 08. On the young succu-
lent twigs of willow trees. No. 856, male.

Alder-leaf Lacunus, *X. alnifolke. Apple-green; antennae
greenish- white, with four black annuli; legs greenish-white,
tarsi, knees, and line on the posterior side of the tibiae black;
wings hyaline, the three oblique nerves black. Length, 0 10.
On alder leaves. No. 857, male.

^' Elm Lachnus, jC. uhai, (Linn.) S3'st. Nat. ii. 733. Solitary, on
the under side of elm leaves. No. 858, male.

''^Poplar Lachnus, L. j)opull, (Linn.) Syst. Nat. ii. 736. On the
under side of the young leaves of Popidui< grandidentata.
No. 859, male; 860, larva.

ERIOSOMA. Leach.

*^ Apple-tree Blight, ^E. lanigera, (Hausman.) Illiger's Magae.
vol. i. p. 440. Myzoxylus mcdi, (Blot.) Mem. Soc. Agricult.
de Caen, 1830, p. 38. On the bark of young branches of the
apple, to which tree, in Europe, it has been a great pest.
Commonly only solitary individuals are here found, and in
but one instance, have I met with it clustered and covering a
limb as described by foreign writers, ^o. 861, male.

408 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum [68]

^ Apple-koot Bi.iGriT, ^E. pyri. Black, more or less pruinose,
with a tuft of cotton-like down on the tergum and commonly
a smaller one on tlie head; fore wings hyaline, with a black
stigma and nerves, the externo-medial nerve hj^aline towards
its base; inner edge black from the base to the apex of the
first nerve, hyaline beyond. Length, 0-20. Conamon on the
wing in groves, in autumn. On the roots of a young apple
tree brought me from a nursery, excrescences were observed,
the crevices in which were found to be covered with small
lice-like larvae, among which some winged individuals occurred
which proved on examination to be this species, from which
circumstance its habits are inferred and ts name bestowed.
No. 862, male.

*° Aldee Blight, ^E. tessellata. Dull bluish-black; tergum with
the segments marked by strongly impressed lines and covered
by white down in square checker-like spots. Length, 0-16. On
the under side of branches of the alder, [Almis rubra, Marsh.)
crowded together and concealed beneath a dense covering of
snow-like down. I have searched in vain for Avinged
individuals of this s})ecies. Ko. 863.

^' Beech-tree Blight, ^K imhrlcator. Black; three last segments
of the abdomen blue-pruinose; stigma brown; longitudinal
nerve and a line on the middle of the inner margin black.
Female (?) winged; abdomen fulvous, with a black spot on
the disk; legs pallid. Larva pallid, with 2 fuscous dorsal
stripes; posterior half of the abdomen covered with a tuft of
cotton-like doM^n, from which proceeds two longer and coarser
filaments. Length, 0-22. On the under sides of the branches
of the beech tree, covered with snow-white down. On the
slightest jir of the branch, a shower of tiny drops of a water-
like fluid falls from these insects. Having met Math no
description of the E. Jagi, (Linn.,) or its habits, I am unable
to ascertain whether that insect is dissimilar to ours. No. 864,
male; 865, female (?); 866, larva.

[69] Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 409

^'^ PiVE-TREK Blight, *7i,'. Mrobi. Black, pubescent, subpruinose; a
dorsal row of white meal -like spots on the tergum; fore wings
with the costal margin, the apical and two inner basal nerves,
black. Length, 0-20. Common on branches of the white
pine, giving to the bark of infested trees a peculiar black
appearance. Belongs to a nondescript genus, intermediate
between this and Lachiuis. No. 867, male; 868, female.

BRYSOCRYPTA. Halliday,

Witch-hazel Brysocrypta, ^jB. hamam^Uclis. Males black,
pruinose; wings hyaline; nerves brown; legs whitish; knees
and tarsi black. Larva smaller, brown. Length, 0'09. Inhabits
conical follicles on the u2)per surface of witch-hazel leaves;
eacli follicle contains about a dozen individuals, and has a
small orifici in the under surface of the leaf. No. 869, male;
870, larva; 871, its follicle.

FAMILY COCCID.E.

Our species of this familj^ have not as yet been investigated in their
living state. The dried shield-like bodies of the dead females have
been met with on several of our indigenous trees. In addition to the
species so abundant upon the apple-tree, and currently regarded as the
^'^^oecus arhorum-linearis of Geoffroy, (specimen No. 872,) the
following may serve as New York examples of this family: The Wil-
'" low Coccus, * C snlicis, is ferruginous with obsolete black spots,
has an oval nearly hemispheric form, and measures 0 20 in length,
(No. 873.) The Linden Coccus, *T'. tilife, the largest of our
" species that have been observed, is ferruginous, hemispheric, and
measures 0-24, (No. 874.) Both these species have the usual slit at the
posterior end, and are wrinkled transversely.
1893. 52

410

Forty-sixth Report on the ^tate Museum

V

; CORRECTIONS AND NOTES TO
LOGUE, BY E. P. V

01. Cicada tibicen Lmn. Uhler* 35

02. Tibicen riniosa (Say) Uhler. 36.
Os. Tibicen septendecim (Lmw.) Uhler.
•3 4. Myndus impunctatus (Fitch). 37.

V 5. Oliarus quinquelineatus (Say).
\^ 6. Liburnia arvensis (Fitdi).
1 7. Stenocranus dorsalis (Fitch).
y/v 8. Ormenis pruinosa (Say).
'-9. Lanienia vulgaris (i^i^c/t).
VIO. Enchenopa binotata (Say).
(jll. Caijipylenchia curvata (Fabr.)
012. Publilia coiicava (S'a^).
' 1:1 Carynota n. genus. Dr. Coding^' "^^^
gives Optilete Stal as a synonyny.
of this genus. Menibracis niera^. *
Say must be considered its type.^
Vanduzea arquata (Say). ^

38.

O40.
C 42.

014.
015.

C)4'3

Cyrtolobus inornatus (Say).

016. Stictocephala inermis (Fabr.).

017. Cyrtolobus vau (Say).

018. Atymna castan^e (Fitch).
^9. Atymna querci (Fitch).
Q20. Archasia galeata (Fabr.).

(5 21. Cyrtosia n. genus. This namej.

being preoccupied, Dr
has adopted in its place

Mr.

/- " ^'55

Uhler's MS. name^^ CyrtolobusQ '

(see Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xix,Q' '

1892, p. 257). Ci58

Carynota marmorata (Sa?/). q^

Cyrtolobus fenestratus (Fitch)Q ' '

0 Type ot'^Cyrtosia Fitch =^Cyrtov)g^'

lobus Goding.

Telamona n. genus. ' Type, T. fas-iv^

ciata Fitch.

Telamona fasciata Fitch, female, ^^.o

Heliria scalaris (Fairm): (-v. -

'^27. Telamona coi-yli Fitcli, female, if I^-^g

have rightly identified thespecies

C)28. Telamona montlcola (Fabr.).

^29. Acutalis dorsalis (Fitch).

^30. Microcentrus carya? (Fitch).

^ 31. Aphrophora parallela Say.

^ 32. Aphrophora saratogensis (Fitch), cviq

0 33. Clastoptera pini Fitch — probably;; w'

correct. i

34. Diedrocephala coccinea (Forst.). '

O22.
0 23.

6 24.

0 25.
6^ 26

<^8.
^'49.
050.
051.
(^>52.

C^6.

«i67.

THE PRECEDING CATA-
AN DUZEE.
Diedrocephala mollipes (Say).
Diedrocephala novt^boracensis

(Say).
Helochara communis Fitch. Type

of genus. /^

May possibly be Burmeister's Gy-

pona striata, published a few

years earlier.
Paramesus vitellinus (Fitch).
Only the female of the next (41).
Jassus olitorius Say.
Chlorotettix tergatus (Fitch). ^
Clilorotettix unicolor (Fitchy/tyite

of genus Chlorotettix VanD.
Eutettix (?) seminudus (Say).
Thamnotettix clitellarius (Say).
Phlepsius strobi (Fitch).
May prove identical with Jassus

verticis Say.
Bythoscopus variabilis (Fitch).
Male of B. variabilis.
Bythoscopus fenestratus (Fitch).
Bythoscopus minor (Fitch).
Doubtless a species of Bythoscopus.
Bythoscopus nigrinasi (Fitch).
Athysanus Curtisii (Fitch).
Deltocepbalus Sayii (Fitch).
Deltocephalus Melsheimerii (Fitch),
Deltocephalus inimicus (Say).
Phlepsius irroratus (Say).
Phlepsius fulvidorsum (Fitch).
Platymetonius acutus (Say).
Erythroneura. Now united with
^Typhlocyba Germ.
Typhlocyba vulnerata (Fitcli)

Wooclw. *
Typhlocyba vitis (Harris) Woodiv.
Typhlocyba affinis (Fitch) Woodw.
Typhlocyba tricincta (Fitch)

Woodiv.
Typhlocyba obliqua (Say) Woodw.
Empoasca fabas (Harris).
Empoa n. genus: also united with

Typhlocyba Germ.
Typhlocyba querci (Fitch) Woodic.
Typhlocyba coccinea (Fitch)

Woodiv.

* In the Cicadidae, Mr. Uhler's list published in the Transactions of the Maryland Academy
of Sciences, vol. i, has been followed: in the Typhlocylidse, that of Mr. Woodworth, in
Psyche, vol. v.

Ninth Report of the State Em'omologist 411

CORRECTIONS AND NOTES BY C. V. RILEY.

71. Trioza tripimctata (Fi?c^). 80. Siphonophora rudbeckiae (FtYc7i.).

72. Psylla annulata Fitch. Is prob- J?l. Scliizoneura ulnii (L/?m.).

ably a variety of P. carpin i .^2. Chaitophorus populi {Fitch).
Fitch. IBS. Schizoneura lanigera {Hausm.).

73. Myzus cerasi Fabr. 84. Pempbigus pyri (Fitch).

74. "Aphis cerasicolens" Fitch. Tlie 85. Pemphigus tessellata (i^t7c7i).

Fitch types (4) in tlie U. S. N. M. 86. Schizoneura imbricator (Fitch).

are, from their condition, abso- 87. Lachnus strobi (Fitch).

lutely indistinguishable, and do S8. Hormaphis hamamelidis (Fitch).

not admit of comparison with , 89. Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouche).

A. cerasifoliw to determine the ! 'tO. Lecanium salicis (Fitch). While

validity of the species. j the " Coccus salicis " of Fitch is a

75. Rhopalosiphum berberidis (Fitch). Lecanium, there is a Coccus aUcis

76. Siphonophora asclepiadis (Fitch). of LinngeuswhichisaChionaspis,

77. Callipterus betulaecolens (Fitch). and Bouche's salicis is a Pul-
78^ Chaitophorus aceris (Linn.). vinaria.

79. Chaitophorus popuhfoliae (F?Yc/i). 91. Lecanium tiliae (Fifc/i).*

The following is a list submitted by Dr. Riley, of tlie Psyllidae,
Aphididiv, and Coccidoe of the Fitch catalogue given in the preceding
pages, arranged in their systematic order with their present accepted
family, subfamily, generic and specific names, their Fitch synonyms^
and indication of types contained in the United States National
Museum.

Family PSYLLID^.

Subfamily Liviinae.

Livia Latreille.

Livia vernalis Fitch. Types (4) in U. S. N. M.

Livia femoralis Fitch. In L^. S. N. M., type lost from pin.

Subfamily Psyllina\

Psylla Geoff.

Psylla quadriliueata Fitch. Types in U. S. N. M.

Psylla carpi ni Fitch. Types in U. S. N. M.

Psylla annulata Fitch. Probably var. carpini.

Subfamily Triozintv.

Trioza- Forster.

' Trioza tripunctata {Fitch). Psylla tripunctcita Fitch. Types in

U. S. N. M.

Family APHIDID.E.

Subfamily Ajjhidinne.

Siphonophora Koch.

Siphonophora asclepiadis {Fitch). Ap>his asclejnadis Fitch. Types

in U. S. N. M.

* There is no tilioe Fitch in the t itch collection, but specimens of tilioe Linn., which Comstock
believes to be liriodendri Cook.

412 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum
Siphon ophora rudbeckise {Fitch). Aphis rudbeckim Fitch.

Rhopalosiphum Koch.
Rhopalosiphum {Fitch). Aphis berberidis Fitch,

Myzus Pass.
Myzus cerasi (Fabr.), Aphis cerasi Fabr. Fitch.

Aphis Linn.
Aphis brassicse Linn.

Aphis cornifoliro Fitch. Types (nearly destroyed) in U. S. N. M.
Aphis cratregifoliie Fitch. Types (nearly destroyed) in U. S. N. M.
Aphis cerasicolens Fitch.
Aphis mali Fabr.
Aphis malifolia? Fitch.

Aphis pinicolens Fitch. Type (without abdomen) in U. S. N. M.
Aphis sambucifolife Fitch. Type in U. S. N. M.

Subfamily Callipterinse.
Ghaito}>horus Koch.

Chaitophorus aceris {Linn.). Aphis aceris Linn. Fitch.
Chaitophorus populifoliae {Ftch), Aphis popmlifolim Fitch.
Chaitophorus populi {Linn.). I^achnus popidi Linn. Fitch.

Ccdlipterus Koch.
Callipterus betultecolens {Fitch). Aphis betxdcpxolens Fitcb.

Subfamily Lachnina;.
Lachnns lUiger.
Lachnus abietis Fitch. Types (nearly destroyed) in U. S. N. M.
Lachnus alnifoliie Fitch. Types (nearly destroyed) in \J. S. N. M,
Lachnus quercifolise Fitch. T^-pes (nearly destroyed) in U. S. N. M.
Lachnus salicellis Fitch.
Lachnus strobi {Fitch). Eriosoma strobi Fitch. Types in LT. S. N. M.

Subfamily Schizoneurinfe.
SchizoncKra Hartig.

Schizoneura imbricator {Fitch). Frlosoma imhricator Fitch.
Schizoneura ulml. {Linn.). Lachnus idmi Linn. Fitch. Specimens
in U. S. N. M.

Schizoneura lanigera {Hausm.). Aphis lanigera Hausm.

Hormaphis O. S.

Hormaphis hamamelidis {Fitch). Brysocripta hamamelidis Fitch.
Type in U. S. N. M.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 413

Subfamily Pemphiginae.
Pemphigus pyri {Fitch). Eriosoma pyri Fitch. Type in U. S. N. M.
Pemphigus tessellata {Fitch). Eriosoma tessellata Fitch. Type in
U. S. N. M.

Family COCCID^.

Mytilaspis pomorum {Bouche). Coccus arborum-linearis Geoff roy.
Fitch.
Lecanium salicis {Fitch). Coccus salicis Fitch. Type in U. S. N. M,
Lecanium tilia? {Fitch). Coccus tilice Fitch.

(B)

ENTOMOLOGICAL ADDRESSES.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGY.

[Read before the Western New York Horticultural Society at its Annual Meet-
ing, January 39th, 1891.]

The Committee on Entomology beg leave respectfully to report :
It is gratifying to be able to report not only continued, but a marked
accelerated progress in this department during the past year. It is
safe to say that greater attention has been given to insects than in any
preceding year. Large collections have been made; many new species
have been described; life-histories have been worked out; experimen-
tation in methods of controlling injurious species has been earnest,
extended, and successful; and publication of these lal>ors and results
has been placed in the hands of the student and the agriculturist. As
illustrating the growing interest manifested in this branch of study, we
may state that, while in former years, far more attention had been
given to plants than to insects, a recent report of Director Atwater, of
the Office of Experiment Stations, at Washington, gives as the number
pursuing entomological investigations at the different stations, at that
time (1890) as twent3''-nine, as against thirty engaged in botanical stud-
ies. From so large a corps of earnest entomologists, generally distri-
buted over the United States, and vying with one another to produce
the best results, what may we not expect for the future of economic
entomology.

Of the progress which we have mentioned, most of it has been in a
practical direction, — in methods of control of insect pests. Prominent
among these, and, therefore, the first to which we will refer, we will

name

Spraying with Insecticides.

Effect of London purple on the plum. — At the last annual meeting
of this Society it was stated by one of the members, in discussion, that
he had nearly ruined a plum orchard by spraying it with a pound of
London purple in three hundred gallons of water, for, as the result of
spraying, every leaf fell from the trees. In the report of the recent
meeting of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, this statement from

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 415

the same oentleraen, is repeated in still stronger terms — "he liad utterly
mined a vahiable phim orcliard by the use of London purple." The
statement was questioned at the time when made to this society, and
from what has subsequently been learned, we deem it proper to say that
there is hardh' a remote prol (ability that the injury to the trees, caus-
ing the falling of the foliage, which followed the spraying, can be in
the least ascribable to the spraying, but was solely owing to a fungus
attack of the leaves.

In recent experiments by Professor Bailey, of Cornell University,
conducted in the most careful manner, plum trees sprayed with one
pound of London purple to two hundred gallons of water, were not
injured in the slightest degree. Although not so stated, it may be in-
ferred that the ordinary coarse spray was used — not the fine one,
which appears to be much more safe on delicate foliage.

Experiments reported by Prof Gillette of the Iowa Agricultural
Experiment Station, show slightly diflfering results from the above, as
the same mixture gave a seven per cent injury to plum foliage. The
application, in this instance, was with the Woodason bellows-sprayer
or atomizer. {Bull. No. 10, Iowa Agr. Kx-p. Station, August, 1890 .

London purple on the peach. — The spraying experiments of Pro-
fessor Bailey have confirmed observations previously made by others,
that the foliage of the peach is more susceptible to injury from London
purple than other of the fruits. While it sustained no harm from one
pound of Paris green in two hundred and fifty-six gallons of water,
one of London purple four to hundred, caused slight injury. It is prob-
able that one to four hundred and fifty, applied in a fine mist-like spray,
could be used with entire safety; but as it is quite doubtful if this
degree of reduction would kill the curculio, it is advisable that Paris
green only, of the ai'senites, should be employed on the peach unless
other substances are combined with them.

Solubility of London purple. — The greater liability to injury from
London purple is owing to its greater solubility in water. According
to Professor Bailey — " the arsenic in London purple is in the form of
a normal arsenite of calcium, which substance comprises about seventy-
two percent of the whole compound; and over fifty per cent (52.38)
of it, or nearly forty per cent of the London p>urple is quickly soluble
in water. (Bulletin No. 18 of the Cornell University Agricultural
Experiment Station, July, 1890.)

A7i efficient nozzle for lov; spraying. — Mention is made and illustra-
tion given, in the Bulletin from which we have quoted, of a bush nozzle
devised by Prof. Bailey, for use on low bushes, when the insects, like
the currant worm, feed largely on the underside of the leaves. The

416 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

discharge from it may be graduated to any desirable degree by mechan-
ism which admits of a sj^eedy and definite coriipression of the end of a
rubber discharging tube. A single spraying early in the season with
this nozzle and Paris green water kept the currant bushes free from the
larvae for nearly the entire season, which was one of unusual abundance
of the worms.

Addition of lime to the arsenites. — Quite an interesting and seemingly
valuable result has been obtained by Professor Gillette, in that he has
found that lime added to London purple or Paris green in water, greatly
lessens the injury that these poisons would otherwise do to foliage.
With this addition, it seems that they may safely be used on the most
tender foliage, even on the peach. On this, only one per cent of injury
was observed with one pound of the purple to two hundred gallons of
water, and only five per cent with one hundred gallons. The average
of several experiments with the limed arsenical mixture on cherry,
apple, plum, and peach, with one pound of the purple to one hundred
gallons of water, was the trifling amount of one per cent. It would
seem, therefore, to be a desirable spraying liquid against the curculio,
in that the insect would be more surely afl^eqted by feeding on heavily
poisoned leaves.

The lime was prepared by slaking it in a barrel, and stirring it after-
ward imtil the water became quite milky — up to the degree that it
would not clog the nozzle of the s])rayer.

Fungicides combined with the arsenites. — The convenience of com-
bining fungicides with insecticides, has been for sometime recognized
and regarded as a desideratum. Professor Gillette, after having exper-
imented with several of the fungicides with a view of ascertaining their
efliciency in destroying leaf -feeding insects, reports: that of all the sub-
stances which he has used, none can be com])ared with Bordeaux mix-
ture for the prevention of injury to foliage. Although the statement
seems hardly credible, he had been unable to produce the least harm
upon plum and peach foliage (the more sensitive of the fruits) with Lon-
don purple in standard Bordeaux mixture, even when used in the pro-
portion of one pound to fifty gallons. In the proportion of one pound
to twenty-five gallons, not the least injury was produced to plum foliage.
As a severe test, one pound to ten gallons caused no damage to the
apple. This almost perfect immunity from harm, might be owing, it
was thought, to the precipitation of the soluble arsenic in the purple by
the lime and copper hydrate of the Bordeaux mixture. Several other
interesting conclusions in relation to various substances and compounds
used in spraying, were reached, for which reference is made to the Bul-
letin cited.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 417

While the Bordeaux mixture may be freely and advantageously used
in combination with London purple, it should be borne in mind that the
ammoniacal solutions of copper — so valuable against the apple-scab and
some other of the plant diseases — should not be used with it; and espe-
cially, that these solutions are very harmful when combined with Paris
green, as the ammonia acts as a solvent of the arsenite, and thereby
greatly adds to the injury that it may cause. In evidence of this, see
Bulletin No. 11 (page 14), of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment
Station, January, 1891, where a report of experiments shows that carl)o-
nate of copper solution, combined with Paris green in the proportion of
one pound to five hundred gallons of water very seriously injured the
foliage.

Spray mg for the plum curcuUo. — Experiments by Dr. C. M. Weed,
of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, show that })lum trees
sprayed four times with Paris green — one to two hundred gallons of
water, gave twice, the amount of protection that was obtained from
jarring, while " vastly cheaper and easier of application." It at the
same time, gave protection from the plum-leaf fungus and the brown
rot, that later visited the unsprayed portion of the orchard. Bulletin
{Vol. Ill, No. 8, September, 1890), of the Ohio Agr. Exper. Station.

Spraying for the codling -moth. — The following results were obtained
by M. H. Beckwith, of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station
( Bulletin No. 8, March, 1 890) : 1. Trees sprayed with Paris green (1 to
150, too strong, and 1 to 200) gave four times as large a yield as did the
unsprayed. 2. The average yield of sound apples from the sprayed,
was nine times as great as from the unsprayed. 3. Of the sound apples
gathered from the sprayed trees, ninety per cent had been saved by the
spraying. 4. The sound apples from the former were much superior
in quality to those from the latter.

A new insecticide tnachine. — Dr. Riley, in his Presidential Address
before the Association of Economic Entomologists, at Champaign, 111.,
has noticed, with commendation, a new and distinct type of insecticide
apparatus — the invention of Mr. Strawson, of Newbury, Berks, Eng-
land. We quote, as follows: " The machine is called the ' Strawsonizer,'
and is a pneumatic or air-blast distributor, and may be adapted to a
variety of uses, such as broadcast sowing of grains, distribution of
fertilizers or of disinfectants in cities, and of dry or liquid insecticides.
The machine is light, simple in construction, and easily operated by
one man, the larger sizes being drawn by a horse, and the smaller by
hand power. The distributing power is obtained by a blast of air pro-
duced by a revolving fan worked by the traveling wheels of the
machine.

1893. 53

418 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

" Very uniform and rapid work may be done with this machine in
broadcast sowing of wheat, oats, and smaller seeds. These are dis-
tributed with great regularity over a track eighteen to twenty feet
wide, giving a rate of thirty to iorly acres per day. It is especially
serviceable as a distributor of fertilizers (phosphates, nitrate of soda,
lime, etc,,) and all insecticide powders, Avhich latter may frequently
be applied in connection with the former substances.

" Liquid insecticides are distributed broadcast at the rate of from one
gallon upwards per acre, and by the action of the powerful blast of
air are broken up into a line mist, which spreads uniformly to a width of
twenty feet."

'• The one-horse power machine for broadcasting grains, fertilizers,
and other solid or liquid insecticides, with suitable receptacles and
nozzles, is retailed in England for £30 sterling, or $l50. Hand-power
machines are sold for €12 and £14.'' — Insect Life, iii, 1891, pp.
194, 195.

Insecticides lately recommended. — Prof. J. B. Smith, of the New
Jerse}' Experiment Station has recenth' written of the value of potash
salts for insecticidal purposes. High testimony to their value is given.
Kainit was found to be more effective than the muriate of potash.
Used of a strength of a half-pound to a gallon of water, it was effective
against cabbage maggots, plant-lice infesting rose-bushes, and other
species. Muriate of potash of the same strength quickly killed the
mealy bugs on green-house camellias when sprayed upon them, witliout
injury to the plants. It was also promptlj^ effective upon the rose-leaf
roller, Cacmcia rosaceana . It was found to injure some of the more
delicate plants, and therefore needs further experiment with it.

Of the several preparations of tobacco. Prof, Smith gives preference
to that known as " X. O, Dust," Avhich seems to be tobacco, carbolic
acid, and whiting. It was more active against jilant-lice than even
pyrethrum, and all kinds of naked larvae jdelded readily to it. The cab-
bage-worm Avas destroyed by it.

Prof, Smith also gives high attestation to the value of Sludge-oil soap,
:nanufactured by the Columbia Chemical Works, Brooklyn, N. Y, It
was tried upon the rose-bug, Macrodactylus sxdispinosus, against which,
when appearing in full force as it often does in New Jersey, everything
else had failed. This was the only material that would conquer these
insects, in the experience of Prof. Smith, Col, Pearson of Vineland,
who has so long been experimenting with methods for controlling the
rose-bug, also had most gratifying success in the use of this insecticide.
The experiments made with this soap were necessarily limited, and it is
to be hoped that they will be continued.

Ninth Report of the (State Entomologist 419

Notes on Somk Garden and Orchard Insects.

It may be of interest to refer to a few observations and experiments
made during the year upon insects of importance to the horticulturist.

Protection from the striped cuctcmher beetle. — Dr. Weed's ex[)eri-
ments indicate that the most promising insecticide for preventing the
ravages of this insect, is tobacco j)Owder, applied in liberal quantities
to the plants. A shovel full may be used to a hill, as it acts both as a
mulch and a fertilizer. In some factories the dust is given away as a
refuse material. {Bull. Ohio Agricul. Exper. St., iii, No. 8, September,
1890.)

The apple ciuxndio. — The oviposition of the apple curculio, Antho-
nomus quadrlgibhus Say, has been described and illustrated, by Prof.
Gillette, in Bulletin No. 11 of the Iowa Agricultwal Exper ianent
Station, for November, 1890. This insect, so destructive in some of
the Western States, is not very injurious within the State of New York.

The pear-blight beetle. — The little wood-boring beetle, noticed in
the Proceedings of this Society at its Annual Meeting in ] 890, under
the name of the pear-blight beetle, or Xyleborus pyri (Peck), as having "
nearly destroyed a young pear orchard in Lockport, N. Y., has been
found to be identical with the Euiopean species long known as Xylebo-
rus dispar (Fabr.). The American name which has been recognized
by us for so many years, will therefore have to give place to the older
Fabrician one. This insect was probably introduced into this country
from Europe toward the latter part of the last century. Since its
destructive appearance at Lockport, as narrated, it has not been
observed in that locality. The nature of the peculiar larval food,
lining the chambers as a thick white coating, has not yet been
satisfactorily determined.

The rose-bug. — The announcement made in the same paper above
cited, that the Entomological Division at Washington had succeeded in
working out the life-history of the rose-bug and would soon publish it,
was premature. Dr. Riley,in Insect Life,ioY April, 1890 (ii, pp. 295-302),
has given an excellent paper on this insect, illustrating the larva,
pupa, and imago, and containiug its past history, the little that is
known of its natural history, its geographical distribution, interesting
remarks on its food-plants and ravages, the enemies that prey upon
it, which are few in number and include no true parasites, and remedies
resorted to against it. Its full life-history is yet a desideratum. In
Insei-t life, for January, 1891 (iii. No. 5), Prof. J. B. Smith has pre-
sented a graphic account of an " Experience with the Rose-bug," the
preceding season, in Vineland, N. J., during an invasion not at all

420 FoRTT-sixTH Report on the State Museum

uncommon there, but such as we are never called to contend with in the
State of New York, He " had never seen insects in such numbers, in
such constantly increasing swarms and of such enormous industry. * *
It was simply awful ! Every cherry was cleared off. Apple trees pre-
sented a great mass of sprawling rose-bugs burdening each apple. The
fruit itself was not visible, but its situation was marked by the clumps
of beetles. Nothing escaped them except peaches, and they, only,
because there were none anyway. Pears were infested as badly as
apples. Of the small fruits the blackberry seemed very attractive.
* * * Raspberries were entirely destroyed. * * * They were in
such force in Colonel Pearson's strawberry patches that the field looked
like a yellow mass of moving insects. Millions of them swarmed on
a couple of sour-gum trees on the road. In the vineyard, the
havoc was woeful. Dozens of them were on each bunch of blossoms,
and their fate was sealed. There were not blossoms enough to go
round. On Clintons, they ate the entire leaf. * * * The contem-
plation of such enormous swarms induced a feeling of helplessness that
was discouraging."

Colonel Pearson had used the usual copper compounds and found
none of them effective. Vines completely coated with the Bordeaux
mixture were as badly attacked as were those where none was applied.
London purple had been used, and while it had killed some of the
insects, " it was not protective at all, since all the buds and blossoms
were eaten before the poison began to work."

Experiments made by Prof. Smith gave the following results: car-
bolated lime served no purpose as a repellant; fresh air-slaked lime
dusted on the leaves, Avas ineffective, and applied in liquid to the extent
of whitening the foliage, gave no better results; powdered napthaline
mixed with carbonate of lime, although strongly odorous, had no
effect; tobacco powder and the X. O. Dust, seemed to serve as a relish
and an appetizer; a strong solution of tobacco applied until the leaves
were coated, gave the same effects; pyrethrum powder, which has been
recommended by the Mural Ne%o Yorker as an infallible remedy, failed
entirely to keep away or to kill the insects, or arrest the ravages,
although used of the strength of one-fourth of a pound to a gallon of
water, and of a quality warranted pure and perfectly fresh, for which
$2 per pound was paid; a strong decoction of quassia was not in the
least distasteful to them; acetate of copper, digitalis, and acetic acid,
were each barren of any good result; even kerosene emulsion, while it
drove them away temporarily, did not prevent their return. At this
time, toward the close of the campaign, sludge-oil soap was applied,
with the result already stated.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 421

The Marguerite Jit/. — This destructive miner of the leaves of the
Chrysanthemums, Cinerarias, Eupatoriums, and other Compositn?, which
has been so injurious in portions of New York and Massachusetts, was
treated of at some lengtli in the Fourth Report on the Insects of New
York, under the scientific name of Phytoniyza lateralis (Fallen), it having
been identified by Baron Osten Sacken, of Germany, to whom it had
been submitted, as identical with the European species of that name.
It has subsequently been found that the identification was an erroneous
one, and it has accordingly since been named and carefully described as
Phytomyza chrysanthmi Kowarz, as will appear in the Seventh Report
on the Insects of New York.

The bean weevil. — The report last-named will contain an extended
article on this pernicious insect, based on studies made during the past
year, in which it is shown that the insect may continue to breed indefi-
nitely within the same lot of beans, although old and dried, for as long
a time as the food-supply may last.

Conclusion.

It was purposed to extend materially the above insect notes, through
examination of the literature of the year, and also, to cite some of the
publications, especially, Bulletins of the Experiment Stations contain-
ing matters of especial interest to horticulturists; but this has been
prevented by other engagements and duties that have intruded into the
time allotted to this paper.

And further : the " Report of the Committee on Entomology "
might properly be expected to contain mention of the several insect
attacks — their character, extent, etc., which have occurred during the
past year within the sphere of the Society's operations. That such is
not found herein, is chargeable to the fact, that this paper can only be
offered as the report of the chairman of the committee — it having been
prepared without the opportunity of conference with his associates, or
even its submittal for their approval and acceptance. Request for
their aid was necessarily delayed, until, doubtless, too late for the
preparation of the information asked for, and its communication.

Respectfully submitted,

J. A. LINTNER,

Chairman,

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGY.

[Read before the Western New York Horticultural Society at its Annual
Meeting, January 26th, 1893.]

In grateful recognition of tlie tribute paid by this society to the
science of economic entomology, in giving place in its annual convoca-
tions, amid so many papers of a high order of excellence, and discus-
sions replete with interest and instruction, to a " Report on Entomol-
ogy " your committee takes pleasure in presenting the following report:

[Remarks on the remarkable exemption during the past year from
insect injuries and its probable causes, with reference to several species,
are given on pages 293, 294 of this Report.]

Various Pests of the Year.

Among the insect demonstrations of the 3''ear, the following may
deserve a few words of notice at the present time.

[Notice of several of these demonstrations, as of the fall tent-worm,
Hyphanfria ciinea' the green-striped maple worm, Dryocampa rubi-
cunda; the cabbage caterpillar, Plusla hrasslcm; the canker-worm, Ani-
sopteryx xiernata; the apple-worm of the codling-moth, Carpocapsa
poinonella ; the white grub, Lachnosterna fiisra; the elm-leaf beetle,
Galenirella xanthomelmna ; a gooseberry pest, Systena frontalis; the
Colorado potato-beetle, Doryphora cleeemlineafd ; the plum curculio,
ConotracheJus nenvphdr; and a house-infesting beetle, Otlorhynchus
ovatus, are contained in General Notes for the Year on pages 295,
296, and 297 of this report and are therefore omitted here.]

Passing from these general notes, may I ask your attention to a
more detailed notice of three insect enemies of fruit and forest and
shade trees, which are, at the present, subjects of special study, in the
hope of discover}' of means by which their serious ravages may be
arrested.

The Gypsy Moth.

Notwithstanding the raanj' insect pests of the first rank that are
preying upon and devouring the products of the orchards, vineyards,
nurseries, gardens, fields, and forests of the State of New York, it is a
cause of thankfulness that another insect pest which the people of an
adjoining State have been for the past two years, under liberal State

Ninth keport of the State Entomologist 423

aid, endeavoring to exterminate, has not yet entered within our
borders. I refer to the Gypsy Moth, Oeneria dispar (Linn.), which was
accidentally introduced into Massachusetts about the year 1869, by a
gentleman interested in the rearing of silk-worms.

When first brought to notice in 1889 by Professor Fernald, of the
Massachusetts State Agricultural College, as a dangerous public enemy,
it was believed to be confined to a single locality in the town of Med-
ford, less than a scpiare mile in area. It had at that time, according
to Professor Fernald, " multiplied to such an extent as to cause the
entire destruction" of the fruit crop and also to defoliate the shade trees
in the infested region." The imperative necessity of its arrest, and
the probability that it might be exterminated if proper means were
promptly brought to bear upon it, urged by Professor Ferpald, led to
an appropriation by the Massachusetts State legislature, in March, 1890,
of 125,000, for the accomplishment of the desired end, and the
appointment by the Governor of three commissioners to conduct the
work. An additional appropriation of an equal amount was made
later in the year.

The commissioners, in entering upon their labors, found that the
moth, instead of being confined to the narrow limits above named, had
already invaded various parts of a territorj^ four miles long by sixteen
broad. Active measures were carried on by the commissioners during
the season of 1890, yet, at its close, they reported the insect in seven
different towns over an area of fifty square miles. Many acres of
brush had been burned over, and 70,000 trees had been sprayed with
Paris green and water, in which about two tons of the Paris green
were used.*

The following year, in lieu of the commissioners, the work was
placed in the hands of the State Board of Agriculture, and by them
intrusted to a Gypsy Moth Committee of three carefully selected per-
sons. The magnitude of the work becoming apparent, another appro-
priation was made by the legislature in June of 1891, of $50,000 —
making the aggregate of appropriations thus far, $100,000.

It appears, from a special report on the subject recently made by the
State Board of Agri-ulture, that their committee have conducted their
work during the past year (^. e., in 1891), with energ}^ with judgment,
and with all the success that could have been expected. Some of the
measures used by them for the control of the insect, were the follow-
ing: spraying ti-ees with Paris green in water; spraying the caterpillars
with insecticides that kill by contact; spraying infested stone walls
with kerosene and firing it; gathering the egg-clusters and burning

* Up to the present thne, three and a half tons of Paris green has been used.

4^ Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

them; banding tlie trees with tarred paper to prevent the ascent of the
caterpillars, and with burlaps for a hiding-place Avhere they could
easily be desti'oyed; burning briish and infested shrubbery after kero-
sening it; burning out nests in holes of trees and cementing;
inspecting all vehicles going out of the infested territory for the
caterpillar.

The extent of the work done will more fully appear from the follow-
ing statement published by the committee, covering operations from
April 1, 1891, to December 31, 1891:

Trees: Number inspected 3 ,591 , 981

Number infested 213 , 828

Number cleaned of eggs 212 ,423

Number sprayed 177,415

Numl)er cemented 19 , 296

Number burlapped 68 , 720

Number banded 12 ,000

Buildings: Number insjjected 87 ,536

Number infested.- 3 , 647

Number cleaned of eggs 3,574

What is regarded as a conservative estimate, based on the daily
reports made to the committee, shows the aggregate number of egg-
clusters destroyed during the first six weeks of the season, to be 757,760.
Their bulk, according to Director Forbush, was neai'ly eight cart loads.
The average number of eggs in a cluster being 468, there were over
353 millions of Qgg:,i^ destroyed during that lime. The largest number
of men employed at any one time was 242.

At the close of the year 1891, covered by the report referred to, the
insect Avas known in twenty-six towns in Massachusetts, over an area of
200 square miles. No instance of its occurrence outside of the State of
Massachusetts had been authenticated.

Through the kindness of Prof. Forbush, director of the field-work of
the GypsA^-moth Committee, in sending me for use on this occasion a
typewritten copy of his address before the State Board of Agriculture,
in December last, I am able to make extracts therefrom relating to the
operations of last year (1892).

The appropriation made by the Legislature to the State Board of
Agriculture for the prosecution of the work in 1892 was 175,000,
Operations were conducted much in the same manner as in the preceding-
year, liut after thoroughl}'- testing the principal means of control employed
in this country and in Europe for this and similar insects, they proved

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 425

to be inadequate, and new measures were experimented with, and
employed wlien tlieir v^lue became established.

Thus it was found that arsenical spraying, on whicli much depend-
ence had been placed, failed to kill the larger and more vigorous larvae.
Insecticides tliat kill by contact were therefore resorted to. The eggs
were killed by an oil not previously used to any extent for insect
destruction; and four tons of " insect lime," known as " raupenleim "
in Germany, was imported from Europe and applied in bauds on the
bark around the tree: its viscidity — lasting for two months — served
an admirable purpose in catching and holding all insects and eflfectually
preventing their ascent of the tree.

The banding with burlaps was not only successful in entrapping
large numbers of the Ocneria caterpillars, but also hosts of other injuri-
ous species, which could then be conveniently destroyed.

Gratifying success is reported from spraying infested brush and
shrubbery on waste lands with kerosene from a cyclone nozzle and then
igniting it. The same method, it was thought, might be effective
against the marches and invasions of the army-worm.

It is claimed by the committee that they have succeeded the past year
in staying the spread of the insect, and in greatly reducing its num-
bers. Fifty towns were thoroughly searched, and the moth found iii
thirty. In some of the towns it has been locally exterminated, and in
three entirely destroyed. Not one egg-cluster can now be found as
against a hundred in 1891. If sufficient means are provided for the
work, extermination of the insect within a few years is regarded as
next to certain. With an annual appropriation of |30,000, it is con-
fidently believed by the committee that further spread can be prevented
and the insect steadily reduced in numbers.

From my present knowledge of the work c>f the conunittee, I must
commend it heartily, and Avould further express the desire that such
appropriations shall continue to be made by the State as will enable
the committee so to reduce the number of the insect that it may soon
be handed over to its parasites, predaceous insects, and birds for
complete extermination.

If I have seemed to you to have dwelt too long upon a single insect
pest, please bear in mind the deep interest which we in New York must
feel in the efforts being made for the extermination of this omnivorous
insect before it shall have entered within our borders. In this interest,
each one of the other States should also share. And then again, if
success shall, as we hope, attend this effort, it can not fail of furnishing
a precedent for calling for State aid and possibly upon the National
1893. 54

426 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Government, from time to time, for prevention of the spread of some
other newly introduced noxious pest, by stamping it out at its place of
introduction — quite as much within their province as is protection
from an invading army of soldiery, or from the fearful pestilence.
How insignificant were the losses inflicted by the Hessian soldiers,
compared to those which have resulted from the bringing hither of the
Hessian ^y.

A Destructive Shade Tkee Pest.

A destructive borer of some of our most highly prized shade trees,
as the elm and maple, has within the last five years been brought to
notice in northern New Jersey, and in New York city and its
immediate vicinity.

It is the larva of a rather large Bombycid moth, bearing the name of
Zevzera pi/rhia (Fabr.), closely allied in its habits and character to
our long-known borer of the locust, oak, and willow — Cossits rohhilcp.
In Europe it has long been known as Zevzera mscull (Lmn.) — the
specific name referring to the horse-chestnut on which it was probably
first observed, although, according to Kollar, "choosing that tree for
its abode less frequently, in the neighborhood of Vienna, than any of
the other trees that serve it for food, living chiefly in elms, walnut,
jDear, and apple trees."

The first example of it, so far as known, taken in this country (it is
another of our introduced European pests), was found in a spider's
w^eb at Hoboken, N. J., in June, 1881 {PapiHo, ii, 188?, p. 34j.

Several examples of it were captured by collectors at electric lights
in the summer of 1887, at Newark, N. J, The following year nearly
fifty specimens were taken at Newark, also at electric lights. In 1889,
it was found at Arlington and at Orange in New Jersey, and also,
according to Mr. Pike {Insect Life, iv. p. 318), in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
where it had attacked " nearly all the trees, mostly maples, from Carlton
avenue to the entrance of Prospect Park." In June of 1890, it was
reported as girdling and boring young maple trees within a few inches
of the ground, at Riverside Park, New York, causing them to break
and blow over with the wind; it had also attacked the elms and maples
in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and along the whole length of the eastern
boulevard. The following year (1891) it had so multiplied in Now
York city, that, according to Mr, Southwick, the entomologist of Cen-
tral Park, more than twenty species of trees and shrubs had been
attacked by it, and even vines, as Wistaria, had not escaped its polyph-
agous habit: thus far, evergreens and other strong)}' odorous trees,
as sassafras and ailanthus, seemed to be exempt from its ravages. Two
men were constantly employed during the month of May in collecting

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 427

and destroying- tlie larvu' tlial are taken out of tlie limbs tliat had
broken off as the result of their burrowing. After every high wind,
wagon loads of branches were gathered from tlie ground and burned.
It was being corabatted by every possil)le means, not only by burning
the falling limbs, but by removing from the trees those that from their
changing color or withering gave indications of infestation, and also, in
case of the rarer trees, searching for an opening to burrows and
injecting therein the |)owerful insecticide, bisulphide of carbon.

The same year it had extended its operations all over the city of
Brooklyn — not an avenue or street therein but gave abundant evidence
of its presence. It had also sj^read, according to Mr, Pike {Io<'. nt.), to
Astoria, New Kochelle, Jamaica, New Lots, and Flatbush, on Long
Island.

The injuries caused by this borer are quite serious. In young maples
it attacks the trunk near the ground, as already stated, and so weakens
it with its large burrows running around the tree as to cause it to break
with the wind and fall to the ground. In the elms, different species of
which it attacks, its operations, so far as observed, are confined to the
limbs and branches, which are so weakened b}'^ the burrows of often a
half -inch or more in breadth that they fall from their own weight or
even with a moderate Aviud — the branches thus broken ranging from
a half -inch in diameter to more than five inches.

Already many of the larger elms in Central Park have had their
symmetry and natural beauty greatly impaired through this Zeuzera
attack. We are not told that any have been killed, but such a result
might follow should the insect become sufficiently numerous to invade
the entire tree.

We do not know that any better methods can be used to arrest this
increase than those that are employed at the present at Central Park,
unless some means may be devised for destroying the eggs of the moth
before the hatching of the larvje and their entrance into the tree.

An Elm Tree Bark-borer.
The preceding attack, as yet, is quite local in our State yet destined,
we fear, not long to continue so. Throughout the entire State, and
beyond its limits, the beautiful Avhite elm, Vbiius Americana, which has
been so liberally planted and so highly prized as our most valuable
shade tree, is suffering from the ravages of a hidden and insidious
enemy, and dying one by one from a cause, not apparent, and known
to but a few. This is chargeable to the operations of one of our longi-
corn beetles, named Saperda trldentata Olivier, the larvfc or grubs of
which work in tlie inner bark and sap-wood of the trunk — the attack

428 Forty-sixth Report o.v the State Museum

apparently commencing not far above the groixnd and gradually-
extending upward. When the grubs are numerous, their broad, flat
burrows so reticulate and run into one another as effectually to girdle
trunks of two to three feet in diameter, when, with the circulation
arrested, the death of the tree inevitably follows. No effective remedy
against this attack has as yet been found. It is probable, however,
that where it has not proceeded too far, protection may be attained in
coating the bark with some thick repellant substance (of which carbolic
acid and Paris green should be components) that would repel egg-
deposit or prevent the passage through of the newly-hatched larva.
This coating would not need to be applied to the entire trunk, but
might be limited to a broad zone of several feet, at and beyond that
part where the burrows of the preceding year were mainly run — to be
found by removing portions of the bark, which will readily scale off
from the deserted older-infested portions.

A still better remedy, I think, would be the following: Remove the
outer bark from the entire infested portion of the tree in the spring
(occupied at the time by the larva* or the pupae) by shaving it down to
the inner bark until the first indications of the fresh burrows are dis-
closed. A kerosene emulsion of good strength brushed over the shaven
surface would kill the insects, after which a coating of some thick sub-
stance, as lime and cow-dung, should be applied to prevent the splitting
of the sap-wood from exposure to the sun, drying winds or extreme
weather.

That the barking of elms to even a greater extent than the above
may safely be resorted to, appears from experiments made in France by
M. Roberts, detailed in the Gardeners' Chronicle and Agrieidtural
Gazette for April 29th, 1848, and quoted by Di*. Packard in his recent
report on " Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees" (1890), as
f olloAvs :

" The whole of the outer bark Avas removed from the elm (this may
be done conveniently by a scraping-knife shaped like a spoke-shave).
This operation caused a great flow of sap in the inner lining of the bark
(the liber) and the grubs of the Scolytus beetle were found in almost
all cases to perish shortly after. The treatment was applied on a large
scale, and the bai'ked trees were found, after examination by the com-
missioners at two different periods, to be in more vigorous health than
the neighboring ones of which the bark was untouched. More than
two thousand elms were thus treated."

M. Robert has also obtained good results from cutting out strips of
the bark of old elms of about two inches wide from the boughs down
to the ground. " It was found that where the young bark pressed for-

KiNTH Report of the State Entomologist 429

ward to heal the wound and a vigorous flow of sap took place, many of
the larvae near it were killed, the bark that had not entirely been
undermined was consolidated, and the health of the tree improved."

For a long period of years the elm has been remarkably free from
insect attack, but now it is struggling for existence against four
insect destroyers, so pernicious in their operations that we are almost
compelled to look upon it as a doomed tree. The Zeuzera is robbing
it of its beautifully branching top; the elm-leaf beetle is defoliating it
and rendering it in midsummer useless for shade; the caterpillars of
the white-marked tussock-moth ( Orgyia leucostigma) are skeletonizing
its leaves and arresting termin&l growth by amputating the ends of the
twigs and strewing them over the ground; and lastly, the three-
toothed Saperda — the most dangerous of all — is running its mines
through sap wood and liber so closety and tortuously that the death of
the tree is the inevitable result.

It is sincerely to be hoped that should the suggestions above made
for staying the ravages of the last named insect not prove to be prac-
ticable, other means may be found, so efficient and so simple as to lead
to their general use by individuals and by city authorities; and that
the steady progress northward and westAvard over the State of the two
other elm destroyers — the Zeuzera borer and the elm-leaf beetle —
may be stayed, and the most beautiful and serviceable of our shade
trees be spared to us and to coming generations.

Experiment Station Pcjblications.

The work of the Experiment Stations during the past year has
developed results which are of considerable value to the members of
this society. I will briefly refer to a few of the studies, citing the
bulletins where they are more fully detailed, in order that those who
so desire may make application for them to the several stations, and
procure copies before the editions shall be exhausted.

The Pear Tree PsyUa. — Mention has been made of the remarkable
cessation of the injui-ies during the past year of the pear-tree Psylla in
the Hudson river valley. This insect is not confined to the eastern
part of the State of New York and portions of the Eastern States
adjoining, but it also occurs in Central and Western New York, — not as
yet in great abundance, but the pear orchards are at any time liable to
an outbreak of it.

A careful study of the insect has been made at Cornell University by
Mr. M. V. Slingerland, and its results published in an illustrated bulletin
of 28 pages, being Bulletin 44, October, 1892, of the University Agri-

430 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum.

cultural Experiment Station. Its lifo-liistory has been worked out, and
the remedies available for its destruction are given. Of the various
remedies experimented with, the most efficient was found to be kero-
sene emulsion sprayed upon the insect while in its larval stage before
acquiring wings. A single spraying with the standard emulsion
reduced with twenty-five parts of water (less than three per cent of
kerosene) killed, as estimated, from 75 to 90 per cent of the larva*.
The early spring, just after the leaves had expanded, proved to be
the best time for spraying. In the experiments made, the unexpected
result was obtained that the fully exposed eggs of the Psylla were
not to be killed by spraying with undijuted kerosene, or even when
they were immersed in the liquid.

Insects Injurious to the Blackherrrj. — In Bulletin N. of the New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, November 30, 1891, Dr. J B.
Smith, entomologist, has given popular descriptions, accomj^anied with
illustrations, of the more destructive blackbei'ry insects, with sugges-
tions regarding the remedies to be used against them.

Insects Injurious to Yountj Fruit Trees. — The entomologist of the
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, in Bulletin No. 18, for March,
1892, has given popular accounts of, with suggestions as to remedies for, a
large number of the insect enemies of young fruit trees.

The Grapevine Leaf Hopper. — Mr. Townsend, the entomologist of
the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station in writing of
this insect T'yphlocyho vitis (Harris), often referred to as " the
thrips," states: For some time after the hatching of the eggs, the
minute young are to be found mostly on the lower, older leaves.
Kei'osene emulsion has been conclusively proven as the only practical
remedy for them. It should be diluted with fifteen times its volume
of cold water and applied as soon as the t/onng hoppers appear,
thoroughly reaching with the spray the underside of all the leaves,
especially the lower ones. If deferred until they have acquired wings,
it would be too late to attempt to destroy them in this manner. Vine-
yards sprayed only once the past S:!ason with the emulsion as above
directed, showed thereafter not enough hoj^pers to do any injury for
the remainder of the season, the same vines having been' very plenti-
fully infested before the application. (Bulletin No. 5, March, 1892,
New Mexico Agr. Exp. Station.)

It is strange, when this insect can be so easily destroyed, that there
should appear every year in the Vineyardist and other papers, so many
complaints of severe injuries sustained from it.

The Strawberry Weevil. — Mr. M. H. Beckwith, of the Delaware
Agricultural Experiment Station, in Bulletin No. 18, for September,

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 431

1892, has written of this weevil, Anthonomns mtisculus, which works
in the buds and blossoms of the perfect flowering varieties, its larvae
penetratinu: the center of the blossom (the ovary or the rudimentary
berry) and thereby blastini>- the berry. Kerosene emulsion and
l>owdered hellebore in water are recommended for use against it.*

A New Straioherri/ Sh((j. — Prof. Herbert Osborn, of the Iowa Experi-
ment Station, rei)orts successful experiments in killing the green straw-
berrj'^-slug, Monosteyia u/nota (Korton), which in the early part of
June had extensively eaten the leaves of a strawberry patch on the
Station grounds. They were thoroughly sprayed with one ])Ound of
London purple to 200 gallons of water. The fruit was partly grown
at the time. Further injuiy ceased within two or three days, and
the slugs were killed, as shown by the presence of their dead bodies.
Two and one-half gallons of the spray, containing about forty
gi'ains of arsenic, had been applied to a patch of nearly one square rod.
Estimating that the fruit — about six quarts — had received one-tenth of
the spray distributed (four grains) and that one-half of the amount
of the spray would have been equally effectual, and accepting two grains
of arsenic as a dangerous dose, it appears fi*om these data that upwards
of twelve quarts of the ripe fruit would liave to be eaten to give a
fatal dose of the arsenic (Bulletin No. 18, Iowa Agricultural Exi>eri-
ment Station, August, 1892).

Protection from the (Jabbage Maggot. — In the Eighth Annual
Report of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station for the year
1891, Professor E. S. Goff has presented very successful results in pro-
tecting cabbage and cauliflower plants from the attack of the cabbage-
fly, Anthomyia brassicce Bouche, by surrounding the stalk of the
plants at their setting, with small hexagonal discs of tarred paper,
rapidly cut from sheets by means of a tool devised for the purpose. It
seems to be the most successful method yet discovered for jDrotection
against this most annoying pest of truck-farmers and gardeners, which
often destroys entire crops of early cabbages and cauliflowers. For
details of the method, the report cited may be referred to, or an article
contributed by me to the issue of. Gardening for February 1, 1893,

Kerosene for the Aphis. — Professor Goff has also experimented
with kerosene emulsions for destroying the eggs of the aphis infesting
apple and plum {Aphis malt Fabr.) during the winter while there were
no leaves to interfere with the distribution of the insecticide. The
experiments were not successful, for although emulsions of the
strength of twenty, twenty-five, and thirty per cent were used, it was

* This insect has recently been shown to be the Anthonomus signatus of Say. See Insect Life
V, January, 1893, pp. 167-186, for an extended account of it, with illustrations, by Mr. F. H.
Chittenden.

432 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

subsequently found that the sprayings had failed to destroy the eggs.
Full success, however, was attained by a spraying of emulsion con-
taining thirteen per cent of kerosene, on April 24th, just as the buds of
the apple were beginning to burst. The aphides were hatching from
the eggs at this time, and they were almost entirely destroyed. This,
therefore, may be accepted as the most vulnerable period in the life of
the insect. (See the report above cited.)

Soapsuds for the Cabbage Ajyhis. — Kerosene emulsion has been
recommended for killing the plant-lice that often congregate in immense
numbers on the leaves of cabbage, but if the emulsion is used of the
proper strength to kill the insect, it also imparts a permanent flavor of
kerosene to the plant. In trials made at the South Dakota Station of
various insecticides, strong soapsuds gave better satisfaction than any
other remedy and proved highly efficacious. While most fluid applica-
tions were found to roll oif from the aphides without wetting them, the
soap solution readily penetrated the gray powdery substance which
covers their body and killed them. (South Dakota Agricultural
Experiment Station, Bulletm No. 30, March, 1892.)

Plant-lice and Red Spiders on Rose bushes. — Professor C. H, Fernald,
of the Hatch [Massachusetts] Agricultural Experiment Station, reports
that potted rosebushes of different vai-ieties, every twig of which was
literally covered with the aphides, and more or less the surface of the
leaves, and also having the red spider, Tetranyehus telarius (Linn.)
exceedingly numerous on the leaves, were inserted and held for about
a quarter of a minute in a pailful of kerosene emulsion, with this
result: two days thereafter, examination of the bushes failed to show
either a single living plant-louse or red spider; and none ajspeared on
them for the rest of the season.

Spraying and Insecticides.

A few notes on what is being done in spraying for insect pests, and
on some new insecticides, may not be out of place at this time.

Experiments xolth Paris Green on Tent Caterpillars. — Professor
Fernald reports that with one pound of Paris green to 1,000 gallons of
water, all the caterpillars placed on the leaves died within twelve days.
One pound to 150 gallons of water burned the foliage and injured the
tree considerably. The best proportion for use on apple trees appeared
to be, one pound of Paris green to 200, 250 or 300 gallons of water;
even the last-named strength killed all the caterpillars within two days;
with a dilution of 400 gallons, all were dead in three days.

Paris Green on the Gypsy Moth Caterpillar. — That Paris green has
failed to give entire success in killing the Ocneria caterpillar, is

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 433

the report of the Gypsy IV^oth Committee. The mixture used by
thera would seem to be an excellent one, viz., one pound to 150 gallons
of water and two quarts of glucose. The glucose held the poison on
the leaves during hard showers, and proved to be a useful addition^
and preferable to any other substance tried for prolonging the effects
of the arsenite. Yet this, the}' state, while destroying the young
caterpillars, failed to kill those that were nearly mature. A grove of
trees that had been twice sprayed with a strength of one pound to 100
gallons of water was afterwards entirely stripped of leaves. Although
many of the caterpillars were killed, there w^ere subsequently gathered
from under the same trees over 1,100 living pupse of Ocneria. The
Paris green used was several times analyzed and found to be fully
equal to any in the market.

It is difficult to believe that foliage sprayed Avith a strong mixture
of Paris green will not kill all caterpillars that feed freely upon it, and
the statement above-made needs confirmation. It is not impossible
that the nearly matured caterpillars which were not killed, may have
fully matured and ceased feeding preparatory to their pupation ; or the
observations may have been during the two or three days of cessation
from food that may precede the last of the larval moltings.

Spraying for the Codling Moth. — The following is quoted from the
American Cultivator, of January 2d, 1892: A careful examination was
made of two trays of unassorted apples, each containing one hundred
specimens, the fruit in one tray being taken from a sprayed tree and
the other from an unsprayed one adjoining. The apples were divided
into three grades, No. 1 being perfect apples, No. 2 having one or two-
blemishes, and No. 3 being almost worthless. In the tray from the
unsprayed tree, there were four perfect apples, 58 second-class, and 38
culls, while the tray filled from the sprayed tree contained 84 first-
class, 9 second-class, and 7 culls. {Insect Life, iv, 1892, p. 288.)

E. G. Lodeman reports, in Cornell Bulletin 48, signal results in
spraying for codling-moth in the very wet season of 1892.

Spraying for the Plum Ciirculio. — Reports from a number of fruit-
growers in Ohio indicate that spraying with Paris green is considered
an effective remedy for the plum curculio. It is thought that two
ounces of the green to 50 gallons of water is sufficient, if three or four
applications are made during the season;. and that the use of the dilute
Bordeaux mixture in connection with the insecticide will prevent injury
to the foliage. The mixture of fungicides and insecticides was also
used with beneficial effects on pear trees attacked by the curculio.
(Abstract in Experiment Station Record, from Ohio Station Bulletin,
No. 9, vol. iv, December, 1891.)
1893. 55

434 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

From an address made by W. J. Green, before the Ohio State Horti-
cultural Society at its last meeting, and reported in the Country Gentle-
man of January 12th, 1893, it appears that while the effectiveness of
arsenical spraying for the curculio is conceded, it can not be done with
sufficient frequency during the long period of the curculio's presence —
from May to August — without injuring the foliage and causing the
leaves to fall. A large degree of protection, however, to the foliage
may be secured by using a dilute Bordeaux mixture with the Paris
green. The following is the formula given: Lime, 4 pounds; sulphate
of copper, 4 pounds; Paris green, 4 ounces; water, 50 gallons. This
mixture was found satisfactory for European plums, but damaged the
American varieties. With the Paris green reduced to two ounces,
very little harm resulted, but it was questioned if this proportion of the
arsenite would prove effective against the curculio.

A ISfeio Contact Insecticide. — The Gypsy Moth Committee in Massa-
chusetts have found by experiment that the soap-powders, such as
" Gold Dust " and " Babbitt's Continental Washing-powder," are
•deadly to catei-pillars when properly applied, and were efficient in killing
both the caterpillars and the pupae of Ocneria. Babbitt's 1776 soap-
powder was used in the proportion of one pound to six gallons of water,
the powder being first dissolved in a little warm water, and sprayed
■upon the congregated caterpillars until they were well soaked
with the liquid. It was thought that the "Gold Dust" gave
the most uniform and satisfactory results. Unfortunately, "these
solutions can not be used for spraying tender plants, as they injure the
foliage. They can be used only on insects that cluster about the trunks
of trees or smaller objects." (Forbush.)

Creosote Oil as an Insecticide. — For killing the eggs of the gypsy
moth, the committee found that creosote oil, applied to the clusters by
means of a brush so as to saturate them, penetrated and killed the eggs
at once. The oil is made by the Carolina Oil and Creosote Company,
at Wilmington, North Carolina, and is sold at fifteen cents a gallon by
the barrel.

Experiments should be made to test the efficacy of this oil on the
apple-bark and other scale insects, and on the eggs of such insects as
have failed to be killed by applications of kerosene, as those of the pear-
tree Psylla, the apple-tree aphis, the squash-vine borer {Melittia
cucurbitee) , and the squash-bug {Anasa tristis).

A Cheap Insecticide. — The assistant chemist, B. W. Kilgore,
of the North Carolina Experiment Station, has proposed the follow-
ing cheap preparation for spraying fruit-trees: A mixture of one
pound of the commercial white arsenic and two pounds of lime.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 435

boiled together for half an hour in two to five gallons of
water, and then diluting it to about one hundred gallons of
water. The mixture prepared as above contains absolutely no soluble
arsenic; and it was clearly shown that the "burning" or "scorching"
of leaves is due entirely to the soluble arsenic present, and is in direct
proportion to its amount.

Arsenites with Bordeaux llixture. — Mr. Kilgore also reports: "Prac-
tical tests of the effect upon foliage of combinations of Paris green
and London purple, each with Bordeaux mixture, were made. These
combinations contained one pound of Paris green and one pound of
London purple, separately, in 150 gallons of Bordeaux mixture, and
applied to fig, grape, mulberry, blackberry, peach, pear, and apple
leaves. Each mixture was tested for soluble arsenic, but none was
found in any case. Nor did the slightest iujury result to any of the
leaves from these combinations. Some experiments were also made
with combinations containing one pound of the arsenites to 100 gallons
of Bordeaux mixture, with the same results as the above. Both theory
and practice show these combinations to be perfectly harmless to
foliage, and that they may be used with freedom."

These results are accompanied with elaborate tables, on which they
are based. The use of lime for neutralizing the injurious effects of the
arsenites is in accord with the publications of Professor Gillette, in
Bulletin No. 10 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Pro-
fessor Kilgore's experiments were made in July, 1890, but their
publication was delayed until a year thereafter. (See Technical Bulletin
No. 2, of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh,
July 1, 1891.)

E. G. Lodeman, of the Cornell (N. Y.) Station (Bulletin 48), has
found excellent results to follow the combination of Paris green and
Bordeaux mixture for spraying apple trees to combat codling-moth and
apple-scab. His conclusions upon this point are as follows:

" When Paris green was added to the Bordeaux mixture, the fungi-
cidal action of the combination was more marked than when London
purple was used in place of Paris green.

" Paris green has a certain fungicidal value, but in this respect it
does not nearly equal the Bordeaux mixture.

" The value of Paris green as an insecticide does not appear to be
materially affected, whether it is applied alone or in combination with
the Bordeaux mixture.

" The insecticidal value of Paris green when used with the Bordeaux
mixture was greater than that of London purple when similarly
applied."

436 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Farmers' Bulletin on Spraying. — A serviceable bulletin for the use
of fruit-growers is one published in 1892, by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, entitled " Farmers' Bulletin No. 7. Spraying
Fruits for Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases," 20 pages.

It discusses spraying with kerosene emulsion and the arsenites for
insect pests, and spraying from the hygienic standpoint. Spraying for
fungus diseases of the apple, pear, and other fruits. Does it pay to
spray ? The fungicides used in spraying. How and when to spray.
Treatment of scab, powdery mildew, the leaf -blights, black-rot of the
grape and anthracnose. Use of copper compounds from a hygienic
standpoint.

This is perhaps the most convenient and reliable bulletin on spraying
that has yet been prepared, and copies may probably be obtained by
addressing the Department of Agriculture at Washington.

Bulletins on Spraying and Insecticides. — Several bulletins on
these subjects have been published during the year 1892 and the pre-
ceding one, which would be found of service to fruit-growers, florists^
nurserymen, and others. Among them are the following:

Information on Spraying Fruits. Pennsylvania State College Agr.
Exp. Station, Bulletin No. 19, April, 1892.

Insecticides and Fungicides. Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta., Agricultuml
College, Bulletin No. 83, April, 1892.

The Spraying of Orchards. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Wooster, vol iv^
December, 1891.

Experiments with Fungicides and Insecticides. Hatch Exp. Sta.,
Amherst, Mass., Bulletin No. 17, April, 1892. 11 plates.

Injurious Insects and Insecticides; Spraying Machinery. Delaware
College Agr. Exp. Sta., Newark, Bulletin No. 12, March, 1891.

Kerosene Emulsion. Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta., Agricultural College,.
Bulletin No. 76, October, 1891.

Spraying for Insect and Fungous Pests of the Orchard and Vineyard.
New Jersey Agricultural College Exp. Sta., New Brunswick, Bulletin
No. 86, April 4, 1892.

Spraying Apple Orchards in a Wet Season. Cornell University Exp.
Sta., Ithaca, N. Y., Bulletin No. 48, December, 1892.

Bounties for Insect Pests.
Garden and Forest, for December 21, 1892, records an interesting
" Campaign against the Tent- caterpillar." The apple-tree tent-cater-
pillar has for several years past been an almost unendurable nuisance in
various parts of Massachusetts, particularly in the vicinity of Boston.
Entire trees and shrubs are completely stripped of their leaves, convert-

Ninth Report of tee State Entomologist 437

ing the fresh spring foliage into a painful and depressing scene, and
robbing walks and drives of their natural rural beauty.

In order to arrest or mitigate, if possible, this evil, the Newton
Horticultural Society and the Newton Center Improvement Association
prepared and widely distributed a circular illustrating the insect in its
several stages, giving a full description of its eggs, and offering prizes
for the collection of the egg-belts, to be brought to the Horticultural
Society before April 1st. As the result, 175 was distributed in prizes
and gratuities among the competitors, the first prize of $15 being given
to a young lad who presented over 15,000 belts.

The above effort having effected the destruction, as estimated, of
25,000,000 of eggs during the year, the society is encouraged to offer
for the following year a reward of $1 for every thousand belts brought
in, and has invited contributions, that the work may be successfully
carried on.

I would heartily recommend this method for localities in New York
where the tent-caterpillar has become unusually abundant. Could other
of our wide-spread insect pests be controlled by similar means, it would
be a wise economy to employ children in the work by the payment of
suitable rewards. Unfortunately, few insects offer so vulnerable a
point of attack as does the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, in its shining egg-
belt on a leafless tree. In cities and villages where the white-marked
tussock-moth, Orrpjia leucostigma, frequently strips the elms and
horse-chestnuts of their foliage, the devastation for another year could
be stayed by offering a certain sum per thousand, or by weight or
measure, for the egg-deposit of the moth on its cocoon — so conspic-
uous in their snowy whiteness on the trimks and lower branches of
trees and beneath window-sills and copings, during the months of
August and September, or before they have become dingy from
weathering.

In conclusion, I feel that I owe an a})ology for the length of my
report, and I accordingly offer this : Your president and a number of
individual members of the Society have from time to time manifested
to me so deep an interest in entomological studies as directly bearing
upon their pursuits and labors, that I have presumed upon a patient
listening to whatever I had to present. The report, certainly, would
have been much more brief had it been prepared for any other body
than for the intelligent and appreciative membership of this Society,
before whom I am always glad to appear and offer my humble tribute.

Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Committee on Entomology.

J. A. LINTNER,

Chairman,

(C)

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento^
mologist during the year 1892 — thirty-three are named, — giving,
title, place and time of ]niblication and a summary of contents.

A similar list for the years 1870-1874 is appended.

Killing the Pea-Weevil. (Eural New Yorker, for April 2, 1892,.
li, p. 227, c. 2,3 — 9 cm.)

Bruclnis j)isi m.aj he killed in newly ripened pease by exposure foi' one
hour to a temperature of 145° Fahr. The vapor of bisulphide of carbon is
believed to be the best agent for killing the bean- and the pea-weevil.

Early " Grasshoppers." (Country Gentleman, for April 14, 1892,
Ivii, pp. 286-7, cols. 4, 1 — 28 cm.)

Insects taken in Washington Co. , N. Y. , hopping about on March 20th,
are the young of the green-striped locust, Chimarocephala viridifasciata
De Geer, noticed in the Second Report on the Insects of New York,
as appearing in the winter of 1882 in diflferent places in New York. Their
life-history is sketched and reasons given why severe injuries may not be
expected from these early appearances. Reference is made to the erroneous
popular use of the name " grasshopper" for locust.

[See extended notice as Chortophaga viridifasciata, in pp. 330-334 of this
report (ix).]

"■^Cluster Flies — Pollenia Rudis. (Country Gentleman, for Ma^y 5,
1892, Ivii, p. 358, c. 1, 2 — 54 cm.)

The fly identified and the names which it has borne; notice by W. H. Dall,
of its occurrence at Geneva, N. Y., and elsewhere by other writers: its hiber-
nation in houses: its principal features: how it may be killed.

[Extended in pp. 309-314 of tliis (Ninth) Report.]

Report of the State Entomologist for the Year 1890. (Forty-
fourth Annual Report of the i^ew York State Museum for the
Year 1890, pp. 197-405, figs. 1-40.) Separate : Seventh Report
on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York
[April 29J, 1891, pp. 210, figs. 40.

The contents are: Introductory: Injurious Insects: Aulacomerus
lutescens, the Poplar saw-fly. Pyrrharctia Isabella, the Black-and-red Woolly

*The capitalization, etc., of the Country Gentleman is followed herein in the citation from it
of titles of publications.

440 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Bear. Helophilus latifrons — one of the Syrphus flies. Chloropisca prolifica,
the Prohfic Chlorops. Dynastes Tityus, the Ehinoceros Beetle. Bruchus
obsoletus, the Bean-Weevil. Bruchus ruflmanus, the European Bean-Weevil.
Bruchus lentis, the Lentil Weevil. Conotrachelus nenuphar, the Plum cur-
culio. Cicada septendecim, the Periodical Cicada. Brief Notes on Various
Insects: Ocneria dispar, the Gypsy Moth. Spilosoma Virginica, the Yellow
Woolly Bear. Thyridopteryx epheniera^formis, the Bag-worm. Erebus
odora. Tmetocera ocellana, the Eye-spotted Bud-moth. Cecidomyia bal-
samicola, the Balsam Cecidomyia. Cecidomyia sj^.? within a jumping gall.
Epilachna borealis, the Northern Lady- bird. Sitodrepapanicea, as a Leather
Beetle. Aphodius fimetarius, a Dung Beetle. Saperda Candida, the Eound-
headed Apple-tree Borer. Diabrotica 12-punctata, the 12-spotted Diabrotica.
Phytonomus punctatus: the fungus infesting it. Monarthrum mali, the
Apple-tree Bark Beetle. Aphis brassicje, the Cabbage Aphis. Myrmeleon
?immaculatus: a Strange Habitat for the Larva. Dendroleon obsoletum; a
Climbing Ant-Lion. Injurious Arthropods: Bryobia pratensis, the Clover
Mite. Cermatia forceps — a Household Centipede. Appendix. (A) Ento-
mological Contributions : The Insects of the Past Year and Progress in
Insect Studies. Late Experiences with Insects Injurious to the Orchard and
Garden. (B) List of Publications of the Entomologist. (C) Contri-
butions to the Department. General Index.

■Slugs on Pear Trees. (Country Gentleman, for Ma}^ 19, 189^,
Ivii, p. 387, c. 2, 3—20 cm.)

An attack en pear-trees in Orange, N. J., is recognized as that of the
pear-tree slug, Eriocampa ce?"asi(Peck), which also occur on cherry, quince,
and plum trees. The two broods are noticed. It may be killed by powdered
hellebore, dry or in water, spraying with Paris green, dusting with powdered
lime or even with road dust unless just before molting. Are there three
broods in New Jersey ?

[See pages 335, 336 of this Report (ix).]

The Cherry-tree Aphis on the Wild-goose Plum. ( Country

Gentleman, for May 26, 1892, Ivii, p. 407, c. 4— IG cm.)

Insects from Central Kentucky as quite injurious to wild-goose plum trees
and " observedalso on theburningbush," axeMyzus cerasi (Fabr.). Although
for a long time thought to occur only on the cultivated cherry, it is now met
with occasionally on the plum. Spraying with strong whale-oil soap solution
"svould be effective if all the insects were reached by it. Kerosene emulsion
-would be preferable, if used before the aphids are protected by the curling
of the leaves. This aphis is not found on the burning bush: another black
species, Aphis rumicis (Linn.), was probably mistaken for it.

The Scurfy Bark-Louse. (Country Gentleman, for June 9, 1892,

Ivii, p. 458, c. 1 — 26 cm.)

Scale-insects on apple twigs from High Bridge, N. J., are Chionaspis
fnrfurus (Fitch), occuring on most of the fruit-trees, and distributed from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, and recently found in Europe. The specimens

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 44 1

received on small twigs, were of an unusually elongate shape. Spraying
with kerosene emulsion soon after they are hatched, will kill them. Other
remedies are application of "heavy-oil," soap-suds and carboUc acid, and
other means mentioned in the Country Gentleman, for March 1, 1888, p. 169.

The Harlequin Cabbage-Bug. (Country Gentleman, for June 9,
1892, Ivii, p. 458, c. 1, 2—27 cm.)

The conspicuous and peculiar markings of this insect, the Murgantia
histrionica (Hahn.), received from Woodbury, N. J., have given to it its
specific and popular name. It feeds on most of the Criici/erce; its distribu-
tion is noticed: now for the first time received from New Jersey. Recom-
mendations for destroying it are: sprinkling with hot water; trapping with
leaves placed on the ground; burning the rubbish of the fields; destroying
the hibernated insects while ovipositing in the early spring, and crushing the
eggs. The insect develops rapidly — may mature from eggs within three
weeks.

[Seepages 315-317 of this Report (ix).J

The Pear-tree Psylla. (Science for June 17, 1892, xix, pp. 343,
344— 30 cm.)

Recent injuries to pear-trees from two pests, Diplosis pyrivora and Psylla
jjyri: when they were introduced: injuries from the latter in the Hudson
river valley: what the insect is: when it appears in its several stages: should
not be hard to control: may be killed by spraying when first hatched, and
even after it is winged, with kerosene emulsion: theVermorel nozzle pre-
. ferable against the winged insect, and how to use it.

[See extended notice in pp. 317-329 of this Report (ix).]

The Apple-tree Tent-Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for June
23, 1892, Ivii, p. 492, c. 1—11 cm.)

In reply to inquiry from Boston, Mass., for preventive means against cater-
pillars which have defoliated fifty apple-trees: the insect, Clisiocampa
Americana Harris, is easily controlled by two methods — either by collecting
the egg-belts while the trees are leafless and burning them, or by destroying
the nests with the contained larva? as soon as they can be discovered in early
spring, during the cool part of the day.

Aster and Lily Pests. (Country Gentleman, for June 23, 1892,
Ivii, p. 492, c. 1—12 cm.)

The " minute white objects" associated with myriads of small red ants
(specimens not submitted), covering the roots of astei-s in Riga, N. Y. , are
probably a species of plant-louse, and perhaps the Aphis Middletonii of
Thomas (8th Illinois Report). The "worms" boring into the stalk of lilies
below the ground, judging from the brief description sent, are one of the
Myriapods or " thousand-legged worms." These may be killed by lime-water
or nitrate of soda in solution. For the Aphides, withdraw the ground and
apply strong soap-suds, or tobacco water or pyrethrum water, or pour hot
Tvater on the ground about the plants.

[Published in pp. 371, 372 of this Report (ix).]
1893. 56

442 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

The Cow-Horn Fly, (Country Gentleman, for June 30, 1892, Ivii^
p. 501, c. 2—10 cm.)

A remedy is asked for the fly, Hcematobia serrata, which is occurring " in
millions " in Madison county, N. Y. It is rapidly increasing and spreading
throughout this State, and has also appeared in Ohio, Kentucky and Missis-
sippi. Any of the greases or oils with some carbolic acid, if rubbed on the
cattle, will usually act as a repellant, as also tobacco-dust rubbed into the
hair. Spraying the cattle with kerosene emulsion two or three times a week
will drive away the flies and prevent their return. The larvae may be killed
by daily spreading thinly the fresh droppings where they breed or by
sprinkling lime thereon.

The Meal-Worm, Tenebrio Obscurus. (Country Gentleman, for
June 30, 1892, Ivii, p. 501, c. 2, 3—18 cm.)

Insects infesting wheat in a granary in Buckland, Va., are the American
meal-worm, Tenebrio obscurus Fabr. The larva and beetle are character-
ized ; is more injurious than the European T. molitor, as it prefers dry and
sound flour ; both infest granaries, mills, and farm houses. The best remedy
for it is bisulphide of carbon, used as directed, one ounce to a hundred
pounds of grain. The dead insects should be removed from the grain, as.
serious results have followed their having been ground into the flour.

[Extended in pp. 307-309 of this Report (ix).]

The Pear-Leaf Blister. (Country Gentleman, for June 30, 1892^
Ivii, p. 504, c. 2 — 7 cm.)

Leaves from Carlton, N. Y., are nearly covered with the pear-leaf blister,
caused by the operations of the microscopic mite, Phytoptus pyri Sulphur
has been used for killing, but when applied it can reach so few of the concealed
mites that it is not effective. The best remedies are found in picking off
and burning the infested leaves or the branches, heavy pruning in the winter
or spring, or in the removal of the infested tree. Reference is made to the
Country Gentleman of October 2d. 1890, for further information of the Phy-
toptidce and of the species.

Injuries to a Maple Tree. (Country Gentleman, for July 21, 1892,
Ivii, p. 552, c. 2 — 8 cm.)

The tree has probably been attacked by the maple-tree borer, Olycobius
speciosas. The remedies for this attack are given. The eggs observed under
a thin gray film on the bark could not have been the source of the attack.

A Cauliflower Pest. (Country Gentleman, for August 11, 1892,.
Ivii, p. 600, c. 3—6 cm.)

Pieris rapes is identified as injurious to cauliflowers at Che viot-on- Hudson.
Recommendation is made to mix fresh pyrethrum powder with four times
its bulk of flour, and, after it has stood for twenty-four hours, to dust it
thinly over the caterpillars.

Ninth Be port of the State Entomologist 443;

Pear-eating Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for September 8, 1892,

Ivii, p. 667, c. 2, 3—8 cm.)

A beetle, from Buffalo, N. Y. , eating into pears, is the Indian Cetonian,
Euphoria Inda (Linn.). Its habits are given, as also its injuries to fruit and
vegetables, and means of protection from it.

Roseleaf Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for September 8,
1892, Ivii, p. 667, c. 3—5 cm.)

A caterpillar feeding on roseleaves at Cos Cob, Conn., the prominent fea-
tures of which are given, is one of the Cochliopodw, but can not be identified
at present.

[It was subsequently identified as Parasa chloris H.-S.]

Strawberry Koot Grub. (Country Gentleman, for September 8,

1892, Ivii, p. 667, c. 3—4 cm.)

For the white grub infesting strawberry roots, remedies named are digging
out, and pouring kerosene emulsion over the roots.

The Black Blister Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for September
15, 1892, Ivii, p. 689, c. 3 — 7 cm.)

In reply to complaint from Meriden, Conn., c f this beetle, Epicauta Penn-
sylvanica (De Geer), several of the food-plants of the insect are given, and
remedies for it, as beating into a vessel of water with kerosene, dusting with
pyrethrum powder, and inclosing the blossoms in gauze during the preva-
lence of the beetles.

The Hag-Moth Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for Sept( mber
22, 1892, Ivii, p. 709, c. 3 — 8 cm.)

A caterpillar from East Greenwich, R. I,, is the Phobetron pithecium (Sm.-
Abb.). Its peculiar features are given. It is often received for ncme in
August and September. Its food-plants and stinging powers.

Remedy for the Army "Worm. (Country Gentleman, for October
6, 1892, Ivii, p. 750, c. 3 — 7 cm.)

The best remedy for the army worm in its migrations is ditching with waUs
sloping inward and deep holes at intervals. Other remedies are barriers of
boards coated with tar, rolling the ground when smooth to crush the worms,
and poisoning with Paris green, strips of the threatened crop in advance of
attack.

Weevil in a Granary. (Country Gentleman, for October 6, 1892,.
Ivii, p. 750, c. 3 — 5 cm.)

Bisulphide of carbon — about one pound to a (on cf grain, in an open ves-
sel on top of the grain will kill the weevils in a tight granary, without injury"
to the grain, or affecting it for food purposes.

444 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

The spotted Horn-Bug. (Country Gentleman, for October 13,
1892, Ivii, p. Y67, c. 3 — 14 cm.)

A beetle of this species, Dynastes Tityus (Linn.), is received from Magnolia,
Maryland, where it was taken in a ripe pear. Its more prominent features
are given. It is a southern form which has once been taken in the State of
New York. Not having been recorded as injurious to fruit, if it had eaten
into the pear in the above instance, it would indicate a possibiUty of its
becoming a fruit pest. October is apparently a little late for the occurrence
of the beetle.

[See page 342 of this Report (ix).]

Cabbage Worms. (Country Gentleman, for October 13, 1892,
Ivii, p. 767, c. 4 — 6 cm.)

In reply to inquiry whether the published remedy of sprinkling com meal
over the leaves' when wet with dew will destroy the caterpillars, answer is
made: The efficiency of the proposed remedy is improbable. It has met with
ridicule in some scientific journals. A test of it can easily be mado.

[Some late experiments seem to show that the caterpillars can be kiUed

by the meal.]

Tent Caterpillar. (Country Gentleman, for October 13, 1892,
Ivii, p. 767, c. 4 — 5 cm.)

A formula for killing this insect, consisting of kerosene, water, castilesoap,
and caustic potash, in proportions given, of which its value is asked, does
not promise to kill the caterpillars by contact or through feeding. Reliable
methods are collecting and burning the egg-belts, and wiping out and crush-
ing the nests when first formed.

Kerosene Emulsion. (Country Gentleman, for October 13, 1892,
Ivii, p. 767, c. 4 — 8 cm.)

Replying to inquiry — the method of making the emulsion is given, and
directions for applying it to strawberry plants for killing the grubs at the
roots.

IVill the Cow-Horn Fly Remain with us? (Country Gentleman,
for October 13, 1892, Ivii, p. 769, c. 4 — 18 cm.)

Although very injurious in New Jersey in 1888, it is now no more annoy-
ing in that State than is Stomoxys caleitrans. Two or three years hence it
will probably have diminished in number to the same extent in the State of
New York, although it will doubtless continue as a pest in localities favor-
able for its multiplication. Will the Hcematobia serrata eventually drive
away the Stomoxys (an early importation) after the manner of many newly
infested pests, as Pieris rapce has done with Pieris oleracea ? The name of
" Buffalo" fly is improperly applied to this insect: suggestion as to how it
may have received it.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 445

A Thrips Attack on Cabbage. (Country Gentleman, for October
27, 1892, Ivii, p. 809, c. 2, 3 — 27 cm.)

Cabbage and cauliflower leaves received from Kingston, Pa., abound with
a minute Thi'ips, the particular species of which can not be named: it is
probably an undescribed species, no attack of the kind having been previ-
ously reported. The number of genera and species of Thrips: their low
position among insects: referred to Thysanoptera: their general features:
carnivorous and herbivorous: food plants: the nature of injury to cabbage
and cauliflower by this species: pyrethrum will prevent injury by it.

The Tischeria Apple-Leaf Miner. (Country Gentleman, for
October 27, 1892, Ivii, p. 809, c. 3, 4 — 20 cm.)

Reddened leaves from an orchard in Schenectady, N. Y., show the attack
of Tischeria malifoliella Clemens. The mines and the process of their
construction are described. They contain at this time the larva, which
hibernates in the leaves and transforms to the pupa and imago in the spring.
The remedy would be, collecting and burning the infested fallen leaves
during the autumn or winter. The insect extends over a large part of the
United States into Texas. It is rather local, and seldom, for reasons given,
proves particularly injurious. It occurs also on Cratcegus, blackberry, and
raspberry.

Distribution of the Pear Psylla. (Country Gentleman, for
November 3, 1892, Ivii, p. 831, c. 2, 3 — 13 cm.)

The probable introduction of Psylla pyricola at Salisbury, Conn., in 1832,
is stated, together with its present known distribution. Request is made for
information of its occurrence in other locaUties; and as aid in its recognition,
its features and mode of operating are stated.

The Cow-Horn Fly in New York, (Country Gentleman, for
November 10, 1892, Ivii, p. 847, c. 1 — 10 cm.)

The interest attaching to the spread of insect pests into new territory,
renders it desirable to ascertain the extent to which this fly has been dis-
tributed over the State of New York during the two and a half years that it
has been known therein. Of the sixty counties of the State, it has been
reported from twenty-eight. Information of its presence in any of the
other thirty -two counties (named) would be gratefully received by the State
Entomologist.

Apple-Tree Bucculatrix. (Country Gentleman, for December
22, 1892, Ivii, p. 967, c. 2 — 8 cm.)

Cocoons from Clyde, N. Y., contain the pupae of Buculatrix pomifoliella
Clemens. The transformations of the insect and the remedies for it, are
named.

(D)

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST DURING THE
YEARS 1870-1874.

[First Observation of Pieris rapae in New York.] (Sunday Morn-
ing Press [Albany, N. Y.], for August 7, 1870, p. 4.)

Examples of this butterfly, introduced from Europe into Quebec about the
year 1857, were taken within the city of Albany a few days since, and could
be seen at the New York State Museum of Natural History.

" The Poisonous Cabbage- Worm." (Albany Argus, for October

20, 1870.)

Newspaper statements of the poisonous nature of the Pieris rapce larva,
and of its poisoning the cabbage on which it feeds, are entirely unwar-
ranted and untrue. Its excrement may render the cabbage unsuitable for
table use unless properly cleansed. What the cabbage-worm is, how it was
introduced and has been distributed, and the injuries caused by it.

The Recently Imported Cabbage-Butterfly — Pieris rapse. [Read
before the Albany Institute, ITovember 2, 1870.] (The Albany
Argus, for ISTovember 2, 1870. Proceedings of the Albany
Institute, i, 1873, pp. 199-201.)

First seen in Albany in the summer of 1870; brought to the United States
in 1857; its distribution; its transformations and life-history; probability of
its spread throughout the United States; no parasite yet attacking it.

On Graptae interrogationis and Fabricii Edw. (Transactions of
the American Entomological Society, for December, 1870, iii,
pp. 197-204.) Separate with cover and half-title.

Exception is taken to the conclusions of Mr. W. H. Edwards that the
black-winged Grapta (timhrosa) is the interrogationis of Fabricius, and the
red-wing, the C-aureum of the same author. The uncertainty and confusion
among different authors as to C-aureum is reviewed. The umbrosa form
seems not to have been described by any of the old authors. [It subsequently
proved to be a dimorphic form of O. interrogationis, as shown by Mr
Edwards.]

Spectrum femoratum. (Country Gentleman, for August 31, 1871,

xxxvi, p. 552, c. 2 — 2 cm.)

Identification of the species from Columbia, Missouri. It is commonly
known as the " walking-stick" or " spectre-insect."

Nii\TH Report of the State Entomologist 447

[Dryocampaimperialis Harris.] (Country Gentleman, for Sep-
tember 21, 1871, xxxvi, p. 600, c. 2 — 8 cm.)
Description of the moth and note on its transformations and habits.

Pieris rapffi Parasite. (American Naturalist, v. 1871, p. 742.
Canadian Entomologist, for IN'ovember, 1871, iii, p. 197.)

The cabbage butterfly has been attacked by a parasite. Large numbers of
a species of Pteromalus were bred from chrysalids of P. rapm during the
last of September. It is thought to be identical with the P. puparum which
preys upon it in Europe.

Cabbage Butterfly. (Country Gentleman, for November 16,
1871, xxxvi, p. 728, c. 1 — 17 cm.)

Notice of the larvee of Pieris rapce in Delaware; notes on the species and
discovery of its parasite, Pteromalus puparum, in Albany, N. Y., in October
of the present year.
Cut Worms in Corn. (Country Gentleman, for May 30, 1872,
xxxvii, p. 339, c. 2 — 11 cm.)

Caterpillars which had cut off the corn below the surface of the ground
from several acres in Queens county, N. Y., after the manner detailed, are
identified as young cut- worms, which in their immature state can not be
referred to any of the twelve or fifteen known species. Judging from their
habits as given, they may be Mamestra Arctica Boisd.
Spindle Worms. (Country Gentleman, for June 13, 1872, xxxvii,
p. 376, c. 1, 2 — 8 cm.)

Caterpillars eating into the stalks of com in Dutchess county, N. Y.. are
probably a species of Gortyna, as several of the genus are known as notorious
burro wers in stalks, etc.

Apple-Twig Borer on Pear Trees. (Country Gentleman, for
June 13, 1872, xxxvii, p. 375, c. 2, 3— 32 cm.)

Habits, distribution, and injuries of the specie^, Amphicerus bicaudatus
(Say), and remarks on the importance of a knowledge of the natural history
of injurious insects.

[See Second Report on the Insects of New York, 1885, pp. 135-133, figs.

38-31.]
Hessian Fly. (Country Gentleman, for June 13, 1872, xxxvii, p.
376, c. 2 — 6 cm.)

Identification of the " flax-seeds" from Franklin county, Ohio, where they
occur in abundance at the joints of the wheat stalks.
JBark Louse. (Country Gentleman, for July 11, 1872, xxxvii, p.
440, c. 2, 3— 8 cm.)

The insect infesting a thorn-hedge in) Windsor, Canada, is a species of
Coccus. Remarks on the Coccidoi, their habits, the means and the best time
for destroying them.

448 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Owl Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for July 18, 1872, xxxvii, p.
456, c. 1 — 9 cm.)

The ^^OMS ocuZafifS identified, with description and habits, and mention
of the frequent occurrence of its larva in old apple-trees.

Ke vision of Some of the American Butterflies. (American
l^aturalist, vi, 1872, pp. 354-359.)

Review of a publication under the above title, published by Samuel H,
Scudder, in the Report of the Peabody Academy of Science for 1871,
pp. 24-82.

Biography of Hemileuca Maia (Drukt). (Entomological Contri-
butions, 1872, pp. 5-21, pi. 2, figs. 1-3. Twenty-third Annual
Report on the N. Y. State Cabinet of N^atural History, for the
year 1869. 1873, pp. 137-153.) Also in the Swiss Cross, for
April, 1887, i, pp. 135-139, figs. 1-3.

Presents the life-history of this Bombycid moth under the following sub-
heads: the egg; egg-belt; egg-cement; oviposition; hibernation; hatching;
egg-shell; young larva; first molt; second molt; third molt; sting of larva;
fourth molt; fifth molt; mature larva; food-plants; parasites; pupation; the
pupa; imago; metamorphoses; discrepancies; rarity; habits of the imago;
geographical i*ange; synonymy; additional note on pupation, etc. : an inter-
esting variety of the moth.

Observations on Melitaea Phaeton (Fabr.). (Entomological Con-
tributions, 1872, pp. 22-25. Twenty-third Report on the N. Y.
State Cabinet of Natural History, for the year 1869. 1873,
pp. 154-157.)

Rarity of the species; eggs obtained fi'om a female described; death of the
larvae after preparing for hibernation; fatality attendant on hibernation;.
Chelone glabra, the food-plant; the insect confined to a very small area at
Center, N. Y. ; other localities for it; the genus Melitcea, with the exception
of Phaeton, confined to west of the Mississippi river; seventeen species
known according to Edwards [now increased to thirty-seven].

Notes on Melitsea JSTycteis (Doubl.). (Entomological Contribu-
tions, 1872, pp. 26, 27, fig. 14 of pi. 8. Twenty-third Report
on the N. Y. State Cabinet_^ of J Natural History, 1873, pp.
158, 159.)

Larvae" found feeding on Helianthus divaricatus L. are described, and
after a subsequent molt and at maturity: the chrysalis is described and fig-
ured. Another colony taken from the same food-plant were carried through
two molts, after which they became lethargic and died before hibernation.
Note on its abundance at Center, N. Y. , and absence from other neighboring,
localities.

Ninth Report of the Staie Entomologist 449-

Notes on Pieris oleracea (Hakris). (Entomological Contributions,
1872, pp. 28, 29. Twenty -third Report on the N. Y. State
Cabinet of j^atural History, 187:^, pp. 160, IBl.)

Tlie eggs and the emergence of the larvte, with notes on the four molts.
From the egg to the imago is but three weeks. There are three broods each
year, and there may be a fourth as shown by data given.

Descriptions of New Species of Nisoniades. (Entomological Con-
tributions, 1872, pp. 30-36, figs. 1-12 of plate 7. Twenty -third
Report on the N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural History, 1873,
pp. 162-168, figs, as above.)

Description of N. Icelns and its egg, time of its appearance, and the mytho-
logical import of its name. Description of N. Lucilius and its comparison
with N. Persins Scudd., which it resembles; abundant at Schoharie, N. Y.
N. Ausonius is described from the only example that has occurred; it seems
to be the rarest of the Nisoniades.

Description of a New Sphinx. (Entomological Contributions,
1872, pp. 37-39, figs. 8-13 of pi. 8. Twenty-third Report on
the N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural History, 1873, pp. 169-171,
figs, as above.)

The male and female moths of Ellenia pineum are described, and also the
larva from examples taken on pines at Schoharie, N. Y. Comparison is
made with E. Harrisii and E. pinastri. Reference is made to the larva of
E. coniferarum (Sm.-Abb.).

List of Sphingidt© occurring in the State of New York. (Ento-
mological (Contributions, 1872, pp. 40-43. Twenty -third Report
on the N. Y. State Caljinet of Natural Histor}^, 1873, pp.
172-175.)

Forty species are recorded, arranged under their subfamilies, and giving
their principal synonyms.

List of Butterflies Occurring in the State of New York. (Ento-
mological Contributions, 1872, pp. 44-47. Twenty-third Report
on the N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural History, 1873, pp.
176-179.)

The list embraces 113 species, with notes on those of rare occurrence, and
mention of 13 others which may be presumed to occur in the State.

Calendar of Butterflies for the Year 1869. (Entomological Con-
tributions, 1872, pp. 48-55. Twenty-third Report on the N. Y.
State Cabinet of Natural History, 1873, pp. 180-187.)

Contains notes on sixty-three species as they appeared successively, from
Thecla IrusGoAt. , on April 27th, to Pamphila Leonardus (Harris) on August
1893 57

450 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

20th; giving also comparative abundance, number of broods, dates when
observed, habits, observations on their larvae, etc.

Dates of Collection of Xew York Heterocera. (Entomological
Contributions, 1872, pp. 56-65. Twenty-third Report on the
N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural History, 18Y3, pp. 1 88-197.)

Contains dates of collection of ninety-four species during the year 1869,
under their respective families, and of two hundred species in years prior to
1869. Also notes on the following species: Darapsa Myron, TrocJiilium
(Bemhecia) marginatum, Lycomorpha piholns, Orgyia Icucostigma, Eudryas
unio, Ichfhynrd inclusa, Hypercliiria lo, Anisota senatoria, Nadata gibbosa
Platycenira furcilla, Xyleutes [Cosstis] robinuc, Gonopteryx libatrix, Cleora
pidfliraria, and Zerene catenaria.

List of North American Lepidoptera Contained in " Species Gen-
eral des Lepidopteres," by A- Cluenee. (Entomological Con-
tributions, 1872, pp. 66-80. Twenty-third Report on the N. Y.
State Cabinet of Natural History, 1873, pp. 198-212.)

Embraces above six hundred species described in the six volumes of the
above-named work, with reference to volume and page; particular habitat
when given, and also designation of the species credited to, or known by the
compiler to occur in, the State of New York, of which there are two hundred
and fifty -three species.

Notes on CucuUia intermedia Speykr. (Entomological Contribu-
tions, 1872, pp. 81-84, figs. 5, 6, 7 of pi. 8. Twenty-third
Report on the N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural History, 1873,
pp. 213-216, figs, as above.)

The larva is described, its probable food-plants named; its earthen cocoon
and how constructed, and its pupa; the two annual broods; how the imago
feeds. Note on the lai'va of CucuUia convexijyennissind its cocoon. Remarks
on a translation of a paper by Dr. A. Speyer " On Cucullia intermedia and
C. lucifuga" given in thefoUowing pages (85-90); and on the valuable studies
made by him of our American Nootuidre. Mr. Meeke's field collections, and
the cyanide bottle.

On the Larva and Imago of Sesia diffinis Harris. (Twenty-
fourth Annual Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 109-111. Entomological
Contributions — No. II, 1872, pp. 5-7.)

The larva, taken from bush-honeysuckle, Diervilla trifida, is described:
remarks on the "annulets" (usually eight) in which the segments of the
Sphingidce. are divided: flight and other habits of the imago in the breeding

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 451

cage: the slightly attached wing-scales in this and allied species: the species
abroad.

[Now known as Hemaris cliffinis (Boisd.).]

Transformations of Sesia Buffaloensis Gr.-Kou. (Twenty-fourth
Annual Eeport on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 112, 113. Entomological
Contributions — Xo. II, 1872, pp. 8, D. Also in Transactions of
the American Entomological Society, xv, 1^88, p. 105.)

Descriptions of the egg and of the larva in its five stages (four molts), of its
cocoon, and its pupation. The eggs and larva were found on the snowball,
Viburnum Ojnilus.

[Now generally known as Hemaris Buffaloensis (Gr.-Rob.).]

On the Larva and Papa of Thyreus Abbotii Swainson. (Twenty-
fourth Annual Keport on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
Histor}'-, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 114-116. Entomological
Contributions — Xo. II, 1872, pp. 10-12.)

The "male" and "female" larvae and the pupa are described, with refer-
ence to marked variations in the larvfe of Deilephila lineata : and remarks
on the pupation of T. Abbotii occurring either above or below the surface of
the ground.

[The two forms of this larva have since been shown to be simply dimorphic
and not. as for a long time supposed, sexual.]

On the Larva of Philampelus Achemon (Druky). (Twenty-fourth
Annual Report on the X. Y. State Museum of Xatural History,
for the year 1870: 1872, pp. 117, 118. Entomological Contri-
butions—Xo. II, 1872, pp. 13, 14.)

Description of the egg, the young larva, the larva after each of its four
molts, and at maturity.

Smerinthus geminatus Say and its Supposed Varieties. (Twenty-
fourth Annual Report on the X. Y. State Museum of Xatural
History, for the year 1870: 1872, pp. 119-127. Entomological
Contributions — Xo. II, 1872, pp. 15-23.)

Description of the egg and of the larva in its first stage and after its first,
second and third molts (the usual fourth molt of the Sphingidiw did not occur),
and at maturity: notes on the pupation: time passed in the several stages:
is double-brooded: a variety bred having but one ocellated spot on the
secondaries: the S. Jamaicensis of Drury: S. Cerisyi Kirby beheved to be a
variety of S. geminatus [since shown to be a good species]: S. opthalmicus
compared with S. geminatus and .S. ocellatus otf Europe: bibliography of
S. geminatus.

452 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum.

Transformations of Daremma undulosa "Walker. (Twenty-
fourth Annual Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 128-131. Entomological
Contributions— No. II, 1872, pp. 24-27.)

Remarks on rearing Lepidopterous larvae on their living food-plant inclosed
in a net. Description of the larva of D. undulosa in each of its five stages,
and of the pupa: its food-plants.

Notes on Platarctia Parthenos (Harris). (Twenty-fourth Annual
Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, for the
year 1870 : 1872, pp. 132, 133. Entomological Contributions —

No. II, 1872, pp. 28, 29.)

Notes on the young larva and dates of seven molts, hibernation and pupa-
tion, and markings of the imago.

[In the Smith "List of Lepidoptera of Boreal North America," 1891, this
species is referred as a synonym to hypevborea of Curtis.]

Notes on Euprepia Americana (Harris). (Twenty-fourth Annual
Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, for
the year 1870: 1872, pp. ISi, 135. Entomological Contribu-
tions—No. II, 1872, pp. 30, 31.)

Description of the egg and notes on the larval molts : regarded by some
vpriters as identical with caja of Europe: Packard's description of the larva.

[Catalogued as a variety of E. caja (Linn.) in the Smith List of
Lepidoptera.]

Notes on Eucha?tes egle (Drury). (Twenty -fourth Annual Report
on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, for the
year 1870 : 1872, pp. 136, 137. Entomological Contributions
— No. II, 1872, pp. 32, 33.)

The caterpillar described in its last^three stages vrith their habits : parasites
from the larva? : a difficult species to carry to its imago stage.

Transformations of Lagoa crispata Packard. Twenty-fourth
Annual Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 138-145. Entomological
Contributions — No. II, 1872, pp. 34-44.)

Its eggs, from Quercus ilicifolia, described : the young larva, and habits
and features after each of its five molts : its stinging power : the cocoon
with its peculiar lid : pupation, and the pupa : emergence of the imago :
abundance of the larvfe at Center, N.^Y. : a parasitic attack.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 453

Transformations of Ilyperchiria lo (Fabr.). (;Twenty-fourth
Annual Report on the N. Y. State Museum of :Natural
Histor}^, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 146-149. Entomological
Contributions — No. II, 1872, pp. 42-45.)

The caterpillar described after its last four molts and at maturity ; pro-
cessionary habits in its second stage : its pupation : its food-plants : the true lo
of Fabricius — not varia of Walker.

Transformations of Eacles imperialis (Drurv). Twenty-fourth
Annual Keport on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 150-154. Entomological
Contributions — No. II, 1872, pp. 46-50.)

Description of the egg. the first larval stage, the four subsequent stages,
and death from bacterial disease. A number of nearly full-grown larvae
collected from pines, Plnvs strobiis, in September, and their transformations
to the imago .

Larval Notes on Anisota senatoria (SmithV (Twenty-fourth
Annual Keport on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, for the year 1870 : 1872, pp. 155, 156. Entomological
Contributions — No. II, 1872, pp. 51, 52.)

Oviposition on under surface of oak leaves. Qiierciis prinoides, in July :
the four molts of the larva? and pupation. Trains on the New York Central
railroad stopped by the caterpillars on the rails: their great abundance
annually at Center, N. Y.

Calendar of Butterflies for the year 1870. (Twenty-fourth Annual
Keport on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History,
for the year 1870: 1872, pp. 157-167. Entomological Contri-
butions—No. II, 1872. pp. 53-63.)

Observations of seventy-three species of butterflies occuring in six locali-
ties in the vicinity of Albany during the spring and summer of 1870, indicat-
ing each day of occurrence, are given in tabular form. Twenty-nine species
are noted at one locality on June 16th. Also, notes on the abundance,
condition, time of appearance of sexes, successive broods, etc., at various
' dates from May 3d to October 31st.

Dates of Collection of some Heterocera for 1870. (Twenty-fourth
Annual Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, for the year 187tJ : 1872, pp. 168-170. Entomological
Contributions — No. II, 1872, pp. 64-66.)

Embraces twelve species of Sphingida?, nineteen species of Bombycidae,
twenty-eight species of Noctuidte, and fourteen species of Phali«nid<«.

454 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Hypena scabra (Fabr.) and li, erectalis Guen. (Canadiac Ento-
mologist, May, 1873, v, pp. 81, 82.)

The two forms hitherto regarded as distinct species are found to be the
same, the former being the male and the latter the female. Dr. Speyer's
studies on these forms. Reference by the same author of Depressaria
Ontariella Bethune to D. heracliana DeGeer.

Entomology. [Remarks on Myrmeleon, Termes, et cet., at a
Field Meeting of the Albany Institute at Schoharie, N. Y.,
June 7, 1873.] (Albany Evening Times, for June 9, 1873, xvii,
p. 3, c. 3, 4 — 35 cm. Proceedings of the Albany Institute,
1878, ii, pp. 48-50.)

Remarks upon the appearance, habits, etc., of the Ant-lion, Myrmeleon sp.,
the white ant {Termes flavijyes), the cabbage butterfly {Fieris rapre), several
caterpillars, and other insects exhibited, of the day's collection.

Economic Entomology, etc. [Remarks made at a Field Meeting
of the Alban}^ Institute at Watkins Glen, X. Y., June 27, 1873,]
(Albany Evening Times, for June 30, 1873, xvii, p. 3, cols. 3,
4 — 62 cm. Proceedings of the Albany Institute, ii, 1878, pp.

65-69.)

On the omnipresence of insects, infesting our food, injuring clothing, and
sometimes attacking our i^ersons. The province of the economic entomolo-
gist is to guard against these depredations. When powerless to resist them,
parasites often come to our aid, as did Pteromalus puparum in controlling
Pieris rajjc. The parasitic habits of Rltyssa atrata, and remarks on Pyra-
meis Atalanta, MeUtcea species, and Deloyala [Coptocycla] clavaia.

Caterpillar [on apple tree]. (Country Gentleman, for July 17,
1873, xxxviii, p. 456, c. 2 — 6 cm.)

Caterpillars from Ottumwa, Iowa, prove to be Xotodonta concinna :
their habits, food-plants, how recognized and how they may be destroyed.

Coccus Insect on the Pine. (Countr}' Gentleman, for August 21,
1873, xxxviii, p. 535, c. 1, 2—23 cm.)

Features of Coccus pinicorticis Fitch, its operations, and remedies for it,
in answer to inquiry from Tivoli, N. Y., where large trees are being killed
by it.

[See extended notice in the Second Report on the Insects of New York,
pp'. 180-187, figs. 48— ')3, as the pine-bark Chermes, Chermes pinicorticis
(Fitch).]

JSfiNTU Report of the State Batomologist 455

On the Larva of Eudryas unio (Iliibn.) and Allied Forms.

(Twenty-sixth Annual Report on the N. Y. State Museum

of Natural History, for the year 1872 : 1874, pp. 117-124, figs.

1-5. Entomological Contributions — No. Ill, May, 1874, pp.

117-124.)

Larvaj of E. unio, found feeding abundantly on Epilobiuvi coloration,
described at maturity. Tlie allied species are Alypia octomactdnta (Hiibn.)
Psyeomorpha epimeji is (Drurj), and Eudryas grata (Fabr.). Comparisons
are made between these species, and figures given of their larval and perfect
stages.

Transformations of some Bombycidge. (Twenty-sixth Report on

the N. Y. 8tate Museum of :Natural History, 1874, pp. 125-128.

Entomological Contributions — No. Ill, 1874, pp. 125-128.)

The transformations of the following-named species are given: Platysamia
Cecropia (Linn.), Callosamia Proniethea (Drury), and Actias Luna (Linn.).

Descriptions of the Larvae of some Bombycidaj. (Twenty-sixth
Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural EListory, 1874,
pp. 129-134, figs. 6, 7. Entomological Contributions — No. Ill,
pp. and figs, as above.)

Descriptions are given of the following: Parorgyia jjarallela Gv.-Roh.,
Apatelodes Angelica (Grote), Ccelodasys [SclMzura] unicornis (Sm.-Abb.)
with figures, Platycerura furcilla Packard, with figures, Dryocampa
rubicunda (Fabr.), and Tolype velleda (StoU).

Descriptions of the Larvag of some Noctuida?. (Twenty-sixth
Report of the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, 1874,
pp. 135-141. Entomological Contributions — No. III. 1874,
pp. 135-141.)

Acronycta Americana Harris MS. [is Acronycta funeralis Gr.-Rob.],
Aeronycta morula Gr.-Rob., Ceramica picta (Harris) [is Mamestra pictal,
Cucullia convexipennis Gr.-Rob., C'ucuUia asteroides Guenee, and Catocala
sp.?, are described.

Notes on some New York Bombycidte. (Twenty-sixth Report
on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, 1874, pp.
142-156, figs. 8-11. Entomological Contributions — No. Ill,
1874, pp. and figs, as above.)

Contains descriptions or notes, mainly larval, of the following species:
Callimorpha Lecontii Boisd., Arctia Arge (Drury), Spilosoma Virginica
(Fabr.), Spilosoma latipennis Stretch, Euduetes Oregonensis Stretch,
Eucluetes collaris (Fitch), Ichthyura vau (Fitch), Halisidota carya' (Harris),
Orgyia leucostigma (Sm.-Abl).), Empretia fttimulea Clemens, Phohetvon

456 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

pithecium (Sm.-Abb.), Lifhacodes [Limacodes] fasciola (Her.-Sch.), Nadata
gibbosa (Sm.-Abb.), Notodonta sp,?. Edema albifrons (Sm.-Abb.), Centra
borealis (Boisd.), Telea Polyphemus (Linn.), Actias Luna (Linn.), Hemileuca
Maia (Drury), Gastropacha Americana Harris, Clisiocampa Americana
(Harris), Ctenucha virginica (Charp,), and Scepsis falvicollis (Hvibn.).

Notes on some New York Noctuid^. (Twenty-sixth Report on
the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, 1874, pp. 15T-16T,
fig. 12. Entomological Contributions — No. Ill, 1874, pp. and
figs, as above.)

The following species are noticed: Dipthera deridens Guenee (with figure
of larva), Acroni/cfa Americana Harris MS. , Acronycta oblinata (Sm.-Abb.),
Agrotis tricosa nov. sp., Hadena Ugnicolor (Guenee), Hadena [Maynestra]
adjuncta (Boisd.), Cucullia florea Guen., 'iChariclea exprimens (Walker)
[Pyrrhia uvibra Hlibn.], Chamyris cerintha (Treits.), Plusia f>aZZMca (Hiibn.),
Plusia (vroides Grote, Svoliopteryx libatrix (Linn.), Catocala partaGnen,,
Mesographe stramenialis Hi'ibn. [Evergesfis straminalis Hiibn.], Nemato-
campa filament aria Guen., Ennomos magnaria Guen., Amphidasys
[Eubyia] cognataria Guen., Abraxas [Eufltchia] ribearia Fitch. Also,
Notes on the seasons of 1858 and 1859.

Description of New Species of Cucullia. (Twenty-sixth Report
on the N. Y, State Museum of Natural History, 1874, pp.
168-1 7G, figs. 13,14. Entomological Contributions — No. Ill,
1874, pp. and figs, as above.)

Describes and figures Cucullia Speyeri from examples taken at Albany and
Sharon Springs, N. Y., with remarks on the five other previously known
N. American species [fifty-two species are now catalogued from boreal
North America], and characterization of the orbicular spot in eleven
native and European species : also, describes Cucullia serraticornis from
examples received from California.

Observation of some New York Rhopalocera for the year 1871.
(Twentj'^-sixth Report on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural
History, 1874, pp. 177, 178. Entomological Contributions —

No. Ili, 1874, pp. 177, 178.)

Give dates of observation of forty-six species of butterflies, up to July 7th,
when the record was suspended.

Pates of collection of some New York Heterocera for the year
1872. (Twenty-sixth Report on the N. Y. State Museum of
Natural History, 1874, pp. 179-184. Entomological Contribu-
tions — No. Ill, 1874, pp. 179-184.)

Of Sphingida?, 16 species; .^geridse, Zygaenida?, and Bombycida?, 18
species; Noctuidae, 69 species; Phala^nidae, 37 species — in all 140 species.
Also, of 59 species taken in preceding years. Also, Notes on Erastria
carneola Guen., Camptogramma [Plemyria] flnviata Hiibn., and Cryptole-
chia Schlagceri Z^ller.

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 457

Description of a Convenient Insect Case. (Twenty-sixth Report
on the N. Y. State Museum of Natural History, 1874, pp.
185-188. Entomological Contributions — No. Ill, 1874, pp.
185-188, 3 figures.) Also in Fifth Report on the Insects of
Missouri, 1873, pp. 38-40, fig. 21.

Describes the construction of a case with glass sides, on one of which
pieces of cork are cemented for holding the insects — the whole to be bound
in the form of a folio volume ; also, of less expensive unbound cases.

[The above is also contained in Dr. Riley's " Directions for Collecting and
Preserving Insects" (pp. 101-104), published by the Smithsonian Institution,
in 1892.]

The Three-lined Leaf-Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for July 23,
1874, xxxix, p. 471, c. 1 — 17 cm.)

The insect, Lema trilineata (Oliv.), received from Clyde, N. Y., from
potato vines, is described, its larval habits and transformations given, and
the remedies for it.

[See notice in the Second Report of the Insects of Neiv York, 1885, pp.
132-136, figs. 33, 33.]

The Soldier Bug. (Country Gentleman, for July 23, 1874, xxxix,
p. 471, c. 1, "Z — 12 cm.)

Arma spinosa Dallas, sent from Carbon Clitf, 111., is a valuable agent in
the destruction of the Colorado potato- beetle.
[Published in the Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, p. 137,
fig. 18, as Podisus spinosus (Dallas).]

A Timothy Eater. (Country Gentleman, for July 23, 1874,
xxxix, ]3. 471, c. 2 — 9 cm.)

Notice of an unknown caterpillar feeding upon the heads of timothy at
Jarrettown, Pennsylvania. They spun up in slight cocoons of pieces of
grass and bits of wood, from which it is hoped to obtain the moth for iden-
tification.

[The moth was Leiicania sp.? See, also, the Country Gentleman
for August 6, p. 505, c. 1, where the caterpillar is reported as eating at the
heart of corn, and on wheat.]

The Raspberry Borer. (Country Gentleman, for July 30, 1874,
xxxix, p. 487, c. 1 — 15 cm.)

Description of Oherea tripnnctata (Fabr.), found in Potsdam, N. Y., gird-
ing the canes of the raspberiy ; of the manner in which the canes are ringed ,
the injury caused by it, and suggestions for the prevention of its increase.

[Extended in the Fifth Report on the Insects of Neio York, 1889, pp.
231-233, fig. 38 — «s Oberea bimaculata (Oliv.).]

458 FoRTT-sixTB Report on the State Museum

Insect on the Potato. (Country Gentleman, for July 30, 1874,
xxxix, p. 488, c. 1, 2 — 14 cm.)

Insects proving destructive to the potato vines in Sonyea, Livingston Co.,
N. Y., are identified as one of the true bugs, known as Cosmopepla carnifex
(Fabr.). Beating from the A-ines, and exposing to poultry recommended.
Habits of allied Hemipterous forms referred to, with difficulty attending
their destruction.

[See the Second Repoi't on the Insects of Neiv York, 1885, pp. 144-148, fig. 36.]

The Joint-Worm. (Country Gentleman, for September 10, 18T4,
xxxix, p. 584, c. 1, 2 — 13 cm.)

Account is given of the galls and transformations of Isosoma Iwrdei
(Harris), with habits and history in brief, in reply to inquiries from Clarks-
boro, N. J.

[See Fourth Report on the Insects of New York, 1888, pp. 27-35, figs. 10-14.]

Cimex lectularius. (Country Gentleman, for September 24, 1874,
xxxix, p. 615, c. 4 — 26 cm.)

The literature, natural history, habits, etc. , of the bed-bug given, and fumi-
gation of infested rooms by brimstone recommended for its destruction in this
instance where they infest books and papers in a library at Prarieville, Mo.

[Published also in the Second Report on the Insects of Neiv York, 1885, pp.
16-18. The insect is now known as Acanthia lectnlaria (Linn.).]

The ]\faple Leaf Cutter. (Country Gentleman, for r)ctober 1,
1874, xxxix, p. 631, c. 1, 2 — 29 cm.)

Identification of Ornix acerifoliella Fitch, destroying maple forests in
Pittsford, Vt. , and notice of its operations and occasional multiplication;
probabiUties of its continuance in the future.

[Extended in the Fifth Report on the Insects of Neiv York, 1889, pp.
215-219, figs. 22-24, under generic name of Inciirvaria.']

The Cattle Tick. (Country Gentleman, for October 1, 1874,
xxxix, p. 631, c. 2 — 14 cm.)

Appearance and habits of Ixodes bovis Riley, prevalent in Pennsylvania;
its abundance at times, and notice of other species of the genus.

The Oil-Beetle. (Countiy Gentleman, for October 15, 1874,
xxxix, p. 663, c. 4 — 10 cm.)

Notice of appearance, interesting habits and vesicating properties of Meloe
angusticollisSaj. received from Perry, N. Y., and where the insect is found.

[Published in Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, pp. 180, 131,
fig. 15.]

Ninth Report of the State Entomologist 459

Mr. Otto Meske's Collection of Lepicloptera. (Albany Evening
Times, for October "27, 1874. Transactions of the Albany
Institute, 1876, viii, pp. 215-220.)

Commended for its arrangement and preparation and perfection of its
specimens : how the field collections were made : the labor devoted to its
arrangement : Mr. Meske's devotion to the study : the rare Sphingidae of the
collection and full New York representation : abundance of Catocalas in
North America : to insure thoroughness in entomology specialists are required.

Description of a New Species of Calocampa. (Bulletin of the
Eujffalo Society of Natural Sciences, ii, October, 1874, pp.

188, 189.)

Calocampa niipera, from localities in New York, hitherto regarded aa
identical with C. vehista of Europe, is described as a new species.

(E)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT.

The following are the Contributions that have been made to the
Department during the year (1892):

Hymenopteba.

Examples (4) of Augoehlora sp.? from a cavity in decayed wood, in
November. From H, F. Bassett, Waterbury, Conn.

Cocoon clusters of Apanteles rufocoxalis Riley, parasitic on larvae of
GUsiocampa Americana, Harris, May 29th. From James Angus,
West Farms, New York cit}'.

Currant twigs containing larvae of the girdler — believed to be Janus
flaviventr'ts Fitch. From J. F. Rose, South Byron, N. Y,

Bombus Pennsylvanirus (De Geer), Bomhus sp., Xylocapa Virginica
(Drury), Vespa maculata Fabr., Vespa sp., Odynerus capra (Sauss.),
and three other species undetermined. From Mrs. E. B. Smith,
Coeymans, N. Y.

Galls of species not determined on wild rose. From Prof. C. H.

Peck, Albany, N. Y.

Lepidopteba.

Larva* of Papillo Cresphontes Cramer, from Choisya temata.
From William Falconee, Glen Cove, L. I., N. Y.

Ancyloxypha Numltor (Fabr.) and ten specimens of Heterocera
From Mrs. E. B. Smith, Coeymans, N. Y.

Larva of Thyreus Ahbotii Swainson. From Mrs. H. Simmons,
Albany, N. Y.

Larva of Sphinx Celeus (Hubn.) parasitized by Apanteles congre-
gatus Say — the imagoes emerging August 24th. From Mrs. Anthony
ViCTOEiN, Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y.

Larvae of Podosesia syringce (Harris) boring in lilac. From John
L. LocKwooD, New York city.

Phobetron pithecnmi (Sm.-Abb.), spun up in its cocoon, August
28th. From Iba Pease, Oswego, N. Y. The same, on CornuSy
from Dr. T. C. Aldbich, Tarrytown, N. Y. The same, on oak,
September 5th, from Mrs. J. Cabtee Beg wn, East Greenwich, N. Y.

462 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Larva of Eacles imperial} s (Druiy), August 23d. From Richard
Lewis, Crugers Island, Barrytown, N. Y.

Larv:i? and pupa? of Zeuzera pyrina Linn, in elm. From E. B.
SouTHwicK, Central Park, New York Q\\,j.

Larva? and imago of Plusia brassiere Riley, from a greenhouse,
April 12th. From Rev. Dr. Samuel Cox. L. L, N. Y.

Lai-vse of the eye-spotted bud-moth, Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff.),in its
winter dwelling on apple twign. From James Fletcher, Dominion
Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.

Tischeria malifoliella Clemens — the larva? in mines in apple leaves,
September 22d. From Mr. McDougal, Schenectady, N. Y.

A Tiueid, in numerous examples, from trunks of elms. From
L. N. GiLLis, Albany, N. Y.

DlPTERA.

Tabanus sulci frons Macq., Tabanus lineoJa Fabr., Ghrusops niger
Macq., JEristalis tenax (Linn.) 5 and puparia 6, and a Trypetid and
three Tipulida^ undetermined. From Mrs. E. B. Smith, Coeymans,
N. Y.

Chrysopila thoracica (Fabr.), JEristalis Meigenii (Wied.), Eristalis
tena.r (Linn.), and HelophUus latifrjns Loew. From L. N. Gillis,
Albany, N. Y.

Hystricia vivida (Harris). From Hon. W. L. Learned, Albany,
N. Y.

Hivmatobia serrata R. Desv. From George S. French, Mexico,
Oswego county, N. Y.

Jjauxaniii Jiavicejjs Loew, April 4tli, from birds' nests collected in
the preceding autumn. From Dr. W. H. Vandenberg, Fort Edward,
N. Y.

COLEOPTBRA.

Gicindela ^-guttata Fabr., Cieindebi generosa Dejean,, Silpha
jLmericana Linn., Macrodactylus sid)sp>hiosus (Fabr.), and Desmoceriis,
palliatus (Forst.). From L. N. Gillis, Albany, N. Y.

Larvif of Uarpalus sp ? and ?Anisodacfylifs from roots of straw-
berry plants, October 22d. From H. A'an Slyke, New Baltimore,
N. Y.

Dytisriis rnarginntis Linn, (living, November 11th). From W. C.
Hitchcock, Pittstown, N. Y.

Silvanas Si(riaamensis (Linn.) in crushed oats; larva' and imagoes
of Derraesies murinns Lee. From G. R. Lumsden, Greenville, Conn.

Silvanus eassim Reiche, and Carpophilus pallipennis (Say). From
H. E. Weed, Agricultural College, Miss.

Cis fidvipen Mellie (of the Cioida?), from the fungus Polystictus
■versiscolor. From C. L. Shka.r, Glen, N. Y.

Ninth Report of the State F.\tomologist 463

EUyvhnia corrvsca (Linn.), taken in numbers from the pa'ony. From
Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable Forks, N. Y.

Chaulioi/nathns Pennsi/lvanicKs (De Geer), feeding on pollen of roses
and grapes, June 3d. From C. H. Moorh, Birds Nest, Va.

Tro?' unistrhUtis Bi'auv. From Berthold Fernoav, New Paltz, N. Y.

Lachnosterna tristis (Fabr.), 03 examples. From J. S. Smart,
Cambridge, N. Y.

Euphoi'id Indd (Linn.), feeding on riije pears, August 30tli. From
T. G. Avery, Buffalo, N. Y.

Dyyinstes Titi/its (Linn.), taken from a ripe pear, October 4th.
From F. W. Emmorh, Magnolia, Maryland.

JIo)io/i(/mmi.fs confi'sor (Kirby). From. C. M. Keed, Siiidairville,
N. Y.

Piirid (Uerrinitf (Oliv.), 3 examples taken from strawberry roots in
November. From H. F. Bassett, Waterbury, Conn.

SystoKi frontalis (Fabr.), from gooseberry leaves in August;
Druchtis ohsoJefiis Say, taken alive from a glass case of beans put up
in 1882. From Dr. Peter Collier, Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, N. Y.

Bruclius ohsohtits Say. From Greenville M. Ingalsue, Sandy
Hill, N. Y. '

Tenehrlo ohsrunis Fabr., infesting wheat in a granary. From
Rokert L. Reillt, Buckland, Ya.

Tribollani ferruijlueum (Fabr.) in wheat middlings. From Dr. E.
W. DoKAN, College Park, Maryland.

Epicaiit<( Pennsi/Ivnnka (De Geer) feeding on asters. From A. C.
Rice, Meriden, Conn.

Ofiorhi/nchiis ovatus (Linn.) infesting a dwelling-house. From
Augustus Floyd, Moriches, N. Y.

JJxKs coneavus Sa}', and 10 other sijecies of Coleoptera. From Mrs.
E. B. Smith, Coeymans, N. Y.

Hemiptbra.

Murtjantiu hlsf.rioiiira (Hahn.) from cabbage, May 9th. From Isaac
A. Garscum, Woodbury, N. J. •

Phymata Wolf It Stal. From ^V. H. Coleman, Albany, N. Y.

MyzHs verasl (Fabr.) from ox-heart cherry. From Mrs. E. C. Brin-
ks rhoff, Nunda, N. Y.

fjallipterus castaneo' Fitch — exuvia of the aphis on the under side
of chestnut leaves. From Verplanck Colvin, Albany, N. Y.

Pemphiyns U'ssellatd (Fitch), on alder, in association with the honey-
dew fungus, Scorhis spongiosum. From Miss Florence B. Himes,
Albany, N. Y.

464 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

Galls of Phylloxera vltifolkii (Fitch). From Edwin Slocombe,
Camillus, N. Y.

Mytilas2Jis poniorum Bouche, occuring on seventeen species of food-
plants. From John D. Lyons, Monticello, N. Y.

Chionasjyis furfxrus (Fitch) on apple. From T. O. Allkr, High
Bridge, N. J.

Orthopteea.

QiV-anthun nivetts (De Geer): Amhli/corypha oblonylfoUa (De Geer)
and .Melanophis femiir-ruhrum (De Geer). From Mrs, E, B. Smith,
Coeymans, N. Y.

Egg-deposit of (Eoanthii-^ nt've>(s(De Geer) in an apple twig. From
NoKMAN PoMROY, Lockport, N. Y.

Chortophaga mridifasclata (De Geer) — the larvtc taken on March
20th. From C. H. Coy, Cossaynna, N. Y. The same, on April 18th.
From E. H. Kilmer, Canaan Four Corners, N. Y.

Neuroptera.

Ephemera sp. — larvte of, taken fi'om a water-filter. From G. C.
Hodges, Utica Academy, Utica, N. Y,

Platheuiis triniaculctta (De Geer.) From L. N. Gillis, Albany,
N. Y.

Thrips sp. ?, infesting cabbage and cauliflower. From Mr. Garrahen,
Kingston, Pa.

Epeira insular Is Hentz, from heliotrope. From Robert Lenox
Banks, Jr., Albany, N. Y.

Ixodes gp. ? and Rhiplstoma A)neric((na Marx. From Mrs. George
NoTMAN, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Gamasiis sp. ? feeding on mushrooms. From William Falconer,
Glen Cove, K Y.

An Acariden infesting potatoes and thought to be the cause of the
scab. From D. J. Garth, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Juhis ccerideocinetiis Wood, in cavities in potatoes. From D. G.
Garth, Scarsdale, N. Y.

(F)

CLiSSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS NOTICED IN THIS

REPORT.

Hymenoptera..
Monostegia ignota {Noj'fon), the strawberry slug.
Eriocampa cerasi {Peck), the cherry-tree or pear-tree slug.

LEriDOPTERA.

Papilio Cresphontes Cramer, the yellow-banded swallow-tail.

Podosesia syring?e {Harris), the Syringa borer.

Ocneria dispar {Linn.), the Gypsy raoth.

Orgyia leucostigma {Sm.-Abb.), the white-marked tussock-moth.

Dryocampa rubicunda {Fahr.), the rosy Dryocampa.

Clisiocampa Americana Harris, the apple-tree tent-caterpillar.

Zeuzera pyriua {Fahr.), the leopard moth.

Plusia brassicoe Riley, the cabbage Plusia.

Traetocera ocellana {Schiff.), the eye-spotted bud-moth.

Carpocapsa pomonella {Liim.), the codling-moth.

Coleophora Fletcherella Fern., the apple case-bearer.

DirXEKA.

Piilex irritans Linn., the common flea.
Hgematobia serrata R. Desv., the cow-horn fly.
Pollenia rudis {Fahr?), the cluster fly.
Anthomyia brassicae Louche, the cabbage fly.
Phytomyza chrysanthemi ICowarz, the Marguerite fly.

COLEOPTKRA. ,

Adalia bipunctata {Li}i?i.), the tAvo-spotted lady-bird.
Attagenus piceus ( Oliv.), the black carpet beetle.
Anthrenus scrophularige {Fahr.), the carpet beetle.
Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus (Z>e6'^.), Pennsylvania soldier beetle.
Macrodactylus subspinosus {Fahr.), the rose-bug.
Lachnosterna f usca {Frohl.) and congeners, the^ white grubs.
Lachnosterna tristis {Fahr.).
Dynastes Tityus {Li?in.), the Rhinoceros beetle.
1894. . 59

466 Forty-sixth Report on the State Museum

AUorbina nitida (X^?Mi.), the fig eater.
Elaphidion parallelum Newm, a maple tree pruner.
Saperda tridentata Oliv., the common elm-tree borer.
Crioceris asparagi [Linn.), the asparagus beetle.
Doryi^hora deceralineata {Say), the Colorado potato-beetle.
Diabrotica vittata {Fabr.), the striped cucumber beetle.
Galerncella xanthomel?ena (Schr.) the elm-leaf beetle.
Sjstena frontalis (Fabr.).

Tenebrio obscurns Fabr., the American meal-worm.
Otiorhynchus ovatus {Linn.).
Pissodes strobi {PecJc), the white-pine weevil.
Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say, the apple curculio.
Anthonomus musculus Say, the strawberry weevil.
Conotrachelus nenuphar (Jlerbst), the plum curculio.
Craponius injequalis {Say), the grape curculio.
Xyleborus p^^ri {Feck), the pear-blight beetle.
Phloeotribus liminaris {Han:), the peach-bark Scolytus.

Hemiptkba..

Murgantia histrionica {Hahn.), the Harlequin cabbage-bug.
Typhlocyba vitis {Harris), the grapevine leaf -hopper.
Psylla pyricola Foerster, the pear-tree Psylla.
Myzus ribis {Linn.), the currant aphis.
Myzus cerasi {Fabr.), the cherry-tree aphis.
Aphis mali Fabr., the apple-tree aphis.
Aphis pruni Fabr., the plum-tree aphis.
Aphis INIiddletouii Thomas, the aster-root aphis.
Pemphigus tessellata {Fitch), the alder-blight aphis.
Phylloxera vitifolite {Fitch), the grapevine Phj^loxera.
Chionaspis pinifolioe {Fitch'^, the pine-leaf scale-insect.
Mytilaspis pomorum {BoucJic), the oyster-shell bark-louse.

Orthoptera.
Chortophaga viridifasciata {De Geer), the green-striped s^'asshopper.

Neuroptbra.
Ephemera sp. ?, a May-fly.

Arachnida.
Tetranychus telarius {Linn.), the red spider.

Myriapoda.
Thousand-legged worms.

Crustacea.

Crangonyx mucronatus Forbes, a fresh-water shrimp.

GENERAL INDEX.

Abbotii, Otiocerus, 386.

Thy reus, 451, 461.
Abbot's Otiocerus, 386.
abietis, Athysanus, 400.

Lacbnus, 407, 412.
Abraxas [ Euflchia] ribearla, 456.
Acanthia lectularia, 458.
Acariden infesting potatoes, 464.
acerifoliella, Ornix, 458.
aceris. Aphis, 406, 412.

Chaitophorus, 411, 412.
Acer Pennsylvanicum insect: Chaitophorus

aceris, 406
Acetate of copper, a fungus preventiTe, 420.
achatina, Clastoptera, 393.
Achemon, Phllampelus. 451.
Acocephalus vitellinus, 397.
Acrididse 330, 332
Acronyeta Americana, 455.

funeralis, 455.

morula, 455.

obliuita, 456.
Actias Luna, 455, 456.
Acutalis dorsalis, 410.
acutus, ?Jassus, 402.

Platymetopius, 4*0.
Adalia bipunctata, .306, 370.
Address before the Albany Institute, 446.
Address before the Association of Economic

Entomologists at Champaign, 111., 417.
Address before the Conference of the Fruit and
"Vine Growers of New South Wales, Australia,
340.
Address before the Ohio State Horticultural

Society, 434.
Addresses before the Western New York Hor-
ticultural Society, 414-421. 422-437,
adjuncta, Hadena [Mamestra], 456.
adrena, Silvanus, 308.
-Egerida?, 4.56.
aeroides, Plusia, 456,
resculi [pyrina]. Zeuzera, 426.
afflni*, Erythroneura, 403.

Typhlocyba, 410.
Agrotis tricosa. 4*^6.
Alaus oculatus, 448.
Albany Argus cited. 446(2).
Albany Evening lournal cited, 348, 34fl.
Albany Evening Times cited, 454(2), 459.
albifrons, Edema, 456.

Aider blight, 346-347, 408.
Alder insects:

Eriosoma [Pemphigus] t«ssellata. 408, 418.

Laclinus alnifoliae, 407. •

Pemphigus tess •llata, 346, 411, 413, 463.
Alder-leaf Lachnus, 407.
Aldrich, T. C., insects from, 461.
AUer, T. O., insects from, 464.
Allerton, W. L., on Crangonyx, 349.
Allorhina nitida, 353.
alnifoliae, Lachnus, 407, 412.
Alnus rubra insect: Eriosoma [Pemphigus]

tessellata, 408.
alternatus, Idiocerus, 399.
Alypia octomaculata, 455.
Auiblycephalus Curtisii, 401 .

inimicus, 401-402.

melsheimerii, 401 .

sayii, 401.
Amblycorypha oblongifolia, 464.
Americana Acronyeta, 455.

Clisiocampa, 293, 441, 4.56, 461.

Empusa. 3; 4.

Euprepia, 4,52.

Gastropacha, 456.

Penthimia, 397.

Silpha, 462.
American Agriculturist cited, 321 .

Butterflies (Scudder) referred to, 448.

Cultivator cited, 433.

Cyclopef^ia cited. 299.

Entomologist cited, 300, 317, 349, 359.

Journal of Science and Arts cited, 309.

meal-worm, 307-309.

Naturalist cited, 299, 300(2), 304, 307, 309,
311, 447. 448.
ampelopsidis, Telamona, 391 .
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 447.
Amphidasys [Eubyia] cognataria, 456.
Amsterdam Daily Democrat cited, 299.
Amyot and Serville's Histoire Naturelle des

Insectes — Hemipteres cited, 384.
Anasa tristis, 434.
Ancyloxypha Numitor, 461 .
Angus, J., insects from, 461.
angusticollis, Meloe, 458.
Animal collections eat«n by Attagenus piceus,

.304.
Anisodictylus, 462.
^nisopteryx vernata, 296, 428.
Anisota senatoria, 450. 453.
annulata, Psylla, 404, 411.

468

General Index

Anotia bonnetii, 387.
Anthomyia brassicae, 431.
Anthonomus musculus, 431.

quadrigibbus, 419.

signatus, 431.
Anthrenus, 381.
Anthrenus fiavipes, 290, 301.

lepidiis, 299, 30.5.

scrophulariaj, 299-306.

thoracicus, 299, 301.
Ant-lion, 454.
Ants, 370, 371, 441, 454.
Apanteles congregatus, 461.

rufocoxalis, 461.
Apatelodes Angelica, 455.
Aphidffi (of Fitch catalogue), 405.
Aphides, 319. 321, 346, 370, 371, 872, 432, 441.

kerosene for killing, 431, 433.

soap suds for kiUiug, 432.
Aphididae, 319, 381.

revision of species of Fitch catalogue, 411-
413.
Aphldinse, 411.

Aphis aceria [Chaitophorus aceris], 406, 411,
412.

asclepiadis [Siphonophora asclepiadis] ,
405,411

berberidis [Rhopalosiphum berberidis] , 405,
411, 412.

betula3colens [Callipterus betuljecolens] ,
406,411,412.

brassicse, 405, 412, 440.

cerasicolens, 405, 411, 412.

cerasifolifB, 411.

cerasi [Myzus cerasi], 405, 411, 412.

cornifoliae, 405, 412.

crataegifolias, 406, 412.

"lanata," 320.

lanigera [Schizoneura lanigera], 407, 411,
412.

mali, 293, 373, 405, 412, 431.

malifolise, 412.

Middletonii, 371, 441.

pinicolens, 406, 412.

populifolise [Chaitophorus populif oliae] ,
406, 411. 412.

pruni, 369.

rudbeckiaa [Siphonophora rudbeckiae] , 406,
411, 412.

rumicis, 440.

Banibucifoiise, 406, 412.*
Aphodius fimetarius, 410.
Aphrophora parallela, 410.

quadrinotata, 392.

saratogensis, 410.
Apple curculio destructive in the Western states,
419.

Apple insects:

Alaus oculatus, 448.

Amphicerus bicaudatus, 447.

Anthononi'is quadrigibbus. 419.

Aphis mali, 293, 373. 405, 431-432.

Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 445.

CaccEcia argyrospil i, 374.

Carpocapsa pomonella, 296, 338-342, 422.

Chionaspis furfurus, 4-10, 464.

Clisiocampa Americiina 441 .

Coccus arborum-linearis (see Mytilaspis
poniorum).

Coh-ophora Fletcherella, 374.

EuTpliidion parallelum, 3.58-359.

Macrodactylus subspinosus. 420.

Monarthrum mali, 440.

Mytilaspis pomorum, 373. 411.

Myzoxylus mali =; Schizoneura lanigera,
407.

QScanthus niveus, 464.

Pemphigus pyri, 411, 413.

Psylla mali, 323.

Psylla pyri, 323.

Psylla pyrisuga, 323.

Saperda Candida, 440.

Schiz meura lanigera, 411, 412.

Tischeria malifoliella, 445, 4G3.

Tmetocera ocellana, 296, 373, 462.

Zeuzera pyrina, 426.
apple-leaf miner, Tischeria, 445.
Apple-root blight, 40-i.
Apple scab, spraying for, 435.
Api^le-tree aphis, 373, 405, 434.

bark-beetle, 410.

bark-louse, 373.

blight, 407.

Bucculatrix. 415.

insects, 372-374.

tent- caterpillar, ^36-4:^7, 441.
Apple-twig borer on pt ar trees, 447.
Apple-worm, 296. 33i, 314, 422.
Apricot, Carp' capsa pomonella attacking, 340.
Arachnida, 466.
Archasia galeata, 410.
Arctia Arge, 455.
Arctica, Mamestra, 447.
Arge, Arctia, 455.
argyrospila, Cacoecia, 374.
Arma spinosa [Podisus spinosus], 457.
Army-worm, 413.
Arphia sulphurea, 330.
arquata, Carynota, 3S8.

Vanduzea, 410.
Arsenical spraying, 297, 336, 340, 343, 345, 872,

373, 374, 41.% 416, 417, 4-.'5, 431 .
Arseuites with Bordeaux mixture, 435.
Arsenites with lime, 416.

*In consideration of th« labor that it would involve, the indicatim in this index of the syn-
onymy of the species listed in the Pitch Catalogue of Hunioptera. (as given in Aphis sjjecies),
will not be contiuued, as the accepted nomenclature may readily be found through the page
refertnces.

General Index

469

arvensis, Dt-lphax, 386.

Liburuia, 410. j

Ascaris luiubrici'ides, 298.
asclepiadis, Aphis, 405 411.

Siphonophora, 4il.
Asellus crustacean, 349.

styglus, 3J8.
Ash: iusects injurious to,
Dynastes Tityus, 342.
Papilio Cresphontes, 337.
Podosesia syringse, 338.
Ashmead [W. H.l cited. 317.
asparagi. Crioceris 342-343.
Asparagus beetV, 342-343.
Aster and lily pe.«ts, 371-372.
asteroides, CucuUia, 4,55.
Asters: insects attacking,

Aphis Middletonii, 371, 441.
Epicauta Peunsylvanica, 463.
Atalanta, Pyraiueis. 4M.
aterrinia, Paria, 403.

Athysanus [species referred to Bythoscopus] .
abietis, 400.
Curtisi, 410.
fagi, 401.
feuestratus, 400.
minor. 400.
nigrrinasi, 401.
variabilis, 400.
atlanis, Melanoplus. 332.
Atlantes, £90

Atomizer, Woodason, 415.
atra, Clastoptera, 394.
atramentaria. Pollenia, 313.
atrata, Rhyssa [Thalessa] , 454.
Attac on pease. An unrecognized, 368.
Attagenus dichrous = piceus, 300.
megatoma = piceus, 302, 303.
piceus, 299 306.
rufipennis = piceus. 300.
spurcus:= piceus, 300.
Atwater, Director of the Office of Experiment

Stations quoted, 414.
Atymna castanece, 410.

q r.erci, 410.
Augochl)ra species, 461.
Aulacizes mollipes, 806.
noveboracensis, 396.
Aulacomerus lutescens [ = Cladius viminalls] ,

439.
auriculata, Smilia, 389.
Ausonius, Nisoniades, 449.
Austrian pines diseased. 376-378.
Rvense, Siphonophora, 294.
Avery, T. G , insects from, 463.

B

Babbitfs Continental AVashing powder as an

insecticide. 434.
Babbitt's 1776 soap powder as an insecticide,

434.

Bagging grapes for preventing insect attack, 864

Bag-worm, 440.

Bailey, Prof. [L. H ] on a new bush nozzle, 415.

on solul)ility of London purple, 415.
balhica, Plusia, 456.
Balsam Cecidomyia, 440.
balsamicola, Cecidomyia, 440
Banded Coelidia, 398.
Banded Telamona, 390.
Banding with burlaps for Ocneria caterpillars,

424, 425.
Banks, Jr., R. L.. Epeira from, 464.
Bark-borer. .365, 367.
Bark-louse, 440, 447.
Barnard, Dr. [VV. S.J cited, 317, 322.
basillaris. Erythroneura, 403.
Bassett, H. F., insects from, 461, 403.
Beans: insects injurious to,
Bruchus obsoletus, 440, 463.

rufimanus, 440.
Diabrotita vittata, 364.
Systena blanda, 344.
Bean weevil, 421 410.

Beckwith, M. H ., on spraying for the codling-
moth, 417.
Beech: insects injurious to,
Athysanus fagi, 401 .
Ccelidia subbifasciata [Jassus olitorius]

398, 410.
Elaphidion T^illosum, 358-359.
Eriosoma [Schizoneura] imbricator, 408.
Jassus olitorius, 410.
Otiocerus coquebertii, 38t>.
Telamona fagi [Heliria scalaris], 391, 410.
Beet-leaf miners, 375.
Beets: insects injurious to,
Lygus pratensis, 375.
Phyllotreta vittata, 375.
Systena blanda, 344, 375.
Benzine, application of, 304.
berberidis, Aphis, 405.

Rhopalosiphum, 411, 413.
Berberry Aphis, 405.
Bernard, D. L., cited, 356.
betulfecolens. Aphis. 406, 412.

Callipterus. 411, 412.
Beiitenmuller [W'm.J cited, 300, 301, 307.
bicaudatus, Amphicerus, 447.
bifida, Tettigonia, 395.
bimaculata, Oberea, 457.

Thelia, 392.
binotata, Enchenopa, 410.
binotatum, Enchophyllum, 387.
bipunctata, Adalia, 306. 370.
Birch: insects injurious to.
Aphis betulascolens, 406
Athysanus fenestratus, 400.
minor, 400.
variabilis, 400.
Bythosc ipus seminudus. 398.
Elaphidion villosmu, .358-359.
Birds' nests, Lauxania flaviceps from, 462.
Bisulphide of carbon, 3C8, 363, 437, 439, 442, 448.

470

Geneeal Index

Black-and-red woolly bear, 439-440.

Black ants, 370.

Blackberry, Insects Injurious to, cited, 430.

Black blister beetle, 443.

Black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma:

abundance, 303.

a dangerous museum pest, 304.

bibliography and synonymy, 300.

description of the beetle, 303.

detected as a carpet pest, 302.

feather felting by, 304.

figures of, 303.

larval features, 302.

remedies for, 304.

woolen, cotton, linen, etc., eaten by it, 804.
Black-winged Grapta, 446.
blanda, Sj stena, 344, 375.
Blatchley [W. S ] cited, 330, 331.
Blight in asters, 373.
Blind craw-flsh, 348.
Blind shrimp in wells, 347-349.
Bombus Pennsylvanicus, 461.

species ? 461.
Bombycidse, 453, 455(3), 456.
Bombycid moth. 426. 448
Bone dust as a remedy, 363.
bonnetii, Anotia, 3-7.
Books and papers infested by Acanthia lectu-

laria. 458.
Bordeaux mixture, 416, 417, 420, 433, 434, 435.

with Paris green, 434.
borealis, Cerura, 456.

Epilachna, 440.
Boston Journal cited, 300.
Bounties for insect pests, 430^37.
bovis, Ixodes, 458.
brassicae, Anthoiriyia, 431.

Aphis, 405, 410, 440.

Plusia, 296, 422, 462.
BrinkeriiofE, Mrs. E. C , insects from, 463.

on cherry-tree aphis, 345.
Brown, Mrs. J. C, insect from, 461.
Brown rot, 417.

Brown rot and the plum-tree aphis, 368-369.
Bruchus lentis, 440.

obsoletus, 440, 463(2).

pisi, 4.39.

rufimanus, 440.
Bruner, L.. cited, 376.

on di-tribution of Chortophaga viridifas-
ciata 333.
Bryobia pratensis, 440.
Brysocrypta hamamelidis, 409, 412.
bubalus, Ceresa, 390.
Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 445.
Bud-worm. 372, 373.
Buflfalo-bug, 303.
Buffalo Ceresa, 390.
BuflEaloensis, Sesia [Hemaris] , 451 .
BufiEalo fly, 444.

Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological So-
ciety cited, 307, 338.

Bulletin — ^Continued) :

Buffalo ^Society of Natural Sciences cited,

459.
Cornell University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station cited, 318, 326, 374, 415, 429-

430, 433, 4.35, 436.
Dela\\ are Agricultural Experiment Station

cited, 417, 430, 486.
Geological and Geographical Survey of the

Territories cited, 299.
Illinois Museum of Natural History cited,

348.
Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station

cited, 415, 431, 4.35.
Massachusetts Agricultural Hatch E x peri

ment Station cited, 300(2), 318, 417. 436.
Michigan .Agricultural Experiment Station

cited, 4.3G.
Minnesota Geological and Natural History

Survey cited, 371 .
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion cited, 317.
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

cited. 295, 376.
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 4.30. 436.
New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 430(5;).
New York State Museum of Natural His-
tory cit. d, 356, 357.
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 435.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station

cited, 345, 417, 433, 436.
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station

cited, 4.30.
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 436.
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment

Station cited, 432.
United States Department of Agriculture

cited, 436.
Bulletins on Spray ing and Insecticides cited,436.
Bunker [R.] cited, 337.
Burdock infusion, 362.
Burning rubbish, 316, 441 .
Bush nozzle, 415.
Butierflies, 336, 449, 45.3, 456.

Calendar of, for 1869 cited, 449.
List of New York, cited, 449.
Butternut, Carynota mera on, 388.
Byrrhus, 299.

Bythoscopus clitellarius, 398.
fepestratus, 410.
minor, 410.
nigrinasi, 410.
seminudus, 398.
species, 410.
strobi, 398.
tergatus, 398.
unicolor, 398.
variabilis, 410.

General Index

471

Cabbage aphis, 405, 432, 440.
butterfly, 446, 447, 454.
caterpillar, 432.
fly, 431.
Cabbage: insects injurious to,
Anthoniyia brassicse, 431, 432.
Aphis brassicte, 405, 440.
Murgantia histrionica, 315, 441, 463.
Plusia brassicae, 2a5.
Thrips, 415 464.
Cabbage naggot, 418, 431.
Plusia, 296.
worms, 444, 446.
Cacoecia argyrospila, 374.

rosaceana, 418.
CfBcidotea stygia, 349.
caja, Euprepia, 452.
Calandra granaria, 308.
oryzfe, 308

remotepunctata. 308.
calcitraus, Stomoxys. 444.
Calendars of Butterflies for the years 1869 and

1870, summary of ccmtents, 449, 453.
Callimorpha Lecontii, 455.
Callipterinae, 412.
Callipterus betula;colens, 411, 412.

castanete, 463.
Callosamia Promethea, 455.
Calocampa nupera, 459.

vetusta, 459 .
Caloptenus s^retus. 332.
Camphor for the carpet beetle, -305.
Camptogramma [Plemyria] fluviata, 456.
Campylenchia curvata, 410.
Canadian Entomologist cited, 300, 304, 307, 317,

3'8(3). 330, 3G1, 454.
Candida, iSaperda, 410.
canicularis. Cicada, 385.
Canker-worm, 296, 422.

Cantaloupe, Systena elongata attacking, 344.
capra, Odynerus, 461.
Carbolated lixe, 420.
Carbolic acid, 363, 365, 418, 441.
with oils, 442.
with Paris green. 428.
carneola, Erastria, 456.
carnifex, Cosmopepla, 458.
Carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophulariae. 300-
306.
bibliography and synonymy, 300.
destructive in Pennsylvania in 1863, 305.
features of. 301, 3t2.
figures of, 301 .
habits of the larva, .305.
houses may be freed from it, 805.
ignorance respecting, 302.
known often as the buffalo-bug, 3;2.
lady-bug mistaken for it, 306.
probable date of introduction, 305.
ravages first noticed, 305.
remedies, 304-305.

Carpet beetle — (^Conthi uerf) ;

two-spotted Adalia compared with it, 306.
varieties named and figured, 301 .
Carpet beetles, 299-306.
Carpet- L.ugs, 302, 303.
Carpets: insects injurious to,

Anthrenus scrophularire, 302, 30:i, 305.
Attagenus piceus, 302-303.
carpini, Psylla, 404, 411.
Carpocapsa poinonella. 296, 338-342, 422.
CarpophiluspallipHnnis, 462.
caryaj, Microcentru3, 410.

Uroxiphus, 392.
Carynota arquata, 388.
marraorata, 410.
mera, 388.
Case-worm, 874.
cassite, Silvanus, 308, 462.
Cassino's Standard Natural History cited, 300,

3.30.
castaneae, Atymna, 410.
Callipterus, 403.
Smilia, 389.
Catalogue of the Diptera of North America

(Osten Sacken) cited. .309.
Catalogue of the Insects of New Jersey

(Smith) cited, 3:5.
Catalogue of the known Homoptera of the

State of New York (Fitch) 1851, 381-409.
Castile soap in an insecticide, 444.
catenaria, Zerene, 450.
Catocala parta, 456.

species, 455.
Catocalas, abundance of, in North America,

459.
Cattle tick, 4.58.

Cauliflower: insects injurious to,
Anthomyia brassicffi, 431.
Pieris rapte, 442.
Thrips sp.? 464.
C- aureum, Grapta, 446.
Caustic potash as an insecticide, 444.
Cecidomyia balsamicola, 440.

species?, 440.
Cecropia, Platysamia. 455.
Celeus, Sphinx, 461.
Ceramica [Mamestral picta, 455.
cerasi. Aphis, 405. 412.

Eriocampa, :335, 336, 410.
Myzus. 29:i, 345-346, 369, 411, 412, 440, 463.
Selandria, 335.
cerasicolens, Aphis, 405, 411, 412.
cerasifoliae, Aphis, 411, 412.
Cerasus insects:

Aphis cerasicolens, 405.
cerasi, 405.
cerealella, Sitotroga, 308.
Ceresa bubalus, 3b0.

dicer OS, 390.
cerintha, Chamyris, 456.
Cerisyi, Smerinthus, 451.
Cermatia forceps, 440.
Cerura borealis, 456.

472

General Index

Chaltophorus aceris, 411, 412.
populi, 411, 412.
populifoliae, 411, 412.
Chamyris cerintha, 456.
? Chariclea exprimens, 456.
Charlton, J , on asparagus beetle, 343,
Ohauliognathus Pennsylvanicus, 344. 463.
Cheap insecticide, 4.34-435.
Chelone glabra, food plant of Melitaea Phaeton,

448.
Chermes pinicorticis, 454.

Cherry-tree aphis, Myzus cerasi, 293, 345, 346,
405, 440.
figures of different stages, plate 6* opp. p.

346.
introduced from Europe, 346.
life-history worked out by Prof. Weed, 846.
not confined to the garden cherry, 346.
occurs also on plum trees, 346, 440.
remedies, 345, 369
severe attack in Nunda, N. Y., 345.
Cherry: insects injurious to,
Aphis cerasi, 405.

cerasicolens, 405.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 340.
Eriocampa cerasi. 335.
MacrodactyluR subspinosus, 430.
Myzus cerasi, 293, 345-346, 369, 463.
Cherry-tree or pear-tree slug, Eriocampa
cerasi, 335-336.
deposit of the eggs, 335.
figures of the larva and saw fly, 335.
fruit trees attacked by it, .3-35.
injuries reported from Orange N. J., 335.
Prof. Peck's prize pamphlet, 335.
remedies, 336.
two broods each year, 3E6.
what the insect is, 335.
Chestnuts: insects attacking,
Callipterus castanete, 463.
Elaphidion villosum, 358-3.59.
Smilia castanea;, 389.

inornata, 388.
Telamona reclivata, 391 .
Chimarocephala viridifasciata, 330, 439.
Chinch-bug, 312.

Chionaspis f urf urus, 440-441, 464.
pinifolise, 377.
salicis, 411.
Chittenden, F. H., on Antliiinomus signatus,

431.
chloris, Parasa, 443.
Chlorotettix tergatus, 410.

unicolor, 410.
Chloropisca prolifica, 410.
Chlorops prolifica, 313.

species, 313.
Choisya ternata, Papilio Cresphoutes attack-
ing, 336, 461 .
Chortophaga infuscata, 332, 334.

viridifasciata, 298, 330-334, 439, 464.
chrysanthemi, Phytomyza, 421.

Chrysanthemums: Phytomyza chrysanthemi

injurious to, 421 .
Chrysomelid flea-beetle, 297.
Chrysopila thoracica, 462.
Chrysops niger, 462.
Cicada canicularis, 385,

pruinosa, 385.

rimosa, 385.

septendecim, .385, 440.

tibicen, 410.
Cicadas, 319, 885.
Cicadida?,385.
Cicindela generosa, 462.

6-guttata, 462.
Cimex lectularius, 458.
cincticollis, Clastoptera, 394.
Cineraria, Phytomyza chrysanthemi on, 421.
Cis f ulvipes, 462.

Citrus, Papilio cresphontes attacking, 337.
Cixius impunctatus, 386.

piui, 385.

quinquelineatus, 380.

stigmatus, 385.
Clark, Mary E., on Anthrenus scrophularlse,

305.
Clarkson, F., cited, 361.

Classification of Insects (Westwood) cited, 307.
Clastoptera achatiua, 393.

atra, 394.

cincticollis, 394.

flavicoUis, 394.

maculicollis, 391.

nigricollis, 395.

obtusa, 393.

pini, 393-394, 410.

proteus, 394.

testacea, 393.
clavata, Deloyala [Coptocycla] , 454.
Cleora pulchraria, 450.
Climbing Ant-lion, 440.
clitellarius, Thamnotettix, 410.
Clover mite, Bryobia pratensis, 440.
Cluster-fly, Pollenia rudis, 309-314, 439.

an introduced species, 309.

bibliography, 309.

clustering habit in rooms, 310.

Dairs observations on, 311 .

described a century ago, 309.

description by Dr. Harris, 313-314.

early stages, 313.

entrance in dwellings and departure, 312.

figures, 309, 310.

general features, 310.

habits, 310, 311.

killed by a fungus, 314.

limited literature, 311.

nuisance in houses, 311, 312.

numerous European representatives, 310.

other diptera hibernating in houses, 313.

remedies, 314.

Riley's stu(iy of, 311 .

spring appearance, 312.

General Index

473

Cluster-fly— (CoH/iiiMed) ;

the genus Pollenia, 310. ,

whenlintroduced, not known, 309.

■where observed iu numbers, 311-312.
Coal soot for the eucuuiber beetle, 363.
Coccidae, 381, 385, 409, 411, 413, 447.
coccinea, Diedrocephala, 410.

Empoa, 403.

Typhlocyba, 410.
Cocculus indicus berries, 352.
Coccus arboruuilinearis, 409, 413.

pinicorticis, 454.

salicis, 409, 411, 413.

species, 447.

tiliae, 409, 413.
Cochliopodas 443.
Cocoon of Cucullia convexipennis, 450.

Cucullia intermedia, 450.

Hemileuca Maia, 448.

Lagoa crigpata, 452.

Leucania sp., 457.

Sesia Buffaloensis, 451 .

Tischeria malifoliella, 445.
Codling-moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, 338-
342.

a new form of larval feeding, 339.

Beckwith's experiments on, 417.

eggs sometimes on side of apple, 340, 341 .

Howard's account of the insect, 341.

killed by Chauliognathus, 314.

Munsou's observations on the larvae, 341-
342.

operates differently iu Tasmania, 339.

ordinary method of larval burrowing, 339.

promiscuous placing of the eggs, 339.

results of spraying for, 433, 435.

scarcity of, 296

where the larva enters the fruit, 3^0-342.

various fruits attacked in Tasmania, 340.
Coe, A. J., cited. 326.
Coe Brothers, pear-tree Psylla in orchards of,

325, 326.
Coelidia olitoria, 398.

subbifasciata, 398.
Coelodasys [SchizuraJ unicornis, 455.
coeruleocinctus, Julus, 464.
cognataria, Amphidasys [Eubyia] , 456.
Coleman, W. H., insects from, 463.
Coleophora Fletcherella, 374.

species, 374.
Coleoptera. 299, 307, 354, 465-466.
Cole [Theodore A J, pear-tree Psylla in orchard

of, 324.
Collecting egg belts of the tent-caterpillar, 437,

441, 444.
Collier, Dr. P., insects from, 347, 353, 463.
Colorado potato-beetle, 897, 422, 457.

remedy for, 297.

damage, 297.
Colvin, v., insects from, 463.
Common house fly, 310, 313, 375.
Common White Grubs (Forbes) ci'ed, 354.

communis, Helochara, 396, 410.
Composiiaj, Phytomyza chrysanthemi attack-
ing, 421.
Comstock [Prof. J. H.] cited, 317, 3:30, 332, 346-

347.
concava, Entilia, 887.

Telamona, 390.
concavus, Lixus, 463
concinna, Notodonta, 454.
Cone-flower, Aphis rudbeckia; on, 406.
confusor, Monohammus, 463.
congregatus, Apanteles, 461.
coniferarum, Ellema, 449.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 297, 422, 440.
Conover, G. s., cited, 343.
convexipennis, Cucullia, 450, 455.
Cook, Prof. A. .1. cited, 325.
Copper compounds, 436.
hydrate 416.
solutions, 417, 420.
coquebertii, Otiocerus. 386.
Coquillet [D. W.] cited, 334.
Corn grubs, 353.
cornifo!ia\ Aphis, 405, 412
Corn: insects injurious to,
Gortyna species, 447.
Mamestra Arctica. 447.
Systena blanda, 344
white grubs. 356
Corn meal for killing cabbage worms, 444
Cornus panicidata insects:
Aphis coruifoliffi, 405.
C lastoptera proteus, 394.
Cornus, Phobetron pithecium attacking, 461.
coryli, Telamona, 391, 410.
Cosmopepla carnifex, 458.
Cossus robinia?. 426.
Cotton fabrics, Attagenus piceus recorded as

eating, .304.
Cotton plant, Systena frontalis injurious to,344.
Cotton-worm, 344.

Country Gentleman cited, 299(6), .300, 307, 309,

316, 318(2), 321, 323(2), :^30(2), 336, 357, 363,

364, 366, 372 374, 377, 378, 434, 4.39(3), 440(3),

441(4), 442(6), 443(7), 444r.5), 446, 447(7), 448.

Cow-horn fly, articles cited, 442, 444.

distribution of the, 296.
Cox, Rev. S., insects from, 462.

quoted, 296.
Coy, C. H., insects from, 464.
Crangonyx gracilis, 348.
mucronatus. 347-349.
Craponius insequalis. 364-265.
cratsegifoliae, Aphis, 406, 412.
crataegi, Thelia, 393.
Crataegus punctata, Aphis crataegifolisB on,

406.
Creosote oil as an insecticide, 434.
Cresphontes, Papilio, 336-337. 461 .
Cres>y, W. N. cited, 340.
Crioceris asparagi, 342-343.
crispata, Lagoa, 452.

1894.

60

474

General Index

Cruciferae: insects feeding on,

Murgautia histrionica, 441 .

PhyJlotreta vittata, 375.
Crustacea, 466.
Crustacean in wells, 347-349.
Cryptolechia Schlaegeri , 456.
Ctenucha virginica, 455.
cucurbitse, Melittia, 434.
CucuUia asteroides, 455.

convexipennis, 450, 455.

florea, 450.

intermedia, 450.

lucifuga, 450.

serraticornis, 456.

Speyeri, 456.
Cultivator cited, 3aO.
cuuea. Hyphantria, 295, 422.
Curculionid beetle, 297, 345.
Currant aphis, Myzus ribis, 370-371 .

black ants as protectors. 376.

controlled by the two-spotted lady bug, 370,

honey- dew excretions, 370.

occasional prodigious multiplication, 370.

operations of, 370.

parasites attack it, 370.

remedies, 370.

Vermorel nozzle to be used in spraying, 370.
Currant: insects injurious to,

Janus flaviventris, 461 .

Myzus cerasi, 346.
ribis, 370.
Curtis, Dr. J. cited, 307.
curtisii, Amblycephalus, 401.

Athysanus, 410.
curvata, Campylenchia, 410.
Cut-worms in corn, 446, 447.
Cyrtolobus fenestratus, 4l0.

inornatus, 410.

vau, 410.
Cyrtosia fenestrata, 389.

marmorata. 369.

D

Ball, Mrs. C. H. cited, 309.

DftU, W. H. cited, 311, 439.

Darapsa Myron, 450.

Daremnia undulosa, 452.

Dates of Collection of New York Heterocera,

450, 456.
Day flies, 298.

decemlineata, Doryphora, 297, 422.
degeerii, Otiocerus, 386.
Deilephila lineata, 451.
Deloyala [Coptocycla] clavata, 454.
Delphax arveu.sis, 386.

dorsalis, 386.
Deltocephalus inimicus, 410.

Melsbeimerii, 410

Sayii, 410
Dendroleon obsoletum, 440.
Depressaria heracliana, 4.54.

Ontariella, 454.

{etf, Diphthera, 456.
Dermestes megatoma, 300.
murinus, 462.
piceus, 300.
Dermestidse, 209, 303.

Description of a convenient insect case, 457.
Desmocerus palliatus, 462.
Destructive shade-tree pest, 426-427.
Desvoidy, R. cited, 309, 310, 311, 313.
Diabrotica 12-punctata, 440.

vittata, 361.
dfceros, Ceresa, 390.
dichrous, Attagenus, 300.
Dickinson, J. H., paper read by, 340.
Dictamnus fraxinella, Papilio Crespbontes on,

336.
Diedrocephala coccinea, 410.
mcllipes, 410.
nova'boracensis, 410.
Diervilla trifida, Hemaris diffinis on, 451.
difflnis, Sesia, 450.
Dimmock, Dr O. cited, 300.
Diplosis pyrivora, 318, 441.
Diptera, 309, 313, 462, 465.
Dipthera deridens, 456.

Directions for CoUtcting and Preserving In-
sects (Riley) cited, 457.
Diseased Austrian pines, 376-378.
dispar, Ocneria, 423-426, 440.
dispar, Xyleborus, 366, 419.
Dog-day Cicada, 385.
Dogwood: insects attacking.
Aphis cornifoliae, 405.
Clastoptera proteus, 394.
Evacanthus orbitalis 397.
Tettigonia tripunctata, 395.
domestica, Musca, 3 0.
Doran, Dr E. W., insects from, 463.
dorsalis, Acutalis, 410.
Delphax, 386.
Stenocranus, 410.
Tragopa, 392.
Doryphora decemlineata, 297, 422.
Downing's Horticulturist cited, 367.
Dried plants, Attagenus piceus feeds on, 304.
Dryocampa imperialis, 447.
rubicunda, i95, 422, 455.
Dung-bf etle, 440.
Dutcher, J. B., maple-tree pruner from grounds

of, 357.
Dwelling-houses infested by Otiorhynchus ova-

tus, 463.
Dynastes Tityus, 342, 440, 444, 463.
Dytiscus marginalis, 462.

Eacles imperialis, 462.

Economic Entomology, 454.

Edema albifrons, 456.

Edwards, W. H.'cited, 446(2).

Effect of London purjile on the plum, 414-415.

General Index

475

Eggs killed by kerosene emulsion, 329, 369.
Eggs of apple-tree tent-eaterpiilar, 487, 444.

asparagus beetle, 343.

cluster fly, 313.

codling-moth, 339, 340, .341.

Crioceris asparagi, 343.

Kaeles iniperialis, 4.53

Elaphidion parallelura, .359, 360.

Euprepia .Americana, 452.

Feniseca Tarquinius, 346.

Gypsy moth, 423, 424, 425.

harlequin cabbage-bug, 315.

Hemileuca Maia, 448

Lagoa crispata, 452.

Melitjea Phaeton. 448.

NisoDiades leelas, 449.

Orgyia leucostigma, 427

pear-tree Psylla, .327, 328, 329.

pear-tree slug, 335.

Philampelus Achemon, 451.

Pieris oleracea, 449.

Pollenia rudis, 313.

Sesia Buffaloensis, 451.

Smerinthus gemiuatus, 451.

■white-pine weevil, 345.
egle, Euchfetes,452.
eight-lineata, Tettigonia, 397.
Elaphidion attack on maples, 359.

parallelura, 357 361.

villosum, 358, .359.
Elder leaf, Aphis sambucifolise on, 406.
EUema coniferarum, 449.

Hariisii, 449.

pinastri, 449.

pineum, 449.
Ellyehnia corrusca, 463.
Elm-bark beetle, 367.
Elm: insects injurious to,

Galerucella luteola, 297.
xanthomelasna. 297.

Lachnus ulmi. 4J7.

Orgyia leucostigma, 295, 429, 437.

Saperda tridentata. 427-428, 429.

Tineidsp., 462.

Zeuzera pyrina, 436, 427, 428, 462.
Elm-leaf beetle, 297, 482, 429.
Elm tree bark-borer, 427-429.
elongata, Systt-na, 344.
Emmord, F. H., insects from, 342, 468.

on Dyna.stes Tityus, 342.
Empoa coccinea, 403.

genus. 410.

querci, 403.
Empoasca fabae. 410.
Empretia stimulea, 455.
Empusa Americana, 314.

muscae, 314.
EnchenoDa binotatf, 410.
Enchophyllum binotatum, .387.

latipes, 387.
Encyclopedie Methodique: Histoire Naturelle

des Animaux (Olivier) cited, 300.
Snnomos magnarla, 456.

Entilia con cava, 387.

sinuata, 387.
EMtomologica Americana cited, 338.

Systematica (Fabricus) cited, 307, 30«, 892,

405(2) .

Entomological Contributions (Lintner) cited,

299, 300, 448(3), 449(6), 450(4), 451(4), 452(5),

4.53(5), 455(.'.), 456(4), 4.'S7.

Entomological Correspondence (Harris) cited,

309.
Entomological Notes (Scudder) cited, 330.
Entomologist cited, 300.

Entomology for Beginners (Packard) cited, 817.
Epeira insularis, 464.
ephemerajforrais, Thyridopteryx, 440.
Ephemera sp , 29S, 464.
Epicauta Pennsylvanica, 443, 463.
EpiUehna borealis, 440
Epilobium coloratura, Eudryas unio feeding

on, 455.
epimenis, Psycomorpha, 455.
Erastria cf-rneola, 456.
Erebus odora, 440.
Eriocampa cerasi. 355-336, 440.
Eriosoma fagi, 408.

imbricator. 408, 412.

lanigera, 407.

pyri, 408. 4 3.

strobi, 409, 412.

tessellata, 408, 413
Eristalis Meig'»nii, 462.

tenax, 462(2).
Erythroneura afifinis, 403.

basillaris, 403.

fabre, 403.

obliqua, 403.

tricincta, 403.

vitis, 40.3.

vulnerata. 402-403.
Euchaetes coUaris, 455.

egle, 4.52.

Oregonensis, 455.
Eudrya" unio, 450, 455.
Eupatoriums: Phytomyza chrysantheml on,

421.
Euphoria Inda, 442, 463.
Euprepia Americana, 452.

caja, 452.
European bean- weevil, 440.
Eutettix(?) seminudus, 410 . '

Evacanthus orbitalis, 397.
Evergestis straminalis, 456.
exitiopa, Sannina, 367.

Experience with the rose-bug (Smith), 419.
Experiments by Dr. C. M Weed on the plum
weevil and cucumber beetle, 362, 363, 417, 419,
Experiments by M. H. Beckwith in codling-
moth spraying, 417.
Experiment Station publications, 429-436.
Experiments with Paris green on tent-cater-
pillars, 432.
exprimens, ?Chariclea, 4.56.
Eye-spotted bud-raoth, 293, 896, 440, 462.

476

General Index

F

fabse, Empoasca, 410.

Erytlironeura, 403.
f agi, Athysanus, 401 .

Eriosonia, 408.

Telamona, 391
Falconer. Wm. cited, 337.

insects from, .336, 461, 464.
Fall tent-caterpillar, 295, 482
famlliaris, Musca, ,309, 310, 313.
Farmers' bulletin on spraying, 436.
Farm Insects (Curtis) cited, .307.
fasciata, Telamona, 390, 410.
f asciola, Lithacodes [Limacodes] , 456.
Feather-felting by Attagenus piceus, 304.
femoralis, L'via, 404, 411.
femoratum. Spectrum, 446.
femur-rubrum, Melanoplus, 297, 332, 464.
Fencing out insects, 363.
fenestrata, Bythoscopus, 410.

Cyrtosia, 389.
fenestratus, Athysanus, 400.

Cyrtolobu3, 410.
Feniseca Tarquinius, 340.
Femald [Prof. C. H] cited, 300, 330, 374.

on kerosene emulsion for the red spider
and rose aphis. 432.

on Paris green on tent-caterpillars, 433.

on the gypsy moth, 423.
Fernow, Berthold, insects from, 463.
ferrugineum, Tribolium, 308, 463.
Figure of

Adalia bipunctata, .306.

Anthrenus flavipes, .301 .

Anthrenus scrophularise, 301.

Anthrenus thoracicus, 301.

asparagus beetle 343.

Attagenus piceus, 303.

Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus, 344.

cherry-tree slug, 335.

Chortophaga viridif asciata, 331.

cluster fly, 309

Craponius insEquaUs, 265.

Crioceris asparagi, 343.

egg of pear-tree Psvlla, 328.

Eriocampa cerasi, 335.

galls of Phylloxera vitifolia), 847.

grape curoulio, 365.

green-striped locust, 331.

infested cucumber root, 362.

larva of Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus,
• 344.
Craponius iusequalis, 365.
Diabrotica vittata, 362.
Eriocampa cerasi, 335.
grape curculio, 365.
Papilio Cresphonteis, 337.
Pennsylvania soldier-beetle, 344.
Pissodes strobi, 344.
striped cucumber beetle, 362.
Tenebrio obscurus, 308.

Figure of larva ot— (Continued) :
white-pine weevli, 344.
meal-worm, 308.
Pennsylvania soldier-beetle, 344.
Pissodes strobi, 344.
PoUenia rudis, 309.
pupa of meal-worm, 308.
pear-tree Psylla, 327.
Pissodes strobi. .344.
Psylla pyricola, 327.
Tenebrio obscurus, 308.
white-pine weevil, 344.
Tenebrio obscurus, 308.
thousand-legged worm, 378.
two-spotted lady-bird, 306.
white-pine weevil, 344.
fllamentaria, Nematocampa, 456.
flmetarius, Aphodius, 440.
Fir: Cixius pini attacking, 385.
Fisher [Dr. Jab z] cited, 318, 325.
Fitch, Dr. A., Catalogue of the Known Homop-
tera of New Work in 1851, by, 381-409.
cited, 317, 345(2) .

on Elaphidion parallelum, 359, 360, 861.
quoted, 346, 367.
flaviceps, Lauxania, 462.
flavicollis, Clastoptera, 394.
flavilineata, Gypona, 397.
fiavipes, Anthrenus, 299, 301 .

Termes, 454.
flaviventris, Janus, 461.
Flea beetles, 375.
Fleas in a cellar, 352.

remedies for, .352-358.
Fletcheralla, Coleophora, 374.
Fletcher, J insects from, 462.
florea, CucuUia, 456.
Floyd, A., insects from, 463.
fluviata, Caraptogranmia [Plemyria], 456.
Foerster [Arnold] cited, 317, 322.
Forbes, Prof S. A. cited, 34", 354, 356.
on a blind crustacean, 348.
quoted, 348, 354, 355.
Forbush, E. H. on Gypsy moth, 424.
on Gypsy moth insecticides, 434.
forceps, Cermatia, 440.
Force pumps, 339, 370.
Four-lined Psylla, 404.
Four-spotted Aphrophora, 392.
Four-striped Proconia, 395-396.
Fraxinella: Papilio Cresphontes attacking, 386.
French, G S , insects from, 462.
Fresh-water shrimp. 348.
frontalis, Systena, 297, 343-344, 422, 463.
Frosted cicada. 385.

Pceciloptera, 3S7.
fulvicollis. Scepsis, 456.
fulvidorsum, Jassus, 402.

Phlepsius, 410.
fulvipes, Cis. 462.
funeralis, Acronycta, 455.

General Index

477

Fungicides and insecticides, 436.

bulletins on, 436.

combined with arsenites, 416-417.

Clipper solutions, 417.
Fungous diseases, spraying for, 486.
Fungous pests, 436.
Fungus attack on plums, 368, 369.

on Austrian pints, 377.

Pollenia rudis killed by a, 314.

P0I3 stictus, Cis f ulvipes from, 46!}.

preventive of brown rot, 417.

Scorias spongiosum fed by honey-dew, 463.
furcilla, Platycerura, 450, 455.
furfurns, Chionaspis, 440-441, 464.
Furs attacked by Attagenus piceus, 304.
fusca, Lachnosterna, 296, 353, 354, 422.

galeata, Archasia, 410.
Qalerucella luteola, 297.

xanthomelffina, 297, 422.
Gall-mites, 377, 442.
Gamasus species ?, 464.
Qammaridse, 348.

Garden and Forest cited, 318. 363, 436.
Gardnners" Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette

cited, 428.
Gardening cited, 431.
Gargara, 383.
Garman's paper on Clastoptera genera, etc.,

cited, 384.
Garrahen, Mr., insects from, 464.
Garscum, I. A., insects from, 463.
Ga'th, D. G., iusects from, 464(2).
Gasoline as an insecticide, 352.
Gastropacha Americana. 456.
Gathering and burning egg-clusters, 423-424.
Gau^frcovered frames for protecting from

cucumber-beetle, 363.
geminatus, Snerinthus, 451.
generosa, Cicindela. 462.
Genet, E. J. on the pear-tree Psylla, 320.
Geneva Courier cited, 343.
gibbosa, Lachnosterna, 355.

Nadita, 450, 456.
Gillette, C P., experiments with London
purple, 415.
on fungicides with arsenites, 416.
on lime combined with arsenites, 416, 435.
on the at pie curculio, 419.
Giiliii, L. N., insects from. 462(3), 464.
Gissler, C. F., cited, 307(2).
globosus, Microdon, 313.
• Glover [Townend] cited, 317.
Glycobius speciosus. 442.
Goff. E, S., insects from, 343.

on protection fr m cabbage maggot, 431.
Golden rod: Bythoscopus unicolor on, 398.
Gold, T. S. on pear-tree Psylla, 325.
" Gold dust" soap- powder as an insecticide, 434
Gonopteryx libatrix, 450.
Gooseberry: Systena frontalis attacking, 297,
343, 422, 463.

Gordius, 298.
Gortyua species, 447.
gracilis, Crangonyx, 348.
Grain insects (in store):
Calandra granaria, 808.
oryziB, 308

remotepunotata, 308.
Silvanus advena, 308.
cassiaj, 308.
Surina-veusis, 308.
Sitotroga cerealella, 308.
Tenebrlo molitor, 308.

obscurus, 307.
Tribolium ferragineum, 308.
granaria, Calandra, 308.
Grape-berry moth. 364.

Grape curculio, Craponius inffiqualis,1364,' 305v
a western species, mainly, 364.
bagging the grapes as a preventive, 864.
features r f the beetle, 365.
figures of larva and beetle, 365.
indications of attack, 364.
jarring for the beetle, 366.
nature of the injury, 3&4.
not injurious in New York, 364.
pupation, 365.

reference to writings on it,^36.'>.
Grape: insects injurious to,

Aphrophora quadrinotata, 392.
Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus, 344,'46S.
Craponius inajqualis, 364.
Erythroneura vulnerata, 408.
Otiocerus coquebertii, 386.
Phylloxera vitifolise, 347.
Tragopa dorsalis, 392.
Typhlocyba vitis, 430.
white grubs. 354.
Grapevine Erythroneura, 403,
leaf-hopper, 430.
Phylloxera, 347.
Grapta C-aureum, 446.
interrogationis, 446.
umbrosa, 446.
Grasshoppers, 297, 298, 330, 333, 350, 4«9.
Grass: insects injurious to,

Amblycephalus curtisil, 401.
inimicus, 401.
melsheimerii, 401.
sayii. 401.
Aulaclzes moUipes, 396.
noveboracensis, 396.
Chimarocephala viridifasciata, 439.
Chortophaga viridifasciata, 831, 833.
Helochara communis, 396.
Melanoplus fenur-rubrum, 29'.
Tettigonia bifida, 395.
white grubs, 354.
Graves, Mrs. H. D , insects from, 463.
Green-striped locust, 298, 330-334, 439.
a double- brooded species, 333.
alarm caused by its early appearance,[332.
appearances in midwinter, 330, 331.
bibliography and 8ynonymy,^330.

•

478

General Index

Green-striped \oc\ist~ (^Continued) :

distributi m quite extensive, 333-334.

figures of larva and imago, 331.

generic name'^, 330.

millions seen in winder, 331.

not a grasshopper, but a locust, 333.

transformations 832.

two forms of the insect, 331-332.
Qreen-'triped maple worm, 433.
Green, W. J., address by, 434.
Gregory, B. W., infested pease from, 868.
Guide to the Study of Insects (Packard) cited,

317, 360.
guttata, Smilift, 389.
Gypon* flavtlineata, 397.

scarlatina, 3tt7.

striata, 410.
Gypsum for the cucumber beetle, 363.
Gypsy moth, 422-426.

a first-class insect pest, 422.

appropriations for its extermination, 423

ar a mfested, 424.

caterpillars not killed by Paris green, 432,
433.

eggs collected and burned, 424.

introduction, 433.

means used for its destruction, 423, 424.

number of infested trees treated, 424.

spread. 423.

work of the Commission, 42.3-425.

H

Hadena [Mamestra] adjuncta, 456.

lignicoldr, 456.
Hsematobia serrata. 296, 442, 444, 462.
Hagen, Dr. H. A., cited. .300, 301(2), 305.
Hag-moth caterpillar, 443
Hair-cloth furniture: Attagenus piceus found

i'S 303.
Hair eaten by Attagenus piceus, 304.
Hair-snake, 298.
Haldeman, Dr. cited, 3.59.
Halisidota caryte, 455.
hamamelidie, Brysocrypta, 409, 412.
Hamilton, Dr. J. cited, 300.
Hand-power strawsonizer, 418.
Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica,
315-317.

arsenitei powerless against it, 318.

distribution in the United States, 315.

figures of different stages, 315

fondness for n\u8tard and radish, 316.

1 ibernates in the perfect stage, 315, 316.

importance of arresting its progress, 316.

new remedy proposed by Mr. Weed, 816.

northward progress, 315.

occurrence in New Jersey, 315.

rapid development, 315.

remedies, 316-317.

successive broods, 315.

traps and baits available, 816.
Harpaius species, 462.

harpyia [domestica], Musca, 314.
Harris, Dr. [T. W ] cited, 309, 317, 319, 3;i0, 832
360, 307, 384.

description of pear-tree Psylla, 321.
of Pollenia rudis, 310.

Musca domestica described as M. harpyia,
310.

on the apple worm, 389.

on the pear-tree Psylla, 320, 331, 325.
Harrisii, EUema, 449.
Hazelnut: insects attacking,

Telamona coryli, 391.
tristis, 391.
Helianthus divaricatus, Melitaea Nycteis feed-
ing on, 448
Heliotrope: Plusia brassic;e on, 296.
Heliria scalaris. 410.
Hellebore, 31C, 431, 440.

and water, 372.
Helochara communis, .396 410.
Helophilus latifrons, 440. 462.
Hemaris Buffaloensis, 451 .

diffinis, 451.
Hemileuca Maia. notices of, cited, 448, 456.
Hemiptera, 315, 317, 325, 3.33, .389, 463, 466.
Hemlock: Pissodes strobi attacking, 8i5.
hemorrhoea, Penthimia, 897.
Henshaw, Samuel, cited, 300.
heracliana, Depressaria, 454 .
Hessian fly, 426, 447.
Heterocera, 450, 453, 456, 461 .
Heteroptera, 3i5.
Hickory insects:

Elaphidion villosum, 859.

Smilia inornata, 388.
Hides attacked by Attagenus piceus, 304.
Himes, MissF. B., honey -dew fungus from, 347,

463.
Hippiscus tuberculatus, 830.
hirticula. Lachnosterna, 355.
Histoire Naturelle des Dipteres des environs de

Pans (Desvoifly) cited, 309.
Histoire Naturelle des Insectes — Dipteres

(Macquart) cited, 309.
Histoire Naturelle des Insectes — H^mipt^res

(Amy ot and Serville) cited, 384.
histrionica, Murgantia, 315-317, 441, 463.
Hitchcock, W. C, insects from, 462.
Hodges, Prof. G. C, insects from, 298, 464.
Homoptera, 317, 319, 381, 384.
Honey-dew. 347, 3'0, 371 .
Honey dew fungus, Scorias spongiosum, 463.
Honeysuckle bush: Hemaris diffinis on, 451.
Hop-tree: Papilio Cresphontes on, .337.
Hop-vine aphis. Phorodon humuli, 294, 369.
hordei, Isosoma, 458.
Hormaphis hamamelidis, 411, 412.
Hornbeam: insects occurring on:

Athysanus nigrinasi, 401.
Jassus? actus. 402.

Psylla carpini, 404.
Horn, Dr. G. H. quoted, 304, 364.

General Index

479

Horse-chestnut: insects injurious to,
Orgyia leiicostif: na, 295, 437. <,
Zeuzera pyrina, 426

Hot water as an insecticide, 810, 372, 441 .

Household centipede, 440.

Houae-iufesting beetle, 422.

Howard, L. O. cited, :M0.

Hubbard, H. G. quoted. :i49, :159.

Hulst, Rev. Mr. on the syringa borer, 338.

humuli, Phorodon. 294, 309.

Hydrocyanic acid gas, .352.

HylesinuB opaculus, 3()7.

Hypena scabra, 454.

hyperborea, Platarctia, 4.52.

Hyperchiria lo, reference to described trans-
formations, 4.53.
varia, 453.

Hyphantria cunea, 295, 49J.

Hystrlcia vivida, 462.

I
loelus, Nisontades, 449.
Ichthynra inclusa, 450.

vau, 455
Idiocerus genus, 396.
Idlocerus alternatus, .399,

lachryraalis, 398-399.

maculipennla, 899.

pallidas, 399.

suturalis, 399.
ignota, Monostegia. 431.
lUiger's Magazine cited, 407.
imbricator, Eriosoma, 408, 412.
Imbricator, Schizoneura, 411, 412.
immaculatus, Myrmeleon, 440.
imperialis. Dryocampa, 447.

Eacles, 462.
implicita, Lachnosterna, 355.
impunctatus, Cixius, 380.

Myndus. 410.
iDiequaliB, Craponius, 364-365.
inclusa. Ichthyura, 450,
Incurvaria acerifoliella, 458.
Inda. Euphoria, 442, 463.
Indian Cetonian, 448.
inermis, Smilia, 388.

Stictocephala, 410.
inf uscata, Chortophaga, 332, 334.
Ingalsbe, G. M., insects from, 463.
inimicus, Amblycephalus, 401-402.

Deltocephalus, 410.
Injurious Insects (Harris) cited, 391, 392, 385,

403(2).
inornata, Smilia, 388.
inornatus, Cyrtolobus, 410.
Insect Enemies of the Sugar Beet, 376.
Insecticide machine, 417-418.
Insecticides, 417, 418, 419, 432-436.

bulletins on, 436.

contact, 434.

fungicides and, 436.

lately recommended, 418.

machine for distribution of, 417-418.

Insectivorous Birds, reference to, -349-851.

Accipiter Cooperi, 351.

black birds, .3.50, 351.

Bubo Virginianus, 851.

crane, 350.

crow, 350, 351.

crow-blackbiid, 350.

English sparrow, 350, 351.

hawk. 3.50. 351.

king-fisher. 350, 351.

meadow lark, 350. .351.

owl, 350, 851.

Passer dome.sticus, 351 .

raven, XtO. 351.

robin, 350, 351.

shrike, 350
Insect Life cited, 297, 300(2), 301(2), 309(2),
814, 317(2), 318(2), 344(3), 349, 353, 356, 365
418,419(2^426. 431, 4.33.
Insect lime, or raupenleim, 425.
Insects Injurious to the Blackberry, notice of

Bulletin on, 430.
Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees

(Packard) cited, 345, 359, 428,
Insects Injurious to Fruits (Saunders) cited,

317, 365, 367.
Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Harris) cited,

317, 321, 360, 307.
Insects Injurious to Young Fruit Trees, Bul-
letin cited, 420.
Insects of New England (Harris) cited, 3S1,

830.
Insects introduced from Eurojie:

cabbage butterfly, 446.

carpet beetle, 304.

cluster-fly, 309.

codling-moth, 340. .

cow-horn fly, 296.

Euprepia caja, 453.

Gypsy motli, 423.

Marguerite fly, 419.

meal-worm, 308.

Musca rudis, 309.

pear-blight beetle, 419.

pear midge, 318.

pear-tree Psylla, 318, 323.

Pieris rapae, 446.

Pteromalus puparum, 447.

Xyleborus dispar, 419.

Zeuzera pyrina, 426.
Insects received from New York localities:

Albany, 446, 461(2), 462(4), 463(3), 484(2).

Athens, 323.

Ausable Forks, 403.

Barrytown, 46.'.

Brooklyn, 464.

Buffalo, 443, 463.

Cambridge, 296, 463.

Camillus, 317, 464.

Canaan Four Corners, 330, 832, 464.

Carlton, 442.

Cheviot-on-Hudson, 412.

480

General Index

Insects received from — (_Continued) :

Clyde, 445. 457.

Coeymans, 461(2), 462, 463, 464.

Columbia County, a98, 330, 832.

Fort Edward, 463.

Geneva, 311, 843. 463.

Glen Cove, L. 1 , 323, 336, 461, 462, 464.

Lockport, 464.

Long Island, 462.

Malcom. 338.

Mastic, Moriches, 377.

Matteawaa, 376.

Menaadi^, 323.

Monticello, 464.

Moriches, L. I., 297, 463.

Newark, 353.

New Baltimore, 462,

New Paltz, 463.

New York City, 338, 859, 461(2), 462.

Nunda, 463.

Oswego, 347, 373, 461, 462.

Palenville, 312.

Pawling, 357.

Pen Yan, .365.

Pittstown, 462.

Potsdam, 457.

Poughkeepsie, 302,

Queens county, 447.

Rochester, .374.

Sandy Hill. 463.

Scarsdale, 464(2).

Schenectady, 462.

Schoharie. 368, 449.

Sinclairville, 463.

Sonyea. 458.

South Byron, 461.

Tarrytown, 461.

Unadilla, 370.

Utica, 298, 464.

Watervliet, 461.

Wayne county, 3S3.
Insects received from other localities:

Agricultural College, Miss., 462.

Birds' Nest, Va.. 314, 463.

Buckland, Va., 307, 442, 463.

Carbon Cliff, 111.. 457.

Clarksboro, N. J., 458.

College Park, Md., 463.

Columbia, Miss., 445.

Cos Cob, Conn., 443.

East Greenwich, R. I., 443.

Franklin county, Ohio, 447.

Greenville, Conn., 462.

High Fridge, N. J., 440, 464.

Kingston. Pa., 445, 464.

Kentucky, 440.

Magnolia, Md , 342, 444,463.

McGregor, Iowa, 360.

Meriden. Conn., 443, 463.

New Jersey, 315.

Ottawa, Canada, 462.

Pittsford, Vt., 458.

Insects received from other localities-(Ci>nrd) ;

Sanford, Tenn., 361.

Washington, D. C, 354.

Waterbury, Conn., 461, 463.

Windsor, Canada, 447.

Woodbury, N.J, 31.5, 441, 463.
insularis, Epeira, 464.
intermedia, Cucullia, 450.
interrogationis, Grapta, 446.
IntestiDal worm, 298.
Introduction to Entomology (Comstock) cited,

317, 330, 346.
Introduction to the Modern Classification of

Insects (Westwood) cited, 307.
inversa, Lachnosterna, 355.
lo, Hyperchiria, 45i , 453.
irroratus, Jassus, 402.
irroratus, Phlepsius, 410.
Irus, Thecla, 449.
Isabella, Pyrrharctia, 439.
I-osoma hordei. 458.
Ixodes bo vis, 458.

species ? 464.

J

Jamaicensis. Smerinthue, 451.
Janus flaviventris, 461.
Jarring for the curculio, 365.
Jassides, 396, 402.
Jassus genus, 400, 401.
Jassus acutus, 402.
fulvidorsum, 402.
irroratus, 402.
olitorius, 410.
vertic;s, 410.
Jayne [Dr. H. F,] cited, 800, 303.
John8ou''s Natural History cited, 299.
Joint-worm, 458.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Science*

cited, 385(3), 386, 387, 388(4), 389, 392, 393(2),

395(2), .396, 398(4), 401, 402(2).
Journal of the Microscopical Society cited, 307.
Journal of the New York Microscopical Society

cited, 300, 301.
Julus cceruleocinctus, 464.

K

Kellicott, Dr. cited, 338.

Kerosene, 304, 310-317, 329, 366, 372, 423, 424, 425,

430, 431, 434, 44v', 444.
Ker.'Sene emulsion, 316, 329, 345, 353-354, 362,

369(.3), 373, 374, 375, 420, 428, 430(2), 431, 432,

436, 440, 441, 444.
Kilgore, B. W., a cheap insecticide by, 434-

435.
Kilmer, E. H., insects from, 464.
kirbyii, Otiocerus, 386.
Kollar cited, 426.

I.

Lachninse. 412.
Lachnosterna, 3'3, 854. 355.

fusca, 96, 353. 354, 355, 356, 422.

gibbosa, 355.

General Index

481

Lachnosterna — ^Continued) :
birticula, 355.
implicita, 355.
inversa, 355.
rugosa, -355.
trlstls, 296, 403.
Jachrynialis, Idiocerus, 398-399.
Lady-bug, 302, 306.
Lagoa crispata, 452
Lamarck : Histoire Naturelle des Animaux

sans Vert^bres cited, 299.
Lamenia vulgaris, 410.
Lampyridte, 344.
lanigera, Apbis, 412.
Eriosoma, 407.
Schizoneura, 411, 412.
Larva of

Alypia octoniaculata, 455.
Anisota sanatoria, 453.
Anthrenus scrophularise, 302.
Attagenus piceus, 302.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 338, 339.
Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus, 344.
Craponius insequalis, 364, 365.
Cucullia convexipennis, 450.

intermedia, 450.
Daremma undulosa, 452.
Diabrotica vittata, 362.
Eacles iinperialls, 453.
Elaphidion parallelum, 358, 359, 860.
Eriocampa cerasi, 335, 336.
Eucbsetes egle, 452.
Eudi-yas unio, 455.
Euprepia Americana, 452.
Gypsy motb, 423, 424, 425.
Hyperchiria lo, 453.
LachnostPrna. 353, 354, 355, 356.
Lagoa crispata, 453.
Murgantiahistrionica, 315.
Papilio Cresphontes, 337.
Pennsylvania soldier-beetle, 344.
Pieris oleracea, 449.
Pissodes strobi, 344.
Platarctia Parthenos, 452.
Pollenia rudis, 313.
Psypomorpha epimenis, 455.
Psylla pyricola, 319.
Saperda tridentata, 427, 428.
Sesia [Hemaris] Bufifaloensis, 451.

difflnis, 450.
Smerinthus geminatus, 451 .
Tenebrio molitor, 308.
obscurus, .307-308.
Thyreus Abbotli, 451.
Zeuzera pyrina, 426, 427.
lateralis, Phy tomyza, 421 .
latifrons, HelophUus, 440, 462.
latipennis, Spilosoma, 455.
latipes, Enchophyllum, 387.
Lauxania flaviceps, 462.
Leaf -miners, 376.
Leaf -rollers, 374.

Learned, W. L., insects from, 462.
Leather beetle, 440.

Leather eaten by Attagenus piceus, 304.
LeBaron, Dr. Wm. cited, .307, 317, 325, S8fl-

359, 360.
Lecanium liriodendri, 411.
salicis. 411, 413.
tilise, 411, 413.
LeConte, Dr. J. L. cited, 299, 300(3), 805,1864.
Lecontii, Calliinorpha, 455.
lectularia, Acanthia, 458.
lectularius, Cimex, 458.
Lema trilineata, 457.

Lemon, Papilio Cresphontes attacking, 337.
Lentil vceevil, 440.
lentis, Bruchus, 440.
Leonardus, Pamphila, 449.
Lepidoptera, 450, 459, 461, 465.
lepidus, Anthrenus, 299, 305.
Lepyronia parallella, 393.
quadrangularis, 393.
saratogensis, 393.
Leucania sp?, 457.

leucostigma, Orgyia, 295, 429, 437, 450, 455.
Lewis, R., insect from, 462.
libatrix, Gonopteryx, 450.

Scoliopteryx, 456.
Liburnia arvensis, 410.
ligata, Systena, 344.
lignicolor, Hsdena, 456.
Lilac, Podesesia syringje injurious to, 461.
Lilies, Thousand-legged worm injurious to,

372, 441 .
Lime for insects, 336, 365, 416, 420, 428, 434, 485.
Lime water for thousand-legged worms, 372,

441 .
liminaris, Phloeotribus, 365-368.
Linden insect. Coccus tih^, 409.
lineata, Deilephila, 451.
lineola, Tabanus, 462.
Lintner, J. A., cited. 299, .300, 307, 309, 318, 330.

on insectivorous birds, 349-351 .
liriodendri, Lecanium, 411.
List of Butterflies Occurring in the State of

New York, cited, 449.
List of Coleoptera of North America (Hen-

shaw) cited, 300.
List of North American Lepidoptera in

Guen6e's Species G6n6rale, noticed, 450.
List of Sphlngidae occurring in the State of

New York, referred to, 449.
Lithacodes [Limacodes] fasciola, 456.
Little, M., cited, 339.
insects from, 338.
Little, Miss, cited, 339.

Little, W. C, on Lachnosterna fusca, 356-357.
Livia femoralis. 404, 411.

vernalis, 404, 411.
Liviinse, 411.
Lixus concavus, 463.
Lockwood, J. L., insects from, 338, 461.
Locusta (Tragocephala) viridifasciata, 330.

1894.

61

482

General Index

Locust: insects attacking,

Cossus robina?, 426.

Thelia bimaculata, 392.
Locusts. 297, .S.30, 3.33, 439.
Lodeman, E. G., cited, 318, 433, 435.
Loew, Dr. H., cited, 309(2), 317, 823(3), 325.
London purple, 297, 372, 420, 431 .

peach foliage sensitive to it, 415.

linae added lessens injury, 416.

solubility of, 415.

with Bordeaux mixture, 417.
Longicorn beetle, 358, 427, 431, 435.
lucifuga, Cucullia, 450.
Lucilius, Nisoniades, 449.
lumbricoides, Ascaris, 298.
Lumsden. G. R., insects from, 462.
Luna, Actias, 455, 456.
lunata. Aphis, 320.
luteola, Galerucella, 297.
lutescens, Aulacomerus, 439.
Lycomorpha pholus, 450.
Lygus pratensis, 375.
Lyons. J. D., cited. 346.

insects from, 464.

insects on the grounds of, 295.

M

Macquart, cited, 309, 313.
Macrodactylus subspinosns, 418, 462.
Macropsis, 400.
maculata, Vespa, 461 .
maculicollis, Claatoptera, 394.
maculipennis, Idiocerus, 399.
magnaria, Ennomos, 456.
Mala, Hemileuca, 448, 456.
mali. Aphis, 293, 373, 405, 412, 431 .

Monarthrum, 440.

Myzoxylus, 407.

Psylla, 323.
malifolisp, Aphis, 412.
malifoliella, Tischeria, 445, 468.
Mamestra Arctica, 447.

picta, 455.
Mann, B. P., cited, 309, 311.

on Microdon globosus, 318 .
Mantissa Insectorum (Fabricius) cited, 299.
Maple: insects injurious to,

Acocephalus vitellinus, 397.

Aphis asceris, 406.

Dryocampa rubicuuda, 295 .

Elaphidion parallelum, 357.
villosum, 359.

Glycobiue speciosus, 442.

Gypona flavilineata, 397.

Incurvaria acerifoliella, 468.

Lacbnostema tristis, 296.

Lepyronia quadrangularis, 393.

Ornix acerifoliella, 458.

Penthimia Americana, 397.

PsjUa annulata, 404.
vernalis, 404.

2^U)!era pyrina, 426-427.
Maple leaf cutter, 458.
Maple-tree aphis, 406.

Maple-tree borer, 442,

Maple-tree pruner, Elaphidion parallelum, 867-
361.

figured, 358.

food plants, 359.

frequent on oaks, 859.

habits, 359, 360.

injury to maples, 357, Ji'SS.

larva, 358, 359, 360.

remedy, 361 .

uncommon on maples, 3,59.
marginatum, Trochilium (Bembecia), 450.
Marlatt, C. L., cited, 309.

fungus on Pollenia rudis stated by, 314.
marginal is, Dytiscus, 462.
Marguerite fly, 421.
marmorata, Carynota. 410.

Cyrtosia, 389.
Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and

.Journal cited, 359.
May-beetle, 353, 356.
May-bug, 354.
May-fly, 298.

McDougal, Mr., insects from, 462.
McNeil, J., cited, 330, 332.
Meal-worm, 442.
Mealy bugs, 418.
megatoma, Attagenus, 300, 302, 803.

Dermestes (of Fabricius), 300.
Meigenii, Eristalis, 462.
Meigen [J. W.] cited, 311.
Melanoplus atlanis, 332.

femur-rubrum, 298, 332, 464.

spretuB, 332.
Melitsea Nycteis, 448.

Phaeton, 448.

species, 454.
Melittia cucurbita?, 434.
Meloe angusticollis. 458.
Melon insect, Diabrotica vittata, 364.
Melsheimer, Dr., cited, 299.
melsheimerii, Amblycepbalus, 401.

Deltocephalus, 410.
Membracidae, 387.
Membracis mera, 410
Memoires Society d' Agriculture de Caen, cited,

407.
mera, Carynota, 888.

Membracis, 410.
Meske, Otto, cited, 450.

collection of Lepidoptera, 459.
Mesographe stramentalis, 456.
Microcentrus caryas, 410.
Microdon globosus, 813.
Middletonii, Aphis, 371, 441.
minor, Athysanus, 400.

Bythoscopus, 410.
Mites, 377, 442, 464.
mitis, Systena, 344.
molitor, Tenebrio, 308. 442.
moUipes, Aulacizes, 396.

Diedrocephala, 410.
^ onarthrum mali, 440.
Monllea fructlgena, 369.

General Index

483

Monohammus confusor, 4&1.

Monostegia ignota, 431.

monticola, Telamona, 410.

Moore, C. R., insects from, 344, 4(j3.

Morris, Miss, on baric-borer associated with

peach-yellows, 367.
morula, Acronycta, 455.
mucronatus, Crangonyx, 347-349.
munda, Murgantia, 317.

MunsoQ, \V. H., on spraying for, and observa-
tions on, the apple-worm, 341-348.
Murgantia histrionica, 315-317, 441, 463.

niuuda, 317.
Muriate of potash for mealy bugs, 418.
murinuj, Dermestes, 4(5"4.
Musca domestica. 310, 314.
familiaris, o09, 310, 313.
harpyia, 310, 314.
rudis, 309, 310.
muscoi, Empusa, 314.
Muscidae, 309, 310.

tomentosae, 310.
musculus, Anthonomus, 431.
Museum pests, 381.

Mushrgoms infested by Oamarus sp. ?, 464.
Muslin or netting for protecting from insect

attack, S68.
Mustard, Murgantia histrionica feeds on, 316.
Myndus impunctatus, 410.
Myriapoda, i'ii, 441, 466.
Myrmeleon ? immaculatus, 440.
Myron, Darapsa, 450.
Mytilaspis pomorum, 373, 411, 413, 464.
Myzoxylus mail, 4o7.

Myzus cerasi, 293, 345-346, 369, 411, 412, 440, 463.
persicse, 869.
ribis, 370-371.

N
Nadata gibbosa, 450, 456.
Napthaline and carbonate of lime useless

against the rose-bug, 430.
Nematocampa filamentaria, 456.
nenuphar, Conotrachelus, 297, 422, 440.
Neue Beitrage zur Kentniss der Psylliden
(Loew) — Verb. Wien Zool. Bot. Gesell.
cited, 317.
Neuroptera, 464, 465.
New England Homestead cited, 318, 378.
New strawberry slug, 431 .
Newton Horticultural Society and Newton
Center Improvement Association, rewards
for egg-belts of tent caterpillar, 437.
New York Times cited, 348.
New York Tribune cited, 300.
niger, Chrysops, 462.
nigricollis, Ciastoptera, 395.
nigrinasi, Athysanus, 401 .

Bythoscopus, 410.
Nisoniades Ausonius, 449.
Icelus, 449.
Lucilius, 449.
Persius, 449.
species, 449.

nitida, Allorhina, 353.

Nitrate of soda, 372, 418, 441.

niveus, CEcanthus, 464(3).

Nixon nozzle, :i28.

Noctuida\ 450, 453, 455, 456(2).

Northern lady-bird, 440.

Notman, Mrs. G., Ixodes from 464.

Notodonta concinna, 454.

species ?, 456.
noveboracensis, Aulacizes, 396.

Diedrocefhala, 410.
Nozzle for low spraying, 415.
Numitor, Ancyloxypha, 461 .
nupera, Calocampa, 459.

Nursery stock injured by white grubs, 853-356.
Nycteis, Melitfoa, 448.

O

Oak insects:

Anisota senatoria, 453.
Carynota arquata, 388.
Cixius impunctatus, 386.
Ciastoptera testacea, 393.
Cossus robiniffi, 436.
Cyrtosia marmorata, 389.

parallelum, 358-360.
Elaphidion villosum, 358, 360.
Empoa querci, 403.
Gypona flavilineata, 897 .
Lachnus quercifolite, 407.
Otiocerus abbotii, 386.
coquebertii, 386.
kirbyii, 386.
Phobetron plthecium, 461.
SmUia auriculata, 389.
Inermis, 388.
laornata, 388.
querci, 389.
vau, 388.
vittata, 389.
Telemona querci, 391 .

reclivata, 391.
Thelia univittata, 392.
Oats, Silvanus Surinamensis in, 462.
Oberea bimaculata, 457.

tripunctata, 457.
oblinita, Acronycta, 456.
obliqua, Erythroneura, 403.

Typhlocyba, 410.
oblongifolia, Amblycorypha, 464.
obscurus, Tenebrio, 307-309, 442, 463.
Observation of some New York RhopaJocera

cited, 456.
obsoletum, Dendroleon, 440.
obsoletus, Bruchus, 440, 463(2).
obtusa, Ciastoptera, 393.
ocellana, Tmetocera, 293, 2%, 373, 440, 462.
ocellatus, Smerinthus, 451.
ochracea, Systena, 344.
Ocnerla dispar, the gypsy moth, 423-436, 432-

433, 434, 440.
octomaculata, Alypia, 455.

484

General Index

oculatus, Alaus, 448.

odora, Erebus, 440.

Odynerus capra, 461 .

CEcanthus niveus, 464(2) .

Oestlund, G. W., cited, 871.

Offensive odors as preventives of insect attack,

363.
OU-beetle, 468.
oleracea, Pieris, 444, 449.
Oliarus quinquelineatus, 410.
olitoria, Coelidia, 398.'
clitorius, Jassus. 410.
Olivier: Encyclopedic Methodique. Histoire

Naturelle des animaux cited, 300.
Onion-fly, 375.

Ontariella, Depressaria, 454.
opaculus, Hylesinus, 367.
opthalmicus, Smerinthus, 451 .
Optilete, 410.

Orange County Farnoer cited, 318.
Orange insects:

Elaphidion parallelum, 359.

Papilio Ci'esphontes, 337.
orbitalis, Evacanthus, 397.
Orchards: insects injurious to,

Anisopteryx vernata, 296.

Carpocapsa pomonella, 296.

Clisiocampa Americana, 293.

Psylla pyricola, 323, 324, 325, 326.

Tmetocera ocellana, 293, 296, 373.
Orchard spraying in a wet season, Bulletin

cited. 436.
Orchard tent-caterpillar, 293.
Orgyia leucostigma, 295, 429, 437, 450, 452. J
Ormenis pruinosa, 410.
Ornix acerifoliella, 458.
Orthoptera, 3-30, 333, 464, 460.
Orthoptera of New England (Fernald) cited,

330.
oryzse, Calandra, 308.
Osborn, H., cited, .338.
Oscinidse, 313.
Osten Sacken, Baron, cited, 309, 310.

on species of Chlorops, 313.

on the Marguerite fly, 421.
Otiocerus abbotii, 386.

coquebertii, 386.

degeerii, 386.

kirbyii, 386.

wolfli, 386.
Otiorhynchus ovatus infesting a dweUing-

house, 297, 422, 463.
ovatus, Otiorhynchus, 297, 422, 463.
Owl beetle, 447, 458.
Oyster-shell scale, 373.

Packard, A. S.. cited, 317, 345(2), 349, 359, 360,

428, 452.
Pseonies, Ellychnia corruBca occxuring on, 463.
Pale-colored flaa-beetle, 375.
palliatus, Desmocerus, 462.
pallldus, Idiocerus, 899.

pa'lipennis, Carpophilus, 462.
Pamphila Leonardus, 449.
panicea, Sitodrepa, 440.
Papilio cited, 426.
Papilio Cresphontes, 336-337, 461.

abounds on a Mexican plant at Glen Gove,
336.

distribution Irom South America to Mon-
treal, 337.

figure of larva. 337.

fondness for Fraxinella, 337.

food-plants, 337.

gradual northern extension, 337.

occasional abundance in New York, 337.
parallela, Aphrophora, 410.

Parorgyia, 455.

parallella,Lepyronia, 393.
parallelum, Elaphidion, 357-361.
Paramesus vitellinus, 410.
Parasa chloris, 443.
Parasite of

Cabbage butterfly, 447, 454.

Clisiocampa Americana, 461.

Euchajtes egle, 452.

Hemileuca Maia, 448.

Lagoa crispata, 452.

Myzus ribis, 370.

Sphinx Celeus, 461.
Paria aterrima, 463.
Paris green, 297, 336, 34'>, 343, 345, 372, 374.' 415,

416, 417, 423. 428, 432, 433, 434, 436, 443.
Parorgyia parallela, 455.
Parsley, Plusia brassicae on, 296.
parta, Catocala, 456.
Parthenos, Platarctia, 4.53.
Peach-bark Scolytus, S. rugulosus,;365-368.

abundance, 365.

attack fatal to trees unless arrested, 866.

elm-bark beetle an erroneous name,|,367.

kerosene recommended for it, 366.

life-history not fully known, 366.

remedies, 365, 366.

Scolytidaj can not cause yellows, 367.

sometimes associated with yeUows, 367.]

usually attacks diseased trees, 866, 867.
Peach: insects injurious to,

Carpocapsa pomonella, 340.

Elaphidion villosum, 358-359.

Myzus persicas, 369.

Phlceotribus liminaris, 365.

Sannina exitiosa, 367.

white grubs, 354.
Peach-tree aphis, 369.

blight, 408.

borer, 367.
Pea insect, Bruchus pisi, 439.
Pear-blight beetle, 419.
Pear: insects Injurious to,

Diplosis pyrivora, 318.

Dynastes Tityus, 342, 444, 463.

Eriocampa cerasi, 335, 440.

Euphoria Inda, 443, 463.

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 4S0.

General Index

485

Pear: insects injurious to — (^Continued') :

Phytoptus pyri, 442.

Pay 11a pyri, 331, 333, 333.

pyricola, 293, 317-339, 429, 430, 445.
pyrisuga, 323.

Selandria cerasi, 335.

Xyleborus dispar, 368, 419.

Zeuzera pyrina, 42C.
Pear-leaf blister, 377, 443.
Pear midge, 318, 324.

Pear-tree Psylla, Psylla pyricola, 393, 317-339,
439,434,411,415.

abundance at Catskill, N. Y., 324.

bibliography, 317-316.

described by Dr Harris, 321.

distribution in the United States, 335.

Dr. Harris' early observations on, 320-322.

Dr. Riley's studies of, 323.

earliest notice of ia the United Statesi
319-321.

eggs described and figured, 338.

eggs unaffected by kerosene, 339.

family of Psyllidis characterized, 319.

figures of different stages, .318, 319, 327i
338.

Genet's observations, 330.

hibernating brood, 327.

honey-dew secretion, 383, 338.

Injuries from, 330-331, 333-336.

introduced from Europe, 318.

its brief life-cycle, 3j7.

kerosene emulsion for killing it, 339.

life-history, 336-328.

Mr. Sliugerland's observations and studies,
336-328.

multiplication in the Hudson river valley,
332-325.

New England localities, 325.

occurrence in western States, 335.

pear trees killed by it, 326.

ravages at Ghent, N Y., 334.

remedies, 329.

wmter form simulans, 328.
Pear-tree or cherry-tree slug, 335-336. '
Pear-tree Scolytus, 366.
Pear-tree slug, 440.
Pearson, Colonel, cited, 420.
Pease, Ira, insect from, 461 .
Pea weevil, 439.
Peck, Prof. C. H.:

honey-dew fungus identified by, 347.

on diseased Austrian pines, 377-378.

insects from, 461.

on the pear-tree Psylla, 324, 328.
Peck [Prof. W. D.] cited, 335, 359.
Pediopsis trimaculatus, 400.

viridis, 399.
Pelargium, Plusia brassicse on, 296.
Pemphiginse, 413.
Pemphigus pyri, 411, 413.

tessellata, 346-347, 411, 413, 46.3.
associated with fungus, 347.

Penhallow, D. P. cited, 367.
Pennsylvanica, Epicauta, 443, 463.
Pennsylvanicus, Bombus, 461.

Chauliognathus, 344.
Pentatomida?, 315.
Penthimia Americana, 397.

hemorrhoea, 397.

sanguinicollis, 397.
Periodical cicada, 440.
Perkins, G. H.. cited, 356.
Peroxide of silicates as an insecticide, 363.
Persian insect powder, 352.
persicae, Myzus, 369.
Persius, Nisoniades, 449.
Petite Faune Entomologique du Canada ■

Coleopteres, cited, 300, 307.
Phaeton, MelitiBa, 448.
Phaleenidaj, 453, 456.
Philampelus Achemon, 451 .
Phlepsius fulvidorsum, 410.

irroratus, 410.

strobi, 410.
PhlcBOtribus limlnaris, 365-368.
Phobetron pithecium, 443, 455-456, 461.
pholus, Lycomorpha, 450.
Phorodon huinuli, 294, 369.
Phosphates, 418.
Phyllotreta vittata, 375.
Phylloxera vitifoliaa, 347, 464.
Phyniata Wolfli, 463.
Phytomyza chrysanthemi, 421 .

lateralis, 421.
Phytonomus punctatus, 440.
Phytoptidfe, 377, 442.
Phytoptus pyri, 442.
piceus, Attagenus, 299-306.

Dermestes, 300.
picta, Ceramica, 455.

Mamestra, 455.
Pierce, W. Con the white-pine weevil, 344.
Pieris oleracea, 444, 449.

rapre, 442, 444, 446, 447, 449, 454(2).
Pike [Nicolas] cited, 426, 437.
pinastri, Ellema, 449.
Pine-bark Chermes, 454.
Pine: insects attacking.

Aphis pinicolens, 406.

Bythoscopus strobi, 398.

Chermes pinicorticis, 454.

Chionaspis pinifoliaj, 377.

Cixius pini, :385.

Clastoplera pini, 393-394.
testacea, 393.

Eacles imperialis, 453.

Ellema pineum, 449.

Empoa coccinea, 403.

Eriosoma strobi, 409 .

Lepyronia parallella, 393.
saratogensis, 393.

Livia femoralis, 404.

Pissodes strobi, 345.
Pine-tree blight, 409.

486

General Index

pineum, Ellema, 449.
plnl, Cixius, 385.

Clastoptera, 393-394, 410.
ptnicolens, Aphis, 406, 412.
pinicortlcis, Chermes, 454.

Cioccus, 454.
pinifolise, Chionaspis, 377.
Pinus strobus, Eacles imperialis on, 453.
pisi, Bruchus, 439.
Pissodes strobi, 344-345.
pithecium, Phobetron, 443, 455-456, 461 .
PlanMice, 319, 347, 369, 370, 371, STO, 373, 418,

482.
Platarctia Parthenos, 458.
Plathemis trimaculata, 464.
Platycerura furcilla, 450, 455.
Platymetopius acutus, 410.
Platysamia Cecropia, 455.
Plumb, Dr. O. on pear Psylla, 319-320, 321,

322.
Plum curculio, 297, 417, 422, 433-434, 440.
Plum: insects injurious to,
Aphis mall, 4.31-432.

pruni, 367.
Carpocapsa pomonella, .340.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 297,440.
Elaphidion parallelum, 3.59.
Eriocampa cerasi, 335.
Myzus cerasi, 346, 440.
Selandria cerasi, 335.
white grubs, 354.
Plum-tree aphis, 368-369.
Plusia seroides, 456 .
balluca, 456.
brassiese, 296, 422, 462.
Podisus spinosus. 457.
Podosesia syringae, 338, 461 .
Pceciloptera pruinosa. 387.

vulgaris, 387.
Pollenia, 310.

atramentaria, 313.
rudis, 309-314, 4.39.
vespillo, 310,313.
Polyphemus, Telea. 456.
Polystictus versicolor, a fungus, 462.
pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 445.
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 296, 33^-342, 422.
pomorum, Mytilaspis, 373, 411, 413, 464.
Pomroy, Norman, insects from, 464.
Poplar insects:

Aphis populifolise [Chaitophorus populi-

folise], 406,412.
Aulacomerus lutescens [Cladius vimi

nalis] 439.
Chaitophorus populi, 411, 412.

populifolise, 411, 412.
Idiocerus lachrymalis, 39S.

pallidus, 399.
Lachnus populi [Chaitophorus populi] , 407
412.
Poplar saw-fly, 439.
Potash salts, 418.

Potato insects, etc.:
Acariden, 464.
Cosmopepla carnif ex, 458.
Doryphora decemlineata, 297.
Julus coeruleocinctus, 464.
Lachnosterna fusca, 296.
white grubs. 356.
PoweU, G. T. cited, 318. 326.

pear-tree Psylla in orchards of, 324, 328.
Practical Entomologist cited, 300, 307.
Prairie Farmer cited, 300.
pratensis, Bryobia, 440.

Lygus, 375.
Prickly-ash, Papilio Cresphontes on, .337.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia cited 2S9(3), 300(3).
Proceedings of the Albany Institute cited, 299,

446, 454(2).
Proceedings of the American Association for

the Advancement of Science cited, 317(2).
Proceedings of the American Philosophical

Society cited, 300(2).
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash-
ington cited, 317, 322.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natiu^

History cited, 300(2), 304.
Proceedings of the United States National

Mu,8eum cited, 309(2), 311.
Proconia quadrivittala, 395-396.
proliflca, Chloropisca, 440.

Chlorops, 313, 440.
Promethea, Callosamia, 455.
Protection from the cabbage maggot, 431.
Protection from the striped cucumber beetle,

419.
Proteus. Clastoptera, 394.
Provancher, rAbb6, cited, 300, 307.
pruinosa, Cicada, 385.
Ormenis, 410.
Pceciloptera, 387.
pruni. Aphis, 369.
Psyche cited, 309, 311, 330, 410,
Psycomorpha epimenis, 455.
Psylla annulata, 404, 411.
carpini, 404, 411.
mali, 323.

pyri, 321, 322, 323, 441.
pyricola, 293, 317-329, 445,
pyrisuga, 317, 322, 323.
quadrilineata, 404, 411.
tripunctata, 404, 411.
Psyllidfe, 317, 319, .381, 401, 411.
Psyllinae, 411.

Ptelea, Papilio Cresphontes on, 337.
Pteromalus puparum, parasiticion Pierisrapae,

447, 454.
pulchraria, Cleora, 4.50.
Pulvinaria salicis, 411.
punctatus, Phytonomus. 440.
Pupa of Daremma undulosa, 452.
Elaphidion parallelum, 368.

General Index

487

Pups of — (Co»i tinned) ;

Hemileuca Maia, 448.

Lagoa crispata, 452.

Murgautia histrionica, 315.

Pissodes atrobi, 344.

Psylla pyricola, 327.

Thyreus Abbotii, 451.
puparum, Pteromalus, 447, 4.54.
putator, Stenocorus. 358-359.
Pyrameis Atalanta, 454.
Pyrethrum, 312, 314, 363, 371, 420, 441, 442.
pyricola, Psylla, 317-329, 445.
pyri, Eriosoma, 408, 413.

Pemphigus, 411, 413.

Phytoptus, 442.

Psylla, 321, 322, .323. 441.

Xyleborus, 419.
pyrina, Zeuzera, 426-427, 462.
pyrisuga. Psylla, 317. 322, 323.
pyrivora, Diplosis, 318, 441.
Pyrrharetia Isabella, 439.
Pyrrhia umbra. 456.

quadrangularis. Lepyronia, 393.
quadrigibbus, Anthonomus, 419.
quadrilineata, Psylla, 404, 411.
quadrlnotata, Aphrophora, 392.
qaadrivittata, Proconia, 395-396.
Quassia useless against the rose-bug, 430.
querci, Atymna, 410.

Empoa, 403.

Smilia, 389.

Telamona, 391.

Typhlocyba, 410.
quereifolia^, Lachnus, 407, 412.
Quercus prinoides, Anisota senatoria on, 453.
Quince, Eriocampa cerasi on, 335.
quinquelineatus, Cixius, 386.

Oliarus, 410.

R

Radish insects:

Murgautia histrionica, 316, 317.
munda, 317.

Phyllotreta vittata. 375.
rapse, Pieris, 442, 444, 446, 447.
Raspberry borer. 457.
Raspberry insects:

Ccjelidia olitoria, 398.

Erythroneura vulnerata, 402-403.

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 420.

Obereabimaculata, 457.
tripunctata, 457.
Raupenleim, or insect lime, 425.
reclivata, Telamona, 391 .
Red ants, 371, 441 .

spider, 432.
Bed-legged locust, 332.
Red-winged Grapta, 446.
Reed, C. M., insects from, 463.
Reilly, R. M., insects from, 463.

Remarks at alFieldlMeetingJor^the Albany Insti-
tute, notice of, 4.54(2) .
Remarks on Mjmneleon, Terme8,r.etc., notice

of, 454.
Remedies for insect attacks:
acetate of copper, 420.
acid and lime wash, 865, 306.
Babbitt's Continental Washing-powder, 434.
bagging, 364.;
banding with burlaps,'425.

tar paper. 424 .
benzine, 304, 305.
bisulphide cfTcarbon, [308, 3C3, 4S7. 4:39, 442,

448.
bone dust, 363.
Bordeaux mixture, 420.
burdock infusion, 362.

burning, 316. 361, 423, 424,'441,I442, 444, 445.
camphor, 305.
carbolated lime, 420.
carbolic acid, 303, 418, 428, 441.

with oils, 442.
carbonate of copper solution,[417.

lime, 420.
castilesoap, 444.
caustic potash, 444.
Cocculus indicus berries, 352.
coal soot, 363.

collecting the egg-belts,^437,'44I. 444.
copper compounds, 436 .

solution, 369.
corn meal, 444 .
! creosote oil, 434.
I crushing the eggs, 316, 441.
cyanide potassium, 352.
decoction of quassia, 420.
I destroying hibernating insects, 441 .
I fencing out insects, 363.

1 gasoline, -352.

gauze-covered frames, 363.
Gold Dust Soap-powder, 432.
I gypsum, 363.

hand-picking, 316.

hellebore, 316. 336, 372, 431, 440.

hot water, 316, 371-372, 441.

hydrocyanic acid gas, 352.

Infested shoots burned, 345.

insectivorous birds, 349-351, 356, 357.

jarring, 365.

kerosene, 304, 316-317, 829, 372. 366, 424, 425,

430,432, 4.34,442,444.
kerosene emulsion, 310, 329, 345, 353-354, 368,
369(3), 373, 374, 37.5-376, 420, [430, 431, 436,
440-441, 442, 443, 444.
lime, 336, 416, 418, 420, 4:34, 435,'441.
London purple, 297. 372. 414-415, 416, 417, 420,

435.
manures, 363.
mechanical coating, 363.
muriate of potast>, 418.
muslin or netting coverings, 3fi2.
napthaline, powdered, 420.

488

General Index

Remedies for — (^Continued) :
nitrate of soda, 372, 418, 441 .
offensive odors, 363.

Paris green, 297, 356, 341, 343, 345, 373, 374,
415-416, 417(3), 433, 428, 432-433, 434, 443.
peroxide of silicates, 363.
Persian insect powder, 352.
phosphates, 418.

planting beans with cucumbers, 363.
poisonous coating, 363 .
potash salts, 418.
pyrethrum, 312, 314, 363, 371, 418, 420, 441.

with flour, 442.
raupenleim, insect lime, 425.
removal of the outer bark of the tree, 428-

429.
road dust, 336.
saltpetre, 363.
sludge-oil soap, 418, 420.
slug shot, 363.

soap suds, 345, 369, 370, 441(2) .
sulphate of copper, 434.
sulphur, 352, 442.
tar, 442, 444.
tarred paper, 431 .
tobacco. 345, 369, 370, 371. 372, 418, 419, 420,

441, 442.
trapping with leaves, 316, 441 .
turpentine, 352.

and land plaster, 363.
■whale-oil soap, 370, 440.
white arsenic and lime, 4;J4-435.
whiting, 418.
wood ashes, 372.
X. O. dust, 418,420.
Remedy for the —

American meal-worm, 308, 309, 442.
apple-leaf miner, 445.
apple tree aphis. 372, .373, 431-433.
bark-louse, 373.
Bucculatrix, 445.
tent-caterpillar, 436, 441 .
army-w-orm, 443.
bean weevil. 439.
bed-bug, 458.
beet-leaf miners, 375.
black blister beetle. 443.
black-rot. 4,36.
blight in asters. 372.
brown-rot, 369, 417.
■cabbage aphis, 432.
butterfly. 442.
fly, 431 .
maggot, 418.
worm, 444.
■cherry-tree aphis, 315-346, 369, 440.

slug, 336.
cluster-fly, 312, 314, 439.
codling-moth, 341, 417, 433. 4.35.
Colorado potato bsetle, 297.
cow-horn fly, 442.
curculios. 36J, 365, 415, 416.
currant aphis, 370.

Remedy for the — (^Continued) :

elm-tree bark-borer (Saperda), 428-429.

elm-tree borer (Zeuzera), 426-427.

eye-spotted bud-moth, 373.

flea-beetle, 375.

fleas. 352-353.

fungous diseases, 436.

grain moth (Sitotroga), .308, 309.

grain weevils (Calandra, Silvanus, etc.),

308, 309.
grape curculio, 364-365.
grapevine leaf-hopper, 430.
Gypsy moth, 423, 424, 425, 432-433, 434.
harlequin cabbage-bug, 316-317, 441.
Indian cetonian, 443.
leaf blights, 436.
miners, 376.
rollers, 374.
maple-tree borer, 442.

pruner, 361 .
meal-worm, 442.
oak-pruner, 361 .
peach-bark Scolytus, 365.
pear-leaf blister, 442.
pear-tree aphis, 369.
borer, 366.
mite, 442.

psylla, 329, 4.30, 441 .
slug, 336,440.
pea-weevil, 439.
plant-lice, 418.
plum aphis, 369.

curculio, 417, 433, 434 .
plum-leaf fungus, 417.
potato-scab, 4.36.
powdery mildew, 436.
raspberry borer, 457.
red spider, 432.
root grubs, 444.
root-inhabiting aphis, 371 .
rose-bug, 418, 420.
rose-leaf roller, 418.
scale insects (Coccidae), 447, 454.
scurfy bark louse, 441 .
strawberry root grub, 443.
slug, 431 .
weevil, 431 .
striped cucumber beetle, .362, 363, .364, 419.

flea beetle, 375.
tarnished plant-bug, 375.
tent caterpillars, 433, 444.
thousand-legged worm^, 372.
thrips on cabbage, 444.
turnip-flea beetle, 375.
weevil in a granary, 444.
white grub, 353-354.
white-pine weevil, 345.
remotepunctata, Calandra, 308.
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture

cited, 317, 340, 341.
Report of the Commissioner of Patents cited,
317, 356.

General Index

489

Report of the Committee on Entomology, 414-
421, 422-437.

Report of the Department of Agriculture
cited, 333, 334.

Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario
cited, 300(3).

Report of the Maine State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station cited, 341.

Report of the New York State Cabinet of
Natural History cited, 381, 448(2 j, 449(6),
460(4).

Report of the New Yorlc State Museum cited,
299, 439, 451(4), 4.52(5), 453(5), [455(5), 456(4),
457.

Report of the Office of Experiment Stations
cited, 414.

Report of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion cited, 414.

Report of the Peabody Academy of Science
cited, 448.

Report of the State Entomologist for 1890
cited, 439.

Report of the Statistician of the United States
Department of Agriculture cited, 8G8.

Report of the United States Entomological
commission cited, 330, 845.

Report of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experi-
ment Station cited, 431.

Report on the Insects of Illinois cited, 307,
330(2), 331, 354, 360, 365, 371.

Report on the Insects of Missouri cited, 331,
355, 365, 457.

Report on the Insects of New York cited, 295,
296, 297(3), 299(5), 300, 303, 313(2), 315, 316, 317,
318, 324. 330(2), 331(2), 342(2), 344, 345-346, 353,
359(2), 362, 373, 375, 439(3), 447, 457(4), 458(5).

Resistance of fleas to insecticides, 352.

Revision of Some of the American Buttei-flies,
notice of, 448.

Rhinoceros beetle, 342, 440.

Rhopalocera, 456.

Rhopalosiphum, 413.
berberidis, 411.

Rhyssa atrata, 454.

ribcaria, Abraxas [Eufitchia] , 456.

ribis, Myzus, 370-371.

Rice, A. C, insects from, 463.

RUey, C. V. cited, 300, 301, 307, 309. 311(2), 317,
318 330, 341, 354, 419, 457.
corrections and notes to Fitch Homoptora

381,411.
on feather felting by Attagenus, 304.
on Psylla pyricola, 322.
on the Strawsonizer machine, 417.
quoted, 315,331, a55.

rimosa. Cicada, 335.
Tibicen, 410.

Ring-rot, 378.

Road dust for insects, 336.

Roberts, M. cited, 438(2).

robiniae, Xyleutes [CossusJ , 450.

Rocky mountain locust, 332.

1894. 62

Root-feeding aphis, 371.
Root-grubs, 444.
rosac^ana, Caccecia, 418.
Rose, A. P. cited. 343.

Rose-bug: attempts to control it in Vineland,
N. J., futile, 420.

Dr. Smith's experience with it, 420.

insecticides, etc., 'tested on it, 420.

sludge-oil soap the most effectual, 418.

valuable paper on, 419.

voracity of the insect, 420.
Rose insects:

Cacoecia rosaceana, 418.

Chauliognathus Pennsylvanicus, 344, 463.

Cochliopodae species, 443.

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 419-420.

Parasa chloris, 443.

Tetranychus telarius, 432.

white grubs, 354.
Rose, J. F., insects from, 461.
Rose-leaf caterpUlar, 443.

roller, 418.
Round-headed apple-tree borer, 440.
rubicunda, Dryocampa, 295, 422, 455.
rudbeckise. Aphis, 406, 412.

Siphonophora, 411, 412.
rudis, Musca, 309, 310.

Pollenia, 309-314, 439.
rufimanus, Bruchus, 440.
rufipennis, Attagenus, 300.
ruf ocoxalis, Apanteles, 461 .
rugosa, Lachnosterna, 355.
rumicis, Aphis, 440.

Rural New Yorker cited, 300, 324, 363, 420, 4;».
Rutacese, Papilio Cresphontes attacking, 337.

S
salicellis, Lachnus, 407, 412.
salicis, Chionaspis, 411.

Coccus, 409, 411, 413.

Lecanium, 411, 413.

Pulvinaria, 411.
Saltpetre tested for the cucumber beetle, 368.
sambucifoliae, Aphis, 406, 412.
sanguinicoUis, Penthimia, 397.
Sannina exitiosa. 367.
Saperda Candida, 440.

tridentata, 427-429.
saratogensis, Aphrophora, 410.

Lepyronia, 393.
Saunders, Wm. cited, 300, 317, 367.
Saw-flies, 335.
Sayii, Amblycephalus, 401.
scabra, Hypena, 454.
scalaris, Heliria, 410.
Scale-insect, 377, 440.
scarlatina, Gypona, 397.
Scarlet Empoa, 403.
Scepsis f ulvicollis, 456 .
Schenectady Union cited. 299.
Schizoneura imbricator, 411, 412.

lanigera, 411, 412.

ulmi. 411, 412.

490

General Index

Schizoneurinae, 412.

Schleegeri, Crypfcolechia, 456.

Schwarz, E. A. cited, 307.

Science cited, 300, 318, 441.

Scoliopteryx libatrtx, 456.

Scolytidae, 365, 367.

Scolytus beetle, 428.

Scorias spongiosum, a honey-dew fungus, 347,

463.
scrophulariffi, Anthrenus, 299-306.
Scudder's Butterflies of the Eastern United

States cited, 345.
Scudder, S. H. cited, 330(2), 448.
Scurfy bark-louse, 440.
Selandria cerasi, 335.
seminudus, Eutettix, 410.
senatoria, Anisota, 450, 453.
septendecim. Cicada, 3S5, 440.
serrata, Hseinatobia, 296, 442, 444, 462.
serraticornis, Cucullia, 456.
Sesiad^e, 3.38.
Sesia diffinis, 450.

Buffaloensis, 451 .
Seventeen-year locust, ;333.
sex-guttata, Cicindela, 462.
Shear, C. L., insects from, 462.
signatus, Anthouomus, 431 .
SUk-weed insect, Aphis asclepiadis, 405.
Silk- worms, 423.

Silliman's Journal of Science cited, 309.
Silpha Americana, 462.
Silvanus advena, .308.

cassias, .308, 462.

Surinamensis, 308, 462.
Simmons, Mrs. H., insects from, 461.
simulans, Psylla. 328.
sinuata, Entilia, :i87.
Siphonophora asclepiadis, 411 .

avenae, 294.

rudbeckias, 411, 412.
Sitodrepa panicea. 440.
Sitotroga cerealeJla, 308.
Slingerland. M. V. on the pear-tree Psylla,

318, 319, 325, 329, 429.
Slocombe, Edwin, insects from, 464.
Sludge-oil soap, 365, 366, 418, 420.
Sludge-oil soap, carbolic acid and lime wash,

365, 366.
Slugs, 335, 3;B6. 440.
Slug-shot tested as a remedy, 363.
Smart, J. S., insects from, 296, 463.
Smerinthus Cerisyi, 451 .

geminatus, 451 .

Jamaicensis, 451 .

ocellatus, 451 .

opthalmicus, 451 .
Smilia auriculata, 389.

castaneae, .389.

guttata. 389.

inermis, 388.

inomata, 388.

querci, 389.

Smilia species — ^Continued') :

vau, 388.

vittata, 389.
Smith, Dr. J. B. sited, 315, 318, 325(.2), 480.

experience with the rose-bug, 430 .

on potash-salts as insecticides, 418.

on sludge-oil soap, 418.

on the rose-bug, 419-420.
Smith, J. W., insects from, 368.
Smith, Mrs. E. B., insects from, 461(2), 462

463. 464.
Snowball: Hemarls Buffaloensis on, 451 .
Snow, G. C, insects from, 365^366.
Soap-powders. 4.34.
Soap suds, 345, 369, 371, 4.32, 441(2).

for cabbage aphis, 432.
Soldier-bug, 457.
Solidago gigantea and S. serotina. Aphis rud-

beckiae on, 406.
Solubility of London purple, 415.
Sour-gum trees attractive to the rose-bug, 430.
South wick, E. B. cited, 426.

insects from, 462.
Species General des L6pidopt6res (Guen6e),

cited, 450,
Species Insectorum (Fabricius) cited, 299.
speciosus, Glycobius. 442.
Spectre-insect, 446.
Spectrum femoratum, 446.
Speyer, Dr. A. cited, 450, 454.
Speyeri, Cucullia, 456.
SphingidaB, 449, 450. 451, 453, 459.
Sphinx Celeus, 461 .
Sphinx, New. Ellema pineum, 449.
Spilosoma latipennis, 455 .

Virginica, 440, 455 .
Spindle-worms, 447.
spinosa, Arma, 457.
spinosus, Podisus, 4.57.
Spotted horn-bug, 342, 444 .
Spraying, 297, 336, 340, 342, 343, 345-^6, 365, 369,
370, 372, 373. 374, 417(2), 433, 424, 4-30, 431,
432(2), 43:^, 4:i4. 435, 440, 441, 442.
Spraying for codling-moth, 417, 433.

Fungous Diseases, Bulletin on, cited,
433.

Insects and Fungous Pests, Bulletin on,
cited, 430.

plum curculio, 417, 333.
Spraying fruits, 436.

machinery, 436.

orchards in a wet season, Bulletin on, cited,
436.

with insecticides, article on, 414-418.
spretus, Caloptenus, Melanoplus, 332.
Spruce insects;

Athysanus abietis, 400.

Cixius pini, 385.

Lachnus abietis, 407.
Pissodes strobi, 344. •

spureus. Attagenus, 300.

General Index

491

Squash-bug, 434.

Squash, Diabrotica vittata injurious to, 361 .

Squash-vine borer, 434 .

State Board of Agriculture of Massachusetts

cited. 423(2). 424.
Stenocorus putator [Elaphidion villosum],

358-859.
Stenocranus dorsalis. 410.
Stlctocephala inermis, 410.
stigmatus, Cixius. ;385.
stimulea, Empretia, 455.
Stomoxys calcitrans, 444.
stratnen talis, Mesographe=straminalis, Ever-

gestis. 4.56.
Strawberry insects:

?AnlsodactyIus, 462.
Anthonomus musculus, 431 .

signatus, 431 .
Harpalus sp.?, 462.
Lachnosterna fusca, 296.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 420.
MoDostegia ignota. 431 .
Paria aterrima, 463.
Strawberry root grub, 443.
slug, 431.
weevil, 430-431 .
Strawsonizer, an insecticide machine, 417-418.
Striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata,
361-364, 419.
attack on squash, S61-362.
experiments on, 362-363.
figures, 362, 363.
preventives, 362, 363, 364.
protection from, 419.
Striped flea-beetle, 375 .
strobi, Eriosoma, 409, 412.
Lachnus, 411, 412.
Phlepsius, 410.
Pissodes, 344-345.
stygia. Caecidotea, 349.
stygius, Asellus, 348.
subbifasciata, Coelidia, 398.
subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 418, 462.
sulcifrons, Tabanus, 462.
Sulphate of copper as an insecticide, 434 .
sulphurea, Arphia, 330.
Sulphur for the pear leaf blister, 442.

fumigation. 352.
Sulphuric acid with cyanide of potassium as

an insecticide, 352.
Sunday Morning Press [Albany, N. Y.] cited,

446.
Surinamensis, Silvanus, 308, 462.
suturalis, Idiocerus, 399.
Seventeen-year locust. 385.
Swiss Cross cited, 448.
Synopsis of the Aphididse of Minnesota (Oest-

lund) cited, 371.
Syringa borer, 338.
syringae, Podosesia, 338, 461.
Syrphid fly, 313.
Syrphus flie?, 440.

Systema Eleutheratorum (Fabricius)' cited,

299, 300.
Systema Entomologiee (Fabricius) cited, 299.
Systema Naturan (Linnsous) cited, 299, 885, 405,

406, 407(2).
Systena blanda, 344, 375.

elongata, 314.

frontalis, 297, 313-344, 422, 463.

ligata, 344.

mitis. 344.

ochracea, 344.

ta^niata, 344.

Tabanus lineola, 462.

sulcifrons. 462.
Tarnished plant-bug, 375.
Tar paper, banding with, 424.

protection from cabbage maggot,
Tarquinius, Feniseca, 346.
Telamona ampelopsidis, 391.

concava, 390.

coryli. 391, 410.

fagi [Heliria scalaris], 391.

fasciata, 390, 410.

monticola, 410.

querci, 391.

reclivata, 391.

tristis, 391.

unicolor, 390.
Telamones=Atlantes, 390.
telarius, Tetranychus. 432.
Telea Polyphemus, 456.
tenax. Eristalis. 462(2).
Tenebrio molitor, 308, 442.
Tenebrio obscurus, 307-309, 442, 463.

abundance in a granary, 307.

American meal-worm, 308.

beetle described, 308.

bibliography, 307.

different stages figured, 308.

food-habits, 308.

larval features, 307-308.

limited literature, 307.

pygidial characters of larva, 308.
remedy in bisulphide of carbon, 30S-309.
Tent-caterpillars, 432, 436, 437, 444.
tergatus, Chlorotettix, 410.
Termes flavipes, 454.
ternata, Choisya. 461.
tessellata, Eriosoma, 408, 413.

Pemphigus, 346-347, 411, 413, 463.
testacea, Clastoptera, 393.
Tetranychus telarius, 432.
Tettigonia bifida, 395.
eight-lineata, 397.
tripunctata, 395.
Tettigonides, 396, 402.
Tettix species, 330.
Thamnotettix clitellarius, 410.
Thaxter, Dr. R. cited, 314.
The Argus [Albany, N. Y.] cited. 299.

492

General Index

Thecla Irus, 449.
Thelia bimaculata, 392.

cratsegi, 39a.
Thistle, Entilia concava on, 387.
Thomas, A. T. cited, 359.

insects from, 358, 360.
Thomas, Dr. J. J. ciced, 317, 346, 371.

on pear tree blight, 320.

quoted, 331.
thoracica, Chrysopila, 462.
thoracicus, Anthrenus, 299, 301.
Thorn-bush iasects:

Aphis crataegifolise, 406.

Thelia cratajgi, 392.
Thorn-leaf Aphis, 406.
Thousand-legged worm, 372, 441.
Three-banded Erythroneura, 403.
Three-dotted Psylla, 404.

Tettigonia, 395.
Three-lined leaf -beetle, 457.
Three-tuothed Saperda, 429.
Thrips, 377, 430, 445.
Thyreus Abbotii, 451, 461.
Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis, 440.
Thysanoptera, 445.
tibicen, Cicada, 4i0.
Tibicen rimosa, 410.

septendeeim, 410.
tiliae. Coccus, 409, 413.

Lecanium, 411, 413.
Timothy eacer, 457.
Tineid on trunk of elms, 46 i.
Tipulidae, 462.
Tischeria apple-leaf miner, 445.

malifoliella, 44£, 462.
Tityus, Dynastes, 343, 440, 444, 463.
Tmetocera ocellana, 293, 296, 373, 440, 462.
Tobacco, 345, 369, 370, 371, 372, 418, 419, 480,

441, 442.
Tolype velleda, 455.
tomentosas, Muscidte, 310.

Townsend, Mr., on grapevine leaf -hopper, 430.
Tragocephala, viridifasciata, 330.
Tragopa dorsalis, 392.
Transactions of the American Entomological

Society cited, 300(2), 304, 344, 410, 446, 451.
Transactions of the Linnsean Society cited, 386

(4), 387.
Transactions of the Maryland Academy of

Science cited, 410.
Transactions of the New York State Agri-
cultural Society cited, 299, 317, 359.
Trapping insects with leaves, 316, 441.
Treatise on the Insect* of New England (Har-
ris) cited, 317.
Tribolium ferrugineum, 308, 463.
tricincta. Erythroneura, 403.

Typhlocyba, 410.
tricosa, Agrotis, 456.
tridentata, Saperda. 427-429.
trilineata, Lema, 457.

trimaculata, Plathemis, 464.
trimaculatus, Pediopsis, 400.
Trioza tripunctata, 411 .
Triozinse, 411.
tripunctata, Oberea, 457.

Psylla, 404, 411.

Tettigonia, 395.

Trioza, 411.
tristis, Anasa, 434.

Lachnosterna, 296, 463.

Telamona, 391 .
Trochilium (Bembecia) marginatum, 450.
Trox unistriatus, 463,
Trypetid, 462.

tuberculatus, Hippiscus, 330.
Turnip flea-beetle, 375.
Turnip, Phyllotreta vittata attacking, 375.
Turpentine as an insecticide, 352.

with land plaster, 363.
twelve-punctata, Diabrotica, 440.
Two-horned Ceresa, 390.
Two-spotted Enchophyllum, 387.

lady-bug, 306, 370.

Thelia, 392.
Typhlocyba afflnis, 410.

coccinea, 410.

obliqua, 410.

querci, 410.

tricincta, 410.

vitis, 410.

vulnerata, 410.

U

Uhler, P. R. cited, 317, 410.
ulmi. Lachnus, 407, 412.

Schizoneura, 411, 412.
Ulmus Americana, Saperda tridentata injurious

to, 427.
umbra, Pyrrhia, 456.
umbrosa, Grapta, 446.
Underwood, Prof. L. M. cited, ^il,
undulosa, Daremma, 452.
unicolor, Chlorotettix, 410.

Telamona, 390.
unicornis, Coelodasys [Schizura] , 455.
unio, Eudryas, 450, 455.
unistriatus, Trox, 463.
uni vittata, Thelia, 392.
Uroxiphus caryse, 392.

Vandenberg, Dr. W. H., insects from, 462.

Vanduzea arquata, 410.

Van Duzee, E. P. cited, 325, 381.

corrections and notes to catalogue, 381,
410.
Van Slyke, H., insects from, 462.
variabilis, Athysanus, 400.

Bythoscopus, 410.

General Index

493

▼aria, Hyperchlria, 453.
▼au, Cyrtolobus, 410.

Srailia, 388.
▼elleda, Tolype, 455.
Vermorel nozzle, 328, 370, 441 .
vernalis, Livia, 404, 41 1 .
vernata, Anisopteryx, 296, 422.
verticJs, Jassus, 410.
Vespa maculata, 461 .

species?, 461.
vesplllo, Pollenia, 310, 313.
vetusta, Calocampa, 459.
Viburnum opulus, Hemaris BuffaloSnsis

on, 451 .
Victorin, Mrs. A., insects from, 461.
villosum, Elaphidion, 358, 359.
Vineyardist cited, 430.
Virginica, Ctenucha, 456.

Spilosoma, 440, 455.

Xylocap:!, 461.
viridifasciata, Chimarocephala, 330, 489.

Cliortophaga, 298, 330-334, 439, 464.

Locusta, 330.

Tragocephala, 330.
viridis, Pediopsis, 399.
vitellinus, Acocephalus, 397.

Paramesus, 410.
vitlfolifB, Phylloxera, 347, 464.
vitis, Erythroneura, 403.

Typhlocyba, 410.
vittata, Diabrotica, 361-364.

Smilia, 389.

Phyllotreta, 375.
vivida, Hystrlcia, 462.
V-marked Smilia, 388.
vulgaris, Lamenia, 410.

Poeciloptera, 387.
vulnerata, Eryttironeura, 402-403.

Typhlocyba, 410.

W

Walking-stick, 446.
Walnut: insects attacking,

Gypona flavUineata, 397.

Idiocerus lachrymalis, 398-399.

Otiocerus wolfli, 386.

Telamona fasciata, 390.

Uroxiphus caryee, 392.

Zeuzera pyrina, 426.
Walsh, B. D. cited, 300, 307, 365.
Walsh-Riley cited, 317.
Water from faucets in Albany, contained

Ascaris lumbricoides, 298.

blood-leech, sp. undeterm., 298.

Gordius species, 298.
Webster, F. M. cited, 325, 364, 865.
Weed, C. M. cited, 300, 330, 346.

experiments on the cucumber beetle, Z&i-
363, 419.

on arsenical spraying of plum trees, 417.

Weed, C. M. — iContinued) :

on the green-striped grasshopper, 331.
Weed, H. E., insects from, 462.

remedy for the harle(iuin cabbage-bug
316-317.
Weevil in a granary, 443.
Westwood, Prof. J. O. cited, 307. 308.
Whale-oil soap, 370, 440.
Wheat insects :

Amblycephalus inimicus, 401.

Delphax arvensis, 386.

Leucania species ?. 457.

Tenebrio molitor, 442.

Tenebrio obscurus, 442, 463.

Trlbolium ferrugineum, 46;3.

white grubs, 356.
White arsenic and lime, 434-435.
White grubs, 296, 350, 353-357, 422.

eaten by the robin, 356-357.

injuring nursery stock, 353-356.
White-marked tussock-moth, 295, 489, 437.

injury by, 295.
White-pine weevil, 344-345.
Whiting, a component of " X. O. Dust," 418.
Willow insects :

Anotla bonnetii, 387.

Bythoscopus tergatus, 398.

Cossus robiniae, 426.

Idiocerus alternatus, 399.
pallidus, 399.

Lachnus salicellis, 407.
Witch-hazel Brysocrypta, 409.
Wolfli, Otiocerus, 386.

Phymata, 4«3.
Woodason bellows-sprayer or atomizer, 415.
Woodbine Telamona, 391.
Woodworth [C. W.] cited, 410.
Woolens : insects injurious to

Anthrenus scrophulariae, 304.

Attagenus piceus, 303.
Wright, H. S., attack of pear-tree Psylla in
orchard of, 326.

xanthomelfena, Galerucella, 297, 482.
Xanthoxylum, Papilio Cresphontes on, 337.
X. O. Dust, 418, 420.
Xyleborus dispar, 419, 466.
pyri [dispar], 419.

introduced from Europe, 419.
Xyleutes [Cossus] robiniae, 450.
Xylocapa\'irginica, 461.

Yellow Acocephalus, 397.

Yellow-backed Jassus, 402.

Yellow-banded swallow-tail, 336.

Yellows not caused by Phlceotribus limicarls,

367.
Yellow- striped Gypona, 397.
Yellow woolly-bear, 440.

494

General Index

Zeigler, Rev. D. cited, 384.
Zeitschrift, f. d. Entom. cited, 384.
Zerene catenaria, 450.
Zeuzera aesculi, 426.
Zenzera pyrina, 426-427, 462:

earliest notice in the United States, 426.

elms and maples mainly attacked, 427.

food-plants in Europe, 426.

Zetizera pyrina — {Continued):

injuries in and near New York, 426, 437.

introduced from Europe, 426.

its distribution, 426, 427.

ravages in Central Park, New York.

remedies, 426-427.

statement of Mr. Southwick, 426, 427.

taken at electric lights, 426.
Zygsenidse, 456.

ERRATA.

Page 391, line 9, for (Foerster) read Foerster.

Page 308, line 6 from bottom, for remotepuncta read remotepunctata.

Page 317, line 20, for (Foerster). read Foerster.

Page 320, line 29, for hinata read Janata.

Page 333, line 17, for attennse read antennae.

Page 335, line 18, for Sclandria read Selandna.

Page 342, line 19, for Emmond read Emmord.

Page 344, line 17 from bottom, for Peck, read (Peck).

Page 363, line 9, after manure insert kerosene,.

Page 374, line 12, for Coccecia read Cacoecia.

Page 385, line 9, for Creviced read - Creviced.

Page 391, line 6, for Beech read '''Beech.

Page 396, line 11 from bottom, for attennse read antennse.

Page 410, line 23, for castanae read castaneae.

Page 410, line 2 from bottom, for Typhlocylidas read Typhlocybida?.

Page 411, line 6, read, 84. The root-form of 83.

Page 411, line 14, for alicis read salicis.

Page 412, line 3, after Rhopalosiphum insert berberidis.

Page 413, line 2, dele the hne, [as P. pyri = Schizoneura lanigera].

Page 413, line 6, for (Bouche) read (Bouche).

Page 415, line 25, for four to read to four.

Page 442, line 10, for where read wherein. .

Page 445, line 3 from bottom, for Buculatrix read Bucculatrix.

Page 450, line 9 from bottom, for Meeke's read Meske's.

Page 454, line 25, for Melitcea read Melitcea.

Page 456, line 11, for oblinata read oblinita.

Page 456, last line, for Schlagceri read Schlcegeri.

Page 457, lines 4-5 from bottom, for girding read girdling.

Page 462, last hne, for versiscolor read versicolor.

Page 463, hne 4, for C. H. Moore read C. R. Moore.

Page 464, hne 10 from bottom, precede with Arachnida, etc.

Page 472, line 14, for plate 6 read plate 1.

List of Reports of the Entomologist of the
State of New York.

First Annual Report on the Injurious and Other Insects
of the State of New York. Made to the State Legislature, pur-
suant to Chapter 377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons
and Company, Printers. 1882. Pages xxii, 381, figures 84.

Second Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Legislature, pursuant to Chapter
377 of the Laws of 1881. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company,
Legislative Printers. 1885. Pages xiv, 265, figures 68.

[Reports of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the
University of the State of New York, for the years 1884
and 1885, are published (ouh^) in the 38th and 39th Annual Reports
of the New York State Museum of Natural History, for the above-
named years, pages 67-76, 77-125.]

[Third Report of the State Entomologist . ] Report of the
State Entomologist to the Regents of the University of the
State of New York, for the year 1886. Albany: The Argus
Company, Printers. 1887. Published in the 40th Annual Report of
the New York State Museum of Natural History, 1887, pages 79-154;
also in 200 separates, Avith cover and title-page.

Fourth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883 Albany: James B.
Lyon, Printer. 1888. Pages 237, figures 68. Also as Report of the
State Entomologist to the Regents of the University, State of New
York, for the year 188 7, in the Forty-first Annual Report of the
State Museum of Natu ' History. 1888. Pages 123-358.

Fifth Report on tue Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 35.'^ of the Laws of 1883. Albany: The Troy
Press Company, Prii 1889. Pages 205; double-paged as 145-347,

figures 50. Also ? )rt of the State Entomologist to the Regents

of the University, State . f New York, for the year 1888; in the Forty-
second Annual Report of the State Museum of Natural History, for
the year 1888. 1889. Pages 145-348.

Sixth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B.
Lyon, State Printer. 1890. Pages 107 (97-203), figures 25. Also as
Report of the State Entomologist to the Regents of the University,
S<-ate of New York, for the year 1889; in the New York State
Museum Forty-third Annual Report, for the year 1889. 1890.
P iges 99-205.

Seventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York. Made to the Regents of the University,
Pursuant to Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883. Albany: James B.
Lyon, State Printer. 1891. Pages 211 (195-405), figures 40. Also as
Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1890; in the Forty-
fourth Annual Report, New York State Museum, for the year 1890.
1892. Pages 197-405.

Eighth Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the
State of New York, for the Year 1891. Albany, University
of the State of New York. 1893. Pages 218 (103-320), figures 53.
Also as Report of the State Entomologist for the year 1891; in the
New York State Museum Forty-fifth Annual Report, for the year
1891. Albany: James B. Lyon, Printer, 1892. Pages and figures
as above.

Some Entomological Publications of J. A. Lintner.

Entomological Contributions. Albany: Weed, Parsons and

Company, Printers, 1872. Pages 90, plates (lithographic) 2. Also in
the Twenty -third Annual Report on the New York State Cabinet of
Natural History [for the year 1869], 1813. Pages 137-222.

Entomological Contributions — No. II. Albany: The Argus
Company, Printers, 1872. Pages 76, Also in the Twenty-fourth Annual
Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History [for the
year 1870], 1872, Pages 109-170.

Entomological Contributions — No. Ill, Albany: The
Argus Company, Printers. May, 1874. Pages 80 (112-192), figures 17.
Also in the Twenty-sixth Annual Report of the New York State
Museum of Natural History [for the year 1872], 1874. Pages
117-192.

Entomological Contributions — No. IV. Albany: Weed,
Parsons & Company, Printers, June, 1878. Pages 144. Also in the
Thirtieth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural
History [for the year 1876]. 1878. ■ Pages 117-264.

Report on the Insects and other Animal Forms of
Caledonia Greek, New York, Albany: 1878. Pages 26, plates
(lithographic) 3, Also in the Tenth Annual Report of the New York
Fishery Commissioners, for the year 1877, Albany: 1878, Pages
12-36, plates 1-3. (For summary of contents, see the Seventh Report
on the Insects of New York, 1891, page 373.)

Lepidoptera of the Adirondack Region. Albany: 1880.
Pages 28. Also in the Seventh Annual Report of the Topographical
Survey of the Adirondack Region of New York, by Verplanck Colvin.
Albany: 1880. Pages 375-400. (See Sixth Report on the Insects of
New York, 1890, page [82] 178.)

The Insects of the Clover Plant. Albany: 1881. Pages 17,
figures 6. Also in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural
Society for the years 1877-1882, xxxiii, 1884. Pages 187-207.
(See Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, page [88]
184.)

The White Grub of the May Beetle. Bulletin of the New
York State Museum of Natural History, No. 5. Albany: November,
1888. Pages 31, figures 5. Also in the Transactions of the New York
State Agricultural Society, xxxiv, for 1883-1886, pages 5-33.

Cut-worms. Bulletin of the New York State Museum of Natural
History, No, 6. Albany: November, 1888. Pages 36, figures 28. Also
in the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society,
xxxiv, for 1883-1886, pages 66-100.

O rr

A/