e oA me boa ~ REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS, PUBLISHED AGREEABLY TO AN ORDER OF THE LEGISLATURE. SECOND EDITION, COMPRISING THE MOLLUSCA. BY AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, M.D. EDITED BY W. G. BINNEY. BOS LON; WRIGHT AND POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 79 MILK STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL STREET). TSi0: . ~ Ty. 906)/ STWOTG: t\ ity Press: WELCH, BIGELOW, & Co., CAMBRIDGE. UNIVERS PREFACE Bee TH ee Er Oaks, In 1841 there was published agreeably to an order of the Legis- lature a Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, comprising the Mollusca, Crustacea, Annelida, and Radiata, by Dr. A. A. Gould. In 1865 the Legislature directed a new and revised edi- tion of the work to be published by Dr. Gould. The rapid progress that was making in preparing this new edition was interrupted in 1866 by the death of the author. In 1867 the Legislature author- ized the Governor and Council to appoint some person to complete the work, and the choice fell on me. Upon assuming the charge of the publication and receiving the manuscripts, drawings, notes, &c., of Dr. Gould, I endeavored to learn thoroughly what plan he had made for revising the first edi- tion, as I was directed to complete the work as nearly as possible in accordance with the views and wishes of the author. I believe I have been able to arrive at a clear idea of his intentions, which, according to my orders, I have most scrupulously endeavored to carry out, irrespective of my own opinions. It is only in treating the Pulmonifera that I have exercised my own judgment, and here only to the extent that I believe Dr. Gould would have approved. Under the descriptions of the various larger systematic divisions, I have given notes showing more particularly my share in the com- position of their respective portions of the text. Dr. Gould intended to reprint the copperplates of the original edition, and to give woodcuts of the additional species. He had prepared figures of the species of Teredo and Astarte alone, and as his own collection had been sold and removed from Boston, I was obliged to obtain for figuring specimens from other sources. I nat- lv PREFACE. urally turned to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge as our richest depository of Natural History, and was not disap- pointed in finding a valuable collection of New England Shells. Professor Agassiz kindly put these at my disposal, and Mr. J. G. Anthony spared no pains to assist me in selecting specimens for figuring. The Museum of the Peabody Academy at Salem also fur- nished a large number of specimens, which were drawn on wood by Mr. E. 8. Morse with his usual accuracy. I am indebted also to Mr. Morse for the identification of most of the smaller and more difficult species, and to him, indeed, belongs almost the entire credit of the illustrations in the text. I was unable to carry out Dr. Gould’s plan of reprinting the original copperplates, as they were not to be found. I thought it best to have new figures drawn on wood rather than reproduce the old ones. This fact will account for the frequent discrepancies be- tween the descriptions and figures, especially as regards measure- ments, as the specimens selected by me for figuring are often larger and finer than those from which Dr. Gould drew his descriptions. Most of these woodcuts were engraved by Mr. Henry Marsh, so well known for his beautiful illustrations of ‘ Harris’s Insects.” Dr. Gould had prepared for engraving many beautiful drawings of Nudibranchiata. Professor Agassiz has added largely to these, and also has furnished many drawings of Tunicata and Cephalo- poda. These I have grouped into plates which have been printed by chromo-lithography, by Messrs. Bowen & Co., of Philadelphia, in a most creditable manner. I have retained the references to the figures of the original plates and have continued from them the numbering of the figures in the new edition, first in the plates, and then in the text. The number- ing of the plates in this edition commences with XVI., thus allow- ing for the fifteen original copperplates, although they were not numbered. In addition to the gentlemen named above, and in various notes throughout the text, Iam indebted to Dr. W. Stimpson and Dr. P. P. Carpenter for valuable assistance in preparing the work. On account of the incompleteness of Dr. Gould’s manuscript, and PREFACE. y the great expense of illustrations, I have been obliged to omit the Bryozoa, and the Radiata, Crustacea, and other branches of Inver- tebrata included in the first edition. Should any disappointment be felt that Dr. Gould has not pitied in his work all the improvements in classification, &c., which more recent investigations have suggested, it must be remembered that this is not a new work. It is rather a reprint of an old one, with such additions and improvements as Dr. Gould considered abso- lutely necessary to its present usefulness. In closing my Preface I must refer to the peculiar pleasure I have taken in being able, in some slight manner, to repay the encourage- ment, assistance, and constant kindness of the author to myself, in my conchological studies, and especially to return the similar ser- vice which has already united the names of Gould and Binney in authorship. WW: Gua: TUNICATA. CoNCHIFERA . BRACHIOPODA G-ASTEROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA PROSOBRANCHIATA . PULMONIFERA PTEROPODA . CEPHALAPODA . INDEX . . CONTENTS. Page 519 i » : > = ea rd i $ ape 1 4 « . ‘ ‘ * ih Ay ; ' - : : 7 - = « ‘ . 7 a ad ie A wn a” oe f - - ’ ' aff rs INVERTEBRATA OF. MASSACHUSETTS. Class TUNICATA.* AcEPHALOUS Mollusks with a soft, organized, coriaceous or gelat- inous shell or test provided with a branchial and an anal orifice. Mantle forming an interior coat. Gills attached wholly or partly to the internal surface of the mantle. Mouth without labial tenta- cles, placed below the gills. Animals single or aggregate, fixed or free, hermaphrodite, undergoing a metamorphosis in their young state. The Tunicaries are entirely marine, and are very numerous in all parts of the world; adhering to rocks and sea-weed, their strange, bag-shaped, leathery bodies may be seen alone the strand at low- water, ejecting, when touched, the sea-water to some distance ; and on the ocean their lengthened sinuous chains, or pellucid phospho- rescent tubes, cannot fail to arrest the eye of the voyager. The com- pound forms exhibit, in the varied arrangement of the individuals * Finding nothing in Dr. Gould’s manuscript relating to the Ascidians, and being my- self unacquainted with the class, I could but collate the few published descriptions of spe- cies, and obtain what drawings had been made by those who have collected the animals. Through the kindness of Professor Agassiz, the rich treasures of the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology have been laid open to me, furnishing many figures beautifully drawn from nature by Mr. Burkhardt. Dr. Packard has also given the use of the species collected by him, from which Mr. Morse has drawn Plate XXIII. as correctly as is possible from speci- mens long preserved in alcohol. To Mr. Alexander Agassiz I am indebted also for the use of the woodcuts of Salpa. The descriptions of families, genera, &c., are copied from “ The Genera of Recent Mol- lusea.” I have included all species actually described as having been found from New York to Labrador. A reference to the “ Bibliography of North American Conchology ” will show that species have been mentioned by name as inhabiting New England which are not included in the following pages. ‘They are not accompanied by descriptions. W.G. B. 1 ve TUNICATA. composing the general mass, a number of stars and flowers of curi- ous and complicated design. Towards the Northern shores they are sombre in their colors, but in the sunny regions of the South their hues assume the brightest dyes, and vie with those of the corallines and Actini@ that people the bed of the ocean. It was in the As- cidian Tunicaries that MM. Audouin and Milne-Edwards first dis- covered the metamorphoses of the Mollusca, and their discoveries have been since extended by the laborious researches of Sars and Lovén. It was among these singular beings that Van Hasselt discovered ‘a heart of such extraordinary character, changing incessantly its auricle to ventricle and its ventricle to auricle, its arteries to veins and its veins to arteries.” Among the Salpian Tunicaries it was, moreover, that Chamisso made the no less extraordinary discovery that ‘a Sa/pa-mother is not like its daughter or its own mother, but resembles its sister, its granddaughter, and its grandmother.” The Pyrosomes afford to the naturalist, when seen by myriads from the vessel in the night, a spectacle of unexampled beauty: they gleam with phosphorescent radiance, forming vast shoals of mimic pillars of fire, illuminating all around with a green, unearthly glare. The most curious feature, however, in the history of these soft-shelled Mollusks is the fact that many among them form communities of beings like the Corals, —“‘a commonwealth of beings bound together by common and vital ties. Each star is a family, each group of stars a community. Individuals are linked together in systems, systems combined into masses.’ All the Tunicaries are free in their young or larva state, but afterwards fixed to rocks, alg, shells, and other marine bodies; some, however, as the Salpians and Pyrosomes, remain always free, floating in the water. The Tunicaries have certain affinities with the Bryozoa, but their closest relationship seems to be with the other Acephalous Mol- lusca with calcareous shells. ‘ Were the test of an Ascidian,” says Professor E. Forbes, ‘“ converted into a hard shell, symmetrically divided into two plates, connected together dorsally by cartilage, and capable of separation, so as to expose the mantle along a ven- tral mesial line, whilst the orifices protruded at one extremity, it would present the closest similarity with many bivalve Mollusks.” The gills in these animals have generally the form of ridges more or less complicated and seldom symmetrical, and their digestive, reproductive, and circulatory organs are tolerably complicated, and disposed at the base of their sac-like bodies. BOTRYLLUS. 5 Famity BOTRYLLID 4. ANIMALS compound, fixed, adhering by their sides in a greater or less number, so as to resemble a single complex animal. Each in- dividual with distinct branchial and anal orifices, and not connected by an internal union. Oviparous and gemmiparous. Genus BOTRYLLUS, Lamarck. 1801. Test irregular, gelatinous, formed of numerous systems arranged in simple stars. Individuals horizontal, with the vent far from the branchial orifice ; branchial orifices simple, ranged round a common cloaca. In this genus the tests of the animals are fixed together, forming a common mass in which the animals are imbedded in one or more groups or systems, but the individuals are not connected by any in- ternal union. The species vary considerably in form and color, being purple, yellow, blue, gray, or green. Botryllus Schlosseri. Puate XXIII. Fie. 319. Botryllus stellatus, PALLAs, Lamarck, Brua., &c., teste GouLD, Inv. 320.— CourTHotvy, Bost. Journ. ii. 111 (no descr.). —Srimpson, Check List, 1 (1860). Alcyonium Schlosseri, PaLLAS, Elench. Zooph. No. 203. Botryllus Schlosseri, SavicNy, Mem. pt. 2, p. 200, pl. xx. fig. 5. —Forses and HANLeEy, Brit. Moll. I. 19, pl. A. fig. 7, and pl. B. fig. 7. It forms over the timbers and sea-weed a semi-transparent, ge- latinous crust, studded at short intervals with minute stars. Hach ray of these stars is a separate animal, with its head at the circum- ference and its tail descending into the jelly at the centre. ( Gould, Inv. 320.) As will be seen by the figure referred to, this species may be rec- ognized by the compound body, which forms a greenish yellow mass in which are imbedded many purplish stars. Each individual meas- ures one twentieth inch in diameter; the compound mass is several inches. It is also found in Great Britain. 4 BOTRYLLID&. Genus DIDEMNIUM, Savieny. 1827. Test coriaceous, polymorphous, sessile, and incrusting ; systems numerous, compressed, without central cavities or distinct circum- scription. Individuals scattered; abdomen pedunculate. Ovary placed by the side of the intestinal loop, increasing in length when the eggs are fully developed. The Tunicaries composing the systems of individuals in this genus are without any appreciable order of arrangement, and are scattered over the common body. Didemnium roseum. Didemnium roseum, SAvieNy, &c., Sars, Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken, p. 33, 1850.— Packarp, Iny. of Labr. in Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. 275 (1867). Colony forming a calcareous, thin, incrusting mass, coriaceous, much expanded, surface finely granulated, being covered densely with round mammillated bodies. Branchial orifices rudely arranged in quincunces, slightly raised above the surface, formed of six trian- gular lobes, with the alternating lobes a little unequal in size, com- posed of three or four granules a little larger than those on the sur- face generally. It bears a close resemblance to Didemnium exaratum, Grube (Ausflug nach Trieste, Taf. ii. Fig. 2, 2a), but the branchial open- ings are thicker, and the mass thinner and more calcareous in our species. It agrees exactly with Sars’s description of D. roseum, though it is whitish in alcoholic specimens. Found frequently incrusting fucoids in masses an inch in diam- eter, in ten fathoms, Hopedale; and on the whole coast. I have also dredged it at Hastport in twenty fathoms. (Packard.) T can add no further information in regard to this species than that contained in Dr. Packard’s description copied above. Famity SALPID A. ANIMAL free, pelagian, in the form of a more or less cylindrical tube open at one or both ends; test and mantle continuous with one another at the respiratory apertures, but elsewhere separated by a wide space; gill forming a hollow band crossing the respira- SALPA. 5 tory cavity; anal orifice terminating close above, and to the right side of, the mouth. Alternately solitary and aggregated. The Salpians occur under two distinct conditions, being at one time solitary, and at another associated into circular or lengthened groups. These Sa/pa-chains vary in length from a few inches to many feet, and swim through the water with a regular serpentine movement, but when taken from the water the individuals of the group are easily detached. Chamisso discovered that the solitary Salpe do not belong to species distinct from those united in chains, however dissimilar, but are cither the parents or the progeny, as the case may be, of the aggregate forms; and that chained Salpe do not produce chained Sa/p@, but solitary Sa/pe, which in their turn do not produce solitary but chained Sa/pe, hence giving rise to the paradoxical statement made in the general observations on the Tunicaries. Genus SALPA, Forskau. 1775. ANIMAL oblong, sub-cylindrical, truncated in front by the oral orifice, pointed posteriorly; anal orifice sub-terminal; test thin, gelatinous, transparent ; muscular mantle in the form of transverse or oblique bands; mantle cavity lined by a system of vascular si- nuses; gill rudimentary, forming an oblique band across the inte- rior ; visceral nucleus posterior. Sexes combined. Young produced by gemmation in chains, consisting of individuals unlike the parent and becoming oviparous, the alternate generations only being alike. Krohn makes three types, to which all the variations of the asso- ciated Sa/pe@ are reducible. The first is characterized by the ver- tical position of the animals forming the chain, the axes of their bodies crossing the axis of the chain ata right angle. In the sec- ond the bodies of the individuals are more or less inclined to the axis of the chain. The third group is distinguished by the hori- zontal position of the component animals, the axes of their bodies being more or less parallel to the axis of the chain. 6 SALPIDA. Salpa Caboti.* Salpa Caboti, Drsor, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 75 (Oct. 1848), no descr. — Avex. AGassiz, from the same, xi. 17, Fig. 1-5 (Dec. 1866).— Srimpson, Check Lists, 1. The Salpa here described is quite common south of Cape Cod in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Long Island Sound. I sup- pose it to be the species named by Desor, Salpa Caboti, mentioned in the third volume of the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. As he has given no description, either of the chain or solitary form, it may not be out of place to describe our species, and point out its relation to other known species. The chains and solitary individuals make their appearance during the end of July, and have been found from that time till the end of Oc- tober. The chains move along with the current, seemingly quite helpless, though the upper extremity is sometimes deflected some- what abruptly by attempts to escape capture. The solitary individ- uals, on the contrary, are exceedingly active, swimming about vig- orously, generally with the anterior extremity uppermost, expelling (through the posterior extremity) by quick and powerful jerks the water which propels them by its reaction. Their motions are very similar to those of Trachynema (Circe); they can readily change the direction of their movements, and regulate them by their pow- erful transverse muscular bands, though they lack in their motions the ease and grace of Jelly-Fishes. In describing this Sa/pa, the side on which the heart is placed is called the dorsal; the opposite, on which the nervous ganglion is found, the ventral; while the anterior and posterior extremity cor- respond to the opening through which the water is introduced into the body, and expelled from it, thus homologizing the Sa/pe com- pletely with the fixed Ascidians to which they are so closely related. The proles solitaria of the Sa/pa Caboti, Des. (Figs. 1-8), resembles that of the Salpa spinosa, Ott., figured by Sars in his Fauna Litto- ralis, but differs from it materially, as the subsequent observations will show. The body is transparent, almost colorless, perfectly smooth, with the slightest possible tinge of pink, increasing in in- tensity towards the posterior extremity; the nucleus is of a deep chestnut color. The general outline of the body when seen from the * Mr. Alexander Agassiz has kindly furnished me with the woodcuts used by the Bos- ton Society of Natural History. His description is here copied in full. SALPA. ( dorsal (Fig. 1), or from the ventral side (Fig. 2), is barrel-shaped, with a uniform curvature at both ends. The posterior extremity \\ = £ Ls SS 8 SALPIDE. terminating in two long conical processes (p.p.) with a coecum of the respiratory cavity (c.c.) at the base (Fig. 1). When seen in profile (Fig. 3), it is truncated abruptly at the two ends, from the ventral to the dorsal side; the extremities are slightly convex ; the posterior truncating plane is more inclined than the anterior, and as the dorsal side is at the same time somewhat convex, this gives the anterior end a slightly pointed appearance. Besides the two large posterior conical processes, there are two sharp lateral ones, quite small (2. p.), and seen only from the ventral side (Fig. 2) on each side of the termination of the respiratory cavity, and two other short processes (0. p.) situated on the median line (Fig. 2) at the posterior extremity of the body, placed one above the other (Figs. 1and 3). The larger process is situated nearest the posterior open- ing. These processes, like the surface of the body, are quite smooth. There are six muscular bands entirely encircling the body; the sec- ond, third, and fourth (beginning at the anterior extremity) unite on the ventral side, while on the dorsal side the muscular bands are nearly equidistant (see Fig. 1). The anterior opening for the ad- mission of water is by far the largest of the two openings of the respiratory cavity; it occupies the whole width of the body (Figs. 1, 2), while the posterior one, through which the water is expelled, is much narrower and placed at a short distance from the posterior extremity, at the base of the truncating plane, on the ventral side, the anterior opening (a.) being nearer the dorsal side. The lips which close these openings are quite prominent, and can be thrown out considerably beyond the general outline, either when drawing in water or forcing it out; the lips of the anterior aperture open dorsally, those of the other end open in the opposite direction (b.) when in action (Fig. 3). The external and internal tunics are well defined; hollowed out from this internal tunic arise the circulating veins; the larger ones are especially apparent at the point where the muscular bands are imbedded in this tunic. The gill (g¢.) runs nearly parallel with the ventral surface in the shape of a thick, hollow column, wider at the posterior extremity; it communicates dorsally and ventrally with the circulating system, and is strongly ribbed on the back and sides with bands of cilia. At the anterior edge of this gill is placed the languet (/.), a long, grooved, conical process slightly s-shaped, extending to the dorsal side of the respiratory cavity and hanging freely within it, attached by a broad base to the ventral side of the cavity ; the base of attachment is formed by a widening of the foot SALPA. a) of the languet, where we find the ciliated fossa (¢.f.). The large triangular area (Figs. 1 and 2) within which the languet is placed extends from the anterior end of the gill, and the vibratile cord (ce. b.) which defines this vibratile cavity, as the area is called, en- circles completely the anterior extremity of the respiratory system, and occupies about one quarter of the length of the body. At the angle made by the vibratile band, forming the edge of this cavity, where the cord takes a dorsal direction, is placed the nervous gan- glion (7. g.), immediately behind the base of the languet; the gan- glion is quite prominent, and sends numerous branches to the walls of the body. A large vesicle attached to the ganglion contains three irregularly shaped calcareous bodies, with deep black pigment spots on the exterior side, making the nucleus a most prominent object at the bottom of the ciliated cavity. The endostyle (e.) oc- cupies nearly two thirds of the length of the body. The heart (/.) is very prominent; it is placed slightly to one side of the median line, above the nucleus. Surrounding the nucleus (v.) is found a chain of diminutive Salpe (ch.), extending in a circle from the right side of the nu- cleus on the upper side to the opposite side, then running under it and coming out on the opposite side again, and stretching toward the median line. The young Sa/pe are all attached by the poste- rior extremity, exactly as we find colonies of fixed Ascidians and Bryozoans, to a tube (g. ¢.), which is a simple diverticulum of the circulatory system, and freely communicating with the gemmiferous tube, as it is called. The young Sa/pe@ are not uniformly developed in proportion to their distance from the base of the tube. Sections of the tube are equally advanced, and we find generally three such portions unequally developed, as has been noticed by Sars, Krohn, Huxley, and others. The base of the gemmiferous tube is simply slightly corrugated, next comes a section in which we find two rows of slight elevations, and finally the most advanced part of the chain where the rudimentary Sa/p@ are more or less advanced, and re- semble in every respect, long before it becomes detached, the chains which are found floating about. These sections are thus liberated in turn, new ones continually forming at the base of the gemmifer- ous tubes during the budding season. The part of the chain which is the most advanced occupies, however, so much of the tube, that the other sections are scarcely noticed. These chains escape through an opening formed at the proper time through the tunic, near the nucleus, on the ventral side, which shows afterwards no 10 SALPID&. trace of the passage of the small chain. When the solitary Salpe are kept in confinement for any length of time, nothing is more common than to find floating about diminutive Sa/pe@-chains, nearly identical in every respect, except size, with the larger chains found at the same time in the sea. These small chains usually consist of from twenty to twenty-eight pairs; they increase rapidly in size, as we find them of all sizes during every month in which Sa/p@ have been noticed, from the chains just escaped to the largest, which have already lost their solitary embryo. The mouth is placed beneath the heart, at the upper extremity of the posterior part of the gill; it opens into a kind of cesophagus, and in the winding course of the digestive cavity can readily be followed in specimens which have lost the chain of Sa/pe@; the anus opens close behind the mouth in the respiratory cavity. The pyriform tubes first noticed by Hux- ley are readily seen in the solitary specimens, though they are more plainly observed, as well as the eleoblast, in the aggregate form, just after their escape from the solitary Sa/pe. The principal difference between the solitary and aggregate forms is one of outline, and in the proportion of the different organs, which Dea Yc Fig, 353. are essentially the same, except the organs of reproduction. The individuals of the chains are all alike on one side; that is, we find the endostyle either slightly to the right or to the left of the median line, according as the individuals are on the right or left row of the chain. When seen from above or below, the aggregate form has not the regular barrel-shape so characteristic of the solitary Salpa; it is more spindle-shaped, with two somewhat ill-defined conical projections at the posterior extremity, into one of which the nucleus projects, and into the other a spur of the posterior cavity coming close to the surface, one of the eight spurs by which the respiratory savities of adjoining individuals are connected. Hach individual is SALPA. 11 in direct communication with no less than three adjoining ones, as will be seen hereafter. When seen in profile (Fig. 4), the outline is ellipsoidal ; the two principal openings are placed at a distance from the extremities, the anterior spur of the tunic extending be- yond the opening, thus bringing both their openings rather more to the ventral side, and not strictly along the continuation of the axis, but on each side of it. There are only five muscular bands, one at the posterior extremity, three others uniting on the ventral surface, somewhat behind the anterior part of the gill, and another ill-defined one at the anterior extremity. The nucleus (7.) is much larger in proportion to the body than in the solitary form; the endostyle (e.) occupies but a little more than a third of the cavity. The gill, when seen in profile, runs somewhat obliquely towards the anterior ex- tremity, where it is nearest the ventral surface. There is no per- ceptible difference in the size of the anterior and posterior openings of the respiratory cavity. The vibratile cavity and the nervous ganglion do not differ in structure from those of the solitary form ; the languet is perhaps somewhat broader and more powerful. In the chains I have had the opportunity to examine, I found either that the solitary foetus had already been expelled, or was only slightly developed, so that I can only say that its position corre- sponds with what has been described by Sars, Krohn, Vogt, and others, the tests, as is well known, being greatly developed in the individuals which had already lost their solitary foetus. What is worthy of special notice in the aggregate form is the great thick- ness of the tunic; this would make the connection between the individuals of a chain simply a mechanical one, were it not for the spurs from the respiratory cavity (s. ¢.), which project through the thickness and connect with similar spurs in adjoining individuals. The spurs disappear invariably after the individuals of a chain have become separated for any length of time, and they are incapable of reuniting again, as has erroneously been asserted. When thus freed, the aggregate form is perfectly helpless, the great thickness of the tunic preventing it from regulating its motion; while, when connected as a chain, their capacity to guide the chain in any par- ticular direction is much greater. Sars has described exceedingly well the mode of aggregation of the chain of Salpa runcinnata; the chains, however, were quite far advanced, and he found it impossible to trace distinctly their mode of junction. Soon after the chain escapes from the solitary form, while still quite small, so that four or five individuals can 1 SALPIDA. be brought under the focus at once, their peculiar arrangement is readily understood. The chain (Fig. 5) consists of two rows of individuals placed slightly obliquely to the axis of the chain, in addition to the natural obliquity of the individuals on the right and left sides. The ventral side is always turned outside, and the individuals are placed back to back at an angle measured by the obliquity of the endostyles, which is quite considerable. Besides this oblique arrangement of the ventral and dorsal sides, the an- terior and posterior extremities are not on the same level; the anterior extremity is tilted up so that all the anterior openings are brought to the upper side of the chain when it is floating, and the posterior openings close to the edge on the lower side; the ante- rior opening is placed at a short distance from the edge of the chain, thus bringing, by this arrangement, the anterior and pos- terior openings on different sides of the chain. Adjoining individ- uals are connected by the two large dorsal spurs of the anterior extremity of the respiratory cavity. The next pair of individuals lap over the first pair of the chain very considerably, so far that the nucleus of the first pair is just below the nervous ganglion of the second pair. The right individual of the anterior pair is con- nected with the individual immediately behind it by the small spur behind the nucleus, while it (the right-hand individual of the sec- ond pair) connects with its adjoining fellow in the same way as SALPA. 13 in the anterior pair, and with the left anterior one by means of the two small dorsal spurs of the latter, and so on, for each suc- ceeding pair, so that every individual of the chain is always con- nected by spurs to the three immediately surrounding it in front, on the side, and behind. As far as I have noticed, the chains remain connected till they are fully grown, although the breaking up of the chain from any cause does not prevent the components from living for a short time, yet the chain, as a whole, is by far more active than the sep- arate components when free. The largest chains I have seen are somewhat over a foot in length; in these the individuals meas- ured about five eighths of an inch in length. This is much smaller than the solitary forms, which attain a length of an inch. Sars and Krohn were the first to repeat the observations of Chamisso concerning the connection of the solitary and aggregate forms, and they have clearly shown that the solitary form is asexual, al- ways producing by budding a chain of Sa/pe which are the sex- ual forms, and bring forth but a single embryo developed from an ege, giving rise to the solitary form. Huxley, Leuckart, and Vogt have also since shown the entire accuracy of the observations of Chamisso, and have greatly increased our knowledge of the organ- ization and development of these animals. The observations I have made concerning the early development of the chain and the solitary embryo are too fragmentary for publication, and I am in- duced to give this description of our Sa/pa, in hopes of calling at- tention to its existence on our coasts, and inducing those who are more favorably situated than I am to develop further this interest- ing subject. 1 would also add that this Sa/pa is not the only free Tunicate frequenting our coasts; two species of Appendicularia are extremely common, which have thus far escaped the attention of zodlogists; they are closely allied to A. furcata and A. longi- cauda; they both occur in Massachusetts Bay and Long Island Sound, while the Sa/pa Caboti has not as yet been found farther north than Nantucket. EXxriaNnation oF Figures AND LETTERING.* a, Anterior opening. c.f. Ciliated fossa. b. Posterior opening. c.b. Ciliated band. e. Endostyle. ch. Small Salpa chain within form. n.g. Nervous ganglion. g. Gill. * These Figures of Sa/pa have a double numbering, one referring to the figures in this => work, the other being the same as in the Boston Proceedings. 14 ASCIDIID&. 1. Languet. s.c. Connecting spurs of respiratory cavity. h. Heart. m. Mouth. n. Nucleus. o.p. Odd terminal processes on median line. g.t. Gemmiferous tube. l. p. Lateral processes of ventral side. m.b. Muscular bands. p.p- Pair of terminal processes of posterior c.c. Coecum of respiratory cavity. extremity. (Fig. 1.) Solitary form, from the dorsal side. (Fig. 2.) Solitary form, seen from the ventral side, (Fig. 3.) Solitary form, seen in profile. (Fig. 4.) Three-quarter view of the aggregate form. (Fig. 5.) Part of chain of Salpa Caboti, to show the arrangement and connection of the components. Famity ASCIDITD A. Bopy sacciform, gelatinous or coriaceous, fixed at one extrem- ity, free at the other, with two more or less prominent orifices, a branchial and an anal; branchial sac simple or plicate. Not united into groups by a common integument; solitary or grega- rious. Oviparous. Sexes united. In the genera Ascidia and Molgula the gills are not plicated, which is the case in the other genera. Cynthia and Chelyosoma are sessile, while Boltenia and Cystingia are pedunculated. Genus BOLTENTA, Savieny. 1828. Bopy more or less globular, fixed, pedunculated; test coria- ceous; orifices lateral, each cleft into four rays; branchial sac longitudinally plicated, surmounted by a circle of compound ten- tacula. Boltenia clavata. PraArs XCXl, Hire: 325; Ascidia clavata, Fapricius, Fauna Green]. 333 (1780). Ascidia globifera, SaBine, App. to Parry’s Voy. No. 10 (1824). Boltenia reniformis, MacLeay, Lin. Tr. xiv. 536, pl. xviii. (1825). —Dovzarpin in La- mMARCK, An. sans Vert. iii. 539 (1840).— Gouxp, Invert. 319.—%Ds Kay, N. Y. Moll. 260, pl. xxxiv., fig. 234 (1843). — Stimpson, Grand Manan, 20 (1854). Boltenia clavata, Strmpson, Smithsonian Check List, 1 (1860), no descr. 2 Boltenia Bolteni, Packarv, Invert. of Labr. in Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. 277, no descr. ; not fusiformis, SAVIGNY. ¢ Boltenia oviformis, PAcKaRD, Can. Nat. (1863). This is a most curious object, and greatly resembles in shape the flower of Ladies’-slipper (Cypripedium) on its stalk. It has BOLTENIA. BUS) a kidney-shaped body, of a wrinkled, leathery structure, about two inches long and one in width, suddenly narrowing at the top into a small stalk not larger than a crow-quill, and from six to twelve inches in length. It has two cross-shaped orifices, nearly an inch apart. It is attached by its stalk to stones in deep water, whence it is occasionally hooked up by the fishermen, or driven on shore by storms. Its surface is usually loaded with marine plants, zo- ophytes, &e. ( Gould.) The figure referred to is drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol, collected by Dr. Packard. Dr. Stimpson remarks on the species: ‘‘ This species is very dis- tinct from the preceding (5. rubra), being uniformly of a fine yellowish white color, with a smooth, velvety surface. It inhabits rocks in deep water, never occurring in less than fourteen fath- oms. I am far from certain that it can be referred to B. reni- formis, but approaches that species more than any of the others mentioned by MacLeay in his memoir.” Boltenia rubra. PATE XOX Ve “Hret 337; Boltenia rubra, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 232 (1852); Grand Manan, 20 (1854) ; Check Lists, 1. Body arcuated, slightly compressed laterally, and tapering rather abruptly to the stem, which is slender, very hard, and granulated. Test very rugose, especially on the dorsal surface, and of a deep red color. Anal aperture nearly sessile; branchial on a short tube which curves toward the stem. Total length, one foot; length of the body, one and three fourths inches; breadth, seven eighths of an inch. This species lives attached to rocks in from two to fourteen fath- oms. I have found it in Massachusetts Bay, from Boston to Cape Ann; and also at Grand Manan, at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy. ( Stimpson. ) The above description is copied from Dr. Stimpson. To the species I doubtfully refer the figure drawn from nature by Mr. Burkhardt, which I received without name from Professor Agassiz. It will be observed that the figure hardly agrees with several points of Dr. Stimpson’s description. The body is larger in pro- portion to the length of the stalk; the extremity of the latter is also bifid. It may be that Boltenia reniformis of De Kay belongs to this species rather than to B. clavata. 16 ASCIDIIDA. Boltenia microcosmus. PLraTE XXIV. Fie. 338. Boltenia microcosmus, AG Ass1z, Pr. Am. Ass. Ady. Se. ii. 159 (1850). Boltenia microsoma, H. and A. Ap., Gen. Rec. Moll. i. 594. Sac larger and rounder than in the species to which it has been formerly referred. Chelsea Beach and Point Shirley, also George’s Banks. (Agassiz.) The figure given on Plate XXIV. was drawn by Mr. Burkhardt from the original specimen. It serves, therefore, to fix the species and give us the following characteristics. The sac is of a deep rusty red color; it is almost equally rounded at its two extremities, so as very abruptly to join the stem; the openings are like two prominent warts, nearly sessile, equally inclined in a contrary di- rection; the stem is uniformly stout, of a dirty iron color, eight inches long; sac, one and six tenths inches long, eight tenths of an inch wide. Boltenia Burkhardti. Prate XXIV. Fie. 327. Boltenia Burkhardti, AGAss1z, in manuscript. Body angularly ovate, truncated anteriorly, posteriorly rapidly and angularly attenuated to its stalk; uniformly covered with short, stout cilia; of a bright pinkish color, shading into yellow- ish on its posterior half; orifices of a darker pink, or reddish, connected by a long, horizontal, rectilinear elevation, from the ends of which they open laterally; stalk stout, three times the length of the body, uniformly hirsute, yellowish. Body, one and two tenths inches; stalk, three and five tenths inches. The above description is drawn from a figure by Mr. Burkhardt of a living Bolenia in the Aquarial Garden at Boston, 1859. The species differs from any other yet noticed on our coast by the pe- culiar angular shape of the body, the position of the orifices on an elongated, horizontal ridge, and by its hirsute surface. Boltenia ciliata of Moller* is a much smaller species. * B. ciliata. Corpore subreniformi, fusco-luteo, tuberculato, ciliato ; orificiis prominu- lis, rubicundis ; pedunculo granulato, ciliato, terminali ; L. totius animalis 18/’ R. (Ind. Moll. Gr. 22.) CYNTHIA. Li Genus PERA, Srimpsoy. 1852. Bopy pyriform, adhering by a very small base; test gelati- nous; orifices sessile, the branchial six-lobed, the anal four-lobed ; branchial sac plicated. Pera pellucida. Pera pellucida, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soe. iv. 232 (1852) ; Check Lists, 1. Body pear-shaped, the tunic at base often continued into a short stem. Test rather thin, hyaline, covered with small conical emi- nences or papilla, especially about the orifices, which are very small, distant from each other, and difficult to distinguish. Bran- chial sac with ten folds. Length, one inch. Found adhering to bunches of Sertularia polyzonias, taken on St. George’s Bank in thirty fathoms. (Stunpson.) Genus CYNTHIA, Savieny. 1827. Bopy sessile, covered with a coriaceous tunic; oral and anal orifices four-lobed; branchial sac longitudinally plicated, sur- mounted by a circle of tentacular filaments; meshes of respira- tory tissue not furnished with papille. Ovaries usually two. The species range from low water to thirty fathoms. They are frequently found associated in groups of numerous individuals, and their tests, even in the same species, are often variously colored. Cynthia pyriformis. PEATE NOC HiGss S20 02 1. This species I have identified by European examples sent me by M. Sars. They are perfectly the same. It is one of the most beautiful marine productions found in this region, having, in its hard, velvety surface, and bright pink blush, precisely the aspect of a blood-peach. In fact, it is called sea-peach by the inhabitants. Some of my specimens are three inches in length. It lives in clear 2 18 ASCIDIIDE. water on rocky bottoms among nullipores, sometimes at low-water mark, but usually in four or five fathoms. ( Stimpson.) Grand Manan (Stimpson) ; Straits of Belle Isle (Packard). The figures which I have given of this species are drawn by Mr. Morse, from specimens dredged by Dr. Packard. They show the species to vary from a circular to an oblong form, and sometimes to be attached by a short, broad peduncle rather than by its base. The orifices form prominent protuberances on the upper surface. Cynthia partita. Cynthia partita, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iv. 231 (1852); Check Lists, 1. Body oblong, or subglobular, attached by the base. Test hard, strong, coriaceous, rugose, wrinkled in various directions, and of a dark purplish brown color. Apertures square, on prominent emi- nences, opening widely, the branchial being largest. The tubes are very beautifully marked exteriorly by alternating triangular areas of white and purple, arranged as in the shell of a Balanus; the white ones having their bases, and the purple ones their apices, on the margin of the aperture. In one instance parallel stripes took the place of triangles. Diameter, one inch. It is occasionally dredged in Boston Harbor, west of Governor’s Island, in four fathoms, among stones and shells. (Stimpson.) Cynthia echinata. Puate XXIII. Fie. 326. Ascidia echinata, Linn mus; O. Fapricius, Fauna Green). 331.—Forses and Hantey, Br. Moll. pl. C, f. 4. Cynthia echinata, Stimpson, Grand Manan, 20, no descr. (1854); Check Lists, 2.— Pacxarp, Invert. of Labrador in Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 277 (1867), no. descr. Body circular, adhering by its base, yellowish, or brownish in parts; surface crowded with short, upright, sharp protuberances, from near the top of which radiate about six sharp short bristles. Diameter, one inch. The figure is drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol, col- lected by Dr. Packard. In shape, and in the bristles of the sur- face, it bears some resemblance to Ascidia echinata, Lin., as fig- ured by Forbes and Hanley, Plate C, Fig. 4, but the star-like bristles on that species are much less crowded and numerous. Grand Manan (Stimpson); Chateau Bay (Packard). CYNTHIA. 19 Cynthia gutta. Cynthia gutta, LutTKEN, see Stimpson, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H. iv. 231 (1852). Body flat and disk-like, oval, adhering by a very broad base. Test strong, thin, smooth, opaque, deep red, expanded upon the surface of attachment so as to form a margin. Orifices small, square, slightly prominent. Diameter, half an inch. This species is very common in Boston Harbor, adhering to dead valves of Mytilus modiolus, on the shelly bottom between Bird Island and South Boston Flats, where the depth is from three to five fathoms. It resembles very much a drop of blood. ( Stimpson.) Cynthia placenta. PuaTe XXIII. Fie. 322. Cynthia placenta, Packarp, Mem. of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. part 2, p. 277 (1867). Test broad, expanded, much flattened, very emarginate, about five times as broad as high, with the thin edge uneven, revolute ; surface granulated, though the scales are flattened. Anal and branchial orifices much alike, of equal height, and as distant from each other as the thickness of the test, which is half an inch in diameter. One specimen covered with sand was larger and more rough- ened about the orifices than the other specimen, which was smooth and naked. Dredged in the straits of Belle Isle, forty fathoms, hard bottom; Henley Harbor, ten to twenty fathoms, sandy; Chateau Harbor, Long Island, fifteen fathoms, sandy. It is also common in the Bay of Fundy. (Packard.) The figure given of this species was drawn by Mr. Morse from the original specimen preserved in alcohol. Cynthia condylomata. Pruate XXIII. Fic. 324. Cynthia condylomata, Pack arp, Invert. of Labrador, &c. in Mem. of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. part 2, p. 277 (1867). Test spherico-conical, surmounted by a spinulated apex; it is a little higher than broad, with transverse rows of lighter-colored, unequal, wart-like tubercles, which often terminate in minute, blunt 20 ASCIDIID®. spinules, the larger ones stout and curved, with black tips. Apex of the test high, rising up between the two orifices into a square, truncate, corneous projection, and terminating in five or six large spines. Incurrent and excurrent orifices, consisting of four tri- angular depressed valves, being surrounded by a raised broad rim of crowded tubercles, surmounted by spinules. Length, half an inch. called Cyclas nitida, from Connecticut EN and New Hampshire, is P. variabile. va Compared with P. variabile, this spe- cies is larger, comparatively more deli- cate, less oblique, less heavily striated, of a lighter color. It is much more oblique and less elongated than P. abditum. It is more oblique, and more inflated than P. virginicum; it is also more del- icate than that species (Prime). Fig. 418. P. Adamsii. Pisidium compressum.* Pisidium compressum, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 164 (1852); Ann. N. Y. Ly- ceum, v. 219, pl. 6; vii. 97; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 356. Cyclas altilis, ANTHONY, in litt. 1847. Pisidium compresswn, Prime, Bost. Proc. iv. 164 (1851). Pisidium altile, ANTHONY, Prix, Bost. Journ. vi. 353 (1852), pl. xi. figs. 10-12. * See note, page 107. PISIDIUM. ; a Ka Pisidium cicer, Prime, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vi. 65 (1853), pl. 1, fig. 1. Pisum compressum, Desuayes, Biv. Brit. Mus, 282 (1854). Pisum altile, Desuayes, loc. sup. cit. 280 (1854). Musculium compressum, ApAms, Rec. Gen. ii. 451 (1858). Musculium altile, Apams, loc. sup. cit. ii, 451 (1858). Musculium cicer, ADAMS, loc sup. cit. ii. 451 (1858). Pisum cicer, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858). Shell solid, very oblique, trigonal, triangular, sub-equilateral, very much drawn up in the region of the beaks, inflated in adult; anterior side a little longer, narrower, produced at the end, posterior broader, sub-truneate ; beaks placed a little posteriorly, small, raised, with a wing-shaped appendage on the summits, distant; strive distinct, regular; epidermis very variable, yellow, gray or chest- nut color; valves solid, varying in inflation, in- terior light blue; hinge thick; cardinal teeth small, robust, compressed, disposed in the shape of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth distinct, short, strong, placed at an obtuse angle with the hinge proper. Length, sixteen hun- dredths of an inch; breadth, fourteen hundredths of an inch; width, nine hundredths of an inch. North America, in New England, in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and California, and at Montreal and Quebec in Canada. This species, though perfectly distinct and well characterized, is subject to much variation; its very oblique shape is constant; in fulness it is exposed to much change, some old specimens are re- markably obese ; the young are generally more elongated and more compressed. One of the peculiarities of this species, which, however, is at times wanting from abrasion or from other causes, is the very singular shape of the apex of the beaks, which assume the appearance of wings placed on the summit of the umbos. P. cicer, from Greenwich, which I place with this a species, differs a little from the type of P. compres- VIN. sum, in being larger, more inflated ; the beaks also are larger, and do not exhibit the winged appendage. P. altile, a mere variety, is more oblique than the type, and does not possess the appendage on the beaks. Both these varieties are darker in color than the true P. compressum. Fig. 419. P. compressum. Fig. 420. P. compressum, * See note, page 107. 1g CYCLADIDE. The foreign analogue, P. conicum, from France, is so closely allied to our species that it is with the greatest care only that they may be separated. P. compressum is more trigonal and less inflated than P. vari- abile; it is more equilateral than either P. virginicum, Adamsii, or abditum, and more oblique and less equilateral than P. @qui- laterale. The animal is remarkable for its liveliness. It is found sparingly during the spring and not at all in winter. It inhabits both still and running water, and buries itself sometimes in the mud (Prime). Pisidium squilaterale.* Pisidium cequilaterale, Primw, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 366, pl. 12, figs. 23-25 (1852) ; Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. 98. Shell small, stout, heavy, somewhat inflated, rhomboidal, sub- equilateral ; posterior margin a little angular where it meets the basal margin; inferior and anterior margins slightly rounded ; beaks central, large, prominent, rounded, not approximate ; valves very solid, moderately convex, in- terior light blue; striez fine, surface glossy, epidermis very variable in color, light yellow, greenish, or brown ; Paauwewe hinge-margin curved, cardinal teeth small, lateral teeth strong, distinct. Length, fifteen hundredths of an inch ; breadth, fourteen hundredths of an inch; width, one tenth of an inch. North America, in the States of Maine, Massachusetts, and New York. This species is remarkable for its solidity, and for its short and quadrangular form; the latter gives it somewhat the appearance of a Spherium; it is the most equilateral Pisidium I know of. Compared with P. variabile, to which at first sight it bears a general resemblance from the gloss and Y x color of its epidermis, it differs from it very materially ‘\ in not being at all oblique, and in being equilateral ; it P. equilaterae, 18 also much less full. Somewhat rare. I discovered it in the spring of 1852, in a clay pit in the neighbor- hood of Augusta, Maine, in company with P. compressum (Prime). Fig. 421. Fig. 422. * See note, page 107. PISIDIUM. 113 Pisidium ferrugineum.* Pisidium ferrugineum, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 162 (1852); Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 362, pl. 12, figs. 8, 9,10; Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. 98. Shell small, rounded-oval, globose, slightly inequilateral ; anterior side somewhat produced; margins rounded; beaks tubercular at apex, very distant; surface smooth ; epidermis light yellow; hinge-margin rounded ; car- dinal teeth large, separate, anterior tooth more prom- inent ; lateral teeth distinct. Length, seventeen hun- dredths of an inch; breadth, thirteen hundredths SS of an inch; width, eleven hundredths of an inch. P. Ua North America, in the States of Maine and New York. Remarkable for the elevation of its beaks, which stand we forth on the upper portion of the shell in the shape of —- large tubercles, which are generally coated with some — ?-,ferrusi- dark ferruginous substance. It differs from P. abditum in being smaller, more inflated, not so elongated, and more equilat- eral. One of our most common species, found usually in company with P. variabile and P. ventricosum (Prime). Fig. 423. Pisidium abditum.* Pisidium abditum, HALDEMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. i. 53 (1841). Cyclas minor, C. B. ApAms, Bost. Proc. i. 48 (1841). Pisidium tenellum, Goutp, Agassiz’s Lake Superior 245, (1848). Pisidium obscurum, Prime, Bost. Proc. iv. 161 (1851). Pisidium rubellum, PRiMeE, loc. sup. cit. iv. 163 (1851). Pisidium minus, Stimpson, Moll. New England, 16 (1851). Pisidium Kutz, Prime, Bost. Proe. iv. 162 (1851). Pisidium zonatum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv. 162 (1851). Pisidium regulare, PRrME, Bost. Journ. vi. 363 (1852), pl. 12, figs. 11, 12. Pisidium notatum, PRIME, loc. sup. cit. vi. 365 (1852), pl. 12, figs. 20-22. Pisidium arcuatum, PRiM®, loc. sup. cit. vi. 364 (1852), pl. 12, figs. 14-16, Pisum abditum, Desuayres, Brit. Mus. Cat. 282 (1854). Pisum minus, DESHAYES, loc. sup. cit. 281 (1854). Pisidium resartum, INGALLS, in litt. 1855. Pisidium rubrum, Lewts, in litt. 1855. Pisidium plenum, Luwis, in litt. 1855. Musculium abditum, ApAMs, Rec. Gen. ii. 451 (1858). Musculium minus, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 451 (1858). Musculium rubellum, ADAms, loc. sup. cit. ii. 452 (1858). * See note, page 107. 114 CYCLADIDE. Musculium obscurum, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 452 (1858). Musculium Kurtzi, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 451 (1858). Musculium zonatum, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 452 (1858). Pisum obscurum, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. 11. 660 (1858). Pisum Kurtzi, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858). Pisum rubellum, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858). Pisum zonatum, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858). Pisidium retusum, PRimg, Proc. Zool. Soc. xxviii. 322 (1860). Shell rounded-oval, elongated, very inequilateral, moderately con- vex, margins well rounded, beaks placed nearer the posterior side, small, slightly raised; surface smooth, striz not distinct, epidermis variable, generally light straw-color ; hinge-margin very nearly straight ; cardinal teeth small, separate, the anterior tooth larger and more prominent ; lateral teeth small, not much elongated. Length, fifteen hundredths of an inch; breadth, fourteen hun- dredths of an inch; width, nine hundredths of an inch. North America, in New England, in the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, South Carolina, and Califor- nia, in the Lake Superior region, at Montreal in Canada, and in Honduras. This species is distributed over such a vast area of country, and varies so much according to the different localities in which it is found, that it is hardly surprising that its numerous varieties should have been mistaken for so many species. P. casertanum, its foreign analogue, to which it bears the closest resemblance, and from which it is very difficult to separate it, is likewise widely distributed and subject to much variation. P. abditum is our most common species, and occurs generally in great numbers; its epidermis, though usually light yellow, is at times, according to the habitat of the shell, of a much darker color ; the surface is at times also quite rough and the striz are coarse. Compared with P. nov-eboracense, to which it is nearly allied, it differs in being less heavy, more rounded, less = full, the beaks are less large, the hinge-margin is Va s\ straighter, the anterior extremity, which in the P. > nov-eboracense forms a declivity from the beaks, is more regularly rounded, the distance from the beaks to the basal margin is less great, the exterior surface is much smoother, and the epidermis of a lighter color (Prime). Fig. 425. P. abditum. Enlarged. Fig. 426. P. abditum. PISIDIUM. a ha bes) Pisidium variabile.* Cyclas nitida, Micuers, Linstey, Amer. Jour. xlviii. 276 (1845). Pisidium variabile, Prime, Bost. Proce, iv. 163 (1851). Pisidium grande, Wu1TTEMORE, in litt. 1855, Musculium variabile, AbAms, Rec. Gen. ii. 452 (1858), Pisum variabile, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit ii. 660 (1858). Shell heavy, oblique, inequilateral, inflated ; anterior side longer, narrower, somewhat angular at end ; poste- rior subtruncate; beaks situated posteriorly, full, prominent, not approximate at apex ; valves solid, interior light blue; striz regu- lar, but very distinct; epidermis glossy, very variable, straw-color or greenish-brown with a yellow zone on the basal margin ; hinge- margin curved; hinge rather slight; cardi- nal teeth united, small; lateral teeth dis- tinct, strong, short. Length, twenty-one hundredths of an inch; breadth, eighteen hundredths of an inch ; width, seventeen hundredths of an inch. North America, in New England, and in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. This species has hitherto always been looked upon by collectors P. variabile. Enlarged. as the P. virginicum ; but having compared it with the original shells, described as Cyclas dubia, Say, by Dr. Gould, in his Report, and with some specimens of P. virginicum from Westfield, Mas- sachusetts, sent to me by Professor C. B. Adams, as well as with some others sent to me from Philadelphia, by Professor 8. 8. Hal- deman, I have become convinced that it is different from Say’s shell. Compared with the young of P. virginicum, it is more ob- lique, less elongated, more inflated, and of a different color. This species is not so elongated as the P. virginicum ; it is more inflated, the beaks are larger and more tu- Hele Cyclas dubia as being six twentieths of an inch in length ; P. variabile is only four twentieths of an P. variabile. inch in length, and that it is a full-grown shell I am led to believe, not only from its heavy striations and mature ap- pearance in general, but also from having found young in the shell. The young is not so oblique as the adult; it is more elongated, less mid; it is alsoa much smaller shell. Say describes ows z NY > * See note, page 107. 116 CYPRINID&. inflated, and of a light yellow color. As a general rule, the color- ing of this species varies much in different localities. The speci- mens collected from Rowley, Essex County, Massachusetts, are larger than any I have seen from other places; their color is also lighter. The animal is remarkable for its want of activity. This is one of our most common species, being found in nearly every stream, and at all seasons of the year, though most plentifully during the spring (Prime). Pisidium ventricosum.* Pisidium ventricosum, Prim, Bost. Proc. iv. 68 (1851). Musculium ventricosum, ADAMS, Ree. Gen. ii. 452 (1858). Pisum ventricosum, ADAMS, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858). Shell small, rounded-oval, globose, ventricose, somewhat oblique, slightly inequilateral, anterior side produced, posterior subtruncate ; beaks small, protuberant, distant, situ- ated towards the posterior side; surface smooth, yel- low; hinge-marein curved; cardinal teeth separate ; lateral teeth short. Length, eleven hundredths of an inch; breadth, ninety-five thousandths of an inch; Serra width, eighty-five thousandths of an inch. North America, in the State of Massachusetts. This small, globose species is not likely to be con- ~~ founded with any other but P. rotundatum, than which, however, it is more oblique, the margins are more abrupt, and the beaks more terminal and very much smaller. It is very nearly allied to P. obtusale, of Europe (Prime). Fig. 430. P. ventricosum. Famity CYPRINIDZ. SHELL equivalve, globose or rounded, with a triangular outline, more or less equilateral, solid, concentrically striated or furrowed, beaks twisted spirally or turned to one side ; ligament mostly ex- ternal, hinge short but strong, furnished with two or three cardinal teeth, besides laterals in each valve; pallial scar entire ; muscular sears oval and usually very distinct. * See note, page 107. + In this and other eases among the Conchifera, where I find no description of genus or family in Dr. Gould’s MSS., I copy from Jeffreys. — W. G. B. ASTARTE. 117 Genus ASTARTE, Sowersy. 1816. SHELL rounded, sub-equipartite, compressed, thick; hinge with two strong, diverging, cardinal teeth on one valve, and two very unequal ones on the other, or only one large one ; pallial impression simple ; ligament exterior. Astarte castanea. Fig. 44. Shell sub-orbicular, with prominent and nearly central beaks; lunule deeply excavated ; surface very slightly waved, covered with a chestnut-brown epider- mis; margin crenulated within. Venus castanea, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 273 (Aug. 1822). Asturte custanea, Say, Amer. Conch, pl. 1.— Torren, Silliman’s Journ. xxviii. fig. 2. — Dr Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 220, pl. 28, fig. 280. — Puinrerr, Abbild. t. 5, fig. 2.—Conrap, Amer. Mar. Conch. t. 17, fig. 45.— Hanurey, Rec. Sh. Suppl. t. 9, fig. 27. — Putuiprr, Abbild. ii. 57 (Astarte), t. 1, fig, 2.— Forses and Hant. Br. g Moll. i. 470. — Gray, Cat. Br. Mus. (Br. Moll.) 162 Crassina castanea, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 258. — Hantey, Recent Shells, i. 88. Venus sulcata, Montacu, Test. Brit. 131. — Maron and Racxert, Lin. Trans. viii. 81, te Dahm sO: Crassinu sulcata, Brown, Ill. Conch. 96, t. 38, fig. 10. Shell thick and ponderous, sub-orbicular, or sub-triangular, the beaks nearly central, and much elevated, generally eroded ; the areola in front of the beaks is ovate-lanceolate, short, broad, deeply excavated, very smooth, and darker colored ; posterior slope nearly straight, with a long, narrow, lanceolate depression ; basal margin regularly rounded, thick; surface very shehtly undulated at the stages of growth, cov- ered with a thick, chestnut-colored epidermis, wrinkled and stained with black posteriorly, with Pheer alternately paler and darker zones; ligament small and feeble. Hinge very strong, the hinge-margin very broad, bear- ing on the right valve one stout tooth, with a pit on each side; on the left valve two teeth somewhat diverging, with a deep pit between them for the reception of the opposite tooth; cavity small; muscu- lar impressions deep, elongated, united by a direct pallial impres- sion; margin in adult shells regularly crenulated. Length, one inch; height, one inch; breadth, eleven twentieths of an inch. Fig. 431. 118 CYPRINIDS. Found abundantly in Provincetown Harbor, west and north of the light-house, at low-water mark. [Forbes asserts that Asfarte is never a littoral shell.] Occasionally, specimens are picked up on Chelsea Beach; Nahant Beach, after storms (Haskell) ; Vineyard Sound, eight to twelve fathoms (Desor); dredged in Boston Har- bor (Stimpson) ; Halifax Harbor and Sable Island (Wills). It is more abundant along the coast of the Middle States. The foot of the animal is of a bright vermilion color, and when seen protruded, one would hardly persuade himself that a red wafer was not embraced by the valves. This shell appears to be a well-characterized species, quite dis- tinct from any species inhabiting the British coast. The species most nearly allied to it is Venus (Astarte) compressa, of Montagu. Its remarkable points are, its height being usually greater than its leneth, its prominent central beaks curved so as to give the shell a somewhat kidney-shaped appearance, the broad, excavated lunule before them, and the smooth, chestnut-colored surface. The black- ening of the posterior region of the shell is very peculiar. Some specimens look as if this portion had been dipped in tar. The varieties in form and coloring are very numerous; one or two of which may be designated. Var. A. picea is large and solid, surface with a few wrinkles without waves, and the epidermis of a dark tar-color. All the speei- mens I have found upon Chelsea Beach are of this variety. In speci- mens found about Sandy Hook, New York Harbor, the epidermis partakes of this dark appearance, about the color of Mr. Say’s fig- ure in the “ American Conchology,’” though the surface is undu- lated. Hence I infer that the oceanic specimens are of the dark variety, while those which lie in quiet, sandy localities, like Proy- incetown Harbor, have rather a brownish-yellow color. In propor- tions it agrees with the type specimens. Var. A. procera, inhabits Provincetown Harbor, and is fully de- seribed and figured by Colonel Totten in “ Silliman’s Journal,” as a probable variety of A. castanea, but as possibly a distinct species. Its variation consists in its very light-colored epidermis, and the great elevation of its beaks. The color of all the shells in that harbor is remarkably light, as is noted of Mactra solidissima and Mya arena- ria, so that in regard to its color it is merely a local distinction. The elevation of some of the specimens is remarkable; but these are found living intermingled with those of the normal form, and of every intervening degree of elevation. The shell in all its varie- ASTARTE. 119 ties, but in this variety particularly, strongly reminds one of the termination of the recurved, round-pointed table or fruit knife. The foot of the animal has the same vermilion color; and, on the whole, this must be regarded as merely a variety. The proportions of the most elevated specimen figured by Colonel Totten are: length, four fifths of an inch; height, one inch; width, one fourth of an inch. Astarte sulcata. Fic. 46. Shell ovate-triangular, the surface with deep, concentric furrows and ribs, van- ishing at the extremities; beaks prominent; lunule and corselet long, narrow, and deeply excavated. Pectunculus sulcatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 192 (1778). Venus sulcata, Monracu, Test. Brit. 131 (1803).— Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 203. — Maron and Racxert, Lin. Trans. viii. 81, pl. 2, fig. 1. —Ditiwyn, Catal. i. 167. — Turron, Conch. Dict. 235. Astarte sulcata, Firm. Brit. Anim. 439.— Reeve, Elem. Conch. ii. 114, fig. 186.— Apams, Gen, ii. 483, pl. 115, fig. 6. —De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 221, pl. 28, fig. 281. — Forpes and Haney, Brit. Moll. i. 452, pl. 30, figs. 5, 6; pl. 133, fig. 4; pl. M, fig. 5 (animal). —Sowersy, Thes. Conch: 1. 7785 pli 67, fess |, 2,3. — Puiwiprr, Abbild. ii. 56 (Astarte), t. 1, fig. 4. — Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. (Mollusca) 91. Venus Danmonia, Moytacu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 45, t. 29, fig. 4 (1808). — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 212. — Woop, Index, pl. 7, fig. 21. —- DILLwyrn, Catal. 167. Venus Danmoniensis, Buainv. Malacol. 557, pl. 75, fig. 7. Crassina sulcata, Turton, Brit. Biv. 131, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. Crassina Danmoniensis, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 257. — Desnayes, Encye. Méth. Vers, i. 77. — Cuenu, Man. de Conch. ii. 130, fig. 616. Astarte Dunmoniensis, SoweRByY, Genera, figs. 1-3; Conch. Man. fig. 110.— Totten, Silliman’s Journ. xxviii. 349, fig. 3. — Lovin, Ind. Moll. 36, 272. — Fiem. Br. An. 440. — Rerve, Conch. Syst. t. 66, figs. 1-3. Venus Scotica, Monracu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 44 (the young).— Maron and Racket, Lin. Trans. viii. 81, pl. 2, fig. 83. — Turron, Conch, Dict. 236. — Woop, Index, pl. 7, fig. 20. — Lam. 2d ed. vi. 360. Astarte Scotica, Fuem. Br. An. 44. — Lovin, Ind. Moll. Scand. 36. — PHiurert, Abbild. ii. 56 (Astarte), t. 1, fig. 3. Crassina Scotica, Leacu, in Ross’s Voy. 175.— Tort. Br. Biv. 130, pl. 11, figs. 3, 4. — Browy, Il. pl. 18, fig. 9; 2d ed. 95, pl. 38, fig. 9. — HanLey, Recent Shells, i. 87. Shell sub-orbicular, in some specimens approaching to ovate, in others to triangular, thick and strong, somewhat compressed ; in- equipartite, the anterior slope shortest and concave, bearing a long, lanceolate, deeply excavated, smooth lunule ; posterior slope a straight line, usually rounded, but sometimes a little truncated at the hinder end, and including a very long, triangularly excavated corselet; beaks moderately elevated, pointed, and coming in con- tact; surface undulated with ten to twenty strongly developed con- 120 CYPRINIDE. centric furrows and ridges, the depressed portions wider than thie raised ones, vanishing at both ends, covered with a thick, greenish- yellow or glossy, brownish-olive epidermis. Hinge-margin strong, two teeth in the left valve and one in the right; interior pol- ished, bluish-white ; muscular impressions distinct. Length, one inch; height, one and one fourth inches; breadth, three fifths of an inch. Dredged alive near Governor’s Island, in four fathoms (Stimpson); Marblehead Har- bor, at half-tide (Haskell); Halifax ( Willis); Eastport, numerous and many varieties (Cooper). It is the most common species throughout all the Northern seas. Fossil in Labrador and about the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dawson, Bell). Very small and half-grown shells are not uncommonly found in the fish of Massachusetts Bay. It has been found by dredging in Newport and Portland Harbors ; and occasionally a full-grown speci- men is thrown up, with sea-weed attached, on our beaches. I have no doubt it would be found in many places by dredging. Along the coast of Maine it is common. At Augusta, Maine, Dr. C. T. Jack- son found it plentifully in a partially fossilized state, and in com- pany with other shells, such as are now common on the coast of Maine, imbedded in the earth many feet above high-water mark, showing conclusively that that region has, by some cause, been recently elevated above its former level. This shell seems to have caused much perplexity to all who have undertaken to describe it. It is quite uncertain how many real species are embraced in the above synonymes. The discrepancy of authors, and the variety in the form and sculpture of the shells, which must come under one or the other of the names, leaves us in doubt. I have thought best to present them as one, and to include them under the name which seems most appropriate of the three. For, in the first place, the Venus Scotica and V. Danmonia of Mon- tagu are clearly the immature and mature of the same shell; the distinetive mark which he gives, viz. the smooth margin of the first, and the crenulated one of the latter, being an insufficient one. He says: “The construction of the margin must be considered as inyio- lable ; no common shell whose character is to possess a plain margin is ever found with a crenulated one, or vice versa.” Now, it is per- fectly certain that no species of the genus is found with a crenulated Fig. 482. ASTARTE. nA | margin, until the shell has arrived at its full dimensions, and the margin of the valves begins to thicken, as it always does ; and then, so far as my observation goes, there is always a crenulated margin ; so that this is merely a mark of maturity. In the next place, Turton and others, with apparently good rea- sons, conclude that the su/cata and the Danmonia are the same. It is certain that Montagu’s figure of Danmonia, and Turton’s of sulcata, in his * British Bivalves,” represent precisely the same shell. Turton, however, has fallen into Montagu’s error of making two species, the Scotica and sulcata, which he says are precisely alike in all respects except the margin. Both the figures accurately represent one of the forms found on our coast, and that which might be regarded as the intermediate form. Two pretty well marked groups of this furrowed species may be made out. One in which the shells are somewhat elongated, and pointed posteriorly, of an oval shape, undulations about fifteen, and very strongly marked, epidermis very dark greenish-yellow. Some of them are quite inequipartite, and occasionally the undulations vanish not far below the summit, and the remainder of the surface is merely wrinkled. These do not correspond with any British shells or figures I have seen. They may possibly prove to be dis- tinct; and, if so, | would name them A. wndata. In the other group the shell is rounded, the beaks nearly central, broad posteriorly, and usually a little blunted or truncated at the point; the undulations are much more numerous, twenty and up- wards, and of course more crowded; the epidermis is dark yellow- ish-brown, or piceous. These I regard as the true A. Danmonien- sis. ‘They agree with the figures of Montagu and Turton, and with the outlines given by Colonel Totten. Astarte semisulcata. Fig. 47. Shell sub-orbicular, compressed, concentrically wrinkled, epidermis yellowish- brown; an obsolete marginal tooth in each valve; margin plain. — Crassina semisulcata, Leacn, in Ross’s Voy. Append. 175. Astarte arctica, Forprns and Hane. Br. Moll. i, 461, t. 30, fig. 7.—SoweErpy, Thes. Conch. ii. 780, t. 67, figs. 17, 18, 20. Astarte semisulcata, Gray, Cat. Br. M. (Br. Biv.) 92. Crassina arctica, GRAY, Append. to Parry’s Voy. — Haney, Recent Shells, i. 88. Astarte borealis, Poitier, Abbild. ii. 58 (Astarte), t. 1, fig. 11. — McAnp. and Forsgs, Ann. Nat. Hist. xix. 98 (1847). — Forses, Mem. Geol. Survey, i. 412. 7 122 CYPRINID&. Venus borealis, Cuemn. Conch. vii. t. 39, fig. 412. Crassina borealis, Nruus. Nov. Act. Holm. 188 (1822), t. 2, figs. 3, 4. Astarte cyprinoides, Duvau, Rey. Zool. 278 (1841). ane ee Recent Shells, Suppl. t. 14, fig. 40. Venus compressa, Montacu, Test. Br. Suppl. t. 26, fig. 1. Astarte compressa, McGiuutv. Moll. Aberd. 261, —'THorpe, Br. Mar. Conch. 247. Crassina compressa, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. Br. 96, pl. 38, figs. 4, 5. Crassina corrugata, Brown, ibid. 96, t 40. fig. 24. Astarte corrugata, Lovin, Ind. Moll. Seand. 37. Astarte luctea, GouLD, Inv. Ist. ed. 80, fig. 47 Shell orbicular-elliptical, rather thin, much compressed ; surface marked with rather remote, rounded, rib-like ridges, most conspic- uous along the posterior slope of the disk ; covered with a dark yellowish-brown epider- mis; beaks nearly central, elevated and in- clined forwards, with a short, lanceolate lu- nule in front, and a longer corselet behind, both of them deeply excavated ; the anterior slope from the beaks is concave for a very short distance, the posterior is straight, and both extremities are broadly rounded, the an- terior most so; ligament broad; hinge-margin narrow and rather feeble, and cardinal teeth slightly elevated ; on one side is a tooth- like ridge along the margin, and on the other a groove to receive this ridge; in the right valve the groove is before, and the ridge behind the cardinal teeth ; cavity of the valves rather shallow ; mus- cular and pallial impressions rather indistinet, except in old speci- mens; the margin is sharp and not crenulated. Length, one and one tenth of an inch; height, one inch; breadth, two fifths of an inch; a large specimen, one and three fourths of an inch, one and three eighths of an inch, five eighths of an inch. This shell, from the cabinet of Colonel Totten, was brought from the Grand Bank. Of the two specimens, one is about half the size of the other, Nova Scotia ( Willis) ; Port Foulke (Hayes Coll.). The specimen from the Arctic Seas, figured in the ‘* Appendix to Beechey’s Voyage,” is much larger than either of these. It is distinguished from A. sulcata by its broadly rounded extrem- ities, compressed form, delicate and short ridges, slender hinge, shorter impressions each side of the beak, and its probably plain margin. [It differs from A. dactea, for which I mistook it in the former edition, in having the outline of its internal face almost precisely egg-shaped, except in young specimens, where there is a short and oo A. semisulcata. ASTARTE. 123 slight anterior incurvation just in front of the beaks, so that the an- terior end is broadly and uninterruptedly rounded ; the interior is eretaceous, and the surface sometimes nearly smooth; at others hay- ing more or less remote rather large waves over some part of the disk ; in A. /actea the shell is more solid, the anterior dorsal margin excavated so as to make the anterior end much more acute than the posterior; the beaks are elevated, the hinge very robust, the interior ivory-like (though a little bluish), more uniformly covered with finer ridges. It is sometimes rather tumid and again very much compressed. Very many forms occur, and, like Sowerby, one feels compelled to admit each one as a species, or unite them in one. Astarte quadrans. Fic. 48. Shell triangular, slightly oblique, anterior part longest; surface smooth; epider- mis yellowish-olive; hinge with a marginal tooth on the anterior margin, Astarte quadrans, Goutp, Invert. Ist ed. 81.—Sowrrsy, Thesaur. il, -782,.pl. 167; fie. 5. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 18. Shell small, triangular, solid, nearly equipartite, dorsal margins bounded by straight lines, the anterior somewhat longer and more oblique than the posterior; basal edge very sharp and regularly rounded, so that the whole shell is nearly a quadrant ; beaks pointed, and not inclined to either side, Fig. 434. generally eroded; lunule lance-shaped, slightly impressed, and a broader and longer areola behind the beaks ; sur- face smooth, very slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth ; epidermis light yellowish-olive ; interior glossy bluish-white ; hinge- margin narrow, with a small lateral tooth on the left valve, about half-way along the anterior margin, and a groove to receive it on the right valve; muscular impressions rather shallow ; inner mar- gin not erenulated. Length, nine twentieths of an inch; height, eight twentieths of an inch; breadth, two twentieths of an inch. Several specimens of this small and very distinct species have been furnished me for description by Dr. Preseott of Lynn, and by Dr. D. H. Storer of Boston. They were taken from the stomachs of fish caught in Massachusetts Bay. Laminarian and Coralline Zone, from Stonington to Casco Bay; on a stone, St. George’s Bank (Stimpson); Eastport, one dead ( Cooper); Salem Harbor, in four fathoms, white sand (Wheatland and Stimpson) ; Grand Manan, rarely (Stimpson). A. quadrans. 124 CYPRINIDE. Tis triangular form, smooth, glossy surface, and more especially the small marginal tooth, at once distinguish it. In all our other species the anterior margin is shortest and concave, and the lunule deeply excavated ; but in this the posterior and anterior slopes are equally direct from the very summit. It must be very closely assimilated to the Venus triangularis of Montagu, the Cyprina triangularis of Turton, in his * British Bi- valves.” But I cannot make out the requisite number of teeth to bring it within the genus Cyprina, or to correspond with their de- scriptions. A hasty observer might confound it with the young of Cyprina Islandica, which is more rounded and rough. The existence of a marginal tooth would, literally, exclude the shell from this genus. But the general characters will bring it nat- urally into the same genus with A. castanea and sulcata. More- over, a marginal tooth is more or less developed in individuals of all the species; and this only shows the close alliance of the genus to Venus, with which, indeed, Blainville unites it. Astarte elliptica. Shell elongated, elliptical, beaks moderately elevated, rather obtuse, sub-cen- tral; anterior margin excavated and forming a pretty distinct angle at its junc- tion with the ventral margin, which is but gently curved; ligament margin nearly straight, descending very gently, end rounded; coarsely waved, the waves often disappearing below ; hinge-margin delicate; interior a dead sub-livid color ; mar- gin simple, epidermis dark. Crassina ovata, Brown (not Siti), Edinb. Nat. and Geog. Sc. i. 12, pl. 1, figs. 8, 9. — Brown, Ill. Conch. 96, pl. 38, figs. 12, 13. ; Crassina suleata, Nits. Nov. Act. Holm. 187 (1822), pl. 2, figs. 1, 2. Crassina elliptica, HANLEY, Recent Shells, Suppl. pl. 14, fig. 36. — Tuorpe, Br. Mar. Conch. 246, fig. 107. — Brown, Conch. Ill. 96, pl. 38, fig. 3. Astarte elliptica, McGitutv. Moll. Aberd. 259. — Gray, Cat. Br. Mus. (Br. Moll.) 92.— Fores and Hant. Br. Moll. i. 459, pl. 30, fig. 8. Astarte semisulcata (not Leacn), Méuu. Ind. Moll. Groenl. 19. — Puriippr, Abbild. ii. 57 (Astarte), pl. 1, fig. 10 — Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scand. 37. Shell in most respects like A. sa/cata. Its form is more elon- gated, and of an elliptical rather than triangular outline, though somewhat angular on account of the beaks and the slight excava- tion of the anterior slope; the beaks are a little in front of the middle, and rather obtuse, being quite tumid and not compressed near the apex; the hinge slope is much less rapid, in fact nearly horizontal; the hinder end is well rounded, rarely acute or trun- cate; dorsal excavations deep; epidermis yellowish-brown (young) ASTARTE. 125 or pitchy ; concentric waves not numerous (about twenty), large except on the beaks, recurved, and often quite wanting near the ven- tral margin, and along the posterior slope; this absence of folds is SSS A. elliptica. A. elliptica. often quite remarkable, even in young shells. Fine concentric lines are generally found on both ribs and interspaces. ‘The hinge-mar- gin is quite narrow and delicate, as the beaks do not rise to a point so as to form a large triangular area for the hinge, and the teeth are by no means conspicuous and robust; color of interior a dead livid or leaden color; muscular and pallial impressions large and 4-elliptica. deep; inner margin always simple. i The elongated, elliptical form, usual disappearance of waves near the ventral margin and rear, delicate hinge and hinge-margin, dingy-white or livid interior, and simple inner margin at the most antiquated stages, are quite enough to determine the specific value of this shell. Astarte Banksii. Shell small, elevated, heart-shaped, tumid; beaks acute, anterior margin exca- ’ ’ ’ ) ’ 5 vated, lunule deep and broad, surface with crowded, well-defined waves, inner margin smooth, Astarte Bunksii, Leacn, in Ross’s Voy. Appendix. — Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. pl. 44, fig. 10.— SowersBy, Thes. Conch. ii. 782, pl. 167, fig. 8. Shell quite small, ovate-triangular or obliquely heart-shaped, tu- mid; beaks nearly median, prominent, acute, pointing forwards, the lunule broad and deeply excavated ; an- terior dorsal slope concave, sometimes remarkably so, rendering the anterior portion much less elevated and smaller than the posterior, and forming an angle as it joins the well-rounded end, which curve passes into that of the gently curved base ; posterior dorsal margin always very slightly swelling, though nearly direct, but rapidly de- A. Banksii. 126 CYPRINIDZ. scending, so that the posterior end is rather acute, though often slightly truncate, and sometimes very much so; concentric waves distinct, numerous (thirty to forty), sometimes wanting near the base; epidermis dark chestnut-brown, slightly mottled. Interior disk chalky, the limbus greenish or livid; impressions not strongly marked; hinge not greatly developed, though the lateral plaits are quite conspicuous ; margin simple in all stages. It may be somewhat difficult to define this species in such terms as to enable us to decide whether any single specimen may be this or its close ally A. compressa.* By comparison it is darker (not yellowish-green), has a less rounded outline on account of the more deeply concave anterior border, and thus more seemingly elevated beaks, and the more rounded posterior and terminal margin ; the number of waves in the same space is about as two to three ; the interior of A. compressa is by no means so chalky or so leaden, and the cavity of the beaks is less profound. The more lenticular form of A. compressa is best seen by inspecting the interior margin. In fact, in this respect the two species stand in much the same relation to each other as A. su/cata and A. elliptica. I have seen no shells from our coast which I should consider as A. compressa, though some have received that name; probably not being discriminated from this species, or being the young of some of the other finely waved forms. But as locality North or South evidently makes a marked difference in the color, form, and undulations of all species, we cannot be altogether positive on this point. Fig. 439. A. compressa. Astarte crebricostata. Shell rounded, ovate-triangular, rather compressed, with numerous squared ribs more or less obsolete behind and below; margin finely crenulate. Astarte crebricostata, Forses, Ann Nat. Hist. xix. 98, pl. 9, fig. 4. — Forbes and Han- LEY, Br. Moll. i. 456, pl. 30, fig. 9. — Motier, Moll. Groenl. 19. Shell rather large, moderately convex or compressed, beaks slightly anterior, rather obtuse, ovate-triangular, anterior slope faintly concave, posterior scarcely curved, the hinder end being rather obtusely rounded, with every degree of truncation in other specimens; concentric ribs very numerous (thirty to forty), the in- tervening grooves deep and squared, generally covering the shell, * Figure 439 was prepared by Dr. Gould, evidently for the sake of comparison. I do not know from what locality the shell came. — W. G. B. ASTARTE. LT but sometimes fading out on the ventral half, with every interme- diate degree, and rarely extending to the posterior end except about the beaks, where they are very crowded and complete ; epidermis rusty-brown. — Interior milk-white; hinge moderately developed ; edge in adults very finely crenate. Length, one and one tenth inches; breadth, one inch. Found at Eastport, and at Anticosti Isl- and (Stimpson); Dauphin Harbor, Labrador (Packard); young specimens in abundance, Halifax ( Willis). In the way of form there is nothing to dis- tinguish this species from others. It under- goes all the variations of altitude and elongation, of acumination and truncation, inflation and compression, that are observed in others. Its leading character seems to be its very numerous waves, always conspicuous about the beaks, but often disappearing in the later stages of growth. A series of the young may be selected which would satisfy any one as to specific value ; while intermediate speci- mens would so connect it with A. sulcata, elliptica, Banksii, and compressa as to be a complete puzzle. A large compressed form, to which I notice that Dr. Stimpson has attached a label in his collection with the name A. /ens, I think would fall under this spe- cies, though it merges almost as well into A. su/cata. The speci- mens originally described were found in very deep water, only single valves, and in an eroded, chalky, half-fossilized condition. I have a single valve from Professor Morch, said to have come from Iceland, which corresponds more with the lenticular form last mentioned than the more rounded and tumid sent by Mr. McAndrew. If it is to be regarded as a species it is evidently a Cisatlantic shell, only found astray on the other side. A. pulchella, Jonas, of which I have seen an authentic specimen from Spitzbergen, appears to be an elongated, closely striated form, such as I have seen mingled with young specimens of the shell under consideration. A. crebricostata. Astarte Portlandica. Shell small, ovate-triangular, beaks elevated at the posterior third, ends rounded, margins simple, surface nearly smooth, interior livid. Astarte Portlandica, M1iGuexs, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 320, 345, pl. 16, fig. 2. —Srimp- son, Shells of New England, 18. 128 CYPRINID&. Shell small, solid, ovate-triangular or broad kidney-shaped, the an- terior portion being somewhat recurved; beaks acute and elevated, close upon each other, placed at the posterior third; posterior mar- gin convex and sweeping regularly into the ventral mar- gin, which is semicircular; anterior margin concave, but, passing into the ventral margin, forms a well-rounded end, = so that the anterior portion is considerably less elevated A. Portlan- than the posterior ; lunule narrow, elongated, shallow ; surface smooth with the exception of fine incremental strie, which under a magnifier appear rather coarse and broken ; epidermis yellowish-brown ; interior smooth, dark-brown, inclining to chocolate color. Hinge-margin thin, the posterior margin of the left valve being sharp a little behind the beak, and received into a corresponding groove in the right valve ; margins internally simple. Length, two fifths of an inch; height, nine twentieths of an inch; breadth, one fifth of an inch. A single specimen was found in the stomach of a haddock, by Dr. Mighels, in 1842. Fig. 441. Genus GOULDIA, C. B. Avams. 1851. SHELL equivalve, trigonal or sub-trigonal, with concentric ridges or plates; lunule distinct ; two cardinal teeth on one valve and only one on the other; two anterior marginal teeth on each valve ; pal- lial impression simple or very slightly sinuate. Gouldia mactracea, Shell small, quadrant-shaped, anterior margin excavated, surface with fine con- centric waves, and minute radiating lines between them. Astarte mactracen, Linsey, Catal. Shells of Connecticut, in Sillim. Journ. xlviii. (name only). — Gouxp, in Sillim. Journ. Se. (Sept. 1848) 233. Shell small and solid, nearly quadrant-shaped ; the apex acute, somewhat behind the centre, with a divergence of the anterior and posterior marginal slopes of nearly a right angle, , the posterior and ventral margins regularly curved, while the anterior margin is nearly a right line (rather con- G.ma- cave), so as to form an obtuse angle when it joins the ven- vee “tral margin; lunule long and deeply excavated. The sur- face is undulated with about fourteen concentric, rib-like waves, and is marked between the ribs with very minute, regular, radiating Fig. 442. CYPRINA. 129 strie. Color pale yellowish-green, with fine pencillings of dusky radiations. There is a remote lateral tooth on the anterior margin. Diameters, one fourth of an inch; width, one tenth of an inch. This shell was described from a single valve found by Rey. James H. Linsley at Stonington, Connecticut, in the stomach of a haddock. New Bedford Harbor, in four fathoms gravel (Prime and Stimp- son) ; on the coast of South Carolina ( Kurtz), where it also occurs in post-pleiocene deposits. Its peculiar form, and the fine radiating striz between the ribs, are peculiar. Genus CYPRINA, Lam. 1818. SHELL obliquely heart-shaped, beaks prominent; hinge with three juCe) ’ ) gS unequal, diverging cardinal teeth, and a remote marginal one ; pal- lial impression simple. Cyprina Islandica. Shell ponderous, ventricose, round-ovate, inequipartite, shortest and com- pressed anteriorly; lunule none; epidermis chestnut-brown, thick, and coarsely wrinkled; edge simple. Pectunculus maximus, Lister, Conch. t. 272, fig. 108. Pectunculus crassus, Da Costa, Brit, Conch. 183, pl. 14, fig. 5. Venus Islandica, Lrx. Syst. Nat. 1131.— Garin, Syst. 3271. — Monracu, Test. Brit. 114. — Maron and Rackett, Lin. Trans. viii. 83. — Woop, in Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17, figs. 1,2; Index Test. pl. 7, fig. 41; Dorset Catal 35, pl. 6, fig. 5. — DiLuwyn, Catal. i. 176. — Cuemy. Conch. vi. 340, pl. 32, figs. 341, 342. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, iii. pl. 77. — Mituer, Zool. Dan. i. 29, pl. 28, fig. 5. — Turron, Conch. Dict. 238. — Romer, Krit. Untersuch. 36. Venus mercenaria, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 94, pl. 53, fig. 47. Venus bucardium, Born, Mus. pl. 4, fig. 11. Cyprina Islandica, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 290. — Dresnayres, Encyc. Méth. Vers, i. 46, pl. 272, fig. 6. — Brarnv. Malacol. pl. 70 bis, fig. 5. — Turton, Brit. Biv. 135. — Fremine, Brit. Anim. 444. — Haney, Recent Shells, i. 65. — Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i. pl. 168, figs. 1, 2, 3. — Forses and Wancey, Br. Moll. i. 441, pl. 29, pl. M. fig. 4 (animal). — Lovin, Ind. Moll. Sc. 38. — Croucn, Intr. Conch pl. 7, fig. 2.— Gray, Cat. Br. Mus. (Br. Moll.) 9. — Avams, Gen. ii. 444, pl. 110, figs. 4,40. — Cuenu, Man. Conch. ii. 103, figs. 458-460. — Kuster, in Chemn. 2d ed. ( Venus) pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. — Desnayes, Cat. Br. Mus. (Biv.) 200. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 65; Elem. Conch. ii 114, fig 190. Cyprina vulgaris, SowERBy, Genera, pl. 38, fig. 11.— Brown, Conch. Ill. 93, pl. 31, fig. 1; Conch. Man. fig. 116. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 65. Arctica vulgaris, Scuum. Nouv. Syst. 145, pl. 13, fig. 3. Cyprina arctica, Bown. El. Conch. 11, fig. 33. Shell large, thick, and heavy, ovate-orbicular, tumid; beaks ele- vated, pointed, turned forwards and inwards so as to come nearly 9 1153 CYPRINIDE. in contact; anterior part shorter, narrower, rounded and com- pressed ; posterior part full and broad at the back, slightly angular at the extremity ; a very superficial ridge passes from the beaks to the lowest posterior point; the space which they include is very coarsely wrinkled ; there is a shallow oval pit before the beaks, but no distinctly marked lunule; the ligament is strong and protuber- ant; epidermis of a dark, shining, burnt-brown color, sometimes almost black, coarse and strong, rough with crowded and _ loose Fig. 448. C. Islandica. wrinkles ; hinge-margin broad and strong; cardinal teeth diverging, three in each valve, or rather one large double tooth and a small one in the right valve; marginal tooth slightly developed, blunt; in- side chalky-white, muscular and pallial impressions superficial, the latter having no sinus; margin at base sharp and simple. Length, three and a half inches; height, three inches; breadth, one and three fourths of an inch. This shell is an inhabitant of all the Northern Atlantic seas, es- pecially near where some river empties into the ocean. It is some- times thrown up from deep water upon our beaches in great num- hers after storms. The young are found abundantly in the stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. It appears not to be com- mon, if it is found at all, to the southward of Massachusetts. CYTHEREA. {33 It is one of our largest shells, and resembles no other shell of our coast except Venus mercenaria, with which it was confounded by Pennant. From this it is easily distinguished by its epidermis, and also by wanting the purple border along the interior margin of the shell. It is subject to very little variety. Sometimes the surface has a series of concentric ridges, and sometimes the beaks are unnaturally elevated and curved. Old shells have a very dark epidermis, and are generally much decorticated. The young are of a light fawn- color, with darker and lighter zones, and the wrinkles, being much raised and very regular, give the surface a very pretty appearance. The rougher surface, greater proportionate length, rounded form, and want of a lunule, distinguish them from Astarte quadrans, of a similar size. From Astarte elliptica they differ little, externally. They are obtained of every size, from one fourth of an inch to four inches in length. Famity VENERID A. SHELL equivalve, triangular, rhomboidal, or globular; variously sculptured or almost smooth; beaks incurved, and turned towards the anterior side; ligament external, placed on the larger side of the shell; hinge strong, furnished with three or four cardinal teeth in each valve (one genus having two only in the left valve), some of which are cloyen or double, and an obscure and ridge-like lateral tooth on the posterior side; pallial scar deeply sinuous ; muscular scars oval and distinct. Genus CYTHEREA, Lamarck. 1805. SHELL inequipartite, rounded ; hinge with four diverging teeth in one valve, one of which is separate from the others, and three in the other valve; no lateral teeth. Cytherea convexa. Fie. 49. Shell oval, tumid; lunule heart-shaped; beaks prominent and recurved; color chalky white. Cytherea convera, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. iv. 149 (1824), pl. 12, fig. 3; vi. 261.— Sowersy, Thes. Conch. (Cyth.) 638, pl. 132, fig. 119. —De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 216, pl. 27, fig. 279. — Haney, in Woop’s Index, Suppl. pl. 15, fig. 34. — Romer, Malac. Blatt. ix. 68. 32 VENERIDE. Dione convera, DesuareEs, Br. Mus. Cat. (Biv.) 71 (1853). — REEVE, Conch. Icon. pl. 10, fig. 40. Cytherea Sayana, Conran, Sillim, Journ. xxiii. 345 (1833). Shell oval, rather thin, valves very convex, color a dead-white or with a rusty tinge, usually chalky; inequipartite, beaks elevated, eurving forwards, in front of which is a well-marked, heart- shaped lunule; anterior part about half the length of the pos- terior, compressed and some- what pointed ; regularly round- ed behind and at base; surface — marked with coarse lines of | erowth, which are most regular | anteriorly ; ligament long, rather sunken ; within milk-white, pol- ished ; impressions superficial. Length, one and three fourths + inches; height, one and one half inches; breadth, one inch nearly. | The animal has very long siphons, united throughout, translucent, | with white blotches near the end, more opaque and brownish near || the shell. [ A few specimens have been found on Chelsea Beach, but it is rare. It has been found about Rhode Island by Colonel Totten; — and it has also been taken with the dredge by Drs. Mighels and Fig. 444. C. convexa. Wood of Portland, in the harbor of that place. Nahant Beach, , alive, sometimes abundant: Marblehead Harbor, dredged in seven fathoms (Haskell) ; Sable Island and Halifax, rare ( Willis). Mr. Say knew it only as a fossil, in which state it occurs in the) tertiary formation of Maryland. This is by no means an attractive shell, its dead-white surface leading one to regard it as some beach-worn specimen of Cyprina, — or perhaps of Venus mercenaria. Its form, however, is proportion-\— ally longer than the former, and somewhat longer than the latter; — and it never attains to anything like the size of either of them. It. belongs to the genus Callista of Poli. 4 ie § Genus VENUS, Liy. 1758. { SHELL inequilateral, sub-ovate; hinge with three diverging car-— dinal teeth in each valve; pallial impression with a sinus. VENUS. 133 Venus mercenaria. Fig. 52. Shell solid, obliquely ovate, very inequipartite; lunule heart-shaped ; surface antiquated, bluish-white, with numerous, concentric laminated ridges; inner margin broadly edged with violet. Pectunculus, Lister, Conch. t. 271, fig. 107. Venus mercenaria, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1131.—Gmeuiy, Syst. 3271. — Curemy. Conch. x. 352, t. 171, figs. 1659, 1660. — Dresuayes, Encyc. Méth. Vers, iii. 1117, pl. 263, figs. 1-3.— Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 346. —Dituwyn, Catal. i. 176. — Woop, Index, pl. 7, fig. 40.— Sowersy, Thes. ii. 733, pl. 162, figs. 204-206. — CHENU, Ill. Conch. pl. 8, fig. 5. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 217, pl. 27, fig. 276.— Haney, Descr. Cat. 115.— Reve, Conch. Icon. (Venus) pl. 2, figs. 4a, b.— Romer, Krit. Untersuch. 36. — Scuum. Nouy. Syst. 135, pl. 10, fig. 3. Mercenaria violacea, Scuum. (1817) Nouv. El. 135, pl. 10. fig. 3. — Apams, Gen. ii. 419, pl. 107, figs. 2, 2a.— Desuares, Cat. Brit. Mus. (Biv.) 113. Mercenaria mercenaria, CHENu, Man. de Conch. ii. 82, figs. 356-358 (1862). Shell large, thick, and solid, obliquely ovate, or heart-shaped, tu- mid; exterior a dirty white and chalky; the beaks are placed far forwards, project- ing nearly to the front of the shell ; they are elevated, and curved so as to make nearly half a turn forwards and inwards ; in front of them is a heart- shaped, rough lu- nule, bounded by an impressed line ; behind the beaks the edge is very broad and obtuse, the ligament large and protuberant, with a space around it somewhat excavated, smoother than the rest, and bounded by an obtuse ridge; anterior end very short, round; posterior end terminating in a blunt, ocea- sionally truncated point; looking at the side of the shell as it stands on this point, it is accurately heart-shaped ; surface with concentric grooves and ridges, the ridges being crowded and rising into thin, sharp plates, most conspicuous at the ends; the central portion is Fig. 445. V. mercenaria. 134 VENERIDE. nearly smooth. There are also minute lines, radiating from the beaks to the margin, most conspicuous on the beaks, where they form a lattice-work with the concentric lines; color a dirty white, except the smooth portion of the disk, which is dark violet; within pure white; muscular impressions deep, united by a well-marked pallial impression, which has an acute angled, not very deep sinus; the margin outside the impressions is more or less of a beautiful deep violet hue; basal and anterior margin crenulated. Length, three inches; height, two and a half inches; breadth, two inches. Brought from Wellfleet and other towns on Cape Cod in consider- able quantities to Boston market. It is found more abundantly at the South, and in New York and Philadelphia markets supersedes the use of the Mya arenaria almost entirely, while it may be found in ereater or less abundance in all the region of Cape Cod, and scantily in all parts of Massachusetts Bay. Coast of Maine, far to the east- ward of Portland (Mighels); Halifax, Sable Island, Prince Edward’s Island, Fishing Banks ( Willis) ; Gulf of St. Lawrence (Logan). The shell is easily known by its size and weight, and by its heart- shaped form when resting upon its point. It is about the same size as Cyprina Islandica, from which it is distinguished by the sharp ridges on its surface, and by the want of an epidermis; also by the violet-colored border of the interior of the valves. This mark, how- ever, is not constant. In young shells it is wanting, and also in very old shells the color is often obscured by a thick white glazing. Fishermen say that those found outside Cape Cod, in the region of Chatham, are always devoid of it. The shell has become quite fa- mous from the fact that, from its purple edge, the aborigines manu- factured their purple wampum; while the white wampum was made of various species of shells, but chiefly from the axis of Pyrula. It is known in Massachusetts under the name of Quahog.* It is the clam of New York and Philadelphia. The upper outline of the figure (in the first edition) represents this shell. * The following items relative to the derivation of this word, and the connection of this | shell with aboriginal history, may be appropriately presented : — “A piece of Poquahauges, a rare shell, and a dainty food with the Indians. The flesh | eats like veal; the English make pyes thereof; and of the shells the Indians make money. “Young Poquahauges, Pectunculus fasciatus. “Tt is called Wampampeege.” — Governor Winthrop’s Curiosities from New England, Journal .of the Royal Society, June 27, 1634. “Called by some English hens-poquahock ; three are equal to a penny; a fathom is worth five shillings.” — Roger Willams. “The quahaug (Venus mercenaria), called by Roger Williams the poquau and the hen, is VENUS. eo Venus notata. Fig. 52. Shell ovate-orbicular, inequipartite, posterior end truncated ; surface with con- centric sharp ridges, mostly wanting on the disk; color yellowish or grayish- white, and with fawn-colored zigzag markings; interior wholly white. Venus notata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 271 (1822); Bryxey’s reprint, 94. — Goucp, Inv. Mass. Ist ed. 87. — Puitippi, Abbild. (Venus) 128, pl. 2, fig. 3. — Du Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 218, pl. 27, fig. 278. Venus mercenaria, var. Sowersy, Thes. 733, pl. 162, fig. 206. — Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Venus) pl. 2, fig. 4a. Mercenaria notata, Desnayes, Br. Mus. Cat. Biv. Shells, 114 (1853). Venus obliqua, Axton, Wiegm. Archiv, 1837, and V. Cyprinoides, ANtoN, Verzeich, (fide PHILIPP!). Venus preparca, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. ii, 271 (1822) ; Binney’s reprint, 95. — Dz Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 219. — Hanvey (V. notata, var.), Descr. Cat. 117; in Woon’s Suppl. pl. 13, fig. 41. — Desnayves (Mercenaria notata), Cat. Br. Mus. (Biv.} 115. Shell very similar to the preceding, and perhaps merely a local variety. The differences which | shall mention appear, however, to be constant. The shell is less heavy and coarse. The hinge slope declines less rapidly, so that the posterior side is broader, and its extremity broad- ly truncated; the area about the lgament is much more smooth, and usually colored brown or purplish. The concen- tric ridges are more reg- ular in their distances, are somewhat undulated, and frequently are lost in each other; on the centre of the shell the ridges seem to Fig. 446. V. notata. a round, thick shell-fish, or, to speak more properly, worm. It does not bury itself but a little way in the sand; is generally found lying on it, in deep water ; and is gathered up by rakes made for the purpose. After the tide ebbs away, a few are picked up on the shore below high-water mark. The quahaug is not much inferior in relish to the oyster, but is less digestible. It is not eaten raw; but is cooked in various modes, being roasted in the shell, or opened and boiled, fried, or made into soups and pies. About half an inch of the inside of the shell is of a purple color. This the Indians broke off and con- verted into beads, named by them suckauhock, or black money ; which was twice the value of their wompom, or white money, made of the metauhock, or periwinkle (Pyrula). « Poquahock, corrupted into quahaug or quauhog. is the word with a plural termina- tion.” — History of Orleans, in Collections of Mass. Hist. Society, VIII. 192 (1802). 136 VENERIDE. have been worn off, leaving the surface nearly smooth; there are no conspicuous radiating lines upon the beaks forming a lattice-work with the concentric ridges ; but between the ridges are fine lines of growth. The surface is shining, not chalky, of a flesh-color, and with zigzag blotches of fawn-color or brown ; these, however, are not always present. The interior is wholly of a yellowish white. The lower outline of the figure shows its form compared with V. mercenaria. Venus preparca seems to me to be the same thing, in which merely the zigzag lines are wanting. Lives along the shores of Cape Cod. Genus TAPES, Motutretpr. 1811. SHELL triangular or rhomboidal, rather solid, grooved concen- trically but not deeply ; lunule lanceolate or indistinet ; teeth, three cardinals, which are erect and slender, and an obscure lateral (as in the other genera) in each valve; inside margin plain. Body oval or oblong; mantle having its edges plain; tubes more or less united ; foot usually furnished with a byssal groove. Tapes fiuctuosa. Fic. 50. Shell transversely ovate, lenticular, white, with a yellowish epidermis; sur- face with recurved, concentric waves vanishing at the sides; areola none, or in- distinct in old specimens. Venus fluctuosa, Goutp, Inv. Mass. Ist ed. 87. — Dr Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 220.— Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. (Biv.) 176. — Rerve, Conch. Icon. pl. 24, fie. 119. Tapes fluctuosa, Desuayes, Cat. Br. Mus. (Biv.) 176; non T. f.—Sowersy, Thes. pl. 163, fig. 163. Venus astartoides, Beck (1849), in Mrppenp. Beitr z. c. Mall. Ross. iii. 56; Siber. Reise, 92 (1851), pl. 20, figs. 7-13. — Sowrrsy, Thes. ii. 737, pl. 138, fig. 157. Shell oblong-ovate, lenticular, rather thin, nearly equipartite ; white, beneath a glossy, thin, straw-colored epidermis; anterior part shortest and broadest; both ends widely rounded ; beaks slightly elevated, with a smooth, heart-shaped space before them, not distinctly defined by any boundary ; surface with from twenty to twenty-five concentric waves, not quite ex- tending to the margin, especially anteriorly, so that the marginal edges are plain; when closely examined, these waves or ridges are found to be compressed, thin, and inclined towards the beaks: cardinal teeth three in each valve, the middle one eleft in both valves; muscular and pallial impressions very superficial, the Fig 447. T. fluctuosa. GEMMA. fou latter with a small sinus. Length, four fifths of an inch; height, three fifths of an inch; breadth, nine fortieths of an inch. I have since seen a specimen one and one half by one and one eighth inches in length and height. Of this shell I have three specimens, brought from the Bank fish- eries. The largest is proportionally more convex than the others, and the ridges are less definite. Halifax and Fishing Banks ( Wil- lis); in the Copenhagen Museum, from Nahlsalik, Greenland (Beck). 1 know of no species very closely approaching this. Most of those allied to it have the posterior extremity more or less angular; this is always accurately rounded. The ridges and grooves of the sur- face are like those of V. papilionacea. Venus enea of Turton, small specimens of V. gallina, and of those Indian species allied to V papilionacea, may be mentioned as allied to it. Genus GEMMA, Desnayes. 1855. SHELL rounded, trigonal, beaks nearly central, three cardinal teeth in the left valve, the median one conic triangular and a little curved, in the right valve two diverging teeth with a wide interposed pit ; pallial impression marginal, with a long, narrow, ascending sinus. Animal with siphons connate, the lower one longer and fringed, the upper one valvular; foot semilunar. Gemma gemma. ETGe wollte Shell minute, nearly round and nearly equipartite, concentrically furrowed, violet and white, margin crenulate. fo) Venus gemma, Torrey, Sillim. Journ. xxvi. 367, figs. 2, a-d (1834).— Goutp, Iny. 88, fig. 51. — Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 737, pl. 158, fig. 141. — Woop, Ind. Suppl. pl. 15, fig. 45. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 218, pl. 27, fig. 277. — Haney, Descr. Cat. 126. — Srrmpsoy, Shells of New Eng. 19. — Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 25, fig. 128, Gemma Totten’, Stimpson, Check Lists (1860). Gemma gemma, Cuenu, Man. de Conch. ii. 83 (1862), fig. 359. — ADAmMs, Gen. ii. 419, pl. 107, figs. 3, 3a. — Desuayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. (Biv.) 113 (1853). Cyrena purpurea, H. C. Lua, Sillim. Journ. xlii. 106, pl. 1, fig. 1 (young). Shell small, nearly orbicular, beaks nearly central, slightly ele- vated ; generally eroded. No defined lunule in front of them ; sur- face shining, with minute, concentric, crowded furrows; anterior portion, and mostly the base, white or tinged with rose-color ; pos- terior and upper portion reddish-purple ; within white, except poste- 138 VENERIDE. riorly, where it has the purple color of the outside; muscular and pallial impressions distinctly marked, the latter with an acute sinus; teeth divergent, the middle one in each valve stout and triangular, the anterior tooth of the right, and E the posterior one of the left valve thin, and not easily dis- Game tinguished ; inner margin crenulated, Length, three twen- tieths of an inch; height, one eighth of an inch; breadth, one sixteenth of an inch. Fig. 448. This beautiful little amethystine gem, as it has been appropriately ealled, is found in great abundance on all the sandy shores of Mas- sachusetts Bay. Colonel Totten also found it in Newport Harbor. Beyond this its range is not known. [Fishing Banks ( Willis) ; Green Island (Bell).] It was noticed by some of the early visitors to New England, and specimens of it were sent home to England among other curiosities. It is, therefore, not a little remarkable, that a shell so long ago observed should have remained, until very lately, undescribed. But it is only recently that it has been recog- nized as a distinet species and described by Colonel Totten. It is commonly regarded as the fry of the quahog (Venus mercenaria), on account of its purple tip. But on close examination it will be found to be a fully developed, mature shell, different in every im- portant particular from that species. It is a very interesting shell, as being by far the least of any species of the genus known. Gemma Manhattensis. Shell small, triangular, solid, shining, beaks nearly central, grooved with re- mote, concentric furrows, inner margin crenulated. Venus (Gemma) Manhattensis, Prime, Ann. New York Lye. vii. 482 (woodcut) (1852).— Jay, Catal. 4th ed. Suppl. 466. Fig. 449. Shell quite small, elevated, nearly triangular, with the apex nearly central and the ventral mar- gin rounded, the posterior end more rounded than the anterior ; valves rather solid, compressed, of a straw color, shining, and very regularly fur- rowed with distinct concentric grooves. Interior white, the siphonal sinus very small, and the margin clearly crenulated ; muscular impressions ee quite distinct. Length and height one eighth of an inch; breadth, one sixteenth of an inch. Found in East River, New York, near Hell-Gate, by Mr. Prime, and by Mr. Sanderson Smith at Greenport, Long Island. CARDIUM. 139 It is rather smaller, more triangular, more compressed, more deeply and regularly grooved, than G. gemma, and destitute of pur- ple within and without. Famiry CARDIAD&. SueLL somewhat heart-shaped; cardinal teeth two or threc ; lat- eral teeth one or two; radiately ribbed or furrowed. Mantle open, siphons very short, foot very large and kneed., Genus CARDIUM, Liy. 1758. SHELL somewhat heart-shaped; beaks prominent; margin gen- erally toothed or folded within; hinge with two oblique cardinal and two marginal tecth in each valve; pallial impression without a sinus. Cardium Islandicum. Fic. 58. Shell large, rounded-ovate, tumid, sub-equipartite, with about thirty-six sharp, three-sided ribs; epidermis lax, and rising into a fringe on the angle of the ribs. Cardium Islandicum, Liy. Syst. Nat. 1124. —Cuemn. vi. 200, t 19, fig. 195.— Guerin, M. — Knorr, Délices, &c. vi. t. 8, fig. 3. — Born, Mus. 49.— Sowerpy, Conc’. Tll. No. 194. — Mippenp. Beitr. z. Malac. Ross, ili. 38. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 19; Inv. Gr. Manan, 21. Cardium arcticun, SowErsy, Conch. Ml. fig. 26 (1841). Cardium ciliatum, O. Fase. Fauna Groenl. 410 (1780). — Moétrier, Moll. Green. 20. Cardium pubescens, Coutnouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 60, pl. 3, fig. 6 (young). Shell large, rather thin, nearly equipartite, a little obliquely rounded-ovate ; tumid; anterior part shortest and narrowest, ends reeularly rounded; beaks prominent, the points turned inwards, and nearly in contact; in front of them is a narrow, heart-shaped depression ; on each valve are thirty-six, or more, three-sided, sharp- edged, radiating ribs, the furrows between them rounded, and reg- ularly wrinkled by the lines of growth; epidermis yellowish-brown, lax, and bristling into a stiff fringe on the sharp edge of the ribs ; within straw colored, the portions covered by the mantle pearly ; grooves, answering to the ribs without, are obvious within, and the edges are strongly notched. Length, two inches; height, some- what less; breadth, one inch. 140 CARDIADZ. Found plentifully in the stomachs of fish caught in Massachu- setts Bay. Off Cape Cod in thirty-five fathoms (Atwood) ; dredged in Marblehead Harbor, seven fathoms (Haskell) ; young and dead shells, Grand Manan, common ( Stimpson) ; Hastport ( Cooper, Stimp- son) ; Bedford Basin, Halifax ( Willis) ; Bic and Ramouski, Gulf of St. Lawrence (Bell) ; Cape Hope, James’s Bay, 52° 10’, dead ( Drez- ler Coll.) ; Greenland (Méller) ; Mingan Island, twenty feet (Pack- ard) ; Beechey Island (Belcher). This shell seems not to have been hitherto described, in all its characters, by any one writer. Hnglish authors seem to have pos- sessed superannuated specimens, which had lost the epidermis; and such we have long been in the habit of re- ceiving from the Bank fishing-grounds. On the other hand, Mr. Couthouy, having only immature specimens, failed to trace their pedigree. Through the kindness of Dr. Storer, T have had an opportu- nity to examine speci- mens of Mr. Couthouy’s C. pubescens of the size above indicated, taken in our bay, covered with their peculiar epidermis; under which disguise, however, it was not difficult to detect the C. Islandicum. A few years since I examined a de- nuded specimen, brought by Dr. C. T. Jackson from the coast of Maine, where he says they are not uncommon, measuring two and seven tenths inches in length, by two and four tenths in height. Those taken in Massachusetts Bay seldom exceed half an inch in diameter. Destitute of an epidermis, it looks much like C. edule, but is easily distinguished by the number of ribs. In two of my speci- mens there are thirty-eight ribs; in all the others there are thirty- six; C. edule has twenty-six. It is usually found in company with C. pinnulatum, and small specimens would not be readily discrim- inated from it. But, besides the greater number of ribs, its bristled Fig. 450. C. Islandicum. CARDIUM. 141 fringe upon the ribs, instead of little tubercles, marks it. It closely resembles C. exiguum also; but, among other obvious differences, that shell has an angulated form. Cardium elegantulum. Shell elongated oval, inequipartite, with twenty-six to twenty-eight ribs sep- arated by deep, wide grooves and covered by arched bars. Cardium elegantulum, Becx, in Morcn, Prod. Faun. Groen], 20 (1857). Shell very small, elongated, ovate, rather compressed, anterior end rather sharply rounded, posterior end slightly trun- cated obliquely, posterior dorsal margin straight, a little ™ ®" sloping; beaks at the anterior third, acute, moderately a elevated, inclined forwards, without a defined lunule in “Ub front; ribs twenty-six or twenty-eight, very strongly © "sar marked, the interspaces very deep and nearly as wide as the ribs, which are uniformly covered with closely imbricated arched bars extending quite across each rib; the two posterior ribs much broader than the others. Length, one fourth of an inch; height, one fifth of an inch; breadth, one eighth of an inch. Inhabits Greenland. Easily distinguished from the last by its elongated form, smaller size, and ribs in high relief, covered with transverse bars. Cardium pinnulatum. ENG. Sis Shell small, sub-orbicular, with a slight angle posteriorly, sub-equipartite; sur- face with twenty-six ribs, with a single range of arched scales upon each. Cardium pinnulatun, Conran, Jown, Acad. Nat. Se. vi. 260, pl. 11, fig. 8 (1831). — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 205, pl. 22, fig. 249. — Mreuers, Shells of Maine, 16; Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist. iv. 321. — $8. Smiru, Shells of Long Island, Ann. New York Lye. vii. Shell very small, fragile, dingy white, nearly orbicular, somewhat oblong; nearly equipartite; beaks slightly elevated, inclined in- wards; an obtuse not very obvious ridge passes from the beaks to the posterior point of the shell, rendering this side a little angular ; the anterior area is shortest and regularly rounded ; surface with about twenty-six slightly rounded ribs separated by a deep linear groove, on each of which is a series of equidistant, arched scales, 142 CARDIADE. most conspicuous along the posterior slope, where they are some- times folded so as to assume the form of spines ; interior white or flesh-colored, sometimes with a brownish blotch at the posterior muscular impression ; furrowed to correspond to the ribs without. Leneth, nine twentieths of an inch ; height, four tenths of an inch; breadth, three tenths of an inch. C. pinnulatum. This very small and pretty species is as common as any other shell in the stomachs of fishes, and may be obtained from them at almost any time. Mr. Conrad obtained his specimens from Massachusetts, and I have never heard of it in any other locality. Charles River, three to seven fathoms, gravelly bottom ( Sfimp- son); Eastport, pretty common ( Cooper); Halifax and Fishing Banks (Willis); Casco Bay (Mighels); Gardiner’s: Bay, Long Island (S. Smith). It is usually accompanied by the young of C. Islandicum, from which it is distinguished by fewer ribs, and the scales crossing them. It is at first difficult to say that it is not identical with one of the small European species, which are scarcely distinguishable from each other by mere size and form, but require a careful ex- amination of the sculpture in order to separate them. From C. exiguum it differs in not having a short, diminished anterior side, elevated beaks, and a very prominent ridge posteriorly, and especially in the absence of pits in the grooves. The whole aspect of that shell is angular, while our shell is scarcely at all so. It is still nearer to C. fasciatum and C. nodosum, agreeing most with the former in out- line, and with the latter in sculpture. C. fasciatum, however, has mere points and not bars along the posterior ribs ; and while the sculpture is almost precisely the same as that of C. nodosum, it is more broadly rounded anteriorly and less angular posteriorly, with a less strongly marked oblique ridge, so that on the whole it has a more rounded and lenticular form. In the young shell all the ribs are traversed by the transverse bars; but by age those on the disk become worn off, and they are only found on a few ribs at each end. The animal sometimes suspends itself by a thread, and can leap by its foot to a considerable distance. Genus LIOCARDIUM, Morcn. SHELL longitudinally oval, inequilateral ; surface of valves simple, neither ribbed nor spinous; hinder gape small. LIOCARDIUM. 143 Liocardium Mortoni. Shell small, thin, sub-globose, smooth, pale fawn-color, sometimes blotched with dark brown; within striated, bright yellow, with a purplish blotch pos- teriorly. Cardium Mortoni, Conrap, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. vi. 259, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6, 7 (1831); Sillim. Journ. xxiii. 346 (1833). — Dr Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 207, pl. 23, fig. 251. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 19. — Smira, Moll. of Long Island, 16, and in Ann. New York Lye. vii., and Sillim. Journ, xxvii. 283. Liocardium Morton’, Stimpson, Check Lists, 2 Shell small, thin, obliquely sub-ovate, sub-globose ; beaks large and prominent, incurved, nearly central ; posterior part a little pro- duced and directed obliquely downwards ; sur- face glossy, destitute of ribs or radiating lines, with fine lines of growth, and an occasional darker zone; color very pale yellowish, cov- ered with a very thin, darker epidermis, thicker and more wrinkled behind; in young specimens are blotches or zigzag lines of dark fawn-color ; teeth well developed ; inside with very faint and minute radiating lines; mar- gin white, the remainder bright yellow; there is always a dark pur- plish blotch along the posterior margin, and it is sometimes mot- tled with bands and stains of reddish-brown on other parts of the interior; muscular impressions superficial. Length of largest spe- cimens one inch; height, nine tenths of an inch; breadth, seven tenths of an inch. The animal is white, and has short, conical siphons, each marked with a circle of brown spots, and fringed with numerous cirri which extend far beyond the shell (iS. Smith). Found plentifully about Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, and Rhode Island, south of which I cannot learn that it has been found. Ex- tremely abundant at the mouths of creeks and on shallow flats, from low-water mark to two fathoms, Peconic and Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island (Smith); Dartmouth Lakes, Halifax ( Willis). This shell is very closely allied to the C. levigatum of the West Indies, and has no other well-marked distinction than the purple blotch on the posterior margin within, which, so far as I have ob- served, is never wanting in our species, and neyer present in the West India shell. In the angular markings of the young shells they are similar, and also in their form and color; but the exterior L. Mortont. 144 CARDIADZ. of our shell is less smooth and polished than C. levigatum, a differ- ence which might depend on climate. Mr. Sanderson Smith states that he sometimes finds shells in the Long Island bays without the purple blotch. Genus APHRODITE, Lea. 1854. SHELL sub-cordiform, compressed, rather thin, beaks nearly cen- tral, rather prominent; valves smooth or slightly radiated, scarcely gaping; obsolete cardinal teeth. Aphrodite Greenlandica. Shell large, sub-triangular, drab-colored, with very numerous, obsolete radi- ating ridges; slightly gaping posteriorly, beaks slightly prominent, incurved ; margin within salmon-colored, centre opaline. Cardium Grenlandicum, CuEMN. Conch. vi. t. 19, fig. 198. — Gmgxry, Syst. 8232, No. 22, —Brve. Encye. Méth. 222, No. 17, pl. 300, fig. 7. —Maron and Racker, Lin. Trans viii. 69.— Dittwyn, Catal. i. 129. — Lam. An. sans Vert. vi. 407. — Woop, Gen. Conch. 227; Index, pl. 5, fig. 28. — Gouxp, Iny. Ist ed. 92. — Haney, Re- cent Shells, i. 134. — Micuets, Shells of Maine, 15, and in Bost. Journ. iv. 321. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 206, pl. 23, fig. 250, — Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 10, fig. 53. — Forses and Hant. Br, Moll. ii. 39.— Mrppenp. Beitr. z. Malac. Ross, iii. 41, pl. 16, figs. 6-9. — Beck, in Gaimard Voy. en Island, Moll. pl. 15. Mactra radiata, Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. pl. 161. Cardium edentulum, Montagu, Test. Br. Sup. 29. — Sowersy, Genera, fig. 2; Conchol. Manual, fig. 123*. — FLremine, Brit. Anim, 425. Aphrodite columba, Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. (new series), v. pl. 18, fig. 54 (1834), Aphrodite Grenlandica, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 19 (1851). Serripes Grenlandicum, CHENU, Man. de Conch. ii. 109, figs, 496-498 (1862). Serripes Grenlandicus, Packarp, Labrad. Mar. Anim. 23. Shell large, not very thick, sub-triangular, elevated, rather com- pressed ; beaks not very prominent, curved inwards and slightly forwards, nearly central; anterior margin regularly rounded ; pos- terior part somewhat elongated, margin protuberant beyond the ligament, bordered by a slight wave, which gives the posterior ter- mination a somewhat sinuous or truncated appearance, and leaves the shell gaping at this point; this region is also more coarsely wrinkled than the rest ; surface marked with minute lines of growth, divided into zones by darker indications of the stages of growth, which successive increments appear very loosely attached posteriorly ; these are crossed by numerous inconspicuous, radiating ridges ; epidermis thin, shining, of a drab or very light fawn-color; hinge slender; cardinal teeth nearly wanting; marginal teeth distinct, APHRODITE. 145 but small ; muscular and pallial impressions profound, within which the shell is opalescent-white, the margin light salmon-color ; edge slightly crenated. Length, two and three fourths inches; height, two and three twentieth inches ; breadth, one and one quarter inch. Fig 454. A. Grenlandica. One from Awatska Bay measured four and one half by three and three fourths inches ; another four by three and three fourths inches. Brought from the Grand Banks, but not as yet found on the shores of this State. Greenland (Moller and Hayes Coll.) ; Beechey Island (Belcher) ; Cape Cod Bay (Stimpson) ; Mingan Island ( Packard) ; St. Margaret’s Bay, and Bedford Basin ( Willis) ; Bic, St. Anne’s (Bell) ; large, heavy specimens from Behring’s Straits, Awatska Bay (Stimpson). This singular shell, from its triangular, compressed form, and its smooth surface, has rather the aspect of a Mactra than a Cardium. The not unfrequent entire want of cardinal teeth has misled one distinguished conchologist as to its true relations, while its external characters have so little point that another was not led to it by any existing description, and made of it a new species. Dr. Lovén in- forms me that Beck has instituted a new genus for it, which he calls Serripes, on account of the serrated margin of the foot. The old shells, one of which measures in height three and one fourth inches, in length three and three fourths inches, in breadth 10 146 CARDIADZ. one and three fourths of an inch, become solid and strong, and also more tumid, especially behind. The young shells often have the surface variegated with stripes, or angular markings, of a rusty- brown color. This species is also remarkable for gaping posteriorly to a considerable extent. Genus CARDITA, Brucurires. 1789. SHELL inequipartite, regular; hinge with a short, strong, erect tooth under the beaks, and an oblique one stretching along the margin. Cardita borealis. Fie. 59. Shell obliquely sub-cordate, beaks prominent and recurved, with about twenty radiating ribs; margin crenate; lunule small and deep. Cardita borealis, Conrap, Amer. Mar. Conch. 39, pl. 8, fig. 1 (1831). — Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 7, fig. 33. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 204, pl. 22, fig. 247. — Mip- DEND. Siber. Reise, Moll. ii. 87; Beitr. z. Mal. Ross. iii. 29. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 18. — Micuets, Shells of Maine, 16; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. — Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. 152, pl. 44, fig. 1. Arcturus rudis, Humpurey, MSS. Cardita vestita, DesHayes, Proc. Zool. Soe. pl. 17, fig. 10 (1852). Shell rounded, obliquely heart-shaped, thick and strong; inequi- partite ; the beaks elevated and turned forwards, so as almost to be even with the anterior extremity, which is reeularly rounded ; posterior margin regular- ly rounded by a much larger curve, which, meeting the base, forms an obtuse angle; surface raised into about twenty rounded, radiating ribs, which are broader than the grooves between them; these are rendered rough by coarse lines of growth, and covered by a strong, rusty-brown epidermis ; lunule very strong, and deeply imprinted, rhom- boidal ; ligament small and sunken, nearly concealed ; hinge strong, two teeth in each valve; in the left valve a small triangular one under the beak, and an oblique, grooved, or partially double one along the posterior margin as long as the ligament; on the right valve a long, tapering, oblique tooth, fitting beneath the two teeth of the opposite valve, and a more slender one on which the ligament partially rests ; interior white, margin strongly crenate ; impressions Fig. 455. C. borealis. ARCA. 147 distinct. Length, one inch; height, one inch; width, seven tenths of an inch. Found along the whole coast of Massachusetts, and is one of the most common shells found in fishes. It is a more northern shell, and is found along the coast of Maine, and in the Arctic seas, of avery large size. Grand Manan, large and common (Stimpson) ; St. George’s Banks, thirty fathoms ( Tufts); at Eastport, plentiful (Cooper); Labrador (Packard); Fishing Banks, and Halifax, common (Willis); Gulf St. Lawrence (Bell) ; Sandy Hook, one specimen ( Cooper) ; Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island (Smith). The shape of the shell is much varied by age. In the young the beaks are nearly central, very little elevated, and scarcely recurved ; but the posterior portion, advancing in growth faster than the an- terior, produces the obliquity of the old shell. [C. vestita is an elongated, middle-aged variety.] It is closely allied to C. tridentata, Say, but it grows to a much larger size, is more inequipartite, and has two teeth in the right valve, while that shell has but one. Famity ARCAD 4. TEETH small, numerous, disposed in a line along the hinge-mar- gin of each valve. Genus ARCA, Liy. 1758. SHELL elongated, beaks separated by a diamond-shaped area for the ligament; series of teeth in a straight line. Arca pexata. Fic. 60. Shell oblong; beaks prominent, very oblique; the ligamentary space very nar- row; surface with about thirty-two radiating ribs, covered with a shagey brown epidermis. Arca pexata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 268 (1822). — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 176, pl. 12, fig. 211. — Puiurept, Abbild. pl. 1, fig. 4. —Srimpson, Shells of New England, 8. —S. Surrn, Shells of Long Island, 15, and in Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. Argina perata, ADAMS, Gen. ii. 540, pl. 125, figs. 7, 7a. — Cuenu, Man. de Conch. ii. 175, fig. 873. Shell thick and heavy, oblong, somewhat ovate ; very inequipar- tite; the beaks are ventricose and prominent, directed very obliquely forwards, terminating in points which are nearly in contact over the 148 ARCADE. anterior termination of the series of cardinal teeth; at the other extremity of the series, the outline of the shell, which is else- where regularly rounded, has an obtuse angle; the ligamentary area, or space between the beaks, is very narrow, scarcely separat- ing them. Surface with thirty- two to thirty-six radiating ribs, rather broader than the channels between them; these are tray- ersed by minute lines of growth, and interrupted by the more dis- tinct overlapping zones of in- crease. The whole is covered by a thick, shagey, fibrous epi- Fig. 456. A. pexata. ~dermis of a dark-brown color, sometimes protruding from the interstices of the ribs in a fringe- like manner. Interior white, the margin polished, and profoundly scalloped by the alternate terminations of the ribs and grooves. In continuation of the regular series of teeth are a few irregular pits and prominences which fit into each other. Length, two and one fourth inches ; height, two and one tenth inches ; breadth, one and one half inches. The Arca peaata has never been found to the north of Cape Cod. T have it from Martha’s Vineyard ; it is not rare in Buzzard’s Bay, and is common about Rhode Island. Osterville (Haskell). It is distinguished from other North American species by the po- sition of its beaks, its epidermis, its narrow area between the beaks, and by its being equivalve. Its height increases posteriorly, so that the interior of a valve has an ovate shape. Mr. Say remarks, that, when violently opened, an effusion of red sanies issues; and hence it has acquired the name of bloody clam. Arca transversa. Shell rhomboidal, with from thirty-two to thirty-five ribs; beaks at the ante- rior third of the series of teeth. Arca transversa, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 269 (1822). — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 8. —S. Suriru, Shells of Long Island, 15, and Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. — DE | Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 177, pl. 12, fig. 212. ‘* Shell transversely oblong, rhomboidal, with from thirty-two to thirty-five ribs placed at nearly the length of their own diameters | ae pa See NUCULA: 149 distant from each other. Apices separated by a lone narrow space, - and situated at the termination of the posterior (anterior) third of the length of the hinge-margin ; extremities of the hinge-maregin angulated ; anterior (posterior) edge, the superior half rectilinear; posterior (ante- rior) edge rounded; inferior edge nearly rectilinear, or very obtusely rounded ; on the hinge space, one or two angulated lines are drawn from the apex diverging to the hinge edge.” (Say.) Length, one anda half inches; height, one inch; breadth, A. transversa. one and a half inches. Found about the sands of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard, and it is said to be not uncommon in Buzzard’s Bay. Osterville ( Has- kell) ; Gull Island (S. Smith); from Artesian well, Provincetown, one hundred and twenty to two hundred feet below surface. I have quoted the description by Mr. Say, above, merely inter- changing the terms anterior and posterior, to accord with the parts of the shell to which those terms are applied in other parts of the Report. The position of the beaks distinguishes it from the pre- ceding species, as well as the form of the shell. Genus NUCULA, Lamarcr. 1799. SHELL transverse, without an area for the ligament between the beaks; a straight series of teeth each side, forming an angle at a spoon-shaped pit which separates them. Nucula tenuis. Fic. 64. Shell trapezoidal, thin, smooth, without radiating lines; epidermis grass-green ; beaks prominent, placed posteriorly ; margin simple, teeth very few. Arca tenuis, Montacu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 56, pl. 29, fig. 1. — Dituwyn, Catal. i. 246. — _ Turton, Conch. Dict. 11.— Woon, Ind. Test. pl. 10, fig. 45. Nucula tenuis, Turron, Brit. Biv. 177.— FLemine, Brit. Anim. 402.— Brown, III. Conch. G. Br. 85, pl. 33, fig. 13. — Hanxey, Recent Shells, i. 171, pl. 10 (Arca), fig. 45. — McGituiv. Moll. Aberd. 244; Br. Mar. Conch. 105.— Forses and HAnt. Br. Moll. ii. 223, pl. 47, fig. 6, and pl. P. fig. 5 (animal). — Lovrn, Ind Moll. Scand. 34 Micue ts, Shells of Maine; Bost. Journ. iv. 323. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 8. —Packarp, Labrad. Mar. An. 13.—Sowersy, Conch. Il. No, 33, figs. 140, 141. 150 ARCADE. This shell is very similar to the following, and would not at once be distinguished from it. The following are some of the essential differences. The anterior margin, instead of running straight to the anterior tip, runs about half the distance parallel with the base, then forms an angle, and, by a broadly rounded curye, joins the curve of the base ; the tip is, therefore, not point- ed as in N. proxima, and the angle of this end gives the shell a four-sided, instead of a triangular figure, the greatest height being somewhat before the beaks; beaks prominent, curved backwards, and having a deep pit behind them, not found in the other species ; posterior margin forming as much as a right angle with the anterior ; while in WN. proxima we have rather less than a right angle. The surface is smooth, glossy, grass-green, without any radiating lines. Interior a silvery-white, but not pearly like the other. The teeth are very long and slender, scarcely if at all folded, and only about eight before and four or five behind the beaks. The interior margin is always simple, but never so in the smallest specimens of N. proxima. The shell is very thin, and its breadth very small. Leneth, three tenths of an inch; height, one quarter of an inch; breadth, three twentieths of an inch. Found in the stomachs of fishes, but much more sparingly than the following. Casco Bay (Mighels); Hastport, rare in fifteen to twenty fathoms (Cooper); Ualifax, Sambro Banks ( Willis) ; St. Anne, Capuchin, &e. (Bell); Northumberland Sound and Port Refuge (Belcher) ; Labrador (Packard) ; Northern coasts of Eng- land ; Drontheim to North Cape (McAndrew). This shell, as far as I ean recollect, is the one in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, marked ‘“ NV. lucida, Blanding.” It corresponds precisely with a specimen of Nucula tenuis sent me by Mr. Sowerby, and it is his opinion that they are identical. Fig. 457. N, tenuis. Nucula proxima. Fig. 63, Shell oblique, ovate-triangular, anterior end perpendicular to the base ; crossed by minute, concentric, and radiating lines; epidermis olivaceous ; within pearly, margin crenulated ; teeth, twelve before and eighteen behind the beaks. Arca nucleus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1143 (in part, probably). — Donov. Br. Sh. ii. 63 ; Chenu ed. Nucula margaritacea, Lam., Brown, Il. Conch. G. Br. 85, pl. 33, fig. 12. Nucula nucleus, Forses and Hanu. Br. Moll. ii, 215, pl. 47, figs 7, 8. — Han ey, in Thes. Conch. iii. 148, pl. 229, figs. 121, 122. — Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scand. 34. NUCULA. 151 Nucula proxima, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 270 (1822) — Corrapv, Amer. Mar. Conch. pl. 6, fig. 2,— Gouxp, Iny. Mass. Ist ed. 103, fig. 63. — Hanuey, Biv. Sh. 172, pl. 20, fig. 5; in Thes. Conch. iii. 151, pl. 229, figs. 131, 132. — Dg Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 179, pl. 12, fig. 215.— Stimpson, Shells of New England, 8; Inv. Gr. Manan, 20. — S. Smiru, Moll. of Long Island, 15. — Micue zs, Shells of Maine, 17, and Journ. Bost. Soe. iv. 323. Shell small, thick, and solid, very oblique, triangular, the outline and angles a little rounded; the anterior end nearly vertical, and about two thirds the length of the posterior margin, forming some- thing less than a right angle with it; beaks somewhat elevated, in- clined forwards; anterior slope with a large, ovate area, defined by an angular ridge; posterior edge broad and flattened ; surface crossed with somewhat coarse lines of X& growth, and by very minute radiating lines; epidermis — ¥. prox. light olive color, with darker zones; interior pearly, the margin very finely crenulated ; cartilage pit very small; series of teeth twelve before and eighteen behind the beaks, including the very small ones near the pit, short and broad, the two series nearly at right angles with each other. Length, nine twenticths of an inch ; height, near anterior margin seven twentieths of an inch ; breadth, five twentieths of an inch. Found not uncommonly in the stomachs of fishes taken near Nahant. Professor Adams found it abundantly at Dartmouth, in mud taken up beyond low-water mark ; and Dr. Yale sent it to me collected on the shores of Holmes’s Hole. Marblehead Harbor, seven fathoms (Haskell); Charles River below the bridges, Salem Harbor, Grand Manan ( Stimpson) ; Casco Bay (Mighels) ; Fishing Banks ( Willis) ; Long Island Sound (Smith); whole coast, from South Carolina (Stimpson). By many, this shell has been supposed identical with the N. nucleus of English authors,—the MN. margaritacea of Lamarck. But actual comparison shows a wide difference. The WN. nucleus is less triangular, the posterior tip broadly rounded ; its proportional diameter is not more than half as great, the epidermis is firm and darker, the teeth are ten and twenty, and the whole shell is double the size of ours. It is much more closely allied to, if not identical with, a shell sent me by Mr. Sowerby under the name of WN. nitida. The number and arrangement of teeth is the same; and if there be any difference, it is that the British shell issmoother, nar- rower, the angle made by the anterior and superior margins is greater, and the shape less obliquely transverse. The strix are very obvious under the epidermis. In young specimens a series Fig. 458. gy ARCADE. of transverse indentations may be seen along each side of the pos- terior hinge-margin. [The above comparisons were made with specimens sent from England, none of which are now regarded as the true WN. nucleus ; and since two or three species have been eliminated (NV. radiata, de- cussata, nitida, &c.) the remainder seem in no respect to differ from the American shell. Nucula expansa. Shell large, ovate-triangular, tumid, dusky, chestnut-colored surface, distinctly waved, and with fine radiating striz on both dorsal areas. Nucula Bellotiit, ApaAms, Zool. Proc. (1856), p. 51. — Hantey, in Sows. Thes. Conch, iii. 162, pl. 229, fig. 128. —Packarp, Labr. Mar. Sh. 13. Nucula expansa, Rerve, in Belcher’s last Arct. Voy. 397, pl. 33, fig. 2 (1855). Shell large, thin, ovate triangular, tumid, without marked umbonal ridges ; anterior dorsal margin nearly vertical and straight, the area broad heart-shaped, depressed, bounded by an obtuse ridge and marked by fine diverging striz, anterior end rounding into the decidedly arcuate ventral margin; posterior dor- sal margin much longer and more oblique than the an- terior, gently curved, and with no angles; dorsal face broad, somewhat flattened, with the lips of the valves scarcely pouting, and with a few delicate radiating lines ; surface concentrically ridged, quite coarsely so at the outer circles ; epidermis glossy, dark chestnut, with yel- lowish zones. Interior leaden color, muscular impres- sions deep, margin simple, covered by the inflected epidermis; hinge rather robust, the ligament spoon very oblique, with about ten teeth in front and fifteen behind it. Length, eleven twentieths of an inch; height, seven twentieths of an inch; breadth, six twentieths of an inch. Dredged by Dr. Packard in fifteen fathoms at Chataque Bay, Labrador ; Arctic Seas (Hanley) ; Beechey Island (Belcher). One of the largest and finest of the genus, so remarkable for its undulated surface and dark epidermis as to assimilate it to Corbicula. Fig. 459. N. expansa Nucula inflata. Shell trapeziform, obliquely truncated, tumid, beaks prominent, anterior. Nucula inflata, Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1846), 333, pl. 5, figs. 13, 14. — Han ey, in Sows. Thes. Conch. iii. 162 (Nucla), pl. 4, figs. 115, 116. ; Nucula tenuis, MOLLER, Moll. Groenl. 17. Nucula obliquata, Buck (1847), teste MOrcu. NUCULA. 153 Shell trapeziform, inflated, beaks at anterior fourth, prominent, rather obtuse, angle of dorsal margins at the beaks a right angle, anterior slope nearly vertical, with a broad heart-shaped lunule de- fined by a rather acute ridge, with the included edges of jie ae0. the valves a little pouting, and marked by very faint di- verging striw; posterior dorsal margin for about half its length nearly horizontal and then obliquely truncate, so as

3999399999 C. fornicata, O72 CALYPTREIDE. ribs corresponding to those of the Pecten. It is a solid shell, and the diaphragm is situated near the mouth, leaving no cavity extend- ing under the beak. The manner in which one edge is pressed against the side of the shell is quite characteristic. The margin of the aperture is generally white, dotted with chestnut ; the remainder of the interior is more or less brown. Sometimes the attachment of the diaphragm is bordered with reddish brown. Whole coast of New England (Stimpson) ; St. Simon’s Isle, Ga. ( Cooper) ; mouth of Rio Grande (Schott). Crepidula plana. Fig. 16. Shell ovate, flat, white ; apex acute, terminal; diaphragm convex. Crepidula plana, Say, Journ. Acad, Nat. Se. ii. 226 (1822); Amer. Conch. pl. 44; ed. Binney, 74.— GouLp, Iny. Ist ed. 159, fig. 16. — Dre Kay, N. Y. Moll. 158, pl. 7, fig. 153. Crepidula unguiformis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell ovate, flat, or as often a little concave or convex, thin, trans- parent, white, wrinkled with concentric lines of growth; apex mi- nute, pointed, turning a little to one side, and con- stituting the extreme termination of the shell; the other extremity broader, and regularly rounded ; in- terior white, of a brilliant polish, and irridescent ; diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, con- vex, rising to a level with the margin, free edge for the most part straight, but having a projecting angle near one side. Length, one and one fourth inches ; breadth, nine tenths. of an inch. Found in the aperture of other shells. This species has also been observed through a wide region. Mr. Say noted it as far south as Florida. It does not, however, frequent localities north of us. It is still regarded by some as a variety of the C. fornicata modified by its position. But the peculiarity of form, coloration, diaphragm, and habit of living seem to render it sufficiently distinct. When young, it is of a more rounded form, but becomes elongated by age. It is otherwise very variable in shape, conforming to the position it occupies in the throat of some other shell. This is very likely to prove to be the C. unguiformis, Lam. (Pa- tella crepidula, Lin.) In this opinion I have the concurrence of Mr. Fig. 533. C. plana. CREPIDULA. Paria’ Sowerby. Deshayes observes that he can hardly think that the shell figured as Culyptrea unguiformis by Broderip, in ** Trans. Zool. Soc.” i. pl. 29, fig. 4, is the shell of Linneus. He says the shell of Linneeus is distinguished by a profound notch at one extrem- ity of the partition, and a feebler one at the other; that the shell described by Mr. Say as Crepidula plana wants this notch, and is the shell figured by Broderip. Now it so happens, that the only specimen which I am certain is entire has this notch precisely as described, and the tooth-like process which separates the large notch from the rest of the margin is such as would be likely to be broken in almost every instance. This fact leads me to suppose, that all three of the shells in question are of the same species, and should be called C. unguiformis. If so, its habitat is as wide as that of C. fornicata. But as I have not yet the means of confirming my sup- position, I give Mr. Say’s name.* Whole Atlantic coast of the United States. Crepidula convexa. Bie. 15; Shell elevated, apex terminal, separated from the body of the shell; diaphragm convex, less than half the aperture, edge simple. Crepidula convera, Say, Journ, Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 227 (1822) ; ed. Binnny, 75.— GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 160, fig. 15. — Dz Kay, N. Y. Moll. 158, pl. 7, fig. 131. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell small, opaque, very convex, obliquely-ovate, one side nearly vertical, the other sloping; surface wrinkled, color ashen-brown, with bands, stripes, or dots of dark reddish-brown; apex acute, separate from the body of the shell, turning very little to one side, and downwards as far as the tip of the shell; within shining, of a uniform dark reddish-brown color; aperture oval; diaphragm deeply situated, leaving a cavity extending into the beak, convex, brown, the free edge white and simply curved. Length, nine twentieths of an inch; breadth, six twentieths of an inch; height, four twenti- eths of an inch. Found on sea-weed, and on stones among the roots of sea-weed. Massachusetts Bay, southward (Stimpson) ; Sable Island ( Willis). It is seldom found entire. Mr. Say described from dead shells, and had not seen its true colors. In most instances one side is Fig. 534. * It is now acknowledged to be the unguiformis. — W. G. B. 18 274 CALYPTREIDE. nearly upright, while the other is sloping; but sometimes the two sides are nearly similar. The diaphragm is regularly arched, the arch terminating at a regularly curved, depressed line, on one side, and here the free edge makes a slight projection. This shell is easily distinguished from all our other species by its convexity and by the color of its deeply seated diaphragm. [Animal black, except bottom of foot, which is gray of various shades, edged with dark; tentacles white, edged with black ; lobes of mantle white; tentacles short, blunt, but capable of elongation and tapering; eyes black, on the exterior sides of the tentacles, near their bases. Crepidula glauca. Fic. 14. Shell oval, smooth, apex separate, slightly turned to one side; diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, edge waved. Crepidula glauca, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 226 (1822); ed. Binney, 72.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 151, fig. 14. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 159. Shell obliquely oval, thin, moderately convex, of a glaucous or grayish-green color, faintly freckled with dots of darker and lighter color; surface nearly smooth ; the apex is pointed, project- ing considerably beyond the outline of the aperture, and, turning downwards and a little to one side, does not quite reach the plane of the aperture; aperture rounded oval, the margin usually expanded; interior a uniform, dark reddish-brown, or occasionally mottled; the edge is mar- gined with yellowish-white, and dotted with brown; diaphragm white, running within the beak so as to exhibit a considerable re- cess; it is waved, two thirds being convex, and the remainder con- cave; the free margin has a concave curve in proportion as the dia- phragm is arched. Length, eleven twentieths of an inch; breadth, nine twentieths of an inch; height, one tenth of an inch. I have taken only one specimen of this shell, which I found on a stone dragged upon Chelsea Beach by a Laminaria attached to it. It is, however, common on the ocean shore of Rhode Island, and is doubtless to be found at the Elizabeth Islands, and along the South Shore. The specimens I have received from Colonel Totten have a peculiar figure, and from their undulated edges I should conjec- ture they were taken from off the Pecten irradians, which is found abundantly about Cape Cod. Fig. 535. C. glauca. CEMORIA. PAGS It is readily distinguished from C. convexa by its depressed and broader figure, and white diaphragm. From small specimens of C. fornicata it is distinguished by its projecting and central apex, and by the constant recess under the beak. In some specimens the arch- ing of the diaphragm is greater than in others, and then its free margin is more or less curved also. There is no decided notch at either extremity. Vineyard Sound (Desor) ; Nova Scotia ( Willis). [Considered by Dr. Stimpson as a synonyme of C. fornicata. Genus CRUCIBULUM, Scnumacnuer. 1817. SHELL sub-conic ; apex sub-central ; aperture wide, with the in- ternal appendage entire and cup-shaped, attached by one of its sides. Crucibulum striatum. Calyptreea (Dispotea) striata, Say, Journ. Phila. A.N. S V 216, 1826; ed. Binney, 124. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 39. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 155, pl. 7, fig. 155. Crucibulum striatum, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell oval, prominently convex, with numerous slightly __ Fig. 536. elevated, equal, equidistant radiating lines; summit gla- brous, wax-yellow, sub-acute, inclining toward the left side and the posterior end; inner valve patelliform, di- lated, attached by one side to the shorter side of the shell; acutely angulated at the anterior line of junc- tion, and rounded behind, and rapidly attenuated to an acute tip, which nearly corresponds with the inner apex of the shell. Length, less than nine tenths of an inch. ( Say.) Whole coast of New England (Stimpson) ; New Jersey (Say). C. striatum. Famity FISSURELLIDA, Risso. SHELL in the adult conical, symmetrical, not spiral, either pierced at the apex, or more or less grooved or fissured anteriorly ; aperture wide, not pearly within; muscular impression crescentic, open in front. Genus CEMORTA, Leacu. 1820. SHELL small, like Patella, with the apex elevated and curved for- wards, and with a fissure just behind the apex. 276 FISSURELLIDA. Cemoria Noachina. re. Wise Shell small, white, conical, covered with unequal, radiating ribs; apex curved forwards, and perforated obliquely backwards. Patella Noachina, Lix. Mantissa, 551. — Cuemn. Conch. xi. 186, pl. 197, figs. 1927, 1928, Patella apertura, Montagu, Test. Brit. 491, pl. 13, fig. 10.— Woop, Index, pl. 38, fig. 89. Patella fissurella, MELLER, Zool. Dan. i. t. 24, figs. 4-6.— Gm&Lin, Syst. 3728, No. 193. Fissurella Noachina, Lye.y, Obs. sur le Soulevement de la Suede, No. 16, pl. 2, figs. 13, 14.— Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 604.— SowrrsBy, Conch. Illustr. (F%ssurella), fig. 15. Puncturella Noachina, Lowe, Zool. Journ. iii. 77. Cemoria Flemingii, Luxcu; SOweRBY, Conch. Man. fig. 244. Sipho striata, Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. &e. pl. 36, figs. 14-16. Diodvra Noachina, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 30. Cemoria Noachina, Goutn, Iny. 1st ed. 156, fig. 18. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Cemoria princeps, MiGues and Apams, Bost. Journ. iv. 42, pl. 4, fig. 3. Shell bluish-white, conical, its summit pointed and turned back- wards, and the surface covered with about twenty-two ribs, with intervening smaller ones, and wrinkled by the lines of growth. A narrow, diamond-shaped slit is presented at the summit, which opens in the interior by a circular aper- ture, towards the margin, the course of this canal being as it were arched over by a thin plate of the shell, when viewed within; edge oval and scalloped by the ribs. Nees Length, one fifth of an inch; breadth, one eighth of an inch; height, one tenth of an inch. This curious little shell, the only recent species of its genus known, is frequently taken from the stomachs of fishes. It is also an inhabitant of the northern seas of Europe, and is found in a fossil state also. Cape Cod, northward (Stimpson). It has been arranged under different genera, but undoubtedly has claims to be the type of a distinct genus. Besides those mentioned above, the genus Rimula of Defrance, would also probably embrace it. But Cemoria has the priority over all those which have been constructed, though any one of the others would seem to have been better chosen names. Lowe remarks, that the P. apertura of Mon- tagu has been ascertained, almost beyond a doubt, to be nothing more than the young of Fissurella Greca. But his figure repre- sents this shell. Fig 537. JANTHINA. bo i 4 Famity JANTHINID &. SHELL thin, translucent, spiral, more or less turbinate, with a sin- istral nucleus. Genus JANTHINA, Lam. 1801. SHELL sub-globose, thin, fragile, spire short; aperture angular at the anterior junction of the inner and outer lips; pillar twisted ; lip thin, with a sinus at the middle. Janthina fragilis. Shell thin, brittle, conical, ventricose, violaceous beneath, whiter on the spire. Helix janthina, Lin.; Gme in, Syst. 3645, No. 103.— Lister, Conch. t. 572, fig. 24.— Roumputus, Mus, t. 20, fig. 2.— Guat. Test. t. 64, fig. O. —Stoane, Jamaica, t. 1, fig. 4. — Brown, Jamaica, t. 39, fig. 2. — D’Arcenv. Conch. pl. 6, fig. 5. — Cuemyn. Conch. v. t. 166, figs. 1577, 1578. — Woon, Index, pl. 34, t. 116. Janthina fragilis, Desu Encye. Méth. iii. 324, pl. 456, fig. 1; Ann. du Mus. xi. 123 (an- imal). — Biartnv. Malacol. pl. 37 bis. fig. 1a. — Sowerrsy, Conch. Man. fig. 333. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 125, pl. 36, fig. 360. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Janthina communis, Lam. An. sans Vert. Ist ed. vi. 206; 2d ed. ix. 4. Lister, 572, fig. 23. Shell globose-conic, thin, brittle, transparent; whorls three or four, forming a short spire, the last one very large and angular at the middle ; beneath the angle the color is deep violet, lighter about the axis, and above it the color is merely tinted with violet, a little darker at the suture; surface shining, wrinkled by the lines of growth, and with short, oblique wrinkles above the angle of the last whorl, and marked with revolving lines beneath that angle; aper- ture large, semi-oval, outer lip very thin, retiring as it passes the angle of the whorl, so as to produce a shallow recess; inner lip cylindrical, straight, corresponding with the axis of the shell. Length, cight tenths of an inch; breadth, one inch. The Janthina floats, by means of a mass of vesicles, at the sur- face, throughout the wide ocean, and is not unfrequently driven upon the ocean shores by storms. After a severe gale, in the autumn of 1839, great numbers of them were collected on the shores of Nan- tucket, some specimens of which were furnished me by T. A. Greene, Kisq., of New Bedford. Sable Island. fragment ( Willis). bo oo | CO TROCHID&. Famity TROCHID A. SHELL turreted or conoid ; aperture rounded or oblong, not spread- ing; lips disunited posteriorly. Genus ADEORBIS, Seartes Woop. 1842. SHELL depressly conical, orbicular, deeply umbilicated ; whorls few, not nacreous, flattened, smooth or striated, the last more or less angulated at the periphery; aperture transversely oval, peris- tome interrupted; inner lip sinuated, outer lip arcuate, simple, acute. Adeorbis costulata. Margarita costulata, MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Gr. 8. Adeorbis costulata, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 14 (1851) ; Shells of New England, 32; Check Lists, 4. It is minute, about one tenth of an inch in diameter, white, some- what thick and rugged near the apex, the sculpture appearing to Vig. 588. advantage only on the thinner and more delicate outer whorl, which is convex, rounded, and covered with prominent, crowded ribs. On the side of the whorl many of these ribs divide into two, thus occupying the increased space; and beneath, the ribs flow into each other and gradually disappear without interrupting the five distant, elevated, spiral striz on the umbilical half of the base. The umbil- icus is deep. The aperture is rounded, with the peristome contin- uous. The operculum is multispiral, of about eight volutions, of which the outermost are testaceous, presenting a frosted appear- ance; the central volutions, occupying about one fourth of the diam- eter, are corneous. In deep water off Cape Ann, Grand Manan ( W. Stimpson). A. costulata. Genus MARGARITA, Leacn. 1819. SHELL conical, moderately elevated; whorls few, sub-inflated ; aperture rounded, imperfect posteriorly; lip sharp; umbilicus deep; operculum multi-spiral; the nucleus central. MARGARITA. 279 Margarita cinerea. Shell low-conical, thin, ash colored, umbilicated, with four to six elevated and numerous smaller revolving ridges, and regular, eroded, elevated lines of growth. Turbo cinereus, Couruouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 99, pl. 3, fig. 9. Trochus costalis, LOVIN, in letters. Margarita cinerea, Gown, Inv, Ist ed. 252. — Du Kay, N. Y. Moll. 108, pl. 6, fig. 113. — Srimpson, Check Lists, 4. Margarita striata, Broperip and SOwEerBy, Margarita sordida, Hancock. Shell small, thin, of a low conical or pyramidal shape ; color a dull ashy-white, sometimes tinted with green; whorls five to seven, convex, and rendered angular by prominent, irregularly disposed revolving ridges, of which from four to six are Fig. 539. more elevated, with less conspicuous intervening ones ; and the lowest of these elevated ridges forms a limit, at which the whorl slopes abruptly, and presents a broad, slightly convex base, marked with fine, equal, and equidistant. re- M. cinerea. volving lines; the whole surface is also covered with crowded, very fine, and distinctly prominent lines of growth; the umbilicus is broad and deep, and bounded by the last revolving line, which forms an angle terminating at the most anterior point of the otherwise circu- lar aperture, and here causes an angular prolongation ; outer lip regularly curved, sharp, finely scalloped ; it rises on the left margin, and terminates just behind the umbilicus, slightly expanding and partially covering it; a very thin stratum of enamel sometimes ex- tends across the body of the shell; throat within with lines corre- sponding to the external marking; operculum circular, multi-spiral. Height, four fifths of an inch; base a little less. Found in a very fresh and beautiful condition, but rather rare as yet, in the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay. Grand Manan to Cape Cod (Stimpson) ; Halifax ( Willis) ; N. W. of Green- land (Hayes); St. Anne, &. (Bell). It is distinguished by the beautiful, sharp lines of growth, which are not interrupted by the spiral ridges, and by these ridges cover- ing all the base; also, by the slight projecting angle of the aper- ture. It is very closely allied to M. striata, Broderip and Sowerby, “ Zool. Journ.” iv. 371, and figured in Sowerby’s ‘ Conch. Illust.” (Margarita), fig. 8. By the kindness of Mr. Sowerby, however, I have been enabled to compare the two. In M. striata the whorls are not angulated by the revolving lines, the largest of which are 280 TROCHIDE. not larger than those on the base of our shell, while its base is nearly smooth; its umbilicus is much smaller. In color, size, and general shape, the shells are alike. Margarita minutissima. Shell very minute, sub-ovately globose ; whorls three, convex, longitudinally furrowed; spire short, obtuse; suture strongly impressed; aperture orbicular, umbilicus large, deep. Margarita minutissima, MiGHe ts, Bost. Journ. iv. 349, pl. 16, fig. 5 (1843). — Srimp- son, Check Lists, 4. Shell very minute, sub-discoidal, globular-ovate, of a dull ash color; whorls three, convex, with distinct longitudinal, approximate sulci, running obliquely, and disappearing as they ap- proach the umbilical region ; spire very low and obtuse 1 at the apex; suture deep, aperture circular; lip sharp and nearly continuous posteriorly ; umbilicus large and profound. Length, about one fifth of an inch; breadth, about equal to the length. Casco Bay. I have never found but a single specimen of this shell, which I took from the stomach of a haddock. It is not very nearly allied to any of the other species found on the coast. Under a magnifier, it somewhat resembles M. varicosa, Nob., in the ultimate whorl. It is, however, readily distinguished by its very depressed and ob- tuse spire (Mighels). Fig. 540. © M. minutissima. Margarita undulata. HIG a2 Shell orbicular, low-conical, dark flesh-color, encircled with regularly disposed spiral lines, alternately larger and smaller, coarsely plaited at the sutures. Margarita undwata, SowERBy, Malacol. and Conchol. Mag. i. 26; Conchol. Ilust. (MJar- garita), fig. 4. — Gouxn, Inv. Ist ed. 254, fig. 172*.— Dz Kay, N. Y. Moll. 109. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Margarita striata, var. Grenlandica, MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Gr. Turbo incarnatus, Coutuouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 98, pl. 3, fig. 13. 9 Trochus tumidus, Monraau, Leth. Suev. pl. 30, fig. 3. Shell thin, orbicular, depressed-conical, usually of a bright brown- ish-red color; sometimes rose-red, at others pale flesh-colored ; whorls four, convex, somewhat flattened above, undulated near the suture by short folds or wrinkles, and encircled by numerous, elevated, MARGARITA. 281 smooth spiral lines at uniform distances, and for the most part alternately larger and smaller; base considerably flattened, of a lighter color, and with finer strize ; umbilicus broad, fun- 4. 541, nel-shaped, distinctly bounded by a spiral line, and par- y tially covered by the reflected inner lip; aperture nearly circular, very oblique; lip sharp, slightly jagged ; throat ar undu- pearly, with greenish and golden reflections; operculum “““ thin, horny, multi-spiral. Height, three tenths of an inch; base, four tenths of an inch. Found in great numbers in the stomachs of fishes, and also alive on Phillips’s Beach. Mr. Sowerby received it from the Arctic Ocean. Halifax ( Willis); Eastport (Cooper) ; Cape Cod, northward ( Stimp- son). This beautiful shell cannot be mistaken for any other species on the American Atlantic coast. Its color, its regular spiral lines, un- dulated sutural region, and pearly aperture render it a very beauti- ful shell, having more of the aspect of a tropical than of a northern shell. Mr. Sowerby’s description and figure were published in the same month in which Mr. Couthouy read his description to the Boston Society of Natural History ; and we must, therefore, allow his name the right of priority. There is considerable variety in the coloring; the freshest young shells are of a rose-red, and of a more depressed form; the majority are of a brownish-red; the undulations are seldom, but sometimes wanting. Margarita helicina. Bre. W738*, Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth and shining, translucent, of a light horn color, with very fine revolving lines on the base; aperture circular, Margarita arctica, LEACH, in Ross’s Voyage of Discovery, 8vo. 1819 ; Appendix. — Sow- prey, Malacol. and Conchol. Mag. part i. 25 ; Conchol. Illust. (Margarita), fig. 6.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 255, fig. 173*. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 108, pl. 6, fig. 107. Margarita helicoides, Becx, MS. Turbo inflatus, TorrEeN, Sillim. Journ. Xxvi. 868, figs. 5, a, b, ¢. Paludina influta, MENKE. Turbo helicinus, O. FABRICIUS. Margarita helicina, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell small, orbicular, depressed, thin, and translucent, smooth and shining, of a light yellowish horn color or light olive ; whorls four or five, very convex, the last very large and tumid, a little flat- 282 TROCHID. tened above; minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth, and at its base marked with very fine spiral lines; suture well impressed ; aperture large, circular, somewhat expanded; edge sharp and simple, a little reflected at the umbilicus, which is large and profound, not bounded by an an- gular ridge ; operculum horny, multi-spiral. Length, M.helicina. One fifth of an inch; breadth, nearly three tenths of an inch. Found abundantly on all our sandy beaches. In some seasons, however, I have looked for them al- most in vain. Their proper habitat is the deep sea, as they are thrown up alive, on the large leaves of Laminaria. They were received by Leach and Beck from Green- land, Baffin’s Bay, and the Arctic Seas. I have obtained them of a much larger size than is given by any other observer. It is a very pretty shell, generally iridescent, or reflecting a me- tallic, bronze lustre. It has more the aspect of a land or fresh-water shell than that of a sea-shell. It is not likely to be confounded with any other species except the following. I have given this species as the M. arctica, Leach, in accordance with the opinion of Mr. Sowerby, who compared our shells with the authentic specimens in the British Museum. Fig. 5438. M. campanulata.} I must confess, also, that in comparing the descriptions of M. vul- garis and M. arctica in the “ Malac. and Conch. Magazine,” and specimens of M. vulearis, sent me by Mr. Sowerby with small speci- mens of the above-described shell, I can perceive no essential dis- tinction, excepting in size; the first is said to be palish, the second olivaceous. [It is now referred to the Turbo helicinus of Fabricius. Margarita argentata. Fig. 174%. Shell depressed, conical, of a pearly-white color, covered with microscopic, re- volving lines; umbilicated. Margarita argentata, GouLD, Inv. Ist ed. 256, fig. 174*. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell minute, conical, with an obtuse tip, of a dead pearly-white color; composed of four convex whorls, the last of which is very + Fig. 543 represents the allied species 1/7. campanulata, Morse, usually confounded with M. arctica. It appears not to have been recognized by Dr. Gould. — W. G, B. MARGARITA. 283 slightly angular; the next above is elevated, but the uppermost, and frequently the two uppermost, are not elevated above the succeed- ing whorl, so that the apex is obtuse ; everywhere covered with crowded and very fine revolving lines ; suture deep ; aperture circular; lip sharp, simple ; interior pearly and : iridescent; umbilicus moderately large. Length, one yy, Bose, tenth of an inch; breadth, one eighth of an inch. Found in fishes caught off Cape Ann and Cohasset, in consider- able numbers. Fishing Banks (Willis); Grand Manan to Cape Cod (Stimpson). It is the smallest of the species of this genus that we find. It is most obviously distinguished from small specimens of the last spe- Fig. 544. cies by its dead surface, which may well be compared to chased silver; and, on a more intimate examination, it is found to have more uniform and decided revolving lines, and its spire is more elevated. I was at first disposed to regard it as the M. carnea, Lowe (Zool. Journ. ii. 107, pl. 5, figs. 12, 13, 152). But, in the following essen- tial characters belonging to that, it differs from our shell, viz., an acutely pointed spire, an angular aperture, and a uniform yellowish flesh-color. The revolving lines, too, are said to be elevated and sub-distant, terms which allow of much latitude of meaning, but which we should not be likely to apply to the crowded, microscopic lines on our shell. They appear quite conspicuous on the figure quoted. The young of M. undulata would answer better to that description. If it is not M. carnea, it has not been described ; Mr. Sowerby hesitates to call it so. Margarita obscura. Bre, U7: Shell depressed-conical, solid; spire obscure, reddish-brown, base ash-colored ; whorls angulated by two or three revolving ridges; lines of growth coarse ; aper- ture circular, pearly within, Turbo obscurus, Coutnouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 100, pl. 3, fig. 2. Margarita obscura, Gown, Inv. Ist ed. 253, fig. 171*.— Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell small, solid, orbicular, low-conical, of a dull reddish-brown above, and of a light ash color at base; whorls five, convex, and rendered angular about the middle by a prominent revolving ridge ; on the lower whorl are often one or two less conspicuous ridges, 284. TROCHIDE. and numerous very fine lines; on the base these are so faint as to be usually imperceptible without a magnifier; these, with rather coarse lines of growth, somewhat prominent at intervals, often produce an indented or cellular appearance on the sur- face; umbilicus large and deep, bounded by a sharp, angu- M.obseu- lav ridge ; aperture circular ; lip simple and sharp ; within iri- “ —— deseent; operculum horny, multi-spiral. Height, five tenths of an inch; diameter of base, seven twentieths of an inch. | Found rather plentifully in fishes caught off Nahant. All of New England coast (Stimpson); Fishing Banks ( Willis). It has a general resemblance to M. cinerea, but it is more solid, Fig. 545. less elevated, less angular, revolving lines fewer and less elevated, the base smoother, the aperture more simple and circular, and the color very different. It may perhaps be identical with MW. costellata, Sowerby, described in the “ Malacological and Conchological Journal,” No. 1, and fig- ured in his “ Conchologieal Iustrations ” (Margarita), fig. 15. On inspection, Mr. Sowerby, though not having his shell at hand for comparison, regards it as distinct from J. costellata. When the exterior is worn off, the shell beneath is found to be of a brilliant silvery lustre, with crimson reflections, rendering it one of the most attractive shells found in our waters. Margarita acuminata. Shell small, orbicular, thin, whitish; spire pointed; whorls four, rounded b] ? ? ) ’ ) smooth; suture strongly impressed; aperture orbicular, iridescent within; um- bilicus small. Margarita acuminata, Micuprs and Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 46, pl. 4, fig. 15 (1842). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell, small, orbicular, sub-conical, thin, of a grayish-white or russet color; spire acuminate ; whorls four, well rounded, smooth, covered with a thin, semi-transparent epidermis ; striz of erowth very fine and compact; suture well impressed ; aper- ture orbicular, considerably oblique, beautifully iridescent Atam. Within; operculum horny, spiral. Height, twenty-five hun- minata. dredths of an inch; diameter, twenty-six hundredths of an inch ; divergence, eighty degrees. Gulf of St. Lawrence, taken from the stomach of a codfish, by Mr. Foster, in the summer of 1841. Only a single specimen was found, which is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels. Fig. 546. TROCHUS. 285 Identical with the species described by Mr. Sowerby, ‘ Conch. Illustr.,” fig. 7, under the above name. Although Mr. Sowerby’s figure agrees well with our shell, his description does not in all respects. For instance, ‘ anfractibus quinque.” Our shell has but four turns. Again, “‘ Long. 0.55, lat. 0.5 poll.” Thus we see that Mr. Sowerby’s shell is not only twice as large as our specimen, but proportionally higher. ‘The breadth of our shell in its longest basal diameter is greater than the height. But as we have only a single specimen, we prefer to publish it with the assumption that it is iden- tical with WM. acuminata, rather than produce confusion by hazard- ing a new name for an old shell. (Mighels and Adams.) Margarita varicosa. Shell small, thin, conic ; whorls four, convex, longitudinally ribbed, transversely striate; suture sub-canaliculated ; umbilicus large, deep. Margarita varicosa, Mtcuets and Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 46, pl. 4, fig. 14 (1842). — Srimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell small, thin, low, conical, of a dingy white or drab color ; whorls four, convex, covered with numerous longitudinal, oblique ribs, intersected by a great number of transverse, revolving striz, which are most conspicuous on the lower part and base of the lower whorl. The striz on the upper part of the whorls can only be seen with a magnifier. Sut- 4% var ure distinct, sub-canaliculate ; umbilicus rather large and deep, bounded by two rather rugged varices, intersected by the ribs which are continued to the verge of the umbilicus ; aperture circu- lar; labrum simple, sharp; within perlaceous. Height, twenty-five hundredths of an inch; diameter of base equal to the height; di- vergence, ninety degrees. (Mighels and Adams.) Bay Chaleur, taken from the stomach of a codfish (Mighels and Adams) ; Fishing Banks ( Willis). Genus TROCHUS, Lin. 1758. SHELL conical, axis imperforate, last whorl angulated at the periphery ; columella superiorly spirally twisted, forming a canal, anteriorly simple, straight, ending in a point. 286 PALUDINIDE. Trochus occidentalis. Shell pale, imperforate; whorls seven, convex; carine light brown, smooth above; suture impressed ; columella callous. Trochus occidentalis, Micurets and Apams, Bost. Journ. iv. 47, pl. 4, fig. 16 (1842). — Srimpson, Check Lists, 4. Margarita alabastrum, Buck, &e. Shell rather small, somewhat solid, sub-translucent, pale horn color, with light brown revolving carina, of which there are three on the upper whorls, and four to six on the lower one ; whorls seven, convex; suture distinct; spire three fifths the length of the shell; apex acute; last whorl with a smooth space between the carine and two or three coarse revolving striz around the umbilical region; aperture mod- T. oident- evately depressed, transversely ovate ; labrum crenulated by the carine ; columella callous ; umbilical region in- dented. Height, five tenths of an inch; greatest basal diameter, forty-three hundredths of an inch; divergence, sixty degrees. Casco Bay, taken from stomachs of haddock, in the summer of 1840, and subsequently (Mighels and Adams). Famity PALUDINIDA, Risso.* SHELL conical or sub-discoidal, the margins of the aperture united posteriorly ; operculated ; inhabiting fresh water. Genus VALVATA, Miter. 1774. SHELL conical, whorls cylindrical, loosely cohering ; aperture cir- cular, its margin entire ; operculum orbicular. Valvata tricarinata. Fic. 156. Shell sub-discoidal, thin, pale pea-green; whorls three, the last tri-carinate ; umbilicus large, Cyclostoma tricarinata, Say, J. Acad. N.S. Phil. i. 13, 1817; Nich. Eneye. ed. 3; Brn- NEY’s ed. 68, 59, 56. * In preparing this family I have largely borrowed from the “Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America,” Part III. Professor Henry has allowed the use of some of the woodcuts prepared for that work, — W. G. B. VALVATA. 287 Valvata tricarinata, Say, Journ. Acad. ii. 173; Brxney’s ed. 68, — Desnayes, in Lam. viii. 507; Tr. El. de Conch. pl. 72, figs. 4-6. — Menke, Zeit. f. Mal. 1845, 121. — Harpeman, Mon. iii. pl. 1, figs. 1-4. — Goutp, Inv. 225, fig. 156. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 118, pl. 6, fig. 130. — Anonymous, Can. Nat. ii. 213, fig. — Apams, Thomp- son’s Vt. 152. — W. G. Binney, L. and Fr. Shells, iii. 9, figs. 12-16 (1865). Valvata carinata, SowERBY, Gen. Shells, xli. fig. 2. Valvata unicarinata, Dn Kay, N. Y. Moll. 118, pl. 6, fig. 129. Valvata bicarinata, Lea? Tr. Am. Phil. Soe, ix. 21; Obs. iv. 21; Proc. ii. 81, 83; Arch. f. Nat. 1843, ii, 129. Tropidina carinata, Curnv, Man. de Conch. ii. 312, fig. 2232. Shell small, depressed, thin, transparent, and shining, of an em- erald or light pea-green color; whorls three or four, flattened at the summit, faintly marked by lines of growth, and sepa- rated by a distinet suture; each of the interior whorls has EO one or two prominently raised, rounded, revolving lines or ¥. tricar- : a ze E mata. keels, and the exterior one has three, one of which issues from the lower junction of the lip and borders the umbilicus; a second originates from the upper. junction of the lip, and circum- scribes the whorl; the third midway between this and the suture, thus giving the whorls a prismatic or quadrangular instead of a cylindrical appearance ; aperture circular, mod- ified by the keels; lip simple, surrounding the aperture, E 1 except a small space between the two lower keels ; umbil eee ] =) WOS " oY ay Q » j ~”LOY » > nati. icus broad, deep, funnel-shaped. Height, one tenth of an jiirwea. inch; breadth, seven fortieths of an inch. Var. simplex, without the keels. Professors Benedict and Adams have found this species in Vermont; and in very many instances it is perfectly simple and cylindrical, individuals occurring with every degree of carination, showing that it is still the same species. In this State, the large, funnel-shaped umbilicus is the best charac- teristic. It is found in most of our small lakes, usually under stones, or shéltered by the deserted shells of some of the fresh-water mussels. It has also been found from Pennsylvania to Council Bluff and Methy Lake (lat. 57°). The shell is usually rendered somewhat opaque by an earthy coat- ing, which seems to answer the purpose of an epidermis ; but, when this is removed, the surface is shining and pearly, of an emerald- green color, lighter on the keels. It is one of our most curious shells. Fig. 549. Fig 550. 288 PALUDINIDE. Valvata pupoidea.* Era. 155; Shell minute, elevated, chestnut colored; whorls four or five, the last nearly disjoined. Vulvata pupoidea, Goutp, Am. Journ. Sc. Ist ser. xxxviii. 196, 1840; Inv. Mass. 226, fig. 155; Otia, 180.— Hatpreman, Mon. 10, pl. 1, figs. 11-13. — Dr Kay, N.Y. Moll. 119. — Cuenu, Man. de Conch. ii. 311, fig. 2230.— Anonymous, Can. Nat. ii. 214, fig. — W. G. Bryvey, L. and Fr, Shells, iii. 13, fig. 19 (1865). Shell small, elongated-ovate, opaque, chestnut colored, when di- vested of the rough, dirty pigment which usually adheres closely to it; whorls four or five, minutely wrinkled, the posterior one small and flattened so as to form an obtuse apex; the others & cylindrical, and so partially in contact as to expose about v. aah one half of the cylinder; the last entirely disjoimed from the Ae preceding one for at least the half of a revolution ; aperture circular, lip simple and sharp; on looking at the shell from below, no umbilical opening is found; cperculum horny, apex cen- tral, elements concentric. Length, one tenth of an inch; breadth, three fortieths of an inch. Found at Fresh Pond and other ponds, on stones and submerged sticks; and has been for many years in our cabinets marked as a Paludina. Animal very active; head proboscidiform, half as long as the ten- tacles, bi-lobed in front, dark, terminated with light; tentacles rather stout, light drab colored, with a line of silvery dots on the upper side, over the large, black eyes ; foot tongue-shaped, as long as the first whorl, dilated into two acute angles in front, light drab color; respiratory organ occasionally protruded to half the length of a tentacle on the right side. This species is widely distinguished from all other described ones by its minuteness, its color, its elongated form, and its want of an umbilicus; of which characters the last two seem to arise from the loose manner in which the whorls are united. Found also in Connecticut (Linsley) ; District of Columbia ( Gi rard); Maine (Mighels) ; and Canada (Can. Nat.). Fig, 551. * This species is made the type of a new genus, Lyogyrus, by Professor Gill (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1863). It does not appear to me that there are sufficient grounds for be- lieving it distinct. — W. G. B. MELANTHO. I89 Genus MELANTHO, Bowonrtcn. 1822. SHELL thick, solid, ovate, imperforate, spire produced ; whorls rounded, smooth, covered with an olivaceous epidermis ; peristome simple, continuous. Melantho decisa. Ficure (see woodcut, p. 144 of Ist ed.). Shell sub-conic, thick and strong, olivaceous; whorls five, convex, covered with minute, revolving lines, eroded at tip; aperture ovate, half the length of the shell, bluish within ; umbilicus none. Limneea decisa, Say, Nich. Encyel. ed. 1, 1817; 2d ed. 1818, pl. 3, fig. 6. Paludina decisa, Say, 1817, Nich Encyel. pl. 3, fig. 6 (Limnea of earlier editions) ; Amer. Conch. i. pl. 10 (1830) ; ed. Binney, 49, 159, pl. 10, fig. 1; pl. 70, fig. 6 ; ed. Cuenu, 16, pl. 2, fig. 5. — Puirrpe1, Conch. iii. 3, pl. 1, fig. 8 (1848). — HaLtpEeman, Mon. 4, pl. 1 (1840). — Goutp, Inv. of Mass. Ist ed. 227, woodcut, p. 144 (1841). — Apams, in Thompson’s Hist. of Vermont, 151, fig. (1842). — Du Kay, N. Y. Moll. 84, pl. 6, fig. 131; pl. 7, 134 (1843).— Cuenu, Ill. Conch. i. figs. 1-5. — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 310, fig. 10, — Porrez et Micuaup, Gall. des Moll. i. 247, pl. 25, figs. 13, 14. — Kusrer in Chemn. 2d ed. 13, pl. 2, figs. 14-19. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 45, a,c, d, excl. 45b (P. ponderosa), Mar. 1863. Melania ovularis, Menke, Syn. Meth. 134, teste Kuster. Paludina limosa, VALENCIENNES, Rec. d’Obs. ii. 253, 1833, teste Ktsrer and Haxpr- MAN. Paludina ponderosa, jun., DESHAYES in Lam. vill. 516 ( Paludina heterostropha, KirtLaxp, Ohio Rep. 175 (1838 Xxxv. 269, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1839. Paludina microstoma, KirtLanp, Ohio Rep. 175 (1838). Paludina rufa, HALbeMAN, Mon. iii. p. 3 of wrapper, pl. 3, fig 1 (1841), 15. Paludina cornca, VALENCIENNES ¢ Rec. d’Obs. ii. 255, 1833. Paludina integra, Say, 1821; Binney’s ed 69; Journ A. N Se. ii. 174 (1821). — Hat- pEMAN, Mon. 10, pl. 3 (1840). — Apams, in Thompson’s Vermont, 152 (1842).— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 84, pl. 7, fig. 132 (1843). — Kusrer, Chemn. 2d ed. 17, t. 3, figs 11-13. — Cuenu, Ill. Conch. pl. 1, figs. 9-13. — Purirerr, Conch. iii. 4, pl. 1, fig. 7 (1848). Paludina genicula, Conrap, N. Fr. W. Shells, 48, pl. 8, fig. 3, 1834; ed. Cuenu, 23, pl. 4, fig. 20. — Kuster in Cuemn. 2d ed. 14, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6 (1852). — Mixer, Syn. Test. in 1834 prom. p. 39. — Hatpeman, Mon. 15, pl. 5 (1840). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 86 (1843). — Cuenv, Illust. Conch. pl. 1, figs. 18, 19. Paludina heros, De Kay, olim, N. Y. Prel. Rep. 1839, p. 32; Moll. 85 (1843). Paludina decapitata, ANTHONY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1860, p. 71. — Reeve, Con. Icon. pl. 11, fig. 75 (1863). Paludina milesii, Lna, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Se. 1863, 156. Helix dissimilis, Woon, Ind. Suppl. pl. 7, fig. 18 (1828) ; Hanney’s ed. 226 (1856). Helix decisa, Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 196 (1826). Lymnula ventricosa, RAFINESQUE, MSS. Ambloxis (Amblostoma) major, RAFINESQUE, MSS, ig 1838) ; ed. 3, ili. 455. ). — Tappan, Am. Journ. Se. [i.] 290 PALUDINIDE. Cochlea Virginiana, §c. Lister, Conch. t. 127, fig. 27 (1770). PETIVER, Gazophyl. t. 116, fig. 18. Melantho decisa, W. G. Binney, L, and Fr. Shells, iii. figs. 79 - 82 (1862), excl. syn. sub- solida. Shell ovate-elongate, thick and strong, color varying from yellow- ish-green to dark olive-green ; whorls five, regularly convex, inclin- ing rather abruptly towards the suture, so as to form a moderate shoulder; surface marked with fine wrinkles of growth, and occasional stripes of dark purplish, in- dicating the position of preceding apertures ; also with minute, revolving lines, which, in young specimens, when viewed in the water, are seen to be garnished with fine, pubescent hairs; two or three of the whorls at the apex are usually broken off, leaving an irregular, eroded surface ; aperture oval, not exceeding half the leneth of the entire shell, forming an angle above; lip simple, very sharp, until, as it rises towards the columella, it becomes thickened, and, turning outwards, forms a smooth, rounded margin, leaving no umbilicus; a thick enamel spreads across the preceding whorl, margined with purplish ; in- terior bluish. Operculum thin, ovate, beaked, with a M. decisa. Operculum 6 of M.de- groove from the centre to the tip of the beak. Length, cisa. one and one tenth inches; breadth, seven tenths of an inch ; divergence, fifty-six degrees. Animal with a broad, tongue-shaped foot, drawn out into angles each side in front, of a livid olive color varied with dark, vivid, orange, transverse spots above, and minutely dotted with the same beneath; tentacula olive above, spotted with orange, lighter below. Hyes on a niche at the exterior base of the tentacula. Found in ponds and muddy streams, usually concealed under shelving banks, or imbedded an inch or two among loose mud and roots. This is the only large species inhabiting the waters of New Eng- land. It is less massive than M. ponderosa, its whorls more convex, and its aperture less elongated. It is less globular when young than Vivipara sub-purpurea, and the spire in the adult more sym- metrical. The young are excluded in a living state with a shell of. three complete whorls. It is peculiar for the almost constant loss of its tip. Found in all eastern North America, from the Rio Grande to Nova Scotia and the Canadas. MELANTHO. 291 [*The form known as M. integra has not been found in New England, but for the sake of comparison I give the following de- scriptions and figures : — Melantho decisa. Shell imperforate, elongate- ovate, rather thick, smooth, surface hardly broken by lines of growth, with microscopic revolving strie ; greenish, with irregularly disposed brown streaks marking the edge of former peristomes, uniformly chalky-white under the epidermis ; spire truncated, one or two whorls of it alone remaining, apex entirely removed; remaining whorls three and a half, convex, the last equalling two thirds of the shell’s length, imperforate ; aperture oval, oblique, more than one half the length of the last whirl, bluish-white within ; peristome externally of a darker color, simple, acute, somewhat sinu- ous, its terminations joined by a thin ca‘lus on the parietal wall, entering within the aperture. Length of axis, thirty-seven ; greatest breadth of body whorl, seventeen ; length of aperture sixteen ; breadth, eleven mill. Operculum arcuated, convex, horny, concentric, nucleus nearer the columellar margin. Melantho decisa. Melantho decisa, var. integra. Shell imper- forate, elongate-ovate, quite thick, smooth, surface hardly broken by lines or wrinkles of growth, marked with delicate revolving striz ; greenish, with darker streaks, mark- ing the edge of former peristomes, uniformly chalky-white under the epidermis; spire elongated-conic, apex perfect, acute; whorls five, convex, the last equalling two thirds the shell’s length, imperforate; aperture oval, narrowed above, oblique, more than half the length of the body whorl, milky- white within; peristome externally of a darker color, simple, acute, somewhat sinu- ous, its terminations joined by a thin, transparent callus on the parietal wall of the aper- ture, more heavily thickened and white above and below. Length of axis, twenty-four ; greatest breadth of body whorl, fifteen ; length of aperture, fifteen ; breadth, eleven mil2. Operculum as in JM. decisa. Female of M. decisa, Male of M decisa, var. integra. var. mtegra. In general terms it may be said that the form Fig. 556. known as Jf. integra differs from J. decisa by being more clongated, having a perfect apex, a smaller and whiter aperture, and more prominent revolving stri. These characters are only comparative. The two forms are not distinguished by any decided, constant, specific characters. Fig. 556 represents young shells, which are more globose, comparatively, than the more mature ones. Young of M integra. * The remarks in the brackets are by me. — W. G. B. 292 PALUDINIDE. All the shells figured are from western localities, excepting Fig. 554, which are from the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers, and Fig. 552, which is from Massachusetts. ] Genus AMNICOLA, Goutp and Hatpeman. 1841. SHELL ovate-conic, thin ; spire acute, composed of a few rounded whorls; aperture small, oblique, rounded-ovate ; lips continuous, simple ; operculum horny, spiral, with a few volutions. Animal having an elongated foot, rounded posteriorly, with each anterior angle produced laterally; head half the breadth of the foot, and protruding beyond it; tentacula short, filiform, unequal ? the eyes seated at the side of the external base ; oviparous. Inhabits fresh water. That this group of small shells should be separated from Paludina and also from Cyclostoma, in which genus they were included by Cuvier, is clear from the structure of the operculum, but more especially from the structure and habits of the animal. Among the differences the following are the most obvicus: in this genus the head precedes the foot in progression ; in Pal- 0 u- . an o : . lun of wdina it is the contrary ; in this the tentacula are all the way Amnico- i. of asize, and without any enlargement for the reception of ¥nlereed- the eyes, instead of being tapering, with a niche for the eyes; they are also frequently, if not always, unequal in length ; perhaps this is a sexual difference. The animal has the power of rising and swimming in an inverted posture at the surface of the water, which the true Paludina never does. So far as observation has yet gone the Amnicola is oviparous, while the true Pa/udina is ovo-viviparous. It is found crawling upon stones, sticks, and aquatic plants, while Paludina remains upon the mud, and is usually ob- served partly, or entirely, imbedded in it. On these grounds Mr. Haldeman concurs with me in instituting the genus Amnicola. Its position seems to be intermediate between Paludina and Melania. Amnicola pallida. Shell thin, conical, whorls four and a half, convex, suture distinct ; umbilicus narrow ; aperture ovate-orbicular, angular posteriorly. Amanicola pallida, HaLpeMAN, Mon. part 4, pp. 3 and 4 of wrapper (1842); Mon. 12, pl. 1, fig. 7 (18442). — W. G. Binney, L. and Fr. W. Shells, iii. 83, fig. 165 (1865). Amnicola lustrica, ApaMs, Thompson’s Vermont, 169, 152 (1842), teste HALDEMAN. AMNICOLA. 293 Shell thin in texture, conical, rather robust, composed of four and a half convex whorls, separated by a well-marked suture ; spire obtuse, rather longer than the aperture ; umbilicus narrow ; aperture ovate-orbicular, forming an angle posteriorly ; a 7 small portion of the labium confluent with the body whorl OQ) posteriorly. Color pale ochraceous, translucent. Inhabits Lake Champlain (Adams). Shige Intermediate between Justrica and porata. It is not as short and transverse as the former, which, moreover, is widely um- bilicate, and has the aperture regularly rounded posteriorly. Ac- cording to the description of Professor Adams, the labium some- times scarcely touches the body of the shell. The spire is compar- atively longer than in porata, the outline less transverse, and the aperture not orbicular (Haldeman). Hartford (Linsley). Fig 558. Amnicola limosa. Fig. 157. Shell small, sub-globose, thin, smooth ; whorls four, very convex, suture deep; aperture nearly circular; inner lip barely touching the preceding whorl; umbili- cus large. Paludina limosa, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. i. 125 (1817); Nich. Encye. 3d ed. (1819) ; Binney’s ed. 61. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88. Paludina porata, ADAMS, in Thompson’s Hist. of Vt. 152 (1842) (teste Hatp.). — Pui- Lippt, Z. fiir Mal. ii. 77 (1845). Amunicola porata, Goutp, Inv. of Mass. Ist ed. 229, fig. 157 (1841). Amnicola limosa, Hatpeman, Mon. 10, pl. 1, figs. 5,6 (1844 ?). — Anonymous, Can. Nat. ii. 214, fig. (1857). — W. G. Binney, L. and Fr. W. Shells, iii. 84, fig. 166 (1865). Shell minute, conic-globose, thin, translucent, smooth, or with most delicate lines of growth; varying from a bronze-green to a light olive-green color, but usually invested with mud ; ane whorls four or less, very convex, and flattened near the va suture, so as to present a conspicuous shoulder; the last 4. ae whorl rather more than two thirds the length of the shell, and as broad as long; suture deeply impressed, almost chan- nelled; aperture nearly circular, both lips being about equally curved, and uniting posteriorly at a broad angle; lips sharp, in some instances a little everted ; inner lip at maturity, barely touch- ing the preceding whorl just before it joins the outer lip, leaving a very large, deep umbilicus. Length, three twentieths of an inch; breadth, five tenths of an inch; divergence, sixty-eight degrees. 294 PALUDINIDE. Found in ditches and brooks, clinging to stones and submerged plants, oftentimes in great numbers. Animal a light drab color tinted pink, the head a little flesh- colored above ; tentacula silvery, with a dark line running along the outside from the eyes, which are at the external base; foot not reaching beyond the first whorl, broadly rounded behind, dilated into angles at each side in front; head half the width of the foot, and projecting beyond it, motions very slow. In delicate and clean specimens, a dark mark parallel to the outer lip, and another bi- secting it, and belonging to the animal, appear through the shell. Under this species I include many small shells, hitherto regarded as Paludine, which are collected in this region, ascribing the very great differences they present in color and size to differences of locality and age. The shoulder of the whorls, the conspicuous um- bilicus, and the rounded aperture, almost like Valvata or Cyclos- toma, are the most obvious characters. It is less solid, less elon- gated, the aperture more circular, and the inner lip much less closely appressed to the preceding whorl than A. limosa, Say. A. lustrica, Say, is described as much smaller, much more elongated, and more cylindrical. This I strongly suspect to be identical with Valvata pupoidea in an immature state. It approaches nearest to A. Cincinnatiensis, Anthony, which is larger and more conical and elongated. From Hudson’s Bay and Wisconsin to Virginia; Nova Scotia (Willis). Amnicola granum. Paludina grana, , Journ. A. N. Se. ii. 378 (1822) ; Brnney’s ed. 110. Amnicola granun, ese Mon. 17 (1844 ?). nee Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88 (1843). — W. G. Binney, Land and Fr. W. Shells, iii. 86, fig. 170. Shell conic-ovate ; whorls not perceptibly wrinkled, convex ; sut- ure deeply impressed ; aperture orbicular, hardly angulated above ; labium with the superior edge appressed to the surface of Ms the penultimate volution ; umbilicus rather small, profound. Length, less than one tenth of an inch. A. gra- Inhabits Pennsylvania. c This very small species is found in plenty in the fish-ponds at Harrowgate, crawling on the dead leaves which have fallen to the bottom of the water. It resembles P. lustrica, but is a smaller, less elongated shell, and the superior portion of the la- POMATIOPSIS. 295 bium is not an unaltered continuation of the lips as in that shell, but is appressed to the surface of the penultimate whorl in the usual manner of calcareous deposition upon that part (Say). Ranges from Lake Superior to Virginia. New Haven (Linsley). Fig. 560 is drawn from an authentic specimen given by Mr. Say to the Philadelphia Academy. Genus POMATIOPSIS, Tryon. 1862. SHELL small. thin, smooth, lone, sub-umbilicate. Spire turreted. 9 >} 9 tay) Aperture ovate, peritreme reflected. Operculum corneous. Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Shell turreted, sub-umbilicate; whorls six, indistinctly wrinkled; suture im- pressed ; aperture long, ovate-orbicular, Cyclostoma lapidaria, Say, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. 1. 13 (1817) ; Brnney’s ed. 59. Amnicola lapidaria, HALpeMaN, Mon. 18, pl. 1, fig. 10 (1844 4) ; Journ. A. N.S. Phila. viii. 200 (1842). Paludina lapidaria, Say, Nich. Eneye. 3d ed. (1819); Bryney’s ed. 56.— Kusrer, in Cuemn. 2d ed 54, pl. 10, figs. 21, 22. — Dre Kay, N. Y. Moll. 86 (1843). Melania lapidaria, Lew1s, Bost. Proc. vil. 255 ; Phila. Pr. 1862, 290 (no descr.). Pomatiopsis lupidaria, Tryon, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862, 452 (no descr.). — W. G. Biy- ney, L. and Fr. W. Shells, iii. 93, figs. 186-188. Shell turreted, sub-umbilicate, with six volutions, which are obso- letely wrinkled across; suture impressed ; aperture longi- |... tudinally ovate-orbicular, operculated, rather more than one ‘4 third of the length of the shell. Length, about one fifth of € an inch. P. lapi- Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. ee Inhabitant not so long as the shell, pale ; head elongated into a rostrum as long as the tentacula, and emarginate at tip; tentacula two, filiform, acuminated at tip, short ; eyes prominent, situated at the external or posterior base of the tentacula; base or foot of the animal di- aie lated, oval, obtuse before and behind. Found under stones, &c., in moist situations, on the margins of rivers. Like those of the genera Limnea J Fig. 562. and Planorbis, this animal possesses the faculty of — Animatot P. ° D ;: lapidaria. crawling on the surface of the water in a reversed posi- minlnveed: tion, the shell downward (Say). This is a widely distributed species, ranging at least from Georgia 296 LITTORINIDE. to New York, and from Missouri to Michigan. It is also found in the postpleiocene of the Mississippi River bluffs. Housatonic River (Linsley). Famity LITTORINIDA, Gray. SHELL spiral, turbinated or depressed ; aperture simple in front, never pearly within. Genus SHKENEA, Freminc. 1828. SHELL minute, discoidal; whorls few, and destitute of spines ; aperture dilated; operculum horny. Skenea planorbis. Fie. 189. Shell minute, discoidal, concavely umbilicated beneath, horn colored, whorls three, mouth expanded. Turbo planorbis, O. Fasricius, Fauna Gr. 394. Skenea planorbis, Forpes and Haniey, &c.; Stimpson, Shells of New England, 35; Check Lists, 4. Skeneu serpulordes, of American not European authors, Gouxp, Iny. Ist ed. p. 247, fig. 189. Shell minute, flat, slightly convex above, and broadly concave be- low, forming a deep umbilicus, which displays all the whorls within ; whorls three, smooth, a little depressed, light horn color ; apex scarcely elevated ; suture channelled ; aperture turn- ED ing downwards, circular, somewhat trumpet-shaped, in con- Fig. 563. s tact with, but not embracing any part of, the preceding whorl ; lip sharp, and receding so as to form an acute gap as it joins the preceding whorl ;. operculum horny, multi- spiral, the apex central. Breadth, one twentieth of an inch ; height, one thirtieth of an inch. Clings to stones lying about low-water mark. I have found it occasionally, but Professor Adams has found it in great numbers along the southwestern shore of Kast Boston. Nova Scotia ( Wil- lis) ; Cape Cod, northward ( Stimpson). S. plan- orbis. Genus RISSOELLA, Gray. 1847. SHELL thin, spiral, conical, or sub-globose, transparent ; aperture ovate, rounded and simple in front, peristome thin, entire. RISSOA. 297 Rissoella? eburnea. Rissoa eburnea, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 14 (1851) ; Shells of New England, 34, pl. 11, ake Ne Rissoella 2 eburnea, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell small, ovate-conoid, white, shining, smooth ; whorls fig. 564. four, rather convex, sub-angulated at suture ; aperture ovate- elliptic ; peristome thin, simple, acute, effuse anteriorly. Length, sixteen hundredths of an inch; breadth, nine hun- dredths of an inch. Lea This species resembles some varieties of R. ventrosa, but is much more angular. Two specimens were taken in thirty fathoms, off Cape Ann (Stimpson). Rissoella sulcosa. Shell minute, ovate-conic, smooth; whorls four, sub-convex, transversely fur- rowed; suture impressed; aperture ovate-oblong, transversely banded within, Phasianella sulcosa, M1cuerts, Bost. Journ. iv. 348, pl. 16, fig. 4 (1843). Rissoella 2 sulcosa, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell very small, ovate-conical, smooth and white ; whorls four, slightly convex, with six or seven transverse grooves on the body whorl, and three on each of the two next above, ae spire smooth and pointed ; aperture ovate-oblong, with three slightly apparent transverse bands within, as seen under a strong magnifying power. Length, one tenth of an inch; breadth, about one twenticth of an inch. Casco Bay. Examined with the unassisted eye, this shell would be likely to be mistaken for some species of Cingula, but its true character is revealed with even a moderate magnifying power, the lip being tn- continuous posteriorly. I have never discovered but one specimen of this curious little shell; this I found in the stomach of a had- dock, in the summer of 1842. I presume it is the only representa- tive of the genus that has been hitherto discovered on our Atlantic coast (Mighels). R. sulcosa. Genus RISSOA, Fremenvitte. 1814. SHELL usually white, solid, conical; spire pointed, many whorled, whorls convex and smooth, or longitudinally ribbed ; aperture ovate ; outer lip more or less dilated and thickened externally. 298 LITTORINID. Rissoa minuta. Fie. 171. Shell minute, elevated, conic, thin, smooth, yellowish-green ; whorls five, con- vex ; suture distinct. Turbo minutus, TorrEN, Sillim. Journ. xxvi. 369, fig. 7. Cingula minuta, GOULD, Iny. Ist ed. 265, fig. 171. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 110, pl. 4, fig. 117. Rissoa minuta, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Paludina stagnalis (forma ventr.), Mipprenvorr, Reise, 34. Shell minute, ovate-conic, elevated, obtuse at apex, thin, yellow- ish-brown, or dark horn color when containing the animal; usually coated with a dark green pigment, or some minute vegeta- ble ; whorls five, convex, faintly wrinkled by the lines of growth, the two upper ones forming an obtuse apex, and the lowest less than two thirds the whole length of the shell; suture distinct, with a slight shoulder to the whorl near it; aperture about one third the length of the shell, oval, the lips united in mature shells by a loosely attached enamel, which rises before an umbilical pit; operculum horny, sub- spiral. Length of large specimens, three twentieths of an inch; breadth, one tenth of an inch; divergence, twenty-cight degrees. Animal ; head proboscidiform, dusky-brown or blackish, half as long as the black-tipped tentacula ; eyes on a partial peduncle or dilatation on the exterior base of the tentacula; region of the mouth, the tentacula, and a stripe each side of the neck, leaving a pyramidal dark line between, of a light drab color ; foot oval, bifid, and dilated into wings before, rounded behind, dusky above and pale beneath. Motions very active. Found plentifully on sea-weed, and on moist banks, about high- water mark, especially on the thread-like plants which grow in ditches and brackish pools about marshes, in company with Litto- rina tenebrosa. Whole coast of New England (Stimpson); Halifax (Wills) ; Green Island (Bell) ; fossil, Montreal (Dawson). It is closely allied to several species received from Europe, and perhaps identical with some one of them; as the Littorina Balthica, from Copenhagen; the Turbo ulve, from England; and the Palu- dina thermalis, from France. But, as the shell has been submitted to Mr. Sowerby, and he did not pronounce it a European species, but sent the last-named shell as the nearest allied to it of all the species with which he is acquainted, and as it certainly is not iden- Fig. 566. R. minuta. RISSOA. 299 tical with that, I shall not venture to claim for it any more remote history than that given by Colonel Totten. This shell is so plain as to present no striking mark of distine- tion, and it is consequently not easy to describe it. The only shell liable to be confounded with it are the Odostomia fusca and O. bi- suturalis; a slight examination of the aperture readily solves any doubt on this point. Rissoa latior. Cingula latior, Micuris and Apams, Bost. Journ. N. H. iv. 48, pl. 4, fig. 22 (1842). Rissoa latior, Srimpson, Shells of New England, 34; Check Lists, 4. Shell minute, ovate-conic, smooth, pale horn color; whorls more than four, convex; suture much impressed; last whorl broad, larger than the rest of the shell; aperture ovate- orbicular, left margin with a lamina; operculum horny. Length, eight hundredths of an inch; breadth, five hun- dredths of an inch; divergence, sixty degrees. Casco Bay; taken from the stomach of a haddock in the spring of 1841. It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels. This species has a slight resemblance to R. minuta, Totten, in the absence of sculpture; but the spire is shorter, more pointed, and its divergence is much greater, giving a very different form to the shell. It is, moreover, a much smaller shell. It appears also to be allied to Turbo reticulatus, Montagu, but is distinct from that species in not having as many turns by one and a half; it differs, also, in not being * strongly striate, both longitudinally and trans- versely,” and in not having the “ aperture thickened by a rib.” It has been found very rarely, usually in company with A. carinata and Cingula arenarius, Montagu (Mighels and Adams). R. latior. Rissoa aculeus. Fig. 172. Shell minute, sub-cylindrical; whorls convex, covered with regular, micro- scopic revolving lines; aperture ovate; umbilicus partial. Cingula aculeus, GouLD, Iny. Ist ed. 266, fig. 172. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 111, pl. 6, fig. 115, Rissoa aculeus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell minute, ovate-cylindrical, elongated, light yellowish horn color; whorls six, convex and separated by a deep sutural region ; 300 LITTORINIDE. the two upper forming a blunt apex, the lowest rather more than half the length of the shell; the whole covered with regular, crowded, microscopic revolving lines ; aperture one third the length of the shell, oval, oblique, angular behind, the margin simple and entire, barely touching the preceding whorl, somewhat ex- panded, and on the left side elevated, and slightly turned over an umbilical depression or chink; operculum horny. Leneth, three twentieths of an inch; breadth, one fifteenth of an inch; divergence, twenty-three degrees. Found sparingly on the partially decayed timbers of an old wharf; and plentifully on stones, about low-water mark, at Kast Soston. Gull Island (Smith); whole New England coast (Stimp- son). It is a small, but well-characterized shell, distinguished by its elongated form, its entire aperture, and the minute spiral lines with which it is covered. It is nearly as long as, and much more slen- der than, R. minuta. Brown figures two or three species which closely resemble this. [Animal white throughout, head moderately produced, deeply bifid ; foot very little dilated at anterior angles; eyes black; mo- tions very moderate ; swims inverted at surface. Fig. 568. R. aculeus. Rissoa multilineata. Rissoa multilineata, Stimpson, Bost. Proc. iv. 14 (1851) ; Check Lists, 4. Shell minute, oblong-ovate, blunt, white; whorls five, convex, marked with about twenty minute, transverse stria; aperture or- bicularly ovate, peristome not thickened, effuse. Length, one tenth of an inch; breadth, forty-five thousandths of an inch. \ This shell differs from R. aculeus in being shorter; its ~ whorls are much more compactly coiled, and its revolving tinea striz are stronger and more evident. The lip is also more thickened. From R. Mighelsii it differs in having much more numerous and crowded transverse striae. It was dredged in five fathoms, off Great Misery Island, and also near Nahant, on sandy and gravelly bottoms (Stimpson) ; Halifax ( Willis). Fig. 569. RISSOA. 301 Rissoa Mighelsi. Cingula arenaria, Mieuers and Apams, Bost. Journ. iv. 49, pl. 4, fig. 24 (1842), not Turbo arenarius, MONTAGU. Rissoa Mighelsi, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 15; Check Lists, 4. Shell minute, white, sub-cylindrical, sub-plicate longitudinally, and minutely striate transversely ; spire elongated, conical ; whorls six, convex; suture impressed ; aperture sub-orbicu- lar, half the length of the spire; operculum horny. Length, ten hundredths of an inch; breadth, five hundredths of an inch; divergence, thirty degrees. Casco Bay, taken from the stomach of a haddock in the *l's elst. Fig. 570. summer of 1841. But few specimens have been found, which are in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels (Mighels and Adams). Rissoa exarata. Rissoa exarata, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 15 (1851) ; Shells of New England, 34, pl. 1, fig. 3; Check Lists, 4. Shell small, ovate, fuscous, rather solid, imperforate; whorls five, rather convex, sub-plicate posteriorly and bound by in- equidistant, elevated, transverse ribs, three on upper whorls; aperture small, ovate, peristome thickened. Length, eleven hundredths of an inch; breadth, five hundredths of an inch. A single specimen of this very distinct species was dredged in three fathoms, on a shelly bottom in Boston Be Harbor. It is distinguished by its very prominent, distant, a transverse ribs, which are three on the upper whorls and eight on the lower. Its aperture is very small (Stimpson). Rissoa carinata. Shell very small, ovate; whorls five, convex, carinated below, plicated above ; spire conical ; suture strongly impressed ; aperture sub-orbicular ; operculum horny. Cingula carinata, Miawexs and ApaAms, l. c. in remarks. Cingula semicostata, M1iGHELS and ApAms, Bost. Journ. N. H. iv. 49, pl. 4, fig. 23 (1842), not Turbo semicostatus, MONTAGU. Rissoa pelagica, Stimpson, Bost. Proc. iv. 15; Shells of New England, 34. Rissoa carinata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell very small, ovate-conical, of a ferruginous red color, very thin, whorls for the most part five, convex ; with longitudinal ribs 802 LITTORINID. on the upper half, and revolving impressed striz on the lower half; last whorl carinate; spire conical, obtuse, suture well impressed ; aperture nearly orbicular; labrum thin, sharp; labium 2 smooth, operculum horny. Length, eleven hundredths of fh an inch; breadth, seven tenths of an inch; divergence, forty- ©@ five degrees. rae’ Casco Bay; taken from the stomachs of haddock in the Polseed- summer of 1841. We offer this with some hesitation as identical with Turbo semi- costatus, Montagu. If it should finally prove to be distinct, we would propose to call it Cingula carinata (Mighels and Adams). Grand Manan (Stimpson). Fig. 572. Genus LACUNA, Turron. 1827. SHELL globose or conical, thin ; spire consisting of a few rapidly enlarging whorls; aperture semi-lunar ; inner lip oblique, flattened ; umbilicus forming a lengthened groove along the pillar. Lacuna vincta. Fics. 169, 178%. Shell small, ovate-conical, with five rounded volutions, encircled by four or five purplish-brown bands, and very numerous, minute, undulating lines. Turbo vinctus, Montacu, Test. Brit. 307, pl. 20, fig.3. — Turron, Conch. Dict 195, figs. 92, 93. — Woop, Index, pl. 31, fig. 69. — Dittwyn, Catal. ii. 844. — Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 167. Turbo quadrifasciatus, FLemineG, Brit. Anim. 299. Lacuna pertusa, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. vi. 266, pl. 11, fig. 19. Lacuna vincta, GouLn, Inv. Ist ed. 262, figs. 169, 178*.— Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 111, pl. 6, fig. 119. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4. Shell small, thin, ovate-conic; spire pointed, composed of five very convex whorls, separated by a fine and deep suture, of a dingy white or purplish horn color; the lower one encircled by four darker chestnut colored bands, two of which revolve upon the posterior whorls also; the surface is also marked by faint lines of growth, and numerous, flexuous, revolving marks, which require a magnifier to render them conspicu- ous; aperture nearly orbicular; outer lip sharp, thin, and simple , pillar lip white, flattened, and excavated by a smooth, crescent-shaped groove, terminating in an umbilicus; as the two margins join each other at the base, they form a slight projecting L. vincta. [s) LACUNA. 303 angle. A slight angular ridge revolves from the upper angle of the aperture, on some specimens quite perceptible. Operculum horny, sub-spiral. Length, one half inch; breadth, three tenths of an inch; divergence, fifty-eight degrees. Var. fusca. Fig. 178*. Shell proportionally shorter, more solid and opaque, of a darker, generally uniform color, sometimes yellow- ish, and sometimes purplish horn color, occasionally with one or two bands, or banded shades; the mouth more angular, and the angular revolving ridge more frequently conspicuous. Found, driven up, on all our beaches, and alive among the roots of Laminaria and other marine plants, attached to stones and shells, and dragged by storms from deep water. Eastport ( Cooper); Fish- ing Banks ( Willis) ; whole coast of New England (Stimpson). It is easily distinguished from all our shells by its peculiar umbil- icus, and its elongated form, by which it is distinguished from the next species. The size above given is larger than in most speci- mens, but not so large as in many. It is undoubtedly the L. vincta of the British shores, as settled by actual comparison and the opin- ion of Mr. Sowerby. Mr. Conrad seems not to have been acquainted with the L. vincta, when he described his L. pertusa, distinguishing it from L. quadrifasciata. The variety is found in about equal numbers with the type. It does not depend on age; for small young specimens are proportionally short, dark, and solid. But the approaches to each other are so insensible, that 1 do not ven- ture to make a species of it; but attach to it, as a variety, a name some years since proposed for it by Dr. Binney. It may prove to be a technical species, and perhaps is actually the Turbo canalis, Montagu. , Lacuna neritoidea. Fic. 170. Shell globular-ovate, with three whorls and a half, the last very large, smooth, yellowish-green ; aperture semi-lunar, oblique ; umbilicus large and deep. Lacuna neritoidea, Goutp, Sillim. Journ. xxxviii. 197; Inv. Ist ed. 263, fig. 170. — Srimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, thin, hemispherical, or obliquely-ovate ; whorls three and a half, regularly convex, minutely wrinkled near the suture, and with an occasional transverse scratch ; otherwise smooth, and cov- ered with a rough, greenish-yellow epidermis; the sutural region is depressed and sub-channelled ; the spire is scarcely prominent above the very large lower whorl, and is placed a little to one side ; aper- 304 LITTORINIDE. ture oblique, semi-circular, angles a little rounded; outer lip sharp; inner lip straight, like a rounded white rib, broadest and twisted behind ; at the side of it is a narrow, crescentic, white space, bounded externally by the continuation of the sharp lip, along which a groove runs, terminating in a deep um- bilicus ; operculum horny, sub-spiral. Length, one fifth of L.neritoi; an inch; greatest breadth, one fourth of an inch ; diver- gence, ninety-five degrees. A few specimens of this shell have been collected at different times on Chelsea Beach. It is probably floated ashore on sea-weed. Ocean House, Swampscott (Haskell) ; fossil, Montreal (Dawson) ; whole New England coast (Stimpson). It is sufficiently distinct from specimens of Turbo pallidulus, sent me from Europe for comparison, by its narrower channelled space, and its smaller umbilicus ; and more especially by the aperture not being at all trumpet-shaped, or angular, as in that shell. They are so nearly alike, however, that it is very difficult to delineate, either by description or figures, distinctions which are very obvious on in- spection. I have received it from Dr. Lovén, labelled, doubtfully, L. Montagui, Turton. Genus LITTORINA, Fervssac. 1821. SHELL thick, top-shaped, spire of a few rounded whorls ; aperture entire, rounded-ovate, large ; outer lip sharp, inner lip somewhat flattened ; lips not continuous posteriorly ; operculum horny, spiral. Littorina rudis. Fic. 165. Shell strong and coarse, volutions convex and well defined, with revolving ridges; pillar flattened, prolonged so as to form an angle in front; color yel- lowish. Turbo rudis, Donovan, Brit. Shells, i. t. 33, fig 3 (1800). — Monracu, Test. Brit. 304. — Turron’s Lin, iv. 480; Conch. Dict 197. —Cuemn. Conch. v. t. 185, fig. 1855. — Maron and Racket, Lin. Trans. viii. 159, t. 4, figs. 12, 18. — Woon, Index, pl. 30, fig. 7. — Lam. An. sans Vert. Ist ed. vii. 49. —Fremine, Brit. Anim. 298. Turbo obligatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 241. Littorina rudis, Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 257, fig. 165. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 104, pl. 5, fig. 103. — Srimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell broad-ovate, strong and coarse, generally yellowish or ash colored, sometimes orange or olive, for the most part of one uniform LITTORINA. 305 color, but occasionally banded with white, or blotched with some lighter color; surface marked with very perceptible and sometimes conspicuous revolving lines and grooves; whorls four or five, con- vex, well defined by the suture, forming a moderately ele- vated spire, rather obtuse at its apex; last whorl three fourths the length of the shell; aperture one half the same, obliquely broad-ovate ; outer lip bevelled within to a sharp edge; the pillar margin is broadly flattened, and, widening forwards, projects so as to form an angle ; within colored, generally brown, except the bevelled edge, which is yellowish-white ; operculum horny, sub-spiral ; sometimes a small umbilical indenta- tion is found. Length, one half inch; breadth, two fifths of an inch ; divergence, sixty-eight degrees. L rudis: Found on rocks of the ocean shore. Prince Edward’s Island, Labrador, Newfoundland (Wi//is); Gull Island (Smith) ; whole New England coast (Stimpson). It is usually of a much smaller size than above mentioned. In- deed, had it not been for a few large specimens sent me by Dr. L. M. Yale, from Martha’s Vineyard, which correspond in every re- spect with specimens of ZL. rudis received from Mr. Sowerby, I should not have recognized the species. The small specimens, such as we usually find on the ocean rocks, answer well to Mr. Say’s de- scription of Turbo oblizatus, and were doubtless the shells intended by him. They are usually darker colored, and more mottled, than adult specimens. Mr. Say thought his specimens might be mere va- rieties of his T. palliatus, with obtuse, elevated, revolving lines. He must have inadvertently associated them with that species, to which they have no affinity, instead of with his 7. vestitus, to which they are closely allied, and from which they would not be distinguished by the unpractised eye. The conviction that they are the L. rudis has greatly diminished the number of what I had regarded as varie- ties of L. tenebrosa. The variations consist in the greater or less prominence of the revolving lines; sometimes these are almost imperceptible, and at others they would bear the name of ribs. The coloring is princi- pally yellow, of various shades ; some small specimens are quite white; many are olive and gray. Dr. Lovén has named a flesh- colored variety L. incarnata. From L. palliata it is distinguished by its more elevated spire, and distinctly defined whorls, its striated surface, and the compres- sion of the lip in front, so as to form an angle; from ZL. tenebrosa, 20 306 LITTORINIDE. it differs in its less elongated spire, its larger aperture, encircled as it were by a broad, thick, flattened rim. IT have not seen the animal, but Montagu says it is yellowish, without stripes or spots; the tentacula of the same color, marked with a dusky streak on the outside. If so, we should have another decisive distinguishing mark. After long and careful observation and study of the myriads of specimens on our shores, so infinitely varied in proportions, color- ing, and sculpture, I have become satisfied in my own mind to what species they should be referred. The limits of the species too, in adult specimens, are decidedly marked both by the shells themselves and by the animals. But, as to the young, to use the language of Montagu, “the shades and gradations are so intimately blended, that it is scarce possible to determine what marks a characteristic line of division.” The angle of the front I regard as the most con- stant character of the last species. It seems almost incredible that Mr. Say should have drawn upon the State of Maine for specimens of shells which are so extensively distributed and so innumerable with us; and still more incredible that, from the few specimens which he probably received, he should have discriminated and described the three species so accurately, though, if my conclusions are correct, some of them were previously described. Littorina tenebrosa. Fig. 166. Shell ovate-conical ; spire elevated, whorls tumid, with numerous revolving lines, dark green or dusky brown, with interrupted cream-colored lines; aper- ture circular; purplish-chocolate within. Twrbo tenebrosus, Montacu, Test. Brit. 303, t. 20, fig. 4. — Woon, Ind. pl. 30, fig. 6.— Maron and Racxert, Lin. Trans. viii. 160, pl. 4, fig. 12. —Dinttwyn, Catal. ii. 818. — Turron, Conch. Dict. 197, figs. 36, 37. — Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. &e. — Friemina, Brit. Anim. 298. Turbo vestitus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 241; ed. BINNEY, 82. Littorina tenebrosa, GOULD, Iny. Ist ed. 259, fig. 166.-—— Dx Kay, N. Y. Moll. 105, pl. 6, fig. 106. Littorina rudis, part, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 33 Shell small, ovate-conical, rather thin, dark olive or dusky brown, usually prettily checkered with buff-colored broken lines, generally obscured by a gray or rusty coating; spire elevated and pointed, of five or six rounded, tumid whorls, marked with obseure revolv- ing lines; suture well defined ; lower whorl two thirds the length LITTORINA. 307 of the shell; aperture less than one half, nearly circular ; outer lip thin and sharp, yellowish, thickening a little as it meets the flat- tened and slightly everted pillar lip, forming a slightly per- ceptible angle at base; throat deep chocolate or purplish- brown ; operculum thin, shining, horny, brown. Length, one half inch; breadth, seven twentieths of an inch; diver- gence sixty-five degrees. This species is found about sluggish waters, wharves, Z. penabro- bridges, ditches, and pools upon marshes, on the mud, and climbing culms of grass. It is often found on the marshes at a considerable distance from any water, but I do not recollect that I have ever found it at the open sea, where it was liable to sustain any violence from currents or the surf. The animal has a dark olive head, and an olive stripe on the ten- tacula, from the eye ; the sides of the foot are beautifully lined with the same, and it is very sluggish in its movements. It lives a week or more after being removed from the water. Actual comparison of our shell with the British Turbo tenebro- sus, the authority of Mr. Sowerby, its correspondence with the de- scriptions and figures above cited, and the similarity of habit, ren- der their identity quite certain. Its distinctive points are, the elevation of the spire, formed of very tumid whorls, abrupt and not sloping at the suture; the short, nearly circular mouth, with its thin, yellow lip, the very partial flat- tening of the inner lip producing a very slight angular curve in front; the dark purplish-brown interior ; and above all, the olive- colored head and markines of the animal. Its varieties of form are not great, consisting in the greater or less elevation of the spire. In coloring it is not so variable as L. palli- ata. It is generally very dark green, interrupted with dashes of buff; but sometimes it is dark chocolate color, or light gray, and the widest variety | have seen is a dark brown, with one, two, or three bands of white. In sculpture there is considerable variation, consisting in the deeper or more superficial revolving grooves. In most cases, however, there are none distinctly visible to the naked eye. The limits of the species are not very readily declared ; but I now suppose it to be a less variable species than I had at first thought. Some further remarks on it may be found under L. rudis. Halifax ( Willis) ; whole Canadian coast (Bell) ; James’s Bay, fifty-two degrees, ten minutes (Drealer). 308 LITTORINID®. Littorina litorea. Turbo littoreus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 1232, &e. Turbo ustulatus, LAMARCK, An. sans Vert. (ed. Dresu.), ix. 214. Littorina vulgaris, SowerBy, Genera Shells, Litt. fig. 1. Littorina littorea, JouNsTON, Berwick Club, i. 267. Littorina litorea, Menken, Zeitsch. Malakozool. 1845, 49. — Srrupson, Check Lists, 5. Solid, not smooth, yet rarely ridged; whorls not rounded, but more or less flattened; base and pillar not so produced, and aper- ture not so filled up anteriorly as in rudis ; outer lip joining the body at an acute angle, and more arched below than above; pillar lip not peculiarly broad, usually white, its inner edge for the most part well arcuated. Like most littoral shells, the species of this genus are liable to great changes of shape and color; the former arises chiefly from the amount of elevation displayed by the spire. Hence, the form ranges from sub-globose to ovate-acute, which last we regard as the most ordinary and char- acteristic appearance. The shell is solid, a little glossy, and its L. litorea. coloring is either of a uniform tint, or disposed in rings. Impure scarlet, black, fulvous, or brown, are the usual tints; the two latter are often zoned with numerous narrow fillets of red, or smoke color. There are six or seven volutions divided by a fine and simple sut- ure, and terminating in a more or less acute apex. They are spi- rally girt with densely disposed raised stria, which, however, are, for the most part, much more manifest in the young than im the aged specimens, where the surface, from abrasion, exhibits merely the intervening striw. The shelve of the whorls is considerable, that is to say, they are much broader below than above; they are flattish, or plano-convex, and never much rounded. The propor- tion of hody to spire is very variable ; occasionally they are almost equal; in the produced form the dorsal length is in general as two to one; in the globular form the spire hardly occupies more than a fourth of the entire length. There is very often, especially in the more elongated specimens, a slight disposition to retusion beneath the suture of the body whorl. The aperture is large, ovate, dis- posed to obliquity, and more or less contracted posteriorly. The outer lip runs at a very acute angle to the body, and typically Cn the adult) is more arcuated anteriorly than posteriorly, the base of the shell being broad in the more characteristic examples. The LITTORINA. 309 pillar lip is broad, plano-convex, or flattened (not retuse), and white; it.is not particularly thickened at its union with the outer lip; its free edge is moderately concave, its inner, or attached mar- gin is greatly arcuated. The throat is smooth, and usually of a chocolate-brown; more rarely the entire mouth is white. The larger of the specimens we have delineated is fully the average size of fine individuals. As a general rule, it may be remarked that in the banded varieties of this and rudis, the coloring matter is usually disposed in narrow rings in the former, in broad zones in the latter. The outer lip, in the present species, is more frequently margined internally with the darker external coloring; in rudts it is more apt to be pallid, or tinged with orange-yellow. The animal above is of a general dark hue, arising from close-set brownish-black linear markings on a yellowish or tawny ground. The lanceolate tentacula are irregularly ringed with these mark- ings, as is the muzzle also. The operculigerous lobe is rounded, pale, and tawny, with few markings. The sole of the foot is yellow- ish white. Lovén describes the tongue as having broad and quad- rate central teeth, with strongly inflexed apices, consisting of a cor- date central lobule, flanked by obtuse denticulations on each side ; the uncini are nearly all alike, thick, and have unequally lobed and toothed apices. (Forbes and Hanley.) Halifax ( Willis). Littorina palliata. Hires 167. Shell small, globular-ovate, thick, smooth; spire small and depressed, generally of one color, or variegated with bands and spots; aperture rounded, outer lip sharp, pillar widely flattened. Turbo palliatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 240; ed. Binney, 82. Turbo neritoides ? Lin. Syst. 1232. — Cuemn. Conch. v. 234, t. 185, fig. 1854. Littorina neritoides, Dm Kay, N. Y. Moll. 105, pl 6, figs. 109-111. Littorina littoralis, Fornes and Haniey. — Stimesoy, Shells of New England, 33. Littorina palliata, Goup, Iny. Ist ed. 260, fig. 167. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell semi-globular, solid, smooth, and shining, with very faint revolving lines, and lines of growth; color variable, white, yellow, orange, olive, slate, and brown; usually of a single color, but often striped, banded, or spotted in various ways with darker and lighter colors ; whorls four, the last very large, and the others scarcely rising above it; suture faintly marked, scarcely denoting the limits 310 LITTORINIDE. of the whorls; aperture nearly circular, the lip bevelled within to a sharp edge; the pillar margin broadly flattened and white, contin- uous with the outer lip; color of the interior correspond- ing to the exterior color; operculum horny, semi-heart- shaped, smooth, sub-spiral. Length, eight tenths of an inch; breadth, nine tenths of an inch; divergence, eighty- five degrees. Found along the whole coast. Their resorts are usually exposed to the open sea. They are found on rocky shores in great abundance, and at low tide are easily obtained from the rocks and rock-weed, to which they cling, and on which they are seen in rapid motion. The animal has the head orange, darker above, and the foot of a drab or cream color. The varieties of coloring are innumerable ; combining the colors above-mentioned in every possible manner. They consist princi- pally, however, in bands of different widths, from hair lines, up to a third of the width of the body whorl; but the surface is sometimes reticulated, or marked with triangular spots. The great points of distinction are the smooth surface, short, depressed spire, broadly flattened pillar, and, above all, the orange- colored head of the animal. Its proportions vary with its age. While young the aperture is not much longer than the spire, but at maturity it is seven eighths of the length of the shell. This shell would by many be considered the same as the Turbo neritoides of authors. It may be the JT. neritoides of Linneus, but not of Férussaec and Lamarck. Ihave sent our shells to Mr. Sow- erby and Dr. Lovén, who are of the opinion that they are distinet. To some of the small European specimens parallels might be pro- duced from our largest ones ; but in general the spire of our shell is less depressed, has no decided angle bounding the flattened spire, and it is less narrowed forwards. Mr. Sowerby sent a shell labelled Litt. expansa, Brown, from the Frith of Forth, which much more closely resembles our shell. Dr. Lovén has given to a dirty olive- colored shell from the coast of Norway the name of L. squalida ; but it is precisely the same as similarly colored shells of this spe- cies. As there is still so much cause for doubt, it seems better, for the present at least, to retain Mr. Say’s specific name. Halifax to Labrador ( Willis) ; Beauport, fossil (Dawson). L. palliata. SCALARIA. S11 Littorina irrorata. Turbo irroratus, Say, BinNney’s ed. 81; Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 239 (1821). Phasianella sulcata, LAMARCK ? Littorina irrorata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell thick, greenish, or pale cinereous, with numerous revolving, elevated, obtuse, equal lines, which are spotted with abbreviated brownish lines; suture not indented ; Fig. 579. spire acute ; labium incrassated, yellowish-brown ; la- bium within white and thick, at the edge thin, and lineated with dark brownish ; throat white ; columella with an indentation ; operculum coriaceous. Length, four fifths of an inch. This has the general appearance of Turbo Tittoreus, but is sufficiently distinct by the above characters ; L. irrorata. the calcareous deposit on the labium is obvious. An inhabitant of our estuaries of the Middle and Southern States. I have found them on the eastern shore of Maryland, and on the coast of Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; and my brother obtained a specimen on the coast of New Jersey, of the length of one inch and one tenth nearly. Mr. Cuvier would place this shell in the genus Paludina. (Say.) Connecticut (Stimpson). Famity SCALARIIDAS, Brop. SHELL without plaits on the pillar; margins of the aperture cir- cularly united. Genus SCALARMTA, Lam. 1801. SHELL turreted, spire long, composed of rounded, sometimes sep- arated whorls, crossed by elevated ribs; aperture oval; lip contin- uous, reflected. Scalaria Nov-Angliz. Shell white, whorls convex, and barely in contact ; ribs numerous, slender, un- equal, and with numerous, fine, revolving lines in the intervening spaces ; > umbil- icated. Scalaria Nov-Anglie, Coutnovy, Bost Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 96, pl. 3, fig. 5. —Goutp, Iny. Ist ed. 248. —Sowersy, Thes. pl. 35, fig. 112. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. 312 SCALARIIDA. Shell turreted, elongated, thin, of a glossy white color, with here and there an irregular rusty blotch; whorls ten, cylindrical, barely touching each other, crossed by eleven somewhat oblique, delicate bars, of a pure white color, three or four of which, on the lower whorls, are more robust than the rest; the bars do not cross the sutures, and each has a little spine at its posterior termination. The space between the ribs is thickly marked with very fine revoly- ing lines, which are also crossed by still finer ones; aperture nearly circular, bordered by a robust rib, with a spine like the others, flat- tened so as to form a blunt angle at its anterior portion, and par- tially concealing a small umbilicus. Length, seven tenths of an inch; greatest breadth, one fourth of an inch. Only one specimen has as yet been found, and this was taken from the stomach of a fish caught off Cape Ann, by Mr. Couthouy. It very much resembles S. multistriata, Say, but that shell is de- scribed as imperforate, whereas this has a small umbilical opening ; and no mention is made of the ribs being crowned by a spine. In general form it is also like S. clathrus, but that is imperforate, and is smooth between the ribs. To the S. mucronata, Risso, it is also closely allied. Scalaria lineata. Shell conical, white, with eight whorls, traversed by sixteen to eighteen deli- cate ribs, and the lower one by a revolving, raised line and one or more brown- ish bands; aperture oval; lip strong; umbilicus none, Scalaria lineata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 242; Amer. Conch. pl. 27; ed. Binney, 83, 180. — Gouzp, Inv. Ist ed. 250. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 126, pl. 6, fig. 125. — Sowersy, Thes. Conch. 101, pl. 23, figs. 19-21.— Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell elongated-conical, pointed, white or tinged with brownish ; whorls eight, rounded, not disjoined, but defined by a well- impressed suture; about sixteen to eighteen very delicate and slightly raised longitudinal ribs, not crossing the sut- ure, traverse each one; intervening spaces smooth; a raised line or rather step, originating from the junction of the lips, revolves on the lower whorl, and defines the upper edge of a reddish-brown revolving band; another fainter band is usually seen just below the suture. Aper- ture sub-oval, bordered by a strong, rounded lip, which is a little expanded at the anterior angle. Umbilicus none. Length, about half an inch; breadth, one fifth of an inch; diver- gence, thirty-six degrees. S. lineata. SCALARIA. ols Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, at New Bedford and vicinity. Buzzard’s Bay, southwards (Stimpson). It differs from S. Nov-Anglia in its more robust and firm struc- ture, its more numerous ribs, raised shoulder, and bands on the lower whorl, its absence of umbilicus and revolving lines, &c. It belongs to the South, and is not uncommon there. Mr. Say speaks of it as subject to considerable variety in the size of the ribs, the breadth of the colored bands, &c. Scalaria multistriata. Shell white; spire acute; whorls eight; ribs numerous, the spaces between them marked with fine revolving lines; umbilicus none, Scalaria multistriata, Say, Amer. Conch. pl. 27. —Sowersy, Thes, 108. — De Kay, N, Y. Moll. 126. — Srimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell rather small, solid, white, acutely conic ; whorls eight, very convex, in firm contact, but well defined by the suture ; ribs numerous, varying in number from fourteen to twenty, equidistant, and moderately elevated, simple, erect, rounded at edges; spaces between them marked with numerous fine revolving lines. Aperture rounded- ovate, more than one fourth the length of shell, mar- gined by a rib; pillar lip thick and rounded ; umbilical opening none. Length, half an inch; breadth, eight twentieths of an inch; divergence, thirty degrees. Two small specimens, which I think must be regarded as of this species, were found by Mr. Shiverick, outside of Dartmouth Har- bor. Buzzard’s Bay. They vary in some respects from the description of Mr. Say. The number of whorls is only seven, and of ribs thirteen. But ours are small specimens, less than one fourth of an inch in length; and Mr. Say gives only sixteen ribs in his description, whereas an undoubted specimen before me has as many as twenty. The specific charac- ter seems to consist in the revolving lines between the ribs, and the destitution of an umbilicus. In this last respect it differs from SN. Nov-Anglie, while it corresponds with that shell in the first charac- ter, and in its general outline. Other and probably larger speci- mens will be found, and all doubts may thereby be removed. Should it prove a distinct species, Professor Adams has proposed for it the name of S. pulchella. Fig. 581. S. multistriata. 314 SCALARIID. Scalaria Groenlandica. Fie. 170%. Shell elongated, regularly tapering to a point, of a livid color; whorls ten, in close contact, moderately convex, and traversed by flattened white ribs, the in- tervening spaces with distant, coarse, revolving lines; no umbilicus. Turbo clathrus Grenlandicus, CoemMn. Conch. xi. t. 1878, 1879. Scalaria planicosta, KiENER, Iconog. (Scularia), pl. 7,-fig. 21. Scalaria subulata, Coutuouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 93, pl. 3, fig. 4. —De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 125, pl. 6, fig. 124. Scalaria Grenlandica, Sowersy, Thes. 101, pl 34, figs. 105, 106.— Goutp, Iny. Ist ed. 249, fig. 170*.— Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell turreted, long, and regularly tapering to a fine point, of a dead bluish-white or livid-brown color ; whorls ten, rather flattened, barred with eight to fifteen stout, flattened, oblique white ribs, some of which are apparently double; ribs not ter- minating abruptly, but bending and flowing along the sut- ural space to the preceding ones; the intervening space is marked by six or eight coarse, rounded, equidistant ridges and revolving lines; a single one, nearly as ele- vated as the ribs, revolves from the upper angle of the aperture ; aperture nearly round, bordered by a rib; left 8. Grenlan- lip a little expanded, and projecting into a perceptible an- gle in front. Length, one inch; greatest breadth, seven twentieths of an inch ; divergence, thirty-four degrees. Found thrown upon Nahant Beach, and taken from fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay, and at the Grand Banks, abundantly. East- port, dead ( Cooper) ; off Egg Rock, seventeen fathoms (Haskell) ; Nova Scotia ( Willis) ; fossil, Beauport (Dawson). Mr. Couthouy found one alive at Phillips’s Beach, the animal of which he describes nearly as follows : — Animal yellowish-gray, thickly and irregularly marked with dull whitish spots, most conspicuous on the sides of the neck ; foot short, thick, and nearly quadrangular; head elongated, rounded superiorly, not separated from the neck by any distinct line; tenta- cula two, about an eighth of an inch long; eyes small, black and shining, at the outer base of the tentacula; mouth rather large, rounded, corrugated ; operculum horny, strong, opaque, of few turns. It was sluggish in its movements, and fed eagerly upon fresh beef, especially if somewhat macerated. Two imperfect shells in my possession, which I had supposed to CECUM. 315 be S. Turtonis, I am now satisfied belong to this species. They ave three or four times as large as the shells observed by Mr. Cou- thouy, and ordinarily found. But by comparison with specimens of S. Turtonis sent me by Mr. Sowerby I find the color different, and the brown bands entirely wanting in our shell. In S. Turtonis the whorls are more numerous, and more convex; the ribs are more delicate, and the intervening revolving lines are more numerous and far more delicate. Moreover, Mr. Sowerby, in indicating it to be the Turbo elathrus Grenlandicus of Chemnitz, and hence called Scalaria Gren- landica, observes, that it sometimes attains the length of two inches and a half. On account of the flatness of the whorls, and the suture being partially filled by the ribs, this shell has the outline of a Terebra. Famity TURRITELLIDA, Crarkx. SHELL spiral, many-whorled, or tubular; aperture simple in front. Genus CAECUM, Frenne. 1824. SHELL when young discoidal, when adult decollated, tubular, cylindrical, arcuated ; aperture round, entire; apex closed by a mamumillated septure, marking the point at which the original spire has been cast off. Cecum pulchellum. Cecum pulchellum, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 112 (1851); Shells of New England, 36, pl. 2, fig. 3; Check Lists, 5. Shell in its adult state clavate, one tenth of an inch in length and twenty-five thousandths of an inch in breadth at its broadest part, arcuated, contracted at both extremities, and having a somewhat angular appearance at its outer or dorsal outline, which is much longer than the inner. It is somewhat thick and strong, of a pale yellowish-brown color, and sculptured with about twenty-five strong rounded ribs, broader anteriorly, but narrower posteriorly, than their interspaces, not projecting sharply beyond the outline of the shell, but giving it a waved appearance. Operculum multi-spiral, of about eight volutions, corneous and concave on the outer surface. The animal agrees nearly with the English species, C. trachea, as described by Mr. Clark. The head projects but little in advance of the foot, which is short. The muzzle is cleft and transversely wrinkled, and has two black spots above just in front of the tentac- 516 TURRITELLIDE. ule which are thick, curved, and covered with large cilia. The eyes are conspicuous, black, oval, and situated at nearly the middle of the bases of the tentacule, a little toward the inner sides. The operculigerous lobe projects a lit- tle beyond the operculum. In keeping alive several individuals of this species from April to November, I observed the following stages of growth: First. A slender, thin, arcuated form with few distinct ribs. Second. The anterior half of this form, left by the decadence of its posterior half, with a part of the growing adult shell, Third. The adult form. Thus septa would appear to be thrice formed. This species inhabits the laminarian zone in New Bedford Har- hor, where it was dredged adhering to groups of Vermeti (Stimpson). C. pulchellum. Genus VERMETUS, Apanson. 1757. SHELL tubular, spiral at the apex, irregularly and loosely twisted towards the aperture ; operculum horny. Vermetus radicula. Shell conic-tubular: usually many tubes are intertwined into a group; un- d o to} 7 equal striz run the whole length of the tube. Vermetus lumbricalis, Gouxp, Inv. 1st ed., not of Lam. Vermetus radicula, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 37 ; Check Lists, 5. Lee Shell consisting of a long, rough, ash-colored, conical tube, marked with numerous, unequal, ‘aised lines along its whole length. At the pointed end is a spire of eight or ten closely connected whorls, upon each of which are two sharp, elevated ridges. This portion usually lies in a horizontal direction, and is attached by one side to some foreign body. The coil then becomes ascending and lax until it can barely be called tortuous. The aperture is cir- cular, with a sharp, simple edge, and is closed by a horny operculum, having a central nu- cleus, and concentric elements. The length of the closely spiral portion is from half an inch to an inch; it is then con- V. radicula* tinued indefinitely. Some of my specimens * Lam indebted to E. R. Mayo, Esq. for the opportunity of figurmg a fine specimen from Buzzard’s Bay. — W. G. B. TURRITELLA. Biles must be cight or ten inches in length. Diameter of aperture about one fourth of an inch. It is very seldom that one specimen is found by itself; numbers are usually grouped and intertwined with each other. A very fine group was hooked up by a friend in New Bedford Harbor, containing not less than fifty individuals, inseparably inter- twined. The living animals then occupied them. Professor Adams has also found small ones in the same region. Several specimens of Cumingia tellinoides were entangled within the folds, and in one of the tubes was a Crepidula plana. In the case of this shell we have the paradox of the apex or commencement of the shell being situated beneath the base. Genus TURRITELLA, Lamarcrk. 1799. SHELL turreted, elongated, spirally grooved, pointed; aperture entire, rounded; lips disjoined posteriorly ; operculum horny. Turritella erosa. Shell elongate-turreted, pale brown, composed of about ten smooth, flattish whorls, sloping above to the suture, and grooved with from three to five obtuse, revolving furrows. Turritella erosa, Couruouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 103, pl. 3, fig. 1. — Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 267. —Srimpson, Check Lists, 5. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll, 113, pl. 6, fig. 122. Shell elongated-conical, turreted, pale horn colored, with a light reddish-brown epidermis ; whorls about ten, flattish, smooth, ees sloping towards the suture, so that each whorl seems a little, shelving over the succeeding one, and furrowed with from three to five abrupt, revolving grooves, nearly as wide as the spaces between them. From five on the largest whorl, the number goes on diminishing above; the whorls at the apex 0 One §C T. erosa are usually broken off, and much of the summit is a good deal eroded. Lines of growth are quite conspicuous in the grooves, but scarcely perceptible elsewhere ; aperture nearly circular ; lip sharp, meeting the prolonged pillar, so as to produce a partial an- gle ; operculum horny, multi-spiral. Length four fifths of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch. Found in the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay. It is usually found either incomplete, or much defaced and broken. 318 TURRITELLID. I have seen but one specimen containing the animal. Eastport (Cooper) ; Banks ( Willis) ; fossil, Beauport (Dawson). It is quite different from any described species, unless it be T. Virginiana of Lamarck. His description is not sufficiently definite to identify his shell with ours, and the character ‘* basi annulo griseo-violacescente notata,’ | have never found upon it. It bears a distant resemblance to the old Turbo terebra of English authors, but it does not slope to a point so rapidly, and the sculpture seems to be from grooves, and not from raised lines as in 1. terebra. Turritella reticulata. Shell turreted-subulate; whorls twelve, convex, with longitudinal folds and transverse strive; suture strongly impressed ; aperture sub-orbicular. Turritella reticulata, Mtauets and Apams, Bost. Journ. iy. 50, pl. 4, fig. 19 (1842). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell turreted, very slender, of a dingy white or ash color ; whorls eleven to twelve, convex, distinctly, though somewhat irreg- ularly plicate longitudinally, with from three to five deli- cate, impressed, revolving striz on the five lower whorls ; from and above the fifth whorl the transverse strive gradu- ally diminish in number, until they wholly disappear on the upper two or three whorls. The whole surface of the shell T. reticu- has a reticulated appearance. Suture well impressed ; aper- ture orbicular; labrum thin; operculum: horny. Length, seven tenths of an inch; breadth, two tenths of an inch; diver- gence, twenty degrees. Bay Chaleur, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; taken from the stom- achs of codfishes by Mr. Foster, fisherman, in the summer of 1841, to whom we are indebted for specimens. This species is allied to T. erosa, Couthouy, but is easily recog- nized by the longitudinal ribs, and by its more slender form. (Mighels and Adams.) Fishing Banks ( Willis). Fig. 586. Turritella costulata. Shell whitish, with delicate transverse striz ; whorls ten, the upper ones sub- plicate, the last two rather smooth; body whorl sub-carinated ; aperture sub- ovate, produced anteriorly. Turritella costulata, MicHeits and Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 50, pl. 4, fig. 20 (1842). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. APORRHAIS. 319 Shell whitish, translucent; whorls nine or ten, nearly flat, or very slightly convex; suture well impressed ; last two whorls nearly smooth; the others longitudinally plicate, with mi- croscopic transverse striw; last whorl sub-carinate ; aper- ture rather less than one fourth the length of the shell, sub- ovate, produced anteriorly. Length, seven tenths of an inch ; breadth, twenty-three hundredths of an inch; divergence, twenty-two degrees. Casco Bay; taken from the stomach of a haddock in the summer of 1841. Although only a single specimen has been obtained, its charac- ters are so obvious that we have not hesitated to describe it. It Enlarged. has no analogue on our coast, to our knowledge ; it, however, re- sembles a very much enlarged 7’ interrupta, Totten. It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels. (Mighels and Adams.) Turritella acicula. Turritella acicula, Stimpson, Bost. Pr. iv. 15 (1851); Shells of New England, 35, pl. 1, fig. 5; Check Lists, 5. Shell small, turreted, subulate, white, thin; whorls ten, very con- vex, longitudinally striate and bound with transverse ribs, of which three are stoutest; aperture rounded, effuse ante- riorly ; peristome acute. Length, twenty-two hundredths of an inch; breadth, eight hundredths of an inch. This species is distinguished from the young of JT. erosa by its much more convex whorls and prominent ribs. The operculum appears not to be fimbriated at its edges. en This species has been taken from fishes caught off Lynn Bsa ( Tufts), also off Cape Ann; and I have taken several from the stomachs of haddock caught in about twenty fathoms, off Marsh- field. Cape Cod to Grand Manan (Stimpson). Famity CERITHIIDA, Fem. SHELL spiral, many-whorled ; aperture more or less channelled in front; outer lip often expanded in the adult. Genus APORRHAITS, Axprovanvvs. SHELL turreted, spire long; aperture long and narrow, termi- nating in a straight canal in front, and in a channel running up the spire posteriorly ; outer lip thickened and widely dilated. 320 CERITHIID A. Aporrhais occidentalis. Fic. 205. Shell spindle-shaped, the outer lip expanded into a broad, thick wing; whorls convex, with numerous waving, longitudinal folds, and regular, conspicuous, re- volving lines. Rostellaria (Aporrhais) occidentalis, Beck, Lyell’s Catal. of Fossils of St. Lawrence Bay, in Geolog. Trans. — GuERIN, Mag. de Zool. May, 1836, pl. 72.— Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 155, pl. 8, fig. 177. — GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 298, fig. 205. Aporrhais occidentalis, SowERBY, Thes. 21, pl. 5, fig. 2.— Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. 202, pl. 246, fig. 3. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Chenopus occidentalis, CuzNu, Man. i. 262, fig. 1647. — Lamarck, An. sans Vert. iv. 658. Shell thick but light, of a livid or bluish-white color ; excluding the wing, it is spindle-shaped, composed of eight or nine moderately convex whorls, with numerous smooth, rounded, crescent-shaped folds, which scarcely reach the well-marked sutures ; on the largest whorl there are about twenty-five folds, and on the last but one they become closer and fainter, till they finally disappear on the back; two or three whorls at the pointed apex are also destitute of folds ; beautiful revoly- ing lines, of uniform size and distance, also ornament the shell; aperture cres- cent-shaped, independent of the wing; this arises a little above the suture of the preceding whorl, and passes off from the spire at an angle of about one hun- dred and twenty degrees, to a distance equal to the breadth of the lower whorl ; after forming somewhat of a spur at the posterior and outer angle, it advances, smooth, and very thick, at nearly a right angle, in a straight line nearly an inch, then, forming an obtuse angle, passes obliquely forward to the pointed termination of the columella, form- ing with it a short, shallow, and oblique canal; pillar lip smooth and rounded, convex above, and concave below ; throat livid; a thick, dusky epidermis. Length, two and one fourth inches ; breadth, one and a half inches ; divergence, forty degrees. Tips of this shell, some of them, however, wanting nothing but the expansion of the lip, are all that have yet been found in our Bay, A. occidentalis. BITTIUM. Spall and along the coast of Maine. Complete shells are found in fishes taken at the Newfoundland Banks. Sable Island ( Willis). Lmper- fect specimens occasionally on Nahant Beach (Haskell) ; Kastport, twenty fathoms, alive ( Cooper); Portland, Labrador, Sable Island (Dawson); Bay of Fundy (Willis); St. Anne (Bell); fossil of Tertiary Bay, Labrador. It is a very extraordinary shell, resembling, in its expansion without digitations, the fossil species macroptera, of which the ge- nus Hippocrene has been formed. The animal is not known, but from the alliance of the shell to the Aporrhais pes-pelecani it prob- ably belongs to the same genus. As this cannot now be settled, it is better to leave it still in the genus Rostellaria, from which the pes-pelecani has been separated, on account of a difference in the animal.* The lip is very remarkable, and very much resembles the lip of Strombus tricornis. Genus BITTIUM, (Leacn) Gray. 1847. SHELL turreted, many whorled, granular, often with irregular varices; aperture with a slight canal in front, not produced or re- curved; inner lip simple; outer lip acute, not reflexed or expanded. Bittium nigrum. Fic. 183. Shell small, ashy or slate-colored, covered with a fine network of elevated lines; aperture rounded; canal merely an oblique fissure. Cerithium reticulatum, ToTTEeN, Sillim. Journ. xxviii. 352, fig. 8. Pasithea nigra, Totren (the young), Sillim. Journ. xxvi. 369, pl. 1, fig. 7. Cerithium Sayi, MENKE; Goutp, Iny. Ist ed. 278, fig. 183.— Dg Kay, N. Y. Moll. 128, pl. 8, fig. 167. — Srimpson, Shells of New England, 37, Bittium nigrum, Srrmpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, elongated-conical, somewhat turreted, the upper whorls of a blue-black or slate color, and two or three of the lower ones usually much lighter, white, or ash gray; whorls six or eight, forming an elevated conical spire ; surface covered with a granular network from the crossing of slightly elevated, rounded folds or ribs, and elevated spiral lines; of the ribs there are about twenty, which vanish on the lower half of the anterior whorl; of the spiral * It is now universally removed from Rostellaria. — W. G. B. 21 mS pls CERITHID&. lines there are about six on the lower whorl but one, five on the next above, and so on; besides these, on the anterior whorl are about six raised revolving lines about the base, partially Fig 59 oranulated ; suture distinct, with the series of granules next below it rather largest, so as to form a slight shoulder; ap- erture oblique, rounded, and flaring, about one quarter the length of the shell, broad anteriorly ; outer lip sharp, mod- ified by the revolving lines; inner margin angular-concave, with a plate of enamel, not pressed close upon the body whorl, uniting the two lips above, and forming an umbilical fissure below ; canal a mere oblique fissure or notch, not prolonged for- ward so far as the lip; operculum horny, ovate, apex at the centre of the broader part concave outwardly, with four or five spiral turns. Length, three tenths of an inch; breadth, one tenth of an inch; divergence, twenty-eight degrees. Found very abundantly at Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, New Bedford, &e. It has not been found to my knowledge within or to the north of Cape Cod. Pictou (Dawson) ; Halifax ( Willis). Its proper station is on sea-weed, stones, and marine bodies, about low- water mark. The young are sometimes seen in such numbers as to conceal the sand beneath them. These are always reddish-black, with a very different aperture. It seems not to attain its growth the first season, and the second year’s growth is usually distinctly indicated by its much lighter color. The name given by Colonel Totten, at my suggestion, is preoc- cupied by an English species.* Its wide expanded mouth, with scarcely anything like a canal, renders its claim to a place in the genus Cerithium rather equivocal. These characters, with its sculp- ture, distinguish the species. B. nigrum. Bittium Greenii. Fig. 184. Shell small, reddish-black, tumido-conic, elongated, with longitudinal ridges and revolving lines; canal very deep and very short, slightly curved. Cerithium Greenii, ADaMs, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 287, pl. 4, fig. 12.— Gouxp, Inv. Ist ed. 279, fig. 184. Bittium Greenti, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, elevated-conic, sloping somewhat abruptly above the middle, to a prolonged, pointed apex; whorls ten or twelve, flat- * In the genus Cerithium. — W. G. B. TRIFORIS. suo tened, traversed by numerous folds or ridges, of which there are from twenty to twenty-five on the lower whorl, crossed by three revolving impressed lines, producing three series of gran- ules, of which the lower one is largest, so that the base of each whorl seems to jut over the one below it; the upper series is nearer to the middle one than that is to the lower one, and soon disappears on the upper whorls; then the middle one vanishes, and finally the lower one, so that the whorls at the apex are either smooth or merely wrinkled ; two black threads, emerging from the aperture, revolye around the base of the shell; suture distinctly marked; aperture about one eighth the length of the shell, nearly circular, terminating in a deep, very short canal, partly closed over by the lips; outer lip sharp, notched, and a little everted ; pillar twisted, regularly arched above. Length, one fifth of an inch; breadth, one twentieth of an inch ; divergence, thirty-five degrees. Found by Professor Adams in Dartmouth Harbor, clinging to marine plants, a few feet below low water, with other species. Bos- ton Harbor, southwards (Stimpson). This little shell would hardly be distinguished when mixed with the young of B. nigrum. Its color is the same, and it is not unlike it in marking. From the full-grown shell it is readily distinguished by its bulging shape, the apparent jutting of one whorl over an- other, its smaller size, and by its deeply notched canal. B. Greenii. Genus TRIFORIS, Desn. 1825. SHELL turreted, sinistral; aperture round, produced anteriorly into a closed, tubular canal, sometimes with a posterior, closed canal. Triforis nigrocinctus. Fic. 182. Shell small, reddish-black, granulated; whorls twelve, reversed; aperture small; beak short and recurved. Cerithium nigrocinctum, ApAms, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 286, pl. 4, fig. 11. — Gouxp, Inv. Ist ed. 277, fig. 182. Triforis nigrocinctus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, conico-cylindrical, blackish-red, with three revolving series of rounded, bead-like granules, formed by numerous ribs or 324 PYRAMIDELLID&. folds, which are cut by two deep, revolving lines into equal parts; the middle series is wanting on the posterior fifth of the shell, and the upper series is smaller than the lower, at last disappear- ing also; whorls twelve or more, reversed, convex, forming an elongated, acutely pointed spire, somewhat swelling in its outline ; suture broad, divided by a somewhat granular, black ridge, which, in the progress of growth, changes its T. nigroe place, and forms the lower edge of the last whorls; this vee ridge retains its color when the rest of the shell fades, and then becomes a conspicuous belt ; an impressed line each side of the sutural ridge, and two others emerging from the aperture, re- volve about the base of the anterior whorl; aperture oval, about one fifth the length of the shell, ending in a twisted canal about one third as long as the aperture; outer lip sharp, notched by the re- volving lines; inner lip deeply arched, the pillar twisted, black, and projecting. Length, three tenths of an inch; breadth, three forti- eths of an inch ; divergence, twenty-three degrees. Found by Professor Adams, in Dartmouth Harbor, clinging to sea-weed, a few feet below low-water mark. It is at once distinguished by its black color, slightly tinged red, and its reversed whorls. It is closely allied to the Murex adversus, Montagu, but is probably different, as that shell has the middle se- ries smaller, and the canal straight. It is also of a lighter color. The whole shell, when fresh, is of a uniform color, so that the dark revolving line at the suture is scarcely distinguishable, instead of something evident, as we should expect from the name. The specific appellation, on this account, is not well chosen. In some lighter colored individuals, however, the zone is very apparent. Famity PYRAMIDELLIDA, Gray. SHELL turreted ; aperture entire or not produced into a canal in front ; columella plaited. Genus ODOSTOMIA, Freminc. 1828. SHELL conical, elongated ; aperture ovate ; lips disunited poste- riorly, and sometimes produced anteriorly ; pillar with a tooth-like fold ; operculum horny, sub-spiral. ise) bo or ODOSTOMIA. Odostomia producta. Brey LS: Shell small, conie-cylindrical; whorls eight, nearly flat; epidermis light brown; columella flexuous. Jaminia producta, Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. pl. 3, fig. 8. Chemnitzia producta, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 41. Odostomia producta, GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 270, fig. 175, — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, elongated, conic-cylindrical, very slender, composed of eight or more flattish whorls, separated by a well-impressed sut- ure ; tip blunted, as if one or more whorls were removed ; surface faintly marked by lines of growth, and covered with a dusky, horn-colored epidermis ; occasionally an in- distinct revolving line may be seen on two or three of the lowest whorls ; aperture about one fourth the length of the shell, ovate, regularly rounded in front, the pillar margin iain modified by the rising and revolving of the outer lp around it, so as to produce a partial fold. Umbilicus none. Operculum thin, horny, spiral, apex at one side. Length, one fourth of an inch ; breadth, one fifteenth of an inch ; divergence, twelve degrees. Found by Professor Adams, in September, 1839, near high-water mark, in a cove on the east side of Fairhaven. It is distinguished from O. bisuturalis by the same characters as O. fusca is. To this last it is very closely allied ; and, as neither of them has any very prominent peculiarities, it may not be possible to make apparent in words distinctions which are quite obvious to the eye. This is, however, a much more slender shell than O. fus- ca, has one or more additional whorls, a much lighter colored epi- dermis, less convex whorls, and no approach to an umbilicus. While the two shells are about equal in length, the lower whorl of O. producta is not more than two thirds as large as that of O. fusca, so that it has a very much more slender and cylindrical form ; and this it is which most readily strikes the eye on comparison. This does not belong to the genus Jaminia of Leach; and Brown has given us no characters for the genus, as he employs it. Odostomia fusca. Fic. 176. Shell small, elevated-conical, rather blunt at tip, and sub-umbilicated ; color dark brown; aperture broadly ovate. 326 PYRAMIDELLIDE. Co Pyramis fusca, ApAMs, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist. ii. 282, pl. 4, fig. 9. Jaminia fusca, ADAMS, Ibid. iii. 337 Odostomia fusca, GouLD, Iny. Ist ed. 270, fig. 176. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.— Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 116, pl. 36, fig. 342. Chemnitzia fusca, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 41. Shell small, thin, elongated-conical, rather blunt, or worn off at apex, a smooth and glossy violet-brown epidermis covering it, through which the lines of growth are perceptible ; whorls six, probably eight when the tip is entire; slightly convex, regularly tapering, and separated by a well-defined suture, and sometimes by a revolving line just below it, so that the Fig. 594. suture seems double; aperture ovate, widened at the middle by a twist of the pillar lip, acutely angular behind ; simple and sharp, widely and regularly rounded in front; it ascends upon the columella, and forms an oblique, nearly transverse ridge, as it revolves within the aperture, and so deep as to be nearly concealed ; space between this fold and the posterior angle of the aperture joined by a thin plate of enamel; an umbilical indentation about the middle of the left lip. Length, five twentieths of an inch ; breadth, three fortieths of an inch; divergence, twenty-six degrees. This shell was first found by Professor C. B. Adams, at New Bed- O. fusca. ford, clinging to planks, not far above low-water mark, and from him I received my specimens. They have since been found at Dartmouth and Tiverton. Compared with O. bisuturalis, with which shell it is most likely to be confounded, it is shorter and more blunt-pointed; the whorls are more flat, and the lowest in exact keeping with the rest; the color very much darker; the aperture is broader and modified by a twist of the left margin, without any prolongation at base. The turning of the lip into the aperture forms a fold, which, in some specimens, is not seen without looking far within: in others it is quite conspicuous, and in others it is even divided by a furrow into two folds. The figure and description in the ‘¢ Boston Journal of Nat- ural History’? were drawn from specimens much smaller and less per- fect than some since found; so that they are both imperfect. The spiral ridge or fold on the columella is there said not to exist at all. These last two shells differ in some characters from the follow- ing, and perhaps belong to a different genus. The shell is thin and horny, the aperture regularly rounded in front, and the fold on the pillar inconspicuous. In the true Odostomie the shells are of a solid, ivory structure, and the lip somewhat produced in front, form- ing the connecting link with Cerithium and the Canalifera. ODOSTOMIA. SU) to a Odostomia dealbata. Chemnitzia dealbata, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 114 (1851); Shells of New Eng- land, 41. Odostomia dealbutau, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Fig. 595. Shell ovate-conic, white, smooth, pellucid ; whorls six, rather convex ; aperture ovate, hardly effuse ; furnished with a small inconspicuous fold. Length, seventeen hundredths of an inch; breadth, six and a half hun- dredths of an inch. It is broader than O. bisuturalis, but has not so sharp an apex, and wants the revolving line; dredged in Boston Harbor, three fathoms, on a shelly bottom (Stimpson). O. dealbata. Odostomia modesta. Chemnitzia modesta, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 16; Shells of New England, 41. Odostomia modesta, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, conic, white, smooth ; whorls four, flattened, the last medially sub-angulated ; suture impressed ; aper- ture uniplicate, sub-rhomboid. Length, fourteen hundredths of an inch; breadth, six hundredths of an inch. This species is more angular than O. bisuturalis, and has no revolving line just below the suture, as in that 0. modes- shell. It is very like the British O. wnidentata. It in- habits the Coralline Zone, at St. George’s Banks (Stimpson). Odostomia bisuturalis. Hrew 77s Shell small, ovate-conical, smooth, whitish; with a single revolving line below the suture; aperture oval, sub-umbilicated., Jaminia exiqui, Cournovy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 92, pl. 2, fig. 7 (1838). — Kus- TER, 59, pl. 10, figs. 25, 26. Odostomia eriqua, Gouin, Iny. 1st ed. 272, fig. 77. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Rissoa rupestris, Forres, Ann. of Nat. Hist. ii. 107, pl. 2, fig. 13. Twrritella bisuturalis, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 244 (1821). Chemnitzia bisuturalis, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 42. Shell small, ovate-conical, somewhat turreted, rather obtuse at apex, surface smooth, light green, under a brownish epidermis, 328 PYRAMIDELLIDA. lines of growth scarcely perceptible ; whorls five or six, separated by a well-defined suture; and, in most specimens, a distinct line revolves just before the suture, giving the appearance of a double suture; the lowest whorl is proportionally larger than the others, and constitutes about half the leneth of the shell; aperture oval, outer lip sharp and simple; pillar lip bluish- @ white, smooth and rounded; a transverse, white fold is formed 0. visa. by the turning of the lip within the shell, before which it is wes a little raised and turned outwards, producing an umbilical chink, and is extended so as to form a considerable project- ing angle at the lower extremity ; operculum horny. Leneth, one fifth of an inch; breadth, one tenth of an inch; divergence, twenty- eight degrees. First found by Mr. Couthouy, at Chelsea, near the ferry landing, adhering to decaying wood. It has since been found in various sim- ilar situations, and under the damp portions of loose stones left on the shore at low tide. It is distinguished from O. ¢trifida, with which it would be con- founded without intimate examination, by its being a less slender and pointed shell, the disproportion of the last whorl, and the greater convexity of all the whorls, and the want of two or three revolving lines so characteristic of O. trifida. In the latter shell the fold of the columella is oblique, and in O. bisuturalis it is nearly transverse. It will also be necessary to compare it with the next species. I should be disposed to regard it as the same with Turbo unidentatus, Montagu (Test. Brit. 324) ; but as it is impossible to decide on such minute species with no obvious characteristics, from description only, I must leave it unsettled. It is almost certainly the Turritella bisuturalis of Say ; at least, I know of no other shell which will at all answer to his description. The figure and description of Rissoa rupestris, Forbes, also corre- spond with it. Fig. 597. Odostomia trifida. Fie. 179. Shell small, acute-conic, glossy white, with numerous impressed revolving lines, of which the two uppermost, and those about the base of the last whorl, are most distinct; aperture narrow. Actcon trifidus, TorreN, Sillim. Journ. xxvi. 368, pl. 1, figs. 4, a, b. Odostomia trifida, GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 274, fig. 179. — Ds Kay, N. Y. Moll. 114, pl. 8, fig. 170.— Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. v) ODOSTOMIA. 329 © Shell elevated, pointed, smooth, and glossy, of an ivory-white eolor; whorls about eight, flat, separated by a sharp, slightly de- pressed suture, on which are from three to five revolving lines, of which the two next below, and the one immediately above the suture are most deeply sculptured; about the front of the lower whorl are usually ten or twelve very fine lines also; aperture narrow, about one third the length of the shell, acutely angular above ; outer lip sharp and thin, some- ° "7" times showing within, and on its sharp edge, the impressed Fig. 558. lines; the inner margin regularly curved ; the pillar, widening and expanding a little, is produced so that an acute angle is formed by the junction of the two lips in front; about the middle of the inner margin is a single, sharp, oblique fold, formed by the revolution of the outer lip within the shell; operculum horny ; apex nearly ter- minal, sub-spiral. Length, one fourth of an inch; breadth, one tenth of an inch; divergence, twenty-three degrees. First found by Colonel Totten on the shores of Rhode Island, adhering to Pecten irradians. Since then it has been found by Professor Adams among sand from New Bedford Harbor. Lynn Harbor ( Haskell) ; Buzzard’s Bay to New York (Stimpson). Odostomia seminuda. Fic. 178. Shell acute-conic, white, with coarse revolving lines, crossed on the upper whorls, and on the upper half of the lower whorl, by longitudinal lines. Jaminia seminuda, AAs, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist. ii. 280, pl. 4, fig. 13. Odostomia seminuda, Gouin, Inv. Ist ed. 273, fig. 178. —De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 115, pl. 8, fig. 175. —Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell acute-conic, glossy white, translucent; whorls six or seven, convex, the upper ones and one half the lower whorl with numer- ous ridges or folds, crossed by three equidistant revolving lines, giving the surface a granulated appearance ; at the base of the lower whorl are four more revolving lines, be- ginning on the middle, where the folds terminate abruptly ; suture distinet, divided by an indistinct spiral ridge; aper- ture oval, one third the length of the shell; the outer lip 0. semi- very thin, and scalloped by the revolving lines; the base is re prolonged into a concave angle, and rising, revolves within the shell, forming a single inconspicuous fold on the pillar. Length, R00 330 PYRAMIDELLID&. fifteen hundredths of an inch; breadth, seven hundredths of an inch; divergence, thirty degrees. First found by Professor Adams, at Dartmouth, on valves of Pecten irradians, taken up beyond low-water mark. Massachusetts Bay, northwards (Stimpson). This shell is readily distinguished from all others found in our waters of a similar size and outline, by the sculpture of the lower whorl, the upper half of which is granulated by the decussating lines, and the lower half marked by revolving lines only. It is smaller, and less elevated proportionally than O. trifida. Making allowance for variations in magnifying two shells so small, this seems not to differ much from Turbo spiralis of Montagu (Test. Brit. 823, pl. 12, fig. 9). He neither represents nor describes any revolving lines crossing the folds; but they might possibly have been overlooked, for Fleming distinetly mentions them. [ Animal, eyes large, black; when in the water it often hangs by a mucous thread from the surface, which is attached to the posterior part of the foot; gregarious. Odostomia impressa. Turritella impressa, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. ii, 244 (1822); ed. Binney, 84, Odostomia impressa, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Odostomia insculpta, Dm Kay, N. Y. Moll. 115, pl. 31, fig. 297. Fig. 60. Shell dusky, acute at the apex; volutions six, with about four acute, impressed, revolving lines; labrum not thickened, a slight indentation at its base, and a projecting angle within its middle. Inhabits the coast of Maryland. Length, more than an 0am eighth of an inch. I have seen but two specimens of this species. The aper- ture is precisely similar to that of the preceding species, 7. alter- nata. (Say). Connecticut ( Stimpson). Genus TURBONILLA, Leacu. 1825. Suet slender, elongated, many whorled, longitudinally ribbed ; apex of spire with persistent, embryonic, sinistral nucleus ; aperture oblong or sub-quadrate, peristome incomplete ; columella straight, simple, edentulate, and without a plait. (Si) eo rear TURBONILLA. Turbonilla interrupta. Fie. 173. , Shell small, subulate, brownish-white, reticulated with numerous ribs and re- volving lines, which are interrupted by the ribs, and the faintly colored bands. Turritella interrupta, Totten, Sillim. Journ. xxviii. 352, fig. 7. — Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 275. — Goup, Inv. Ist ed. 268, fig. 173. — Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 112, pl. 6, fig. 123. Turbonilla interrupta, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, very slender and pointed, pale brownish-white, glossy ; whorls eight or ten, slightly convex, the suture well-defined, on which are from twenty-five to thirty straight, blunt ribs, crossed by about fourteen revolving lines, which are inter- rupted by the ribs; these lines are arranged in paws, but so close to each other as not always to be distinguished, and would usually be regarded as one; on the anterior half of 7. inter- the lower whorl the ribs vanish, and the fine revolving lines are uninterrupted. In fresh specimens may be seen a purplish band just below the suture, and on the anterior whorl two faint yellow ones; aperture about one sixth the length of the shell, ovate, sharply angular behind; outer lip sharp and simple, inner lip slightly everted. Length, one fourth of an inch; breadth, one tenth of an inch; di- vergence, twelve degrees. First found by Colonel Totten in the harbor of Newport, Rhode Island; and since found by Professor C. B. Adams, in Dartmouth Harbor, by dredging below low-water mark. He has also found it in New Bedford Harbor. Four fathoms near East Boston. It is readily recognized by its slender, pointed, glossy appearance, and its reticulated surface. Several recent and fossil species re- Fig. 601. semble it in shape and size, among which are Turbo elegantissinus, Montagu, Turritella equalis, Say, and T. laqueata, Conrad. ‘This species does not belong to the genus Turritella, but will probably come under the genus Eulima of Risso. Turbonilla nivea. Chemnitzia nivea, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soe. iv. 114 (1851); Shells of New England, 40. Turbonilla nivea, Stimpson, Check Lists. 5. - Shell aciculated, sub-cylindrical, white, shining; whorls eleven, oD 9 flattened, longitudinally plicate ; folds straight, interstices perfectly 332 PYRAMIDELLID&. Fig. 602. smooth. Length, twenty-eight hundredths of an inch; breadth, four hundredths of an inch. F Animal white; head short; tentacles triangular, very s broad, with the eyes at nearly the middle of their bases ; {* foot elongated with an arcuated indentation at its anterior terminus. This species differs from T°. interrupta in being more slender, in wanting revolving lines, and also totally in its station, the deeper parts of the Coralline Zone. It was taken in forty fath- oms, on a muddy and gravelly bottom off Grand Manan, a large island lying off Eastport, Maine, at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy ( Stimpson). T. nivea. Genus EULA, Risso. 1826. SHELL clongated, white, smooth, polished; spire produced, many- whorled, frequently with an interrupted varix on one side, apex acute; aperture oval, pointed behind; inner lip reflected over the pillar ; axis imperforate; outer lip thickened internally. Eulima oleacea. Eulima oleacea, Kurtz and Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 115 (1851). — Srimpson, Shells of New England, 39; Check Lists, 5. Shell small, subulate, solid, very shining, white, marked with light brown transverse bands; whorls twelve, flattened, closely coiled ; suture inconspicuous; aperture small, ovate. Length, twenty-five hundredths of an inch; breadth, six hundredths of an inch. The animal is white, hyaline; tentacles almost joining each other at their bases, where, on the external sides, are E. olea- the eyes, which may be seen through the shell, when, as is usually the case, the head does not project beyond it. Foot short, broad, slightly produced at the anterior angles; the lobe above projecting a little beyond it. This is a very variable species, especially as regards the form and length of the aperture. Conrad has described two species from the Miocene of Virginia which closely resemble this. It was dredged in Buzzard’s Bay, several miles from land, at the depth of eight fathoms, where the bottom is composed of a soft gray mud. (Stimp- son.) Fig. 603. MENESTHO. 30) (eo) Genus MENESTHSO, Motter. 1842. Suevy clongated, of numerous whorls; aperture short, ovate, en- tire in front; lip sharp, disunited behind ; pillar without a fold. Menestho albula. MIG. wis Shell turreted, dingy-white; whorls eight, nearly flat, with numerous fine re- volving lines; upper whorls tapering rapidly; suture distinct. Pyramis striatula, Coutnovuy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 101, pl. 1, fig. 6. — Gouxp, Inv. Ist ed. 269, fig. 174. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 114, pl. 8, fig. 169. Menestho albula, M6uuuR, Ind. Gr. 1842. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Menestho striata, Cuenu, Man. i. 229, fig. 1311. Turbo albulus, O. Faprictus, Fauna Gyr. 394. Shell elevated, obelisk-shaped, thick, bluish-white, usually having a dead, unpolished appearance ; whorls seven to nine, nearly flat, distinctly separated by the suture, a few of the upper ones tapering rather suddenly to an acute point, thus giving it an obelisk shape; marked with obvious lines of growth, sometimes approaching to varices, and with from twelve to fifteen fine, regular revolving lines, diminishing in number towards the apex; aperture ovate, acute-angular behind ; M. albue outer lip sharp and simple, without any sinus behind ; . slightly turned outwards at base, as it joins the regularly arched pillar margin. Length, twelve twentieths of an inch; breadth, seven forty-sixths of an inch; divergence, twenty-three degrees. First found by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes caught off Cape Ann. Several specimens have since been found, but it is by no means common. Banks, very rare ( Willis) ; Halifax ( Willis) ; fossil, Montreal (Dawson). The characters of the aperture are like those of Turbonilla in- terrupta; but the exterior has a different character. Its aspect is precisely that of a shell sent me as Monotigma, Gray; but I cannot find the plait on the inner lip, from whence that genus derives its name. Fig. 604. Famtty VELUTINIDZ, Gray. SueLt ear-shaped, the aperture much dilated, margins disunited posteriorly ; operculum none. 334 VELUTINIDE. Genus VELUTINA, Bray. 1819. SHELL small, thin, sub-globose, composed of two rapidly enlarging volutions ; aperture large, sub-ovate, lip thin, not joined behind; usually covered with a velvety or powdery epidermis. Velutina haliotoidea. Fig. 159. Shell obliquely ovate, very fragile, consisting principally of the last of three whorls; epidermis brown, rising into regular, equidistant, spiral folds. Helix levigata, Lyx. and English authors. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, ii. t. 105. — Mon- TAGU, Test. Brit. 382. Helix haliotoidea, Fase. (non Lry.) Fauna Greenl. No. 387, Bulla velutina, MUiuEK, Zool. Dan. iii. t. 101, figs. 1-4. Velutina capuloidea, Buatxv. Malacol. pl. 42, fig. 4. Velutina rupicola, Conrap, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. vi. 266, pl. 11, figs. 17, 18. Galericulum lavigatum, Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. &e. pl. 38, figs. 35, 38. Velutina laevigata, GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 241, fig. 159. — Du Kay, N. Y. Moll. 154, pl. 23, fig. 254. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. 17, fig. 124. Velutina haliotoides, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell obliquely-ovate or ear-shaped, very thin and fragile, trans- parent, flesh-colored, or reddish-white ; whorls three, the last ex- tremely large and distended, the others very small, turned to one side, and partly sunken within the last; suture distinct; surface faintly marked with the lines of growth, and covered with a thick brownish epidermis, which is raised at close and regular intervals into fringe-like ridges revolving round the shell; aperture ample, rounded-oval ; lip extremely thin, but thickening a little as it rises upon the body of the shell ; the two lips uniting behind by a plate of enamel crossing the body of the shell, which, in mature shells, renders the aperture nearly circular; interior smooth and shining. Diameter about four tenths of an inch; length a little more. Found among the sea-weed on the sea-beach, and in the stomachs of fishes. Mr. Conrad states, on the authority of Dr. Pickering, that it dwells on rocks, with habits like the Patella. But the fact of so fragile a shell being usually found entire in the stomachs of fishes rather forbids this idea. It could not be detached by them without being fractured. This shell, as hitherto found, is extremely fragile, seeming to Fig. 605. V. haliotoi- des. 9, VELUTINA. 3390 © consist almost entirely of epidermis, with a small deposition of cal- careous matter within. The ordinary English specimens are said to be of about the size of a pea, or perhaps twice as large; but it sometimes becomes three fourths of an inch in diameter. [I sent our ordinary specimens to Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who sent larger ones in return, assuring me of their identity. These differ from the shell as we find it, in being more solid, the epidermis more wrinkled lengthwise, the surface shining where this is removed, and the lowest whorl is disunited from the preceding one at the ap- erture. These changes may all be attributed to age. We may an- ticipate finding specimens of equal size here, since we have already found them four times as large as the one described by Mr. Conrad, who allows the very close affinity of his minute one to the levigata of Europe. The quoting of Bulla velutina by Lamarck, as a synonyme to his Sigaretus haliotoideus, is plainly erroneous. The Helix haliotoidea of Fabricius, which is the Bulla velutina of Miller, is not the H. haliotoidea of Linneus and others; and hence the probable mis- quotation. The figure in Pennant’s “ British Zodlogy ” is poor; that of Blain- ville represents the common appearance when arrived at that size, the transverse wrinkles becoming more conspicuous than the revoly- ing ones, which evidently become obsolete with age. The white zone, which he represents, however, I have never seen. Brown’s figure is very good for a shell of the size, and Conrad’s is sufficiently characteristic for specimens as we usually find them. St. Anne (Bell); Halifax, Banks ( Willis); Eastport, twenty fathoms ( Cooper); Marblehead (Haskell) ; Cape Cod, northwards ( Stimpson). Velutina zonata. Fic. 160. Shell oval-orbicular, compressed, pellucid, covered with a striped, calcareous incrustation; inner lip flattened and channelled. Velutina zonata, Goup, Inv. Ist ed. 242, fig. 160. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 154, pl. 23, fig. 253. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. i. pl. 147, figs. 3, 4. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell thin, opaque, white, and in some places pellucid, minutely striated both ways; whorls less than three, the first two minute, and not seen when the shell is viewed in front; the last, widening with great rapidity, becomes large, though it is not tumid, but ap- 3836 VELUTINID&. pears rather depressed as it lies upon the aperture; the surface is covered with a chalky incrustation, deposited by the animal, appar- ently instead of an epidermis; it is white, or flesh-colored, and gen- erally with numerous zones of brown, of various widths; when this is removed, the shell is left pellucid; aperture ovate, ample, nearly the whole length of the shell, more than double the size of the body of the shell; outer lip sharp and spreading ; inner lip sharp-edged, but margined by a flattened, crescent-shaped, white, channelled space ; the sharp edge is lost as it revolves within the shell, and a thin plate of enamel covers the space between it and the junction of the outer lip. Length, nine twentieths of an inch; breadth, thir- teen fortieths of an inch. Specimens have been found on Chelsea Beach, but are most eas- ily obtained from fishes. Davis Straits, 66° 50'; Halifax Harbor, Banks ( Willis) ; Eastport, twenty fathoms ( Cooper) ; fossil, Mon- treal (Dawson). It is readily distinguished from the preceding by its more solid structure, its flattened form, its expanded aperture, the flattening of the left lip, and the peculiarity of the surface. Mr. Sowerby sent a specimen from a raised beach on the Frith of Clyde, labelled “© Galericulum undatum, Brown,” which is partly fossilized, but bears a very close resemblance to our shell. The most marked dif- ferences in the shell I received are, the greater breadth and excava- tion of the flattened lip, and a more irregular exterior, which, from the name it bears, I suppose to be constant. It may also be the shell figured in Brown’s “ Conchology of Great Britain,” as Galert- culum ovatum, but nowhere described. The peculiar coating of the shell adheres very closely, and might not be detected except by ac- cident. Perhaps it does not always exist; but in the striped speci- mens it will always be found. I should think that specimens en- tirely white, or flesh-colored, are as often found as the zoned ones. In one fish, caught off Cape Ann, I found about a dozen very large and beautiful specimens. Fig. 606. V. zonata. Genus LAMWELLARIA, Montacu. 1815. SHELL ear-shaped, aperture ample, spire small and depressed, pillar spiral. LAMELLARIA. oon Lamellaria perspicua. Hie. 158; Shell obliquely-ovate, pellucid, white, compressed; aperture very large; spire minute and lateral. Helix perspicua, Lin. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 1250. Helix haliotoidea, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1250. — Martini, Conch. i. t. 16, fig. 151. Bulla haliotoidea, Monracu, Test. Brit. 211, pl. 7, fig. 6, and vign. 2, fig. 6. — Maton and Racxert, Lin. Trans. viii. 123. — Brown, Encye. Brit. vi. 462. — Woop, In- dex, pl. 18, fig. 61. Sigaretus haliotoideus, Lam. An. sans Vert. 1st ed. vi. 208. — Fremine, Edin. Encye. vii. 66; Brit. Anim. 360.— Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. &c. pl. 44, figs. 1, 2.— GouLpD, Inv. Ist ed. 244, fig. 158. Oxynoe glabra, Coutuouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 90, pl. 3, fig. 16. Lamellaria perspicua, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 44, Marsenina Grenlandica, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, obliquely-ovate, thin, pellucid, white, smooth and shining; lines of growth very faint; whorls two, the first, situated towards one side, is a mere nucleus for the last, which otherwise constitutes the whole shell; aperture nearly the whole area of the shell; outer lip sharp, entire, and somewhat expanded; inner lip sharp, with the edge a little turned, regularly curved in conformity to the left Fig 607. L. perspicua. outline of the shell, and, entering the cavity of the spire, is seen to terminate there; in the other direction, the curvature suddenly ceases, and, forming a sheht angle, goes onward to join the outer lip; a thin plate of enamel connects the two lips above. Length, half an inch; breadth, two fifths of an inch. Several specimens of this shell have been found, all of them in the stomachs of fishes. They are about equal in size, but vary somewhat in shape and convexity. The shell is precisely the same as the European one bearing the above name. As it is not certain that its entire animal has yet been seen, its genus remains undetermined. Mr. Couthouy rejects the genus Sig- aretus, because, from what he saw of the animal, he judged the shell to be external, and adopted the genus Oynoe of Rafinesque, with which no one has any acquaintance except its author, and no char- acters are given of its shell except that it is exterior and bulla-form. It seems better, therefore, to leave it where the conformation of the shell would place it, and where others have arranged it, until its animal is fully known, and its place determined. It will most prob- ably be found to belong to the genus Coriocella. 99 oa 338 NATICIDE. Famity NATICID/K, Swanson. SHELL spiral, usually smooth or polished, more or less globular ; aperture semi-lunar, sometimes very large. Genus LUNATIA, Gray. 1847. OPERCULUM simple, cartilaginous. Shell oval sub-globose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture semi-lunar ; inner lip thin, or with a moderate callus; umbilicus wide ; pervious, not funiculate. Lunatia heros. Fia. 160. Shell sub-globose, ash colored, whorls five, a dark, chestnut colored band re- volving about the three upper ones; umbilicus large and simple. Natica heros, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 248, 1822. — Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 231. — DE Kay, N. Y. Moll. 120, pl. 7, fig. 148. — Purtipri1, Abbild. pl. 1, fig. 4. Ampullaria borealis, VaLenc. in Hume. and BonPt. li. Receuil d’Obs. 260. % Natica ampullaria, Lam. An. sans Vert. viii. 633. Lunatia heros, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell globose-ovate, thick, ash colored, or sometimes brownish, shining when divested of its thin, yellowish epidermis ; distinct lines of growth, and very minute revoly- ing lines cover the surface ; whorls five, very convex, slightly flattened near the top, so as to present a slight angular appearance ; the three pos- terior whorls have the lower half of a dark chestnut color, and the other half rather lighter than the rest of the shell; suture well marked ; ap- erture ovate ; the lip, sharp above, be- comes thicker and smoothly round- ed, and as it rises by the side of the umbilicus it expands to a consider- able breadth; a very thin layer of enamel is spread over the portion of the whorl which completes the aperture; throat of a delicate, somewhat clouded chestnut color, with a margin sometimes bright L. heros. LUNATIA. 309 yellow; umbilicus large, rounded, displaying the whorls nearly to the summit, coarsely wrinkled, the callus covering only a very small segment of it. Operculum horny. Ordinary length, two and a half inches ; breadth, two inches. It is found on sandy or muddy beaches along the whole coast ; but much more seldom to the south than to the north of Cape Cod. Eastport (Cooper); Nova Scotia (Willis); Gaspé (Bell); Gull Island ( Smith). This shell is distinguished from all others by its inflated, globu- lar appearance, and its simple, deep umbilicus. It very much re- sembles an Ampullaria, and is most probably the Natica ampullaria of Lamarck. It also grows to a larger size than any other known species. Ihave one specimen the greatest length of which is four and a half inches, and greatest breadth three and a half inches; and I have seen one five inches by three and three fourths inches. The shell is light for its size, and its whole structure and appear- ance are very simple. This, in common with other species of Naticide, is very voracious, and plays a conspicuous part in devouring the dead fish and other animals which are thrown up by the tide. Many of the shells thrown upon the shore are found to be perforated with a small round hole. This is done principally by the different species of Lunatia. ‘They have the power of perforating shells, it is generally supposed, by discharg- ing an acid which de- composes the shell ; and through the aperture they extract the juices, and destroy the lives of the otherwise secure in- habitants. Their foot is very large, so as com- pletely to envelop the ob- jects on which they prey. In moving, they burrow in the sand, so as to be almost entirely concealed by it, and their place is gen- erally indicated by a small heap of sand. The singular nidus, in which the animal of Lunatia deposits its eggs, has been an object of much curiosity and speculation. It is a mass of sand glued together into the shape of a broad bowl, open at the bottom, and broken at one side. Its thickness is about that of an orange-peel, easily bent without breaking when damp, and when Fig. 609. Animal of L. heros. 340 NATICIDZ. held up to the light will be found to be filled with little cells ar- ranged in quincunx order. Hach of these cells contains a gelatinous ego, having a yellow nucleus, which is the embryo shell. It is found plentifully at midsummer, on every sandy flat where any species of Naticide resorts. It has passed under many names, and its true nature seems to have been first suspected by Mr. Boys, who gave a description and plate of it in the “* Linnean Transactions,” Vol. V. 230, pl. 10. In the fourteenth volume of the same work Mr. Hoge fully demonstrated its character, by hatching, from those found on the English coast, the young of Natica glaucina. To show what a puzzle it has been, I will add some of its names found in books. Flustra arenosa, Evxi1s, Zooph. and also his Corallines, pl. 25, fig. e. Flustre areneuse, LAMOUROUX, Polyp. flex. 111, No. 220. lustre arenacee, BLAINy. Dict. des Se. Nat., and Man. d’Actinol. 446. Eschara lutosa, Pattas, El. Zooph. 37, No. 5. Eschara millepora arenosa Anglica, Ray, Syn. 31. Alcyonium arenosum, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. iv. 654. — Suaw, Nat. Miscell. t. 272. Discopora cribrum, Lam. An. sans Vert. ii. 250. Lunatia triseriata. Fic. 165. Shell ovate-globose, whorls five, usually checkered with three series of dark spots on the lower whorl, and one on the upper whorls; umbilicus small, nearly free. Natica triseriata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. v. 209. — Goutn, Inv. Ist ed. 233. — Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 121, pl. 7, fig. 144. — Puixipr1, pl. 1, fig. 6. Shell ovate, approaching to globular, of a yellowish-white or ash color; whorls five, convex, lines of growth distinct, and usually coy- ered with a thin, yellowish epidermis ; lower whorl has three revolving series of twelve to fourteen bluish or dark chestnut colored, oblique spots, usually of a square or oblong form, and some- times crescent-shaped ; the upper one just below the suture ; the middle one is divided by the junc- tion of the lip, and the third is half-way between it and the umbilicus; the upper one is continued on all the whorls, but the next one disappears soon; the spaces between the spots often appear like whitish bands, and the sutural region is of the same color; spire considerably elevated, sutural line delicate; aper- ture ovate, lip sharp and white within; a thick white callus covers Fig. 610. \ ‘< : L. triseriata. LUNATIA. 341 the inner margin, very slightly modifying the umbilicus, where it has a fissure at the posterior margin of the umbilicus ; a dense mass of callus, within the aperture, at its upper angle, strengthens the lip; throat colored with dark chestnut, or transmitting the exterior markings ; umbilicus rather small and simple, not much wrinkled within ; operculum horny. Length, seven tenths of an inch; breadth, half an inch. Found along the whole coast to the north of Cape Cod, on flats which are left by the tide at low water; but it is as yet doubtful whether it passes to the south of this limit. This has been thought by some to be the young of the preceding species. In general aspect there is a resemblance ; but the propor- tionate length of this is greater; the thick, white callus indicates a mature shell, and the dark portion of the upper whorls is at the upper instead of at the lower portion of the whorl, as in WV. heros, and the umbilicus is proportionally smaller instead of larger, as is the case in young shells. Besides, I have never seen a large shell in the localities where this species is abundant. The largest speci- men I have seen, which I could distinctly refer to this species, is less than an inch in length. It is evidently analogous to WV. can- rena of Europe. It varies in marking greatly. Some specimens are of a pale yel- low color, and destitute of marking ; on some, the spots blend so as to present alternate bands of light and dark color; again, some of the series are blended, and some are not. The spots may be square, oblong, or crescentic, and are usually oblique. The ivory-white cal- lus seems to be the most constant character. Whole of New England coast, rare south of Cape Cod (Stimp- son); Banks (Willis); Magdalen Bay (Bell); Vineyard Sound, six to twelve fathoms. Lunatia Groenlandica. Fic. 166. Shell small, sub-oval, ash colored; umbilicus imperfect ; operculum horny. Natica pusilla, not of Say. — Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 237, fig. 166. Natica Grenlandica, MOLLER, Fauna Groenl. 7 — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 43, Lunatia Grenlandica, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5, Shell sub-oval, bluish-white, with a light ash colored epidermis ; surface glossy, smooth, or with merely microscopic revolving lines, 342 NATICIDA. and lines of growth; whorls four, regularly convex; spire mod- erately elevated, blunt; suture fine and deep, the edge of the whorl rising a little by the side of it; sometimes one or two faint, brownish bands may be seen on the lower whorl; aperture ovate, more than half the length of the shell ; outer lip thin PF) and sharp; inner margin thick, the callus white, abundant, L. Gran- and pressed into the umbilicus so as to leave only a narrow, curved chink by the side of the lip; throat white ; opercu- lum horny. Length, half an inch; breadth, four fifths of an inch. Taken from fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay, in company with Natica clausa and Mamma immaculata. Most of the specimens have about half the dimensions above elven. I was not a little gratified, in looking over a parcel of the Natica clausa, to find several specimens differing from them in having a horny instead of a bony operculum, a partial umbilicus, and no flat- tening of the top of the whorls. In color, size, and general aspect they were the same. On finding that this shell corresponds to Mr. Say’s* Natica pusilla, I was still more gratified, inasmuch as it is represented in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, by a species of Margarita (Turbo inflatus, Totten), and I had despaired of finding any representative elsewhere. Mr. Say remarks, that it is generally mistaken for the young of WV. du- plicata. But the evidences of maturity in its callus, the umbilicus, and the color of the throat, sufficiently distinguish it from both Neverita duplicata and Lunatia heros. Grand Manan to Cape Cod (Stimpson). Fig. 611. Genus NATICA, Apanson. 1757. OprrcuLUM horny, with a calcareous outer layer. Shell sub-globose ; spire rather elevated; aperture semi-lunar ; columella adherent to, and spirally contorted in, the umbilicus ; apex more or less dilated and truncate, more rarely convex or rounded. Natica clausa. Fie. 167. Shell sub-globose, more or less tinged with brown; umbilicus closed; opercu- lum calcareous. * This is not Say’s species. See Stimpson, Shells of New England, 1, c.— W. G. B. NATICA. BS Natica clausa, Broperte and Sowersy, Zool. Journ. iv. 360 (1829). — Gourn, Inv. Ist ed. 238, fig. 167. — Gray, Zool. of Beechey’s Voy. 136, pl. 37, fig. 6, and pl. 34, fig. 3: — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 122, pl. 7, fig. 150. — Srimpson, Check Lists, 5. Natica consolidata, CoutHovuy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 89, pl. 3, fig. 14. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. pl. 1, fig. 11. Natica borealis, Beck (not Gray), teste Lovén. Shell small, sub-globular, surface of a dim lustre, marked by striz of growth only; color from a livid-white to dark reddish-brown, those of the latter tint exhibiting conspicuously a zone of the former color at the base; epidermis thin, bony, brown- ish horn color; whorls four or five, tumid, but a portion near the sutures is slightly depressed ; spire slightly ele- vated, obtuse; suture well-defined; aperture oval, un- usually wide behind; outer lip sharp, thickened and rounded as it ascends to the umbilicus, which is com- pletely consolidated by an ivory-white, shining eallus ; on the whorl the callus is thin, but a free deposit of it within the angle firmly sup- ports the junction of the lip to the whorl, a zone of which calcareous deposit also surrounds the umbilical region ; throat white ; opercu- lum calcareous, bluish-white. Length, twelve twentieths of an inch ; breadth, eleven twentieths of an inch. Taken alive from the stomachs of fishes, plentifully. Cape Cod to Grand Manan (Stimpson) ; fossil at Beauport and Montreal (Daw- son); Halifax (Willis) ; northwest coast of Greenland (Hayes) ; Canada (Bell). This species is readily distinguished from all others of our coast by its bony operculum, and by its small umbilicus, into which just enough of white callus seems to have been crowded to fill it ac- curately. Mr. Sowerby, on actual comparison, declares this to be his \. clausa; and, as his description was published several years prior to that given by Mr. Couthouy, his name must take precedence. Mr. Sowerby states it to be nearly an inch in diameter; whereas the dimensions above given exceed those of the specimens usually found with us. But, as it is evidently an Arctic shell, Mr. Sowerby’s specimens having been brought from Melville’s Island, and I have seen one from the Banks quite as large as those he mentions, I insert also the name given to it by Beck, on the authority of Dr. Loven. Fig. 612. N. clausa. 344 NATICIDA. Natica pusilla. Natica pusilla, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. ii. 257 (1822); Ist ed. Binney, 87. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 43; Check Lists, 5; not of GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. Fig. 613. Shell thin, sub-oval, cinereous or rufous, with sometimes Cy one or two obsolete, dilated, revolving bands; columella a callous ; callus pressed laterally into the umbilicus, whitish ; umbilicus nearly closed and consisting only of an arcuated, linear, vertical aperture. Length, about one fourth of an inch. Inhabits the southern coast. ( Say.) Buzzard’s Bay, three to eight fathoms (Stimpson). N. pusilla. Genus WWAMIMWA, Kurw. 1753. OPERCULUM large, horny, simple. Shell ovate or sub-ovate, solid, smooth, usually without epidermis ; spire small, acute, whorls simple; aperture semicircular; inner lip oblique, thickened, callous; umbilicus funiculate ; columella adherent to, and spirally contorted in, the umbilicus; the apex more or less dilated, convex, and rounded. Mamma? immaculata. Fic. 168, Shell small, sub-ovate, solid, bluish-white, spotless, glossy, umbilicus free, Natica immaculata, Torren, Sillim. Journ. xxviii. 351, fig. 6. — GouLp, Iny. Ist ed. 234, fig. 168 — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 122, pl. 7, fig. 146. Mamma? immaculata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell sub-ovate, extremities rather pointed, solid, milk-white, and glossy when deprived of its thin, greenish-yellow epidermis ; spot- less, lines of growth faintly perceptible ; whorls about five, the spire very short and pointed, and the suture not im- pressed ; the lower whorl convex and rounded, prolonged at the base; aperture narrow oval, rather acutely curved at tmawe. base; outer lip sharp, inner margin coated with ivory-white “ eallus, not modifying the umbilicus, but extending along the margin to its posterior limit; at the posterior angle of the aperture it is much thickened, and, running along under the junction of the whorls, causes a white spiral line to appear externally, just below Fig. 614. NEVERITA. S45 the suture ; the region before the umbilicus, too, is very white ; um- bilicus rounded and deep; operculum horny. Length, thirteen for- tieths of an inch; breadth, nine fortieths of an inch. First found by Colonel Totten in Newport Harbor, and afterwards in Provincetown Harbor. It is found plentifully in the stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. Halifax, Banks ( Willis); East- port (Cooper); whole coast of New England (Stimpson). I know of no species resembling this, except it be Natica Anglica, of which some specimens are said to be immaculate. But that shell has a more elongated spire, a broader aperture and base, and its greatest breadth is rather below instead of rather above the middle, as in this species. It is the smallest species with which I am ac- quainted, though I have seen one specimen two fifths of an inch in length; and, for so small a shell, it is remarkable for its solidity. Genus NEVERITA, Risso. 1826. OPERCULUM simple, cartilaginous. Shell orbicular, depressed ; spire flattened ; aperture wide, semi- lunar; inner lip straight, callous; columella adherent to, and spi- rally contorted in, the umbilicus, the apex more or less dilated and truncate. Neverita duplicata. Fig. 164. Shell conical-ovate, usually with a dark band above the suture on the upper whorls; umbilicus deeply grooved, and partially or entirely covered with a chest- nut colored callus. Natica duplicata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 247. — Goutp, Inv. Ist. ed. 236, fig. 164. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 121, pl. 7, fig. 147. — Puipirri, Abbild. pl. 1, fig. 9, not of Reeve (Lunatia heros). Natica Recluziana, Desn. Mag. Zool. 1841, pl. 87. — Reeve, Con. Icon. Neverita duplicata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell solid, ovate, the upper portion of the whorls compressed so as to give it a pyramidal outline; surface marked with very faint revolving lines, and more conspicuous lines of growth; color light chestnut-brown above a line marking its greatest circumference, whitish or ash colored below it; usually having a dark brown band on the lower portion of the posterior whorls, and the upper portion whitish; whorls five or more, spire rather prominent; aperture ovate, very oblique ; outer lip very thin and sharp, joining the whorl 346 NATICIDA, behind by a very small angle, but this angle is so filled up within with callus, that the real aperture is rounded, and at a considerable distance from the junction of the lip; throat chestnut-brown, or livid, lower portion white, gen- erally of a pearly lustre ; umbilicus irregular, having a deep groove revolving within it, and covered wholly or partly with a very thick, chestnut-brown callus ; opercu- lum horny. Length, two inches; breadth, rather more. Inhabits the same localities as Lunatia heros ; is less common in the vicinity of Boston, but com- mon at Nantucket. Charleston, South Carolina (Stimpson) ; mouth of Rio Grande ( Schott). This species is subject to considerable variation in shape, some individuals having the spire much more elevated than others. It is easily distinguished by its conical figure, and by the great amount of callus, which renders it a remarkably heavy shell. Specimens along the Southern coast are generally less elevated, more smooth and brown than those found in Massachusetts. I have a specimen from the Grecian island, Syra, which corresponds with these, ex- cept that the colors are brighter, and the shell more smooth, as might be expected if modified by a milder climate. A figure in Lister (pl. 562, fig. 8), represents this shell. Natica conica, of Lamarck, is a much more elevated shell, though his description might be applied to our shell in every particular. Its ordinary length is half an inch less than is given above. [Foot sub-rhomboidal, rounded before as behind, where it is broader than before; broadest about the middle, across the shell ; anteriorly light-fawn, posteriorly dark gray, especially at margins ; mentum dark gray anteriorly, becoming lighter posteriorly, forming a prominent dark-edged siphon at left side, reflection nearly cover- ing shell; beneath wine-yellow ; scissure across foot just in front of broadest part extending forward to a point at middle; tentacles vertically compressed, pyramidal, with maculations on a pale ground, with a narrow black margin each side to point; a flattened lobe at base outside ; no eyes. ( Stimpson.) Fig. 615. N. duplicata. BULBUS. 347 Genus BULBUS, Brown. 1859. SHELL ventricose, imperforate ; spire with the apex acute ; whorls smooth, without epidermis; aperture very wide; inner lip with a large, smooth callus covering part of the body whorl and concealing the umbilicus. Bulbus flavus. Fig. 162. Shell thin, sub-globose; aperture large; inner margin sinuous; umbilicus none. Natica flava, Gout, Sillim. Journ. xxxviii. 196 ; Iny. Ist ed. 239, fig. 162. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 123. Bulbus flavus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell of an inflated, globular form, light and thin, white, with a bright straw colored or golden epidermis; surface very minutely checkered with very faint, revolving lines, and lines of growth; spire very little elevated, com- posed of four rounded whorls, a little compressed behind, near the suture, which is faintly im- pressed ; aperture occupying one half the infe- rior aspect of the shell, broad oval, modified by a curve which looks as though it might be caused by a contraction and obliteration of the umbili- cus; outer margin very sharp; umbilical region about the middle of the left margin much retreat- ing, and deeply indented in most specimens, though evidently never open; a thin callus, commencing at the upper angle, expands and thickens over this region, then, narrowing, forms a thick, rounded, ivory, vertical margin to the front of the shell. Length, about one inch; breadth, a little less. From the collection of Colonel Totten, who obtained it from the Bank fishing grounds. Rimouski (Bell) ; Halifax, Banks ( Willis) ; Eastport ( Cooper). The aspect of this shell immediately suggests the Helix aperta, Born (H. naticoides, Drap.), to which it bears a very striking re- semblance in shape. If the existence of an umbilicus is an essen- tial characteristic of the genus Natica, and so it is laid down by Lamarck, this shell cannot come under it. There is no approach to an umbilicus, even in the youngest specimens, the space intended Fig. 616. 348 NATICIDE. to be occupied by one having been apparently thrown into the aper- ture. There is one other described species conforming to the same type, the Natica fluctuata, Sowerby (Tankerville Catal. p. 12), and figured by Dr. Jay in his ‘* Catalogue, 1856,” under the provisional name of N. imperforata. Their form is so peculiar that Mr. Sow- erby has recently grouped them with several others in a new genus, which he calls Globulus. Swainson employs the word Globularia as having a better termination. Of the five specimens I have examined, three were mature, and two young. In the oldest, the width of the shell is proportionally greater, and there is a tendency to angularity at about the upper fourth of the last whorl. Genus AMAUROPSIS, Morcu. OPERCULUM pauci-spiral, horny, thin. Shell longitudinally oval, thin, smooth, white, not umbilicated, covered with a light brown epidermis; spire elevated, suture cana- liculated ; aperture oval, produced in front. Amauropsis helicoides. IG. VG Shell ovate, smooth, covered with a dusky yellow colored epidermis ; whorls four, spire channelled at the suture ; umbilicus a mere line. Natica canaliculata, Goutp, Sillim. Journ. xxxvili. 197 (1840) ; Inv. 1st ed. 235, fig. 161. Natica helicoides, Jounston, 1835, Tr. N. H. B. — REEVE, figs. 4, 5, 6. Amauropsis helicoides, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell ovate-globose, rather ponderous, dingy-white, nearly smooth, and somewhat glossy, covered with a dark gamboge colored epider- mis; whorls four, the upper portion of each turning before it joins the preceding whorl, so as to form a broad, shallow canal at the suture, and giving the spire a turreted appearance; aperture about two thirds the length of the shell, nearly semi-circular, lip sharp, a little spreading in front, the inner mar- gin nearly a straight line, and overspread with a thick callus; interior white; umbilical opening a mere slit, generally none, one side of which is formed by the callus, sometimes altogether con- cealed ; operculum horny, sub-spiral. Length, one and one tenth inches; breadth, seven tenths of an inch. Fig. 617. A. helicoides. PLEUROTOMA. 349 Taken from fishes caught at the Banks, and one fine specimen from a fish caught in Massachusetts Bay. I have a specimen also from the coast of Norway. Halifax ( Willis); Marcouin (Bell) ; fossil, Montreal ( Dawson). The aspect of this shell is such that I was at first led to refer it, doubtfully, to the genus Puludina. It very greatly resembles Pal- udina ponderosa, Say. All doubt, however, on that point, has been since happily removed through the kindness of Colonel Totten, who furnished me with several specimens containing the sub-spiral oper- culum. The remark of Deshayes, that JVatica is without an epidermis, will not hold good in regard to this species, nor, indeed, to any of the species found on our coast. He, however, was aware of the small value of this characteristic, and alludes to a species then under his eye, which I take to be \. heros, having the shape and epidermis of Ampullaria, but the operculum of Natica. A specimen sent to me by Dr. Lovén was regarded by him as new, and he had applied to it the name of NV. eaxulans. Famity TURRITID 4, H. and A. Apams. SHELL turreted, sub-fusiform ; aperture with the fore part chan- nelled, straight, and often much produced; outer lip detached at the hind part from the body whorl, forming a sinus, or with the margin fissured near the last whorl. Genus PLEUROTOMA, Lamarck. 1799. SHELL turreted, generally ribbed; aperture terminating in a straight, more or less elongated canal; outer lip, at its posterior junction, having a fissure or notch. Pleurotoma bicarinata. Fic. 186. Shell ovate-fusiform, turreted, dusky-white ; whorls convex, with two revolv- ing ribs, and other less conspicuous lines and grooves; notch of the lip shallow. Pleurotoma bicarinata, Cournovy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 104, pl. 1, fig. 11. — Gou.p, Inv. Ist ed. 281, fig. 186. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 149, pl. 7, fig. 118. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Mangelia bicarinata, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 49. 350 TURRITID. Shell small, tapering at both ends, turreted, of a dusky-white or slate color; whorls six, convex, the lowest being half the length of the shell, and marked with numerous, slightly elevated, re- volving lines, and smaller intervening ones ; about the mid- G dle is a deep groove, on each side of which is a prominent § yevolving ridge or keel, continued upon the upper whorls; P.bicari- lines of growth very minute; aperture elliptical, narrow, aie ending in a very short canal, inclining a little to the left; outer lip sharp, toothed by the revolving ribs, with a slight recess or notch at its posterior junction; pillar lip arched posteriorly. Length, three tenths of an inch; breadth, three twentieths of an inch; divergence, forty-eight degrees. First found by Mr. Couthouy in a fish caught off Nahant; since this single specimen, three or four others have been found by Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, and Mr. W. W. Wheildon, of Charlestown. This is not likely to be confounded with any other of our shells. Its two revolving ridges mark it well. It is interesting as being the first species of the genus found in our northern Atlantic waters. Neither of our three species belongs, unequivocally, to this genus ; they approach very near to Fusus. Still, the direction of the lines of growth indicate the sinus in the lip to be constant; and on this their claim to the genus Pleurotoma rests. Fig. 618. Pleurotoma plicata. Fic. 187. Shell small, cinereous, ovate; whorls six, reticulated with prominent, longitu- dinal ribs, and elevated, revolving lines; sinus of the lip distinct. Pleurotoma plicata, ADAMS, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. pl. 3, fig. 6. — Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 282, fig. 187. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 150, pl. 6, fig. 120. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, elongated-ovate, somewhat turreted, of an ashy-white color; whorls six, the lowest one about two thirds the length of the whole shell, and bearing about twelve prominent, somewhat oblique, rib-like folds, which are crossed by ten or more elevated, revolving threads, rendering the ribs a little nodulous; the other whorls form a very pointed, somewhat turreted spire, on which the ribs and revolving lines are con- tinued. Aperture narrow, less than half the length of the shell; outer lip greatly thickened by one of the ribs, the notch at its pos- terior part being deep, distinct, and smooth. Length, one fourth Fig. 619. P. plicata. BELA. oom of an inch, nearly; breadth, five fortieths of an inch; divergence, forty-five degrees. Found in mud from New Bedford Harbor, by Professor C. B. Adams. Banks ( Willis). This species is of about the same size and shape as Bela decus- sata, but is distinguished by the much more conspicuous folds, which run the entire length of the whorl ; and the revolving lines also are much more distinct, and fewer in number. The canal is very short. Genus BELA, Leacn. 1847. SHELL ovate, fusiform; surface dull, smooth, or longitudinally ribbed ; spire elevated, shorter than the body whorl ; columella flat- tened; canal short; outer lip with a small sinus at its junction with the body whorl. Bela turricula. Hires 193: Shell white, thin, whorls very conspicuously angulated and turreted, with twelve or fourteen prominent ribs, and numerous distinct, revolving lnes. Murex turricula, Montacu, Test. Brit. 262, pl. 9, fig. 1.— Turron, Conch. Dict. 93. — Dittwyn, Catal. 744.— Maton and Rackertt, Lin. Trans. viii. 144; Dorset Catal. pl. 14, fig. 15. — Woop, Index, pl. 27, fig. 133. Fusus turriculus, Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. pl. 48, figs. 51, 52. Fusus turricula, FUnminG, Brit. Anim. 349. — GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 292, fig. 193. Murex anguatus, Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. 156. Bela turricula, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell thin, pure white, sometimes yellowish or brownish-white ; with seven or eight whorls, rising nearly perpendicularly from each other to an acute apex, and having an abrupt, broad, nearly flat slope at their summits; surface with twelve or fourteen somewhat oblique, rather compressed ribs, which vanish before attaining the front, traversed by numerous distinct, elevated lines, of which one at the angle of the whorls is most prominent, these obsolete at the edge ® er of the ribs ; beak short, open, and nearly sharp, or thickened by a rib; inner lip smooth, slightly arched. Length, two thirds of an inch; breadth, one fourth of an inch; divergence, forty-two de- Fig. 620. grees. 5 Found in considerable numbers, and in a very fresh state, in the oon TURRITIDZ. stomachs of fish. It is one of the shells common to both Atlantic shores. Halifax ( Willis) ; Eastport ( Cooper). This is a very pretty shell, and is not likely to be confounded with any other except B. harpularia. From this it is distinguished by being a more delicate shell, by its color, by the smaller number of ribs, and by the remarkably turreted appearance of the whorls. The raised line, revolving at their angle, is so great as to produce a small tubercle there, on each of the ribs. The aperture is usually about half the length of the shell; but there is a variety in which the aperture is about one third the length of the shell, and the ribs are more numerous. Mr. Sowerby intimates that our shell may not be identical with the European type; but, on the whole, I can- not persuade myself to regard them as different. The varicty is like the Murex angulatus, figured by Donovan. Bela harpularia. Hie. UOT. Shell long-ovate, pointed, turreted, flesh-colored; whorls angular above, with about sixteen oblique, rounded folds and numerous revolving lines. Fusus harpularius, Cournovy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 106, pl. 1, fig. 10. — Goutp, Iny. Ist ed. 291, fig. 191. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 146, pl. 9, fig. 187. Tritonium harpulariun, Lovin, Moll. Se. 12. Bea harpularia, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell ovate-oblong, turreted, of a brownish flesh-color, composed of six or eight angulated whorls, flattened above the angle, so as to form a slightly sloping shoulder; lower whorl more than half the length of the shell, having about eighteen oblique, rounded plaits or ribs, vanishing before they reach the beak, and crossed by fine revolving lines, most conspicuous in the interstices ; the upper whorls are marked in the same man- ner; beak white, short, somewhat curved, and pointed ; ap- B.haru eyture narrow, broadest and angular behind ; the outer lip sharp; inner lip white, smooth, and moderately arched, twisting outwards at the commencement of the beak. Length, half an inch; breadth, one fourth of an inch; divergence, forty-eight degrees. First found by Mr. Couthouy, in fish taken near Nahant, and fre- quently obtained since from the same locality. Banks (Willis) ; Hastport ( Cooper) ; fossil, Montreal (Dawson). It bears a close resemblance to B. turricula; and Mr. Sowerby Fig. 621. BELA. 300 seems rather disposed to regard it as such. But the marks of dis- tinction are constant. The flesh color is invariable ; the length of the body whorl proportionally greater, and it is more convex, and less angular; the folds are more oblique, more rounded, and the beak is shorter, but more curved. From B. pleurotomaria it is distinguished by a less dark color, less prominent but closer ribs, more conspicuous shoulder, and by its less elongated and slender form, and the absence of a notch at the posterior junction of the outer lip. It has a general resemblance to pl. 48, figs. 48, 44, of ‘“‘ Brown’s Conch. of Great Brit. &c.,” which he calls Lusus castaneus. Bela violacea. Shell purplish-black, longitudinally sub-plicate, transversely striate ; whorls six, the last carinated above and with evanescent median folds, the other whorls me- dially carinated; spire acute; aperture narrow; canal short. Pleurotoma violacea, Micurts and Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 51, pl. 4, fig. 21 (1842). Bela violacca, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, of a blackish-purple color, ovate, with a pale brown epidermis, irregularly sub-plicate, with numerous faint, revolving strie decussated by the incremental striz ; whorls six ; whorls of the spire carinate in the middle; last whorl shouldered by a continuation of the same carina, with the plications ter- minating on its convexity; spire acute, conic; suture dis- tinct; aperture narrow, rather less than half the length of the shell; labrum simple, sharp, regularly curved, with the sinus at the extremity; canal short, wide. Leneth, three tenths of an inch; breadth, fifteen hundredths of an inch; divergence, forty degrees. Casco Bay ; found without the animal, at low-water mark, in the summer of 1840, and subsequently in the stomachs of haddock. This species is remotely allied to Bb. decussata, Couthouy ; our shell, however, is always longer, aperture narrower, and the sculp- ture less regular and distinct ; but it is especially characterized by having the spiral carina far below the suture. (Mighels and Adams.) Banks ( Willis) ; Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson). [ Animal, siphon yellowish, one twentieth of an inch; tentacula short and thick ; eyes black, on exterior side, about two thirds the length of tentacula; a sinus in the middle of posterior part of disk. 23 Fig. 622. 304 TURRITIDE. Bela decussata. Fig. 185. Shell oval, ash or flesh-colored, with twenty-five minute folds, and close re- volving lines ; notch of the outer lip shallow. Pleurotoma decussata, Coutnovy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 183, pl. 4, fig. 8. — Gouxp, Inv. Ist ed. 280, fig. 185. — Dre Kay, N. Y. Moll. 150, pl. 36, fig. 344. Beda decussata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, ovate, of an ash-white, or flesh-color, covered with remnants of an olive colored epidermis; whorls five or six, convex, the lowest being two thirds the length of the shell, covered with twenty-five to thirty inconspicuous folds or ribs, undu- lated and oblique in conformity to the outer lip, and vanish- ing on the convexity of the whorl; lines of growth regular B. decus- and distinct, and these, with numerous, elevated, revolving caer threads, make a fine network over the whole shell; spire regularly sloping to an acute point; suture well-marked, with a slight shoulder near it on the whorls; aperture half as long as the shell, narrow, oval, terminating in a broad and very brief channel ; outer lip sharp, with a shallow recess or notch, as it joins the whorl ; pillar arched, flattened, and smooth; operculum pear-shaped, with the apex below, and the elements concentric. Length, seven twen- tieths of an inch; breadth, three twentieths of an inch; divergence, forty-eight degrees. Found in the stomachs of fishes, not unfrequently. Marblehead ( Haskell) ; Eastport (Cooper) ; Banks ( Willis). This is not liable to be confounded with any shell of our coast, except B. harpularia, to which it has a miniature resemblance. But, besides being so much smaller, it is distinguished by the notch at the posterior angle of the aperture, and by the network formed by the more numerous and fainter folds, and revolving lines. The color, which Mr. Couthouy makes a distinctive mark, is very nearly the same. His specimens were less perfect and white. In my freshest specimen there is a broad, lighter-colored band near the top of the lower whorl. Pleurotoma reticulata, Brown (** Conchol- ogy of Great Britain,’ &c., pl. 48, figs. 29, 30), may, perhaps, be intended to represent the same. Fig. 623. BELA. 3550 Bela cancellata. Shell subulate, longitudinally plicate, transversely striate ; whorls seven, con- vex; suture strongly impressed; spire acuminate; apex acute; aperture sub- ovate ; lip crenated. Fusus cancellatus, Miners and Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 52, pl. 4, fig. 18 (1842). Bela cancellata, Str1mpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell rather slender, turreted, with about twenty longitudinal ribs, running a little obliquely to the left, crossed by numer- ous transverse, revolving, raised lines, giving the shell a cancellated appearance ; whorls seven, convex; suture well impressed ; spire gracefully tapering ; apex acute ; columella slightly arched at the upper part; aperture rather narrow, B.cancet. sub-ovate; canal short, straight, rather wider at the base ; labrum thin, delicately crenated by the transverse strie. Length, thirteen twentieths of an inch; breadth, one fourth of an inch; di- vergence, twenty-two degrees. Casco Bay; taken from the stomachs of haddock in the summer of 1840. It must be regarded as very rare. This species is very nearly allied to Murex purpureus, Montagu (“ Turton Conch. Dict.” 95), but is distinct in having a less num- ber of volutions by three or four, by the direction of the ribs, which are “obliquely to the right” in MZ. purpureus; Montagu’s shell is also described as “ rugged,” “ very rough,” &c., terms which will not apply to our shell; it is also said to be “ purple,” which color is regarded by the author as characteristic; our shell is variously colored, some specimens being tinged with purple, others are white. (Mighels aud Adams.) Fig. 624. Bela pleurotomaria. Fie. 192. Shell slender and tapering, fawn-colored; whorls eight, having eighteen or twenty oblique, rounded folds, and minute revolving lines. Fusus rufus, Gouin, Inv. Ist ed. 290, fig. 192, not of English authors. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 146, pl. 9, fig. 189. Bela pleurotomaria, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Fusus pleurotomarius, Coutuovy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 107, pl. 1, fig. 9. Shell elongated, tapering to an acute point, reddish-fawn colored ; whorls eight, slightly convex, with numerous obliquely undulating folds or ribs, amounting sometimes to eighteen or twenty ; these are 356 COLUMBELLID&. quite regular and prominent, the interstices or excavations between them being of equal width with the folds; they are most prominent on the upper whorls, and vanish about the middle ; of the lower whorl; there are numerous inconspicuous re- X f) volving lines, most distinct at the base; larger whorl rather sie UNOS than half the length of the shell, with a slight shoulder RUC Lb the suture; aperture short and narrow, having a slight notch at its posterior angle, and terminating abruptly in front, without an elongated canal; outer lip sharp; pillar smooth, moderately arched. Length, three fourths of an inch; breadth, one fifth of an inch; divergence, forty degrees. Found not unfrequently in the stomachs of fishes, though rarely in a fresh state. Banks ( Willis); Eastport ( Cooper) ; Cape Cod, northward (Stimpson). On comparison with specimens sent from England, I coincide with Mr. Sowerby in opinion, that this shell, first found in our waters by Mr. Couthouy, and deseribed by him as new, is the Murex rufus of Montagu. It is, however, generally much larger than those known to Montagu, his specimens being less than half an inch in length. It is a well-marked species, though varying much in its depth of color, and in the distinctions of the spiral lines. The spaces be- tween the ribs are deep, as if grooved out. The canal is almost too short for the genus Fusus, while the notch of the lip approximates it to Pleurotoma. [Now considered distinct from Fusus rufus. Fig. 625. Famity COLUMBELLID/4. No canal at the base of the aperture, but a more or less distinct notch ; pillar plaited. Genus COLUMBELLA, Lamarck. 1799. SHELL oval, spire short, pillar plaited; outer lip thickened inter- nally, narrowing the aperture. Columbella avara. Fic. 197. Shell small, elongated-ovate, pointed, of various shades of brown reticulated with white, with numerous smooth ribs lengthwise, and revolving lines between them. COLUMBELLA. oot Columbella avara, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 230 (1822). — Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 313, fig. 197. — Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 363. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 139, pl. 8, fig. 179. — Sowersy, Thes. 128, pl. 38, fig. 110. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, ovate-conic, elevated, strong, of a light straw color, finely reticulated or blotched with various shades of reddish-brown ; surface covered with equal and regular revolving lines, in- terrupted by as many as fifteen smooth, obtuse folds or ribs running lengthwise of the shell; and as the folds extend only half the length of the lowest whorl, the remaining half is marked by the revolving lines only; whorls six, nearly flat, forming an elevated, pointed spire; suture distinct, and somewhat scalloped by the folds ; aperture narrow-oval, about one third the length of the shell; very little contracted by the thickening of the middle of the outer lip; this lip is simple, some- what thickened externally, and having a series of lengthened teeth just within the margin; inner lip invested with a plate of callus, which is also toothed in a similar manner, in mature shells ; oper- culum horny. Length, three fifths of an inch; breadth, one fourth of an inch; divergence, thirty-three degrees. Sent me from Martha’s Vineyard by Dr. L. M. Yale. Professor Adams says it is common at New Bedford and vicinity, also at Fal- mouth and Nantucket. Cape Cod, however, seems to be its north- ern limit, though a solitary, worn specimen is occasionally found within the Capes. It lives below low-water mark. It is abundant on the shores of the Southern States. Gull Island (Smith). Mr. Say referred this shell, somewhat doubtfully, to the genus Columbella; and as it still remains equivocal between Coluwmbella and Buccinum, it is best to let it remain where he placed it. It varies much in its length and coloring, being in general longer than described by Say. It is usually covered with a dirty-brownish pig- ment. The middle of the last whorl is frequently angular, espe- cially in immature shells; in these too, and indeed in a majority of the shells I have seen, the denticulations of the aperture are want- ing. There is, however, no other shell resembling it on our coast, and it is easily recognized. Fig. 626. C. avara. Columbella rosacea. Fic. 195. Shell small, acutely conic, white, tinged with rose color; whorls six, covered with spiral lines; aperture ovate, shorter than the spire, pillar arched and flat- tened, lip sharp, and without teeth within. 358 COLUMBELLID. Buccinum rosaceum, Gouxp, Sillim, Journ. xxxviii. 197 ; Inv. Ist ed. 311, fig 195. Columbella rosacea, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, elongated, acutely conic, white, tinged with rose color, closely covered with minute revolving lines, most conspicuous near the base of the shell, in most parts microscopic ; lower whorl as long or longer than the rest of the spire; suture faintly impressed, but distinct; aperture about two fifths the length of the shell, narrow-ovate ; outer lip sharp, a little everted, smooth within, gently curving to its junction with the spire; pillar arcuated, a little flattened, smooth, and white. Length, three tenths of an inch; breadth, three twentieths of an inch; divergence, forty degrees. This little shell I took from fish caught off Cohasset. It has since been frequently found in fishes taken in various parts of Mas- sachusetts Bay. Eastport, white variety (Cooper); Banks, Sable Island ( Willis). It belongs to Kiener’s section of Co/wmbella-formed Buccinum, and greatly resembles his B. /acteum in size and general appear- ance, but is different in color, wants the peculiar spots, and is not toothed within the lip. It is not plaited like B. pulchellum and B. dermestoideum. Some specimens are beautifully tinted with rose- red, but others are of a dingy-white, or tinged only around the apex. In one specimen there is something like a dark band just above the suture, and emerging from the posterior angle of the aperture. The revolving lines are very minute, and in old specimens are scarcely discerned on the spire. To the naked eye the shell ap- pears smooth and shining. It is probable that both this species and Buccinum lunatum actu- ally belong to the genus Columbella. [There is now no doubt of it. Fig. 627. C. rosacea. Columbella dissimilis. Shell small, ovate-conical, solid, longitudinally substriate, fuscous, often with three white zones; whorls five, flattened ; aperture sub-equalling the half of the spire. Columbella dissimilis, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc N. H. iv. 114 (1851) ; Shells of New England, 47; Cheek Lists, 5. Buccinum zonale, Linsey, Shells of Connecticut, Sillim. Journ. o. s. xlviii. 285. This species differs from the C. dwnata in its want of revolving lines on the rostrum, and in its color. Buccinum zonale, Linsley, COLUMBELLA. 359 Connecticut, is probably the young of this species, but the Ms ® name is preoccupied. The animal resembles that of C. lunata, except in its color, which is white. Length, twenty- three thousandths of an inch; breadth, one hundredth of J an inch. Laminarian and Coralline Zones. Eastport Har- © aissim- bor and Grand Manan (Stimpson). oy Columbella lunata. Fic. 196. Shell small, ovate-conic, surface smooth; color reddish-brown, with two series of crescent-shaped, whitish spots; aperture oval, its outer lip dark brown, and toothed within. Nassa lunata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. v. 213. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 131, pl. 7,.fig. 162*. Buccinum lunatum, ADAMS, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist. ii. 266. — Gou pn, Inv, Ist ed. 312, fig. 196. Columbella lunata, SoweRBY, Thes. 141, pl. 140, fig. 164. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, ovate-conic; whorls six, slightly convex, separated by a shallow suture ; surface altogether smooth, excepting a single revolving line below the suture, and a few around the base ; color reddish-brown or fawn color, with two, and scmetimes three, series of crescent-shaped, yellowish spots on the lower whorl; the light color often predominating over the dark; aperture oval, narrow, with a small sinus or recess at the posterior angle, and ending in a very short eanal in front; outer lip simple, and dark brown, toothed along its inner margin; pillar covered with brown callus, the outer edge of which is somewhat elevated. Length, one fifth of an inch ; breadth, one tenth of an inch; divergence, forty-three degrees. Found abundantly to the south of Cape Cod, as far north as Provincetown, about Martha’s Vineyard, Nantucket, and Buzzard’s Bay. Swampscott and Nahant Beaches, alive (Haskell). Profes- sor Adams remarks that they are found associated, almost without exception, with Bittium nigrum, but much less abundant. In spring they are found upon the surface of the sand. Their station, how- ever, is a few feet below low-water mark, clinging to stones, sea- weed, and other shells. The principal variations arise from the greater or less elongation of the spire, and from the different proportions of the brown and white coloring; sometimes the shell is almost entirely brown, and at others there is scarcely enough brown to define the crescentic spots. Fig. 629. C. lunata. 360 PURPURIDE. Mr. Say describes the animal as follows: “ pale-whitish, foot linear, nearly as long as the shell, acute behind, hardly larger than the respiratory trunk, truncate before; trunk more than half as long as the shell, obtuse at tip, with a brown annulation near the tip, and another near the base; tentacula short, cylindrical, annu- late with blackish on the middle; eyes black, placed on the base of the tentacula.” This species also has proved to be a Columbella. Famity PURPURIDA, Brop. Suet, with a short, ascending canal, or an oblique notch, or semi-canal, directed upwards. Genus PURPURA, Brvuc. 1789. SHELL oblong-oval ; last whorl large ; spire short ; aperture ovate, large, with an oblique channel or groove at the fore part ; columella flattened ; outer lip simple. Purpura lapillus. Shell ovate, pointed, solid, variegated in color, white, yellow, chocolate, and often banded with white; surface with numerous coarse, revolving ridges; aper- ture oval, outer lip thickened, and toothed within. Buccinum lapillus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1202. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 2 t Martint, Conch. iii. 429, t. 121, figs. 1111, 1112, and iv. 22, t. 122, figs. 1124, 1125, &c. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, pl. 11. — Woop, Index, pl. 23, fig. 62. — Monracu, Test. Brit. 239. Tritonium lapillus, MULLER, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 244. Purpuro-Buceinum, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. 125. Purpura lapillus, Lam. An. sans Vert. (1st ed) vi.; 2d ed. x. 79. — GoutpD, Inv. Ist ed. 301.— Kiener, Iconog. (Pourpre) 101, pl. 29, 80, 31, figs. 77-77 s. — FLem- inc, Brit. Anim. 341.—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 135, pl. 8, fig. 175. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell ovate, acutely pointed at both extremities, thick and solid, varying in color, from white through yellow to a dark chocolate, and often with bands of white or yellow, of different widths; sur- face more or less wrinkled and encircled with numerous coarse, un- equal ridges. Some are nearly smooth, and others, at the lines of growth, have series of raised, concave scales, which render the whole shell rough and prickly to the touch; whorls five or six, in some convex, so that the spire appears turreted, in others flattened PURPURA. 361 below the sutures, so as to be pyramidal; aperture oval, the outer lip regularly curved, sharp, but thickened, and armed with blunt teeth at a little distance within, so that the aperture appears spread- Fig. 630. P. lapillus. ing; the pillar lip moderately flattened, smooth, its lower portion a little twisted, so as to form a moderate projection within the shell, and a crescent-shaped umbilical depression outside; canal short, turning a little to the right; throat generally light reddish-brown, with a lighter border to the lip. Operculum horny, elliptical. Com- mon length, one and one fourth inches; breadth, seven tenths of an inch. Inhabits the ocean rocks everywhere, from Greenland through all New England. While there is an individuality about this shell, by which it is easily recognized, yet it is infinitely varied in its details. All speci- mens have the coarse, revolving ridges, and the peculiar twist of the flattened pillar, characteristic of the genus. They may be di- vided into two groups, those with a smooth, and those with a rasp- like surface. The smooth shells are the most solid, and are usually flattened near the suture, so as to give the shell a rhomboidal, rather than an ovate outline. This smoothness is not the effect of age, as has been generally stated, for the young shells, in both groups, are like the old. In these there is nothing like an umbili- cus. These are the true P. lapillus. In the other group, the whorls are more convex, the suture deep, and the surface is rendered rasp-like by the sharp, scalloped edges of the successive lines of growth, which are most conspicuous in the youngest specimens. In these the callus is abundant upon the pil- lar, and rises in such a manner as to seem to cover an umbilicus. In some specimens it is so abundant at the posterior angle of the aperture, that the two lips are continuous, and their junction round- ed. The canal in this variety is more decided and longer. This 362 PURPURIDA. variety is Lamarck’s species P. imbricata. (See De Kay, l. ¢. pl. viii. fig. 172.) As to coloration, both varieties pass from white through yellow to a dark chocolate or slate-color; but specimens of the first group are both lighter and darker than those of the second group. It is in the first group only that I have met with the banded varieties. These have the portion next the suture, the base, and a central zone dark, and the remainder white ; and they constitute Lamarck’s spe- cies bizonalis (v. De Kay, 136, pl. viii. fig. 174), Kiener has fig- ured many varieties, but it would be impossible to represent every aspect of a shell, in which no two individuals may be found exactly alike. Kiener states that the animal, which is perfectly white, is very carnivorous, and that by it are produced, principally, the perfora- tions so frequently observed in bivalve shells on the shore. This remark might apply to many of the perforated univalve shells; but it would hardly be expected that this animal, whose residence is confined to the rocks, should feed upon the animals of bivalve shells, which reside only in sand or mud. The Naticide are the more probable depredators in this case. Genus NASSA, Lamarck. 1799. SHELL ovate, ventricose, body whorl variously sculptured ; aper- ture ovate, with a short, reflected, truncated anterior canal ; inner lip smooth, often widely spread over with enamel, with a posterior callosity or blunt dentiform plait; outer lip dentated, internally crenulated. Nassa obsoleta. Fie. 210. Shell ovate, dark reddish-brown, covered with a network of lines, and often- times folded; aperture ovate, dark violet, right lip simple and sharp, with ele- vated lines within. Nassa obsoleta, Say, Journ Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 232. —Srimpson, Check Lists, 5. Buccinum Nov-Eboracensis, Woon, Index, Suppl. pl. 4, fig. 26. 3uecinum oliviforme, K1pneR, Iconog. (Buccin), pl. 25, fig. 99. — Lam. An. sans Vert. x. 201. Buccinum obsoletum, Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 267. Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 308, fig. 210. Shell ovular, inelegant, dark reddish-brown or olive colored, somewhat shining; whorls six, convex, composing a moderately NASSA. 363 elevated spire, rather blunt at the apex, which, however, is gen- erally much eroded ; suture distinctly marked ; surface marked with numerous unequal, revolving lines, which are crossed by minute lines of growth, and larger or smaller, more or less numerous oblique folds; these always exist on the smaller whorls, but are often entirely wanting on the lower whorl, the whole giving the shell a granular appearance ; aper- ture oval, outer lip simple and sharp, not thickened with- in, but marked with elevated lnes not reaching the mar- gin, in adult specimens; pillar deeply arched, overspread with enamel, having a protuberance or fold at its front, turning into the interior; canal a mere notch; throat purplish-black, fading within, and, in almost every instance, with a bluish-white band at its posterior third; something similar is found on the opposite lip ; operculum horny, not serrated. Length, one inch; breadth, one half inch; divergence, fifty degrees. The animal is variously mottled with slate color; the foot is as long as the shell, its anterior angles prolonged and turned back- wards ; head not extending beyond the shell; eyes black, on the ex- terior side of the tentacula, and above the base; above the eyes the tentacula are suddenly diminished, and bristle-shaped ; trunk eylin- drical, channelled beneath, half as long as the shell, and very con- spicuous. Its movements are very active, and it collects in numbers about dead crabs and other marine animals, on which it feeds. Inhabits all our muddy shores, preferring situations not exposed to the surf of the open sea; such as inlets and extended flats which are drained at low tide. It is found abundantly at the confluence of fresh and salt water, where the taste is merely brackish. Profes- sor Adams remarks, that the finest specimens he had found ‘“ were growing at Nantucket, where they are as abundant as in any of our continental harbors.” No shell of equal size is so abundant on the whole Atlantic shore. Specimens from Florida vary only in being smaller, more oliva- ceous, and by having a thick, broad callus over the pillar. The younger shells are most likely to be collected, because the old ones become very much eroded and defaced, and a greenish, mould-like plant vegetates abundantly upon them. Very few, there- fore, of the shells usually collected have the lines on the interior of the outer lip. Kiener’s figure represents an immature shell. Fig. 631. = N. obsoleta. 364 PURPURID&. Nassa trivittata. Fie. 211. Shell ovate-conic, turreted, greenish-white, surface wrought into a network by elevated, decussating lines; sometimes with three dark bands on the lower whorl; raised lines within the lip. Nassa trivitiata, Say, Journ. Acad, Nat. Se. ii. 231. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Buccinum trivittatun, ADAMS, Bost. Journ. Nat. List. 1. 265.— GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 309, fig. 211. Shell ovate-conic, turreted, apex acute, greenish or yellowish- white, cross-barred, so as to appear granulated, by means of promi- nent, equidistant, longitudinal lines, and ten, equally reg- ular, revolving impressed lines on the larger whorl, and a somewhat more conspicuous groove near the summit of each volution ; whorls seven, flattened above, so as to pre- sent a conspicuous shoulder at the suture ; in the best speci- mens there is a dark band at the top, on the middle, and at the front of the body whorl, each occupying two series of granules ; the lower line of granules on each whorl is also colored, aperture oval, terminating behind in a canal formed by a dilatation of the right lip, and a fold on the left, and before in a short, ascending beak which is divided from the body of the shell by a deep groove; outer lip sharp, and scalloped by the revolving lines; pillar regularly arched, with a Cistinct revolving ridge bor- dering the canal, and covered, to a considerable extent, with green- ish enamel; throat white, or with brown bands corresponding to those on the outside; a few elevated lines within, not reaching the margin ; operculum horny, of an irregular, three-sided shape, one half its edge sharply serrated. Length, seven tenths of an inch; breadth, three tenths of an inch ; divergence, forty-five degrees. Found in a worn state on most of our sea-beaches, and occasion- ally alive at Chelsea. Dr. William Prescott of Lynn found it alive, in abundance, at low-water mark, on Phillips’s Beach ; Professor C. B. Adams found it at New Bedford, and says it is abundant at Nantucket, on the inner side of Brant Point, and also on the south shore, less abundant but larger. Halifax ( Willis) ; Eastport ( Coop- er); Gaspé (Bell); Gull Island (Smith) ; Vineyard Sound (De- sor) ; Georgia ( Couper). No other shell inhabiting our coast bears any near resemblance to this. Its sculpture is like that of B. marginulatum from the In- dian Seas, and its whole appearance is very much like that of Kien- N. trivittata. NASSA. 365 er’s B. Roissyi from the Australian Seas. It undergoes consider- able variation. The three lines of rufous color which suggested its specific name are very rarely seen on shells in this latitude ; and then, again, we find all the revolving lines more or less colored. In some, the two sets of lines are precisely alike in size and dis- tance ; in others, the longitudinal lines are much the most distant, and become more like undulating folds. These last may be re- garded as a well-marked variety; they are also more acutely pointed, and the shoulder at the suture is more rounded. Speci- mens from Nantucket have the inner margin thickly coated to a considerable extent with enamel, while those found near Boston have none. I have a specimen nine tenths of an inch long. [Animal whitish, sparsely dotted with pale Hlac; foot slightly bifid behind with two erect subulate processes. Very active. Comes out of the sand towards low-water mark in a minute or two after the water passes over them. Nassa vibex. Byres. 22: Shell thick, short, ovate-conic; surface checked with waving folds and revolv- ing lines; and alternately zoned with light and dark color; lip thickened and toothed within; pillar with a broad and thick callus, granulated at base. Nassa vibex, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 231 (1822); Amer. Conch. pl. 57, fig. 2 (1834). —Srimpson, Check Lists, 5. Buccinun vilbex, ADAMS, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 264. Shell solid, short, ovate-conic, of an ashy-white color ; whorls six, suture very fine; body whorl with about twelve undulating folds or ribs, crossed by about ten elevated lines, most distinct on the ribs; the space between the two upper lines is more deeply indented, forming pits between the ribs; a pale-red- dish zone encircles the top, the middle, and generally the base of this whorl, the upper one and the ribs being con- tinued to the apex; aperture oval, outer lip thickened with- out and within, with four or five teeth within ; pillar very concave, eallus abundant, with a few granules at its termination ; canal very short, separated from the body by a furrow. Length, half an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch; divergence, sixty-seven degrees. Specimens of this shell are rare, and usually have a chalky as- pect. They have been found only to the south of Cape Cod. Mr. N. vibex. 366 PURPURID. ‘ Say had it from South Carolina; and I have specimens of a shell from the Spanish Main which differ only in the greater develop- ment of callus and brighter colors. [Animal: foot large, auriculate at anterior angles, narrowed be- hind, with short terminal cirri, broadest before middle ; about one and a half times the length of the shell; above matted with flake- white punctate blotches on a dark gray ground; a broad whitish middle line on top; head broad; eyes at posterior fourth; points of vibracula very slender; head with dark gray maculations. Siphon nearly as long as shell, constantly vibrating. Below white, grayish along middle, with longitudinal clouds. ( Stimpson.) Genus BUCCINUM, Liv. 1767. SHELL ovate-conic ; aperture having a notch without a canal, in front; pillar not flattened, somewhat twisted. Buccinum undatum. Shell ovate-conical, ventricose, with broad folds and coarse, revolving lines; whorls six, convex; epidermis grayish; aperture yellowish, lip slightly notched ; pillar twisted, canal a mere notch, Buccinum crassum rufescens, LISTER, Conch t. 962, fig. 14*. Buccinum undatum, Lin. Fauna Suec. No. 2163; Syst. Nat. No. 475. — Gmg&1In, 3492. — Kyorr, Veren. iv. t. 19, fig. 1. — Martini, Conch. iv. t. 126, figs. 1206 - 1209. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. t. 73, fig. 9. — Huren. Dorset Catal. 42, t. 17, fig. 6. — Mon- racu, Test. Brit. 237. — Kiener, Iconog. pl. 2, fig. 5. — DRumMMonp, Letters toa Young Naturalist. — Brainy. Malacol. pl. 22, fic. 4. — Sowersy, Conch. Man. fig. 421.— Donovan, Brit. Shells, iii. 104. Woop, Index, pl. 23, figs 107.— Bruce. Encyc. Méth. pl. 599, fig. 1. — GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 305. —Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 130, p'. 7, fig. 161. — Lam. An. sans Vert. x. 154. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Buccinum vulgare, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 122, t. 6, fig. 6. Tritonium undatum, Mtuuer, Zool. Dan. ii. 12, t. 50.— Fapr. Fauna Groenl. 394. Buccinum striatum, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. t. 74, fig. 91. — ListER, Conch. t. 962, fig. 15; An. Angl. t. 3, fig. 3. Shell thick, ovate-conic, ventricose, grayish or brownish white, encireled with prominent, raised lines, from one fifth to one tenth of an inch apart, with minute, intervening strie ; with twelve or thirteen longitudinal, obliquely waved, elevated ribs or plaits, trav- ersing the upper whorls, fading away on the convexity of the lower whorl, and generally disappearing entirely a short distance from the lip; a yellowish-brown, velvety epidermis covers the shell wholly, or near the lip; whorls six, regularly convex ; aperture oval, about BUCCINUM. 367 one half the length of the shell, white within, or more frequently of a brilliant golden-yellow ; minute striae, corresponding to the prom- inent lines without, extend some distance within the mouth, and produce faint crenulations of the outer lip; this is somewhat everted, and arched so as often to produce a conspicuous notch at about its posterior third ; colu- mella broadly overlaid with callus, some- what flattened, and twisted at its lower portion ; not extending so far as the lip on the opposite side of the canal. Usual leneth, three inches; breadth, one and Fig. (34. nine tenths inches. It is occasionally found on some of the rocky bars in Boston Harbor, particularly Faun Bar, of good size and beauty. On the sandy beaches it is thrown up, in a worn state. Still farther eastward it be- comes abundant; and the finest I have ever seen were sent to me by Dr. Mighels, from the vicinity of Portland. Iam not aware that it is found south of Cape Cod. Gull Island (Smith); whole coast of New England and Canada. B. undatum. I have given a description of our B. undatum, as it most com- monly appears with us. It differs, however, in several points from the English shells, as figured and described by Pennant and others. It is more ventricose, the whorls are one or two less in number ; it is not found of so large a size, British specimens being mentioned four or five inches long, while the largest I have seen is only three inches and a half; the striation is far more conspicuous, and the remarkable projection of the columella beyond the rest of the shell, shown in foreign specimens, is not found in ours; the aperture is proportionally broader, and the ribs or folds less distinct. Its gol- den mouth, too, which is not found in foreign shells, renders it a beautiful shell. In truth, it much more nearly resembles Pennant’s B. striatum (Brit. Zool.” pl. 74); but Turton states that, in the B. striatum (which is now regarded as a variety of B. undatum), the shell is much thinner than the true B. undatum, which is not the case in our shell. Kiener observes that this species is very variable in size ; also in its form, which is more or less inflated, sometimes the folds, then 368 PURPURIDE. the strise, and then both disappearing. And were specific names to be given to every considerable variety, the nomenclature would be most unscientifically burdened. The figure of Kiener, and the wood-cut in ** Drummond’s Let- ters.” &e., are accurate representations of our shell. Buccinum ciliatum. Shell ovate-conic, ventricose, thin; whorls six or eight, sometimes folded at the suture ; spirally striated, ash colored, or clouded with brown ; epidermis hispid. Tritonium ciliatum, O. Fasr. Fauna Greenl. 401. Buccinum ventricosum, Krener, Species (Buccinum), pl. 3, fig. 7. Buccinum ciliatun, Goun, Inv. 1st ed. 307, fig. 209. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell similar to B. undatum, but thin, paper-like, and destitute of folds, except short ones near the suture, so as to give that part a crenated appearance. The whorls are more conyexly rounded, so as to be nearly cylindrical; surface with minute and close revolving lines, color yellowish, or livid, most specimens with blotches, Fig. 685. or dashes of brown ; epidermis fawn col- ored, and hispid, with short hairs, ar- ranged for the most part along the lines of increase. Aperture short, rounded, lip very thin; throat pure white, or yel- lowish. The pillar has a very oblique, obscure fold. Length, two inches ; breadth, one and three tenths inches ; divergence, fifty-eight degrees. Taken from fishes caught, for the most part, at the Banks; fossil, Mon- treal (Dawson). The thin structure, inflated form, and want of undulations, distinguish this species from the preceding. It agrees very accurately with the description of Fabricius ; and Dr: Loven assures me that there can be no doubt of its being his 7. cdl- iatum. As the epidermis is often removed, or rubbed, however, we do not always find it fringed with short hairs, “ ciliatus pilis brevt- bus,’ as he describes it. Nor is it less doubtfully the B. ventrt- cosum of Kiener, although we do not often find it clouded with blotches, or zigzag stripes, as he figures it. B. ciliatum. BUCCINUM. 369 Buccinum Donovani. Fic. 208. Shell ovate-conic, elevated and pointed; whorls folded lengthwise, and marked with revolving lines; the lowest whorl is encircled by a rounded carina; aperture rounded, lip spreading. Buccinum glaciale, Doxovan, Brit. Shells, v. pl. 154. — Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. &e. pl. 49, figs. 12, 13. Buceinunm Donovani, Gray, in Zool. to Beechey’s Voyage, 128.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 304, fig. 208. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell ovate-conic, spire elevated and pointed, solid, of a livid brownish color, folded obliquely lengthwise, the lower whorl being merely plaited at the suture, and covered Bren with rather coarse revolving lines; whorls 2 seven or eight, moderately convex, and gradually tapering ; on the lower one a flat- tish rib or keel commences at the junction of the lip, and, revolving, terminates about the lower third of the lip; suture deep and undulating ; aperture less than one half the length of the shell, rounded, outer lip white, rather thick, and spreading, with a wave at its posterior portion; inner margin nearly destitute of callus; throat livid; canal short, very slightly recurved. Length, two inches ; breadth, one and one tenth inches; diver- gence, forty-two degrees. Inhabits the Bank fishing-grounds. St. Flavie, Canada (eld). Distinguished from B. undatum by its more slender form, greater polish, its round- ed aperture, and spreading lip, and by the ribs encircling the larger whorl. None of the specimens exhibit more than one well-devel- oped rib, and some of them are destitute of any. It has also a more elongated, and more acute spire, than B. glaciale, and Dr. Gray seems to have done well in separating it from that species, as it is commonly received. I have seen a few perfect specimens taken from fishes, which correspond accurately with Donovan’s figure. B. Donovani. 24 370 PURPURID&. Buccinum cinereum. Fie. 213. Shell oval, tapering at both ends, ash colored, or reddish-brown, with ten or twelve undulations on the lower whorl, crossed by numerous revolving lines. Fusus cinereus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 236 (1821) ; Amer. Conch. pl. 29. — Ds Kay, N. Y. Moll. 145, pl. 8, fig. 184. — Puiu. Abbild. pl. 1, figs. 7, 8. Buccinum plicosum, MENKE, Syn. 2d ed. 59 (1830). — GouLp, Iny. Ist ed. 303, fig. 213. Rapana ? cinerea, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Shell long-oval, tapering at both ends, coarse, solid, of a reddish- brown color, more or less dark, covered with an ashy-gray pigment; on some specimens are two faint brown bands on the larger whorl; whorls five or six, convex, compressed about the suture, with ten or twelve rib-like undulations Fig. 637. along each, crossed by numerous, somewhat regular, elevated, revolving lines; aperture ovate, and, with the beak, about equals the spire ; outer lip sharp, scalloped by the termination of the revolving lines, with one or more series of elevated, whiter lines within, corresponding to the external grooves; pillar margin slightly arched, coy- ered with enamel, which rises up by the side of an um- bilical depression ; beak short, slightly curved; throat of various hues from light violet to dark chocolate ; operculum horny, rounded ovate, elements concentric ; the nucleus near one edge. Length, one inch; breadth, three fifths of an inch; divergence, fifty de- grees. Found on rocks in bays and inlets, about Nantucket, New Bed- ford, &e., and oceasionally sheltered under the edges of stones in Boston Harbor. I am not aware that it is found to the north of Cape Ann, while it is common at the South, and grows to a much larger size. Vineyard Sound (Desor); Lynn Harbor (Haskell) ; St. Simon’s Isle, Georgia ( Couper). Animal small, foot scarcely covering the aperture, very little di- lated at the front angles, cream colored, margined with lemon color beneath, punctured with light drab above; siphon merely surpass- ing the tip of the canal; head searcely protruded ; tentacula nearly united at origin; eyes black, at the outer upper third of tentacula, which third is a mere filament, contractile. Motions sluggish. Mr. Say noticed that its habits were those of Purpura; but it is removed from both Fusus and Purpura by its operculum, and will B. cinereum. FUSUS. Siti probably prove to belong to the genus Pollia of Gray. Mr. Say’s specific name is preoccupied by another species of Buccinum. Famity MURICID As, Fiem. SHELL with a canal, more or less extended, in front of the aper- ture, the outer lip of which does not alter its form by age. Genus FUSUS, Lamarck. 1799. SuEeLL elongated, tapering to both ends, without varices ; aper- ture oval, terminating in a straight or slightly curved canal; opercu- lum horny, pear-shaped, with the nucleus at the small end. Fusus Islandicus. Shell elongated, bluish-white, covered with a horn colored epidermis; whorls eight, marked with equidistant, revolving lines; aperture as long as the spire. Murex corneus, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv. 124, t. 76, fig. 99. — Montagu, Test. Brit. 258. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, ii. pl. 38.— Turron, Conch. Dict. 89.— Dittwyn, Catal. ii. 733. — Woop, Index, pl. 27, fig. 107. Murex Islandicus, GMELIN, Syst. 3555. F Fusus Islandicus, Martini, Conch. iv. 159, t. 141, figs. 1312, 1313. — Lam. An. sans Vert. Ist ed. vii. 126; 2d ed. ix. 450. — Brug. Encye Meéth. Vers. iii. 101, pl. 429, fig. 2, — Ktener, Species (fusus), pl. 7, fig. 2.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 284 —Dpr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 144, pl. 8, fig. 185. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Fusus corneus, Say, Amer. Conch. pl. 29.—F.Lemine, Brit. Anim. 348. — Brown, Conch of Great Brit. &c. pl. 47, figs. 7,9; Encye. Brit. vi. 448. Buecinum gracile, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 124, t. 6, fig. 5. Buccinum angustius, Lister, Conch. t. 913, fig. 5. Shell ovate, elongated, bluish-white, ponderous, semi-transpar- ent, covered with a horn colored, somewhat velvety epidermis ; whorls eight or nine, moderately convex, somewhat compressed before the suture, the anterior whorl equalling two thirds the length of the shell; the whorls covered with equidistant, sub-equal raised revolving lines, quite apparent through the epidermis; lines of growth faint; suture distinct, somewhat channelled. Aperture ob- long oval, half as long as the shell, polished, porcelain-white within ; outer lip sharp, and minutely crenulated by the revolving lines ; pil- lar smooth, and overspread with enamel; canal moderately pro- duced, and gently curved backwards. Length, two and three fourths inches ; breadth, one and one tenth inches; divergence, forty-five degrees. —~ = lo MURICIDE. A deep-water shell. Very large specimens, much worn, are occa- sionally found upon Chelsea and Phillips’s Beaches ; along the coast of Maine, and farther eastward, they are not infrequent. The small va- riety is found abundantly in fishes caught in our harbor, though I have never found it washed ashore. Nova Scotia ( Willis) ; Eastport ( Coop- er); St. Anne (Bell). I formerly regarded the small shells as the young, or a dwarf va- riety of the type, though Mr. Sow- erby is rather disposed to regard them as a good species. And I had also regarded the Fusus ventricosus asa variety abbreviatus of the same ; but as I find it accurately described by Dr. Gray, I have concluded to follow him, since I can do it without imposing any new name. The true Murex corneus of Linneeus is said to be the Fusus lignarius of La- marck. | Animal white, with small irreg- ular specks of black ; eyes black ; foot rectangular, angles rounded. F. Isiandicus. Fusus pygmeus. ETGe OO: Shell not exceeding four fifths of an inch in length ; whorls six, and preserving the proportions of Ff Jslandicus. Fusus Islandicus, var. pygmeus, Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 284, fig. 199. Fusus pygmeus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Both Dr. Michels and Prescott having assured me that F. pyg- meus is distinct from F. Islandicus, and having sent me specimens of the latter of equal length with those of the former, I find their opinion quite correct. F. pygmaeus has at least two more whorls than the young of F. Islandicus of equal length. The comparative FUSUS. ate length of the aperture is less; the epidermis is drab and strongly corrugated longitudinally, hirsute along the striz, while that of / Isiandicus is horny, close, with the shell flesh-colored be- neath, while that of /. pygme@us is always white. The oe ae stria are more numerous and more rounded in #. pyg- meus, those of F. Islandicus being more grooved as it were. In F. pygmeus the apex is regularly and acutely pointed, while in F. Is/andicus we have the distorted but- ton usually found in the young of large convoluted shells. Animal purest white, the red buccal mass showing through ; foot large, broadly truncate before, but not at all auricled ; broadly rounded behind, and its sides tending to fold over slightly. ( Stimpson.) Halifax ( Willis) ; Eastport, and Grand Manan (Stimpson). if F. pygmaeus. Fusus ventricosus. Fig. 200. Shell ovate-globose, bluish-white, covered with a thick epidermis; whorls five, marked with revolving lines; aperture longer than the spire, Fusus Islandicus (var.), K1eNER, Species, pl. 15, fig. 2. Fusus ventricosus, Gray, in Zool. to Beechey’s Voyage, 117.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 285, fig. 200. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 144, pl. 8, fig. 183. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Fusus corneus (var.)? Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. &e. pl. 47, figs. 11, 12. Fusus striatus, of Paris collections, on authority of Mr. Sowersy. — Reeve, Con. Icon. pl. 11, figs. 42 a, b. This species is closely allied to F. islandi- Si cus in color, marking, and texture. It is, 7 however, much more ventricose, the last whorl composing nearly the whole shell. It maintains its proportions through all the sizes and ages I have seen. It is also short- er and finer lined than F. Sabini, Gray, found in the Arctic seas, to which Brown’s figure perhaps applies more properly than to this species. I have never seen it from any other local- ity than the Bank fishing-grounds, and this may add to its claims to be regarded as a distinct species. Length, one and seven tenths inches; breadth, one and one tenth inches; divergence, seventy-eight degrees. Sable Island ( Wills). F. ventricosus. 374 MURICIDA. The aperture is nearly twice as long as the spire, and the revolv- ing lines are closer and more regular than in FE. Islandicus. The above name, applied to it by Dr. Gray, is perhaps not objec- tionable, though it was formerly applied to Rostellarta curvirostris. Fusus tornatus. Fic. 201. Shell turreted, coarse, pale-brownish ; whorls eight, convex, encircled by elevated bands of a pale chestnut color ; aperture rounded, canal short, and strongly recurved. Fusus tornatus, GouLp, Sillim. Journ. xxxviii. 197; Inv. 2d ed. 286, fig. 201. — Dx Kay, N. Y. Moll. 148. —Srupson, Check Lists, 6. Shell turreted, rough, inelegant, antiquated, dingy white, or faint brownish horn color; whorls eight, very convex, rather ven- tricose, encircled by distant, elevated, light chestnut col- ored bands or ribs; on the up- per whorls two of these lines, more prominent than the rest, give them a bicarinated appear- ance; on the last but one there are usually three lines, and on the lowest are several others, gradually diminishing in prom- inence, and never reaching the front, except in immature shells; sutural division abrupt ; strie of growth quite apparent, but, with these exceptions, the shell has a smooth and worn appearance ; aperture rather less than half the length of the shell, broad oval, and some- what dilated; outer lip sharp and somewhat angulated by the most prominent revolving bands; inner margin covered with acallus in mature shells; canal short, and very much re- Fig. 641. F. tornatus.* * The specimen figured is in the collection of E. R. Mayo, Esq. — W. G. B. FUSUS. Sta eurved. Length, two and a half inches; breadth, one and one fourth inches; divergence, fifty degrees From the Bank Fisheries. Taken from codfish. Several good specimens of various ages are now before me, for most of which | am indebted to the kindness of Colonel Totten. St. Anne (Gell) ; fossil, Montreal (Dawson). This shell is undescribed, unless it be the much debated and equivocal Murex despectus of Linneus, about which British writers seem to have been so much puzzled. It differs from the early state of the Fusus antiquus of Linneus, the F. despectus of most British conchologists, in the more rounded form of the whorls, and in being destitute of the network formed by the close revolving and longitu- dinal strix, and it would evidently never assume the appearance of amature EF. antiquus. The only figures I have seen at all resembling this are figure 1295 of Martini, which he regards as a variety of Murex antiquus, as indeed he does the M. despectus of Linnzus also; and the figure of Donovan in his “ British Shells,” Vol. V. pl. 180, under the name of Murex despectus. 1 have very little doubt that it is the genuine M. despectus of Linnewus; but as another shell is now universally received under that name, it seems the most ju- dicious way to apply a new name to this, with the above explana- tion. This shell probably never becomes three inches in length. It is inclegant and coarse, in general smooth and somewhat shining, though seeming to be made up of small, plane surfaces, rather than curved ones. The elevated lines are broad, and smoothly rounded, of a darker color than the rest of the shell, and give it an appear- ance as though it might have been turned in a lathe, but left in an unfinished state. In general outline it very strongly resembles the fossil I’. contrarius of the English crag formation. Fusus decemcostatus. Fig. 202. Shell oval, turreted, ash colored, with ten elevated, rounded, horn colored ribs on the lower whorl, and two on the upper ones. Fusus decemcostatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. v. 214.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 287, fig. 202. — Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 145, pl. 9, fig. 196. — Pui. Abbild. pl. 1, fig. 12. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Fusus carinatus, KinnER, Species (Fusus), pl. 19, fig. 1. 376 MURICID. Shell obliquely oval, narrowed at both ends, solid, coarse, spire elevated and turreted, ash colored, composed of about six convex whorls, coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth; lower whorl tur- gid, and girdled by about ten broad, elevated, rounded ribs or keels, of a light reddish horn color; they are about equidistant, the poste- rior one is the largest, and the suc- cessive ones go on diminishing, till, about the beak, they become nearly extinct; between the poste- rior rib and the suture is a broad, excavated shoulder, giving the shell a turreted appearance ; the two largest ribs revolve also on all the upper whorls; the space between the ribs is marked by fine revolving lines; aperture ovate ; outer lip sharp, and modified by the termination of the ribs; inner margin regularly arched, and thin- ly spread with white enamel ; the pillar, at its lower third, twists outwards to form a short, curved beak, and has, at this part, an im- perfect umbilicus, bounded externally by a rough, obtuse spiral ridge ; throat white, having shallow grooves of a chestnut color at the margin, answering to the external ribs; operculum horny. Length, three inches; breadth, one and three fourths inches; di- vergence, sixty-eight degrees. Thrown up after violent storms on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, and along more northerly coasts. It is seldom found with the mouth entire, though it may contain the living animal; showing that it probably inhabits rocks in deep water. Eastport ( Cooper) ; fossil, Portland; Sable Island, &c. ( Willis). It resembles no other shell of the genus, unless, perhaps, it be F. carinatus, which is a more ventricose shell, with fewer and nar- rower ribs. But Kiener must be mistaken in regarding it as the P. carinatus of Lamarck. There is no reason to suppose that his FP. carinatus was different from that of other authors, who give figures varying widely from our shell. Kiener’s figure is taken from a small, slender specimen. It is still more like Purpura succincta, in yp F. decemcostatus. TROPHON. ont general aspect. It is subject to but little variation; the most im- portant one is, that a third rib is found upon one or more of the upper whorls. [Reeve has figured an undoubted specimen of this species, from Mr. Cuming’s Cabinet, as the Buccinum lyratum, Martyn (Murex Gm.), and the Murex glomus cereus of Chemnitz, which the latter author gives as coming from King George’s Sound, New Holland. His figure is much larger and more ventricose, and is beyond ques- tion a different species. Genus TROPHON, Montrort. 1810, SHELL fusiform, varices numerous, lamelliform, or laciniated ; spire prominent; aperture ovate; canal open, usually turning to the left; columella smooth, arcuated. Trophon clathratus. Fie. 198. Shell small, brownish; whorls six, ventricose, ribbed lengthwise with numer- ous sharp raised plaits; aperture rounded; canal curved. Murer clathratus, Lin. &c. Murex Bam ffius, Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. pl. 169, fig. 2. — Maron and Rackert, Lin. Trans. vill. 149. —Monrtacu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 117. Fusus Banffius, Fuemixe, Brit. Anim. 351. — Brown, Conch. of Great Brit. &e. pl. 47, fig. 1. — Gou.p, Inv. Ist ed. 289, fig. 198. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 148, pl. 36, fig. 339. Trophon clathratus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Shell small, light brownish, composed of six rounded whorls, forming an elevated spire; suture deeply defined. The stages of growth are distinctly marked by an expansion of the lip, so as to cover the surface of the shell, length- wise, with from fifteen to twenty sharp, raised folds, of a whitish color, which become rounded into brownish ribs by age ; aperture less than half the length of the shell, rounded- ovate, terminating in a curved canal, about half as long as ratus. g the aperture; lip sharp, direct, or reflexed, according to the stage of growth; aperture brown. Leneth, half an inch; breadth, nine forticths of an inch; divergence, thirty-three degrees. Occasionally found in the stomachs of fishes. Eastport ( Coop- er); Nova Scotia ( Willis). 78 MURICIDE. (oy) This is undoubtedly the F. Bamffius of English authors, as de- termined by actual comparison. But the similarity of this and the following species is such as to raise the question whether they are not the same. Their shape, color, number of whorls, and char- acter of the surface is the same, and they scarcely differ in anything but size, this species being a miniature of the other. And yet there is a constancy in both, and none of those intermediate specimens of what mark the connection of distant varieties. I have no doubt that the large figure of Donovan, which represents what he regarded as a very large growth of his M. Bamffius, was taken from a speci- men of what I have described as a new species. Brown seems to have copied that figure, but in such a way as to render it doubtful to which species his figure would best apply. I have never seen this species exceed three fourths of an inch in length; while my smallest specimen of J. scalariformis, an immature specimen, is more than an inch in length. It generally appears covered with an ash colored mouldiness, which disappears when moistened. Trophon scalariformis. HIG. 203. Shell fusiform, white or reddish-brown, with fifteen or twenty longitudinal, compressed ribs; aperture of the length of the spire. Fusus scalariformis, Gouin, Sillim. Journ. xxxviii. 197; Inv. Ist ed. 288, fig. 203. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 143, pl. 8; fig. 182. Trophon scalariformis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Fig. 644, Shell tapering at both extremities, reddish-brown in the younger stages, white when old, whorls seven, turgid, covered at close intervals with fifteen to twenty compressed, white ribs, or arching plates, laying over each other like tiles; they are generally a little flexuous, the edges sharp and jagged when young, and more erect, smooth, and blunt on old specimens; they are usually somewhat more elevated at the posterior part of the whorls, so as to produce an angular or coronated appearance; the interstices, in adult shells, are smooth, somewhat wrinkled at the sutures, with numerous faint, revolving lines, which are not visible on younger shells; aperture half the length of the shell, produced into a moderately long, T. scalariformis. TROPHON. 379 slightly recurved beak, irregularly wrinkled by the transverse ter- minations of the ribs; right lip thickened or sharp, according as it is or is not terminated by a rib; throat light chestnut-brown, like the exterior of young shells. Length, one and three fourths inches; breadth, four fifths of an inch; divergence, forty-five de- grees. Of six specimens in my possession, four belong to Colonel Tot- ten, who kindly sent them to me for description, one was from Dr. J. B. Forsyth of Sandwich, all of which were from the Bank Fisheries; and one was taken from a fish caught in Massachu- setts Bay by Mr. Couthouy. Halifax (Willis); fossil, Montreal (Dawson); whole coast of Greenland (Hayes); Belfast Bay. This shell is remarkable for its sharp elevated ribs, as if the sur- face were raised by flakes arranged like the ribs on most species of Scalaria. It is very much like the Fusus Bamffius, but, on the whole, I think it is different, inasmuch as we have that species with its undoubted characters, and the two never seem to run into each other. The large figure of Donovan (“ Brit. Shells,” pl. 169, fig. 1), given as Murex Bamffius, represents our shell. It is allied to M. Magellanicus; and the figure in “ Encye. Méth.” pl. 438, fig. 4, referred to as M. lyratus, Lamarck, bears a distant resemblance to it. Trophon muricatus. Shell slender, yellowish; whorls very tumid, with about ten conspicuous folds > ie’ ) J ’ if and elevated revolving lines; beak long and straight. Murex muricatus, Monracu, Test. Brit. 262, pl. 9, fig. 2. — Turron, Conch. Dict. 95.— Maron and Rackert, Lin. Trans. viii. 149. — Dittwyn, Catal. 746. — Woop, In- dex, pl. 27, fig. 138. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. 351. Fusus muricatus, BRown, Conch. of Great Brit. &c. 48, fig. 28.— GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 293. Shell elongated, slender, yellowish-white, or orange, composed of seven very convex whorls, the suture deeply defined, forming an elevated, pointed spire; these are traversed by about ten broad, rounded folds or undulations which are crossed by coarse, elevated, revolving, glossy lines, producing a rough, granulated, almost tuber- cular surface ; aperture broad oval, terminating in a long, straight eanal, which together equal half the length of the shell; outer lip rendered jagged by the revolving lines, and sometimes greatly thick- 380 MURICIDE. ened; inner margin smooth and simple. Length, seven tenths of an inch; breadth, three tenths of an inch; divergence, forty-five degrees. Two shells answering to the preceding description were furnished me from the cabinet of Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, as taken from fish brought to Phillips’s Beach. I had some little hesitation in admit- ting them as native shells, supposing they must have been acciden- tally mingled with Massachusetts shells. But I am now disposed to regard it as another of the shells belonging to both Atlantic shores. I take it to be the M. muricatus of Montagu, from whose figure our specimens differ only in wanting the thickened outer lip, a character which age would probably produce. I may, however, be deceived on both these points. It is readily distinguished by its long, straight beak, which brings it among the true ust. Genus BUSYWCON, Bouten. 1798. SHELL pear-shaped, without varices, broad at the spire, and taper- ing forwards to form a long, straight beak; aperture longer than the spire, broad behind; pillar twisted. Busycon canaliculatum. Fic. 206. Shell large, pear-shaped, covered with revolving lines, and a hispid epidermis; lower whorl tumid, ending in a long eanal, a nodular keel crowns the flattened summit of each whorl, and there is a deep and broad channel at the suture. Murex canaliculatus, Linx. Syst. Nat. (12th ed ) 1222, No. 555. — Gmetin, 3544, No. 65. — Guact. Test. t. 47, fig. A.— Martini, Conch. iii. t. 67, figs. 742, 743. — Lis- TER, Conch. t. 878, fig. 2. — Knorr, Vergn. i. t. B. 6, fig. 4. Pyrula canaliculata, Brue. Encye. Méth. Vers. iii. 866, 436, fig. 38. — Lam. An. sans Vert. viii. 138; 2d ed. ix 504. — Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 269. — GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 294, fig. 206.— Dre Kay, N. Y. Moll. 140, pl. ix. fig. 190. — Reeve, Icon. No. 27. Pyriula spirata, Kignner, Species, pl. 10, fig. 1. Busycon canaliculatum, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Shell large, rather thin, pear-shaped; pale fawn color, coarsely marked with revolving lines; composed of about six turreted whorls, the last very large and tumid above, gradually diminishing down- ward, and terminating rather abruptly in a long, nearly straight canal or beak ; a nodulous, beaded cord or keel surrounds the most BUSYCON. 381 prominent part of each whorl, behind which it is abruptly flattened ; at the suture is a broad and deep channel, so that the upper whorls Fig. 645. \\ WN A : B. canaliculatum are composed of an upright portion, and a nearly horizontal one, all terminating in a pointed apex, and forming a winding terrace 382 MURICID. up the spire; covered with a dense yellowish-brown epidermis, bristling with stiff, curved hairs along the lines of growth, and at regular intervals corresponding with the revolving lines of the shell; aperture ovate, three fourths the length of the shell, the outer lip simple, sharp, and arched; the inner margin concave and twisted as it turns out to form the canal, smooth and enamelled ; within, brightly polished, variously shaded with chestnut and fawn color; operculum small for the shell, oval, the apex at the lower extremity, its elements coarse, strengthened on the inner side by a varnished deposit. Ordinary length, six inches; breadth, three inches. Found about Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, Buzzard’s and Nar- ragansett Bays. It is set down, in all the works I have seen, as an inhabitant of the arctic seas and Canada. But Cape Cod is proba- bly its northernmost limit ; at least, I have never heard of it farther north. I believe, too, that it does not extend far south. Alive at Oysterville (/Zaskell) ; Fort Macon, Georgia ( Couper). It seems superfluous to be minute in the description of a shell which would at once be recognized, when we have said that it is a large, pear-shaped shell, with its peculiar channel at the suture, and each whorl crowned with a beaded circlet. It is subject, however, to considerable variations. It varies in color from light orange to livid-brown. In thickness, also, there is great diversity. In the old shells, the nodules, which are so regular in the young, are worn off, and they seldom exhibit more than vestiges of the bristled epi- dermis. The largest specimen I have seen is seven inches in length. Kiener, like his predecessors, has associated two shells under the same name, which are certainly distinct, and probably come from _ different quarters of the globe. Which should be held as the M. canaliculatus of Linneus, must remain uncertain, since the es- sential character of his species is, a canal intervening between the whorls at the suture (‘ quod anfractus in spird non contigut sunt, sed canali distantes’’), a character which belongs to both species. Gualter and Davila evidently had reference to our shell alone. The ova are contained in membranous cases, about the size and thickness of a cent (of 1841). Great numbers of these are united together in a parallel position, about one fourth of an inch apart, by a ligamentous thong attached to their edge, so as often to form strings a yard in length, gradually diminishing in size from one end to the other. They are represented in “ Ellis’s Corallines,” BUSYCON. 383 t. 33, fig. b. When the embryo is sufficiently mature, the young escape through an opening in the edge, opposite to that where the ligament is attached. [Animal : foot very broad, rounded, obtuse behind, convexly trun- eate in front; sole orange color; above gray with dark gray and black spots and blotches. Mantle pale white with gray spots ex- cept at extremity above, which is deep black shading off to light gray towards posterior extremity. Head short, wider than neck. Tentacles vertically compressed, large, almost black, triangular- elongate ; eyes very small, on offsets one third from head. Pro- boseis very long and large, white with gray macule ; margin of mantle crenulate, pale; teeth yellow. Opereulum, apex to poste- rior left corner of foot. In eating, applies end of proboscis to clam’s foot, and with sudden jerk of lingual ribbon inward and sidelong, takes a strip of flesh. (Stimpson. ) Busycon carica. Shell large, solid, pear-shaped, spire not turreted, suture not channelled, having a series of the triangular, compressed tubercles just above it, and encircling the most prominent part of the body whorl; canal long and flexuous. Murex carica, GMéuin, 3545, No. 67 — Lister, Conch. 880, fig. 36. — Guat. Test. t. 47, B.— Martini, Conch. 3, t. 69, figs. 744, 756. — Knorr, Vergn. vi. t. 27, fowl: Pyrwa carica, Desnayes, Eneye. Méth. Vers. iii. 866, pl. 433, fig. 5. — Lam. An. sans Vert. (Ist ed.) vii. 138; 2d ed ix. 508. — Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 11. 269. — Gou p, Inv. Ist ed. 296. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 141, pl. 9, figs. 192, 193. Busycon carica, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Shell large and thick, ovate pear-shaped, ash colored ; whorls six, the lowest large and capacious, broadest at its posterior fifth where it is crowned by a series of compressed, triangular nodules, one at each stage of growth; the spire suddenly slopes backwards from these to the suture, which is well-defined, but not channelled; the spire is a low cone, pointed, the series of nodules encircling the base of each whorl; below the nodules the lower whorl gradually diminishes and extends into a long, conical beak ; surface distinctly marked by an elevated ridge of a darker color at each stage of growth, and by revolving lines alternately larger and smaller; ap- erture long ovate, angular at its junction behind, where a canal is formed by a protuberance of the opposite margin ; outer lip simple, sharp, regularly curved to the extremity of the beak, or slightly arched at the middle, not otherwise contracted at the commence- 384 MURICID&. ment of the canal; pillar lip flexuous, concave above, and to the be- ginning of the canal where it twists outwards, causing a bluntly rounded projection, and forming the inner margin of the canal, Fig. 646. B. carica. which is gently curved upwards, and to the right; interior bright brick-red or light fawn color; operculum unguiform, apex at one FASCIOLARIA. 385 end, inner side of a wax-like texture, strengthened by an entire rim of a dark vitreous substance. Length, seven inches; breadth, four inches. Found in company with the preceding, but less abundant. It is a shell belonging to a more southern latitude, and is found of great size, and deep color, on the southern coast of the United States. This is the largest convoluted shell on this Atlantic coast, and is recognized without difficulty. Still it exhibits great variety in ap- pearance, particularly in the length of the spinous tubercles. Some- times they are half an inch in length, and at others, mere traces of them are all that is found on the larger volutions ; sometimes they are close at the suture, even encroaching upon the whorl below ; and at others, they are removed to a considerable distance above it. In the old shells the surface is a nearly uniform dead, ashy-gray color ; while in the young there are stripes at each stage of growth, and imperfect bands of a violaceous-brown color. Southern specimens are more luxuriant, with more brilliant colors, as might be expected from a warmer climate. Genus FASCIOLARIA, Lamarce. 1799. Suey fusiform; spire acuminated; aperture oval, elongated, as long as the spire; siphonal canal straight; columella smooth, with a few oblique plaits at the fore part; outer lip internally crenate. Fasciolaria ligata. Shell elongate, fusiform, thick, reddish-fuscous, transversely ribbed; whorls six, convex; spire acuminate, suture strongly impressed; aperture ovate-elongate ; lip crenate; columella with two folds. Fasciolaria ligata, Micuets and Apams, Bost. Journ. N. H. iv. 51, pl. 4, fig. 17 (1842). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Shell elongated, fusiform, rather thick, of a reddish- s- ®- brown color, when fresh, covered with a thin and almost ¢ perfectly transparent epidermis ; whorls six, well-rounded, and covered with six or seven equidistant, revolving, thread- like ribs, with grooves alternating; suture well-impressed ; spire regularly tapering, pointed ; aperture oblong-oval, pol- ished ; within of a bright reddish-brown color ; canal rather narrow, nearly straight; labrum rather thin, crenulated by the ribs and grooves; columella arcuated above the middle, two distinct, 25 vy) F. ligata. 386 MURICID&. oblique, delicate folds above the commencement of the canal. Length, seven tenths of an inch; breadth, three tenths of an inch; divergence, forty-five degrees. Mingan, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, taken from the stomachs of codfish, by Mr. Foster, fisherman, in summer of 1841. This remarkable and truly beautiful shell is not very nearly al- lied to any species with which we are acquainted, unless it be to that of F. fusiformis, Valenciennes, from New Holland. That species, however, is much larger than our shell, is much less regularly and strongly ribbed, and has a tooth-like process on the labium, of which our shell is destitute. We suppose this to be the first and only spe- cies of the genus that has ever been found on our coast. (Mighels and Adams.) Halifax ( Willis). Genus RANELLA, Lamarck. 1812. SHELL oblong-oval, thick, nodulous, having a line of varices on each side, formed at each half revolution ; aperture oval, terminat- ing in a straight canal in front, and in a notch posteriorly ; lip thickened. Ranella caudata. Fig. 204. Shell rhomboidal, thick, cinereous brown, checkered with longitudinal ribs and revolving lines, canal long and straight. Ranella caudata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 236 (1822); Amer. Conch. pl. 48.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 297, fig. 204. — Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 269. — Dg Kay, N. Y. Moll. 139, pl. 8, fig. 176. —Srimpson, Check Lists, 6. Shell rhomboidal, solid, of a dark, mahogany color, obscured by a substance like bluish mould ; there are five angular whorls, traversed lengthwise by eleven elevated ribs, of which one at the left side of the largest whorl, and the one bordering the aperture, are enlarged into strong, wing-like varices ; these are crossed by equidistant, revolving threads, which together form a network over the shell; aperture inversely ovate, rounded behind, and pointed before ; outer lip thick, margined within by thick granules which alternate with the external lines; pillar lip curved, flattened, and smooth, and, with the throat, is bluish-white; canal about the length of the spire, Fig. 648. CERITHIOPSIS. 387 straight, or a little recurved, narrow, deep, and partly closed over by the continued lips. Length, one inch; breadth, three fifths of an inch; divergence, sixty degrees. Found sparingly on the shores of Buzzard’s Bay, Nantucket, and Martha’s Vineyard. According to Mr. Say, it is abundant on the Southern coast. It is the only species known on the coast of the United States, and, as a species, is peculiar on account of the pro- longation of its canal. Mr. Sowerby regards it as identical with R. muriciformis, Brod., from Western Columbia. The alliance is very close, but ours is a much more delicate shell. At any rate, Mr. Say’s description was published ten years before that of Mr. Broderip. (Animal: tube extends beyond the canal; foot light yellow; head and tentacles nearly white, siphon also; the whorls with white dots and mottlings; same at all ages ; operculum chestnut. Genus CERITHIOPSIS, Forses. 1849. Suet elongated, turreted ; aperture short, oblong, oblique, ter- minating in front by a short, recurved canal. Cerithiopsis Emersonii. Fie. 180. Shell long-conical, chestnut colored; whor!s seventeen, flat, each encircled with three series of granules; canal less than half the length of the aperture. Cerithium Emersonii, ApAMs, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 284, pl. 4, fig. 10. — GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 275, fig. 180. Cerithiopsis Emersonti, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, conical, elongated, glossy, reddish-brown, with a reg- ularly granulated surface; whorls sixteen or seventeen, flattened, with a revolving series of bead-like granules at the upper and lower margins of each, and another interven- ing one, but nearer to the upper than to the lower series, and less prominent, commencing at ten or twelve whorls from the summit, and becoming more distinct as it ap- proaches the base; in each series the granules are con- nected by a rather narrow, but elevated revolving line, © Emer nearly as high as the granules; they are also connected in a similar manner in a longitudinal direction ; posterior edge of Fig. 649. 388 MURICID. the whorls margined by a sharp ridge, of a darker color; suture profoundly impressed; the ridge terminates abruptly before, in a very short, twisted, wrinkled beak ; aperture small, about one sixth the length of the shell; outer lip scalloped when perfect. Length, half an inch; breadth, one eighth of an inch; divergence, twenty- two degrees. Obtained by Professor C. B. Adams, at Nantucket and in New Bedford Harbor, by whom it was described and named in honor of G. B. Emerson, Esq., President of the Boston Society of Natural History. This prettily sculptured shell is distinguished by its short aper- ture and beak, its broad base, from which the flattened whorls reg- ularly taper to an acute apex; and by the pretty strings of bead- like granules encircling it. These beads are sometimes so worn down as to present the appearance of a continuous line dilating at regular intervals. This shell is unequivocally pronounced by Mr. Sowerby to be the Murex tubercularis of Montagu. But, after a careful examination of all the descriptions of that shell, I am led to conclude, either that IT sent Mr. Sowerby a poor representation of our shell, or that he would decide differently on a second, more careful inspection. No author ascribes to M. tubercularis more than eight or ten volutions, and one fourth of an inch for its length; while ours has commonly twice that length, with sixteen or eighteen volutions. Montagu says, in his “* Supplement,” “It has as an invariable character, three series of tubercles of equal size, on each volution.” But at the or- dinary length of M. tubercularis, our shell has but two series of eranules ; and when the third appears, it is very perceptibly smaller than the other two series. On account of so decided a variation in size and sculpture, I think it proper still to regard our shell asa distinct species, trusting to future observations to settle the point definitely. [ Animal: foot somewhat long, truncate in front, palish with white maculations ; neck flesh color in middle with white spots, a line of white on each side continued from tentacles inside of eyes. Head broad, truncate-rounded, dark flesh-color in front edge. Sole with white blotch in middle. Foot very small, notched posteriorly. ( Stimpson.) CERITHIOPSIS. 389 Cerithiopsis terebralis. Fig. 181. Shell conic-turreted ; whorls ten, flattened, having three sharp, elevated, revolv- ing ridges on each, with numerous fine, longitudinal lines between the ridges ; canal very short. Cerithium terebrale, Apams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. pl. 3, fig. 7.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 276, fig. 181 Cerithiopsis terebralis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. Shell small, elongated-conie, composed of ten or twelve flattened whorls, separated by a slightly excavated sutural region; color red- dish-brown, with occasionally a whitish revolving band at the lower part of each whorl. On each whorl are three elevated, compressed, revolving ridges, at about equal dis- tances from each other, and perhaps we may reckon a fourth, very small and bordering on the suture. The spaces between the ridges are regularly rounded out, and checked with crowded, minute, longitudinal lines, none of which cross the summits of the ridges. On the lower © trbra whorl are two additional ridges. The base of the shell is abrupt; the canal very short and small; the aperture oval, about one eighth the leneth of the shell. Length, half an inch; breadth, one eighth of an inch; divergence, twenty degrees. Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, at New Bedford, and in its vicin- ity, below low-water mark. This species is closely allied to C. Emersonii. Its size and pro- portions are the same; but it can scarcely be regarded as a variety. It is at once known by the prominent ridges, which resemble the threads of a screw. There is nothing like the nodulous surface of C. Emersonii, and the minute barring between the ridges is a strik- ing arrangement, to which there is no approach in that shell. [Animal whitish, front with broad white patches ; tentacles whit- ish maculate; a white line continued from back on each side of neck. (Stimpson.) Famity CANCELLARIID 2. SHELL with a short, ascending canal, or an oblique notch, or semi- canal, directed upwards. 390 CANCELLARIIDE. Genus TRICHOTROPIS, Brop. and Sowersy. 1826. . SHELL thin, ventricose, keeled, umbilicated ; aperture longer than the spire, compressed into a partial canal in front; epidermis horny, rising into hairs at the angles of the shell; operculum horny, nucleus at one side. The genus Trichotropis was instituted by Mr. Sowerby to include this and one other shell, which have unequivocal generic traits, but whose place in the series has not yet been determined. Lesson re- gards it as allied to Junthina; and the species which he knew might well lead him to such an opinion. Mr. Sowerby at first compared it with Turbo, Buccinum, and Cancellaria. But in his late work, the ‘* Conchological Manual,” he places it among the Purpurtfere, where its aspect would lead us to place it. It is very peculiar in having its axis fall considerably to the left of the canal. Trichotropis borealis. Fic. 207. Shell ovate-rhomboidal; whorls four, the last very broad, and encircled by four or five, and the others by two prominent, fringed ribs, and crossed by minute and regular elevated lines; umbilicated. Trichotropis borealis, SowERBY, Zool. Journ. iv. 373, pl. 9, figs. 6,7. — Gourp, Inv. Ist ed. 300, fig. 207. —Der Kay, N. Y. Moll. 137, pl 8, fig. 178. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Trichotropis costellatus, CoutHouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 108, pl. 3, fig. 2. Shell ovate-rhomboidal, turreted, spire pointed; color ashy or yellowish-white ; whorls four, separated by a deeply channelled sut- ure; the last whorl very large, and encircled by two prom- inent, and two or three less conspicuous, rounded ribs or keels, and several still smaller intervening and adjacent ones; the two large ribs only are continued upon the up- per whorls, which are thereby rendered angular; very nu- merous, minute, and regular threads traverse the length of the shell, not being interrupted by the ribs; the whole is covered by a yellowish horn colored epidermis, which rises like a bristly fringe along the keels, and along those lines which mark the stages of growth; aperture ovate, broad and rounded behind, nar- rowed and somewhat pointed in front; outer lip thin and sharp, festooned by the projecting ribs; inner lip arched and flattened, with a slight inward projection at the lower third, rising before the Fig. 651. T. borealis. 9 ADMETE. 391 umbilicus, which is also bounded externally by a revolving ridge ; the two lips meet in front at an acute angle, forming a short, slightly excavated canal, turning a little to the right. Length, seven tenths of an inch; breadth, four tenths of an inch; divergence, forty-eight degrees. Found in considerable numbers, though rarely entire, in fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. St. Anne ( Bell); Eastport, twenty fathoms (Cooper); Halifax ( Willis) ; fossil, Montreal (Dawson). Mr. Couthouy makes the principal points of difference between his shell and the borealis of Sowerby to be, a greater number of keels on the lower whorl, the less breadth of that whorl, and the shorter fringe upon it. But these detailed portions are by no means constant. 1 have sent specimens to Mr. Sowerby, who assures me they are the same as his borealis received from Melville’s Island, many years ago. He also sent another imperfect shell, dredged at Oban, in Argyleshire, by Mr. Jeffreys, and named by him T. acu- minatus, which I cannot perceive to differ at all from our shell. This is probably its southern limit. Genus ADMETE, Mo tier. 1842. SHELL ovate, turreted, cancellated; canal partial, very short or wanting; pillar plaited, the folds nearly transverse. Admete viridula. Fic. 190. Shell ovate-conic, white, reticulated with coarse revolving lines, and lines of growth; three folds upon the pillar. Tritonium viridulum, O. Fasrictus, Fauna Greenl. Cancellaria buccinoides, CouTHovyY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 105, pl. 3, fig. 3. Cancellaria Couthouyi, Jay, Catal. of his Cabinet, 1839.— GouLp, Inv. Ist ed. 283. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 188, pl. 7, fig. 160. Admete viridula, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6. Shell ovate-conical, somewhat turreted, milky-white, approaching to horn color; whorls five or six, convex, flattened at the top; suture well-defined, and sometimes profound; apex acute, the anterior whorl composing two thirds the length of the shell; surface marked with distinct lines of growth, and sometimes rising into folds near the suture; coarse re- 4. viriau. volving lines surround it, which, with the folds form anet- work ; aperture half the length of the shell, oval; outer lip sharp, Fig. 652. 392 PULMONIFERA. slightly crenulated by the revolving lines; inner lip arched with three inconspicuous, oblique folds, of which the middle one is largest ; a thin coating of enamel spreads upon the anterior whorl in mature specimens ; base sub-channelled. Length, eleven twenti- eths of an inch; breadth, seven twentieths of an inch; divergence, fifty-eight degrees. Found in fishes taken in various parts of Massachusetts Bay, and usually occupied by a hermit crab. It is somewhat abundant. Cape Hope, James’s Bay, 82° 10’, dead (Drezler) ; Eastport ( Cooper) ; Banks ( Willis). It was first described by Mr. Couthouy* under the name of C. buccinoides, & name previously given to a species from the Pacific by Mr. Sowerby ; on which account Dr. Jay has since applied to it the name of its first describer, —a merited compliment, but in con- formity to what seems to me a very bad custom. It is not at first obvious to what genus this shell belongs; Mr. Sowerby coincides in the opinion that it is correctly referred to Cancellaria. He states, moreover, that he has for several years possessed it, brought from the Arctic seas. Hence, it is probably more abundant to the north of us. It varies considerably in its external appearance, from the greater or less prominence of the folds and stria. A specimen be- longing to Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, measures seven tenths of an inch in length, and four tenths of an inch in breadth. It somewhat re- sembles C. australis, Sowerby. This is the only species of the genus found in the Northern Atlantic, so far as 1 am aware. Sub-Class PULMONIFERA.} BREATHING organ in the form of an air-sac or dorsal cavity, lined by a vascular network. Heart situated before the lung; abdomen rudimentary, or spiral and well-developed, usually protected by a shell. Sexes separate, or united in the same individual. Adult and larva shell-bearing; larva shaped like the parent, not furnished with cephalic fins. Terrestrial or aquatic, respiring free air. * It is now considered synonymous with Tritonium viridulum of Fabricius. — W. G. B. + Dr. Gould had prepared nothing on this sub-class. 1 have introduced descriptions of additional species and added to the descriptions of the species included in the former edi- tion by copying from the “ Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America,” Part I. and Part IL., prepared for the Smithsonian Institution, Professor Henry has authorized the use of woodcuts intended for those works, and Mr. E. 8. Morse has furnished many used by him in the “ American Naturaiist.” — W. G. B. VITRINA. 393 OrpER GEOPHILA. Eyes at the tips of elongated, cylindrical peduncles; tentacles retractile or contractile, cylindrical, shorter than and placed under the eye-peduncles, sometimes very small or wanting ; operculum never present in the adult. Animal usually terrestrial. Famity HELICID AL. LincuaL membrane with numerous similar, transverse rows of teeth. Jaws smooth, striated or ribbed, with or without a central projection on its concave margin ; single, or composed of numerous separate plates. Body elongate, attached its whole length to the upper surface of the foot, or more or less spiral and prominent on the middle of the upper surface of the foot. Eyes at the end of long, cylindrical, retractile peduncles ; tentacles shorter, retractile, some- times wanting. Mantle thin, small, discal or spiral, on the middle of the back ; respiratory orifice sub-central, on the right side. Foot narrow, elongate, without a distinct locomotive disk, simple posteri- orly. Vent near the respiratory orifice, central. Orifice of repro- ductive organs usually below the respiratory orifice or behind the right eye-peduncle. Shell very variable in form, sometimes rudimentary and internal. Genus VITRINA, Drar. 1801. SHELL imperforate, pellucid, glassy, depressed ; spire short, whorls two to three, rapidly increasing, the last dilated; aperture ample, peristome thin, often membraneous. Animal, body elongated, limaciform; mantle covering the back and neck, and extending to the base of the eye-peduncles, with one or more processes or prolongations of its margin, which are re- flected upon the shell; tentacles very short. Respiratory orifice in the mantle, behind its usual position in the Limaces. Generative orifice behind and below the eye-peduncle. Jaw arcuate, concave margin with a median beak-like projection. Lingual membrane with long slender teeth, centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, in 394 HELICID. straight transverse series ; uncini long, curved, thorn-shaped, biden- tate, in a curved transverse series, and diminishing in size as they pass off laterally. Vitrina limpida. Shell globose-discoid, thin, fragile, transparent, shining; whorls two and a half to three; aperture large, sub-ovate; lip thin, acute; imperforate. Vitrina pellucida, ADAMS, Shells of Vermont, 162 (1842). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 25, pl. 3, fig 42 (1843), not of MULLER. — Brnney, Terr. Moll. ii. 55, pl 67, fig. 1 (1851). Vitrinaw Americana, PFEIFFER (Dee. 1852), Proc. Zool. Soc. 156; in Cuemnirz, 2d ed. 9, pl. 1, figs. 22 - 25 (1854). Vitrina limpida, Gouin, in AGass1z, Lake Superior, 243 (1850); Terr. Moll. 1. ¢.— PFEIFFER, Malac. Blatt. ii. 10 (1856); Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 798. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 33.— Reeve, Con. Icon. 62. — Morse, Journ. Portl. Soe. i. 11, pl. 5, fig. 17 (1864); in Amer. Nat. i. 314, fig. 20 (1867). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 243, pl. 3, fig. 1 (1866). Shell globose-discoid, thin, fragile, transparent, shining; whorls two and a half to three, scarcely convex, with very minute lines of increase, the last whorl large and much expanded ; suture not much impressed, sometimes with an im- @ LY pressed line revolving near it; aperture large, sub- ovate, somewhat diminished by the intrusion of the penultimate whorl; peristome thin and acute, the columella margin a little reflected; axis imperforate. Greatest transverse diameter nearly six millimetres. Animal whitish, grayish, or blackish, large compared with the shell. Head, eye-peduncles, and eyes black; tentacles very short. The prolongation of the mantle extends from under the shell, over the back and neck to the base of the eye-peduncles, but is unat- tached and free; from the right side of the mantle posteriorly, there arises a tongue-shaped process, which is reflected back upon the shell, and reaches to the spire. Respiratory foramen in the poste- rior part of the mantle. Found in Maine, Vermont, New Brunswick, and to the northwest of Lake Superior. An accidentally introduced colony has lately been found by Dr. Lewis at Mohawk, New York. Fig. 653. V. limpida. Genus HYALINA, (Frrussac) Gray. 1840. ANIMAL as in Helix. Shell generally umbilicated, thin, shining, greenish or reddish horn color; whorls five to seven, regularly increasing, the last not de- HYALINA. 395 scending, generally anteriorly dilated ; spire depressed, very rarely orbicularly-conic, aperture roundly lunate ; peristome thin, acute, straight. Jaw simple (neither furrowed nor dentate), arcuate, its lower edge acute, with a rostriform projection in the middle. Lin- eual membrane with central tricuspid teeth, a few bicuspid laterals in a straight row, and numerous thorn-shaped, curved uncini in a curving transverse series, modified greatly in size as they pass off laterally. Hyalina cellaria, Fic. 104. Shell orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, glistening, smooth; whorls five, flat- tened; aperture rounded; lip simple; umbilicus deep. Helix cellaria, Miuuer, Hist. Verm. ii. 28. —Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 111. — Bry- ney, Bost. Journ. iii. 421 ; Terr.. Moll. ii. 230, pl. 29, fig. 4. —Gouxp, Inv. 180, fig. 104, excl. syn. ? (1841). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 37, pl. 3, fig. 35 (1843). — Lerpy, in Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 233, pl. 7, fig. 1 (1851), Anat. — W. G. Binney, Ter. Moll. ive UL Hyalina cellaria, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 12, figs. 18, 19 ; pl. 5, fig. 20 (1864) ; Amer. Nat. i. 541, fig. 29 (1867). — Trvoy, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 249, pl. 3, fig. 19 (1866). Helix glaphyra, Say, Nich. Encycl. Am. ed. pl. 1, fig. 3: Binney’s ed. 7, pl. 69, fig. 3. — Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 194. — Buanp, N. Y. Lye. Ann. vi. 352, not of PrEIr- FER, REEVE, DESHAYES. Shell small, orbicular, depressed, concave beneath, thin, pellucid, smooth, and glistening; whorls five, slightly convex, with minute, almost imperceptible lines of growth, otherwise highly-pol- ished; color light greenish, horn colored above, drab colored beneath, or milky-white. Aperture rounded, but broader than high; lip simple, very thin and sharp; base elegantly rounding into a rather large and deep umbilicus. Diam- eter rather less than half an inch. Animal has its upper surface light indigo-blue, darkest on the head, neck, and eye-peduncles, collar greenish, eyes black ; foot narrow and slender, not much exceeding in length the diameter of the shell, and terminating acutely. Found in gardens, damp cellars, about cisterns, and similar moist and fertile localities. This species is common in damp cellars in Boston, and was no- ticed during 1862 in Providence, Salem, Lynn, Marblehead, Port- land, and Halifax. Linsley includes it in his list of Connecticut shells. In 1864 it was found at Astoria, Long Island, New York. H. cellaria. 396 HELICID&. There can be no doubt that the H. glaphyra of Say is identical with the HZ. cellaria of Miller; a comparison of shells of the same size and growth showing them to be absolutely similar in every respect. It was probably imported from Europe, as it may have easily been, about water-casks, greenhouse plants, &e. The shell which is very commonly found marked as H. glaphyra is the H. inornata, Say, in an immature state. This is a less deli- cate shell, but in its earlier stages, when there is but a small umbil- icus, there is no inconsiderable resemblance between the two, and it would accord well with the description ; but no one familiar with the present species would ever mistake one for the other. Hyalina arborea. Fig. 110. Shell small, orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, shining; brownish horn colored ; whorls four, minutely wrinkled; aperture rounded; lip simple; umbilicus open. Helix arborea, Say, Nich Eneye. pl. 4, fig. 4. — Bryney’s ed. 5, pl. 72, fig. 5 (1817, 1818, 1819). — Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 193 (1826).— Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 422, pl. 22, fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll. ii. 235, pl. 29, fig. 3.— Dre Kay, N. Y. Moll. 30, pl. 2, fig. 10 (1843). — Goutp, Inv. 182, fig. 110 (1841). — Apams, Ver- mont Moll. 160 (1842). — Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 95.— Cuemnirz, 2d ed. ii. 114, t. 5, figs. 33-35.— Reeve, Con. Icon. 733. — W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll. iv. 116. — Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 542, fig. 30 (1867). Flelix Ottonis, PrEtFFER, olim, Wiegm. Arch. 1840, i. 251.— Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 238, pl. 294, fig. 8. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 117. Hyalina arborea, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soe. i. 14, fig. 28; pl. 6, fig. 29 (1864). — Tryon Am. Journ. Conch. il. 251, pl. 3, fig. 17 (1866). HHyalina Ottoms, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 251, pl. 4, fig. 26 (1866). Shell small, orbicular, slightly elevated, the apex a little de- pressed, concave beneath, brownish horn colored, smooth, thin, fragile, pellucid, shining; whorls five, slightly rounded above, separated by a well-impressed suture, marked with very fine lines of growth, more decidedly wrinkled at the suture ; beneath very smooth, regularly rounding into a moderately large, deep, and well-developed umbilicus ; ap- erture rounded ; lip simple and thin. Diameter commonly one fifth of an inch, sometimes one fourth. Animal has the head and eye-peduneles blackish, upper parts bluish, posterior parts whitish, transparent. Foot thin and narrow. A yery common species, always to be found about decaying stumps, old logs, &e. It is found from Labrador to Texas, and on Fig. 655. H. arborea. HYALINA. 397 the Rio Chama in New Mexico; from Florida to Great Slave Lake ; also in Washoe County, Nevada; in Montana and California. It is also said to occur in Cuba, and in Guadaloupe. This shell has very little to distinguish it except its very simple structure. It is like H. cellaria except in its smaller size. Helix indentata has also a similar size and external appearance ; but is known by its distant, impressed, radiating lines. Férussac sup- posed it to be a variety of H. lucida, Drap.; but our shell has the umbilical region more excavated, and the umbilicus larger; there is also one whorl less in shells of the same size, so that the surface appears less crowded. The aspect of the two shells, on comparison, is sufficiently diverse. H. electrina has also one whorl less, and has a much more polished appearance. Occasionally a thickening of the shell seems to take place at in- tervals, so as to produce an opaque appearance. Hyalina electrina. Hie. 111. Shell small, depressed, pellucid, fragile, amber colored; whorls four, conspicu- ously wrinkled by the lines of growth; aperture rounded; lip simple; umbili- cated. Helix electrina, Gouin, Inv. 183, fig. 111 (1841). — Biyney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 423, pl. 22, fig. 2 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 286, pl. 29, fig. 1. — Dp Kay, N. Y. Moll. 30 (1843). — Apams, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842).— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iy. 117.— Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 542, fig. 31 (1857). Helix pura, ALDER, teste PrerrrerR, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 83. Helix Janus, ApAms, (olim) Shells Vt. Am. Journ. Se. [1] xl. 273 (1841). Zonites radialulus, Reeve, Br. Land and Fr. Sh_ 50, fig. (1863). Zonites striatula, Moqu1n-Tanpoy, Moll. Fr. teste REEVE. Helix viridula, Menxe, Syn. Meth. 2d ed. 127; see also Mal. Blatt. viii. 92. Hyalina electrina, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soe. i. 13, fig. 23; pl. 6, fig. 24 (1864). — TRron, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 251, pl. 4, fig. 25 (1866). In the size, depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the number of whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the lowest whorl, this shell corresponds with H. indentata. It differs oe F in its darker, smoky horn color, its constant umbilicus, its = rather thick and shining lip, and its whitish wrinkles, which, instead of being remote, are crowded as in other species. From H. arborea it differs in having one whorl less, the last one dilating; its apex not being depressed, its thinner, more shining structure, and its somewhat smaller um- bilicus. In H. arborea the outer lip has a flexuous curve, but is Aids H. electrina. 398 HELICIDE. nearly a direct section of the whorl in this. Though all of the same size and general appearance, the three may be readily separated, when seen in company. Indeed, its claims as a distinct species are not very obvious without viewing the three together. It may be briefly described by saying that it resembles Hl. indentata above, and H. arborea beneath. This shell was first discovered by Mr. T. J. Whittemore, about the borders of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge, where it has since been found abundantly by him and by myself, under fragments of board in damp places, near the water’s edge, in company with H. chersina and Pupa modesta. 1 have never seen it in company with either H. indentata ov H. arborea; and it seems to differ widely from them in its habits, in thus preferring the vicinity, and even the intrusion, of water. Professor Adams informs me that he has selected numer- ous specimens of this species from among small snails collected by him in Missouri. It occurs from Great Slave Lake to the Gulf of Mexico. Also in Europe, as is now generally believed, having been referred to H. viridula, Menke. Hyalina indentata. Fie. 109. Shell orbicular, depressed, very thin and shining; whorls four, the external one marked with rather distant impressed lines radiating from the closed umbilicus; lip simple. Helix indentata, Say, Journ. Acad. ii. 372 (1822); Binney’s ed. 24. — Bryney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 415, pl. 22, fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 242; pl. 29, fig. 2. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 31, pl. 3, fig. 26 (1843). — GouLp, Inv. 181, fig. 109 (1841). — Apams, Vermont Moll. 160 (1842). —CHeMniTz, 2d ed. i. 21, pl. 34, figs. 12-15. — Preirrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 59. — REEVE, Con. Icon. 730 (1852). — W. G. Bun- NEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 119. — Morsr, Amer. Nat. i. 413, fig. 28 (1867). Hyalina indentata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 12, fig. 215 pl. 2, fig. 11; pl. 5, fig. 22 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 246, pl. 3, fig. 11 (1866). VER Shell small, orbicular, very low conical, thin, pellucid, Guz) very light horn color, highly polished and shining ; whorls — four, slightly convex, the whole spire having a conical slope from the apex to the edge; the outer one rapidly (|) increasing, marked with somewhat remote, sub-equidistant Hin. impressed lines, in the direction of the lines of orowth, ‘“@ the intervening spaces very smooth; suture moderately deep; aperture large, well-rounded; lip simple; base having the HYALINA. 399 umbilical region decply excavated, but not perforated, with very few exceptions, the lip usually terminating at the central point. Diameter one fifth of an inch, sometimes more. Animal bluish-black upon the upper parts; margin and posterior extremity lighter. Found in company with H. arborea and H. striatella, about de- caying stumps and logs. At Oak Island, in Chelsea, I have found it abundantly. It inhabits all of Eastern North America, having been found from Canada to Texas and from Dacotah to Florida. It is also said to occur in St. Domingo. This species is of about the same size as Hl. arborea. Its color is much lighter, its apex less depressed, its whorls less in number by one, the outer whorl increases much more rapidly, its umbilicus is usually closed ; and, moreover, the impressed lines, which look like water lines, or the lines on a gooseberry, apparently radiating from the umbilicus, are entirely characteristic, and distinguish it from every other species. They are not readily discerned without a magnifier. Hyalina minuscula. Shell depressed-convex, whitish; whorls four; aperture nearly circular; lip simple; umbilicated. Helix minuscula, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 435, pl. 22, fig. 4 (1840); Terr. Moll. ii. 221, pl. 17a, fig. 2, excl. syn. — Apams, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842). — Cuemnitz, 2d ed. ii. 112, t. 85, figs. 20-23. — Prrirrer, Symbol. ii. 33; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 114. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 731 (185 102. — Morsg, Amer. Nat. i. 543, fig. 35 (1867 Helix minutalis, More LET nec Fér. Test. Nov. ii. 7. Helix apex, Apams, Cont. Conch. 36.— REEVE, I. ¢. 339. Helix Lavelleana, D’OrBIaNyY, Moll. Cuba, in text, 161, excl. pl. (1853). Helix Mauriniana, D’OrsBtIeny, 1. c. in pl. 8, figs, 20 - 22, excl. text. Pseudo-hyalina minuscula, Morsx, Journ. Portl. Soc i. 16, fig. 34; pl. 7, fig. 35 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 264, pl. 4, fig. 62 (1866). Shell umbilicated, minute, depressed-convex ; epidermis jie ggg, whitish ; whorls four, convex, not increasing rapidly in di- <> ameter, with microscopic wrinkles; suture very distinctly “~~ impressed ; aperture nearly circular, peristome thin, acute ; umbilicus large, not spread, deep, and exhibiting the volu- tions; base rounded, columella with a thin callus. Greater diameter two and a half, lesser two and one third, height "7m" one millimetres. From the Red River of the North to Texas and Florida. It may 400 HELICIDA. thus be said to inhabit all Eastern North America; has been lately found in California, and is quoted from Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. Hyalina Binneyana. Shell sub-globose, transparent, shining; whorls about four; aperture sub-cir- cular; lip simple; umbilicated. Hyalina Binneyana, Morse, Journ. Portl. N. H. Soe. i. 13, figs. 25, 26; pl. 6, fig. 27; pl. 2, fig. 9 (1864). — Trron, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 252, pl. 4, fig. 31 (1866).* Helix Binneyana, Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 542, fig. 32 (1867). Shell umbilicated, sub-globose, transparent, almost colorless, shin- ing, smooth, with microscopic wrinkles of growth and still more delicate oblique wrinkles; spire not much elevated; whorls about four, rounded, S LX eradually enlarging, the last globose, broadly um- bilicated below; aperture oblique, sub-circular, large; peristome simple, acute, extremities not approaching, that of the columella sub-reflected. Greatest diameter four, height two millimetres. Southern part of Maine; also Tawas Bay, Michigan. Fig. 659. —— H Binneyana. Hyalina exigua. Shell depressed, greenish horn colored; whorls three and a half; aperture transversely rounded; lip simple; umbilicated, Helix exiqua, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iii. 175 (1850). — Gouxp, Terr. Moll. iii. 16. — W.G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 102, pl. 77, fig. 19. — Prre1rFrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 102. — Morsn, Amer. Nat. i. 543, fig. 34 (1867). Helix annulata, Case, in Sillim. Journ. [2] 1847, iii. 101, fig. 13; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, 338, preoccupied. — Pre1rrrerR, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 103. Felix striatella, junior, teste Goutp, Sillim. Journ. iii, 276 (1847). Pseudo-hyalina exiqua, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 16, pl. 2, fig. 8; pl. 7, fig. 83 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 265, pl. 4, fig. 57 (1866). Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, pellucid, greenish horn color, marked with delicate revolving lines, and distant longitudi- nal ribs obliquely decussating the incremental striz ; spire scarcely * In “Am. Journ. Conch.” i. 188, Mr. Tryon proposes for this species the specific name Morse’, on account of Helix Binneyana, Pfeiffer. Ihave retained Morse’s name, as it is not preoccupied in the genus Hyalina. In his first catalogue of Maine Shells Mr. Morse uses the name Binney’, which can be employed if necessary to distinguish the shell from Pfeiffer’s. — W. G. B. HYALINA. 401 elevated, apex free from striz ; whorls three and a half, convex, the last rounded, widely umbilicated below ; aperture oblique, transversely round- ed, remote from its axis ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity HQ exigua. Enlarged. Surface of H. exigua. not reflected. Greater diameter two Enlarged. and a half, height one half, millimetres. Canada, New York, and New England; also Tawas Bay, Michi- gan. Hyalina milium. Shell depressed, transparent, shining; whorls three; aperture sub-circular ; lip simple; widely umbilicated. Helix milium, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soe. vii. 28 (1859). — W. G. Brnyey, Terr. Moll. iv. 101, pl. 79, figs. 4, 5. — Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 543, fig. 36 (1867). Striatura milium, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 18, figs. 41, 42; pl. 7, fig. 43 (1864). Pseudo-hyalina milium, Trrox, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 265, pl. 4, fig. 56 (1866). Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, transparent, shining white, with a greenish tinge, marked with distinct and regular strie of growth and microscopic revolving lines, the lat- ter more conspicuous below ; spire but slightly elevated ; whorls three, rounded, rapidly increasing, the last plan- ulate above, widely umbilicated below; aperture very ob- lique, sub-circular, remote from the axis; peristome simple, acute, its terminations somewhat approached, that of the columella not reflected. Greater diameter one and a half, height one half millimetres. The surface of the shell is raised in numerous folds, frequently anastomosing; longitudinal ribs reticulate the surface and render the folds so crenulated that in certain lights the shell appears as if ornamented with strings of beads. This peculiar char- acter disappears at the base of the shell, and is replaced by revoly- ing lines and regular lines of accretion. Massachusetts and Maine. It is quoted doubtfully from Califor- nia by Cooper. H. milium. Enlarged. Hyalina ferrea. Shell depressed-globose, transparent, not shining; whorls three; aperture large ; peristome simple; umbilicated. Striatura ferrea, Morse, Proc. Portl. Soc. i. 17, figs. 36-40; also pl. 2, fig. 10 (1864). 26 402 HELICID. Hyalina ferrea, Trron, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 253, pl. 4, fig. 32 (1866). Helix ferrea, Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 544, fig. 37 (1867). Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, transparent, of a very light steel gray color, not shining, marked with very del- icate incremental wrinkles and microscopic revolvy- ing lines; spire slightly elevated; whorls three, rounded, the last rapidly enlarging, globose ; aper- ture large, transversely sub-circular ; peristome sim- ple, acute, its extremities not approaching, that of the columella scarcely sub-reflected. Greatest diameter two and a half, height one and one fourth millimetres. Maine. Fig. 663. HH. ferrea. Hyalina chersina. Fig. 105. Shell minute globose-conic, pellucid, very smooth and shining; whorls six, sut- ure deep; aperture narrow; lip simple; umbilicus closed. Helix chersina, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 156 (1821); Brnney’s ed. 18, 81. — Brnney, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist. iii. 416, pl. 26, fig. 3 (1840); Terr. Moll. ii. 243, pl. 17, fig. 4. — GOULD, Inv. Ist ed. 185, fig. 105 (1841). — Apams, Vermont Moll. 162 (1842) ; Sillim. Journ. [1] xl. 273. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 44. pl. 35, fig. 338 (1843). — W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll. iv. 119. — Morsr, Amer. Nat. i. 544, fig. 88 (1867). Helix egena, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. v. 120 (1825); Binney’s ed. 30.— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 45 (1843). — Cuemnitrz, 2d ed. i. 237, pl. 25, figs. 19-21? (1846).— Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 1263 (1854). — Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 31; not of Goutp in Terr. Moll. Helix fulva, DRAPARNAND teste M1GHELs (Bost. Journ. iv. 333) ; CHEMNITZ; PFEIFFER, Mon. i. 830; Reeve, Forses and HANLey. Conulus chersinus, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 19, figs. 44-46; pl. 2, fig. 4 ; pl. 7, fig. 45 (1854). Conulus chersina, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 256, pl. 4, fig. 37 (1866). Shell minute, sub-globose-conic, thin, pellucid, very smooth and shining, of a smoky horn color; whorls separated by a deep suture, and so crowded that they appear much higher than broad, and present an elevated, somewhat turreted spire, with a rounded apex; they are so smooth that scarcely any traces of the lines of growth are visible ; aperture semi-lunar, narrow, much higher than broad, of about an equal widih above and below ; lip simple ; base convex, umbilical region indented, but closed. Diameter about one tenth of an inch; height somewhat less. Found abundantly about the margin of Fresh Pond, under frag- ments of wood, in company with Succinea ovalis, Pupa modesta, Fig. 664. H. chersina. HYALINA. 403 &c., and also in moist beds of leaves in forests. It is not rare in Vermont, and Mr. Say originally found it in Georgia. Common to the boreal regions of the three continents. It appears to inhabit all of Eastern North America, having been found from Great Slave Lake to Texas and Florida. Dr. Newcomb catalogues it among the species found at Lake Tahoe, California. This is a very well-marked shell, not liable to be confounded with any other species except Hl. labyrinthica, which is of about the same size and shape. But the coarsely wrinkled surface of the one, and the polished, highly reflecting surface of the other, are distinctions which strike the eye at once; if anything further is needed, the par- allel ridges within the mouth of H. labyrinthica will put the ques- tion beyond a doubt. When viewed from above, its numerous, nar- row, accurately adjusted volutions render it a very beautiful object. Hyalina minutissima. Shell sub-globose, reddish horn color, shining; whorls four, convex; aperture sub-circular; peristome simple; umbilicated. Helix minutissima, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soe. ix. 17; Proce. ii. 82 (1841) ; Obs. iv. 17 (1844). — TroscHet, Ar. f. Nat. 1843, 124. — Preirrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 87. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 100, pl. 77, figs. 6, 7.— Morse, Am. Nat. i. 546, fig. 45 (1867). felix minuscula, teste Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 221. Punctum minutissimum, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soe. i. 27, figs. 69, 70; pl. 8, fig. 71 (1864). Conulus minutissima, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 257, pl. 4, fig. 63 (1866). Shell umbilicated, sub-globose, reddish horn color, shining, marked with strong transverse striae and microscopic revolying lines, both most prominent near the umbili- cus; whorls four, convex, gradually increasing, the e last broadly umbilicated; aperture sub-cireular, ob- lique ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extrem- ity sub-reflected. Greater diameter one and a half mill.; height, one millimetre. Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio. Jaw * composed of sixteen long, slender corneous lamin, re- curved at their cutting edges, these plates partially lapping over each other. Lingual membrane with fifty-one arched rows of 13-—1-13 Fig. 665. H. minutissima. * The character of the jaw would place the species in the sub-family Orthalicine, as a distinct genus, for which Mr. Morse’s name Punctum might be retained, otherwise the species would be placed in /yalina. 404 HELICIDE. teeth. Plates long and narrow, becoming narrower as they ap- proach the sides of the membrane. Plates transparent. Denti- cles light horn color, central plate largest with one small rounded denticle, laterals with two equally short rounded denticles, those on the verge of the membrane having three minute denticles. Hyalina multidentata. Shell depressed, pellucid; whorls six, narrow, slightly convex; aperture semi- lunate, narrow; peristome acute; two or more rows of minute teeth within; umbilicus very small. Tlelix multidentata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 425, pl. 22, fig. 5 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 258, pl. 48, fig. 3. — Apams, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842). — Curmnirz, 2d ed. ii. 202, pl. 101, figs. 9-12. — Preirrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 184. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 123. — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 729. — Morss, Amer. Nat. i. 543, fig. 33 (1867). Hyalina multidentata, Morse, Journ. Porth, Soe. i. 15, fig. 31; p. 61, fig. 30; pl. 6, fig. 52 (1864). Gastrodonta multidentata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 258, pl. 4, fig. 43 (1866). Shell umbilicated, depressed, sub-planulate above, very thin, pel- lucid ; epidermis smooth; shining; whorls six, nar- row, slightly convex, increasing but slowly in diam- eter, delicately striated, beneath smoother; suture impressed ; aperture semi-lunate, narrow; peristome acute ; umbilicus very small, rounded, pervious, base convex, indented around the umbilicus; two or more rows of very minute white teeth, radiating from the umbilicus, are seen through the shell, within the base 4, of the last whorl. Greater diameter, three and one H. muttidentata. fourth mill.; lesser, three mill. ; height, one and a half Enlarged. Fig. 666. millimetres. Maine, Vermont, New York, Ohio; also Lower Canada. There are from two to four rows of very minute delicate white teeth, on the lower side of the interior of the last whorl, radiating from the centre. One row is usually so near the aperture as to be seen within it with the aid of a microscope ; the others are more or less remote; each row contains from five to six distinct teeth. They are visible through the shell. Hyalina lineata. Fie. 103. Shell small, diseoidal, green; whorls four, with fine, elevated, parallel revolv- ing lines; aperture narrow, semi-lunar; lip simple; throat with two or more pairs of teeth; umbilicus broad and deep. MACROCYCLIS. 405 Helix lineata, Say, Journ. Phila Acad. i. 18 (1817) ; ii. 273 (1824); Nich. Encye. 3d ed. iv. (1819) ; Binney’s ed. 7, 24. — Binney, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist. iii. 436, pl. 22, fig. 6 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 261, pl. 48, fig. 1.— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 44 (1843). —Gou.p, Inv. 179, fig. 103 (1841).— Abams, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842). — Férussac, Tab. Syst. 44; Hist. pl. 79, fig. 1. — Desuayes in Fer. i. 80. — Cuem- nivz, 2d ed. ii. 203, t. 101, figs. 13-15.— Pretrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 184. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 724 (1852) — W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll. iv. 123. — Morss, Amer. Nat. i. 546, fig. 44 (1867). Planorbis parallelus, Say ? Journ. Phila, Acad. ii. 164 (1821); ed. Binney, 63. Helicodiscus lineata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soe. i. 25, figs. 61, 62; pl. 2, fig. 3; pl. 8, fig. 63 (1864). — ‘I'rvon, Am. Journ. Conch. il. 264, pl. 4, fig. 60 (1866). Shell minute, discoidal, flat above, concave beneath, greenish ; whorls about four, flat above, higher than broad, sep- arated by a distinetly impressed suture, covered with Hie cus numerous, parallel, raised, revolving lines ; otherwise = smooth ; aperture narrow, semi-lunar ; lip simple and thin; umbilicus wide and deep, exhibiting each volu- tion to the apex. Within the aperture, on the exter- nal wall, are placed two pairs of white conical teeth, the first pair in sight on looking into the aperture, the other more remote, and seen only through the semi-transparent shell. Diameter, one eighth of an inch, usually less. Animal whitish, transparent, thread-lke. It has been noticed, for the most part, under the bark, or in the interstices, of rotten wood; sometimes under stones and leaves in damp places. Inhabits all of Eastern North America, having been found from Gaspé to Texas; also on the Rio Chama, New Mexico. At first sight one would be disposed to call this shell a Planorbis rather than a Helix. Perhaps it is the P. parallelus of Say. Its wheel-shaped form, greenish color, revolving raised lines, and sin- gular teeth, are characters which cannot be mistaken. One pair of these teeth may always be found and seen; and in one instance Dr. Binney noticed even a third pair still farther within the whorl. H. lineata, Enlarged. Genus MACROCYCLIS, Beck. 1837. SHELL thin, widely umbilicated, depressed, striate or wrinkled, color uniform; whorls four and a half to five, the last broad, de- pressed, moderately deflexed in front, aperture obliquely ovate ; peristome somewhat thickened or expanded, the margins approx- imating, the basal shortly reflexed. 406 HELICID&. Animal (of M. concava), upper surface grayish; eye-peduncles long, slender, bluish, base dirty white, color reddish-orange, poste- rior extremity slightly tinged with the same; foot narrow, twice as long as the diameter of the shell, tail pointed, scarcely reaching be- hind the shell; other characters as in Helix. Carnivorous. Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed, anterior surface striated ; concave margin smooth, with a median projection. Lingual membrane with numerous arched rows of aculeate, re- curved, thorn-like uncini; centrals simple, conical, pointed ; laterals wanting; 23-1-25 teeth in each transverse row. Macrocyclis concava. Shell depressed, whitish or greenish horn colored; whorls five, finely striate; aperture rounded; peristome sub-reflected; umbilicus wide and deep. Helix concava, Say, Journ. Acad. ii. 159 (1821); Bryney’s, ed. 20.— Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 372 (1840), excl. pl.; Terr. Moll. ii. 163, pl. 21.— Apams, Vermont Moll. 159 (1842), excl. Syn. Vancouverensis. —Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 33, pl. 2, fig. 15 (1843). — Preirrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 159. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 65.— Lerpy, Terr. Moll. U.S. i. 258, pl. 12, figs. 9-11 (1851), anat. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 412, figs. 26, 27 (1867). Helix planorboides, Frrussac, Hist. t. 82, fig. 4. — Preirrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 200; Symbol, ii. 37; Cuemnirz, 2d ed. ii. 164, pl. 95, figs. 17-19; pl. 154, fig. 45 (1851). — RrEEve, Con. Icon. 674 (1852). — Dresnayes in Fern. i. 87. Helix dissidens, DESHAYES in FER. Hist. i. 97, pl. 84, figs. 1, 2. Mucrocyclis concava, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 12, pl. 5, fig. (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. it, 245, pl. 3, fig. 8 (1866). Shell depressed, very slightly convex on the upper surface ; epi- dermis whitish horn color, sometimes with a tinge of ereen; whorls five, above flattened, below rounded, finely striate obliquely, and sometimes with micro- scopic revolving lines, the outer whorl spreading a little towards the aperture ; suture rather deeply im- pressed; umbilicus wide, deep, exhibiting all the volutions to the apex; aperture rounded, somewhat flattened above, its edge frequently tinged with red- dish-brown ; peristome sub-reflected at its columellar extremity, simple above, and in some specimens con- siderably depressed near its junction with the outer whorl; col- umella with a thin callus, the edge of which connects the upper and lower extremities of the peristome. Greater diameter, twenty-one mill.; lesser, sixteen mill. ; height, seven millimetres. Fig. 668. M. concera. LIMAX. 407 Canada to Georgia, Michigan to Missouri; also the post-pleio- cene of the Mississippi Valley. Genus LIYWAX, Lin. 1740. Bopy lessening towards the posterior extremity, which terminates in a point. Back with a carina or keel when contracted, convex when extended. Integuments with longitudinal elongated glands, and anastomosing furrows arranged in the same manner upon both sides. Mantle anterior, oval, marked with fine concentric striz, or prominent wrinkles, unattached and free at the front and sides, but connected with the body at its posterior part, and containing in this part a testaceous rudiment or shell. Locomotive disk not expanded at margin, having a narrow band running longitudinally along its centre, and separated from the sides by a well-defined line or fur- row. Respiratory orifice near the posterior margin of the mantle, large. Anal orifice immediately adjacent to, but a little above and anterior to the respiratory orifice, with a cleft or fissure through the mantle from the orifice to its edge. Orifice of organs of generation near and immediately behind the right superior eye-peduncle. Testaceous rudiment thin, concentrical, not spiral, covered above with a thin and transparent periostraca, below smooth. Jaw without ribs or marginal denticulations, its concave margin with a median projection. Lingual membrane very broad, teeth long, central tricuspid, lat- erals of the same shape, but bicuspid ; uncini aculeate. Limax maximus. Limax maximus, Lin. Syst. Nat. Limax antiquorum, FErussac, Podr. 20; Hist. 68, pl. 4, pl. 8 A, fig. 1. Color light brown or ashen with alternate longitudinal rows of round spots, and uninterrupted stripes of black along the back and sides, replaced by irregular blotches on the mantle; lighter on the sides, dirty white below; eye-peduncles and tentacles short, blackish. Body elongated, terminating in a well-marked dorsal carina; covered with coarse, elongated, longitudinal tubercles ; con- stantly exuding mucus from its whole surface, giving a vermicular, glistening effect. Mantle large, bluntly oval, with tuberosities more 408 HELICIDE. delicate and arranged concentrically; orifice of respiration very large at its hinder lateral portion. Foot with a narrow locomotive disk. Length about four inches. Fig L. maximus. A specimen of this common European slug was found in Newport, R. L., in a garden, by Mr. Samuel Powel (1868). It is figured above. This species has also been recently noticed in Philadelphia by Mr. Tryon (“ Am. Journ. Conch.” iii. 815), and in Brooklyn, N. Y., by Messrs. Sanderson Smith, and Prime. It is an introduced species. Its rich brown or black stripes giving it a leopard-like ap- pearance, and its great size at once distinguish it from any species hitherto known to inhabit Eastern North America. Limax agrestis. Color varying from whitish to black and yellowish to rather brown, sometimes irregularly spotted with black; body cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely ; mantle oblong-oval, rounded at both extremities; foot narrow, base sallow- white. Limar agrestis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. [x.] 1758, i. 652. — Moquty-Tanpon, Reeve, &e. — Bixyney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 166 (1842) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 37, pl. 64, fig. 2 (1851). — Leipy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 250, pl. 2, figs. 7-9 (1851), anat. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 20, pl. 1, fig. 4 (1843). — Morsg, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 7, pl. 3, fig. 2 (1864). Limaz tunicata, GouLD, olim, Inv. 3 (1841). Color varying from whitish through every shade of cinereous and gray to black, and through various shades of yellowish, or amber color, to brownish, and some- times irregularly spotted with small, black points or dots; eye- peduncles darker than the gen- eral surface, sometimes black ; mantle sometimes mottled with a lighter color; base of foot sallow- white ; sheath of eye-peduncles indicated by black lines extending Fig 670. L. agrestis. LIMAX. 409 backwards from their base under the edge of the mantle. Body when in motion cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely, the sides towards its posterior extremity compressed upwards, so as to form a short carina or keel; foot very narrow. Mantle oblong- oval, fleshy, convex, and prominent, rounded at both extremities ; equalling in length one third of the length of the body, its surface marked by prominent, irregularly waved, concentrical lines and fur- rows, having their centre on the posterior part, and its edges inee throughout the whole cireumference. Upper surface of the body marked with longitudinal lines, or shallow furrows, darker than the general surface, sometimes black, anastomosing with each other, and forming a sort of network; between the reticulated lines are nar- row, irregular oblong plates, or smooth flattened tubercles, olivine the surface the appearance of mosaie work, with lines of dark ce- ment: reticulations less distinct on the sides, and disappearing towards the base; a prominent tubercular ridge extends from be- tween the eye-peduncles backward to the mantle, with a furrow on each side. Eye-peduncles cylindrical, about one eighth of the length of the body, with small, black, ocular points on the superior part of the terminal bulb; tentacles immediately below, very short. Res- piratory foramen near the posterior lateral edge of the mantle, large, surrounded with a whitish border. Orifice of rectum immediately adjacent, but a little above and anterior to the respiratory foramen. Foot narrow ; locomotive band bounded by two distinct longitudinal furrows. Generally about twenty-five mill. in length, but when fully grown nearly fifty millimetres. It is undoubtedly of European origin, inhabiting Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and other maritime cities of the Atlantic coast. Also in Greenland. It is common in the neighborhood of Boston, under stones at roadsides, and about stables and farm-yards, and in other moist situations, under wet and decaying pieces of wood. It is also found in cellars and gardens, and causes some mischief by its depredations. A considerable number of individuals often con- gregate in the same retreat. Their food appears to be the green leaves of succulent plants, and sometimes ripe fruits; they feed during the night, and are rarely found out of their retreat in the daytime. Limax campestris. Color of various shades of amber, sometimes blackish, without spots; body cylindrical, elongated, terminating in a short carina; mantle oval, fleshy ; foot narrow, whitish, 410 HELICIDE. Limax campestris, BiNNEy, Proc. Bost. Soc. 1841, 52; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 169 (1842); Terr. Moll. ii. 41, pl. 64, fig. 8. — ADAMs, Vermont Moll. 163 (1842).— Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 22 (1843). — Leipy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 250, pl. 2, fig. 56 (1851) anat. Color usually of various shades of amber, without spots or mark- ings, sometimes blackish; head and eye-peduncles smoky; body cylindrical, elongated, terminating in a very short carina at its posterior extremity ; mantle oval, fleshy, but little prominent, with fine, con- centrical lines; back covered with prominent elongated tubercles and furrows; foot narrow, whitish ; respiratory foramen on the posterior dextral margin of the mantle; body covered with a thin, watery mucus. Length about twenty-five millimetres. Inhabits all the New England, Middle, and Western States, and is probably widely diffused through the country. The resemblances between some of the species of this genus are so great that it is difficult to provide them with distinctive charac- ters, and it is only by close comparison that their differences can be seen. The present species, although considerably smaller, is nearly allied to Limax agrestis. Its differential characters are as follows: L. campestris. It is always much smaller, and at all ages possesses a peculiar eelat- inous or semi-transparent consistency. The tuberosities of the sur- face are more prominent in proportion to their size, are not flattened or plate-like, and are not separated by darker colored anastomosing lines, the intervening furrows being of the same color as the gen- eral surface. It does not secrete a milky mucus at every part of the surface when touched. Like that species, it is active in its mo- tions, and suspends itself by a thread of mucus. This species appears to be common to all the northern parts of the United States. It is found under decaying wood in the forests and in open pastures, and under stones at roadsides. From its wide distribution, it would seem to be indigenous. Its testaceous rudiment is minute and delicate in proportion to the small size of the animal. Limax flavus. Color brownish, with oblong-oval uncolored spots; body cylindrical, elongated, terminating with a short prominent keel; mantle oval, rounded at both ends, with rounded spots; base of foot sallow-white. Limax flavus, Linnxus, Syst. Nat. [x.] 1758, i. 652 (not MU ter, 1774). — BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 164 (1842).—De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 21, pl. 1, fig. 5 (1843). — Gray, Preirrer, REEVE, &e. HELIX. 411 Lima variegatus, DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Moll. 103 (1801). — Férussac, Moquin-Tanpon. — Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 34, pl. 65, fig. 1 (1851). — Leipy, Terr. Moll. U.S. i. 248, pl. 1 (1851), anat. Color brownish, yellowish-brown, or ashy-brown, with oblong- oval, uncolored spots, which have a longitudinal disposi- tion; mantle with rounded spots ; head, neck, and eye- peduncles blue, semi-trans- parent; tentacles white ; base of foot sallow-white. Body when extended cylin- drical, elongated, terminat- ing acutely with a short but prominent keel; upper part covered with long and narrow prominent tubercles. Mantle ample, oval, rounded at both ends, with numerous very fine concentrical strive. Sides paler, and without spots. Respiratory foramen large, placed near the posterior lateral margin of the mantle and cleft to the edge. Generative orifice indicated by a white spot a little behind the eye-pedunele of the right side. Length, when fully extended, usually about seventy-five mill. ; an individual kept in confinement with abundance of food attained the length of nearly one hundred and twenty-five mill., and several others that of two hundred milli- metres. An introduced species, noticed hitherto in Massachusetts at Bos- ton and Cambridge; in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore ; in Virginia at Richmond, and at the University of Vir- einia, and at other cities. It is also found in Europe, Syria, and Madeira. L. flavus. Genus HELMIEX, Liv. 1758. Bopy elongated, semi-cylindrical, tapering to a point posteriorly, convex above, plane beneath, the whole area forming a locomotive disk; integument reticulated by furrows; mantle simple, not ex- tending beyond, and accurately fitting to the peristome of the shell, into which the whole animal may retire; head obtuse, eyes at the end of long, cylindrical, retractile peduncles; tentacles short, re- tractile ; generative orifice on the side of the head, behind the right eye-peduncle ; respiratory orifice in the collar, at the angle of the aperture of the shell, anal orifice immediately adjoining. 412 HELICIDA, Shell discoidal, globose, or conoid, aperture transverse, oblique, lunate, or rounded, margins distinct. Jaw arcuate, vertically ribbed, margins crenulated. Lingual membrane broad, teeth numerous, centrals tricuspid, lat- erals bicuspid, uncini denticulated or serrated, centrals and laterals sometimes simply conical with an acute tip. Helix alternata. Fig. 114. Shell orbicular, depressed, fawn colored, barred with oblique, zigzag lines of dusky; whorls five or six, with prominent wrinkles at the lines of growth; lip simple; umbilicus large and deep. Helix alternata, Say, Nich. Eneye. iv. pl. 1, fig. 2, 1817, 1818, 1819; Journ. Acad. ii. 161, 1821; Binney’s ed. 6, 21, pl. 69, fig. 2, — Earon, Zool. Text Book, 193 (1826). — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 428, pl. 25 (18410); Terr. Moll. ii. 212, pl. 24. — Gouxp, Inv. 177, fig. 114 (1841). — Leipy, Terr. Moll. U.S. i. 253, pl. 7, figs. 2-5 (1851), anat. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 29, pl. 2, fig. 9 (1843). — Apams, Ver- mont Moll. 162, figure (1842).— Férussac, Tab. Syst. 44; Hist. pl. 79, figs. 8, 9, 10. — Potiez and Micnaup, Galerie, 104. — CnemnirTz, i. 2d ed. 181, t. 24, figs. 17, 18. — PrerFFer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 102. — Desnayes, in FEér. Hist. i. 89. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 670 (1852). — Britines, Canad. Nat. ii. 99, figs. 4, 5 (1857). — W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll. iv. 98.— Buanp, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 187, figs. 17, 18 (1867). Anguispira alternata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 11, fig. 15; pl. 4, fig. 16 (1864). — Try- on, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 261, pl. 4, fig. 47 (1866). Helix scabra, Lamarcw, An. sans Vert. vi. part 2, 88. — DesHayes, Encye. Meéth. ii. 219 (1830); in Lam. viii. 66; 3d ed. iii. 292. — CuENu, Il. pl. 6, fig. 11. Helix infecta, Parreys MS, — Preirrer, Mal. Bl. 1857, 86 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 91, non REEVE. Helix strongylodes, Prrrrrer, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1854, 53 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 91. — RrEEve, Con. Icon. 1296 (1854). — Vide W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. pl. 77, fig. 8. Helix mordax, SHurtTLEwortH, Bern. Mitt. 1852, 195. — Goutp, in Terr. Moll. iii. 19. —W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 99. — Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 635.— Branp, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. (and var. ferguson?). Helix dubia, Sumprarp, Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebee, i. 194. — McCuxruocn, (where?) teste Binney, Terr. Moll. i. 192. Shell orbicular, depressed, slightly convex above and below; gen- eral tint a light fawn color, which, on the upper surface, alternates in about equal proportions, with oblique, zigzag bars of dark-brown ; these bars grow narrower and lighter on the lower surface as they converge to the umbilicus ; they are generally interrupted by a light colored zone which issues from the middle of the inner margin of the aperture; whorls five to six, flattened above, conspicuously plaited at the lines of growth so as to produce a rough surface HELIX. 413 above, but nearly smooth beneath; the shell has a sharp dividing line between the upper and lower surfaces in all its earlier stages, which disappears only at maturity, forming a circular aperture, slightly modified by the preceding whorl; lip simple and delicate ; um- bilicus large and deep, exhibiting all the volutions. Greater diameter, twenty-one mill. ; lesser, nineteen mill. ; height, ten millimetres. Animal with the head and eye-peduncles of a light slate color, back brown, remainder of the up- per surface brownish-orange ; eyes black; base of foot drab colored ; collar saffron. Eye-peduncle one third of an inch long, blackish at tip. Foot not much exceeding the diameter of the shell, terminating in a broad, flat, obtuse tip ; a light marginal line runs along the foot from the head to the pos- terior tip. Found everywhere in old forests and in moist situations under decaying logs and stumps. In this State it is not often found near the sea-coast. Dr. Yale, however, has observed numerous dead specimens on Martha’s Vineyard. Also over the whole of Hastern North America as far north as Labrador. It occurs commonly in the post-pleiocene beds of the Mississippi Valley. The shell varies in being more or less depressed, and the wrinkles more or less obvious; sometimes no bars are observable on the lower surface. The animal and its eye-peduncles are proportionally shorter than in our other species. Its habits are gregarious, so that several are usually found in company. H. alternata. Helix striatella. Eire. 112) Shell small. orbicular, depressed, rufous; whorls six, with prominent. lines of growth; aperture declining, rounded; lip simple; base widely and deeply umbilicated. Helix striatella, ANTHONY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 278, pl. 3, fig. 2 (1840). — Bryney, Bost. Journ. iii. 432, pl. 21, fig. 5 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 217, pl. 30, fig. 2. — Gourn, Inv. 178, fig. 112 (1841). — Apams, Vermont Moll. 162 (1842).— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 43, pl. 3, fig. 40 (1843). — Cuemnitz, 2d ed. ii. 115, t. 85, figs. 36-38. — Pretrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 104. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 727 (1853). — W. G. Bin- NEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 99. — Morsz, Am. Nat. i. 545, fig. 40 (1867). Helix ruderatu, Apams, Sillim. Journ. [1] 40, 408, not SrupEr. 414 HELICIDE. Helix Cronkheitei,* NEwcomp, Proc. Cal. Ac. N. S. iii. 180 (1865). Patula Cronkheitci, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 263 (1866). Patula striatella, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 21, fig. 48; pl. 2, fig. 6; pl. 8, fig. 49 (1864). Anguispira striatella, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 262, pl. 4, fig. 51 (1866). Shell small, orbicular, very much depressed, almost discoidal, of a uniform reddish horn color; whorls four, flattened above and rounded below, separated by a well-defined suture, deli- cately wrinkled by the elevated and sharp lines of growth, and in all immature stages presenting a sharpened or car- inated edge at the circumference; aperture rounded, de- clining, somewhat broader than high; lip simple and thin ; ( lower surface rendered cup-shaped by a broad and deep um- H.sria~ Vyjlicus, whose diameter is nearly that of the outer volution. Diameter about one fourth of an inch. The animal has the tentacula bluish-black ; margin and posterior part of foot white. Foot transparent, less than twice the diameter of the shell in length ; terminating acutely. This is a northern species, being found through British America, at Great Slave Lake, &c., Canada, and New England, and extends to Virginia and Kansas. Also on the Pacific side of the Rocky | Mountains, near Hell Gate River. Found abundantly in all parts of this State, about old stumps, and under the bark of decaying logs. The cup-shaped base, and beautifully raised lines of growth, suf- ficiently designate this shell. Its form is like that of H. rotundata of Europe, which, however, is checkered by darker bars, like our £. alternata. This is the shell, which, till recently, has been regarded as the H. perspectiva of Say. Several gentlemen in Ohio, where both spe- cies are found, have for some years discriminated the two shells ; and in January, 1839, Mr. J. G. Anthony communicated to the Bos- ton Society of Natural History a description of this species. After mature examination, conchologists have become satisfied that the Massachusetts shell is the H. striatella, and that H. perspectiva is not found in this region. The differences are, that H. striatella is altogether a more delicate shell in structure and marking, the num- ber of whorls is one less, the color is lighter and the shell smaller ; the sharp external edge is also more conspicuous, and, looking into Fig. 674. ((( in * My opinion of this species is formed from the description alone. I have seen no authentic example. — W. G. B. HELIX. 415 the throat, we do not find the tooth-like thickening which exists within the lower margin of Hl. perspectiva. Mr. Anthony also ob- serves, that it is found in low lands, near running streams, and never about rotten logs, the common residence of Hl. perspectiva. This, however, does not accord with its habits in Massachusetts. Helix asteriscus. Shell umbilicated, depressed, with thin prominent ribs; whorls four; aperture sub-circular ; peristome simple, acute. Helix asteriscus, Mors, Proc. Bost. Soc. vi. 128 (1857). — W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll. iv. 103, pl. 77, fig. 9. — Buanp, Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii. 163, fig. 8. — Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 546, fig. 43 (1867). Planogyra asteriscus, Morsx, Journ. Portl. Soe. i. 2 53 (1864). — Trron, Am. Journ. Conch. il. 2 Shell widely umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, light brown, decussated by delicate incremental and revolving strix, and with from twenty-five to thirty delicate, thin, transparent, prominent ribs, with way- ing edges, and inclined backwards, more like the epidermis than the texture of the shell ; whorls four, the upper ones flattened, the last globose; suture deeply impressed ; aperture sub-circular ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extremity sub-reflected. : > ° HT asteriscus Greater diameter, one and a half mill.; height, one BAlarged half millimetre. The animal is described by Morse as bluish-white, with head, neck, and eye-peduncles mottled by streaks and dots. From Gaspé to the North of Lake Superior, and through New England. Helix labyrinthica. Fic. 106. Shell minute, conic-globose; whorls six, with conspicuous oblique lines; lip reflected; aperture with one or two teeth prolonged within it; umbilicus minute. Helix labyrinthica, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 124 (1817) ; Nich. Eneye. iv. 3d ed. (1819) ; ed. Brnney, 10. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 393, pl. 26, fig. 1 (1837) ; Terr Moll. ii. 202, pl. 17, fig. 83. —Goutp, Inv. 184, fig. 106 (1841). — Apams, Vermont Moll. 160 (1842). — Férussac, Tab Syst. 38; Hist. pl. 51, @, fig. 1. — PFEIFFER, Symbols, ii. 31; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 416. — CuemniTz, 2d ed. i. 382, t. 66, figs. 17 - 20. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 728 (1852). — Dp Kay, N. Y. Moll. 39, pl. 3, fig. 31 (1843). — DesHayes, in Far. i. 210.— W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll. iv. 95.— Morsz, Amer. Nat. i. 545, figs. 41, 42 (1867). 416 HELICIDE. Strobila labyrinthica, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 26, figs. 64-67; pl. 2, figs. a, 6; pl. 8, fig. 68 (1864). —‘Tryoy, Am. Journ. Conch. ii. 259, pl. 4, fig. 44 (1866). Shell small, rounded-conical, apex obtuse ; spire elevated, whorls six, separated by a well-marked suture, with conspicuous, oblique lines or ridges at regular distances; epidermis dark brownish horn color; aperture small ; outer lip thick- ened, and somewhat reflected, often rose colored ; inner lip with a long, raised line or tooth, which ap- pears to revolve within the shell parallel to the sut- ure, and sometimes a second nearer to the base, less conspicuous, and terminating farther within the aper- ture; beneath flat, umbilical region impressed, and the umbilicus minute. Greatest diameter one tenth of an inch, height nearly as much. Animal has the head slate colored above, the tentacula quite dark ; foot white as printing-paper, linear; space between the four tentacula and neck lighter colored. Found in various parts of this State, usually in the fissures of de- caying wood, or under fragments of wood in moist places, or in beds of decaying leaves. It inhabits a wide range of territory, having been found as far distant as Missouri. It is not frequently found, however, on account of its minuteness, and its dusky color. It inhabits all of Eastern North America.* Also occurs in the post-pleiocene of the Mississippi Valley. It is readily distinguished from other species by the remarkable raised lines revolving within the aperture. Usually, but one of them exists; but when both are present their parallel position gives them a close resemblance to the track of a railroad. The oblique plaiting of the whorls is very conspicuous, and renders the exterior quite beautiful. The outer lip in fresh specimens has a rose colored tint. The shell varies considerably in the elevation of the spire, being sometimes much flattened, and again it has a pointed apex. Mr. Morse has lately given the following description of the inter- nal lamine which characterize this species : — The shell has been described as having one revolving tooth within the aperture, and sometimes a second one terminating farther within the aperture. I haye always found this second one constant, and also H. labyrinthica. * Woodward (Man. 384) refers an extinct English Eocene Helix to this species. I have seen no specimens of it, but cannot believe it identical. Mr. Bland writes me that he has received from France a fossil shell under the name of Helix lubyrinthicula, apparently iden- tical with our species. — W. G. B. HELIX. 417 a third one but slightly raised between these two. At the base of the shell and far within the aperture are two more revolving ribs, running about a third of one volution. These are plainly visible through the substance of the shell. A heavy columellar tooth or rib extends from a slight distance within the aperture, nearly one volution back. This columellar tooth thickens the substance of the shell in the umbilical region and causes a distinct fold without the shell. A most singular feature is revealed in the structure of the parietal lamine. With an ordinary magnifying power small swell- ings are seen at close intervals along these lamin, which when magnified four hundred diameters are seen to be surmounted with from five to ten sharp spines pointing toward the aperture; these swellings appear to coincide in number and position with the raised ribs without the shell, though they are not formed at the same time; for as these laminz approach the aperture they become at- tenuated and disappear. The surface upon which these laminz rest is granulated, and not smooth as is generally the case with the interior of shells. | It is difficult to imagine the use of these spiny projections, unless they may act in some way as points of resistance to the animal for the support of a very heavy shell. Helix hirsuta. Fig. 116. Shell globular, hairy, chestnut colored; aperture very narrow; outer lip re- flexed, having a fissure on its inner margin; pillar lip with a long compressed tooth; umbilicus closed. Helix hirsuta, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 17 (1817); ii. 161; ed. Binney, 8. — BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii, 365, pl. 10, fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 150, pl. 42, fig. 3, excl. stenotrema.—Dr Kay, N Y. Moll. 36, pl. 3, fig. 27. — Goutp, Inv. 175, fig. 116 (1841). — Férussac, Tab. Syst. 38; Hist. pl. 50a, fig. 1.— Deswayes, in LAMARCK, vill. 113; 3d ed. iii. 308; Encye. Méth. ii. 253 (1830); in Fir. i. 140, — Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An. pl. 193, fig 8, ex Bost. Journ. —Preirrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. excl. var. @ i. 421; in Cuemnirz, 2d ed. excl. var. i. 374 (1846); pl. 65, figs. 9-11 (1849). — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 714 (1852),— Letpy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 257, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6 (1851), anat.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 62.— Brianp, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 327. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 151, figs. 14, 15 (1867). AHclic sinuata, GMELIN (teste PFEIFFER). Helix isognomostoma, GMELIN (teste PFEIFFER). Tridopsis hirsuta, Woopwarp, Man. pl. 12, fig. 7, no descr. Helix fraterna, Woon, Index, Suppl. 21, viii. fig. 16 (1828) ; ed. Hantey, 226, fig. 16. Helix porcina, Say, Long’s Exped. (1824) ii. 257, pl. 15, fig. 2 (young); Brnney’s ed. 30, pl. 74, fig. 2. — Dr Kay, N. Y. Moll. 45 (1843). — Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 97. — Buanp, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vi. 344, with figure (1858). 27 418 HELICID. Shell nearly globular; whorls five, rounded; suture distinct ; epidermis brownish, covered with numerous sharp, rigid hairs ; ap- erture very narrow, almost closed by an elongated, lamelli- form tooth, situated on the pillar lip, and extending from the centre of the base nearly to the junction of the lip with Fig. 677. £ the outer whorl; lip narrow, very much depressed and _ re- So flected against the body whorl, with a deep cleft or fissure fie aa the centre of the inner margin; base convex ; umbili- cus wholly closed. Greatest diameter, one third of an inch ; ordinary size less than one fourth of an inch diameter. Animal whitish, head and tentacula slate colored; foot slender, semi-transparent, length less than twice the breadth of the shell; cavity of the tentacula apparent when they are drawn in, by two dark lines, with a whiter space between. Found from New England to Kansas and Virginia. Also in the post-pleiocene beds of the Mississippi Valley. Nova Scotia ( Willis). This very peculiar snail is at once distinguished from every other New England species by the singular fissure on the inner edge of the lip. There is sometimes a minute, tooth-like process on the inner and upper part of the lip, which is visible only on looking into the aperture. Sometimes its hairy vesture covers it at every part; at other times it is quite smooth. Dr. Binney has once or twice noticed a white band on the body whorl. Helix monodon. TGs Shell rather depressed, dusky horn color, hispid; aperture semi-lunar ; lip white, reflexed; with a single elongated tooth fixed obliquely to the pillar; umbilical region excavated, Helix monodon, RacxeEtt, Lin. Trans. xiii. 42, pl. 5, fig. 2 (1822); ed. CuEnu, 269, pl. 27, fig. 5. — Woon, Index, Suppl. pl. 7, fig. 15 (1828) ; ed. Hantey, 226, fig. 15. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 360, pl. 10, fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll. ii. 147, pl. 41, lower figures. — Goutp, Inv. 174, fig. 113 (1841). — Apams, Vermont Moll. 159 (1842). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 60. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 35, part, excl. syn., pl. 3, fig. 19; not fig. 21, a, 6 (1843). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 193, fig. 11, ex Bost. Journ. no descr. — Brittines, Canadian Nat. ii. 100, fig. 6 (1857). — Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 320.— Morse, Am. Nat. i. 151, figs. 12, 13 (1867). Helix convera, CHEMNITZ, part (excl. syn. et tab. 66, figs. 24, 27), pl. 10, figs. 17, 18. — Pretrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 268 (excl. 6 et y). — Desuares, in Lam. viii. 112; Encye. Méth. ii. 253 (1830) ; 3d ed. iii. 308; in Fir. 1. c. i. 144. — Reeve, Con. Teon. No. 696 (1852), excl. syn.; No. 717 (1854). Helicodonta hirsuta, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. 101, no descr, HELIX. 419 Stenotrema monodon, Morsx, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 10, fig. 13; pl. 2, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. 14 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. 56, pl. 9, figs. 18 - 20 (1867). Var. FRATERNA. Helix fraterna, Say, Long’s Exped. ii. 257, pl. 15, fig. 3; Brxney’s ed. 30, pl. 74, fig. 3. — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 193, fig. 5, no descr. — Binney, Bost. Journ. iii. 363, pl. 10, fig. 2, not of Woop. Helix monodon, Dw Kay, 1. ¢. part, pl. 3. fig. 21, a, b (1843). — Woop, Index, Suppl. pl. hey Vea 119 Helix convera, CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, i. 86, part ;— var. Reeve, Con. Icon. l. c.— 8; Preir- FER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 420. Helix moncdon 8, PFEIFFER, I. c. iv. 320. Var. LEAII. Helix convera y, PFEIFFER, |. c.; var. CHEMNITZ, l. c. pl. 66, figs. 24, 25. Helix monodon y, PFE1FFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 320,— part Bryney, Terr. Moll. pl. 41, central figures. Felix Leati, Warp, MS. teste BINNEY. Lister, Syn. Conch. pl. 93, fig. 94. Shell slightly convex; whorls five or six, narrow, diminishing very gradually in breadth from the outer whorl to the apex, marked with very fine lines of growth, and covered with a dark russet or chestnut colored epidermis, which is beset with very minute, hair-like projections ; aperture contracted by a deep groove behind the lip; lip white, narrow, reflexed, a little grooved on its face, extending on the base to the umbilicus and slightly contracting it, and its outer edge iia not projecting beyond the surface of the whorl; umbilicus 7 7er- deep, not exhibiting all the volutions, partially covered by the lip; base rounded, very much excavated at the umbilical region, with a compressed, elongated white tooth at the edge of the aper- ture. Greatest diameter nearly half an inch. Animal yellowish-brown, darker on the head and tentacula. Foot narrow, cylindrical, half as long again as the diameter of the shell, terminating in a point. Eyes black. Found in the middle and western parts of this State, sometimes in forests with other species, but more commonly on the hill-side pastures under stones, where other species rarely occur. Two indi- viduals are commonly found together. It is also found in the North- ern and Northwestern States; indeed, through all of Eastern North America, and through Canada. Also in the post-pleiocene of the Mississippi Valley. The varieties of this shell present remarkable differences in size, coloring, and in the form of the umbilicus. The transverse diam- Fig. 678. 420 HELICIDE. eter varies from one sixth to three sixths of an inch,and the form from sub-globular in small specimens to a very flattened shape in the larger. The coloring exhibits every shade, from light amber to dark chestnut. The whorls of some revolve about the axis at such a distance as to leave a deep and wide umbilicus (monodon) ; while in others they are in: such near approximation as to permit only a small perforation, which the narrow, reflected peristome is suf- ficiently wide to cover (fraterna). The hairy projections of the epidermis are most distinct upon the young shells, but are often wanting at every stage of growth. The oblique striz are so fine as hardly to be visible; and in some instances the shell appears to be elabrous. Very beautiful specimens, about one fourth of an inch in diameter, with a dark, shining epidermis and open umbilicus, occur in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and Michigan. They are more convex, and, as the same number of volutions is contained in half the space, they appear to have more whorls than the common variety. Some per- sons have considered these to form a distinct species (HH. Leaii, Ward, MS.); but I do not see that they can, with propriety, be separated. Helix palliata. Shell depressed, thin, hairy ; aperture three-lobed, contracted, two teeth on in- ner margin of peristome, and curved tooth on parietal wall; whorls five; peris- tome reflected; umbilicus closed. Helix palliata, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 152 (1821) ; Bryney’s ed. 10. — BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 853, pl. 7 (1840); Terr. Moll. ii. 136, part, pl. 14. — Apams, Vermont Moll. 159 (1842). — Lerpy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 253, pl. 7, fig. 8, anat. (1851). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 33, pl. 3, fig. 36 (excl. a, b) (1843), excl. syn. part. — Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 316; in Cnemnirz, 2d ed. i. 359, pl. 62, figs. 15, 16 (1849). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 193, fig. 8, ex Bost. Journ. (no deser.). — Desuayes, in Fer. i. 144 (excl. var.). — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 678. — W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll. iv. 56.— Brayp, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. 441.— Morsz, Am. Nat. i. 150, figs. 10, 11 (1867). Helix denotata, Finussac, Tab. Syst. 38 (1822), no descr. : Hist. pl. 11 a, fig. 5; pl. 50a, fig. 7. — DesuayYeEs, in LAMARCK, Vili. 115; 3d ed. iii. 309. Helix notata, Desnayus, Encye. Meth. ii. 224 (1830). Xolotrema palliata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. 49, pl. 9, fig. 4 (1867). Shell with the umbilicus closed, thin, depressed ; epidermis dark brown or chestnut color, and rough with minute, acute projections and stiff hairs ; whorls five, flattened above and rounded below, with numerous very fine, oblique striz ; aperture three-lobed, much con- tracted by the peristome and teeth; peristome white, sometimes HELIX. 491 edged with brown, widely reflected, with two projecting teeth on the inner margin, the one near its junction with the body whorl acute and prominent, the other on the basal portion, long, lamellar, and but little prominent; parietal wall with a very prominent, white, curved tooth, projecting nearly perpendicularly from the shell, and forming one boundary of the aperture ; umbilicus covered with a white callus, the continuation of the reflected peristome; base convex. Greater diameter twenty- one, lesser, eighteen, height ten millimetres. From Canada to Georgia, through Hastern North America. Also in the post-pleiocene of the Missis- sippi Valley. Animal of a uniform, blackish, slate color over the whole surface; foot narrow, in length double the diameter of the shell, and terminating in an acute point; eye- peduncles one third of an inch long; eyes not distinguishable from the general color. The nature of the epidermis and sculpturing are the only con- stant specific characters which distinguish H. palliata from #1. obstricta. Inthe former the epidermis has ‘‘ numerous minute tu- berculous acute prominences”’; the striae are close together, and somewhat irregular in development. In the typical form the whorls are convex, with a well-impressed suture ; the last whorl is obtusely angulated in front of, but not behind the aperture. The species varies, in the form of the whorls and extent of the angulation of the periphery, as follows : — Var. 8. — Whorls flattened above, slightly exserted, the last more sharply angulated in front of the aperture, with the striae, especially behind the aperture, more distinctly defined. Greater diameter twenty-two, lesser nineteen and a half, height eight and a half mill- imetres (five whorls). Kentucky and Tennessee. Var. y.— Whorls planulate above, and so exserted as to show the carinated edges of all excepting the apical whorls, the last whorl! with an acute projecting carina continued to the back of the aperture ; the umbilicus not always entirely covered by the reflected lip. Greater diameter twenty-one and a half, lesser eighteen and a half, height seven millimetres (five whorls). Tennessee. H. palliata. 4322 HELICIDA. Helix tridentata. HGS WES: Shell depressed, yellowish horn colored; whorls obliquely wrinkled; aperture contracted, three-lobed, two teeth on the outer lip, and a curved one on the pil- lar; lip reflexed, white; umbilicus deep. Helix tridentata, Say, Nich. Encye. pl. 2, fig. 1 (1817, 1818, 1819) ; Binney’s ed. 6, pl. 70, fig. 1. — Eaton, Zool. T. B. 193 (1826). — Férussac, Tab. Syst. 38; Hist pl. 1, fig. 3. — Woop, Index, Suppl. 21, pl. 7, fig. 2 (1828) ; ed. Hanvey, 226, fig. 11. — Desnares, Encye. Méth. ii. 213 (1830); in Lamarck, viii. 115; 3d ed. 309; in Fer. |. c. i. 72. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 382, pl. 17 (1840), part; in Terr. Moll. ii. 183, pl. 27. — Apams, Vermont Moll, 160 (1842). — Gourp, Iny. 173, fig. 115 (1841). — Preirrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 412; in Cuemnirz, 2d ed. i. 84, pl. 10, figs. 7, 8. — Porrez et Micuaup, Gal. i. 114. — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 291, fig. 3 (ex Bost. Journ. no descr.). — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 690 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 70.— Buanp, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. 423. — Monrss, Am. Nat. i. 150, figs. 8, 9 (1867). Triodopsis lunula, RAFINESQUE, En. and Acc. 3; ed. Bryney and Tryon, 68. Triodopsis tridentuta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. 50, pl. 9, figs. 6, 13 (1867). Lister, pl. 92, fig. 92. Shell flattened, slightly convex above and below, yellowish horn colored; whorls four and a half to six, slightly convex, crossed obliquely with numerous fine and regular lines of erowth ; aperture contracted, rendered trilobate by the presence of two small, pointed teeth on the outer lip; opposite the middle lobe, placed obliquely on the inner lip, is a thin, somewhat curved, white tooth ; lip broad, white, partially reflected, with a constric- tion behind it; umbilicus not large, deep, and partly covered by the extremity of the reflected lip. Diam- eter about half an inch. Animal dark bluish-slate color, deeper on the head, back, and tentacula; foot nearly twice as long as the diameter of the shell. This well-marked species is not found near the sea-coast, and but rarely in the forests, at the western part of this State. From Can- ada through all Eastern North America. It varies much in size and other respects, in different localities. Specimens from this region have the lip narrow, the teeth small, the aperture but slightly contracted, the spire depressed, and are of a medium size. In Ohio it is larger, in Florida much smaller. Dr. Binney regards the H. fallax of Say as a variety of this spe- cies, in which the spire is more elevated, and the parts about the Fig. 680. H. tridentata. HELIX. 423 aperture greatly developed, so that the aperture is nearly closed by the teeth and the stricture behind the lip; the upper lip-tooth has often two or three points, and the tooth on the inner lip extends quite to the base of the shell, so as to unite with the extremity of the lip. The middle one of the three lobes is smallest, and their outline regularly arched, so as to resemble somewhat the ace of clubs. Helix albolabris. Fie. 101. Shell orbicular-conical, yellowish horn color; whorls five or six, convex, marked with the lines of growth, and minute revolving lines; lip white, broadly reflected ; umbilicus closed. Helix albolabris, Say, Nich. Encye. pl. 1, fig. 1 (1817, 1818, 1819); J. A. N.S. ii. 161 (1823); Amer. Conch. No. 2, pl. 13 (1831); Brnney’s ed. 21, pl. 69, fig. 1.— Cuenu, Bibl. Conch. 3, 21, pl. 3, fig. 3a. — Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 193 (1826). — Apams, in Thompson’s Vermont, i. 158, with woodcut. — FERussac, Tab. Syst. 36; Hist. pl. 43, figs. 1, 2, 8. — Binyey, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 475, pl. 13 (1837) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 99, pl. 2. — Du Kay, N. Y. Moll. 26, pl. 2, fig. 12 (1843). — GouLp, Inv. 170, fig. 101 (1841).— Leipy, Terr. Moll. U.S. i. 252, pl. 6, anat. (1851). — PFEIFFER, Symb. ii. 22, excl. y and d; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 290, excl. @ and y; in Cuemnitz, 2d ed.i. 81, pl. 15, figs. 7, 8 (1847), excl. var. C. and D. pl. 10, figs. 4, 5. — Poriez et Micuaup, Gal. i. 69. — Reve, Con. Icon. No. 624. — DesHAYEs, in Fen. i. 137, pl. 43, figs. 1, 2, 8, 5. — Britines, Canadian Nat. and Geol. ii. 98, figs. 2.3.— Brann, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vi. 358 (1858). — W. G. Bryney, Terr. Moll, iv. 43. — Morss, Am. Nat. i. 6, pl. 1, figs. 1-11; p. 96, fig. 2 (1867). Helix rufa, De Kay? N. Y. Moll. 44, pl. 3, fig. 30 (1843). Mesodon albolabris, Morsx, Journ. Portl Soe. i. 8, fig. 7; pl. 3, fig. 8 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. 39, 44, pl. 7, figs. 5-7 (1867). Shell orbicular, depressed-conical, thin, shining, of a yellowish- brown or russet-color; whorls five to six, rounded, separated by a well-defined suture, and forming a moderately elevated spire, reg- ularly and distinctly wrinkled by the lines of growth which are crossed by very numerous, delicate, revolving hair lines, scarcely visible without a magnifier ; aperture semi-elliptical, contracted by the lip, which is white, and very broadly reflected ; outer edge sharp, somewhat waved, and colored orange on the back ; umbilicus covered by the extremity of the lip. Diameter generally over one inch. The animal varies in color, sometimes being pure white, cream- color, or grayish; head brownish above; tentacula dusky at tip; Fig. 681. H. albolabris. 424 HELICIDE. eyes black; back shagreened with glandular tubercles; foot rather more than twice the diameter of the shell, pointed behind. Found in large numbers in all the partially cleared forests of New England, sheltered in the moist mould under decaying logs and rotten stumps; and sometimes about stone-walls and rocks in the open fields. It is found in all the States, from Canada to Ar- kansas, Georgia to Minnesota. Also in the post-pleiocene of the Mississippi Valley. This is our largest snail, and, though so simple in its structure and coloring, is a pleasing shell. Its delicately striated surface, and broad, white lip, cannot fail to gain admiration. It is subject to very little variety, the principal variations being its want of the white reflected lip, and an open umbilicus in its immature stages. It has no tooth on the pillar, like H. thyroides and H. exoleta, is smaller than the former and less globular than the latter. The economy of these animals may be briefly stated as follows. They subsist upon decaying leaves and vegetable fibre, under which they usually shelter themselves. In moist weather, and after show- ers, they issue from their retreats, and crawl over the leaves or up the trunks of trees, until driven back by a change of weather. In early spring they are often scen collected in groups on the sunny side of rocks. In June they deposit their eggs, to the number of thirty to eighty, in the light mould by the side of rocks and logs. These are white, opaque, and elastic ; and in about twenty to thirty days the young animal issues from them with a shell consisting of one whorl and a half. In October they cease to feed, and select a place under some log or stone where they may be sheltered for the winter, and there they fix themselves, with the mouth upwards. This they close by secreting a thin, transparent membrane, and as the weather becomes cold they grow torpid, and remain in that state until the warmth of spring excites them to break down the barrier, and enter upon a new campaign of duty and pleasure. Helix dentifera. Shell convex, yellowish horn color; whorls five; aperture contracted ; peris- tome white, broadly reflected; parietal wall with a single white tooth; imper- forate. Helix dentifera, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 494, pl. 21 (1840); Terr. Moll. ii. 134, pl. 12. — Apams, Mollusca, &c. 159 (1842). — Prerrrer, Mon. lal Wants 1h Bile — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 55. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 34, pl. 2, fig. 17 (1843). HELIX. 425 — Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An. pl. 191, fig. 11, no deser. from Bost. Journ. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 99, figs. 6, 7 (1867). —Not of Preirrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv iii. and iv.; not of CHEMNITZ, ed. 2 (roemeri). Shell imperforate, flattened, convex on the upper surface, convex below ; epidermis yellowish horn color, immacu- late; spire depressed; whorls five, with delicate, parallel oblique stria; suture distinct, not deeply impressed ; aperture contracted by the peristome, flattened towards the plane of the base ; peristome thickened, white, broadly and abruptly reflected ; parietal wall with a prominent, white, tooth-like process nearly parallel with the lower margin of the aperture, not projecting towards the umbilicus ; base convex. Greater diameter twenty-three, les- ser eighteen, height ten millimetres. From Maine to Virginia and to Ohio. It prefers Fe dentipene mountainous country. Readily distinguished from the allied species by the very angular and broad reflection of the peristome. Helix thyroides. Fie. 108. Shell convex, yellowish horn color; whorls five, delicately wrinkled; aperture rounded; lip white, widely reflected; pillar with a single white tooth; umbilicus partial. Helix thyroidus, Say, Nich. Encye. (Amer. ed.) 1817, 1818, 1819; Journ. Acad. i. 123 (1817); Amer. Conch. (1831) No. 2, pl. 13; ed. Binney, 33, pl. 13; ed. CuEnu, Bibl. 3, 22, pl. 8, fig. 3. — Eaton, Zool. T. B. 193 (1826). — Frrussac, Hist. pl. 49a, fig. 4; pl. 50a, fig. 6? — Desnayres, Encye. Méth. ii. 230 (1830) ; in LAMARcK, An. sans Vert. viii. 114; 3d ed. iii. 309; in Fér. i. 209.— Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 488, pl. 18 (1837); Terr. Moll. ii. 129, pl. 11.— Lerpy, Terr. Moll. U.S. i. 257, pl. 11, fig. 7-9 (1851) anat. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 29, pl. 2, fig. 8-— Goutp, Inv. 171, fig. 108 (1841).— Apams, Vermont Moll. 159 (1842). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 291, fig. 6, from Bost. Journ., no deser. Helix thyroides, Prerrrer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 345; in Cnemnirz, 2d ed. i. 331, pl. 58, figs. 8, 9 (1850). — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 677. — W. G. Binney, Ter. Moll. iv. 53. — Morssz, Am. Nat. i. 98, fig. 3 (1867). Anchistoma thyroides, H. and A. Apams, Gen. pl. 78, fig. 3, no descr. Mesodon thyroides, Trron, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. 41, pl. 8, fig. 1 (1867). Shell rounded, convex, of a uniform yellowish-brown or russet color; whorls about five, convex, marked with delicate and parallel lines of growth; suture distinct; aperture broad, semi-lunar, con- 426 : HELICIDE. tracted by the lip; lip white, widely reflected, and sometimes grooved, its exterior yellowish ; at the inner side, on the last whorl, is a white, tooth-like tubercle, placed obliquely ; umbilicus exhibiting only one volution, and partially covered by the reflected lip. Diameter about three fourths of an inch. Animal of a dirty yellowish color, with a gray- ish hue in some individuals; tentacula darker ; eyes black; base of the foot dirty white; length equal to twice the diameter of the shell. Found in nearly all parts of this State, but by no means common. It is numerous from Canada through all Eastern North America, and in the post-pleiocene of the Mississippi Valley. This is a plain but pretty shell, bearing a great resemblance to H. albolabris, yet readily distinguished from it. It is a smaller shell, more globose ; its aperture is more oblique, and the partially closed umbilicus and tooth on the inner lip are specially character- istic. It varies considerably in its size, and in the degree of its convexity. The umbilicus is sometimes entirely closed; and in immature shells the tooth is generally wanting. It is occasionally found reversed. Fig. 683. H. thyroides. Helix Sayii.* Shell depressed, light russet; whorls between five and six; aperture lunately sub-cireular; peristome white, reflected, with tooth on inner edge ; white tooth on parietal wall; umbilicus open. Helix diodonta, Say, Long’s Exped. (1824) ii. 257, pl. 15, fig. 4; ed. Binney, 39, pl. 74, fig. 4. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 34, pl. 2, fig. 18. — DesuAYES, in FErussac, pl. 69, pagers 2, Helix Sayi, Brxney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 379, pl. 16 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 180, pl. 23. — Apams, Vermont Moll. 160 (1842). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 70. —Leipy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 256, pl. 11, figs. 1-4 (1851), anat. — PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 382; in Cupmnitz, 2d ed. iii. 419, t. 148, figs 13, 14.— Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pl. 193, fig. 10, from Bost. Journ., no descr. — DESHAYES, in Fgr. i. 79. — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 679 (1852). — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 98, figs. 4, 5 (1867). Mesodon Sayii, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 9, fig. 9 ; pl. 4, fig. 10 (1864). Ulostoma Sayii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch. iii. 38, pl. 7, fig. 4 (1867). Shell umbilicated, orbicularly-depressed, thin; epidermis light russet, shining; whorls between five and six, with numerous fine, * The name H. Sayii is preoccupied, but Wood gives no description, and even if he did I should not reject the well-established use of the name for this species. — W. G. B. HELIX. 497 oblique stria; suture impressed ; aperture lunately sub-circular, not dilated ; peristome white, narrow, thickened, reflected, with a slightly projecting tooth on the inner edge of the basal portion near the umbilicus ; parietal wall with a sub-prominent, white tooth ; umbilicus open, deep, not wide, ex- hibiting all the volutions, slightly contracted by the reflected peristome ; base rounded with the strie distinct, converging into the umbilicus. Greater diameter twenty-seven, lesser twenty- three, height seventeen millimetres. From Canada Hast to Michigan and Maryland. Helix? harpa. Shell ovately-conie, light horn color; whorls four, convex; aperture lunately oval; peristome simple ; sub-perforate. Helix? harpa, Say, Long’s Exped. ii. 256, pl. 15, fig. 1 (1824); Biynuy’s ed. 29, pl. 74, fig. 1. Pupa costulata, Micuxrts, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1. 187 (1844). Bulimus harpa, Preirrer, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1847, 147; Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 150; in Cuemnirz, 2d ed. No. 305, pl. 60, figs. 17-19. — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 596 (1849). — Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 290, pl. 52, fig. 3.—W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 135% Zoogenites harpa, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 32, pl. 1, figs. 1-14 (1864) ; Am. Nat. i. 608, figs. 50, 51 (1868). Shell sub-perforate, ovately conic, transparent, very thin, with coarse, irregular lines of growth, pellucid, light horn color; spire conical, rather obtuse; whorls four, con- vex, the upper ones smooth, the last two with promi- nent, distant, thin, colorless, fold-like ribs, slightly in- elined backwards, the last whorl rounded, somewhat longer than the spire ; columella sub-receding ; aperture lunately oval; peristome simple, straight, the columel- — #.? harpa. lar termination briefly reflected above. Greater diam- a eel eter, two mill.; length, three and a half mill.; aperture one and two thirds long, one and one fourth millimetres wide. Gaspé, Maine, New Hampshire. Originally found by Say on the Expedition to St. Peter’s River, &c. Also in British America and Sweden (Mal. Blat. 1867, p. 200). Animal small compared to the size of the shell, body and head slate color, eye-peduncles darker, short, thick, bulbous; eyes large, 428 HELICIDE. distinct ; foot but two thirds length of shell, whitish; the body, disk, and mantle are marked with white dots, the edge of the man- tle is of the same color as the head and eye-pedun- cles. The disk is rounded posteriorly, and broad and truncated anteriorly, the lateral borders are deeply crenulated. The head is separate from the disk as in the Pupine, bearing two minutely crenu- Animal of H.? harpa. lated lappets, which hang down on either side of the oe mouth like a visor, reminding one of the oblique folds on the head of Glandina truncata, which we believe to be ho- mologous to them. ‘¢ Shell heterostrophe, sub-globose, pale yellowish ; whorls rather more than four, very rapidly attenuated; spire truncated, hardly elevated beyond the general curve of the surface ; sut- ure not impressed ; aperture but little shorter than the shell, dilated ; labium a little thickened on the inner sub-margin.” (Say.) Length, eleven twentieths of an inch; breadth, p. anci- seven twentieths of an inch; divergence, ninety degrees. sag Found in Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers, Fresh Pond, &c., to Louisiana. Animal of a bright lemon color. This shell is distinguished from the preceding by its much shorter spire, more angular outline, and especially by its suture, the margin of one whorl being so closely and perfectly applied to the preceding 486 LIMNEIDE. as to give the appearance of a double suture. The surface is ex- ceedingly smooth, no revolving lines being detected by the magni- fier. The base of the aperture is somewhat narrowed, and_pro- longed downwards, and considerably effuse. The twisted fold of the columella is less conspicuous than in P. heterostropha. The shell becomes more ponderous and yellowish by age; and the red- dish rib along the outer lip, and the enamel on the columella, much thicker. Genus BULINUS, Apanson. 1757. Fig. 737. Trntacues filiform, setaceous. Mantle simple-edged, and not reflexed over the shell. Foot long, acuminate behind. Shell sinistrorsal, elongated, polished, thin ; spire acu- minated ; aperture narrow, produced anteriorly ; inner lip simple ; outer lip acute. smal ya : Animal of Jaw (of B. hypnorum) strongly arched, narrow, carti- tus. laginous, brown. Bulinus differs from Physa in having a simple, unfringed mantle. The shell is also more slender and more highly polished. It is less common in North America than Physa, but usually appears of a large size. Bulinus princeps, Phillips of Central America, and some of the South American species, are remarkably well developed. Adanson’s name Bulinus has priority over Aplexa, Fleming, and Nauta, Leach, and is accompanied by a careful description and ex- cellent figure. Bulinus elongatus. res 143% Shell thin, slender, elongated, apex acute, pale yellowish; whorls six, polished ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture half as long as the shell. Physa hypnorum, Harpeman, Mon. 36, pl. 5, figs. 4-9 (1842). — Apams, Shells of Ver- mont, 154 (1842). Physa elongata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 171 (1821) ; Binney’s ed. 68. — GouLp, Inv. 214, fig. 143 (1841). — Dm Kay, N. Y. Moll. 81, pl. 6, fig. 346 (1843). — ANOn. Can. Nat. ii. 211, fig. (1857). Physa glabra, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 80, pl. 5, fig. 83 (1843). ” Physa elongatina, Lewis, Bost. Pr. v. 122, 298 (1855). Physa turrita, J. pe C. Sows. Fauna Bor.-Am. ili. 315. Aplexa hypnorum, Cuznu, Man. de Conch. ii. 481, fig. 3556. Bulinus hypnorum, W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Sh. ii. 99, fig. 170 (1865). BULINUS. 487 «¢ Shell heterostrophe, pale yellowish, very fragile, diaphanous, oblong; whorls six or seven; spire tapering, acute at tip; suture slightly impressed ; aperture not dilated, attenuated above, about half as long as the shell; columella much nar- rowed near the base, so that the view may be partially ex- tended from the base towards the apex.” (Say.) Length, \ half an inch; breadth, one fifth of an inch; divergence, 4 fv thirty-four degrees. Found in stagnant waters in all the northern and western parts of the United States. In the vicinity of Boston it is rare. Animal dusky, the head above of an orange hue ; tentacula rather short and blunt, lighter at tip ; respiratory groove long, narrow, and thin, movable in various directions, almost as long as a tentacle, with two black spots like eyes near its tip. This species is easily recognized by its slender, elongated form, and the great proportionate length of the spire. It is in every re- spect similar to Physa hypnorum of Europe, unless, perhaps, its spire may be somewhat more produced. It is not very common’ in Massachusetts, and is seldom found as long as the above dimensions ; while Mr. Say gives it seven tenths of an inch in Hlhinois. Mr. Say describes the animal as black, and spotless above and below ; tentacula with a white ring at base. He must have observed them at a more advanced age than any I have seen living; or else the species observed are different. The difference between this and Physa fontinalis of Europe is very slight. The spire may be a little more prolonged and acute. It is quite interesting to keep a number of them in a vessel of water, and observe their motions and habits. The manner in which they open their mouths and display the lingual organ, the manner in which they rise to the surface and open the air cavity, into which its structure permits no water to enter, and, above all, the beautiful and unaccountable manner in which it glides along, will never fail to excite astonishment. They feed freely upon any kind of vegetable. We have here an instance of the interminable chain of existences, and of the subserviency of one animal to another. And it is cu- rious, too, that in general we have the power to elude or subdue animals of greater strength and magnitude than ourselves, much better than we can those which are inferior to us. On looking carefully about the neck of the animal of this shell, we find him beset with numerous little things looking like short, minute, white lines, 488 LIMNEID&: which are, in truth, little parasites (Gordius inquilinus, Mull.) at- tached like leeches, and which derive their nourishment from the fluids of the animal, without his having the power to dislodge them. [From Kansas to the District of Columbia, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific in the British possessions, ranging as far north as Russian America. It is one of the species common to the three con- tinents. I consider it identical with the B. hypnorum. Genus PLANORBIS, Guerrarp. 1756. Fig. 739. TENTACLES slender, filiform. Foot short, ovate. Shell dextral, discoidal; spire depressed, whorls numerous, visible on both sides; aperture crescentic, or transversely oval ; peristome thin, incomplete, the upper margin produced. Animal of P.hirsu- — Jaw single, superior, arched. tus. i E Lingual membrane short, with broad, stout teeth ; apices recurved and prolonged into tusk-like tubercles. The genus Planorbis is widely distributed over the globe, but usually prefers the more temperate regions. It is found in every part of this continent, reaching into Mexico, and apparently much more abundant there than the other genera of the family. Most of the sections or sub-genera are represented in North Amer- ica. The South American Taphius is most nearly allied to the Car- inifex of the Pacific coast. The name Planorbis is now universally applied to the genus. The species of this genus have a dextral shell, but the orifices of the generative, excretory, and respiratory organs are on the left of the animal, as in Physa. They are sluggish in their habits, prefer- ring stagnant pools. Say considered the shells sinistral, a fact which must be borne in mind while studying his descriptions. Planorbis trivolvis. Fig. 131. Shell concave on both sides; whorls four, strongly carinated on the left side ; aperture acutely angulated by the carina, right margin extending beyond the plane of that side. Planorbis trivolvis, Say, Nich. Encye. pl. 2. fig. 2 (1817, 1818, 1819) ; Am. Conch. part 6, pl. 54, fig. 2 (1834); Binney’s ed. 44, pl. 70, fig. 2; pl. 54, fig. 2.— Dez MON e, INE PLANORBIS. 489 Y. Moll. 59, pl. 4, fig. 59, a, b (1843). — Goutp, Inv. of Mass. 201, fig. 131 (1841). — Harpeman, Mon. 13, pl. 2, figs. 4-7 (1844). — Apams, Shells of Vt. 154 (1842). — Kisrer, in Cuemn. 2d ed. 53, pl. 5, figs. 4-6; pl. 6, figs. 1-6, 20-25. — Potirz et Micuaup, Gal. des Moll. i. 214, pl. 21, figs. 19-21. — Anon. Can. Nat. ii. 202, fig. (1857). — W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 115, figs. 194- 201 (1865). Bulla fluviatilis, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 178 ; ed. Binney, 71. Planorbis regularis, Lea, Tr. Am Phil. Soe. ix. 6; Proe. ii. 32 (1841) ; Obs. iv. 6. Planorbis megastoma, Du Kay, N. Y. Moll. 61, pl. 4. figs. 60, 61 (1843). Physa planorbula, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 76, pl. 5, fig. 83 (1843). Planorbis corpulentus, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 64, pl. 13, fig. 185 (1843). — WHITTEMORE, Am. Journ. Se. [1], xxxviiil. 193. ? Planorbis proboscideus, Portez and Micwaup, Gal. des Moll. i. 213, pl. 25, figs. 13 - 15 (1838). Planorbis macrostomus, WuitEAves, Can. Nat. viii. 113, fig. (1863). Planorbis trivolvis, var. fallar, HALDEMAN, Mon. 15, pl. 3, figs. 1-3 (1844) ? Planorbis lentus, GouLD, Inv. 202, fig. 132 (1841). Helix trivolvis, avon, Zool. Text Book, 194 (1826). Cochlea trium orbum, Lister, Conch, pl. 140, fig. 46. — Petiver, Gazophyl. pl. 106, fig. 16, Shell orbicular, yellowish-white, brownish, or chestnut color ; um- bilicated on the right side, cup-shaped on the left; on the right side scarcely three volutions, separated by a profound suture, are visible as they disappear in the umbilicus, their faces, especially those of the interior whorls, being slightly carinated ; on the left side at least four whorls are seen, which, by their faces, form a cup-shaped depression, scarcely distin- guished by the suture, except the last half of the outer whorl, on the whole of which a well-marked carina revolyes, forming a margin to the cup; the carina gives the whorl a flattened appearance on this side; surface covered with fine, regular, raised, transverse lines, somewhat grooved between them; aperture sub-ovate, inclin- ing to the right, its right margin more advanced than the left, broadly and regularly rounded ; left lip abruptly angulated where the carina terminates; lip usually thickened within, and of a red- dish-brown color. Large diameter, seven tenths of an inch; small diameter three tenths of an inch. Animal dark russet or dusky, covered with pale yellowish dots. Found in the western parts of this State in rivers and ponds. It is widely extended over the Northern and Western States. Planorbis corpulentus of Say seems little else than an exuberant P. trivolvis.* * T arrange the figures as in Dr. Gould’s plates, though the shells of the genus are now considered dextral. — W. G. B. 490 LIMNEIDE. growth of this shell. The following differences may be noted. It is at least double, often three times, the size. It is a thinner shell. On the right side the revolutions are less compact, and exhibit a larger portion of each whorl; on the left side the suture is more and the carina less distinct; the aperture is much more expanded, and projects far to each side of the preceding whorl. Inhabits the vicin- ity of the Great Lakes. P. trivolvis differs from the next species, P. lentus, by its carina, and the position of its aperture. [This species probably inhabits all of the United States and Can- ada. It has been found from Fort Simpson to the Red River of Lou- isiana, from Puget Sound to San Diego, in Utah, and from New England through the Western and Middle States. Poey catalogues it among the Cuban shells. Planorbis lentus. Fie. 132. Shell concave on both sides, whorls four, sub-carinate on the left side; aper- ture nowhere distinctly angular, right margin in the plane of that side. Planorbis lentus, Say, Amer. Conch. pl. 54, fig. 1.— Goutp, Inv. Ist ed. 202, fig. 132. Shell orbicular, each whorl encircling the preceding, greenish horn color at the circumference, yellowish at the sides and border- ing the aperture; on the right side concave, exhibit- ing scarcely three rounded volutions, separated by a well-defined suture, and disappearing in a deep umbil- icus ; left side presents a shallow cup, formed of four compact, slightly carinated whorls, distinguished by a tolerably distinct suture ; surface marked with raised, sub-equidistant lines of growth; aperture large, ovate, inclining to the right; lip on the right side slightly curved, lying in the plane of that side of the shell; in front, regularly and broadly arched; on the left side it stands out considerably beyond the preceding whorl, and undergoes a sudden curve before its junction with that whorl; the lip is sharp, very slightly spreading, and thickened within, by dark reddish-brown callus. Greater diameter, seven tenths of an inch; smaller diam- eter, five twentieths of an inch. Animal dark olivaceous above and below; foot oval, about one half the diameter of the shell in length, minutely dotted beneath, and frosted above with amber dots; these are abundant about the _ 7 _ ut 1 : - — as bw | a : : : vm : \ L oar - a 4 i] Py - : - = 7 : 7 - @ os a 7 " _ a a > og 7 _s a : 7 cp o = 3 - iP ) _ . ee ae Se : Ug bl 7 5 ' i : " i han - ] # a ' on - .: 7 - ; * ia - : : 7. : } ~~ oy ; - rhein ae ad pa ; ot ~ Seite if te ‘e 7 2 . _s ; 7 ea i A aw one : ni : : : Soran Oat: ol pend alt ae aut | {age we we Oe, vv A Sat © bi | 7) « i - ay oa 7, - - in 7 - hey “A : 7 ; = 7 . - i - : A : - a yer ne 7 ‘t A > 4 te 8) ; : : i by Wa i a b i: i , = d = yy pt. e) 7 i; i - om ie : * unt [eS NY ; a ca 7 — = - : en ee ee eee - _ > =) ) ‘ - _ = — , . a a 1 yy” > > ‘ PEATE xv . Polycera Lessonii, side view; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting. . The same, tentacles. . The same, under surface. . The same, upper surface. . The same, branchial plume. . The same, upper surface; from a drawing by Toppan of a Boston Har- bor specimen. . The same, branchial plume; from a drawing by Toppan. . Placobranchus catulus, — from a drawing by Toppan of an East Boston specimen, — under surface. . Same as last, upper surface. . Elysia chloroticas from a drawing by Dr. Gould. . The same, unfolded. . The same, outline of head. . The same; from a drawing by Toppan of a Chelsea specimen. 5. Same as last. . Hermza cruciata; from a drawing by Alex. Agassiz of a Naushon specimen. Plate XVIT PLATE XV1tIFE. —+— _ Eolis farinacea, Gould (= papillosa) ; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting. _ Eolis papillosa, eggs; from a drawing by Toppan. oo”) _ Eolis farinacea; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting. _ Eolis farinacea, tip of lingual membrane; from a drawing by Dr. Gould. . Eolis papillosa; from a drawing by Toppan of an East Boston specimen. . Eolis farimacea, one of the branchie; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting. . Eolis farinacea, outline showing the arrangement of the branchial papillz ; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting. . Eolis salmonacea 3; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting. . Same as last. > AP (Weve \ a NAVAN AY > as i f Wyyy\ Wh 260 irk ee er. ans a oe a a : : : 7 ni rat A ray ie Le Tomaroney ie of P] 7 ) a” ) A ry 7 n } rae ric my 7 a i ; ye J - 4 ’ ce 4 Ve - > u ry a ” re a ~ & >» (¥en ; 7 -—- van wa fr? 0 , if) ; _ ; aff 7) 7 0 j 7 ih tie =! i "i o Teen tii : f : : : o > —] ; & 6 a = 7 7 a me 7 7 at 7 ae : ’ 7 Vag a ’ i} 7 Ty >. aie 7 7 a - - “Oh « . ia , 7 a ¢ “ay ~, : i / +7 _ i o 7 oe ; 7 7 errs ahd ve dh alti ws 7 - 7 «i ta = | tte 5) tiene gh - : Z D> Se — a - - = 7 —— : Se ee ae —_—* _ 7 a a 3 : : , _ = ; aes Wy - 7 7 : - 7 — s = J 7 ' PLATE XiIxe FROM ORIGINAL Drawincs By B. F. Nourtine. Eolis Bostoniensis. Eolis diversa. Eolis diversa. Eolis rufibranchialis, one of the branchie. Eolis pilata. Eolis stellata, one of the branchie; from a drawing by Dr. Stimp- son. Eolis rufibranchialis. Eolis Bostoniensis, one of the branchie. Eolis Bostoniensis, under surface. Eolis Bostoniensis, upper surface. Eolis diversa, one of the branchiz. Eolis pilata, profile and apex of one of the branchiz. Eolis stellata; from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson. Eolis pilata. Eolis diversa. Eolis pilata, under surface of head. Eolis picta, upper, side, and lower view; enlarged view of dorsal tentacles and branchiz. Eolis Bostoniensis, under anterior surface. ‘ee ' aan a . a = 7 want - : - ) r 7 7 7 , a t ~ up 7 j id : "va ° 7 i = a ¥ _ - i. a ? : 7 = - neo 7 , oo) U - _ 7m 7 ae _ a - 7 a 7 7 i a ~~ i< ws : : i] : ‘ ni " i - ° _ re 7 yj 7 ! 4 _ 7 i“ ee Ge vy ae ! : 7 7 a 7 a 77 =. we _ - ae _ - . ae - - ai a a : - - 7 tt 7 rr ; Voss es ks 7 i ¥ ‘ on P| ° a 7 =] : ' i : : — : ia p re) ca ine a oe = io he ii ir a x A 7 ’ 7 ; : _ : 7 ~~ - : : 7 4 r : 4° - . > f i - : 7] _ : a : - - _ . a= 7 - a a on ee 4 ve - = p bie ‘f gts 98 >| : 7 ’ - 7 . 7 a 7 - : = i 7 j So ttt Wen eee : - : =" - 7 y! . , . Z . ray - ‘i Gi ¢ o © 1 p sie inf Cualll oe AG ee 7 - f Tv . - ; a i 7 “ Hi ; re et A nl 7 ahi | ia = m Li. et Z i - > VE oe f - I bol - Yiu ” 7 = we : | oaaili ime = wa * i > : - = . 7 7 - — a ca bg i] Dimer) We 7 oe 2 : 1 ’ a ; a _ - | . a a _ a1 aa =, = P ales 7 a ve “ iy al ; : er ey | = 4 es mal fl oa — — i ° : ~G v5 f > => . ~~ a | + ‘ . ae a : ’ : = , es 7 7 me ‘ 7 oe 1 . 7 ir ie a = 7 > : a ts f = 7 oO ° _ 7 - - : " : os = 7 a. a = — 7 7 : -_ - as 7 Ja - - 7 a at “} : y = -_ iD 7 - - 5 7 = + : J 7 ay = — - a rr a 7 ' } oe 74 ms 7 - i 7 oi ci > , ‘ i 7 7 + 7 7 7 “ss th A =a - con it Dh ' . wh PEAT xe —~—— Fig. 284. Doris pallida, Agassiz; from a drawing by Toppan. Figs. 285, 286. Eggs of Doris coronata, Agassiz; from a drawing by Toppan. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 287. . The tentacle of the last. Doris pallida, from Beverly; from a drawing by Toppan. . Doris tenella; from a drawing by Toppan of a Beverly specimen. . The tentacle of the last. . Enlarged view of the spicula of Doris pallidas from a sketch by Dr, W. Stimpson. . The same of Doris grisea; from a sketch by Dr. Gould. 3. Doris tenella; from a drawing by Toppan. . Doris planulata; from the figure in the “ Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan.” . Doris grisea; from an original drawing of Dr. Stimpson. . Same as Fig. 294, i ig. 308. . 309. Pa An Xx Xr: . Doris coronata, Agassiz; from a drawing by Toppan of a Beverly specimen, . Doris diademata, Agassiz, the branchial plumes; from a drawing by Toppan. . Doris coronata, Agassiz, the anterior under surface. . Doris diademata, Agassiz; from a drawing by Toppan. . Doris diademata, an enlarged view of tentacle. . Doris diademata, an enlarged view of the tentacle sheath. . Doris diademata 5 from a drawing by Toppan. . Doris diademata, an enlarged view of tentacle. . Doris bilamellata, spicula; from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson. . Doris bilamellata; from a drawing by Toppan of a Beverly speci- men. . Doris bilamellata, enlarged view of branchial plume; from a drawing by Toppan. Doris bilamelata, the branchie enlarged; from a drawing by Toppan. Doris bilamellata, enlarged view of tentacle; from a drawing by Toppan. cI te Pla o (eo) ” ap S55 “ae Rh, a" D> pu o 2th = A) " Mary Peart ne by I Le) Vip Wl ee. bI Le . Ancula sulphurea, dorsal tentacle enlarged; from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson. . Dendronotus arborescens, — from a drawing by B. F. Nutting, — greatly enlarged. . The same, under surface of the head. 3. The same, dorsal tentacle. . Ancula sulphurea; from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson. . Molgula producta; from a drawing by Mr. Burkhardt. . The same. . Glandula mollis; from a drawing by Mr. Burkhardt. a ~ Se}: = _ . = iy , 7 S > = 7 _ ue a 7 a _ 7 - % 7 - _ a= Pi) a. 7% —_o = a = - 7 1 = 15 Ob Ae a » - - PLATE Xx: ALL prawn BY Mr. E. 8. Morss, rrom Specimens COLLECTED BY Dr. Packarp, AND PRESERVED IN ALCOHOL. Fig. 318. Ascidia callosa. Fig. 319. Botryllus Schlosseri. Vig. 320, Cynthia pyriformis. Fig. 321. The same enlarged. Fig. 322, Cynthia placenta. Fig. 323. Glandula fibrosa. Fig, 324. Cynthia condylomata. 325, Boltenia clavata. Fig. 326, Cynthia echinata. ts 2 PLATE Xe ALL THE FIGURES DRAWN BY Mr. J. BuRKHARDT. Boltenia Burkhardti, from a specimen living in the Aquarial Gardens, Boston, 1859. Also found living at the same place, June, 1860. Glandula mollis. The same. Ascidia psammophora, from the original specimen. The same. Ascidia ocellata, from the original specimen, New Bedford, Dec. 5, 1848. Ascidia amphora, from the original specimen. Ascidia carnea, enlarged, from the original specimen. The same, natural size. Cynthia hirsuta, from the original specimen of Ascidia hirsuta. Boltenia rubra. The drawing being too long for the plate, the co) fo) 5 I ) peduncle has been given in sections; the lower space represents three inches, the upper four inches. Boltenia microcosmus. In this, also, a space is left in the pe- duncle, representing a section of five inches. OT z Le * 7 iy Mi i . . ri ¥ i ‘ ’ A . 7 ae ' E 4 ‘ are : ; ae = ‘ i A i] ¥ a 4 § = t a oe Be nd ’ : * . t ye 7 ‘ Sy =k iy 7 7, ‘ “ . D ' . f i i . _ 1 . 7 j . z be i . ' 1 . 1 PLA THe xy... —¢— From orrcrnan Drawines By J. BurkHarpr. Fig. 339, Ommastrephes sagittatus, from Chelsea, reduced one fifth. Fig. 340. Ommastrephes Bartramii, from a specimen in the Aquarial Gardens, Boston, reduced one fifth. Plate XXV. fe) “we! st nay Ble Pe oe o ia) og n Q “ g “ Ga ce 8 5 ; > iz ney B 4 ° Bower€ C chromro-lith urthardt, del, oe . . ig. 341. ge. 342. ig. 343, ig. 344. PLARH XX VI. From A Drawine By Mr. J. BurKHARDT, REDUCED ONE FIFTH. Loligopsis pavo, from a specimen captured at. Provincetown, Mass. The same, the fins folded behind. The same, the fin expanded. The same, a portion of the surface slightly magnified to show its ocel- lated character. Invert. of Mass. 2¢ed. Plate XXVI 344 JBurikhardt, del. ; Bower C? chromo-iuth PGA Ee Sexi: Fig. 345. HMeterofusus retroversus ; from an original drawing by Mr. Alex. Agassiz. h. heart. d.c. digestive cavity. op. operculum. m. mouth. a. anus. ov. ovary. s. siphon. w. Wings. t. tentacle. of. otolite. Fig, 346, The same, at rest on the bottom of the jar. Fig. 347. The same, in rapid motion; the natural position of this figure is sacri- ficed to the exigencies of the plate, the shell should be much less ob- liquely poised, and the upper arm should be nearly horizontal. Fig. 348. The same, floating with expanded arms, as seen from the top of the jar, when the animal is in captivity. Fig. 349. Heterofusus balea. The shell, copied from Dr. Stimpson’s figure of Spirialis Gouldii. - Invert. of Mass. 2ted. wre CO hrorno-lz Bowen & * i «ae poet em ve CS arise : Ve i se Law