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REPORT

ON THE

INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS,

COMPRISING THE

MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ANNELIDA, AND RADTATA.

/\ u.o( a. S-Wv* AcU ("Son

PUBLISHED AGREEABLY TO AN ORDER OP

THE LEGISLATURE,

BY THE COMMISSIONERS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL SURVEY
OP THE STATE.

CAMBRIDGE:
FOLSOM, WELLS, AND THURSTON,

PRINTERS TO THK UNIVERSITY.

1841.

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION jx

MOLLTISCA i

CRUSTACEA 321

ANNELIDA 342

RADIATA . . . 344

Noxious AND VALUABLE ANIMALS . . . . 353

INDEX 363

LIST OF FIGURES .... ,371

To GEORGE B. EMERSON, ESQ.,

Chairman of the Commissioners

for the Zoological Survey of the State :
DEAR SIR,

I AM happy to inform you that I have brought to a close my re-
searches concerning those departments of the Zoology of the State,
which were assigned to me ; and I herewith forward to you such
portion of my Report as I have found time to copy. The prepara-
tion and engraving of the figures with which I have been instructed
to illustrate the work, will, however, necessarily cause considerable
delay before it can be issued from the press.

Appointed, as I suppose myself to have been, under that section
of the Constitution, which enjoins it upon the Legislature to encour-
age the arts and sciences, and to promote, among other things,
" a natural history of the country" I have ventured to make my
Report mainly of a scientific character. It was the only way in
which my labors could prove of much practical value, inasmuch
as very few of the objects, belonging to the portion of the animal
kingdom to which my attention has been given, are of much gen-
eral interest, or of much importance in an economical point of view.
I could not but suppose, that an effort to contribute something towards
that branch of science, which we have hitherto received entirely at
the hands of other States and other lands, would be desired and
approved ; and that Massachusetts, which first set the example in
those investigations of territorial natural resources, which have since
been undertaken by almost every State in the Union, would not
desire to be behind any of the States in this respect. I have, there-
fore, undertaken to present something more than a mere array of
names in the form of a catalogue.

As I could not extend my plan, fully, to all the objects assigned
me, I have selected the SHELLS, on which to bestow my chief atten-
tion. These I have endeavoured to describe and figure in such a

vi INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

manner, that the Report might be used as a school-manual for the
study of the Conchology of New England. Such a work is greatly
in demand, and nothing of the kind is in existence.

I have also given a Catalogue of the Crustacea and Radiata which
have been noticed in the State ; and also such information as I have
been able to obtain concerning their economical uses and value.

A few of the objects noticed in the Report, have been obtained
from fishes, and, perhaps, do not strictly belong to the waters of
Massachusetts.

In addition to the Report, I have made a collection of all the
objects noticed in it. This collection is now deposited in the rooms
of the Boston Society of Natural History. It is desirable that it
should be preserved entire, for future reference. To this Collection
and to the Cabinet of the Natural History Society, the numbers in
the Report refer.

Very respectfully, yours, &c.,

AUGUSTUS A. GOULD.
Boston, March 16, 1840.

REPORT

INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS,

COMPRISING THE

MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ANNELIDA, AND RADIATA.

BY

AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, M. D.

INTRODUCTION.

IT seems requisite for a clear apprehension of the following
pages, and for the forming of a just estimate of the authority to
which they may be entitled, that a few expositions should be here
given.

No attempt has hitherto been made to give an account of all the
shells of any particular region on this continent. No book exists
in which we may find descriptions of any considerable proportion
of the whole number of the shells of the United States. They
are scattered through many volumes and periodicals, such as trav-
els, scientific journals, magazines, newspapers, &c. The works
of Say and Conrad are beautiful and accurate, as far as they go ;
and the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel-
phia does indeed contain descriptions of very many shells, scat-
tered through its volumes ; but being unaccompanied by figures,
it is difficult oftentimes to identify the shell intended. Moreover,
all these works are rare and expensive ; and it is very difficult for
any one to collect together all the books requisite for the study of
the conchology of any one district of our country. Through
public libraries, however, and the liberality of individuals, I have
had access to every publication of which I have any knowledge,
that would be likely to aid me in my undertaking. The references
to descriptions and figures which I have made, will show to what
an extent these works have been consulted. They are not simply
quoted from some other authority, but almost every one of them
has been actually inspected.

For the purpose of ascertaining the arrangement which recent
important progress in the study of the Mollusca would indicate,

x INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

and for ascertaining also what shells are common to the two At-
lantic shores, I opened a correspondence, for information and
exchanges, with several distinguished European conchologists,
among whom I may mention Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of London,
and Dr. Loven, of Stockholm. The former is well known as
one of the most distinguished conchologists now living. To him
I sent every doubtful species, and such as I apprehended might
be identical with European species. Upon these he remarked at
length, and, whenever the species proved to be European also,
sent me European specimens for comparison, as well as such
other species as I had a particular desire to see. For the very
obliging and courteous manner in which he has thus assisted me
in solving my numerous doubts, I cannot express rny obligations
too fully.

With Dr. Loven, who has for many years been exploring the
seas of the north of Europe, and has examined the standard cabi-
nets of England, France, and Sweden, I have also exchanged
specimens. Hence I have obtained additional evidence of the
identity of many of the species inhabiting the American and Euro-
pean shores of the Northern Atlantic.

I have pursued the same course with American conchologists,
in order to ascertain with certainty whether the shells of this State
are identical with those described by authors as found in other
and even very distant regions. I may here acknowledge my ob-
ligations in this respect to Dr. J. W. Mighels, of Portland, Prof.
Adams, of Middlebury College, Prof. Benedict, of Vermont
University, Dr. J. C. Jay, of New York, Mr. T. A. Conrad, of
Philadelphia, Mr. S. S. Haldeman, of Marietta, Pa., Dr. E.
Foreman, of Baltimore, Mr. J. G. Anthony, of Cincinnati, and
the late Dr. Ward, of Roscoe, Ohio.

Wishing for every possible confirmation that the names I had
used were applied to the same shells that Mr. Say applied them
to, I visited the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at
Philadelphia, where authentic specimens of most of the species
described by Mr. Say are deposited, and which is, in other re-
spects, a most valuable cabinet to the American naturalist, as it is
the most ancient.

INTRODUCTION. xi

Living in a maritime city, and pursuing a profession which ad-
mits of but the occasional absence of an hour or two, my opportu-
nities for exploring and collecting have been very limited. I have
been dependent upon others, less confined than myself, for speci-
mens, and to them am I indebted for most of the new and rare
species which I have examined. I have experienced a liberality
and cooperation from them, without which I could have done
little.

I would especially acknowledge the liberality of Col. J. G.
Totten, U. S. Engineers, for a choice collection of shells dredged
by him in the harbour of Provincetown, and for unlimited per-
mission to select specimens from his extremely perfect cabinet of
American shells. Dr. L. M. Yale, of Martha's Vineyard, has
supplied me abundantly with the shells and Crustacea found at that
island, with much information concerning them. Prof. C. B.
Adams has contributed the numerous new species found by him
in the vicinity of New Bedford. From Dr. J. B. Forsyth, of
Sandwich, I have received shells of that vicinity. Mr. J. P.
Couthouy, besides contributing numerous species, directed atten-
tion to the examination of the entrails of fishes, especially of the
haddock, as an effectual and easy mode of acquiring the deep-
water shells, which the fishes swallow for nourishment. To the
cabinets of Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, Dr. Seth Bass, and Dr.
D. H. Storer, Mr. T. J. Whittemore, G. B. Emerson, Esq.,
and Amos Binney, Esq., I have had free access, and the liberty
of employing choice specimens for descriptions and figures. On
the last-named gentleman I have been mainly dependent for books ;
and without the use of his extensive library of works on Natural
History, I could not have proceeded with any degree of assurance
or satisfaction.

Every species described, and indeed almost every species men-
tioned, has passed under my own eye. The descriptions of spe-
cies previously known have been written anew ; partly, that they
might be more minute in particulars, and partly, with the hope of
using language somewhat less technical than is ordinarily employed
by scientific men. Technical terms cannot be wholly avoided ;
and wherever they are dispensed with for the sake of intelligibility,
it is at the expense of precision.

xii LNVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

A conviction that the value of the work would be greatly en-
hanced by figures of such objects as have not been represented,
or only in works which can rarely be seen, has induced me to
avail myself of the permission given to add the desirable plates.
The figures have all been drawn by my own hand, from nature.
The engravings are not highly finished, but are sufficiently char-
acteristic.

Having often been embarrassed by an uncertainty as to the
true pronunciation of scientific names, and finding a great diversity
of modes practised among naturalists, I have attempted to remove
the difficulty, and have affixed the proper accents to every name.
In this labor I have been greatly aided by the classic accuracy of
Mr. C. Folsom, the conductor of the University Press, Cain-
bridge.

It is necessary to advert briefly, also, to the position in which
a shell should be held when comparing it with a description. The
shell is supposed to be examined in the same attitude which it
assumes when its animal is in motion. In the bivalve shells the
beaks are at the summit, usually over, and always near the hinge,
and always directed inwards and forwards ; opposite to the beaks
is the base ; the height of the shell will of course be a line perpen-
dicular from the beaks to the base, or more properly, a line par-
allel to this, where the greatest altitude is found. The anterior
end is usually shorter and more exactly rounded than the poste-
rior or hinder end, which is also higher and more gaping than the
anterior. When the palleal impression has a nook or sinus, this
always opens backwards. The breadth will measure the greatest
distance between the sides of the two valves. If we take a uni-
valve shell and apply its aperture to the table, we shall have nearly
the position in which the animal carries it. The point of the
spire will then be directed backwards and upwards, and the oppo-
site extremity will be the front. The terms front, anterior, and
posterior, as now used, correspond to the terms base, lower, and
upper, of most books. The latter terms I have occasionally em-
ployed, when I thought they would convey most definite ideas ;
but they are less proper, and are always to be considered as sy-
nonymous with the former. Imagining the shell, then, to be car-

INTRODUCTION. xiii

ried forward in its true position by the animal, the terms right and
left are to be applied as they would be to any other animal.

In addition to the usual measurements, I have adopted another,
for the univalve shells, which I call " divergence.'7 It was first
employed by Professor Adams, under the name of u apicial an-
gle," that is, the angle which would embrace the spire lengthwise ;
in other words, it measures the tapering of the spire.

The extent and difficulty of this work have very far exceeded
my expectations. The unsettled state of our nomenclature, —
the scattered state of the materials of which it must be construct-
ed, have raised almost interminable- doubts and difficulties. It is
the first work of the kind attempted in this country ; and it were
presumptuous to hope that it is free from error. It is not a diffi-
cult thing to settle, satisfactorily, the proper genera and species
of nine tenths of the shells and other objects we may find. But
when an attempt is made to give the whole, the other tithe will re-
quire an equal amount of study, and, after disposing of it in the
best way we can, we must leave it, mortified that we have per-
haps settled nothing, but have merely given an opinion. It is easy
enough to see errors and difficulties in these cases, but it is not so
easy to adjust them.

Corrections and remarks relating to the facts or opinions given
in the Report are respectfully solicited.

INVERTEBRATA

MASSACHUSETTS

MOLLUSCA.

THE Mollusca* are animals of a gelatinous or semi-fibrous
structure, having no solid frame-work or skeleton, and being
without jointed limbs. They reside both on land and in fresh and
salt water. The variety in their structure, to adapt them to this
diversity of habit, is very great ; and their digestive and generative
organs are as much varied to constitute them carnivorous and her-
bivorous, oviparous and viviparous, as they are in the higher or-
ders of animals.

Though none of the molluscous or soft animals have any thing
like a skeleton, and some of them have nothing solid in any way
attached to them, yet the great majority have the power of secret-
ing a solid structure which serves them as a habitation and a pro-
tection. These last animals are called testaceous mollusca, or
TESTACEA, and their habitations we call SHELLS.

The arrangement and study of these marble dwellings, so beau-
tiful in their models, so inimitable in their external sculpture and
coloring, and oftentimes having their interior lined with pearl,
constitutes the science of CONCHOLOGY. This science is or-
dinarily understood to embrace the study of the shells only, with-
out reference to the structure and habits of their occupants.
This, it will be at once seen, is altogether unphilosophical, — as
much so as it would be to characterize any people with whom we

* The term is here used in the broad sense in which Cuvier employed it, and
includes the animals embraced by Blainville in his type MALACOZOA.RIA.
1

2 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

had no previous acquaintance, by the style of their architecture,
instead of making our observations, directly, upon the people
themselves.

The true way is to unite the study of the animal and its shell ;
and, while we base the more general classification upon the struc-
ture of the former, we may characterize the species by their less
destructible habitation, the shell. The science thus extended,
has received the appropriate name, MALACOLOGY.

As our observations are to embrace only a limited district, in
which many whole families of Mollusca are yet undiscovered, and,
indeed, are not likely to be found> and as detailed descriptions of
all the animals would be alike tedious and unprofitable to those for
whose benefit this Commission was intended, I shall incline to the
old plan, and confine myself principally to the shells. And while
the arrangement will be such as is actually indicated by the struc-
ture of the animals, so far as it has been ascertained, no allusion
will be made to them, unless materially to assist in the recognition
of species, or when, from their economical importance, some
knowledge of them is desirable.

The naked Mollusca, as I before observed, are not numerous,
at least, they are not so with us. They are found both on land
and in water, and seem to occupy analogous positions in the dif-
ferent elements. Those found on land resemble the animals of
the snail-shell, and are ordinarily supposed to be those animals,
taking a stroll from their domicils. They are commonly called
slugs ; but their counterparts of the sea cannot with propriety be
called sea-slugs, inasmuch as that appellation is given to a very
different group of animals.

As the species of naked Mollusca which have as yet been found
with us are few, it may be as well to enumerate them here, separ-
ate from the Testacea, though their position in a natural arrange-
ment would be very different.

They all belong to that division of mollusks, which, in progres-
sion, glide along upon a lengthened foot extending under the body
(Gasteropoda), and with which we are familiar in any of our
snails, or the common periwinkles of our sea-coast.

Those which are terrestrial seem all of them to belong to the
genus LIMAX. They have an elongated, tapering form, the head

MOLLUSCA. LIMAX. 3

presenting two long and two short tentacula, the surface somewhat
granular or regularly wrinkled ; and on the back is a shield-like
mantle, on the right side of which we see a notch opening into the
respiratory cavity. They are found under decaying logs, and under
bits of wood or stones in damp places, where they feed upon the
decaying vegetable matter to which they have direct access.

They can scarcely be said to be destitute of a shell ; for they
have a minute, thin, nail-like shell, concealed under the front part
of the mantle.

I have observed two species, neither of which has been de-
scribed, so far as I have been able to ascertain. One of them
may be called

LIMAX togata. It is two inches or more in length, and the
shield extends quite back to the extremity of the animal, envel-
oping the whole animal except the head ; the respiratory notch is
near the front ; the surface of the shield is neither granulated nor
folded, but exhibits a uniform, rough appearance, somewhat like
deer-skin ; its margin is light fawn-color, the back is a dark pur-
plish slate-color, and the sides are mottled with the two colors ;
the foot is wrinkled across, and is of a darker tint than the sides.
It is very commonly found in woods, on turning over prostrate
logs.

It is very probable that the great developement of the shield,
and its peculiar surface, with other peculiarities, which the con-
tracted state of my specimens will not allow me to perceive, may
entitle this animal to be regarded as a new genus. The L. Caro-
liniensis, Bosc, is an allied species. Ferussac coincides with
the above opinion.

LIMAX lunicata. This is a smaller, sub-cylindrical species,
about y7^ of an inch in length, when extended, and about TV
in width. The color varies from dark drab to dusky brown, and
almost to black. The shield is short, rounded behind, its surface
with conspicuous, interrupted, concentric wrinkles, the respira-
tory notch rather behind its middle. The neck is smooth, with
an elevated, central line. The back behind the shield is marked
with broken wrinkles, arranged lengthwise. The upper tentacula
are granulated and black at their tips. Foot very narrow.

4 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

It is found in rich grounds under stones and pieces of wood,
where it may be sheltered from the sun ; and I do not recollect
ever to have found one except in company of what are vulgarly
called sow-bugs (Porcellio). It is a true Limax, and may be the
L. agrestis of Europe.

The aquatic species are much more numerous, and are found
in every sea. They are all remarkable for the peculiar arrange-
ment of their branchiae or respiratory organs. These are ex-
posed on the exterior of the body (Nudibranchiatd) Cuv.) in the
form of little tubercles, filaments, plumy tufts, or branched leafets ;
and the great diversity of their shape, arrangement, and coloring,
constitutes the principal ornaments and most obvious character-
istics of the animals. They have four tentacula or feelers, two
of which are in the neighbourhood of the mouth, and are not con-
spicuous, and the other two placed at some distance behind the
head, capable of being withdrawn out of sight, and presenting a
laminated structure when extended. They crawl upon the bottom
of the sea, or the roots of marine plants on which they feed.
They are arranged under different genera according to the dis-
position of their branchiae and tentacula.

In DORIS, the branchiae have an arborescent appearance, are
capable of being retracted, are seated on the middle line of the
back behind the centre, and are arranged about the anal orifice in
a circular manner (Cyclobranchiata, Blainv.). But one species
has as yet been observed, and of this I have been unable to find
any description. I have, therefore, ventured to describe it under
the name of

DORIS illuminata. Animal prismatic, somewhat four-sided,
the back arched ; color a pearly white, or light dove-color, dotted
with greenish ; front of the foot slightly dilated at angles ; upper
lip full and strongly pursed ; a line of six tubercles on each side
diverges from the front to each side of the tentacula, making the
back, at this part, of a four-sided form ; between these and the
branchial tuft are four more tubercles on each side, in parallel lines,
and then follow two on each side much longer than the rest, of a
somewhat club-shaped form, followed by a few smaller ones to-
wards the tail ; sides and back dotted by several small tubercles ;

MOLLUSCA. TRITONIA. 5

branchiae fringed, arranged in a semicircle. All the tubercles,
the tentacula, and the branchiae are tipped with a bright sulphur-
yellow color. Length | and breadth j of an inch. Found in
the Bathing-house at Craigie's Bridge, Boston.

Another family of the Nudibranchiata have the branchiae dis-
posed in numerous tufts along the sides and back (Polybranchiata^
Blainv.), and they are not capable of being entirely retracted*
The anal orifice also is found on the right side.

Those which have the branchiae arborescent, and the tentacula
about the mouth somewhat fringed, constitute the genus TRITONIA.
We have one species of this genus.

TRITONIA arborescens, Cuv. ; Mem. du Mus^ vi. 28, pi. 1,
f. 8-10. Doris arborescens, MULL, and FABR. Tritonia Rey-
noldsii, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 74, pi. 2,
f. 1-4.

Mr. Couthouy found them about the bathing-houses and timber-
docks in Charles River, of singular size and beauty ; and his de-
scription and the figures illustrating it, are such as to give us an
idea of the animal to the life. He found that the specimens
he observed differed in some respects from the details given by
Cuvier of T. arborescens ; and therefore he instituted a new spe-
cific name. But, making allowances for the distortion of Cuvier's
specimens, which had doubtless been immersed in spirits, and
adding the assurance of Dr. Loven, that the living T. arborescens
corresponds exactly with Couthouy's description and figures, we
have reason to conclude, that the animal observed by the two
naturalists is the same.

Nothing can be more singular than this slug-like animal, mottled
with brown and white, overspread with numerous wart-like ex-
crescences, and apparently bearing some fifteen or twenty widely
and numerously branched plants, which are the branchiae. There
are six pairs of these, including the tentacula, besides the three
pairs about the mouth.

Genus EOLIS, has two or three pairs of simple tentacula, one
of which is in the vicinity of the mouth ; and the branchiae, in the

6 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

form of elongated papillae, arranged in rows along the sides or
on the back.

Mr. Couthouy ventures the conjecture, that these papillae are
not the real respiratory organs, because he has seen that the ani-
mal will voluntarily throw them off, from slight causes, or that
it may be forcibly deprived of them without material injury ;
which, he justly remarks, would not be likely to be the case, were
they organs of so much importance as the branchiae. He is dis-
posed to regard them as merely subsidiary to the function of res-
piration. He has described and figured the following species.

&OLIS Bostoniensis. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 67, pi. 1,
f. 1. Body an inch or more in length, foot large, tapering to a
point behind, color faint brownish-white ; tentacula four, cylin-
drical, rather long ; branchiae numerous, purplish-brown tipped
with white, disposed in four or five clusters of 12 or 15 filaments
each, on each side.

This is probably E. rufibranchidlis, JOHNSTON, Mag. Nat.
Hist., v. 428, f. 85, and Annals of Nat. Hist., i. 121. He
states the number of clusters in his species to be variable, and
more or less definite, and that the color varies, being reddish-
brown, rose-color, scarlet, &c.

EOLIS salmonacea, COUTHOUY. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii.
68, pi. 1, f. 2. Body oblong-ovate, an inch or more in length, pale
straw-color ; tentacula four, rather short and blunt, the upper
ones minutely serrated at the sides ; branchial filaments about 100,
flattened at their sides, disposed in lines along the back, of a
beautiful salmon-color.

&OLIS diversa, COUTHOUY. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 187,
pi. 4, f. 14. Size and shape about the same as the preceding ;
color a pale yellow, tinted red ; lower tentacula long and slender,
upper ones short, smooth, rounded, somewhat behind the first ;
branchial appendages about 90, slender, color orange, disposed in
double rows along the back, with intermediate shorter ones.

Differs from the last in the form and position of the tentacula,
the color of the branchiae, &c. ; but it may possibly prove the
same.

MOLLUSCA. EOLIS. 7

gymnota, COUTHOUY. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 69,
pi. 1, f. 3. Nearly an inch long, slender, whitish ; tentacula four,
the inferior pair smooth and round, the superior rather shorter,
compressed and minutely serrated at their sides ; branchial ap-
pendages reddish- brown, disposed in seven remote clusters of five
each, along each side of the back, those of the second and third
pairs longest ; back otherwise naked.

There are also a few animals whose organization brings them
into a different class (Annelida), which form for themselves a solid
covering. As they are usually included in systems of Concholo-
gy, it may be well to introduce them here.

These coverings are sometimes composed of clay, sometimes
of agglutinated particles of sand, and some are calcareous secre-
tions, like the usual material of shells. They are all of a tubular
form, tapering posteriorly, and hence the animals which construct
them are called Tubicola.

PECTINA'RIA Belgica, LAM. (Jlmphitrite auncoma, MULL.),
State Coll., No. 266, has a conical tube, a little curved, about two
inches long, and a fourth of an inch in diameter at the larger end.
It is composed entirely of grains of sand, cemented together by a
glutinous secretion of the animal, in a single layer, and in regular
order. Of course the tube is very fragile. The animal appears at
its aperture, bearing on its head two tufts of short, golden plumes.

It is not unfrequently found thrown upon the sandy shores of
Cape Cod and the neighbouring islands. (FIGURE 1.)

From the stomachs of fishes I have taken specimens of Pecti-
naria which may belong to a different species. They are com-
posed of very fine grains of sand, are not easily crushed, not
more than an inch in length, and quite as much curved as the
horns of cattle usually are. State Coll., No. 270. (FIGURE 2.)

AMPHITRI'TE ventilabrum, LAM. (Sabella penicillus, LIN.),
State Coll., No. 259, has a long tube, more or less contorted, com-
posed of clay. The animal, when protruded, exhibits two beautiful
tufts of long> finely feathered branchiae. It is very common on the
under side of logs which have lain for some time in the timber-

8 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

docks, and adheres by one side throughout nearly its whole length.
It is also found upon stones drawn up from the bottom of the
sea. It is well figured by Ellis, Corallines, pi. 34.

The family Serpulea, Lam., have solid, calcareous tubes, more
or less coiled, much in the manner of serpents ; thus approach-
ing, in form, the regular shells.

GENUS SPIR6RBIS, LAM.
Tube snail-like, flattened beneath and adhering.

These are minute tubes, coiled up spirally, found adhering, in
large numbers, to marine plants, and sometimes shells, which are
thrown up from deep water. They are usually white, so as to
appear like dead and bleached shells. They adhere by their tips,
and, as they are presented to the eye, most of them appear
dextral ; but if we consider that we actually look at the base of
the shell, we perceive that they are in truth reversed.

SPIRORBIS NAUTILOIDES, Lam.
State Coll., No. 262. Soc. Cab., No. 2312.

Shell about one tenth of an inch in diameter, white and smooth,
or slightly wrinkled, consisting of three or four whorls, each in-
cluding the preceding one ; and, as each rises higher than the other,
they form a tunnel-shaped umbilicus, exhibiting a portion of each
volution ; the suture is indistinct, and ,the whorls seem con-
solidated ; the outer whorl is flattened out into a broad, spreading
base, where it is attached, thus increasing the diameter of the
shell at this part by nearly one half. Aperture circular.

Found on sea-weed, shells, crabs, &c. It is the Serpula spi-
rorbis of Linnaeus. (FIGURE 3.)

SPIRORBIS SPIRILLUM, Lam.

State Coll., No. 261. Soc. Cab., No. 2313.

This shell is of about the same size as the preceding ; and is

distinguished from it by its more cylindrical structure, the much

greater distinctness of the whorls in the umbilical concavity, a more

MOLLUSCA. sEitPULA. 9

glossy surface, and above all, by the absence of any flattening of
the outer whorl where it rests upon its residence. The whorls
are so loosely connected as sometimes to be entirely distinct ; and
the aperture frequently looks directly upward. Aperture cir-
cular.

This species is more common than the preceding, and is found
grouped in a similar manner upon fuci, stones, &c. It is the
Serpula spirillum of Linnaeus.

SPIRORBIS SINISTRORSA.
State Coll., No. 263. Soc. Cab., No. 2314.

A third species, which I take to be the one above named, I
have seen only upon stones and shells drawn up by fishing lines at
St. George's Bank. It is a smooth, glistening, translucent shell,
with three or four whorls, turning in opposition to the sun. The
whorls are nearly distinct from each other, not always preserving
a regular spiral, but occasionally stretching out for some distance
in a straight direction ; one whorl generally lies upon another, so
that the outer whorl seldom touches the object on which the shell
rests. Diameter about } inch. It was first described by Mon-
tagu, under the name of Serpula sinistrorsa. (FIGURE 4.)

/
GENUS SERPULA, Lm.

Tubes solid, calcareous, irregularly coiled, solitary or in groups,
permanently adherent • aperture terminal, rounded, simple.

It is probable that several species of this genus live on our
coast. They attach themselves to stones, pieces of wood, and
shells of the mollusca and Crustacea ; and such of them as we
meet with are generally thrown up from the deep by violent
storms, or conveyed from warm climates on the bottoms of vessels.
They grow to a much larger size than Spirorbis, and are chiefly
distinguished by not observing any regularity in the arrangement
of their convolutions. I am not certain that we have more than
one species habitually living on our coast.
2

10 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

SERPULA VERMICULA'RIS. Lin., &c.
State Coll., No. 260. Soc. Cab., No. 851.

Shell cylindric, the tube gradually enlarging, white, somewhat
wrinkled circularly, usually adhering throughout its whole length,
but observing no particular mode of convolution ; when arrived
at a large size, the aperture is of the magnitude of a goose's
quill.

We may now proceed to describe the testaceous mollusca of
this State, in their natural order, so far as that order is yet de-
termined.

They may be arranged, in the first place, under three grand di-
visions, based principally upon their most conspicuous external
organs, those which are employed in progression or in procuring
their food.

A. Tentacular branchiae fringed and coiled, used for prehension ;
shells multivalve, CIRRI'PEDES, Lam.

B. Inhabiting bivalve shells, CONCHI'FERA,* Lam.

C. Having a foot beneath them adapted to creeping ; shells mostly
univalve, GASTERO'PODA, Cuv.

It will not be necessary to enter into an exposition of all the
families and further sub-divisions which may, or might, have been
instituted. The object is to render the matter as available as
possible to beginners in science, or to the general reader.

The more comprehensive and more approved term ACEPHALA is here avoided,
in order to exclude the Ascidiens of Lamarck, which are true headless mollusks,
but without shells.

MOLLUSCA. 11

CLASS CIRRIPEDES, LAM.

The Cirripedes are so called from their arms or tentacles,
which are curled up like a lock of hair, and with which they seize
their prey. It is the group of animals which inhabit the shells
commonly called barnacles.

These shells are all fixed, either directly or indirectly to some
foreign body. To compensate for this relative immobility, they
usually attach themselves to locomotive or floating objects, such
as drift wood, vessels' bottoms, fishes, lobsters, &c. Many of
them are, therefore, extensive voyagers, and hail from no particu-
lar sea. During the last summer, two vessels lay side by side at
one of our wharves, one from India, the other from Sweden, arid
their bottoms were occupied by similar species of barnacles.
In long voyages, especially in warm climates, and still more cer-
tainly where vessels are not sheathed with copper, the barnacles
adhere in incredible numbers, and grow to such a size, as materially
to impede the course of the vessel. Conveyed in this way, they
are brought in contact with their food, and are seen in every port.
Other barnacles adhere to stones, piles, and similar immovable
objects, and are entirely dependent for their food upon such ob-
jects as the passing current brings within the reach of their arms.

They have several pairs of arms or tentacles, which they can coil
up within their shell, or protrude, at pleas-
ure. Each of the arms is double, and
their edges are garnished with a kind of
fringe, so that they appear somewhat like
small feathers. When covered by water,
for they are sometimes left by the tide,
their arms are in constant motion, and re-
mind one of the spread human hand grasp-
ing at something in space, a musquito, for
instance. This grasping motion is regular,
at the rate of 80 or 100 times in a minute.

Nature has also provided that these sedentary animals may be
widely diffused. Eggs are discharged by the parent in great num-
bers, which soon produce little animals very different in shape

12 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

from their parents. These float about in the sea in countless
numbers, until they come in contact with some substantial resi-
dence, to which they unceremoniously affix themselves, and then
assume the shape and habit of the parent.

The obstruction they cause to vessels is the only material harm
they do ; while, on the other hand, they afford no little protec-
tion to wharves, the piles of bridges, and other submerged wood-
en structures, by encasing them with a bony crust.

Only two or three species permanently inhabit our shores ; but
as they are constantly seen and collected at all our wharves and
ship-yards, I have thought proper to regard them as denizens.

The C impedes are naturally divided into two groups ; those
which are sessile (sessilia), or seated firmly and directly upon
their station, and those which are mounted upon a stem or stalk
(pedunculata) .

t SESS1LIA. Shells sessile.
GENUS CORONULA, LAM.

Shell of jive consolidated pieces, conoid, truncated at its extrem-
ity ; walls very thick, interiorly excavated into radiating cells ;
operculum of four valves.

Shells belonging to this genus live attached to the skin or shell
of some marine animal. Two or three species of them live,
partially imbedded, in the skin of the whale. This monster of
the deep is not unfrequently taken in the vicinity of Cape Cod and
Cape Ann, and one species of barnacle has been found upon him.

CORONULA DIADE'MA.

Shell globose-conical, truncated at tip ; surface exhibiting six
triangks, each of which has four ribs, marked across with beaded
striae.

State Coll., No. 255. Soc. Cab., No. 2075.

Lepas diactema, LIN., MONTAGU ; Test. Brit. 13. WOOD j Index, pi. 1, f. 2. BORN ;
Jtft«.,t.l,f.5,6. GuALT.;t.l06,f.A. Phil. Trans. 1758, t. 34, f. 1. CHEMN.J
C<mc/,,viii.t.99,f.843,844. LISTER ; Conch., t. 445, f. 288. DONOYAH 5 1M*.
Shells, ii. t. 56, f. 1, 2.

CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 13

Balanus diadema, BRUG. ; Encyc. Mtth., pi. 165, f. 13, 14.

Coronula diadema, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 652. LEACH ; Encyc. Brit. Suppl., iii.
171. BLAINV. ; Diet, des Sc. Nat., x. and xxxii. pi. 117, f. 4. SOWERBY ; Genera,
f. 1. BURMEISTER; JYaturgesch. der Rankenfttsse, 34, pi. 2, f. 1 - 14.

Poly'Jepas diadema, GRAY; Annals of Philos., x. 105.

Diadema vulgaris, SCHUMACHER ; Nuuv. Syst. des I'crs, 91.

Shell usually cylindrical, with a conical summit, truncated at
tip, sometimes of an inflated or globose-conical form. The sur-
face is divided into twelve triangular compartments, six with the
apex downwards which are depressed, plain, and faintly striated
across ; and six with the apex upwards, each of which has four
rounded ribs, marked across with beaded folds or wrinkles ; orifice
one third, or more, of the diameter of the base, mostly closed by a
membrane, through a fissure in which, closed by two valves, the
arms are protruded. Beneath, arranged in six compartments,
each of which is excavated into three cells with a small, interme-
diate one at the circumference. Diameter 1£ to 2 inches, height
an inch or more.

It is distinguished from C. balcenaris by its more erect and elongated
form, its larger orifice, and the beaded wrinkles of the surface.

GENUS BALANUS, LAM.

The Balani or Sea-acorns are immovable in all their external
parts, and attach themselves generally to inanimate bodies, either
fixed or floating, though they are occasionally found attached to
lobsters, shells, corals, &c.

BALANUS TINTINNABULUM.

Shell purplish, conical, the six triangles with irregular, unequal
ribs, the intervening spaces sculptured across with distinct lines;
operculum rostrated behind.

State Coll., No. 250. Soc. Cab., No. 2076.

Lepas tintinnabulum, LIN.; Syst. Nat., 1108. CHEMN.; Conch., viii. t 97,
f. 828, 829, 830. GUALT. ; Conch., t. 106, f. H. RUMPHIUS ; Mus., t. 41, f. A.
KNORR ; Vergn. v. t. 30, f. 1. WOOD ; Index, pi. 1, f. 5. Gen. Conch., t. 6, f. 1.

Balanus tintinnabulum, LAM. ; An. sans Vert.j v. 658. BRUG. ; Encyc. Meth., pi.
164, f. 5. SOWERBY; Genera, fig. 1. SCHUMACHER; Essai, fyc., 90. RAN-
ZANI ; Memorie, $*., 33, pi. 2, f. 2 - 4 GRAY ; Annals of Philos., x. 104.

Shell conical, the sides more or less inclined, and sometimes
a little turgid ; color violaceous. Surface having the raised tri-

14 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

angles grooved lengthwise, so as to form numerous unequal, irreg-
ular ribs ; and these are crossed by distant, circular threads,
which probably indicate the stages of growth ; the depressed
areas are plain and glistening, marked across by regular, deeply
sculptured lines. Aperture sub-triangular. Two anterior valves
of the operculurn deeply grooved or plaited ; the two posterior,
on each side, rising considerably above them and curving forwards,
resemble the beak of a bird of prey ; at their sides slightly
grooved. Diameter at base 1 inch ; height 1| inches.

This species probably does not breed in our climate, but is one
of the most common shells found on vessels arriving from warmer
regions.

There are some other species, similar to this, which are occasional-
ly, but less frequently, observed. B. liilipa is principally distinguished
by its more rosy tint ; the raised areas are distinctly marked across,
but scarcely at all lengthwise, and the depressed areas are nearly
smooth. B. gigas and sulcata are also closely allied.

BALANUS GENICULA'TUS.

Shell conical, lohite, the prominent triangles with 8 or 10 usually
alternately larger and smaller ribs, rendered rough by coarse lines
of growth ; valves of operculum coarsely striated.

FIGURE 9.
State Coll., No. 254. Soc. Cab., No. 2310.

Balanus geniculatus, CONRAD; Journ. Mead. Nat. Sc., vi. 265, pi. 11, f. 16.

Shell regularly conical, dirty greenish-white ; much like B. tin-
tinnabulum in its exterior, but broader at base in proportion to
its height, and never inflated ; the elevated triangles on each
side of the posterior one are very small, with only two or three
ribs ; the others are sub-equal, and. have 8 or 10 ribs ; these
are much raised, but usually alternately larger and smaller,
somewhat compressed at the sides, and their edges rendered
nodulous by the conspicuous, rather distant lines of growth, which
cross them. The depressed areas are faintly marked with minute,
crowded cross lines. Diameter of the aperture about half that
of the base. Operculum having the anterior valves wrought into
coarsely plaited ridges, which incline over each other, and which

CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 15

are crossed by very fine radiating lines. Diameter at base 1 to
1J inches, height two thirds of the diameter.

Found almost invariably attached to Pecten Magellanicus, on
which it is occasionally drawn up by our fishermen ; and is abun-
dant along the eastern coast of Maine, and at the Bank fishing-
grounds.

This shell, like its co-species, is subject to many varieties ; and
some of them approach so nearly to some of the figures and descrip-
tions of B. Scoticus and B. communis of the North of Europe, that it is
really difficult to decide upon its title to a distinct appellation. In this
case it seems proper, for the present, to retain the name which Mr.
Conrad undoubtedly applied to this shell. The number of ribs varies,
as do the elevations upon them ; which last are usually two, however,
as Mr. Conrad observes.

BALANUS EBURNEUS.

Shell white, smooth, obliquely conical, the raised triangles with
lanceolate points, all inclined backwards, within regularly grooved;
operculum with the two anterior valves decussated at base, not
beaked.

FIGURE 6.

State Coll., No. 253. Soc. Cab., No. 3418.
Shell white, smooth, hinge obliquely conical, circular at base,
inclining backwards ; the raised portions are smooth, or very
faintly wrinkled lengthwise ; they all terminate in sharp, lance-
pointed summits, all of which point backwards, and the last one
curves over so much as to form a prominent beak. The interme-
diate, depressed spaces are small and usually plain, but in very
old specimens they are crossed by crowded, rasp-like lines. In-
terior regularly and firmly grooved up and down, and the walls
with a single series of pores, equal in number to the grooves.
Aperture constantly ovate-triangular, rounded in front, acutely
angular behind, moderately large. Operculum has the two
anterior valves checked with transverse and longitudinal lines,
which are well defined at base, but almost disappear at tip ; they
are coarsely toothed at their adjacent edges ; the posterior valves
very slightly grooved across. The tips of all four valves meet
and form an accurate pyramidal summit. Diameter at base f
inch, height | inch.

16 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Adheres in clusters to floating wood, to shells, Crustacea, &c.
It may be obtained almost any time at a lobster-stand. It often
attains a much larger size.

It differs from all other described species in having its surface en-
tirely without ribs. In its earliest stages, B. ovularis is also smooth,
and similar in shape to the young of this species ; but even then, this
shell exhibits its triangular aperture, while the other is diamond-
shaped. B. ovularis and B. Icevis of Lamarck, though both described
as smooth, are both said to have delicate ribs. The first is also de-
scribed as cylindrical ; while the second is said to have a contracted
aperture. Mr. Sowerby states that he is unacquainted with it. It
appears not to be an uncommon or a local species, as I have taken it
from the bottom of a ship of war from the West India station.

BALANUS RUGO'SUS.

Shell white , sub -cylindrical, valves raised into angular points ;
without, coarsely and irregularly ribbed ; aperture large, rhomboid-
al ; operculum nearly smooth, with acute, curved, slightly diverging
points.

FIGURE 10.

State Coll., No. 289. Soc. Cab., No. 2311.

Lepas borealis, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, v. pi. 160.
Lepas rugosa, WOOD ; Gen. Conch., 41, pi. 6, f. 4.
Balanus rugosus, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 8. DILLWYN ; Catal., 17.

Shell white, erect, cylindrical, or somewhat conical, but usually
as broad at summit as at base, and its height frequently exceeding
its diameter. Summits of the valves rising into acute, spreading
points, the posterior one folded and curved into a beak ; exterior
very rough, with coarse, unequal, flexuous folds or ribs ; the de-
pressed areas small, smooth, and shining. Interior slightly grooved
at base, otherwise smooth. Aperture large, diamond-shaped ;
valves of the operculum rising into acute, diverging points ; the
separated portions distinctly striated from before backwards ;
surface smooth, or delicately wrinkled from side to side, margins
direct. Diameter of base sometimes f inch.

Of these I found fine specimens on a pine log lying upon the
beach at East Boston. But they are usually obtained further
northward, seated upon Pecten Islandicus, Fusus Islandicus, &c.

CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 17

This, like the following species, may be only one of the Protean
forms of Lepas balanoides of Linnaeus. In a shell of so anomalous
a character, I have chosen to abide by what is certain ; and I think it
is certain, that the shell before me is the same as the shells of
Montagu and Donovan. It accords exactly with the description by the
former, and the figures by the latter. It attains a much larger size
than the next species, and may be easily distinguished from it, under
any disguise, by its simple opercular valves, and their acute, diverging
points. The exterior is more rugged than that of any other species I
have seen.

BXLANUS OVULA'RIS.

Shell small, white, variable in shape, more or less furrowed ex-
ternally ; aperture rhomboidal ; opercular valves obsoletely striated,
the anterior ones shortest and acute, the posterior ones deeply notched
near the obtuse summit.

FIGURE 7.
State Coll., No. 252. Soc. Cab., No. 2080.

Balanus ovularis, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 660.

Lepas balanoi'des, LIN. ; Syst. Nat., 1108.

Lepas balanus, WOOD ; Gen. Conch., pi. 7, f. 3. Index, pi. 1, f. 11.

Under this name I would notice our most common barnacle.
The few characters given to the species by Lamarck would apply
to this shell with less reservation than any other description I
have seen. It is found, of all shapes and ages, crowded together
upon every rock or wooden fixture between high and low water
mark ; and it is for the most part confined to stations where it is
half the time left by the tide, while the preceding species seems
to frequent the deep water.

In shape it is very various. Sometimes it has a low, conical
form, its height being less than half of its base ; again, its height
is three or four times as great as the diameter of its base, and its
summit broader than its base. In its early stages it is smooth, so
that the valves are always plain at their summits ; but soon the
base becomes scolloped by four or five grooves on each valve, and
these grooves then continue on all the subsequent growth of the
shell. The summit is usually even, as if all the points of the
valves had been clipped off ; but in an exuberant growth they are
elevated in the form of thin, blunt plates. The aperture is dia-
3

18 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

mond-shaped, moderately large. In such a diversity of external
character, we must look chiefly to the opercular valves for any
constancy of form. These are smooth or faintly marked across
with fine lines, that appear as if they were about to be effaced.
The two front valves are regularly pointed by the junction of
their boundary lines ; they are united by a simple suture, and a
profile view shows them to be a little gibbous or keeled at the
suture, just before their summits. The other valves are blunt at
tip, and are deeply grooved, each side, for the reception of the
outer edge of the anterior valves, so as to exhibit a deep notch
just below their summit. This notch is the most obvious dis-
tinctive character of the species, together with the circumstance,
that the tips present no prominent points, and do not diverge.
Interior smooth and plain, except that there is a fold answering to
each external depressed area.

Compared with B. rugosus, its exterior is much less rugged, it
never attains so large a size, its summit is more simple, and its
shape more variable. From this, and from specimens of B. ba-
lanoides sent me from England, it differs especially in the sum-
mits of the valves. These are better indicated by figures than
by description.

BALANUS ELONGA'TUS.

Shell white, very much elongated, increasing in width towards
the summit ; opercular valves as in B. ovularis.

Lepas elongata, LIN., GMEL. ; 3213. CHEMN. j Conch., viii. t. 98. f. 838. PENNANT ;

Brit. Zool., iv. t. 37, f. A. 5.
Balanus clavatus, PCLTENEY ; Dorset CataL, t. 1, f. 6. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit.,

10. WOOD ; Index, pi. 1, f. 13. Gen. Conch., t. 7, f. 1.
Balanus fistulosus, BRUG.; Encyc. Mtth., 166, t. 164, f. 7, 8. LAM.; An. sans

Vert., v. 665.

FIGURE 8.
State Coll., No. 251. Soc. Cab., No. 2081.

The shells to which the above names have been applied, and
which have attracted considerable attention, seem, after all, not
to be entitled to the rank of species. They are now regarded
as elongated varieties of other species, having assumed their pe-
culiar shape from the circumstance of their being so crowded as to
oblige them to make all their growth in one direction. That this

CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. ANATIPA. 19

is in all cases the true explanation, I am not disposed to admit.
The largest specimens I have seen were found in a protected
situation, under a bridge on the Dorchester turnpike road, and they
were so situated as to have full scope for growth in any direction.
They were often solitary, and an examination of the space
around them forbade the suspicion that they had ever been group-
ed. Under the wharves at Provincetown, I have noticed them so
crowded as to justify the explanation. Certain it is, however, that
the opercular valves, the most important and most constant por-
tions, differ in no respect from the depressed conical specimens.
All the elongated specimens of our coast have the valves of
B. ovuldris. The exterior of the shell is the same also, if we
make allowance for the peculiarity of form. We should, there-
fore, consider it as an accidental, or rapidly developed, form of
some other species.

ft PEDUNCULATA. Shells pedunculated.

GENUS ANiTIFA, LAMARCK.

Shell sub-triangular, compressed, composed of five unequal valves
united by cartilage, and seated on a fleshy stalk.

The shells of this genus are the true barnacles. They do not
seem to have a fixed abode anywhere on our coast ; yet they are
at all times found among us, either in the character of visiters or
emigrants. The shells vary so much with age, that it is not
always easy to define the limits of species, or to refer a shell to
its true species. More species exist in books than in nature.
The animal, when seen alive, in most cases, removes all uncertain-
ty. These shells, though everywhere common, seem to be re-
garded everywhere as strangers. They are Jews among other
shells. Hence they seem to have been but little studied.

ANATIFA L-EVIS.

Shell slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth, crossed by very
faint, radiating lines ; valve at the back broad, flat, and smooth ;
cartilages and stalk at base of shell orange ; animal light-colored.

WOOD-CUT, (seep. 11.)
State Coll., No. 248. Soc. Cab., No. 2083.

Lepas anatifera, LIN. ; Syst., 1109. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. 340, t. 100, f. 853.
PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, pi. 38, f. 9. ELLIS ; Phil. Trans. 1758, vol. 50, pi. 34,

20 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

f. 5> DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, pi. 7. WOOD ; Gen. Conch., pi. 11. CUVIER ;

R&gne Anim., iii. 176.
Anatifa laevis, BRUG. ; Encyc. M6th., 166, f. 1. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v.

675. SCHUMACHER; Nouveau Syst., fyc., 97.
Anatifa vulgaris, GRAY ; Jlnnals of Philos., x. 1.00.
Pentelasrnis anatifera, LEACH ; Encyc. Brit., SuppL, iii. 170. SOWERBY ; Genera,

f. 1, 2.

Pentelepas Isevis, BLAINVILLE ; Malacol., pi. 84, f. 3.
Pollicipes laevis, GUE"RIN ; Iconog., Mollusques, pi. 37, f. 1.
Lepas anatifera, TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 71.

Shell bluish-white, the lower valves triangular, rather obtuse at
summit, wrinkled by the lines of growth, and with very faint ra-
diating lines from the anterior basal angle ; upper valves triangular,
narrow, pointing downwards, tip blunted, and leaving quite a large
space occupied only by membrane ; very near the ,apex is a dis-
tinct angle at the back ; apex rounded ; back valve rather broad,
not much compressed, sometimes grooved lengthwise. Cartilage
of the living shell of an orange-color, as is also a portion of the
stalk adjoining the shell. Stalk of a light fawn-color. Cirri or
arms light flesh-color. Length of shell about 1 inch, of the stalk
from 1 to 6 inches.

Found on the bottoms of vessels, and on drift wood.

The orange ring at the base of the shell, and also the cartilages,
the light-colored cirri, the large space following the lower point of
the upper valves, the posterior angle of the upper valves being very
near the summit, and the broad back, are the peculiar marks of this
species.

ANATIFA STRIATA.

Valves with radiating strict ; posterior angle of upper valves
somewhat remote from apex ; back vake compressed ; animal dark
slate-color.

State Coll., No. 249. Soc. Cab., No. 2084.

Lepaa anserifera, LIN.; Syst., 1109. LISTER; Conch., pi. 440, f. 283. DONO-
VAN ; Brit. Shells, pi. 166, f. 2. WOOD ; Gen. Conch., pi. 10, f. 5. TURTON;
Conch. Diet., 72. GUALT. ; Test., t. 106, f. 2, 3. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. t. 100,
f. 856.

Anatifa striata, DRUG. ; Diet., No. 4, Encyc. Mtth., pi. 166, f. 2. LAM. ; An. sans
Vert., v. 676.

Pentelasmis striata, LEACH ; Cirrhip. campyl.

CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA, ANATIFA« 21

Very similar to the preceding. Its angles are everywhere
more pointed ; the surface is marked with radiating lines proceed-
ing from the anterior-inferior and posterior-superior angles ; this
latter angle is at some distance from the summit, and the interven-
ing space is often emarginate ; sometimes a range of five or six
impressed, blackish dots runs from the angle of the base across the
side valves ; the back valve is compressed throughout its whole
length, so as to form a sharp edge, which is often more or less
toothed. The margins are faintly tipped with orange, but not
broadly, as in the last species. The animal is dark-brown, and
does not attain to a great length. The cirri are of a dark slate-
color. Size same as A. /cms.

Such are characters of two species of shells, which I found in great
numbers and perfection on a Swedish vessel. I believe them to be the
true Lepas anatifera and anserifera of Linnaeus. I am not a little in-
clined to think that the A. stridta of modern authors is a different spe-
cies, of which L. sulcdta of Montagu is the young, and with which L,
anserifera is not synonymous. The .difference in the marking of the
surface is not very remarkable, but the color of the stem and of the
cirri is decisive. The back valve of A. striata is either sharp or
broken into teeth, passing imperceptibly into the next species, which
is principally characterized by the sharp serratures along the back.

ANATIFA DENTATA.

Surface distinctly striated in a radiated manner ; carinated near
the anterior margin ; posterior valve compressed to a sharp edge,
which is sharply serrate.

FIGURE 11.

State Coll., No. 256. Soc. Cab., No. 2085.

Lepas dentata, WOOD ; Gen. Conch., 67. DILLWYN ; CataL, 32.

Lepas serrata, SOLANDKR ; Mss.

Anatifa dentata, BRUG. ; Encyc. Mtth.,63, 1. 166, f. 6. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 676.

Shell rather shorter and less compressed than the preceding ;
the lines of growth and radiating lines are quite distinct ; a very
decided angular line or carina passes from the anterior base di-
rectly towards the summit, at a little distance from the margin ;
the summit is broadly truncated almost directly across ; the dor-
sal valve is compressed so as to form a prominent, sharp edge,
which at every age presents ten or twelve teeth like those of a
saw ; this valve is very distinctly furrowed lengthwise.

22 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS CINERAS, LEACH.

This curious genus, with the next, is very singular in its ap-
pearance, and very easily recognised. It has the general form,
structure, and habits of ANATIFA, but the exterior is almost entirely
of a leathery texture, with only a few bony pieces at the back
and about the aperture. None of them are permanent residents
in our seas, but may be always found on foul-bottomed vessels,
or attached to tardy-moving fishes. The two genera CINERAS and
OTION, are almost always found in company, and are united in the
genus GYMNOLEPAS by Blainville. They are not unfrequently
called " the naked Cirripedes."

CINERAS VITTATA.

Covering leathery, angular at summit, with jive, narrow, remote
valves ; color whitish, with three black stripes down each side.

State Coll., No. 257. Soc. Cab., No. 2089.

Lepas coriacea, POLI ; Test., i. tab. 6, f. 20.

Lepas membranacea, MONTAGU ; Lin. Trans., ii. 182, pi. 12, f. 2.

Lepas vittata, SOLANDER ; Mss. WOOD ; Gen. Conch., 69, pi. 12, f. 2, 3. Index,

pi. 2, f. 43.

Senoclita fasciata, SCHUMACHER ; p. 98. GRAY ; Annals of Philos., x. 100.
Cineras vittata, LEACH ; Encyc. Brit., Suppl, iii. 170, pi. 57. SOWERBY ; Genera.

LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 684.
Gymnolepas Cranchii, BLAINVILLE ; Malacol., pi. 84, f. 2.

The exterior is of a leathery consistence, like the stem. There
is no distinct line of division between the pedicle and the body,
but the stem gradually dilates. The summit is obliquely truncate,
somewhat concave, and margined on each side by a bony forma-
tion. The aperture is also margined by two pointed pieces, and
a fifth piece runs down the back. Color white, with three black
stripes on each side, the two posterior ones uniting to form one
on the stem. Tentacula of the color of the stripes. Length, in-
cluding pedicle, often 2 inches.

Found on the bottoms of vessels, and also on some of the large
sluggish fishes, as the Orthagorlscus mola.

CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. OTION. 23

O'TION CUVIERI.

Body hood-shaped, surmounted by two ear-shaped processes or
tubes inclined backwards ; a sma//, crescent-shaped valve on each
side of the aperture ; color livid-brown.

State Coll., No. 258. Soc. Cab., No. 2088.

Lepas aurita, LIN. ; Syst. Nat., p. 1110. ELLIS ; Philos. Trans., 1758, t. 34, f. 1.

BRUO. ; Diet., p. 66. MARTINI ; Conch., viii. 345, t. 100, f. 857, 858. WOOD j

Gen. Conch., 70, t. 12, f. 4. Index, pi. 2, f. 45.
Lepas leporina, POLI ; Test., t. 6, f. 51.
Malacotta bivalvis, SCHUMACHER; 38.
OUion Cuvieri, LEACH; Cirrip., Encyc. Brit., Suppl., 170, pi. 57, f. 3. LAM.;

Jin. sans P«ri.,v. 685. SOWERBY j Genera, pi. 1-4. GRAY ; Annals of Philos. ,

v. 10, 100.
Gymnolepas Cuvieri, BLAINVILLE ; Malacol., pi. 84, f. 1.

The tunic or covering of this animal is a smooth, leathery mem-
brane, of a livid or leaden-brown hue, appearing glossy when
fresh. The pedicle is rather long, and its limit of union with the
body is marked by a well-defined constriction. The body is hood-
shaped or helmet-shaped, surmounted by two hollow appendages,
somewhat resembling the ears of animals, open at their extremities,
inclining backwards. The aperture is large and gaping. It is
fortified by a small, crescent-shaped valve on each side at its base.
Vestiges of rudimentary valves are also to be seen at the summit.
Cirri of the same color as the tunic. Length from 2 to 4
inches, of which the pedicle constitutes nearly two thirds.

Found on vessels' bottoms and in other situations, in company
with C IN ERAS vittdta.

24 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

CLASS

This division includes all the mollusca which are inclosed in
two shells (bivalve), united together at the back by a hinge, like
the clam, oyster, mussel, &c. Sometimes the hinge has teeth
shutting by the side of each other, and acting much like the com-
mon butt-hinge. Sometimes there are small additional bony
pieces attached about the hinge, serving to strengthen it ; and
in such cases the shell is said to be many-valved (multivalve).

The animal has no proper head, and its conspicuous parts are,
First, its mantle, which lines all the interior of the shell, and incloses
the other parts of the animal. Its edges are more or less fringed,
and are either free, partly united, or entirely so, excepting a passage
for the foot before, and for the siphons behind. Second, a mus-
cular mass, usually called the foot, which may be protruded from
the shell, and serves as the organ of motion. Third, the respira-
tory organs, or branchiae, arranged somewhat like ruffles behind the
foot, enveloping the abdominal mass. Fourth, the siphons, which
are the openings for the passage of excrement, and for the admis-
sion of water to the branchiae ; sometimes they are very long, and
their tips are usually fringed. There are also two thin, elongated
strips on each side, attached to the mouth and passing back over
the sides of the foot, which are supposed to be the principal or-
gans for the detection and selection of food, and are called palpL

This representation of
the animal of MACH.ERA
nitida may serve to ex-
emplify the parts above-
mentioned.

The valves are kept closed by strong muscles, which pass from
one valve to the other. When these are relaxed, the valves are
thrown open by the elastic nature of the cartilage or ligament at
the hinge. The uniting substance is called cartilage when it is
placed between the edges of the valves, and ligament when it is
situated externally.

The interior of the shell exhibits the indentations and lines

MOLLUSCA. 25

where the muscles and mantle or pallium are attached ; and are
called the muscular and palleal impressions. The latter usually
turns inward towards the centre of the shell, and then outwards,
forming a notch or sinus, more or less deep, at one end of the
shell ; this is always the hinder end.

There is sometimes only one muscular impression, but gen-
erally there are two, in each valve. These serve as permanent
marks by which to divide the conchs into two groups, the [7m-
musculosa and Bimusculosa.

The following synopsis may enable one to form a near approxi-
mation to the genus of any of our bivalve shells. It has been
drawn up without any reference to a natural arrangement, and
merely to aid the student, by grouping the shells in an artificial
manner, to come more easily at their true place and name.

I. Shell transverse or rounded, with tico muscular impressions. BIMUSCULOSA.
i. Shell gaping.

1. gaping at base and ends, hinge toothless.

* united by additional valves, Pholas.

** united by ligament, Panopata, Glycy'meris, Tertdo.

2. gaping at the ends only, and with hinge (cardinal) teeth.

* Cardinal teeth simple, Solen, Solecurtus, Solemy^a, Mach&ra.
** Cardinal teeth spoon-shaped.

t without lateral teeth, Mya, Anatina, Montacuta, Cochlode'sma,

Osteodesma.

ft with lateral teeth, Mactra, Mesodesma, Cumingia, K6llia.
ii. Shell closed.

1. inequivalve, Corbula, Panddra, Thracia.

2. equivalvo.

* inhabiting the sea.

t teeth rounded, ascending, Saxicava, Petricola.
It teeth compressed.

§ sub-parallel, Psammdbia, Tclllna, Luctna.
§§ diverging.

a. without lateral teeth, Cyprina, Cytherta, Venus,

Ast&rte.

b. with lateral teeth, Cdrdium, Cardlta.

** inhabiting fresh water, Wnio, Jilasmodon, A'nodon, Cyclas.

II. Shell fan-shaped or irregular, with one muscular impression. UNIMUSCULOSA.
i. united by an external ligament, Modlola, My'tilus.

ii. united by an internal cartilage.

1. shell regular, Pecten.

2. shell irregular.

* entire, O'strea.

** valve perforated, jtfnomia, Terebrdtula.
4

26 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

FAMILY TUBICOLARM, LAM.

Shells inclosed in, or attached to, a shelly tube.
GENUS TEREDO, LIN.

Valves equal, largely open above and below, placed at the larger
extremity of a tube open at both ends.

TEREDO NAVA'LIS.

Shell very widely gaping each side, and seated at the end of a
Jlexuous, calcareous tube.

State Coll., No. 237. Soc. Cab., No. 2315.

Teredo navalis, LIN. ; Syst. JVaL, 1267. BLAINVILLE ; MalacoL, pi. 81 , f. 6. Sow-
ERBY ; Genera. BRUG. ; Encyc. Meth., pi. 167, f. 1 - 5.

This is the curious shell which is so remarkable for perforating
holes in timber, giving it a honey-comb appearance. These
holes are lined with their solid white tubes, at the bottom of which
the shell is found. The shell itself is small, the two valves
touching each other at only two points, and so much arched that
when in position they form a mere ring.

It is occasionally found in ship-timber, especially where it has
been exposed to a tropical sea, and is familiarly known by the
name of the ship-worm.

FAMILY PHOLADARM, LAM.

Shell without a tubular sheath ; hinge aided by accessory valves, or very
widely gaping anteriorly.

GENUS PHOLAS, LIN.

Shell transverse, gaping at both sides ; hinge margin rolled out-
wards and toothless ; a rib-like tooth arises from the cavity of the
beaks, and shoots nearly across the shell.

Shells of this genus are generally found in logs of wood, in
stones, or hard clay, which they have perforated ; and they have
one or more additional bony pieces on the back of the hinge.

PHOLADARIA. MOLLUSCA. PHOLAS. 27

PHOLAS COSTA TA.

Shell large-) oblong-ovate, white, covered with radiating, toothed
ribs.

State Coll., No. 246. Soc. Cab., No. 1702.

Pholas costatus, LIN.; Syst. Not., 1111. LISTER; Conch., pi. 434. GUALT. ;
Test., t. 105, f. G. CHKMN. ; Conch., viii. t. 101, f. 863. BRUG. ; Encyc.
JMeth., pi. 169, f. 1, 2. BLAINVILLE ; Malacol., pi. 99, f. 6. SOWERBY ; Genera,
No. 23, pi. 1. LAM. ; Jin. tans Vert., vi. 45. WOOD ; Gen. Conch., pi. 15,
f. 1,2. Index, pi. 2, f. 4.

Shell large, thin, inflated, oblong-ovate, rounded before and
narrowed behind, white, covered with radiating ribs, the coarse
lines of growth rising over them in an undulating manner, so as to
produce tooth-like elevations upon them, at regular intervals ; the
interior is marked with corresponding indentations. Length 6
inches, height 2 inches.

This well known species is admitted into our catalogue from the
fact, that Professor Adams has lately discovered an extensive bed of
dead shells at New Bedford. It probably is not to be found in a liv-
ing state in our waters. Indeed, I am not aware that it is found living
on the shores of any of the Middle or Eastern States. It is found, in
the above locality, of all sizes and ages, its most delicate portions
entire, forbidding the idea that these shells were transported by any
means from some distant locality. It is certainly remarkable, that a
large shell should have been abundant at no very distant period, which
cannot now be found living within one or two thousand miles. Some-
thing of the same kind is said to belong to the history of the oyster
about Cape Cod.

PHOLAS CRISPA'TA.

Valves touching at the middle of the base, and widely gaping at
both sides ; a furrow passes from the beaks across the middle, in
front of which are radiating, toothed ribs.

State Coll., No. 247. Soc. Cab., No. 2316.

Pholas crispata, LIN.; Syst. Nat., p. 11.11. GMXLIN ; Syst., p. 3216. PENNANT;
Brit. ZooL, iv. 157, t. 43, f. 2. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 23. DONOVAN ; Brit.
Shells, ii. pi. 62, 69. CHEMN.; viii. 369, t 102, f. 872-874. TDRTON; Brit.
JB»»., 6. Conch. Diet., 146. Lin. Trans., viii. 32. HUTCH., Dorset Catal.,

28 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

27, t. 3, f. 4. WOOD; Gen. Conch., 81, pi. 15, f. 3-5. Index, pi. 2, f. 5.

DILLWYN; CataL, 40. DESHAYES; Encyc. M6th., Fers, iii. 754, pi. 109,

f. 5, 7. LAM.; An. sans Vert., vi. 46. SCHROET.; Einl. in Conch., iii.

541, No. 6.

Pholas bifrons, DA COSTA ; Brit. Conch., 243, t. 16, f. 4.
Pholas latus, LISTER ; Conch., t. 436, f. 279, and Append., t. 10, f. 3.

Shell oblong-oval, thick and strong, rounded posteriorly, nar-
rowed anteriorly into a sort of beak ; widely gaping at both ends,
the valves touching each other only at two points, viz. the hinge,
and the middle of the base. Exterior surface marked with
numerous coarse, concentric ridges, which become lamellar on
the anterior half ; the laminae are strongly toothed on their free
edge, and the teeth are disposed in radiating series. The valves
are divided into two nearly equal portions by a broad channel
running from the beaks to the middle of the base. Interior
smooth, showing the external furrow, the upper and anterior edge
turned outwards so as to present large, smooth callosities over
the beaks. The process from within the cavity of the beaks is
large, narrow, and a little flattened at the tip. Length 2 inches,
height 1J inch.

A very perfect specimen of this shell is in the cabinet of Dr. S. Bass,
which was found at Phillips's Beach. Young specimens were found in
hard clay at Phillips's Beach by Mr. Joseph True. They differ princi-
pally in gaping only anteriorly. Full grown valves are occasionally
thrown up on all our beaches ; but it is more common at the South, as
along the shores of New Jersey. When alive, a membranous expan-
sion covers the superior border of the shell,

FAMILY SOLENACEJl, LAM.

Shell transversely elongated, without accessory pieces, and gaping only at
the ends.

GENUS SOLEN, LIN.

Shell equivalve, elongated, sides nearly parallel, gaping at both
ends ; beaks very small, terminal ; cardinal teeth small, rounded,
variable.

SOLEN ENSIS.

Shell six times as long as high, curved, front and back parallel,
smooth, yellowish-green ; hinge with one tooth and a sharp lateral

SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. SOLECURTUS. 29

plate of one valve entering between two teeth and a double plate of
the other.

State Coll., No. 241. Soc. Cab., No. 1709.

Solen ensis, LIN. ; Syst. JVta., 1114. PENNANT ; Brit. Zool., t. 45, f. 22. CHEMN. ;

Conch., vi. t. 4, f. 30. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 48. DRUG. ; Encyc. Mith., pi.

223, f. 2, 3. TURTON ; Conch Diet., ICO. Jirit. Biv., p. 83. WOOD ; Gen.

Conch., pi. 28, f. 1, 2. Index, pi. 3, f. G. LAM.; An. sans Vert., vi. 55.

CONKAI. ; M.irine Conch., pi. 5, f. 1. DONOVAN; £n*. SAe/k, pi. 50. MATOK

and RACKETT; Lm. Trans., viii. 44.
Solen curvus, LISTER; Conch., t. 411, f. 257.

Shell scabbard-shaped ; about six times as long as high, the
ends rounded, the front and back nearly parallel, white within, and
covered without by a glossy, yellowish or brownish-green epider-
mis, which folds over the sharp edge of the shell. On the sur-
face is a triangle of lines marking the termination of the longer
side at the successive stages of growth ; hinge at one end ; on
one valve is a single tooth from which a rib or plate extends to
the ligament ; on the other valve are two teeth, and a double
plate receiving those of the opposite valve between them ; the
terminations of the two ribs rise up in a curved manner and cross
each other like teeth, when not broken off, as they usually are.
Length of a good specimen 6 inches, height 1 inch.

This well-known shell is found on both shores of the Atlantic.
It lives on sandy beaches near low-water mark, as at Chelsea, Na-
hant, and Nantasket beaches, and about Newburyport, Nantucket,
&c. It is displaced by heavy storms, and thrown up by the tide.
It may often be seen projecting a little above the level of the sand,
but, if touched or disturbed, it descends with astonishing rapidity
and force, muchto the amazement of him who may lay hold of it,
thinking to make an easy capture.

The animal is cylindrical, too long for the shell, and is often used
as an article of food under the name of long clam, razor-fish, knife-
handle, &c. These names are enough to suggest an idea of the
shell to any one who is not already familiar with it.

GEMJS SOLECURTUS, BLAINV.

Shell transverse, elongated, equivalve, the beaks small, sub-
central, margins nearly parallel, ends abruptly rounded ; hinge

30 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

with two or three cardinal teeth in each valve ; ligament prominent,
seated on thick callosities ; palleal impression with a very deep
sinus.

The above generic definition will include all the shells originally
embraced in the genus by Blainville, except those of his first di-
vision, — " shells compressed, thin, with an interior rib passing
from the beaks to the basal margin." An acquaintance with the
animal has shown the necessity of subdividing his genus. Mr.
Sowerby proposes to limit it to the species having the interior
bar. But Deshayes, in his edition of Lamarck, has already limit-
ed the genus to shells of a different type ; and it would, therefore,
seem most proper that any new name which may be given should
be applied to other forms. I have, therefore, separated those
with the interior bar and other peculiarities for a new genus.

If we adopt Deshayes' modification of the genus, so that it shall
include only such as are transversely oblong-oval, covered with
obliquely undulating striae, the hinge central, &c., we shall still
have another group left, of shells equally distinct in character by
their sub-cylindrical, somewhat arched form, compressed at base,
the extremities abruptly and usually obliquely rounded, the beaks
near the posterior end, the parallel sinus very deep, &c., answer-
ing, in fact, to Mr. Conrad's sub-genus CULTELLUS. This would,
of course, assume the rank of a genus in case the correctness of
the above views should be acknowledged.

Deshayes says, that the animal of S. Caribous, legumen, &c.,
approaches closely to that of the true Solen. But, as the genus
Solen now admits only shells with terminal beaks, they must still
be arranged under Solecurtus.

SOLECU'RTUS (Cultellus) CARIBOUS.

Shell sub-cylindrical, thick, rounded posteriorly, obliquely trun-
cated anteriorly ; beaks nearest the posterior extremity.

State Coll., No. 224. Soc. Cab., No. 14.

LISTER ; Conch., t. 421. f. 265.
Solen Guinee'nsis, CHEMN. ; Conch., xi. t. 198, f. 1937. DILLWYN; Catal., 62,

No. 13. BRUG. ; Encyc. Mtth., pi. 225. f. 1.
Solen Caribous, LAM.; An. sans Vert., vi. 58.
Solecu'rtus Caribous, CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch,, 4, f. 3.

80LENACEA. MOLLUSCA. SOLECURTUS. 31

Shell oblong, transverse, very slightly curved, thick and strong,
the upper and lower margins nearly parallel ; beaks obtuse and
slightly elevated, nearest the posterior end ; this side is narrow-
est, rounded at the extremity, and having an obtuse ridge running
obliquely backwards from the beaks ; anterior extremity ob-
liquely truncated or abruptly rounded ; basal margin somewhat
compressed ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the stages of growth,
and on its disc are a few short, deep, straight scratches from the
beaks towards the base ; the whole covered by a dense and strong
yellowish epidermis, which folds over the edge. Hinge with two
awl-shaped cardinal teeth in each valve, curved, ascending :
behind them is a thick rounded callus, on which the ligament is
fixed. Interior white, thickened ; palleal impression with a sinus
which passes beyond the beaks. Length 4 inches, height 1J
inch, breadth 1 inch.

Found in Buzzard's Bay, at New Bedford and in its vicinity,
occasionally, which seems to be its northern limit.

It cannot be mistaken for any other of our shells.

SOLECU'RTUS (Cultellus) FRA'GILIS.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, arcuated, equilateral, with a red-
dish stripe from the beaks passing a little backwards, designating
the place of an obsolete rib within ; epidermis yellowish.

State Coll., No. 242. Soc. Cab., No. 2317.

Solen fragilis, PULTENEY ; Dorset Catal., 28. pi. 4, f. 5. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit.,
51. Suppl., 26. PENNANT; Brit. Zool.,\v. 174. WOOD; Gen. ConcA., 126. pi.
29, f. 4, 5. Index, pi. 3. f. 11. DILLWYN ; CotoZ., 65. FLEMING; Brit.
Anim., 460.

Solecurtus fragilis, CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 19, pi. 4, f. 1.

Solen centralis, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii. 316.

Psammobia tteniata, TURTON ; Brit. Biv., 85, pi. 8, f. 5.

Shell small and delicate, much broader than high, sub-oval ;
beaks not prominent, nearly central ; the upper and lower margins
curved, nearly parallel, the posterior end being, however, some-
what more sharply rounded than the anterior ; when viewed at
the back, the shell has a peculiar compressed appearance. Sur-
face smooth at the central region, and somewhat wrinkled at the
ends ; with a remarkable band of reddish purple passing from the

32 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

beaks across the shell, growing wider and fainter in its progr-ess ;
some fainter and broader radiations may also be seen in old shells,
when the epidermis is removed. Epidermis straw-colored, or
becoming fawn-colored, slightly wrinkled posteriorly. Within,
livid, smooth, and shining, becoming thickened by age. The red
stripe is visible within, and covered by a faint, rib-like thickening.
Hinge of two large, ascending teeth on each valve, one of
which, on the left valve, grows broad and is emarginate at tip.
Length 1-J inch, height ± inch, width -%\ inch.

This, like the preceding species, is occasionally found at New Bed-
ford, and other places in Buzzard's Bay. It is rather common about
Rhode Island. I have never met with a specimen north of Cape Cod ;
though, if our shell be identical with the S. frdgilis of British writers, it
is found on the Canada coasts. It differs from the fragile specimens
known in British Cabinets, simply in growing to a much larger size,
and becoming thick and strong.

GENUS MACHJERA, GOULD.

Shell transversely oblong-oval, compressed, inequilateral, mod-
erately gaping', beaks minute. Hinge with three diverging car-
dinal teeth in the left valve, the middle one bifid, the third one
compressed, delicate, talcing the direction of the margin, or obso-
lete ; on the right valve two, entering between those of the opposite
valve. Within, usually crossed by a strong, longitudinal rib.
Muscular impressions joined by a deeply sinuous palleal line.
Ligament prominent.

Animal not much larger than the shell ; lobes of the mantle
united for about half their length, the whole of their margin pecti-
nated with fleshy teeth from near the siphon to the hinge, except
where they pass over the foot ; similar bodies are also found
along their inner sub-margin, near the siphon. Labial palpi long,
extending quite across the foot, pointed. Branchiae extending to
the opening of the siphon and embracing about half the breadth
of the foot. Foot hatchet-shaped, dilating towards its extremity,
which is obliquely truncated. .. Siphons united to their tips, which
have scattered hairs. (WOOD-CUT of M. costata, see page 24.)

The above is the description of the animal of M. costata. It

SOLENACI \. MOLLUSCA. SOLECURTUS. 33

differs from Deshayes' description of the animal of SOLECU'RTUS
stri<rillatus, in some obvious particulars. He makes no mention
of the fringe of fleshy teeth along the margin of the mantle, which
are so remarkable, and which are probably retractile. The bran-
chiae do not enter the siphon ; — the foot is not tongue-shaped, but
somewhat club-shaped, and bent at a right angle within the shell ;
and the siphons are united entirely to their extremities, though
the branchial is slightly more elongated than the anal siphon.

This genus embraces, besides the two species here described,
the Sohn radidtusy LIN., (Solecurtus lucidus, Conrad,) SOLEN
marimus, WOOD, (Solecurtus Nuttallii,Comad,) SOLEN inflexus,
WOOD, and S. pellucidus of Europe. These accord with our
shells in all respects, except that the third tooth of the left valve
in some of them, is replaced by a marginal elevation simply.
They differ in their ovate and compressed form from SOLE-
CU'RTUS, and especially do they differ from sub-genus CUL-
TE'LLUS by having the beaks placed anteriorly. The sinus of the
palleal impression usually extends about half way to the hinge.

MACH^E'RA NI'TIDA.

Shell slightly recurved, thick, white, undulated by the lines of
growth, covered with a strong, greenish-yellow, shining epidermis,
corrugated at the posterior extremity.

FIGURES 25, 26.
State Coll., No. 240. Soc. Cab., No. 1717.

Shell thick, white, oblong-ovate, beaks small, situated at the
anterior fifth of the shell, narrowed behind, rounded at both ex-
tremities ; the posterior hinge margin is straight and somewhat
compressed, and the basal margin being at the same time regularly
curved gives the shell a somewhat recurved aspect. Epidermis
thick, shining, as if varnished, of a dusky greenish-yellow or dark-
gamboge color, wrinkled obliquely at the posterior extremity, and
projecting beyond and folding around the edge of the shell.
Lines of growth broadly and prominently rounded, giving a wavy
appearance. Within white and strengthened by a prominent rib,
which, extending from the beaks, inclining very slightly backwards,
and expanding, loses itself in the shell about half way across the
5

34 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

valve. Hinge having the teeth seated upon the base of the rib ;
in the left valve three ; the first strong, ascending and curved, the
second still stronger and widely branched, one branch being erect,
the other nearly prostrate, the third very much compressed,
delicate, at right angles with the first and directed parallel to the
margin, just under the ligament ; on the other valve two teeth, the
first prominent, a little oblique, the other very thin and oblique,
entering between the middle and last tooth of the opposite valve.
Ligament quite protuberant. Height 1£ inch, length 2£ inches,
width •§ inch.

Not unfrequently taken from the stomachs of cod-fish caught on
the Banks, and sometimes off our shores.

This species differs from all its co-species by the inclination of the
rib towards the longer side of the shell, and also by its apparent back-
ward curvature. It is, however, very closely allied to the shells
figured by Wood and Conrad.

It is very rare to find all the teeth entire. The two thin teeth next
the ligament are almost always broken ; but a careful examination
will discover their vestiges ; and they never seem to be obsolete.
The erect tooth of the left valve is not unfrequently broken, and per-
haps one of the branches of the bifurcated tooth. The large tooth of
the right valve is most constant.

MACH^E'RA COSTA'TA.

Shell thin, smooth, shining; epidermis greenish, zoned and

radiated with livid-violaceous ; internal rib inclining forward.

i

FIGURE, see Wood-cut, page 24.
State Coll., No. 239. Soc. Cab., No. 1716.

Solen cost&tus, SAY; Journ. Acad.Nat. Sc.,\i. 315.

Solecurtus costatus, SAY; Amer. Conch., p\. 18. CONRAD; Jlmcr. Mar. Conch.,
21, pi. 4, f. 2.

Shell ovate-elliptical, thin, fragile, smooth, and diaphanous ;
beaks very minute, placed at the anterior fourth of the shell ; pos-
terior side very little pointed, its upper margin compressed and
somewhat crested ; basal margin sometimes a little contracted ;
elsewhere regularly arcuated. Epidermis very smooth and shin-
ing, of a light yellowish-green color blended with livid-violaceous

SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. SOLEMYA. 35

in such a manner as to form three radiated compartments of each
color. There are minute wrinkles about the posterior extremity,
and minute series of them across the middle of the shell, arranged
so as to appear like radiating lines. Within livid, and somewhat
iridescent. Rib white, inclining backwards, and extending about
two thirds across the valves. Teeth as in the preceding species,
excepting that the branch of the bifurcated tooth is less prostrate.
The same remark as to their deficiencies applies to this species as
to the other. Height £ inch, length -f7 inch, width T\ inch.

Found abundantly upon every sandy beach, and probably
inhabits the sand in shallow water. It is one of our most beauti-
ful shells. It is much more delicate and smaller than M. nitidus.
The radiations of color are evident, but have no very distinct
dividing lines ; a whitish, narrow ray, running obliquely backwards,
and another answering to the interior rib, are generally conspicu-
ous. The colors are also arranged in zones, as well as rays.

GENUS SOLEMYA, LAM.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse ; epidermis thick and
shining, projecting far beyond the margin ; beaks inconspicuous ;
hinge margin widened and excavated to form a receptacle for a
cartilagCj usually resting on a rib-like support.

SOLEMYA VELUM.

Shell oblong, very thin and fragile ; epidermis pale yellowish-
brotvn, marked ivith radiating lines; within purplish-white; car-
tilage-support arched, the points directed across the shell.

State Coll., No. 222. Soc. Cab., No., 1738.

Solemyva velum, SAY ; Journ. dead. JYaf. Sc., ii. 317.

Shell remarkably thin and fragile, transversely oblong, rather
broadest behind ; very inequilateral, upper and lower margins
nearly parallel, ends rounded ; beaks in no degree elevated, but
having a slight pit in front of them ; surface of the valves radiated
with about fifteen slightly impressed, double lines, most conspicu-
ous posteriorly, and most widely separated across the middle ;
short end distinctly wrinkled by the lines of growth ; epidermis
light yellowish-brown or chestnut-color, firm, elastic, glossy, at

36 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the hinge margin connecting the valves together for nearly their
whole length, and elsewhere projecting far beyond the margin of the
calcareous portion, and slit at each of the radiating lines, whence
the edges have a ragged, fringed appearance, the angles of the
lobes rounded ; hinge toothless, consisting of a large triangular re-
ceptacle for the cartilage, in each valve, resting on, and partly
inclosed by, a whitish bony support, arched beneath, the legs of
the arch partly inclosing the anterior muscular impression, and the
hinder branch directed nearly across the shell. Length 1 inch,
height | inch, breadth T\ inch.

Found upon Chelsea, Nahant, Nantasket, and other sandy
beaches, generally in the early months, and some years in great
abundance. At Dartmouth harbour, Professor Adams found them
in mud, far beyond low-water mark.

It is an exceedingly delicate and curious shell ; its epidermis, hang-
ing over the edges like a veil, at once distinguishing it. The dimen-
sions, given above, include the epidermis, and are those of a shell of
the largest size. In the younger stages the border of the epidermis
is entire. The bony substance of the valves is so thin, that the lighter-
colored radiations are quite obvious within.

Its special distinguishing marks will be more particularly pointed
out in the description of the next species.

SOLEMYA BOREA'LIS.

Shell fragile, oblong ; epidermis darJc-brown, with fifteen to
twenty lighter radiating lines; within , grayish-blue ; cartilage-
support forked, the hinder branch directed obliquely forwards.

State Coll., No. 221. Soc. Cab., No. 1739.

Solemy^a borealis, TOTTEN ; Sillimaris Journ., xxvi. 366, fig. 1.
Solem/a velum, CONRAD ; Amcr. Mar. Conch., pi. 66, f. 16.

This shell would be described in terms so similar to those em-
ployed for the preceding species, that a notice of those points in
which they differ will be the best description.

It greatly excels in size, — the smallest that has been noticed
exceeding the largest £ velum. The valves are less convex,
and very much more solid, and their color within is always a
grayish-blue or lead-color ; the basal margin is a little arched up-
wards ; the ends are a little scolloped, there being a slight pro-

SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. PANOP-EA. 37

jection corresponding to each fissure of the epidermis ; the
cartilage-support instead of being arched is forked, and the hinder
branch is directed obliquely forwards, extending half way to the
anterior margin ; the epidermis is always of a very dark brown
or tar-color, marked with fifteen to twenty radiating lines ; the
projecting margin is slashed as in the other species, but the angles
of the lobes are not rounded, their edges have a thinned, crimped
margin, and are usually rolled back.

Chelsea Beach is the only locality in Massachusetts, that I know of,
where this species has been found. A very large and perfect speci-
men was found there by Mr. J. P. Couthouy, and is now in the cabinet
of the Boston Society of Natural History. Colonel Totten found it in
considerable numbers in the vicinity of Newport.

Only two other species of this genus have been described ; the
S. Mediterranea from the Mediterranean, which is distinguished from
all the others by wanting the callous supports of the cartilage, and the
S. australis from New Holland, which has the size and strength of
S. borealis, and the color of S. velum. A notch in the hinge margin
behind the cartilage is also spoken of, which we do not find in S. bo-
realis. It is not a little remarkable that a genus embracing so few
species should be so widely distributed.

GENUS PANOP^A, MENARD.

Shell equivalve, transverse, unequally gaping at the sides and at
the base ; a small, conical tooth on each valve, and a rounded cal-
losity at each side to which the ligament is affixed.

PANOP-E'A ARCTICA.

Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical, strong, widely gaping at both
ends, rounded anteriorly, truncated posteriorly, traversed by two
radiating, wave-like ridges, which divide the surface into three
nearly equal portions.

FIGURE 27.
State Coll., No. 236. Soc. Cab., No. 1720.

Glycy'meris arctica, LAM.; An. sans Vert., vi.70.

Shell thick and strong, oblong, somewhat cylindrical, inequi-
lateral, the posterior portion being nearly twice the length of the

38 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

anterior ; somewhat acutely rounded before, obliquely truncated
and widely gaping behind, the posterior margin thickened within
and turning outwards ; the hinge and basal margins are usually
about parallel, but in old shells the lower and posterior angle is
considerably prolonged, so as to render this portion broadest ; and
it is the only point at which the valves meet, the rest of the base
widely gaping ; beaks rather prominent, directed slightly forwards,
and from them extend two broad, wave-like ridges, one directed
to the lower posterior angle, the other dividing the portion anterior
to this into two nearly equal parts, so that the surface is thus di-
vided into three triangular, concave compartments ; surface also
ridged at the stages of growth. Directly under the beak in each
valve is a single small, triangular tooth ; these shut side by side ;
running backwards from each of them, along the margin, is a thick,
rounded, crest-like callus, having a groove at its external base in
which a strong ligament is fixed, which arches over these crests.
Muscular impressions deep ; palleal impressions looking like an
irregular series of muscular pits of various sizes ; interior smooth
and shining, corresponding to the external undulations ; exterior
antiquated, livid. Length 2-J inches, height 1-f inch, breadth
l_i_ to 1T%- inch.

Inhabits the Banks of Newfoundland, whence it is brought
by fishermen. x

I believe this to be the shell which Lamarck intended by his Glycy'm-
eris drctica, and which Deshayes, with good reason, pronounces to be
a PANOPJEA. I am aware that the P. Aldrovdndi varies much at dif-
ferent ages, and has consequently been described under several names.
It is also said to be an inhabitant of Newfoundland, while Lamarck
gives the " Arctic Ocean, the White Sea," as the habitat of P. drc-
tica. But P. Aldrovdndi never presents upon the disc the two ridges
and intervening central valley, so characteristic of our shell ; it is also
nearly equilateral, broadest before, and the anterior extremity is scarce-
ly more rounded than the posterior, and even at the immense size, to
which that species often arrives, it is scarcely more thickened than our
small shell, which, indeed, bears evidence of entire maturity. The
" costis duabus obtusis," and the remark, that " externally it resembles
Mya truncata" are enough to identify the shell. A single valve would
be passed over as the toothless valve of Mya truncata.

SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. GLYCYMERIS. 39

It is an interesting shell on account of the genus being found plenti-
fully on both continents in a fossil state, while recent specimens are
so rare.

GENUS GLYCYMERIS, LAM.

Shell transverse, inequilateral, greatly gaping above and below ;
hinge margin callous, without a tooth ; ligament external, epider-
mis thick, extending beyond the margin of the shell.

GLYCY'MERIS SILIQUA.

Shell transversely oval; epidermis black, dense, and shining, ob-
liquely wrinkled ; beaks eroded ; interior loaded with thick callus.

State Coll., No. 235. Soc. Cab., No. 1721.

Mya siliqua, CHEMN. ; Conch., xi. 192, pi. 198, f. 1934. DILLWYN ; CataL, i. 49.

Glycy'tneris incrassata, LAM. ; Syst. des An, sans Vert., 126.

Glycy'meris siliqua, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 69. BLAINV. ; Malacol., pi. 80, f. 3.
AUDOCIN ; Ann. des Sc. Nat., 1833, pi. 14, 15, 16, (excellent.) SOWERBY; Gen-
era, No. 8.

Mya picea, WOOD j Gen. Conch., 96, pi. 22, f. 5. Index, pi. 2, f. 10.

Shell oval, ponderous, widely gaping, surface undulated at the
different stages of growth ; covered with a thick, horny, glossy-
black epidermis, which projects a considerable distance beyond
the limit of the valves ; it is obliquely wrinkled at various parts,
especially at the posterior end ; beaks not prominent, always more
or less eroded ; ligament large and protuberant ; interior of the
shell white, loaded with a very thick mass of calcareous substance,
giving the shell great weight, its margin having a somewhat fringed
arrangement. Length 1| inch, breadth 3| inches.

Its proper habitat is the Banks of Newfoundland ; but several
fine specimens have been hooked up or dredged in the neighbour-
hood of Provincetown, within Cape Cod.

It is a very interesting shell, the only one of the genus yet known.
Its wide gaping, thick interior deposit, toothless hinge, and black ex-
terior, render it impossible to confound it with any other shell. The
great size of the animal, which the shell can never enclose, renders it
a welcome morsel for that denizen of the Banks, the cod-fish ; and,

40 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

accordingly, it is not difficult to obtain specimens through the fishermen.
In young shells the epidermis is smooth, and of a light chestnut-
color.

FAMILY MYARIA.

Shell often inequivalve, inequilateral, gaping ; hinge with an erect, more or
less spoon-shaped tooth in one valve, received into a corresponding excavation
in the opposite valve, united by an interposed cartilage.

GENUS MY A, Lm.

Shell transverse, gaping at both ends; left valve with a single
broad, compressed, erect tooth, received into a pit in the opposite
valve.

MYA ARENA' RIA.

Shell transversely ovate, chalky-white, covered with a thin,
wrinkled epidermis ; tooth of equal length and breadth, inclined
a little backwards and inwards, with an oblique rib on the back.

State Coll., No. 234. Soc. Cab., No. 1722.

Mya arenaria, LIN. ; Syst. JVa«., 1112. PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, iv. 79, t. 42,
f. 16. CHEMN; Conch., vi. 10, t. 1, f. 3, 4. FABR. ; Fauna Grcenl., 405.
DILLWYN; CataL, i. 42. DRUG., Encyc. Mtth., pi. 229, f. 1 to 8. BLAINV. ;
MalacoL pi. 77, f. 1. SOWERBY; Genera, No. 32. MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 30.
WOOD; Gen. Conch., 91, t. 17, f. 3. Index, pi. 2. f. 2. DESHAYES; Encyc.
Meth., Vers, ii. 592, pi. 229, f. 1. LAM. ; Jin. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), vi. 74.
MATON and RACKETT; Lin. Trans., viii. 35. ,TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 98. Brit.
Biv., 32. DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, t. 85. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim. 463. CON-
RAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 42, pi. 9, f. 1.

Mya mercenaria, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 313.

Mya acuta, SAY ; Ibid.

Shell ovate, equivalve, nearly equilateral, moderately thick,
gaping at both ends, especially at the posterior, which cannot be
closed on account of an outward curvature of the valves ; an-
teriorly shortest and regularly rounded ; posteriorly narrowed and
rounded ; surface wrinkled, and in some parts raised into ridges
at the lines of growth ; faint radiating lines and colors depart
from the beaks ; color dingy-white, covered with a very thin,
dirty-brown epidermis, irregularly wrinkled ; beaks small, pointed,

MYARIA. MOLLUSCA. MYA. 41

slightly curved forwards, directly under which, in the left valve,
rises an erect tooth, rounded at its summit, of about equal breadth
and height ; its inner face is smooth and rounded ; its outer face
is divided into two portions, the largest of which is spoon-shaped,
the other flat and traversed across the middle by a grooved ridge
which projects beyond the margin of the tooth like a smaller tooth ;
on the right valve we have a deep excavation imbedded in the
cavity of the beak ; in this and in the concave portion of the
tooth is fixed the very strong cartilage ; anterior muscular im-
pression narrow and long, club-shaped ; posterior one semi-oval ;
palleal impression scolloped along the base, and very deeply
notched behind. Common length 3| inches, height 2 inches,
breadth 1 inch. I have a specimen, the corresponding dimen-
sions of which are 5J, 3T4^, 2^ inches.

This shell (the Clam) is familiar to every one who resides on the
sea-coast. It is always to be seen in every market, and on every quiet
shore. Its residence is always between high and low tide, or in such
places as allow it to be partially exposed to the air a part of the time.
Such are our sandy beaches, muddy inlets, and mouths of streams
emptying into the sea, &c. It usually lies just below the surface,
and over it is a round hole through which the animal occasionally
ejects a jet of water to a considerable height above the sand ; and, if
the shallow water is observed where they are known to dwell, it will
be perceived to be kept in constant eddies by the suction and ejection
of the water. The value of the clam as an article of food, in the
fisheries, and for manure, will be spoken of elsewhere.

There seems to be no character which affords any ground for sep-
arating our shell from the European clam. Mr. Say, as he merely refers
to Pennant's figure, had probably never seen a specimen from the other
shore of the Atlantic. A comparison would certainly have saved him
from the error of describing it as a new species. Nor can I believe
there is any occasion to make two species, the mercenaria and acitta,
as he has done. His acitta was formed from a specimen in which the
posterior extremity was very acute ; but in this part we find great
diversity of proportions in different specimens.

It seems not to be a common shell at the British Islands, and to be
seldom used as food there.

Its surface is often colored by the earth in which it is found. Very
often it has a rusty color, or a bluish clay-color ; and the solidity of
6

42 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the shell varies according to its exposure to the chafing of the sea.
Some specimens, obtained in the still, sandy harbour of Provincetown,
are very white, and nearly as thin as paper.

In the young shell the valves are quite unequal, and the tooth is
produced towards the longer side, so as to be somewhat triangular. I
have compared shells in this state, a third of an inch in length, with
specimens of SPHENIA Swainsbni, TURT., and can find no differences
in the hinge, and none in the shell, unless that perhaps the latter may
be a little thinner, and proportionally longer than the former.

MYA TRUNCA'TA.

Shell oblong-oval-, inequilateral, rounded anteriorly^ truncated
posteriorly ; icidely gaping ; tooth broader than long.

State Coll., No. 233. Soc. Cab., No. 2319.

Mya trunckta, LIN. ; Syst. Nat., 1112. Gmel. No. 1. FABR.; Fauna Gr«enZ.,404.
PENNANT; Prit. Zoo/., iv. pi. 41, f. 14. CHEMN. Conch., vi. 8, tab. 1, f. 1, 2.
MONTAGU; Test. Brit.^ 32. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 35. WOOD;
Gen. Conch., 90, t. 17, f. 1,2. Index, pi. 2, f. 1. DILLWYN ; CataL, i. 42. DES-
HAYES ; Encyc. Mith., Vers, ii. 501, pi. 229, f. 2 to 6. DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells,
pi. 92. LAM., An. sans Vert. vi. 73. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 97. Brit. Biv., 31.
LISTER ; Conch., t. 428, f. 269. GUALT. ; Test., t. 91, f. D. BROOKE ; Jntrod.,
pi. 1, f. 10.

Shell oblong, inequilateral, longest and rounded before, nar-
rower and abruptly cut off, generally obliquely, behind ; the valves
are strong, deeply concave and often unequal, but sometimes the
right valve, and sometimes the left, is most prolonged ; surface
irregularly ridged along the lines of growth ; color dingy white,
covered with a thick, tough, yellowish, wrinkled epidermis,
which folds over the edges of the shell, and is greatly prolonged
postefiorly, forming a tube six or eight inches long, supplying in
some measure the apparent loss of protection to the animal by the
truncation of the shell. The truncated edges are a little flaring,
and the shell is left wide open behind ; beaks moderately promi-
nent, turning slightly forwards ; teeth broader than long, projecting
a little inwards ; inner face smooth, and nearly flat ; outer face
similar to that of M. arenaria, but the oblique rib merely forms a
thickened lobe at the edge, and does not project into a tooth-like
process ; on the opposite valve is an excavation in the beak for

MYARIA. MOLLUSCA. CORBULA. 43

the reception of the tooth, and insertion of the ligament. Length
2J inches, height l-fv inch, breadth II inch.

Single valves of this shell are thrown upon our beaches by violent
gales ; but I have never heard of any living specimen being taken
directly on our coast. At St. George's and Grand Banks, however, it
is abundant, and is a favorite food of the cod-fish, from whose stomachs
it is taken plentifully by our fishermen. On the English coast it is
spoken of as more plentiful than M. arendria, found at the mouths of
rivers. It is not mentioned as an article of food.

It is very easily recognised by the peculiar manner in which the
posterior end seems to be chopped off; sometimes directly across, and
sometimes obliquely ; sometimes leaving the posterior portion of about
the same length as the anterior, and at other times not half so long. Its
membranous tube, when not broken off by the removal of the animal,
as it usually is, is quite a curiosity. There is one shell which at first
sight resembles it, the Panopc^a drctica ; but it is gaping at both
ends, and has no tooth.

GENUS CORBULA, LAM.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral; hinge with a small, upright,
conical tooth in each valve, one received into a pit by the side of the
other; cartilage between the teeth.

CO'RBULA CONTRA'CTA.

Shell small, white, valves sub-equal, covered with numerous con-
centric, elevated lines ; rounded before, somewhat acute behind;
basal margin contracted at the middle.

FIGURE 37.

State Coll., No. 218. Soc. Cab., No. 1742.

Corbula contracta, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 312.

Shell small, ovate-globose, white, nearly equilateral, shortest
and rounded before, narrowed and somewhat pointed behind,
basal margin contracted and arched near the middle ; surface
beautifully plaited with regular, smooth, rounded, concentric
ridges ; beaks rather prominent, inclined forwards ; a distinct
angular ridge running from them to the posterior extremity de-
fines a broad rhomboidal space ; left valve nearly as large and

44 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

convex as the right, though still shutting considerably within it.
Hinge tooth slender, erect ; within smooth ; impressions very
faint. Length f inch, height J inch, breadth J inch.

Found at Martha's Vineyard, in the neighbourhood of New
Bedford, &c. It is abundant about Rhode Island, and is also an
inhabitant of the coasts of Georgia and East Florida.

This species is remarkable for the equality of its valves ; but still
they are unequal enough to attract notice at once. The regular and
beautifully rounded ribs are also quite characteristic. It bears a close
resemblance to Cumingia tellinoides in its exterior.

GENUS PANDORA, BRUG.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, pearly within • right valve flat,
left valve convex ; hinge with two diverging teeth in the fiat valve
and corresponding grooves in the opposite one.

PANDO'RA TRILINEA'TA.

Shell oblong-ovate, rounded before, and with a recurved beak
behind. Along the posterior hinge margin of both valves run two
rough, elevated, radiating lines.

State Coll., No. 217. Soc. Cab., No. 1745.

Pandora trilineata, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 261. Amer. Conch., pi. 2.
CONRAD; Amer. Mar. Conch., 49, pi. 11, f. 1. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 147.
Pandora nasuta, SOWERBY; Species Conch. , f. 18,19.

Shell pearly-white, ovate, inequilateral, the anterior side broad
and regularly rounded, about half the length of the posterior side,
which has the hinge margin flattened, straight, or somewhat con-
cave, the edge of the flat valve shutting over the edge of the con-
vex valve, and terminating in a recurved or ascending tip, its
points coarsely wrinkled, irregular, and slightly gaping ; the ante-
rior portion of the basal margin has a depending or pouch-like
appearance ; the upper edge is margined by two wrinkled, round-
ed lines radiating from the beaks, most obvious on the convex
valve ; surface wrinkled with undulating lines of growth, and with
very faint radiating lines ; sometimes there is a slightly impressed
line passing from the beak to the middle of the base. Hinge in

OSTEODESMACEA. MOLLUSCA. OSTEODESMA. 45

the left or convex valve with three diverging teeth, the anterior
one much the longest and strongest, the middle one very delicate,
the third is rather a thickening of the posterior margin, with a
ledge in it for the reception of a tooth in the opposite valve.
Right or flat valve with two teeth, one short, triangular, strong,
directed across the shell, the other long, inclined to the posterior
hinge margin. Within iridescent ; muscular impressions rounded,
connected by a series of about a dozen rough spots for the adhe-
sion of the mantle. Length l^\ inch, height T7^ inch, breadth
j inch, nearly.

Found about the sandy regions of Cape Cod, and not unfre-
quently discovered adhering to oysters in the market. Dr. J. W.
Mighels of Portland, Maine, has taken it by dredging in Casco
Bay. Mr. Say found it as far south as Florida.

This is a very curious shell, easily recognised by its pearly sub-
stance, its flat valve, and its upward curved tip. From all other spe-
cies yet described it is distinguished by the two lines bordering its
posterior hinge margin. Mr. Say has figured a small young speci-
men; the rostrated -tip is represented as too slender, as is also the
whole shell, and the pouch-like appearance of the posterior base is
not sufficiently indicated for adult shells. There is often a good deal
of contortion and irregularity in the shape of the shell.

FAMILY

Shell transverse, inequilateral, inequivalve, fragile, somewhat pearly, slightly
gaping at one end; hinge with a thickening, or spoon-shaped process, to which
the ligament is attached, usually supported within by an ossiculum.

There seems a propriety in separating from the family Myaria
some of the genera formerly included under it. The delicate
and pearly fabric of the shell, and the presence of the little ir-
regularly shaped bone resting against the hinge within, are well-
marked characters. These shells attain to a considerable size,
and live in the sand about low-water mark.

GENUS OSTEODESMA, DESH.

Shell inequivalve, subtriangular, fragile, pearly ; hinge having
a narrow ledge within each valve, to which the ligament is attached,
and against which adheres a four-sided ossiculum.

46 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

In the course of the reformations- recently made in the in-
definite genus ANATINA of Lamarck, this natural group of shells
has received several generic appellations. A genus was instituted
by Leach, to receive the old MYA Norvegica, which he called
MAGDALA ; and, still later, Scacchi has named it PANDOR'INA.
Perhaps I may be censured for breaking, in this instance, the
salutary rule, that the oldest published name should take prece-
dence of all others. The genus LYONSIA of Turton certainly
preceded that of OSTEODESMA, and so, I think, did MAGDALA.
But the name OSTEODESMA is so well chosen, and is so well
made known in the recent edition of Lamarck's work, being,
moreover, the type of the natural family Osteodesmacea, that I
cannot refrain from giving it the preference.

OSTEODESMA HYALI'NA.

Shell sub-ovate, fragile, pearly, translucent, inequilateral ; elon-
gated, compressed and truncated posteriorly ; covered with radiating
wrinkles ; ossiculum a truncated wedge.

FIGURE 10.

State Coll., No. 220. Soc. Cab., No. 250.

Mya hyallna, CONRAD ; Journ. Acad. JVaf. Sc., vi. 261, pi. 11, f. 12.
Lyonsia hyalina, CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 51, pi. 11, f. 2.
Osteodesma hyalina, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. JVaf. Hist., ii. 166.

Shell elongated, subovate, thin, fragile, pearly, translucent, in-
equilateral, the posterior side much the longest, narrowed, closely
compressed at the end, but slightly truncated, so as to gape a
little ; posterior superior margin a straight line, and compressed ;
the remaining outline regularly rounded ; beaks prominent, inclin-
ing forwards ; region of the beaks tumid and smooth ; a broad
marginal portion is covered with a thin membranous epidermis
projecting beyond the edge, and wrought into regular wrinkles,
radiating from the beaks ; these wrinkles are minutely fringed so
as to entangle grains of sand, by which the surface is sometimes
entirely coated. The hinge consists of a delicate ledge, running
from the beak obliquely downward and backward, serving for the
attachment of a ligament, which is also attached to the edge of
the wedge-shaped ossiculum lying against that part. Muscular and

OSTEODESMACEA. MOLLUSCA. ANATINA. 47

palleal marks indicated only by a more pearly appearance ;
they are far within the shell, and the latter has no well-marked
sinus. Length T\ inch, height j\ inch, breadth fV inch.

It is found thrown upon the sandy shores of Cape Cod, Chelsea,
Lynn, and other similar localities. Its fragile structure is such as to
indicate that it could not live elsewhere than in quiet sand. In April,
1836, the beach at Chelsea was strewed with multitudes of very large
and mature ones. Since then I have found only an occasional
specimen.

The ossiculum is almost always detached and lost. Sometimes,
when the valves are separated, it adheres to one of them, and then it
looks like the tooth of a MYA. When destitute of the ossiculum, if
reliance were placed upon the hinge alone, the shell would probably
be called an AMPHIDESMA, or some undescribed genus. There is no
other shell on our coast, however, which presents the radiated wrinkles
of the epidermis, together with the pearly lustre, of this shell.

The genus OSTEODESMA now embraces but three or four species.
One of these, the O. Norvegica of northern European seas, is very
similar to ours. But it is distinct. It grows to a much larger size, is
more inequilateral, more broadly truncate ; the base is less regularly
curved, and is covered by a much stronger and more opaque epi-
dermis.

Young specimens are very thin, and have a horn-colored exterior,
and numerous thin, concentric ridges at the different stages of growth.

If the valves are unequal, according to the definition of the genus,
the difference must be very slight.

GENUS ANAT!NA.

Shell sub-equivalve, gaping slightly ; hinge with a prostrate,
spoon-shaped tooth in each valve to receive the cartilage, and a
small ossiculum resting in front of the teeth, usually removed with
the animal.

ANATINA PAPYRACEA.

Shell thin, fragile, white, rounded-ovate, inequilateral, the
shorter side narrowed and truncated ; tooth narrow, directed ob-
liquely forwards.

48 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

FIGURE 28.
State Coll., No. 231. Soc. Cab., No. 2322.

Anatina papyratia, SAY ; Journ. Jlcad. JVat. Sc., ii. 314.
Anatina papyratia? TOTTEN ; Silliman's Journ., xxviii. 347, f. 1.

Shell small, broadly rounded-ovate, fragile and thin, white and
pearly ; the right valve most convex ; inequilateral, the posterior
or shorter side narrowed, and at the tip clipped, and moderately
gaping ; margin, from the beak backward, a straight line ; the rest
of the outline regularly curved ; beaks placed about one third of the
length of the shell from the posterior extremity, moderately prom-
inent, inclining forwards, and cleft across the middle ; from the
beaks to the lower posterior angle runs an elevated, angular ridge ;
surface finely marked by the lines of growth, vestiges of a yellow-
ish-white epidermis ; interior pearly ; tooth long and narrow,
slightly concave, directed obliquely across the shell, supported
beneath by a short, sharp, elevated rib ; muscular and palleal im-
pressions very superficial. Ossiculum somewhat like two cres-
cents joined at the extremities, fitting in front of the teeth.
Length ££ inch, height J inch, breadth J inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes caught off Nahant ; and taken
by dredging in Newport harbour by Colonel Totten.

This is undoubtedly the shell described at length by Colonel Totten,
and for which he proposes the specific name frdgilis, provided it be
not the A. papyratia of Say. Mr. Say's dimensions differ a little in
their proportions from the New England shell ; but our shells have
sufficient latitude of dimensions to render this variation of little im-
portance.

The only shell we have that resembles it, is the Sanguinolaria fusca ;
but that shell has less breadth, is equilateral, and rounded through-
out, besides the great difference of the hinge.

GENUS COCHLODESMA, COUTHOUY.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, slightly gaping at loth ends ;
beaks small, cloven ; hinge a spoon-shaped process in each valve,
supported by an oblique rib, and receiving the cartilage.

OSTEODESMACEA. MOLLUSCA. COCHLODESMA. 49

COCHLODLSMA LEA'NA.

Shell thin, white, sub-oval, the shorter side of the right or
more convex valve truncated ; rib-like support directed backwards.

FIGURES 29, 30.
State Coll., No. 230. Soc. Cab., No. 1726.

Anatlna Leana, CONRAD ; Journ. Acad. JVat. Sc., vi. 263, pi. 11, f. 11.
Cochlodesma Leana, CODTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 170.

Shell sub-oval, thin and brittle, white, with a thin, yellowish
epidermis ; the right valve convex, and truncated at the shorter
end ; the left valve nearly flat, and rounded at both ends ; posterior
end gaping, a little the shortest, and usually a little the narrowest ;
beaks very small, scarcely prominent, cleft at one side ; a faint,
wave-like ridge passes from them to the lower posterior angle ;
surface slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth, somewhat pearly
beneath ; interior chalky-white, the muscular and palleal impres-
sions superficial, pearly. The spoon-shaped hinge process nearly
horizontal, directed across the shell, and resting on a rib-like sup-
port, directed to the posterior muscular impression, immediately
in front of which is another thread-like branch in the direction of
the cleft in the beak. Ossiculum none. Length 1| inch,
height 1 inch nearly, breadth /„ inch.

Found about Cape Cod in almost every direction, inhabiting
sandy beaches ; also about Nantucket. I have never heard of it
on the north shore of Massachusetts Bay, but it is more abun-
dant to the south of us.

The animal has the mantle closed in front, except an opening for a
broad, compressed foot, extending the whole length of the small ab-
dominal mass ; edges of the mantle a little thickened and wrinkled ;
siphons long, slender, separate in their whole extent.

This genus, proposed by Mr. Couthouy, has, I observe, been ad-
mitted by J. E. Gray, in the " Annals of Science," and I have there-
fore adopted it without hesitation.

This species very closely resembles Mya (Cochlodesma) pratenuis
of Pennant (Ligula pratenuis, Montagu), but differs in being more
rounded, less convex, less narrowed behind, and has no signs of a
granulated or shagreened epidermis, like that shell.

7

50 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS THRACIA.

Shell inequivalve, slightly gaping at both sides; beaks con-
spicuous, one of them perforated ; hinge with prominently thick-
ened margins, to which an external ligament is attached.

THRACIA CONRA'DI.

Shell tumid, thin, inequilateral, rounded-ovate, with the smaller
extremity truncated, exterior pale ashy-white, beneath which it is
pearly.

State Coll., No. 219. Soc. Cab., No. 2318.

Thracia declivis, CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 44, pi. 9, f. 2.

Thracia Conradi, CODTHODY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.) ii. 153, pi. 4, f. 2.

Shell ovate, orbicular, rounded before, narrowed and trun-
cated behind, thin, light and fragile, of a dingy white color ; beaks
nearly central, protuberant, turned a little backwards, that of the
right valve perforated to receive the point of the other ; the
flattened area about the ligament is large and lance-shaped, bound-
ed by a distinct ridge ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines of
growth, undulated by a ridge extending from the beak to the lower
posterior angle, and by another broader eminence running from
the beak to the middle of the base, causing an outward curve to
the margin at that part ; the right valve is considerably larger than
the left, projecting beyond it, and much more convex. Liga-
ment large, protuberant, and rounded, attached within to strong,
thick, rounded eminences, which run backwards from the beaks
along the edge. Interior of a chalky white color; palleal im-
pression broad, with a very deep, acute-angular sinus. A thin,
brownish epidermis is found on some portions of the shell.
There is no ossiculum. Length 3 inches, height 2J inches,
breadth 1J inch.

Found perfect, and containing the living animal, on Chelsea
Beach, after violent easterly storms, and probably lives in the sand
not far from low-water mark. Single valves have been found
abundantly on Rhode Island, and also on the coast of Maine, and
in Buzzard's Bay, so that it probably inhabits the whole New
England coast.

This is a large and interesting shell, easily distinguished from most

MACTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. MACTRA. 51

of our shells by its toothless hinge ; and, when the valves happen to be
found united, the disparity in their size and convexity is at once per-
ceived. When the external coating is removed, we come to a silvery
substance like mother-of-pearl. I have a specimen, the dimensions of
which are, length 4 inches, height 3^ inches, breadth 2-i\j inches.
Dr. Prescott of Lynn has one nearly as large.

I have carefully dissected the animal, and find it to correspond in all
essential particulars with the anatomy as laid down in Kiener.

Like many others of our shells, this has had the misfortune to have
several names applied to it which it cannot claim. It is beautifully
and accurately figured by Mr. Conrad, but his synonymy is entirely
erroneous. In the " Catalogue of Animals and Plants of Massachu-
setts, 1834," it is referred to under the name of Anatlna convexa. In
Dr. Store r's Translation of Kiener's " Iconography," &c., it is alluded
to under the supposition that it is T. corluloides, to which species it
is, indeed, closely allied. But it is more equilateral, more rounded,
proportionally narrower behind, and its surface has not the shagreen
roughness of that shell.

Mr. Couthouy has fully pointed out its distinctive characters, and es-
tablished it as a species ; and for more minute particulars his article in
the " Boston Journal " may be referred to.

FAMILY MACTRACEA, LAM.

Sh-ett equivalve, usually somewhat gaping at sides ; hinge with an internal
cartilage, and sometimes an external ligament also.

GENUS MACTRA, DESH.

Shell transverse, slightly gaping at sides; leaks prominent;
hinge a prostrate, concave tooth to contain the cartilage, having at
one margin a delicate, erect tooth like the letter V ; two lateral
teeth near the central ones.

MACTRA SOLIDISSIMA.

Shell large, massive, strong, oval, covered with a dirty-brown
epidermis, sub-equilateral; hinge strong, V tooth delicate ; palleal
impressions slightly indented posteriorly.

State Coll., No. 228. Soc. Cab., No. 1729.

Mactra solidfssima; CHEMN.; Conch., x. 1. 170, f. 1656. DILLWYN ; CataL, i. 140.
WOOD ; Index, pi. 6, f. 22. CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 64, pi. 14, f. 7.

52 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Mactra gigantea, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 97. DESHAYES ; Eticyc. Mtth., Vcrs,

ii. 394, pi. 259, f. 1.
Mactra luteola, LOVEN ; Mss. (young.)

Shell very large and solid, transversely ovate, somewhat trian-
gular, nearly equilateral, anteriorly a little the shortest, and with a
fissure between the beaks ; surface slightly folded at the lines of
growth, covered with a thin, dirty-brown or straw-colored epider-
mis, which is usually worn from the disc ; beaks large and pro-
tuberant, inclined a little forwards ; behind them is a broad,
lanceolate space, bounded by sharp ridges passing from the beaks
to the upper part of the basal angle, in which the epidermis is
foliaceous, or very loosely wrinkled ; a much more faintly de-
veloped areola may also be observed before the beaks. Hinge
very strong, spoon-shaped cavity very large and broad, the V
tooth very delicate, and adhering by a very small base, so that it
is usually broken off in the cartilage ; lateral teeth long and thin,
striated on their receiving surfaces. Muscular and palleal im-
pressions very decided, the posterior sinus of the latter quite
shallow. Length 4| inches, height 3 inches, breadth If inch.

It is found about sandy beaches on all our coast, and its in-
habitant is much esteemed by some, as an article of food. At
low water it is dug out of the sand with shovels. At higher tides,
when the shell is open, the fishermen wade into the water,
thrusting a pointed stick into the sand before them, as they walk
along. If the stick happens to pass between the valves, they are
closed upon it by the animal, and the shell is thus drawn up.

This is sufficiently characterized at maturity by its great magnitude,
which entitles it to the name of giant clam. No other species of the
genus approaches it in size except the next, from which it may be dis-
tinguished at all stages by its striated lateral teeth. The largest
specimen I have seen measures 6^ inches in length, 4 in height, and
2-I- in breadth. It preserves its general features through all ages, ex-
cept that, when young, it is more nearly equilateral, and, after it has
attained its full dimensions, it acquires great weight and thickness.
Some specimens obtained in Provincetown harbour, where there are
no rocks and little surf, are very light, thin, and white.

A specimen from the cabinet of Colonel Totten, which he found at
Newport, I presume to be the M. similis of Say. Whether it be sim-

MACTRACEA. MOLLUSC A. MACTRA. 53

ply a variety of M. solidissima or not, I will not presume to decide from
this one specimen ; and, as it is not strictly a Massachusetts shell, I
shall merely notice it in this way. The shell has certainly quite a
different aspect. It is triangular, the beaks are more elevated, the
marginal outlines are straight, and the comparative dimensions vary
as follows :

M. solidissima, length 1$ inch, height l^y inch, breadth f inch.

M. similis, length If inch, height 1^ inch, breadth f inch.

I have received a shell, about three fourths of an inch long, from
Dr. Loven of Stockholm, which he calls M. luteola. I cannot per-
ceive that it differs from the young of this shell, of a corresponding
size.

MACTRA OVA'LIS.

Shell large, thick, obovate, coarse, nearly equilateral, covered
with a tough, dusky-brown epidermis ; V tooth strong ; lateral teeth
not striated; sinus ofpalleal impression deep.

FIGURE 32.
State Coll., No. 229. Soc. Cab., 2324.

Mactra sunilis, GRAY ; Append, to Bcechey's Voyage, pi. 44, f. 8.
Mactra grandis, DESIIAYES ; Encyc. M6th.t Vers, ii. 395, not M. grandis of CHEM-
NITZ and others.

Shell large, thick, and coarse, somewhat compressed, sub-oval,
a little shortest anterior to the beaks, and, the anterior slope of the
hinge margin being slightly concave, it is there somewhat narrow-
ed ; posterior slope convex, extremity slightly gaping, base regu-
larly curved ; beaks but little elevated ; before, there is a short,
faintly defined areola ; behind them is another portion bounded by
an elevated line extending from the beaks to near the lower angle,
and here the epidermis is very coarsely and loosely wrinkled ;
the surface has a rugged appearance from the coarse lines of
growth, and is rendered still more so by the folds of the thick,
strong, dusky-brown epidermis in the same direction. Interior
bluish-white ; hinge supports strong and smoothly rounded ; V
tooth strong and firm, having the anterior side in the right valve
much more elevated than the posterior ; lateral teeth short and
slender, not striated ; muscular and palleal impressions rather
superficial ; sinus of the latter deep. Length 3| inches, height
2J inches, breadth \\ inch.

54 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Found at the Bank fisheries, in the stomachs of fish. The
young, from a fourth of an inch to an inch in length, are found
abundantly in fish caught in Boston harbour. At least, they differ
from the young of M. solidissima, and correspond in external
proportions and appearance to our shell, and the teeth are slender
and without striae.

This shell is inferior in size to the M. solidissima only. The
largest valve I have seen measures 4-1 by 2f inches. In general it is
found smaller than the dimensions given. Such specimens have a
straw-colored epidermis.

Its size, shape, and surface distinguish it from M. grandis, CHEMN.
M. solida, and all other known species except M. solidissima. Com-
pared with that more common shell, it differs in its coarser surface, its
thick, dusky epidermis, its less elevated beaks and less convex valves,
the longer and narrower anterior portions, the rough, oval portion be-
hind the beaks embracing more of the shell, the more feeble hinge,
the stout and firm V tooth, and the deep sinus of the palleal im-
pression.

I have very little doubt that this is the shell described by Deshayes
as M. grandis. The descriptions correspond well. But, as it is not
figured or quoted by other authors, and the habitat was not known to
him, it is impossible to decide with certainty. Singularly enough too,
Deshayes himself does not cite it in his new edition of Lamarck.
Provided it be the same, however, the specific name must necessarily
be changed, as his name was previously given to a different species by
Chemnitz.

This appears to be the same species, a small specimen of which is
figured by Mr. Gray in the Appendix to Beechey's Voyage, under the
name of M. similis. This name is pre-occupied by Mr. Say.

MACTRA LATERA'LIS.

Shell small, triangular, very convex, nearly equilateral ; beaks
elevated, the spaces before and behind them broad heart-shaped.

FIGURES 34, 35.
State Coll., No. 227. Soc. Cab., No. 2325.

Mactra laterklis, SAY ; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc.} ii, 309. CONRAD ; Amer. Mar.
Conch., 62, pi. 14, f. 4.

MACTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. MACTRA. 55

Shell small, triangular, tumid, nearly smooth, shining ; nearly
equilateral, the posterior side somewhat prolonged, and sloping
less rapidly than the anterior side ; ends rounded ; beaks elevated,
not meeting, pointed and inclined forwards ; the regions before
and behind the beaks are broad, flattened, and more or less heart-
shaped, defined by slightly elevated ridges ; surface finely marked
by the lines of growth, white, covered with a thin, dirty-brown epi-
dermis ; hinge strong, the pit for the cartilage being a small recess
penetrating deeply into the beaks ; before it is a strong, promi-
nent V tooth, and on each side of it, in the left valve is a stout
and prominent lateral tooth, and in the other a deep fossa with
elevated sides to receive it ; cavity of the beaks deep ; muscular
impressions deep ; palleal impressions distinct, with a shallow
sinus posteriorly ; interior clear glossy-white. Length £ inch,
height fv inch, breadth T\ inch.

The only places, where I have found this shell living, are the
inlets of the salt marshes between Roxbury and Boston. But all
the flats, which have been drained by the erection of the Mill dam,
have a layer of them just beneath the surface ; and vast numbers
were un-earthed in throwing up the embankments for the rail-ways
which cross them. They doubtless exist plentifully in the bed of
the river on the other side of the Mill-dam. They are found
abundantly at New Bedford also, and I know them to be common
about Rhode Island.

It assumes very various forms, depending mostly on age. When
young, the shell is thin, rather compressed, and the beaks are incon-
spicuous and touching each other. By age it becomes very thick and
turgid, the beaks elevated and widely separated, and the height of the
shell often equals its length.

The small, deeply penetrating pit of the hinge is very peculiar.

The dimensions of one from the track of the Providence Rail-
road is as follows. Length T9<j inch, height -ft- inch, breadth •&
inch. It is represented by Figure 34.

It is not likely to be mistaken for any other species. The young of
M. solidissima and M. ovdlis are much less triangular, and of a very
different aspect. It has more the proportions of M. solida of Europe.

56 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS CUMiNGIA BROD. and SOWERBY.

Shell ovate, inequilateral, equivalve ; a shallow spoon-shaped car-
dinal tooth, and a single small tooth by its side in each valve, and a
strong lateral tooth on both sides in one valve only ; palleal impres-
sion with a large sinus.

CUMI'NGIA TELLINO'IDES.

Shell ovate-triangular, thin, white, nearly equilateral, pointed
and warped behind ; surface with sharp, elevated lines of growth.

FIGURE 34.
State Coll., No. 225. Soc. Cab., No. 1744.

Mactra tellinoides, CONRAD ; Journ. Jlcad. JYat . Sc., vi. 258, pi. 9, f. 2, 3. Amtr.

Mar. Conc/t., 60, pi. 14, f. 2.
Cumingia tellinoides, CONRAD ; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc.} vii. 234.

Shell transversely triangular-ovate, thin, fragile, bluish-white ;
nearly equilateral, anteriorly broad, tumid, and regularly rounded ;
posteriorly compressed, warped, epding in a rounded point, the
margin declining more rapidly than in front ; beaks raised, not in-
clining to either end. Stages of growth marked by sharp, raised
ridges, which are crossed by microscopic, radiating lines ; in
front of the beaks is a small, well-defined areola. Within, glossy-
white ; pit for the cartilage shallow, directed slightly backwards ;
in front of it, in each valve, is a linear tooth forming part of its
wall, and at its side a fossa for receiving the corresponding tooth ;
lateral teeth distinct in the right valve, J)ut wanting in the left, the
anterior one longest. Muscular impressions faint, palleal impres-
sion far within the shell, with a broad, deep indentation opposite
the base. Length f inch, height -/o inch, width ± inch.

Found abundantly in the region of New Bedford and Martha's
Vineyard, and probably may be found everywhere south of Cape
Cod.

Its warped, slightly folded end gives it the aspect of a TELLI'NA.
Its shape and surface is similar to those of Corbula contrdcta of the
same size. The raised lines are, however, thin, elevated, sharp in
this, while in C. contrdcta they are thick and rounded, and the shell is
so much more compressed as to preclude mistake.

A species of this genus is found in the West Indies, perhaps the

MACTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. MESODESMA. 57

same, and one or two more have been found in the Pacific ; and these
are all the species at present known.

GENUS MESODESMA, DESH.

Shell triangular, compressed, thick, generally closed, hinge a
spoon-shaped tooth in each vafve, which receives the cartilage, and
a simple lateral tooth on ench side, without a V tooth.

MESODE'SMA ARCTATA.

Shell sub-triangular, very inequilateral, truncated be fore, smooth
and covered by a shining yellow epidermis ; lateral teeth straight,
striated.

FIGURE 39.

State Coll., No. 223. Soc. Cab., No. 1737.

Mactra arctuta, CONRAD ; Journ. Acad, JVat Sc., vi. 257, pi. 11, f. 1.
Mactra deauruta, CONRAD ; Amtr. Mar. Conch., 59, pi. 14, f. 1.
Mactra subtriangulata. WOOD ; Index, Suppl., pi. 1, f. 10.

Shell sub-triangular, wedge-shaped, thick and strong, very
inequilateral, the posterior side very short, forming the base of
the wedge, its lower portion truncated ; the upper and anterior
edge is a straight line, the anterior extremity narrowed, regularly
rounded, as is also the base ; beaks very slightly elevated, not in-
clined to either end ; a sharp ridge passes from them to the
hinder and lower angle ; surface with occasional rounded ridges
at the lines of growth, covered with a thin, golden-yellow epider-
mis, reflecting a metallic lustre ; hinge composed of a very deep,
spoon-shaped cavity for the cartilage, a long V tooth opening at a
very acute angle, and on each side a straight lateral tooth, par-
tially double in the right valve, their articulating surfaces striated,
the posterior tooth much the shortest ; muscular impressions well
defined, connected by the simple palleal impression which has a
sinus behind, of about the size of the rounded muscular impres-
sion at its side. Length 1^ inch, height 1 inch, breadth -JJ inch.

Found abundantly at Plumb Island, below Newburyport ; vast
numbers are also thrown upon the outer side of Cape Cod ; and a
few specimens have been taken from fish caught off Nahant. At
Nantucket it is rare.
8

58 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

The name and general shape of the English M. deaurata would
lead one to suppose it to be identical with our shell, and Mr. Conrad
has adopted that opinion. But Mr. Sowerby pronounces them not to be
the same. Indeed an examination of Turton's figure in his " British
Bivalves " would show his shell to be more closely allied to, if not
identical with, the next species.

MESODE'SMA JAURE'SII.

Shell ovate-triangular, thick, antiquated, coarsely ridged con-
centrically, inequilateral, lateral teeth very strong, curved, faintly
striated.

FIGURE 38.

State Coll., No. 268. Soc. Cab., No. 2326.

Mesodesma Jauresii, DE JOANNIS ; Gutrin, Mag. de ZooL, Oct. 1834.

Shell ovate-triangular, thick and massive, surface rising into
ridges at the stages of growth, and covered by a coarse, dusky-
brown epidermis ; very inequilateral, behind short and regularly
rounded to the base, where there is an abrupt turn, and the basal
margin continues in nearly a straight line, or is a little arched ;
upper hinge margin also a straight line or slightly concave, ante-
riorly regularly rounded ; beaks scarcely rising at all, not in-
clined to either end ; the greatest diameter of the shell is midway
between the beaks and the anterior extremity. Spoon-shaped
cavity for the cartilage very deep ; on its anterior edge is the
vestige of a short, widely diverging V tooth, which will seldom be
found, as it is scarcely possible to open the valves without de-
stroying it. On each side is a very strong, curved, lateral tooth,
with a pit above it for the reception of the tooth in the opposite
valve ; the anterior tooth much longer than the posterior and
supported beneath by a thickening of the shell ; striae on the
teeth very faint. Within glossy white ; muscular impressions pro-
found, united by a simple palleal line, which has a small, semi-
circular sinus behind. Length If inch, height \^ inch, breadth
-£•§ inches.

Brought from St. George's and Grand Banks. I am not aware
that it has actually been found in the waters of this State.

The obvious distinguishing marks between this shell and the preced-
ing are, in M. Jauresii the coarse, rough exterior, its longer and un-

MACTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. MONTACU'TA. 59

cut posterior side ; its very peculiar outline when viewed with the
beaks presenting, on account of its thickness anteriorly; and its
strong, curved, nearly smooth lateral teeth.

GENUS MONTACUTA, TURTOW.

Shell ovate or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, nearly closed ;
hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity between them ;
lateral teeth none.

This genus with the following, seems to have been adopted by
several distinguished conchologists. There appears, however, no
very good grounds for separating them. The genus Tellimya of
Brown, which comprehends them both, may yet supersede them.
Fleming conjectures that they are merely the fry of <Mya and Lu-
traria ; but in this I think he is in error. None of the shells
found on our coasts could ever have originated from' such forms.
Montacuta would probably come under Ungullna, and Kellia un-
der Erycina, of Lamarck.

MONTACU'TA BIDENTA'TA.

Shell minute, white, ovate-triangular ; surface roughened with
loose lines of growth, beaks pointed ; tooth on the shorter side oblique
and excavated for the reception of the ligament.

State Coll., No. 215. Soc. Cab., No. 2320.

Mya bidentkta, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 44, t. 26, f. 5. MATON and RACKETT;
Lin. Trans., viii. 41. PENNANT; Brit. Zool., iv. 166. WOOD; Gen. Conch.,
99. Index, pi. 3, f. 16. DILLWFN; Catal.,45. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 102.

Shell minute, fragile, white within and without, ovate-triangu-
lar, inequilateral, rather convex ; beaks nearest the broader end,
acute and prominent, pointing to the longer end ; upper margin
sloping rapidly from the beaks, ends regularly and bluntly rounded,
base scarcely curved ; surface shining, but rendered somewhat
scabrous or rough by numerous, loosely cohering edges of the
stages of growth ; its only variation in color consisting in the
opacity or transparency of its substance. Within, polished, and

60 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

destitute of any apparent muscular or palleal impressions except in
very old specimens, but faintly marked with radiating lines. Hinge
consisting of two teeth diverging from the beaks, so as to leave a
triangular vacancy between them ; one of them considerably
elevated, and more so in one valve than in the other, while that on
the shorter side scarcely rises, at its tip, above the edge of the
valve, and its inner surface is excavated and receives the ligament.
Length nearly i inch, height £ inch, breadth T^ inch.

Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, in New Bedford harbour.
Only a few specimens have, as yet, been obtained.

It is very difficult to refer, with certainty, so small a shell to any
described species or even genus. However, by means of specimens
of M. substriata furnished me by Dr. Loven, I have become fully
satisfied as to the genus. It seems also to accord sufficiently well with
the M. bidentdta to warrant us in designating it as that species. It is
probably a borer like its European co-species, and may, most likely,
be found abundantly in the antiquated surfaces of old and thick oyster
shells.

GENUS KI^LLIA, TURTON.

Shell somewhat globular •, equivalve, closed; hinge with two ap-
proximate teeth, and a remote lateral tooth in one valve, and a
concave tooth and remote lateral one in the other.

KJ£LLIA RUBRA.

Shell sub-oval, white, with a thin, purplish epidermis ; beaks
prominent.

FIGURE 23.
State Coll., No. 216. Soc. Cab., No. 2321.

Cardium rubrum, MONTAGU ; Brit. Shells, S3, t. 27, f. 4. PENNANT ; Brit. Zool.,

iv. 189. WOOD; Gen. Conch., 213. DII/LWYN ; CataL, 131.
Cardium laeve, WALKER j Test. Minut., 24.
Tellina rubra, TURTON; Conch. Diet., 168.
Kellia rubra, TURTON ; Brit. Biv., 58. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 430.

Shell minute, rather thick, sub-oval, very inequilateral, rather
compressed ; beaks rather prominent, and in contact, having
before them a deeply excavated, elongated, smooth areola j ends

LITHOPHAGIDJ2. MOLLUSCA. SAXICAVA. 61

broadly rounded, especially the posterior tip ; basal margin scarce-
ly curved and nearly parallel with the superior margin ; surface
marked with the lines of growth, eroded at the beaks, and covered
with a purplish or dirty- brown rather thick epidermis. Within
white and glossy ; two muscular impressions and the palleal line
directly connecting them, without any sinus, quite perceptible.
Hinge consists, in the right valve, of a narrow, erect, central tooth,
and an imperfect one each side, slightly detached from the edge
of the valve ; in the left valve, of a well-defined tooth on each
side, barely separated from the edge of the valve, leaving a tri-
angular vacancy between them to receive the central tooth of the
opposite valve. Length £ inch, height ]• inch, breadth T'g inch.

Several specimens of this minute shell were found by Mr. C.
F. Shiverick in the harbour of New Bedford. I have also found
it about the roots of sea-weed, which seems to be its proper
station.

The arrangement of the teeth does not seem to be well expressed
in the generic description ; but as they accord precisely with those of
a specimen of K. sub-orUcularis sent me by Dr. Loven, I do not
hesitate to place our shell under the genus. I cannot find that it dif-
fers essentially from the foreign K. rubra^ except that its color does
not appear to be of so bright a red as Montagu's figure.

FAMILY LITHOPHAGIDJE, LAM.

Shell burrovring, but without a tube or accessory valves, more or less gap-
ing ; ligament external.

GENUS SAXICAVA, LAM.

Shell transverse, inequilateral, gaping posteriorly and above ;
hinge nearly toothless.

SAXfCAVA DISTORTA.

Shell oblong, inequivalve, rounded before, and generally trun-
cated behind, and with a prominent ridge running from the beaks
to the lower posterior angle ; surface rough and irregular.

FIGURE 40.
State Coll., No. 243. Soc. Cab., No. 1751.

62 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Saxicava distorta, SAY ; Journ. AcaA. Nat. Sc., ii. 318.
My'tilus rugosus, LIN., &c.

Shell oblong-oval, coarse, white, very irregular in shape ; in-
equivalve, the right valve projecting over the left except at the
shorter end ; inequilateral, the anterior side rounded and generally
of about one half the length of the other side, but the beaks are
sometimes nearly terminal ; the posterior end is most frequently
truncated, but at other times rounded ; gaping ; beaks rather
prominent, from which two ridges or elevated lines run back-
wards, one near the margin, and the other to the lower angle, giv-
ing the included surface a lozenge shape. In some shells these
lines are very distinct, and they are armed with a series of
elevated, arched scales or spines ; the basal margin is usually con-
tracted at the middle, and slightly arched upwards ; surface coarse-
ly marked with the lines of growth, and irregularly undulated ;
epidermis thin, dingy-yellow. Ligament aided by the mantle,
which adheres all along the back. Teeth for the most part want-
ing ; when not wanting, a single rudimentary tooth in one valve is
received into a pit in the opposite valve ; muscular impressions
obscure. Length 1 inch, height f inch, breadth f inch.

Found adhering to marine objects. They may almost always
be found among the roots of fuci, which are thrown up by storms,
adhering to stones, shells, &c. The best I have ever obtained
were taken from a log drawn out of one of our timber docks, to
which they were adhering by a silken byssus issuing from the
middle of the base.

The foot of the animal is of a bright orange-color.

This shell is a perfect Proteus, of which no description can be given
that is not liable to mislead. I think there can be little doubt, that the
same shell exists on the European shores, and that it has been already
described under at least one name. But, as I have not the means of
arriving at certainty on this point, I have chosen, until better satisfied,
and as it will introduce no new name, to retain that which Mr. Say
applied to it.

In the first place, it would come under the genus BYSSOMY A, on ac-
count of its being furnished with a byssus. But the majority of the
best modern conchologists regard this circumstance as of little im-
portance, and consequently reject the genus. Some specimens cor-

LITHOPHAGID.E. MOLLUSCA. PETRICOLA. 63

respond well with the description of S. pholadis, LAM., the My a
byssifera of FABR. These are found in places where their regular
growth is unobstructed. Other specimens, and especially adult ones,
seem not to vary from S. rugosa. Nothing could apply better to our
shell, than Turton's description of My'tilus rugbsus, in his "Con-
chological Dictionary." But our shell is less likely to belong to this
than to S. pholadis, inasmuch as, besides the presence of a byssus, our
shell is not a borer like S. rugosa ; indeed, there are no rocks on our
coast of a calcareous nature.

Again, there are small specimens in which the two lines or ridges
along the posterior slope, armed with spines, are very conspicuous,
corresponding to the S. rhomboides of Deshayes, the My'tilus prczci-
sus of Montagu, and doubtless the Hiatella drctica of Lamarck,
(Solen miniitus, LIN.)

Now all these varieties are found living promiscuously together ;
and, as their shape is known to be greatly modified by the circum-
stances under which they are developed, the rational conclusion is,
that they all pertain to the same species ; and the probability is, that
they are identical with the European shell ; but under what name to
place them, and whether under one or more, it is now impossible to say.

GENUS PETRICOLA, LAM.

Shell transverse, inequilateral, rounded before, narrowed posteri-
orly ; hinge almost toothless ; ligament exterior.

PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, chalky-white, very inequilateral, acutely
rounded before, covered with elevated radiating lines and ribs ; an
ovate areola before the beaks ; teeth two in each valve, one in the
left valve deeply cleft.

State Coll., No. 244. Soc. Cab., No. 1746. ,

Petricola pholadiformis, LAM. ; An. sans Vert.,v\. 159. DESHAYES ; Encyc.Meth.,
Vers, iii. 747. SOWERBY; Genera, Petricola, f. 1,2. SAY; Amer. Conch., pi.
60, f. 1. CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch., pi. 7.

Petrieola fbrnicata, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.t ii. 319. RUSSELL ; Essex Co.
Soc. Journ., i. 55.

Shell much elongated, ovate-cylindrical, chalky-white within
and without ; equivalve, very inequilateral, the anterior portion

64 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

very short, and acutely rounded ; posteriorly very little narrowed,
the hinge and basal margins nearly parallel, and the extremity
bluntly rounded and a little gaping ; beaks elevated, and inclined
forwards ; in front of them is a sharply ovate lunule, distinctly
defined, and marked only by the lines of growth ; behind them is
a projecting ligament of considerable length ; surface coarsely
marked by the stages of growth, and covered with elevated, ra-
diating lines, various in size and distance ; at the posterior hinge
margin they are crowded and very faint, while anteriorly they are
large and distant ; about seven or eight of them are more prom-
inent than the rest, and the lines of growth rise upon them into
vaulted, tooth-like scales ; hinge margin very narrow ; teeth two
in each valve, seeming to arise out of the cavity of the beaks,
and curving upwards ; in the right valve one tooth is prominent
and furrowed ; the other, arising a little before it, and a little
deeper within the shell, is quite short ; in the left valve is one
large, prominent tooth, so deeply divided as to resemble two,
and directly behind it, diverging widely in the direction of the
margin, is a thin, much less elevated tooth. Muscular impres-
sions faint, connected by a very deeply notched palleal impres-
sion ; furrows within answer to the ribs without. Length 1§
inch, height T7T inch, breadth f inch.

Found on various parts of our coast ; at Chelsea and Nahant
beaches it is found abundantly, imbedded in jutting fragments of a
marsh which once existed there, but which has been washed away
by inroads of the sea, and now only an 'Occasional remnant lifts its
head above the surrounding sand. Also in great quantities boring
into the hard blue clay, at low-water mark, on Phillips's Beach.

Deshayes remarks, that this is a very extraordinary shell on ac-
count of its exterior aspect, which would lead one to mistake it for a
small Pholas. To any one who has seen a Pholas, the resemblance
is striking ; but the want of any wide gaping, and the articulated
hinge, at once correct the first impression.

The teeth are so long and slender, that it is a rare thing to find a
specimen in which some of them are not fractured.

The animal, according to the observations of the Rev. J. L.
Russell, has two tubes or siphons extending from the longer end, the
orifice of the one for imbibing water fringed with a circle of feathery

NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. SANGUmOLARIA. 65

hairs, consisting of four large and four small ones ; and the same
number of short, obtuse points, without fringe, surround the orifice of
the other tube.

PETRJCOLA D^CTYLUS.

Shell elongated-ovate, chalky-white, very inequilateral, covered
with radiating lines and ribs ; no areola before the beaks ; teeth, two
in the right, and three in the left valve.

FIGURE 41.
State Coll., No. 245. Soc. Cab., No. 2327.

Petricola dactyl us, SOWERBY ; Genera, Petncola, f. 3. SAY ; Am.tr. Conch.t pi.
60, f. 2.

This shell very closely resembles the preceding, and will be
best described by a comparison with it. It has a more ovate
form, the basal margin being considerably arcuated ; the anterior
extremity is broader, and obtusely rounded ; there is no marked
areola before the beaks, but a deep depression under them ; the
ligament is longer ; the radiating lines are more numerous, the rib-
like anterior ones afe more numerous (about sixteen), less ele-
vated, and the lines of growth merely undulate over them without
being raised into vaulted scales ; in the right valve are two teeth
similar to those in P. pholadifdrmis, but shorter and grooved ; in
the left valve, instead of the large, cleft tooth, we have two teeth,
the division between them answering to the cleft in the other
species ; the large middle tooth is folded, and the posterior one is
very slender. Length If inch, height f inch, breadth ^ inch.

Sent to me by Dr. L. M. Yale from Martha's Vineyard.

It is a proportionally shorter and broader shell ; but its most obvious
mark of distinction is the want of an areola before the beaks.

FAMILY NYMPHACEA, LAM.

JVbf more than two cardinal teeth on the same valve ; nympha, in general
externally prominent, and covered by the ligament.

GENUS SANGUINOlARIA, LAM.

.Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-ovate, compressed, rounded
anteriorly, sub-rostrate posteriorly, slightly gaping at sides ; hinge
9

66 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

with two small cardinal teeth in each valve ; palleal impression with
a deep sinus.

SANGUINOLA'RIA FUSCA.

Shell compressed, ovate-orbicular, sub-equilateral, rounded be-
fore and somewhat pointed behind ; white, covered with a dusky
epidermis ; teeth two in each valve, the largest of which is grooved.

FIGURE 42.
State Coll., No. 212. Soc. Cab., No. 1754.

Psammobia fusca, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., v. 220.
Sanguinolaria fusca, CONRAD ; Atner. Mar. Conch., 34, pi. 7, f. 1.
Tellina inconspicua ? SOWERBY ; Zool. Journ., iv. 359.
Tellina Gronlandica, BECK.
Tellina Balthica, LIN.

Shell thin, white, compressed, ovate-orbicular, nearly equi-
lateral, height nearly equal to length, rounded before, somewhat
narrowed and pointed behind ; beaks minute ; an imperfect ridge
or fold runs from the beaks to the posterior termination ; surface
finely wrinkled by the lines of growth, covered by a whitish or
dusky epidermis ; ligament exterior ; two unequal, parallel teeth
in each valve, the large one opposing the small one in the other
valve, and deeply groved or cleft ; muscular impressions distinct.
Length TV inch, height ^ inch, breadth •/? inch.

This is one of our most abundant bivalve shells. It is thrown up
on every beach, and appears to live everywhere in shallow, still water.
Multitudes appear in the mud which is obtained about Boston at low
tide for raising wharves, extending the land, &c.

Its varieties in size, strength, and color, are very great. In muddy
bays they grow to a large size, are thick, and of a bluish or sometimes
a rusty color, and are covered with a firm, dark epidermis. In clean,
sandy localities they are very delicate and thin, pure white, or some-
times of a delicate rose-color or lemon-color, and the' epidermis is
very slight.

All recent authors, except Deshayes, agree in calling this a San-
guinolaria.

It is undoubtedly identical with Tellina Gronlandica of Beck ; and
it certainly is very like, if not identical with, Sowerby's T. inconspicua,
published in the " Zoological Journal." The young, delicate, white,
or rose-tinted ones accord in every respect with T. BdUhica.

NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. TELL1NA. 67

A

SANGUINOLA'RIA SORDIDA.

Shell sub-oval, thin, white, covered with a dusky epidermis ; an-
terior side semi-oval, and longest, posterior termination somewhat
angular ; hinge teeth, two in each valve, one of which is cleft.

State Coll., No. 209. Soc. Cab., No. 2329.

Telllna sordida, CODTHODT ; Post. Journ. Mat. Hist., ii. 59, pi. 3, f. 11.

Shell sub-oval, compressed, thin and brittle, slightly gaping, in-
equilateral, the anterior side being longest and semi-oval ; behind
the beaks the margin declines rapidly in nearly a straight line,
forming a rounded angle as it joins the base, and bordered by a
faint, roughened wave ; surface somewhat undulated by the lines
of growth, especially on the anterior slope, and covered by a thin,
dusky or dirty-white epidermis ; beaks minute ; cardinal teeth two
in each valve, a large one which is cleft, and a very delicate one
which is seldom entire ; lateral teeth wanting, or consisting of a
feeble compression and elevation of the posterior hinge margin ;
sinus of the palleal- impression nearly reaching the anterior muscu-
lar impression ; interior bluish-white. Length T^ inch, height
T87 inch, breadth £ inch.

Found in considerable numbers, and in a fresh state, in fish caught
off Nahant.

It is quite clear that this shell belongs to the same genus as Say's
Psammbbia fusca. The hinge is precisely the same, and the
slight wave along the posterior margin is no more conspicuous than in
that shell. Its habit and general aspect are also the same.

GENUS TELLJNA, Lm.

Shell transverse, sub-equivalve, compressed, angular, and some-
what rostrated at the posterior end, where there is an irregular, wave-
like fold ; two small cardinal teeth, and generally two lateral teeth
in each valve.

TELLINA TENTA.

Shell white, oval, behind shortest, narrowed, very much warped
and widely gaping ; lines of growth very fine, ; within polished, and
with numerous, fine, radiating lines.

60 IHVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

FIGURE 43.

State Coll., No. 210. Soc. Cab., No. 2328.

Tellina tenta, SAY ; Amer. Conch., pi. 65, f. 3.

Shell smallj thin, white, oval ; beaks pointed, moderately prom-
inent behind the middle ; posterior side narrowed, the point slight-
ly truncated, the posterior hinge margin curvilinear ; valves very
convex, the left one most so, widely gaping, and very far bent to
the right ; posterior fold distinct on the right valve ; outer surface
shining, but not polished, minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth,
and with a few fine, radiating lines across the middle ; inner sur-
face polished, white, tinted with yellow, and covered with radi-
ating lines, which produce a finely indented margin. Hinge very
delicate, with two diverging cardinal teeth on the right valve, and
a single one on the left ; a posterior lateral tooth on the right
valve, and a corresponding groove on the left ; ligament minute,
prominent ; muscular and palleal impressions distinct. Length
£ inch, height f inch, breadth -J inch.

Found by Professor Adams in 1838 in Dartmouth harbour ;
and in 1839 he obtained numerous single valves in mud dredged
up in New Bedford harbour. Mr. Say received it from South
Carolina.

This is a distinctly characterized, true Tellina, and differs from all
others of our shores. It is larger than T. tenera, and has not its
polished surface. It differs from others principally in its less trian-
gular, strongly warped, and widely gaping posterior portion, and the
radiating lines within.

TELLI'NA TE'NERA.

Shell oblong sub-oval, thin, white, iridescent, delicately marked
by the lines of growth ; inequilateral, shortest and pointed behind ;
posterior lateral tooth obsolete.

FIGURE 44.
State Coll., No. 211. Soc. Cab., No. 1783.

Tellina tenera, SAT; Journ. JlcaA. Nat. Sc., ii. 303.

Shell small, thin, and delicate, transversely sub-oval, or, if we
regard the posterior portion, sub-triangular ; slightly longest and

NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. LUCINA. 69

semi-oval before the beaks ; the posterior slope sudden and nearly
straight, forming a blunted angle by its junction with the base ;
marginal fold well marked ; surface regularly and delicately mark-
ed by sharp lines of growth ; color white, or slightly tinged with
rose-color, and iridescent ; ligament short and prominent ; cardi-
nal teeth two in each valve, the posterior one of the left valve
rudimentary, the principal one in each valve grooved ; lateral
tooth on the longer side distinct ; that on the shorter side, just
behind the ligament, scarcely perceptible ; sinus of the palleal
impression nearly reaching the anterior palleal impression. Length
?£ inch, height ^ inch, breadth T5T inch.

Found abundantly cast upon all our sandy beaches, and prob-
ably lives not far from low-water mark.

It is a very pretty little species, its beauties becoming developed by
examination. There are two other species closely allied to it ; the T.
polita, which is a somewhat larger and stronger shell, its posterior
angle more prolonged and sharper, and its surface smooth, glossy,
porcelain-white ; also T. iris, of about the same size, solidity, and
color, but its surface is marked by oblique grooved lines which at
once distinguish it. This is not found on our shores, nor am I cer-
tain that T. polita has been. It is not likely to be confounded with
any other shell.

GENUS LUCINA, BRUG.

Shell rounded, beaks small ; two diverging cardinal teeth, one
of which is bifid, and usually two lateral teeth, one of them near the
cardinal teeth, in each valve ; there is sometimes a posterior angle,
but never a fold, as in Tellina ; palleal impression without a
sinus.

LucfNA RA'DULA.

Shell orbicular, compressed ; surface with numerous concentric,
laminated strict ; lunule depressed, lanceolate ; lateral teeth wanting.

State Coll., No. 213. Soc. Cab., No. 2330.

Tellina radula, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 68, pi. 2, f. 2. PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, iv.
181. RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 54. WOOD ; Gen. Conch., 183, pi. 42,
£4,5. TURTON; Brit. Biv ,116. Conch. Diet., 175. CHEMN. ; Conch., vii. 1C,

70 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

t.38, f. 399. DESHAYES; Encyc. M6th., Vcrs., ii. 379. LAM.; An. sans Vert.,

vi. 225.

Venus borealis, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, iv. pi. 130.
Venus spuria, DILLWYN ; CataL, 194. GMELIN; Syst., 3284.
Pectunculus subfuscus, LISTER ; Conch., 1. 293, f. 129.

Shell white, thick, orbicular, regularly but moderately convex ;
hinge margin straight ; beaks small, pointed, slightly prominent,
inclining forwards over a small, indented, smooth, lanceolate
lunule ; on each side of the hinge runs a shallow furrow, which,
terminating in the margin, causes a slight undulation. Surface
covered with fine concentric, lamellar ridges, in the intervals of
which are often seen minute, radiating lines ; interior chalky-
white, except around the margin, where it is polished ; with
radiating lines, most apparent near the margin. Hinge straight,
without lateral teeth, and with a single cardinal tooth in the left
valve, and two small, diverging ones in the right. Anterior mus-
cular impression very narrow, and directed obliquely to the
centre of the valves. Length 1| inch, height the same, breadth

6 inch.

TTF

This must be considered a rare shell, and an inhabitant of deep
water. A few valves have been picked up on our beaches after
severe storms. It is a common shell on the other side of the
Atlantic.

LUCI'NA DIVARICA'TA.

Shell white , orbicular , lenticular ^ sculptured with grooves bent
obliquely downwards at both sides ; lateral teeth obsolete ; margin
dentated.

State Coll., No. 214. Soc. Cab., No. 1792.

Tellina divaricata, LIN.; Syst. JYat., 1120. GMELIN; Syst., iv. 3241. No. 74.

BONANNI; Recr., iii. f. 349. SCHROET.; Einl. in Conch., ii. 663. PETIV. ;

Gaz., t. 156, f. 26. KLEIN ; OstracoL, t. 9, f. 28. FAVANNE ; Conch., pi. 48, f.

E. CHEMN.; Conch., vi. 134, t. 13, f. 129. BRUG. ; Encyc. M6th., pi. 285, f.

4, a, b. PQLI ; Test., 1. pi. 15, f. 25. DILLWYN ; CataL, i. 102. No. 7. TUR-

TON ; Conch. Diet., 178.

Cardium arcuatum, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 85, pi. 3, f. 2.
Pectunculus parvus, LISTER; Conch., t. 301, f. 142.
Lucina divaricata, LAM. ; Jin. sans Vert., vi. 226. Jinn, du Mus., vii. 239.

DESHAYES; Encyc. M6th., Vers, ii. 376, pi. 285, f. 4. BLAINV.; Malacol. pi.

72, f. 3, 3 a. PAYRAUDEAU ; CataL, 42, No. 69.
Strigilla divaricata, TURTON ; Brit. Biv., 119.

NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. LUCINA. 71

Shell white, thin, rounded, regularly convex, sub-equilateral ;
beaks elevated, inclined forwards, in front of which is a long and
narrow areola somewhat crested. Surface glossy ; stages of
growth strongly marked ; deeply sculptured with regularly dispos-
ed and nearly parallel lines, flexed at nearly right angles along the
anterior third, so as to pass obliquely downwards towards both
ends, and forming teeth around the entire margin, most prominent
behind. Hinge margin nearly straight. Teeth, one in the right
valve, very small, and two small, diverging ones in the left valve.
Lateral teeth wanting or rudimentary. Ligament almost entirely
concealed. Length 1 inch, breadth f inch, height -f-0 inch.

This shell, so remarkable for its universal dispersion, as well in a
fossil, as in a living state, is not unfrequently thrown upon our ocean
shores in such a state as to indicate a neighbouring residence. At
Nantucket, it is far from rare. It is found on .every Atlantic shore
even to the Southern Ocean, and also in all the tertiary formations of
Europe.

It varies considerably in the developement of the lateral teeth, and
in the approximation of the stria.

LUCI'NA FLEXUO'SA.

Shell small, white, globose triangular; a deep fold along the
posterior margin renders the base sinuous ; hinge with only a single
rudimentary tooth in each valve.

FIGURE 52.
State Coll., No. 196. Soc. Cab., No. 2413.

Tellina flexuosa, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 72. PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, iv. 183.

RACKETT; Lin. Trans., viii. 56. WOOD; Gen. Conch., 188, t. 47, f. 7, 8.

DILLWYN ; Catal, 99. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 177.
Venus sinuosa, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, ii. pi. 42, f. 2.
Cry'plodon flexuosa, TURTON ; Brit. Biv., 121, pi. 7, f. 9, 10.

Shell minute, white, ovate-globose, or somewhat triangular,
nearly equilateral ; beaks prominent, inclined forwards, and having
a rounded depression in front of them ; behind them, a remark-
able widened groove runs near the margin to the posterior base,
producing a deep indentation in the outline of the margin at that
part ; elsewhere regularly rounded ; surface smooth, dead white.

72 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Hinge with only the vestige of a cardinal tooth, and no lateral
ones. Ligament long and rather large, partly concealed. Inte-
rior glossy white, with minute radiating lines. Length T37 inch,
height somewhat more, breadth T^ inch.

It inhabits deep water, and is very frequently taken from cod-
fish, caught in Massachusetts Bay.

There can be no doubt that this is identical with the British shell,
though the specimens I have seen are much smaller than the foreign
specimens usually are.

I have arranged it under the genus LUCI^NA, as most of its charac-
ters pertain to it, and none of them seem absolutely to forbid. The
genus CRY'PTODON has, however, been formed by Turton to embrace
this shell, on account of its single tooth.

FAMILY CONCHACEA, LAM.

Three cardinal teeth, on one valve at least ; the other with as many or
fewer ; sometimes with lateral teeth.

GENUS CYCLAS, Lm.

Shell small, thin, ovate-globose ; hinge with two minute cardinal
teeth in each valve, but sometimes in one only ; also compressed,
lateral teeth ; inhabits fresh water.

CYCLAS SI'MILIS.

Shell oval, truncated at the extremities in young, and rounded in
adult specimens, convex, sub-equilateral ; beaks slightly elevated ;
surface with conspicuous, concentric wrinkles ; epidermis dark
chestnut-brown.

FIGURE 53.

State Coll., No. 204. Soc. Cab., No. 1808.

Cyclas similis, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., Amer. ed., iv. pi. 1, f. 9.
Cyclas sulcata, LAM.; An. sans Vert., vi. 271.

Shell sub-oval, nearly equilateral, varying much in its outline.
In the adult shell the extremities are broadly and nearly equally
rounded, the posterior side being somewhat the longest and most
pointed, the base very little curved ; valves very convex, re-

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSC A. CYCLAS. 73

markably broad across the beaks, which are but slightly elevated ;
color dark chestnut-brown, within bluish. The young shell is
thin and compressed, the hinge margin nearly a straight line, the
extremities truncated so as to give the shell a quadrilateral form ;
and the color is a light lemon-color, or honey-yellow. The
intermediate specimens exhibit all the gradations of shape or color
between the old and young. Surface at every stage regularly
wrinkled concentrically, with strongly raised, sharp lines of
growth, and generally a more conspicuous wave marking the
former year's growth of the shell ; beaks usually eroded. Hinge
with minute, very oblique cardinal teeth, the lateral ones distinct,
strong and white. Length T\ inch, height -J inch, breadth |
inch.

Found in the larger ponds and rivers, especially along the
muddy banks of the Connecticut.

This species is closely allied to the C. rivicola of Europe in shape
and size ; its raised concentric striae, however, appear to be much
more prominent. It may always be distinguished by these conspicu-
ously raised lines, for they are exhibited by no other American species
in so great a degree. Several other species are described as having
them, such as are named under the, synonyms ; but they are probably
all of them varieties of this species. The young, differing widely as it
does from the adult, has been commonly received in our cabinets as
Say's C. rhomboidea. A specimen one fourth of an inch long would
answer very well to his description. What the true rhomboidea is, I
have not yet been able to satisfy myself. The two species of Lamarck,
also, I believe to be varieties of this shell ; and very probably his C.
striatlna also.

CYCLAS PARTUME'IA.

Shell rounded-oval, sub-equilateral, narrowest anteriorly, some-
what angular behind ; thin and fragile ; valves very convex, mi-
nutely wrinkled by lines of growth, and obsoletely radiated ; light
horn-color ; beaks elevated.

FIGURE 54.
State Coll., No. 203. Soc. Cab., No. 1699.

Cyclas partmn&a SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 380.
Cyclas cornea, yar. 2, 3. LAM.; Jin. sans Vert., vi. 2G8.
10

74 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell rounded-oval, broadest behind, thin, fragile, pellucid,
somewhat inflated ; beaks nearly central, moderately elevated,
inclining inwards ; hinge margin nearly straight, passing by a
regular curve into the rounded anterior extremity, but curving
suddenly behind, so as to form a conspicuous obtuse angle, caus-
ing this side to appear broader, and giving the whole shell a some-
what rhombiform appearance ; basal margin regularly rounded ;
valves very tumid, especially in mature shells ; surface shining,
inconspicuously wrinkled by the lines of growth, with very indis-
tinct radiating lines ; color of the young very light yellowish ; of
the adult light-greenish horn-color, with a marginal border of lilac
or yellow ; cardinal teeth small, diverging ; lateral teeth strong ;
white ; interior tinged with lilac. Length ^ inch, height f inch,
breadth T\ inch.

Found everywhere in fresh water brooks and ditches, in mud,
or more usually inbedded among submerged turf, and roots of
water-plants and shrubs.

The animal is of a light, delicate pink color, and draws itself
about rapidly.

The general resemblance of this shell to the C. cornea of Europe is
very close. Its size, color, delicacy, and tumid form are the same.
But that species has the beaks much less elevated, is broader from
side to side, and the two ends are almost precisely alike, without any
angle, or any widening behind. Our shell is, on the whole, more deli-
cate. It is unquestionably the variety noticed by Lamarck as coming
from America. The young and old differ both in shape and color.
The young are less tumid and longer, and the disparity of the sides is
much greater, than in the adult. They have also a light honey-yellow
color and great transparency. They would scarcely be recognised as
the same species except by being found in company, and also by
being actually found within the adult shell.

CYCLAS E'LEGANS.

Shell rhombic-orbicular, tumid, beaks not prominent, sub-equi-
lateral; color olivaceous, margined with yellowish ; surface ele-
gantly marlced with fine concentric ridges.

FIGURE 55.

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSCA. CYCLAS. 75

State Coll., No. 285. Soc. Cab., No. 2335.

Cyclas Regans, ADAMS ; Boat. Journ. JTot. Hist., iii. pi. 3, f. 11.

Shell in its younger stages compressed, in an adult state tumid,
sub-globular, the extremities truncated or terminating abruptly, so
as to appear somewhat four-sided or rhomboidal ; beaks not prom-
inent, the anterior side a very little the shortest and narrowest ;
basal margin nearly straight and parallel to the upper margin ; the
valves are not regularly convex, but somewhat flattened down the
middle, so as to exhibit an obtusely rounded ridge passing from
the beaks towards each lower angle ; surface delicately marked
with fine, rounded, concentric wrinkles ; color olive-green, with a
straw-colored margin, and narrower zones at each stage of growth.
Hinge rather strong, the cardinal teeth rudimentary, the lateral
ones large and strong. Interior bluish. Length nearly |- inch,
height -f-y inch, breadth |^ inch.

Found in a ditch running through the Cambridge meadows,
near Fresh Pond.

This is a remarkable and beautiful species, and seems to be rather
rare. Excepting the above locality, I know of no other but at Wey-
bridge, Vermont, whence it was sent me by Professor Adams. It is of
about the size and width of C. partumeia, but is a very much thicker
shell, differently colored and sculptured, and its four-sided, angular
outline is quite different. The young of C. similis, though equally
four-sided, is much longer proportionally, the color much darker, and
the ridges on the surface much coarser. In this species the four sides
are nearly equal.

CYCLAS DU^BIA.

Shell oblique, triangular-ovate, pale-olivaceous, with fine con-
centric ridges ; beaJcs but slightly elevated ; teeth strong, white.

FIGURE 56.
State Coll., No. 286. Soc. Cab., No. 1809.

Cyclas diibia, SAY; Nicholsons Encyc., Amer. ed., i*. pi. 1, f. 10.

Shell small, rather thick, triangular, with its corners rounded,
shining ; beaks at one end, very little elevated ; hinge margin and
short end straight, the two lines forming a right angle ; base and

76 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the longer side regularly rounded ; valves tumid, surface with
minute, concentric wrinkles, which, towards the base, enlarge
into obvious, sharp folds ; color a light-olive, with darker zones,
and a marginal border of yellowish ; within bluish or greenish ;
teeth well developed. Length £ inch, height J inch, breadth

Found in streams in Bristol County, and in ditches in the Cam-
bridge meadows, in company with the last species, and probably
in all parts of the State.

Here, again, we have a shell bearing a close resemblance to a trans-
atlantic species, the C. obliqua of Lamarck, C. dmnica of some writ-
ers. The foreign shell, however, is somewhat longer, less inequilat-
eral, and more oval, and the wrinkles are somewhat more conspicuous.
The young shells of our species have the beaks more removed to-
wards the centre, and the short side more rounded, so as to be scarcely
distinguishable from the European species. In general appearance it
is very like Nucula tennis.

GENUS ASTARTE, SOWERBY.

Shell rounded^ sub- equilateral, compressed, thick ; hinge with
two strong, diverging, cardinal teeth on one valve, and two very
unequal ones on the other, or only one large one ; palleal impres-
sion simple ; ligament exterior.

ASTA'RTE CASTA'NEA.

Shell sub-orbicular, with prominent and nearly central beaks ;
lunule deeply excavated ; surface very slightly waved, covered with
a chestnut-brown epidermis ; margin crenulated within.

FIGURE 44.
State Coll., Nos. 205, 207. Soc. Cab., No. 1806.

Venus castanea, SAY ; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc.} iv. 273.

Astarte castanea, SAY ; Jlmer. Conch., pi. 1. TOTTEN ; Silliman's Journ , xxviii. f. 2.

Crassina castanea, LAM. ; Jin. sans Vert., vi. 258.

Shell thick and ponderous, sub-orbicular, or sub-triangular, the
beaks nearly central, and much elevated, generally eroded ; the
areola in front of the beaks is ovate-lanceolate, short, broad,
deeply excavated, very smooth and darker colored ; posterior

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSCA. ASTARTE. 77

slope nearly straight, with a long, narrow, lanceolate depression ;
basal margin regularly rounded, thick ; surface very slightly undu-
lated at the stages of growth, covered with a thick, chestnut-color-
ed epidermis, wrinkled and stained with black posteriorly, with
alternately paler and darker zones ; ligament small and feeble.
Hinge very strong, the hinge margin very broad, bearing on the
right valve one stout tooth, with a pit on each side ; on the left
valve two teeth somewhat diverging, with a deep pit between
them for the reception of the opposite tooth ; cavity small ; mus-
cular impressions deep, elongated, united by a direct palleal im-
pression ; margin in adult shells regularly crenulated. Length 1
inch, height 1 inch, breadth |J inch.

Found abundantly in Provincetown harbour, west and north of
the light-house, at low-water mark. Occasionally, specimens are
picked up on Chelsea Beach. It is more abundant along the
coast of the Middle States.

The foot of the animal is of a bright vermilion-color, and when
seen protruded, one would hardly persuade himself that a red
wafer was not embraced by the valves.

This shell appears to be a well characterized species, quite distinct
from any species inhabiting the British coast. The species most
nearly allied to it is Venus (Astdrte) compressa, of Montagu.

Its remarkable points are, its height being usually greater than its
length, its prominent central beaks curved so as to give the shell a
somewhat kidney-shaped appearance, the broad, excavated lunule be-
fore them, and the smooth, chestnut-colored surface. The blackening
of the posterior region of the shell is very peculiar. Some specimens
look as if this portion had been dipped in tar.

,The varieties in form and coloring are very numerous ; one or two
of which may be designated.

Var. A. picea, is large and solid, surface with a few wrinkles without
waves, and the epidermis of a dark tar-color. All the specimens I have
found upon Chelsea Beach are of this variety. In specimens found
about Sandy Hook, New York harbour, the epidermis partakes of this
dark appearance, of about the color of Mr. Say's figure in the " Amer-
ican Conchology," though the surface is undulated. Hence I infer
that the oceanic specimens are of the dark variety, while those which
lie in quiet, sandy localities, like Provincetown harbour, have rather a

78 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

brownish-yellow color. In proportions it agrees with the type spe-
cimens,

Var. A. procera, inhabits Provincetown harbour, and is fully de-
scribed and figured by Colonel Totten in " Silliman's Journal," as a
probable variety of A. Costarica, but as possibly a distinct species.
Its variation consists in its very light-colored epidermis, and the great
elevation of its beaks. The color of all the shells in that harbour is
remarkably light, as is noted of Mactra solidissima and My a arenaria,
so that in regard to its color it is merely a local distinction. The
elevation of some of the specimens is remarkable ; but these are
found living intermingled with those of the normal form, and are
found of every intervening degree of elevation. The shell in all its
varieties, but in this one in particular, strongly reminds one of the
termination of the recurved, round-pointed table or fruit knife. The
foot of the animal has the same vermilion-color ; and, on the whole,
this must be regarded as merely a variety. The proportions of the
most elevated specimen figured by Colonel Totten are ; length £ inch,
height 1 inch, width £ inch.

AsxiRTE SULCA'TA.

Shell ovate-triangular, the surface with deep, concentric furrows
and ribs, vanishing at the extremities ; beaks prominent ; lunuk and
corselet long, narrow, and deeply excavated.

FIGURES 45, 46.

State Coll., No. 206. Soc. Cab., No. 1805.

Venus sulcata, MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 131. PENNANT; Brit. ZooL, iv. 203.

MATON and RACKETT, Lin. Trans , viii. 81, ,pl. 2, f. 1. DILLWYN ; Catal.,\.

167. TURTON; Conch. Diet., 235.
Astarte sulcata, FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 439.
Venus Danmonia, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 45, t. 29, f. 4. PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL,

iv. 212. WOOD ; Index, pi. 7, f. 21. DILLWYN ; Catal., 167.
Venus Danmoniensis, BLAINV. ; Malacol., 557, pi. 75, f. 7.
Crassina sulcata, TURTON ; Brit. Biv., 131, pi. 11, f. 1, 2.
Crassina Danmoniensis, LAM.; Jin. sans Vert., vi. 257. DESHAYES; Encyc.

M6th., Vtrs, i. 77.
Astarte Danmoniensis, SOWERBY ; Genera, f. 1 to 3. TOTTEN ; Silliman's Journ.

xxviii. 349, f. 3.
Venus Scotica, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit. ,44 (the young). MATON and RACKETT;

Lin. Trans., viii. 81, pi. 2, f. 3. TURTON; Brit. Biv., 130, pi. 11, f. 3,4.

Conch. Diet., 236. WOOD ; Index, pi. 7, f. 20.

Shell sub-orbicular, in some specimens approaching to ovate,
in others to triangular, thick and strong, somewhat compressed ;

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSCA. ASTARTE. 79

inequilateral, the anterior slope shortest and concave, bearing a long,
lanceolate, deeply excavated, smooth lunule ; posterior slope a
straight line, usually rounded, but sometimes a little truncated at
the hinder end, and including a very long, triangularly excavated
corselet ; beaks moderately elevated, pointed, and coming in con-
tact ; surface undulated with ten to twenty strongly developed
concentric furrows and ridges, the depressed portions wider than
the raised ones, vanishing at both ends, covered with a thick,
greenish-yellow or glossy, brownish-olive epidermis. Hinge
margin strong, two teeth in the left valve and one in the right ;
interior polished, bluish-white ; muscular impressions distinct.
Length 1 inch, height 1J inch, breadth | inch.

Very small and half-grown shells are not uncommonly found in
the fish of Massachusetts Bay. It has been found by dredging in
Newport and Portland harbours ; and occasionally a full-grown
specimen is thrown up, with sea-weed attached, on our beaches.
I have no doubt it would be found in many places by dredging.
Along the coast of Maine it is common. At Augusta, Maine,
Dr. C. T. Jackson found it plentifully in a partially fossilized
state, and in company with other shells, such as are now com-
mon on the coast of Maine, imbedded in the earth many feet
above high-water mark, showing, conclusively, that that region
has, by some cause, been recently elevated above its former level.

This shell seems to have caused much perplexity to all who have
undertaken to describe it. It is quite uncertain how many real species
are embraced in the above synonyms. The discrepancy of authors,
and the variety in the form and sculpture of the shells, which must
come under one or the other of the names, leaves us in doubt. I have
thought best to present them as one, and to include them under the
name which seems most appropriate of the three. For, in the first
place, the Venus Scotica and V. Danmonia of Montagu are clearly
the immature and mature of the same shell ; the distinctive mark
which he gives, viz. the smooth margin of the first, and the crenulated
one of the latter, being an insufficient one. He says, " The construc-
tion of the margin must be considered as inviolable ; no common shell,
whose character is to possess a plain margin, is ever found with a
crenulated one, or vice versa." Now, it is perfectly certain, that no
species of the genus is found with a crenulated margin, until the shell

80 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

has arrived at its full dimensions, and the margin of the valves begins
to thicken, as it always does ; and then, so far as my observation goes,
there is always a crenulated margin ; so that this is merely a mark of
maturity.

In the next place, Turton and others, with apparently good reasons,
conclude, that the sulcata and the Danmonia are the same. It is cer-
tain, that Montagu's figure of Danmonia^ and Turton's of sulcata, in
his " British Bivalves," represent precisely the same shell. Turton,
however, has fallen into Montagu's error of making two species, the
Scotica and sulcata, which he says are precisely alike in all respects
except the margin. Both the figures accurately represent one of the
forms found on our coast, and that which might be regarded as the
intermediate form. The figure of V. sulcata in the " Linnsean Trans-
actions," pi. 2, f. 2, and even its description, would apply better to our
A. castanea, than to the shell in question.

Two pretty well marked groups of this furrowed species may be
made out. One in which the shells are somewhat elongated, and
pointed posteriorly, of an oval shape, undulations about fifteen, and
very strongly marked, epidermis very dark greenish-yellow. Some
of them are quite inequilateral, and occasionally the undulations vanish
not far below the summit, and the remainder of the surface is merely
wrinkled. These do not correspond with any British shells or figures
1 have seen. They may possibly prove to be distinct ; and, if so, I
would name them A. undata.

In the other group the shell is rounded, the beaks nearly central,
broad posteriorly, and usually a little blunted or truncated at the point;
the undulations are much more numerous, twenty and upwards, and
of course more crowded ; the epidermis is dark yellowish-brown, or
piceous. These, I regard as the true A. Danmoniensis. They agree
with the figures of Montagu and Turton, and with the outlines given
by Colonel Totten.

ASTARTE LACTEA.

Shell sub-orbicular, much compressed, concentrically wrinkled,
epidermis yellowish-brown ; an obsolete marginal tooth in each
valve ; margin plain.

FIGURE 47.

State Coll., No. 203. Soc. Cab., No. 1804.

Astarte lactea, BROD. and SOWEKBY ; ZooL Journ.}iv 365. Appendix fn Beechey's
Voyage, pi. 44, f. 12.

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSCA. ASTARTE. 81

Shell orbicular-elliptical, rather thin, much compressed ; sur-
face marked with rather remote, rounded, rib-like ridges, most
conspicuous along the posterior slope of the disk ; covered with
a dark yellowish-brown epidermis ; beaks nearly central, elevated
and inclined forwards, with a short, lanceolate lunule in front, and
a longer corselet behind, both of them deeply excavated ; the
anterior slope from the beaks is concave for a short distance, the
posterior is straight, and both extremities are broadly rounded ;
ligament broad ; hinge margin narrow and rather feeble, and car-
dinal teeth slightly elevated ; on one side of them is a tooth-like
ridge along the margin, and on the other a groove to receive this
ridge ; in the right valve the groove is before, and the ridge behind,
the cardinal teeth ; cavity of the valves rather shallow ; muscular
and palleal impressions rather indistinct ; the margin, in the speci-
mens I have, is sharp and not crenulated. Length ly1^ inch,
height 1 inch, breadth f inch.

This shell, from the cabinet of Colonel Totten, was brought from
the Grand Bank. Of the two specimens, one is about half the size
of the other. "**" '

The specimen from the Arctic seas, figured in the " Appendix to
Beechey's Voyage," is much larger than either of these.

It is distinguished from A. sulcdta by its broadly rounded extremi-
ties, compressed form, delicate and short ridges, slender hinge, shorter
impressions each side of the beak, and its probably plain margin.

ASTARTE QUADRANS.

Shell triangular , slightly oblique , anterior side longest ; surface
smooth ; epidermis yellowish-olive ; hinge with a lateral tooth on the
anterior margin.

FIGURE 48.
State Coll., No. 202. Soc. Cab., No. 2331.

Shell small, triangular, solid, nearly equilateral, side margins
bounded by straight lines, the anterior somewhat longer and more
oblique than the posterior ; basal edge very sharp and regularly
rounded, so that the whole shell is nearly a quadrant ; beaks
pointed, and not inclined to either side, generally eroded ; lunule
lance-shaped, slightly impressed, and a broader and longer areola
11

82 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

behind the beaks ; surface smooth, very slightly wrinkled by the
lines of growth ; epidermis light yellowish-olive ; interior glossy,
bluish-white ; hinge margin narrow, with a small lateral tooth on
the left valve, about half way along the anterior margin, and a
groove to receive it on the right valve ; muscular impressions
rather shallow ; inner margin not crenulated. Length ^ inch,
height ^ inch, breadth -/o mcn-

Several specimens of this small and very distinct species have
been furnished me for description by Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, and
by Dr. Storer, of Boston. They were taken from the stomachs
of fish caught in Massachusetts Bay.

Its triangular form, smooth, glossy surface, and more especially the
small lateral tooth, at once distinguish it. In all our other species the
anterior margin is shortest and concave, and the lunule deeply exca-
vated ; but in this the posterior and anterior slopes are equally direct
from the very summit.

It must be very closely assimilated to the Venus triangularis of
Montagu, the Cyprina triangularis of Turton, in his " British Bi-
valves." But I cannot make out the requisite number of teeth to
bring it within the genus Cyprina, or to correspond with their descrip-
tions. A hasty observer might confound it with the young of Cyprina
Islandica, which is more rounded and rough.

The existence of a lateral tooth would, literally, exclude the shell
from this genus. But the general characters will bring it naturally
into the same genus with A. castanea and sulcata. Moreover, a lateral
tooth is more or less developed in individuals of all the species ; and
this only shows the close alliance of the genus to VENUS, with which,
indeed, Blainville unites it.

GENUS CYPRlNA, LAM.

Shell obliquely heart-shaped, beaks prominent ; hinge with three
unequal, diverging, cardinal teeth, and a remote lateral one ; palle-
al impression simple.

CYPRINA ISLANDICA.

Shell ponderous, ventricose, round-ovate, inequilateral, shortest
and compressed anteriorly ; lunule none ; epidermis chestnut-brown,
thick, and coarsely wrinkled ; edge simple.

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSCA. CYPRINA. 83

State Coll., No. 201. Soc. Cab., No. 1815.

Pectunculus maximus, LISTER ; Conch., t. 272, f. 108.

Pectunculus crassus, DA COSTA ; Brit. Conch., 183, pi. 14, f. 5.

Venus Islandica, LIN.; Syst. Nat , 1131. GMEI.IN ; "Syst., 3271. MONTAGU;

Test. Brit., 114. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 83. WOOD; in

Lin. Trans., vi. t. 17, f. 1,2. DILLWYN; Catal., 170. CHEMN.; Conch., vi.

340, pi. 32. f. 341. DONOVAN; Brit. Shells, iii. pi. 77. MULLER; Zool. Dan.,

i. 29, pi. 28, f. 1 to 5. TURTO.V ; Conch. Diet., 238.
Venus mercenaria, PENNANT ; Brit. Zool., iv. pi. 53, f. 47.
Venus bucardium, BORN ; Mus.. pi. 4, f. 11.
Cyprina Islandica, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 290. DESUAYES ; Kncyc. M6th.,

Vcrs, i. 46, pi. 272, f. 6. BLAINV. ; Malacol., pi. 70 bis, f. 5. TURTON ; Brit.

Bit., 135. FLEMING ; Brit. Mm., 444.
Cyprina vulgaris, SOWERBY ; Genera.

Shell large, thick and heavy, ovate orbicular, tumid ; beaks
elevated, pointed, turned forwards and inwards so as to come
nearly in contact ; anterior side shorter, narrower, rounded and
compressed ; posterior side full and broad at the back, slightly
angular at the extremity ; a very superficial ridge passes from the
beaks to the lowest posterior point ; the space which they in-
clude is very coars-ely wrinkled ; there is a shallow oval pit before
the beaks, but no distinctly marked lunule ; the ligament is strong
and protuberant ; epidermis of a dark, shining, burnt-brown color,
sometimes almost black, coarse and strong, rough with crowded
and loose wrinkles ; hinge margin broad and strong ; cardinal
teeth diverging, three in each valve, or rather one large double
tooth and a small one in the right valve ; lateral tooth along the
posterior margin, slightly developed, blunt ; inside chalky-white,
muscular and palleal impressions superficial, the latter having no
sinus ; margin at base sharp and simple. Length 3| inches, height
3 inches, breadth 1| inch.

This shell is an inhabitant of all the northern Atlantic seas,
especially near where some river empties into the ocean. It is
sometimes thrown upon our beaches in great numbers after storms,
being driven up from deep water. The young are found abun-
dantly in the stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. It
appears not to be common, if it is found at all, to the southward
of Massachusetts.

It is one of our largest shells, and resembles no other shell of our
coast except the Venus mercenaria, with which it was confounded by

84 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Pennant. From this it is easily distinguished by its epidermis, and
also by wanting the purple border along the interior margin of the
shell.

It is subject to very little variety. Sometimes the surface has a
series of concentric ridges, and sometimes the beaks are unnaturally
elevated and curved. The old shells have a very dark epidermis, and
are generally much decorticated. The young are of a light fawn-
color, with darker and lighter zones ; and the wrinkles, being much
raised, and very regular, give the surface a very pretty appearance.
The rougher surface, greater proportionate length, rounded form, and
want of a lunule, distinguish them from Astdrte quadrans of a similar
size. From Astdrte compressa, they differ little.

They are obtained of every size, from one fourth of an inch to
four inches in length.

GENUS CYTHER^A, LAM.

Shell inequilateral , rounded ; hinge with four diverging teeth in
one valve, one of which is separate from the others, and three in the
other valve ; no lateral teeth.

CYTHERE'A CONVEXA.

Shell oval, tumid ; lunule heart-shaped ; beaks prominent and
recurved ; color chalky-white.

FIGURE 49.
State Coll., No. 198. Soc. Cab., No. 2332.

Cytherea convexa, SAY ; Journ. JLcad. Nat. Sc., iv. 149, pi. 12, f. 3 ; vi. 261.

Shell oval, rather thin, valves very convex, color a dead-white
or with a rusty tinge, usually chalky ; inequilateral, beaks ele-
vated, curving forwards, in front of which is a well-marked heart-
shaped lunule ; anterior side about half the length of the posterior,
compressed and somewhat pointed ; regularly rounded behind and
at base ; surface marked with coarse lines of growth, which are
most regular anteriorly ; ligament long, rather sunken ; within
milk-white, polished ; impressions superficial. Length 1£ inch,
height 1| inch, breadth 1 inch nearly.

A few specimens have been found on Chelsea Beach, but it is
rare. It has been found about Rhode Island by Colonel Totten ;

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSCA. VENUS. 85

and it has also been taken with the dredge by Drs. Mighels and
Wood of Portland, in the harbour of that place.

Mr. Say knew it only as a fossil, in which state it occurs in the
tertiary formation of Maryland.

This is by no means an attractive shell, its dead-white surface lead-
ing one to suppose it to be some beach-worn specimen of Cyprina, or
perhaps of Venus mercenaria. It is, however, much longer than the
former, and somewhat longer than the latter ; and it never attains to
any thing like the size of either of them.

GENUS VENUS, Lm.

Shell inequilateral, sub-ovate ; hinge with three diverging car-
dinal teeth in each valve ; palleal impression with a sinus.

VENUS MERCENARIA.

Shell solid, obliquely ovate, very inequilateral; lunule heart-
shaped ; surface antiquated, bluish-white, with numerous, concen-
tric, laminated ridges ; inner margin broadly edged with violet.

FIGURE 52.
State Coll., No. 197. Soc. Cab., No. 1859.

Venus mercenaria, LIN.; Syst. JYat., 1131. GMELIN; Syst., 3231. LISTER;
Conch., t. 271, f. 107. CHEMN. ; Conch., x. t. 171, f. 1659, 1660. DESHAYES ;
Encyc. Meth., Vers., iii. 117, pi. 263. LAM.; An. sans Vert., vi. 346, pi. 263,
f. 1 to 3. DILLWYN ; Catal., i. 176. WOOD ; Index, pi. 7, f. 40.

Shell large, thick and solid, obliquely ovate, or heart-shaped,
tumid ; exterior a dirty-white and chalky ; the beaks are placed
far forwards, projecting nearly to the front of the shell ; they are
elevated, and curved so as to make nearly half a turn forwards
and inwards ; in front of them is a heart-shaped, rough lunule,
bounded by an impressed line ; behind the beaks the edge is very
broad and obtuse, the ligament large and protuberant, with a space
around it somewhat excavated, smoother than the rest, and bound-
ed by an obtuse ridge ; anterior end very short, round ; posterior
end terminating in a blunt, occasionally truncated point ; looking
at the side of the shell as it stands on this point, ' it is accurately
heart-shaped ; surface with concentric grooves and ridges, the

86 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ridges being crowded and rising into thin, sharp plates, most con-
spicuous at the ends ; the central portion is nearly smooth. There
are also minute lines, radiating from the beaks to the margin,
most conspicuous on the beaks, where they form a lattice-work
with the concentric lines ; color a dirty-white, except the smooth
portion of the disk, which is dark-violet ; within pure white ;
muscular impressions deep, united by a well-marked palleal im-
pression which has an acute-angled, not very deep sinus ; the
margin outside the impressions is more or less of a beautiful deep-
violet hue ; basal and anterior margin crenulated. Length 3
inches, height 2| inches, breadth 2 inches.

Brought from Wellfleet and other towns on Cape Cod in con-
siderable quantities to Boston market. It is found more abun-
dantly to the South, and in New York and Philadelphia markets
supersedes the use of the Mya arenaria almost entirely. While
it may be found in greater or less abundance in all the region of
Cape Cod, and scantily in all parts of Massachusetts Bay, I
cannot learn that it is ever found north of Cape Ann.

The shell is easily known by its size and weight, and by its heart-
shaped form when resting upon its point. It is about the same size as
Cyprina Islandica, from which it is distinguished by the sharp ridges
on its surface, and by the want of an epidermis ; also by the violet-
colored border of the interior of the valves. This mark, however, is
not constant. In young shells it is wanting, and also in very old
shells the color is often obscured by a thick, white glazing. Fisher-
men say, that those found outside Cape Cod, in the region of Chatham,
are always devoid of it. The shell has become quite famous from
the fact that, from its purple edge, the aborigines manufactured their
purple wampum ; while the white wampum was made of various
species of shells.

It is known in Massachusetts under the name of Qudhog. The
upper outline of the figure represents this shell.

VENUS NOTA'TA.

Shell ovate-orbicular, inequilateral, posterior side truncated ;
surface with concentric, sharp ridges, mostly wanting on the disk ;
color yelloioish or greyish-white, and with fawn-colored, zigzag
markings ; interior wholly white.

FIGURE 52.

CONCHACEA. MOLLUSC A. VENUS. 87

State Coll., No. 195. Soc. Cab., No. 1877.

Venus notata, SAV ; Journ. Acad. Jfat. Sc., vi., 271.

Shell very similar to the preceding, and perhaps merely a local
variety. The differences which I shall mention appear, however,
to be constant. The shell is less heavy and coarse. The hinge-
slope declines less rapidly, so that the posterior side is broader,
and its extremity broadly truncated ; the area about the ligament
is much more smooth, and usually colored brown or purplish.
The concentric ridges are more regular in their distances, are
somewhat undulated, and frequently are lost in each other ; on
the centre of the shell the ridges seem to have been worn off,
leaving the surface nearly smooth ; there are no conspicuous ra-
diating lines upon the beaks forming a lattice-work with the con-
centric ridges ; but between the ridges are fine lines of growth.
The surface is shining, not chalky, of a flesh-color, and with zig-
zag blotches of fawn-color or brown ; these, however, are not al-
ways present. The interior is wholly of a yellowish-white. The
lower outline of the figure shows its form compared with V. mer-
cenaria.

Mr. Say's V. prceparca seems to me to be the same thing, in
which merely the zigzag lines are wanting. Lives along the
shores of Cape Cod.

VENUS FLUCTUO'SA.

Shell transversely-ovate, lenticular, white, with a yellowish epi-
dermis ; surface with recurved, concentric waves vanishing at the
sides ; areola none.

FIGURE 50.
State Coll., No. 193. Soc. Cab., No. 2333.

Shell oblong-ovate, lenticular, rather thin, nearly equilateral ;
white, beneath a glossy, thin, straw-colored epidermis ; anterior
side shortest and broadest ; both ends widely rounded ; beaks slight-
ly elevated, with a smooth, heart-shaped space before them, not
distinctly defined by any boundary ; surface with from twenty to
twenty-five concentric waves, not quite extending to the margin, es-
pecially anteriorly, so that the marginal edges are plain ; when close-
ly examined, these waves or ridges are found to be compressed,
thin, and inclined towards the beaks; cardinal teeth three in each

88 1NVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

valve, the middle one cleft in both valves ; muscular and palleal
impressions very superficial, the latter with a deep sinus. Length
| inch, height | inch, breadth 3% inch.

Of this shell I have three specimens brought from the Bank fish-
eries. The largest specimen is proportionally more convex than the
others, and the ridges are less definite. The ridges and grooves of
the surface are like those of V. papiliondcea.

I know of no species very closely approaching this. Most of those
allied to it have the posterior extremity more or less angular ; this is
always accurately rounded. Venus cenea of Turton, small specimens
of V. gallina, and of those Indian species allied to V. papiliondcea^
may be mentioned as allied to it.

VENUS GEMMA.

Shell minute, nearly round and nearly equilateral, concentri-
cally furrowed, violet and white, margin crenulate.

FIGURE 51.
State Coll., No. 194. Soc. Cab. No. 2334.

Venus gemma, TOTTEN ; Silliman's Journ., xxvi. 367. f. 2, a, b, c, d.

Shell small, nearly orbicular, beaks nearly central, slightly ele-
vated ; generally eroded. No defined lunule in front of them ;
surface shining, with minute, concentric, crowded furrows ; ante-
rior portion, and mostly the base, white or tinged with rose-
color ; posterior and upper portion reddish-purple ; within white,
except posteriorly, where it has the purple color of the outside ;
muscular and palleal impressions distinctly marked, the latter with
an acute sinus ; teeth divergent, the middle one in each valve
stout and triangular, the anterior tooth of the right, and the poste-
rior one of the left valve thin, and not easily distinguished ; inner
margin crenulated. Length ^ inch, height ]- inch, breadth ^ inch.

This beautiful little amethystine gem, as it has been appropri-
ately called, is found in great abundance on all the sandy shores of
Massachusetts Bay. Col. Totten also found it in Newport har-
bour. Beyond this, its range is not known. It was noticed by
some of the early visiters to New England, and specimens of it
were sent home to England among other curiosities. It is,

CARDIACE*. MOLLUSCA. CARDIUM. 89

therefore, not a little remarkable, that a shell so long ago observed
should have remained, until very lately, undescribed. But it is
only recently that it has been recognised as a distinct species
and described by Colonel Totten. It is commonly regarded as
the fry of the quahog (V. mercenaria,) on account of its purple
tip. But on close examination it will be found to be a fully de-
veloped, mature shell, different in every important particular from
that species. It is a very interesting shell, as being by far the
least of any species of the genus known.

FAMILY CARDIJ1CEJ1, DESK.

Shell somewhat heart-shaped ; cardinal teeth two or three ; lateral teeth one
or two.

GENUS CARDIUM, LIN.

Shell somewhat heart-shaped ; beaks prominent ; margin gener-
ally toothed or folded within ; hinge with two oblique cardinal and
two lateral teeth in each valve ; palleal impression without a sinus.

CA'RDIUM ISLA'NDICUM.

Shell large, rounded-ovate, tumid, sub-equilateral, with about
thirty-six sharp, three-sided ribs ; epidermis lax, and rising into a
fringe, on the angle of the ribs.

FIGURE 58.
State Coll., No. 190. Soc. Cab., No. 1924.

Cardium Islandicum, LIN; Syst.Jfat., 1124. CHEMN.; vi. 200, t. 19, f. 195, 196.

GMELIN ; Syst., 3252. BRUG. ; Encyc. Meth., 222. WOOD ; Gen. Conch., 225, pi.

55, f. 2, 3. Index, pi. 5, f. 27. LISTER; Conch., t. 329, f. 166. GCALT.;

Test., t. 71, f. M. KNORR ; DeUces, ^c., vi. t. 8, f. 3. BORN ; Mus., 49.
Cardium ciliatum, O. FABR. ; Fauna Grcenl., 410.
Cardium puWscens, COUTHOUY ; Bost.Journ. JVoi. Hist., ii. 60, pi. 3. f. 6, (young.)

Shell large, rather thin, nearly equilateral, a little obliquely
rounded-ovate ; tumid ; anterior side shortest and narrowest,
ends regularly rounded ; beaks prominent, the points turned in-
wards, and nearly in contact ; in front of them is a narrow, heart-
shaped depression ; on each valve are thirty-six, or more, three
sided, sharp-edged, radiating ribs, the furrows between themround-
12

90 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ed, and regularly wrinkled by the lines of growth ; epidermis yel-
lowish-brown, lax, and bristling into a stiff fringe on the sharp
edge of the ribs ; within straw-colored, the portions covered by
the mantle pearly ; grooves, answering to the ribs without, are
obvious within, and the edges are strongly notched. Length 2
inches, height somewhat less ; breadth 1 inch.

Found plentifully in the stomachs of fish caught in Massachu-
setts Bay.

This shell seems not to have been hitherto described, in all its char-
acters, by any one writer. English authors seem to have possessed
superannuated specimens, which had lost the epidermis ; and such we
have long been in the habit of receiving from the Bank fishing-grounds.
On the other hand, Mr. Couthouy, having only immature specimens,
failed to trace their pedigree. Through the kindness of Dr. Storer,
I have had an opportunity to examine specimens of Mr. Couthouy's
C. pulescens of the size above indicated, taken in our Bay, covered
with their peculiar epidermis ; under which disguise, however, it was
not difficult to detect the C. Isldndicum. A few years since, I exam-
ined a denuded specimen, brought by Dr. C. T. Jackson from the
coast of Maine, where he says they are not uncommon, measuring
2^ inches in length, by 2^ in height. Those taken in Massa-
chusetts Bay seldom exceed half an inch in diameter.

Destitute of an epidermis, it looks much like C. editle, but is easily
distinguished by the number of ribs. In two of my specimens there
are thirty-eight ribs ; in all the others there are thirty-six ; C. editle has
twenty-six. It is usually found in company with C. pinnuldtum, and
would not be readily discriminated from 'it. But, besides the greater
number of ribs, its bristled fringe upon the ribs, instead of little tuber-
cles, marks it. It closely resembles C. exiguum also ; but, among
other obvious differences, that shell has an angulated form.

CA'RDIUM PINNULATUM.

Shell small, sub- orbicular, with a slight angle posteriorly, sub-
equilateral ; surface with twenty-six ribs, with a single range of
arched scales upon each.

FIGURE 57.
State Coll., No. 191. Soc. Cab., No. 2336.

Cardium pinnulatum, CONRAD ; Jown. Jlcad. Nat. Sc., vi. 260, pi. xi. f. 8.

CARDIACEA. MOLLUSCA. CARDIUM. 91

Shell very small, fragile, dingy white, nearly orbicular, some-
what oblong ; nearly equilateral ; beaks slightly elevated, in-
clined inwards ; an obtuse ridge passes from the beaks to the pos-
terior point of the shell, rendering this side a little angular ; the an-
terior side is shortest and regularly rounded ; surface witli about
twenty-six rounded ribs, on each of which is a series of equidis-
tant, arched scales, most conspicuous along the posterior slope,
where they sometimes assume the form of spines ; interior white
or flesh-colored, sometimes with a brownish blotch at the pos-
terior muscular impression ; furrowed to correspond to the ribs
without. Length T%- inch, height 7%- inch, breadth T37 inch.

This very small and pretty species is as common as any other
shell in the stomachs of fishes, and may be obtained from them at
almost any time. Mr. Conrad obtained his specimens from Mas-
sachusetts, and I have never heard of it in any other locality.

It is usually accompanied by the young of C. Isldndicum, from
which it is distinguished by fewer ribs, and the scales crossing them.
It resembles the young of C. ediile so much, as to excite one's suspi-
cions that it is not a- distinct species. But a careful comparison will
show good characters. It is less equilateral and less convex than C.
edule, and the posterior termination is quite different. From C.
exiguum it differs in not having a short, diminished anterior side, ele-
vated beaks, and a very prominent ridge posteriorly. The whole as-
pect of that shell is angular, while our shell is scarcely at all so. If it
is the young of any known shell, I think it is that of C. echindtum.

CA'RDIUM MORTO^NI.

Shell small, thin, sub-globose, smooth, pale fawn-color, some-
times blotched with dark brown ; within striated, bright yellow, with
a purplish blotch posteriorly.

State Coll., No. 192. Soc. Cab., No. 1928.

Cardium Mortoni, CONRAD ; Journ. Acad, JVaf. Sc., vi. 259, pi. xi. f. 5, G, 7.

Shell small, thin, obliquely sub-ovate, sub-globose ; beaks
large and prominent, incurved, nearly central ; posterior side a
little produced and directed obliquely downwards ; surface glossy,
destitute of ribs or radiating lines, with fine lines of growth, and

92 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

an occasional darker zone ; color very pale yellowish, covered
with a very thin, darker epidermis, thicker and more wrinkled be-
hind ; in young specimens are blotches or zigzag lines of dark
fawn-color ; teeth well developed ; inside with very faint and
minute radiating lines ; margin white, the remainder bright yellow ;
there is always a dark purplish blotch along the posterior margin,
and it is sometimes mottled with bands and stains of reddish-brown
on other parts of the interior ; muscular impressions superficial.
Length of largest specimens 1 inch, height T97 inch, breadth T\
inch.

Found plentifully about Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and
Rhode Island, south of which I cannot learn that it has been
found.

This shell is very closely allied to the C. Icevigatum of the West
Indies, and has no other well marked distinction than the purple blotch
on the posterior margin within, which, so far as I have observed, is
never wanting in our species, and never present in the West India shell.
In the angular markings of the young shells they are similar, and also
in their form and color ; but the exterior of our shell is less smooth
and polished than C. lavigatum, a difference which might depend on
climate.

CiRDIUM GRffiNLANDICUM.

Shell large, sub-triangular, drab-colored, with very numerous,
obsolete, radiating ridges ; slightly gaping posteriorly, beaks slight-
ly prominent, incurved ; margin within salmon-colored, centre
opaline.

State Coll., No. 199. Soc. Cab., No. 1916.

Cardium Grcenlandicum, CHEMN. ; Conch., vi. 1. 19, f. 198. GMELIN ; Syst., 3232,
No. 22. BRUG.J Encyc. M6th., 222, No. 17, pi. 300, f. 7. MONTAGU: Test.
Brit., 29. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 69. DILLWYN ; Catal.ti.
129. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 407. WOOD ; Gen. Conch., 227. Index, pi. 5,
f.28.

Mactra radiata, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, v. pi. 161.

Cardium edentulum, SOWERBY; Genera, f. 2. Conchol. Manual, f. 123*. FLEM-
ING ; Brit. Anim., 425.

Aphrodite columba, LEA. ; Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., (New Series,) v. pi. 18, f. 54.

Shell large, not very thick, sub-triangular, elevated, rather
compressed ; beaks not very prominent, curved inwards and

CARDIACEA. MOLLUSCA. CARDITA. 93

slightly forwards, nearly central ; anterior margin regularly round-
ed ; posterior side somewhat elongated, margin protuberant below
the ligament, bordered by a slight wave, which gives the posterior
termination a somewhat sinuous or truncated appearance, and
leaves the shell gaping at this point; this region is also more
coarsely wrinkled than the rest ; surface marked with minute lines
of growth, divided into zones by darker indications of the stages
of growth, which successive increments appear very loosely at-
tached posteriorly ; these are crossed by numerous, inconspicu-
ous, radiating ridges ; epidermis thin, shining, of a drab or very
light fawn-color ; hinge slender ; cardinal teeth nearly wanting ;
lateral teeth distinct, but small ; muscular and palleal impressions
profound, within which the shell is opalescent- white, the margin
light salmon-color ; edge slightly crenated. Length 2j inches,
height 2T\ inches, breadth 1 J inch.

Brought from the Grand Banks, but not as yet found on the
shores of this State.

This singular shell, from its triangular, compressed form, and its
smooth surface, has father the aspect of a M^CTRA than a CARDIUM.
The not unfrequent entire want of cardinal teeth, has misled one dis-
tinguished conchologist as to its true relations, while its external char-
acters have so little point, that another was not led to it by any exist-
ing description, and made of it a new species. Dr. Loven informs me,
that Beck has instituted a new genus for it which he calls S£RRIPES,
on account of the serrated margin of the foot.

The old shells, one of which measures in height 3J inches, in
length 3J- inches, in breadth 1 J inch, become solid and strong, and also
more tumid, especially behind. The young shells often have the sur-
face variegated with stripes, or angular markings, of rusty-brown color.
This species is also remarkable for gaping posteriorly to a considera-
ble extent.

GENUS CARDlTA, LAM.

Shell inequilateral) regular, hinge with a short, strong, erect
tooth under the beaks, and an* oblique one stretching along the
margin.

94 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

CARDITA BOREA'LIS.

Shell obliquely sub-cordate, beaks prominent and recurved, with
about twenty radiating ribs ; margin crenate ; lunule small and deep.

FIGURE 59.
State Coll., No. 189. Soc. Cab., No. 1930.

Cardita borealis, CONRAD; Jlmer. Mar. Conch., 39, pi. 8, f. 1. SOWERBY; Jlpp.

to Beechey's Voy., pi. 44, f. 1.
Arclurus rudis, HUMPHREY ; Mss.

Shell rounded, obliquely heart-shaped, thick, and strong ; in-
equilateral ; the beaks elevated and turned forwards, so as almost
to be even with the anterior extremity, which is regularly round-
ed ; posterior margin regularly rounded by a much larger curve,
which, meeting the base, forms an obtuse angle ; surface raised
into about twenty rounded, radiating ribs, which are broader than
the grooves between them ; these are rendered rough by coarse
lines of growth, and covered by a strong, rusty-brown epidermis ;
lunule very strong, and deeply imprinted, rhomboidal ; ligament
small and sunken, nearly concealed ; hinge strong, two teeth in
each valve ; in the left valve a small triangular one under the beak,
and an oblique, grooved, or partially double one along the posterior
margin as long as the ligament ; on the right valve a long, taper-
ing, oblique tooth, fitting between the two teeth of the ^opposite
valve, and a more slender one on which the ligament partially
rests ; interior white, margin strongly crenate ; impressions dis-
tinct. Length 1 inch, height 1 inch, width T\ inch.

Found along the whole coast of Massachusetts, and is one of
the most common shells found in fishes. It is a more northern
shell, and is found along the coast of Maine, and in the Arctic
seas, of a very large size.

The shape of the shell is much varied by age. In the young the
beaks are nearly central, very little elevated, and scarcely recurved ;
but the posterior portion advancing in growth faster than the anterior,
produces the obliquity of the old shell. It is closely allied to C. tri-
dentata, SAY, but it grows to a much larger size, is more inequilateral,
and has two teeth in the right valve, while that shell has but one.

ARCACEA. MOLLUSCA. ARCA. 95

FAMILY ARCJ1CEJ1, LAM.

Teetk small, numerous, disposed in a lint along the hinge margin of each
valve.

GENUS ARCA, LIN.

Shell transverse, beaks separated by a diamond-shaped area for
the ligament ; series of teeth in a straight line.

ARCA PEXATA.

Shell oblong ; beaks prominent, very oblique ; the ligamentary
space very narrow ; surface with about thirty-two radiating ribs,
covered with a shaggy, brown epidermis.

FIGURE 60.
State Coll., No. 186. Soc. Cab., No. 1949.

Area pexata, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 268.

Shell thick and heavy, oblong, somewhat ovate ; very inequi-
lateral ; the beaks are ventricose and prominent, directed very
obliquely forwards, terminating in points which are nearly in con-
tact over the anterior termination of the series of cardinal teeth ;
at the other extremity of the series, the outline of the shell, which
is elsewhere regularly rounded, has an obtuse angle ; the ligamen-
tary area, or space between the beaks, is very narrow, scarcely
separating them. Surface with thirty -two to thirty-six radiating
ribs, rather broader than the channels between them ; these are
traversed by minute lines of growth, and interrupted by the more
distinct overlapping zones of increase. The whole is covered by
a thick, shaggy, fibrous epidermis of a dark brown-color, some-
times protruding from the interstices of the ribs in a fringe-like
manner. Interior white, the margin polished, and profoundly
scolloped by the alternate terminations of the ribs and grooves. In
front of the regular series of teeth are a few irregular pits and
prominences which fit into each other. Length 2| inches,
height 2TV inches, breadth 1J inch.

The Area, pexata has never been found to the north of Cape
Cod. I have it from Martha's Vineyard ; it is not rare in Buz-
zard's Bay, and is common about Rhode Island.

96 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

It is distinguished from other North American species by the po-
sition of its beaks, its epidermis, its narrow area between the beaks,
and by its being equivalve. Its height increases posteriorly, so that
the interior of a valve has an ovate shape.

Mr. Say remarks, that, when violently opened, an effusion of red
sanies issues ; and hence it has acquired the name of bloody clam.

ARCA TRANSVERSA. »

Shell rhomboidal, with from thirty-two to thirty-five ribs ; beaks
at the anterior third of the series of teeth.

State Coll., No. 187. Soc. Cab., No. 2337.

Area transversa, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 269.

" Shell transversely oblong, rhomboidal, with from thirty-two
to thirty-five ribs placed at nearly the length of their own diam-
eters distant from each other. Apices separated by a long narrow
space, and situated at the termination of the posterior (anterior)
third of the length of the hinge margin ; extremities of the hinge
margin angulated ; anterior [posterior] edge, the superior half
rectilinear ; posterior [anterior] edge rounded ; inferior edge
nearly rectilinear, or very obtusely rounded ; on the hinge space,
one or two angulated lines are drawn from the apex diverging to
the hinge edge." Say. Length 1J inch, height 1 inch, breadth
1J inch.

Found about the sands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard,
and it is said to be not uncommon in Buzzard's Bay.

I have quoted the description by Mr. Say, above, merely inter-
changing the terms anterior and posterior, to accord with the parts of
the shell to which those terms are applied in other parts of the Re-
port. The position of the beaks distinguishes it from the preceding

species.

v
GENUS NUCULA, LAM.

Shell transverse, without an area for the ligament between the
beaks ; a straight series of teeth each side, forming an angle at a
spoon-shaped pit which separates them.

ARCACEA. MOLLUSCA. NUCULA. 97

NUCULA THRACI-EFORMIS.

Shell kidney-shaped, inequilateral, covered with a dark olive-
green epidermis ; a rib-like wave passes from the beaks to the pos-
terior-inferior angle ; gaping at both ends.

FIGURE 66.

State Coll., No. 183. Soc. Cab., No. 2318.

Nucula thraciaeformis, STOKER ; Bost. Journ. Nat, Hist., ii. 122 (wood-cut.)

Shell oblong-ovate, or rather kidney-shaped, somewhat pointed
before, broadest and truncated behind, thin ; gaping at both ends ;
inequilateral ; the beaks considerably elevated, pointed, inclined
backwards, and touching each other, are situated near the anterior
third of the shell ; an obtuse, rib-like wave passes obliquely over
the shell from the beaks to the posterior third of the basal margin,
dividing the surface of the shell into two unequal triangles ; the
outline of the anterior triangle is regularly curved, excepting a
shallow, lengthened notch between the centre of the base and the
wave ; the upper margin of the other triangle is nearly direct, a
little upturned or beaked, and its edge is compressed into a sharp
crest, the posterior margin moderately rounded, joining above
and below with an abrupt curve of a truncated appearance ; the
anterior portion is inflated, and the epidermis of a dusky green ;
the posterior portion is compressed, has one or two faint waves
or radiations, and the epidermis is of a lighter yellowish-green,
minutely wrinkled ; surface coarsely marked with lines of growth,
and covered with a sooty powder, which easily rubs off and leaves
a glossy black. Hinge with a very large, spoon-shaped cavity,
and on each side of it are about twelve teeth, each one folded from
the centre to an angle of 45° ; cavity of the beaks very ca-
pacious ; interior polished white, impressions faint, the palleal.one
with a deep sinus. Length 2f inches, height 1 j£ inch, breadth
ly1^ inch.

First taken by Dr. Storer from the stomachs of Pleuronectes
dentata, or sand-dab, caught off Race Point, in December, 1837.
In that winter a dozen or more specimens were taken from the
same species of fish, and from the same locality ; but last winter
they were sought for without success.
13

98 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

It is a very extraordinary shell, far exceeding in size any known
species of the genus. Indeed, its peculiar shape, very large spoon-
hinge, and the teeth folded like those of ARCA, entitle it to a generic
distinction so far as the shell is concerned ; and I believe that a knowl-
edge of the animal will establish its claims to one.

NUCULA LIMATULA.

Shell oblong-ovate, rostrated, very smooth and shining ; beaks
sub-central ; teeth twenty-two on the anterior, and eighteen on the
rostrated side.

FIGURE 62.

State Coll., No. 184. Soc. Cab., No. 1962.

Nucula limatula, SAY ; Amer. Conch., pi. 12.

Shell transversely-ovate, very much elongated, thin, lines of
growth very minute, otherwise smooth and covered with a beauti-
fully glazed, light-green epidermis, with an occasional darker zone,
and two or three lighter radiations ; beaks nearly central, not
prominent, inclined backwards ; hinge margin behind rectilinear
nearly to the tip, compressed, the compression not reaching the
tip, which is a little recurved, pointed and not truncated ; an-
terior and basal margin almost regularly rounded, entire ; interior
bluish-white, somewhat pearly ; cartilage-pit small ; the series
of teeth, extending more than two thirds the length of the shell, is
slightly bent at the pit, teeth prominent, most so at the middle
of each side, their summits forming a regular arch, twenty-two on
the anterior, and eighteen on the rostrated side, excavated on
their outer faces ; impressions quite obvious. Length 1T\ inch,
height j\ inch, breadth T\ inch.

Found in various parts of Massachusetts Bay.

This beautiful shell may be distinguished from other species of our
coast by its length, which is more than twice as great as its height.
Its posterior portion is also more narrowed than in other species.
The dimensions given above are those of a specimen larger than is
ordinarily found. But I have a single valve sent me by Dr. Mighels
of Portland, which he dredged in the harbour of that place, where
he found them abundantly, measuring 2-,^- inches in length, and 1TV

ARCACEA. MOLLUSCA. NUCULA. 99

inch in height. He informs me that the animal is very active, and
that it leaps to an astonishing height, exceeding in this faculty the
scollop-shells.

NUCULA MYALIS.

Shell ovate, smooth, olive-colored ; anterior side longest and
rounded ; posteriorly acuminated, and sub-rostrated ; teeth about
twelve on each side.

State Coll., No. 200. Soc. Cab., No. 2215.

iNucula rayalis, COOTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 61, pi. 3, f. 7.

Shell ovate, thin, slightly gaping at both extremities, moderate-
ly convex ; surface somewhat undulated by distant concentric
ridges, and covered with an olive-colored epidermis, arranged in
alternate darker and lighter zones ; beaks not elevated, a little
behind the middle ; anterior side semi-elliptical ; posterior side
sub-triangular, upper margin behind the beaks straight, compressed
and sharp to the very tip, which is obtusely pointed as the regular
curve of the base meets the dorsal line. Interior yellowish-white,
glossy, with greenish zones, and minute radiating lines or striae ;
cartilage cavity deep, triangular ; series of teeth about twelve on
each side, increasing in size and distance towards the outer ex-
tremities. Length ly1^ inch, height T\ inch, breadth -fv inch.

Taken from the stomachs of fish caught in various parts of
Massachusetts Bay.

The general aspect of this species is like that of N. limdlula. It is
distinguished by the position of the beaks, and the smaller number of
teeth ; the whole shell, and the posterior side especially, is less elon-
gated, and the epidermis is of a darker, more strictly olive color, and
far less glossy. It never attains to so great a size. It has almost pre-
cisely the shape and size, but none of the oblique striae of N. drctica,
BROD. and SOWERBY. N. Aghtsii, COTJTHOUT, from the Antarctic
seas, must also be very closely allied. A shell from Spitzbergen sent
me by Dr. Loven, and named by him N. hyperlorea, as to the exterior
and the position of the beaks is like this ; but its height is less, and
there are eighteen teeth in the posterior range.

100 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

NUCULA SAPOTILLA.

Shell elongated- ovate, sub-equilateral, sub-rostrated, tumid at
the beaks, with a slight flexure under the posterior tip, pale yellow-
ish-green, polished ; teeth about sixteen on each side.

FIGURE 61.
State Coll., No. 182. Soc. Cab., No. 2338.

Shell ovate, prolonged, thin, fragile, translucent, the beaks a
little in advance of the centre, not elevated, but considerably in-
flated laterally ; anterior half regularly serai-oval ; posterior por-
tion narrowed and compressed, the line running from the beaks to
the posterior tip straight, and rendered sharp by the compression
of a very narrow portion of the margin ; beneath the tip is a trun-
cation or shallow indentation of the margin, bounded by a wave-
like swell passing from the beaks to its anterior termination ;
surface marked only by exceedingly minute concentric lines, and
covered by a very thin and glossy epidermis of a light yellowish-
green color, with an occasional narrow zone of a darker color ;
within pearly-white ; cavity of the cartilage deep and triangular ;
teeth about sixteen or eighteen on each side, long and pointed,
very small and crowded at the centre. Length T9^ inch, height J
inch, breadth y3^ inch.

Inhabits the vicinity of Cape Cod, where it may be found in
the stomachs of fishes, and also by dredging. Many specimens
have been kindly furnished me by Colonel Totten, which he took
by dredging in Provincetown harbour.

This is the living analogue of the fossil species described by Mr. Say
under the name of N. lavis, in " American Conchology," pi. 12. In
size, shape, and the position of the beaks they accurately agree ; but
the fossil species wants the emargination or flexure under the posterior
tip. N. mydlis is greater in height, thicker, darker, and has the beaks
about as far removed towards the posterior as they are towards the
anterior extremity in this shell.

Eroded spots, filled with a black substance, are frequently seen ex-
ternally, which are marked by a corresponding chalky opacity within.

ARCACEA. MOLLUSCA. NUCULA. 101

In its shape, and the perfect polish of its surface, this shell resem-
bles the seed of the Sapotilla (Achras sapota), a tropical fruit ; and I
have substituted that name instead of N. lavigata, under which I gave
the specific characters of the shell in the " American Journal of Sci-
ence," as I find that name preoccupied.

NUCULA MINUTA.

Shell ovate-lanceolate , inequilateral, posteriorly much narrowed
and rostrated ; surface with numerous concentric ridges, covered
with a light greenish-yellow epidermis ; teeth twelve before and six-
teen behind the beaks.

State Coll., No. 180. Soc. Cab., No. 2339.

Area minula, GMELIN ; Syst., 3309, 14. MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 140. CHEMN. ;

Conch., x. 170, f. 1657, 1658.
Area caudata, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, pi. 78.

Nucula minuta, TURTON j Brit. Bio., 178. FLEMING ; Brit. Jnim., 402.
Nucula rostrata, SOWERBY ; Genera, No. 17, f. 5.
Nucula tenuisulcata, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist , ii. 64, pi. 3, f. 8.

Shell ovate-lanceolate, thin, the posterior side double the
length of the anterior, narrowed to a point, the tip being a little
upturned, truncated and gaping, the upper margin straight and
sharp ; anterior side regularly rounded ; surface wrought into
numerous and crowded concentric folds, excepting a compressed,
lanceolate area behind the beaks reaching nearly to the tips, which
is smooth and shining ; a delicate, sub-marginal angle runs from
the beaks to the lower angle of the truncated tip, at which the
concentric folds or ribs are bent at nearly a right angle, so as to
be parallel to the margin ; epidermis light greenish-yellow, or sap-
green color, within pearly white ; an elevated ridge runs from
within the cavity of the beaks to the lower angle of the truncated
tip, corresponding to the exterior angle ; teeth twelve to fourteen
before the beaks, and sixteen to eighteen behind them. Length
1 inch, height ¥'T inch, breadth T37 inch.

Found, not very rarely, in the stomachs of fishes taken off Na-
hant.

This shell is readily distinguished from our other species by the
folds and grooves of its surface. It is much more pointed than the

102 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

other species, and does not attain to a large size, the above dimensions
being those of a shell one third longer than the usual size. It is close-
ly allied to N. concentrica, Say, which, besides being a fossil species,
is not described or figured as having a truncated tip. It is also allied
to N. costellata, Sowerby, " Conch. Illust." f. 8. I have carefully
compared our shell with a specimen of N. minuta, from the coast of
Norway, sent me by Dr. Loven, and can find no difference in the
number of teeth, or in any other respect.

Note. The following undescribed fossil species, is so closely allied to the pre-
ceding, that 1 may, with propriety, introduce a description of it here, though it
has not been found in this State.

NUCULA JACKSONII.

Shell ovate, convex, inequilateral, posteriorly diminishing to a
narrow, ascending beak, truncated at tip, and with a flexure in
the margin beneath it ; surface with concentric, elevated lines ;
teeth fifteen before, and twenty behind the beaks.

FIGURE 65.

Shell ovate, elongated, ventricose, rather solid ; beaks at the
anterior third ; anteriorly rounded ; posteriorly rapidly attenuated
so as to form a somewhat ascending beak, truncated at tip ; pos-
terior hinge margin straight and sharp, compressed at each side so
as to form an area defined by denticulated lines, and smooth ;
under the tip is a flexure or shallow indentation of the basal mar-
gin, and an elevated ridge runs from the beaks to the lower angle
of the tip ; surface covered with fine, crowned, elevated, con-
centric lines ; within grooved and irregular, with accumulations of
calcareous matter, the most remarkable of which are one under
the posterior series of teeth, and a rib going to the middle of the
truncated tip ; cartilage pit a narrow cavity, which penetrates
through the shell and forms a transverse fissure between the beaks,
which are widely separated ; series of teeth strongly curved,
fifteen before and twenty behind the beaks, short, very broad,
and folded outwardly. Length 1 inch, height ±± inch, breadth
| inch.

Found at the land-slip at Pride's Bridge, Presumpscot River,
Westbrook, Maine, September, 1837 ; and also by Dr. C. T.
Jackson at Augusta, while engaged in the geological survey of
Maine, in honor of whom I have named it.

ARCACEA. MOLLUSCA. NUCULA. 103

It is remarkable for its great width, which makes it almost cylindri-
cal. The concentric lines are finer and closer than in N. minuta. In
general outline it resembles N. rostrata, SOWERBY, " Conch. Illust."
f. 12. The denticulated boundary line of the beaks, both before and
behind, are very peculiar.

NUCULA NAVICULARIS.

Shell small, fragile, crescentic, sub-equilateral ; surface smooth ;
epidermis light-green ; rounded before, slightly truncated behind ;
umbones tumid ; teeth eight before and ten behind the pit.

State Coll., No. 288. Soc. Cab., No. 2341.

Nucula navicularis, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 178, pi. 4, f. 4.

Shell small, thin, fragile, of a crescentic, or somewhat kidney-
shaped form, smooth, tumid at the beaks, and compressed at the
sides, slightly gaping at both ends ; beaks very nearly central,
prominent, and directed backwards ; anterior side elliptically
rounded ; posterior side somewhat narrowed and compressed,
and very slightly truncated ; basal margin strongly curved ; sur-
face smooth, with very indistinct lines of growth ; epidermis a
light pea-green, thin, with many eroded spots. Ligamentary
fosset broad, prominent, and oblique ; teeth about eight before
and ten behind the fosset. Interior glossy white ; margin simple.
Length ££ inch, height ^ inch, breadth & inch.

Found in the stomachs of fish caught off Nahant and Plymouth ;
not common.

This small shell might at first be regarded as the young of some
other species. But the central position of the beaks, the number of
teeth, and its crescentic or boat-shaped form are good characteristics.
The size above indicated is about one third larger than that of the
specimens usually found.

NUCULA PROXIMA.

Shell oblique, ovate-triangular, anterior side perpendicular to
the base ; crossed by minute, concentric, and radiating lines ; epi-
dermis olivaceous ; within pearly, margin crenulated ; teeth, twelve
before and eighteen behind the beaks.

FIGURE 63.

104 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

State Coll., No. 185. Soc. Cab., No. 1963.

Nucula proxima, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 270.

Shell small, thick and solid, very oblique, triangular, the outline
and angles a little rounded ; the anterior side nearly vertical, and
about two thirds the length of the posterior side, forming some-
thing less than a right angle with it ; beaks somewhat elevated,
inclined forwards ; anterior slope with a large, ovate area, defined
by an angular ridge ; posterior edge broad and flattened ; surface
crossed with somewhat coarse lines of growth, and by very mi-
nute, radiating lines ; epidermis light olive-color, with darker
zones ; interior pearly, the margin very finely crenulated ; car-
tilage pit very small ; series of teeth twelve before and eighteen
behind the beaks, including the very small ones near the pit,
short and broad, the two series nearly at right angles with each
other. Length ^ inch, height near anterior side ^ inch, breadth

Found not uncommonly in the stomachs of fishes taken near
Nahant. Professor Adams found it abundantly at Dartmouth, in
mud taken up beyond low-water mark ; and Dr. Yale sent it to
me collected on the shores of Holmes's Hole.

By many, this shell has been supposed identical with the N. nucleus
of English authors, — the N. margaritacea of Lamarck. But actual
comparison shows a wide difference. The N. nucleus is less trian-
gular, the posterior tip broadly rounded $ its proportional diameter is
not more than half as great, the epidermis is firm and darker, the
teeth are ten and twenty, and the whole shell is double the size of
ours. It is much more closely allied to, if not identical with, a shell
sent me by Mr. Sowerby under the name of N. nitida. The number
and arrangement of teeth is the same ; and if there be any difference,
it is that the British shell is smoother, narrower, the angle made by
the anterior and superior margins is greater, and the shape less ob-
liquely transverse. The striae are very obvious under the epidermis.
In young specimens a series of transverse indentations may be seen
along each side of the posterior hinge margin.

ARCACEA. MOLLUSCA. NUCULA. 105

NUCULA TE'NUIS.

Shell trapezoidal, thin, smooth, without radiating lines ; epider-
mis grass-green ; beaks prominent, placed anteriorly ; margin sim-
ple, teeth very few.

FIGURE 64.
State Coll., No. 287. Soc. Cab., No. 2340.

Area t£nuis, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit.y Suppl., 5fi, pi. 29, f. 1. PENNANT ; Brit. Zoo/.,

iv. 218. DILLWYN; Cated.j 246. TURTON; Conch. Diet., 11.
Nucula tenuis, TURTON j Brit. Biv., 177. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 402.

This shell is very similar to the preceding, and would not at
once be distinguished from it. The following are some of the
essential differences. The posterior margin, instead of running
straight to the posterior tip, runs about half the distance parallel
with the base, then forms an angle, and, by a broadly rounded
curve, joins the curve of the base ; the tip is, therefore, not
pointed as in N. proxima, and the angle of this side gives the shell
a four-sided, instead of a triangular figure, the greatest height be-
ing somewhat behind the beaks ; beaks prominent, curved for-
wards, and having a deep pit before them, not found in the other
species ; anterior margin forming as much as a right angle with the
posterior ; while in N. proxima we have rather less than a right
angle. The surface is smooth, glossy, grass-green, without any
radiating lines. Interior a silvery-white, but not pearly like the
other. The teeth are very long and slender, scarcely if at all
folded, and only about eight behind and four or five before the
beaks. The interior margin is always simple, but never so in the
smallest specimens of N. prdxima. The shell is very thin, and
its breadth very small. Length T3T inch, height J inch, breadth
•f-y inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes, but much more sparingly than
the preceding.

This shell, as far as I can recollect, is the one in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, marked " N. lucida,
BLANDING." It corresponds precisely with a specimen of Nucula
tinuis sent me by Mr. Sowerby, and it is his opinion that they are
identical.

14

106 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

FAMILY NAIADES, LAM.

Shells fluviatile ; hinge having a simple or divided, furrowed, cardinal tooth,
with or without a lateral tooth extending along the margin; and sometimes
destitute of teeth ; muscular impressions compound.

The shells embraced in this family are familiarly known by the
names of fresh-water clams or mussels. They inhabit most if not
all of our collections of fresh water, whether still or of rapid flow.
Their aspect is peculiar, and there is such a stamp of identity
upon them as forbids their being confounded with any other family
of shells. Exteriorly, they seldom present any thing very attrac-
tive ; but no one can fail to admire the beautifully tinted pearl of
their -.interior. The few species inhabiting New England are
simple and unpretending in their appearance ; but our Western
waters furnish species infinite in the variety of their shapes, colors,
and marking ; and no shells are more eagerly sought for by for-
eign collectors than the American Naiades.

The teeth, when they exist, are strong, pyramidal, or com-
pressed, and appear as if they had been abruptly fractured at their
tips. The beaks of mature shells are almost always found to be
eroded, either by the gravel or other substances which are
washed over them, or by some chemical process. The foot of the
animal is tongue-shaped, and serves to perform no inconsiderable
journeys. In quiet water, where there is a layer of mud at the
bottom, the furrows, traced by dragging the shell along on its
sharp edge, are readily seen.

All the species are capable of producing pearls ; and occasion-
ally some of no inconsiderable beauty and value are found. Old
and deformed shells are most likely to contain them ; and in fact
they seem to be the products of injury or disease.

The animal, in all the genera included in this family, seems to
have the same organization ; and the teeth, on the arrangement of
which the genera are founded, are observed to dwindle from their
greatest number and fullest developement in such a continued
series, until they wholly vanish, as to lead to the belief that all
foe Naiades might be reduced to a single genus.

NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. UNIO. 107

GENUS ilNIO, BRUG.

Shell equivake, inequilateral; hinge with a stout, irregular,
striated, simple or divided cardinal tooth, in each valve, and an
elongated, compressed, lateral tooth extending along the margin.

UNIO COMPLANA'TUS.

Shell transversely ovate, somewhat angular posteriorly, inequi-
lateral ; beaks not much elevated, epidermis dark-brown ; interior
purple or salmon-colored ; hinge teeth deeply striated, pyramidal.

FIGURES 68, 69, 70.
State Coll., No. 176. Soc. Cab., No. 2150.

Mya complanata, SOLANDER; Mss., Portland Catal., 100. DILLWTN ; Catal., i.

51.
IPnio purpureus, SAY ; Jfich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.,) iv. 3, f. 1. DESHAYES ; Encyc.

M6th., I'ers, ii. 581, pi. 249, f. 5. BARNES ; Silliman's Journ., vi. 216.
IPnio purpurascens, LAM., An. sans Vert., vi. 535.
ITnio violaceus, SPENGL'ER.
tPnio rarisulckta, coarctata, rhombula, carinifera, Georgina, glabrata and sulci-

dens of LAM. ; (Jin. sans. Vert., vi.) on the authority of Lea.
IPnio fluviatilis, GREEN.
U^nio complanatus, LEA; Naiades, 30. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,)

iii. 416, vi. 130, not of DESHAYES.

Shell very variable in form, usually oblong-ovate, sometimes
sub-rhomboidal or sub-oval, very inequilateral, broadest behind,
rather compressed. Beaks about the anterior fourth of the shell,
little elevated, always much eroded, and exhibiting numerous
layers of greenish epidermal matter ; anterior extremity always
regularly rounded ; superior margin, behind the beaks, straight and
somewhat ascending for one half its length, then, suddenly declin-
ing, it forms an indefinite angle ; posterior end pointed, rounded or
slightly clipped ; inferior margin regularly curved, or sometimes a
little arched at the middle ; an obtuse ridge passes from the beaks
to the posterior tip. Surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines of
growth, and covered by a dark, tar-colored, or very dark-green
epidermis. Interior usually of a beautiful dark peach-blossom
color, and passes from this through salmon-color to mother-of-

108 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

pearl tinged violet. Hinge having a single, erect, pyramidal,
coarsely striated cardinal tooth in the right valve, with the vestige
of a tooth before, and a pit behind it ; on the left valve are two
nearly equal teeth of a triangular, pyramidal form, the space be-
tween them corresponding to the opposite tooth ; lateral teeth
compressed, long, very slightly curved. Ordinary length 3| in-
ches, height 2 inches, breadth 1 inch.

This is the most common fresh-water mussel we have. It is
found in every considerable brook or collection of water emptying
into the Atlantic ; and it is said never to be found in any of the
streams beyond the Atlantic slope.

It is perhaps the most variable of all species, as we may judge by
noticing the numerous species, which, according to Mr. Lea, Lamarck
made of its varieties. And it is to be feared that Mr. Lea himself has
not entirely avoided this error. Certain it is, that shells answering
well to his Roanokensis, jejunus, and some others, are not seldom found
in Massachusetts, among the indisputable complandtus.

The shell is always rounded before, somewhat widened and angular
behind, and slightly truncated at tip, especially if viewed inside. Nor
is it ever much inflated. Its true form is transversely oblong-oval ;
but it is often nearly oval, and sometimes is much curved. In one speci-
men before me, the height is five eighths of the length, and in another it
is only two fifths. In this latter, the breadth is one fourth of the length,
while, in a third, it is nearly one half. The epidermis is usually coarsely
wrinkled, without lustre, and of a pitchy-black color; but I have
a series of a strongly marked variety from the Shawsheen river in
Andover, where the color is dark-chestnut with considerable lustre,
the young shells are radiated with dark lines almost as much as U.
radiatus, and some of the old shells are very coarsely plaited, from the
beaks downwards, into parallel folds.

The only New England species with which this is liable to be con-
founded are, U. nasiitus and U. radiatus. The first differs, exter-
nally, in its more smooth, greenish, and somewhat radiated epidermis ;
the angular ridge running from the beaks backwards, produced by the
strong compression of the hinge margin ; and by a contraction of the
basal margin, near its posterior termination, so as to form a sort of
beak ; and internally by the silvery, iridescent nacre, and the slender,
very oblique cardinal teeth. U. radiatus has the hinge very nearly
the same as U. complandtus ; but the nacre is white, or somewhat

NAIADES. MOLL USC A. UNIO. 109

livid, the shell never becomes so large, is more regularly convex ; the
epidermis is nearly smooth, shining and yellowish-green, with conspicu-
ous rays of olive color.

UNIO NASUTUS.

Shell transversely oblong-lanceolate, hinge margin compressed,
anteriorly rounded, posteriorly somewhat beaked ; epidermis dusky-
green, obscurely rayed ; cardinal teeth compressed, oblique ; nacre
very bright, bluish-white, iridescent.

FIGURE 71.
State Coll., No. 178. Soc. Cab., No. 2158.

Unio nastitus, SAY; JVYcA. Encyc., (Am. ed.) iv. pi. 4, f. 1. CONRAD ; Unionida.
My a nasuta, WOOD ; Index, Suppl., pi. 1, f. 4.

Unio rostratus, VALENC. ; Recueil d'Obs. de ZooL, fyc,, par Humb. et Bonpl., ii.
233. pi. 53, f. 3. LISTER ; Conch., 1. 151 , f. 6.

Shell slender, oblong-lanceolate, very inequilateral ; beaks,
small, pointed, and slightly elevated ; hinge margin straight to
more than half the distance from the beaks to the posterior end,
when it suddenly declines and continues straight to the point ;
lower margin nearly parallel with the upper, though somewhat
rounded at the middle, and towards the end turns rapidly upward
towards the point, which is considerably produced, so as to form
a sort of snout. An angular ridge passes backwards from the
beaks to the tip, above which the shell is very much compressed ;
two or more radiating furrows are usually seen traversing this por-
tion. Surface rather smooth, not much wrinkled by the lines of
growth. Epidermis somewhat glossy, of a dark olive-green
color, which in old shells becomes quite dusky, with darker and
lighter zones alternating, and delicate, rather obscure rays of
dusky. Within, silvery white, iridescent, and oftentimes with
shades of bluish or salmon-color. Hinge with the cardinal teeth
rather delicate, compressed, and directed obliquely forwards, so
as to look to the middle of the front. Cavity of the beaks small.
Length 3 inches, height 1J inch, breadth f inch.

This species is rather rare. I have found it in Fresh Pond,
Cambridge, and have received it from the ponds in Plymouth.

110 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Mr. T. J. Whittemore found several good specimens in the Mid-
dlesex Canal, not far from Charlestown. It is more common
in the Middle States.

It is not difficult to distinguish this from any of the species found in
Massachusetts. The prolongation of the posterior extremity, which is
made more conspicuous by a contraction of the basal margin just be-
fore the tip, and its compressed and oblique teeth, are well marked
characteristics. But it is not so easy to distinguish smaller specimens of
this, from those of U. rectus and U. gibbosus, as the general form is the
same, and the prolongation of the tip in them is not very remarkable.

UNIO RADIATUS.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, broadest and angular behind,
inequilateral; epidermis wrinkled, brownish-olive, zoned and
rayed with dusJcy-green ; within bluish- white ; cardinal teeth
strong, erect, pyramidal.

FIGURE 73.
State Coll., No. 175. Soc. Cab., No. 2145.

Mya radiata, GMELIN ; Syst., 3220. DILLWYN; Gated., i. 51. WOOD; Gen.

Conch., 109.

Uynio radiata, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 535. DESH. ; Encyc. Meth., Vers,u. 581.
IPnio radiatus, BARNES; Silliman's Journ., vi. 265, (young cariosus.) HIL-

DRETH ; Silliman's Journ., xiv. LEA; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., iii. 415, vi.

127, pi. 15, f. 48, 49. (animal.) Synops. Naiad., 25. CONRAD ; Unionida, 24,

pi. 10, f. 2.

Uynio Virginiana, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 544.
My a oblongata, WOOD ; Suppl., pi. v, f. 2.

Shell oblong ovate, broadest and angular behind, beaks near
the front, little elevated ; epidermis loosely and delicately wrin-
kled concentrically, olivaceous, with numerous rays of dusky-
green ; sometimes the wrinkles are also disposed in a radiated
manner. Hinge margin a little angular at the beaks ; anterior
extremity narrow, about one fourth the length of the shell, regu-
larly rounded, but the hinge margin turns downwards with a very
abrupt curve ; posterior side angular above, rounded at tip ; hinge
margin very little compressed ; basal margin regularly curved.
Interior white, iridescent posteriorly, with sometimes bluish or

NAIADES. MOLLUSC A. UNIO. Ill

flesh-colored tints. Cardinal teeth erect, triangular, pyramidal,
strengthened by a stout rib behind the anterior muscular impres-
sion. Length 3 inches, height 1T77 inch, breadth 1 j inch.

This is one of our common species, and is to be found in most
of the large streams and ponds. It is also one of the shells con-
fined to the eastern slope of the range of Alleghanies.

;; fl-
it exhibits but little variation in form, except the usual one, that

those inhabited by the female are broader behind than those inhabited
by the male.

No species is now better established than the one above described,
though there is good reason to believe that the U. radidtus of Barnes,
Dillwyn, Wood, and perhaps Say, was the young of either U. cariosus
or U. ockraceus, or both. It is most likely to be confounded with U.
siliquoideus ; but that shell has the epidermis lighter colored, very
closely adhering, and perfectly smooth and glossy ; the teeth also are
more compressed and more oblique. Mr. Barnes observes of it that,
" amidst a variety almost infinite, like that of the human countenance,
there is still a characteristic identity of this species, which can scarcely
be mistaken by an experienced observer. One variety of radidtus
approaches nearest to this species, but the least appearance of rays
forbids its association." This last remark is far from being just.

UNIO CARIOSUS.

Shell ovate, inflated, not very thick, inequilateral, beaks rather
prominent ; epidermis yellowish-olive, usually radiated with dark-
green y within usually bluish-white ; teeth compressed, oblique.

FIGURE, 72.
State Coll., No. 179. Soc. Cab., No. 2354.

tPnio cariosus, SAY ; Jfich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.) iv. pi. 3, f. 2. BARNES ; Silli-
maris Journ.,vi. 271. LEA ; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 126, pi.
15, f. 45. (animal). Synops. Naiad., 23.

tPnio cariosa, LAM ; An. sans Vert., vi. 545.

tTnio ovata, VALENC. ; Recuett d'Obs. de Zool. par Humb. et Bonpl, ii. 226, pi.
50, f. 1.

tPnio cariosus, CONRAD ; Unionidce, 40, pi. 19.

Musculus latior subfuscus, cceruleis lineis radiatus, LISTER ; Conch., 152, f. 7.

Shell very variable in form, ovate, or rounded, moderately

112 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

thick, inflated ; beaks placed at the anterior third, rather promi-
nent, usually very much eroded ; hinge margin straight, ascending
from before backwards ; anterior end narrow, regularly rounded ;
posterior end regularly curved above and below, and in the male
terminating in a distinct angle, but in the female very broadly
rounded ; a sharp ridge usually passes from the beaks towards the
posterior tip. Surface considerably undulated by the lines of
growth ; epidermis smooth, shining, and sometimes with rays of
minute wrinkles ; color dull greenish-yellow or light olive, usually
with rays of bright, dark-green, especially along the upper poste-
rior margin. Interior bluish-white, with sometimes a flesh-colored
tint. Cardinal teeth compressed and oblique ; lateral tooth rather
short ; cavity of the beaks rather large. Length 3 inches, height
of male If inch, of female 2J inches, breadth 1J inch.

Found in the Connecticut river and its tributaries, and in ponds
in Plymouth County.

It is very difficult to fix upon characters which shall indicate this
shell, its variation in shape is so great. When young, it is thin and
beautifully radiated, and not easily distinguished from the young of
U. ochrdceus ; and at maturity, no species presents a greater contrast
between the male and female than this. As found in this region it is
quite thin, and radiated only along the posterior margin; but in the
waters south of New England, it becomes larger and more solid.

UNIO OCHRACEUS.

Shell oblong, sub-ovate, inflated, thin, inequilateral angular
behind ; epidermis loosely wrinkled posteriorly, yellowish-green,
Jinely radiated with olive ; cardinal teeth compressed, nearly
parallel with the margin ; within salmon or rose-colored.

FIGURE 74.
State Coll., No. 174. Soc. Cab., 2203.

Unio ochraceus, SAY ; Jfich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.) iv. pi. 2, f. 8. LEA ; Trans. Amer.

Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 126. pi. 15, f. 44. (animal). Synops. Naiad., 23.

CONRAD; Uhionida, 37, pi. 17, f. 2.
Symphynota ochracea, LEA ; Trans Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) iii. 69.

NAIADES. MOLLUSC A. ALASMODON. 113

Shell transversely oblong, sub-ovate, thin, translucent, very
much inflated ; beaks more than one third from the front, ele-
vated, inclined forwards and touching at the points ; hinge margin
straight, ending in an angle both anteriorly and posteriorly ; an-
terior end narrowest, compressed, especially above, rounded, and
widely gaping ; posterior end having its point angular in conse-
quence of a sharply angular ridge which passes from the beaks
and terminates there, and encloses a broad, depressed space, with
the margins compressed into a keel ; base regularly rounded.
Surface tolerably regular ; epidermis lying in fine loose folds
about the posterior end, color olivaceous, rather yellowish in
shells of the ordinary size, and finely radiated and zoned with
dark-olive over every part of the shell. Interior a very delicate
rose-color, or deep salmon-color, tinted with rose-red. Cardinal
teeth compressed, striated, directed forwards, and nearly parallel
with the hinge margin ; lateral teeth short ; cavity of the beaks
capacious. Length 2J inches, height 2 inches, breadth 1 j inch.

Some specimens are found much larger. I have one, from
Pennsylvania, which measures 4; 2J ; If. Such shells become
much thickened and proportionally elongated posteriorly ; they lose
the radiations of the epidermis, which is of a dark olive-color. I
do not know that any such shells have been found in Massa-
chusetts.

This shell is very rare, and I do not know of its having been
found anywhere except in the Plymouth ponds. When young, it is
scarcely to be distinguished from U. cariosus ; but it is more in-
flated, and the radiations of the epidermis are finer, and cover
more of the shell ; it is not so glossy, and its interior is more
colored.

GENUS ALASMODON, SAY.

Shell transverse, inequilateral ; hinge like that of U'nio, ex-
cept that it is destitute of a lateral tooth.

ALA'SMODON ARCUA'TA.

Shell more or less kidney-shaped, very inequilateral, thick,
15

114 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

beaks not prominent ; epidermis pitchy-black ; within bluish-
white ; teeth erect, conical, grooved.

FIGURE 75.
State Coll., No. 172. Soc. Cab., No. 2175.

Alasmodonla arcukta, BARNES ; Silliman's Journ., vi. 277, pi. 12, f. 20.

Mya margaritifera ? LIN. ; DILLWYN ; WOOD ; &c.

Margaritana margaritifera, LEA; Trans Amer. Philos. Soc., vi. 135.

Shell transversely much elongated, ovate or kidney-shaped,
thick and strong ; beaks within the anterior fourth, scarcely rising
above the line of the hinge, very much eroded ; hinge and basal
margins usually curved, nearly parallel ; nearly as broad before as
behind the hinge, and rounded ; more pointed behind, and the tip
appears as if slightly truncated ; surface somewhat waved by the
lines of growth ; epidermis close and smooth upon the disk,
loosely wrinkled towards the margin and posteriorly, color pitchy-
black. Within smooth, bluish-white, and sometimes tinted flesh-
color at the centre ; nacre not extending to the margin, leaving a
greenish border. Cardinal teeth two in the left valve, erect, strong,
pyramidal, the posterior one deeply grooved in front, so as to
form four or five denticles along its edge ; one on the right valve,
long, erect, a little twisted, deeply grooved along its front, and
with a pit each side, at base ; cavity of the beaks shallow.
Length 4| inches, height 2 inches, breadth 1^ inch.

Found in most running streams in the interior ; I have never
found it near the sea-board.

It is a very common shell, and is at once known by its curved form,
dark color, and the want of a lateral tooth. It is the largest fresh-
water mussel we have.

Mr. Lea regards our shell as identical with the European Mya mar-
garitifera of the older authors, the ITnio elongdla of Lamarck, &c ;
but the shells which I have had an opportunity of examining present
some constant differences. The foreign shell is shorter, the beaks
more nearly central and more elevated, and the portion of the in-
terior, within the palleal impression, is minutely granulated ; and, as
my foreign specimens agree accurately with the figures of Chemnitz
and Turton, I am induced to think there may be a constant difference.
The intervention of an ocean would strengthen the supposition. I

NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ALASMODON. 115

have, therefore, felt disposed to retain the very appropriate name of
Barnes, until more fully satisfied. The European shell is the famous
river pearl-mussel, in which pearls of considerable beauty are occa-
sionally found. But, as far as I have observed, they are not oftener
found in our Alasmodon than in other species of fresh-water mus-
sels.

ALA'SMODON UNDULA^TA.

Sliell transversely-ovate, inequilateral, angular behind; beaks
tumid, elevated, undulated; epidermis dark-green, obscurely
rayed ; one cardinal tooth in each valve, supported by a strong
internal rib.

FIGURE 76.

State Coll., No. 177. Soc. Cab., No. 2174.

U^nio undulata, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pi. 3, f. 3.

Alasmodonta undulata, BARNES; Silliman's Journ., vi. 279.

My a undulala, WOOD ; Suppl., pi. 1, f. 5.

Margaritana undulata; LEA ; Trans. Am.tr. Philos. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 135.

Synops. Naiad., 44.
tPnio hians, VALENC. ; Recueil d'Obs. de Zoo/., par Humb. et Bonpl. ii. 235, pi.

54, f. 2.
Alasmodon undulata, SWAINSON; Lardner's Cab. Cyclop., cxxiii. 288, f. 61.

Shell transversely-ovate, strong, much inflated, widely gaping ;
beaks at the anterior third, very prominent, tumid, with three or
four large, concentric, oblique undulations upon them ; anterior
and basal margins broadly and regularly curved, with a very
slightly lobed appearance in front of the beaks ; posterior margin
angular behind the ligament, and pointed at tip, rapidly narrowed ;
ligamentary area imperfectly marked by an ill-defined ridge,
which is usually wrinkled in the direction of its course ; margin
compressed. Surface a good deal undulated by the stages of
growth ; epidermis shining, of a dark olive-color, everywhere
rayed with fine lines, alternately yellowish and dark, which are
not very conspicuous unless held up to transmitted light. Within,
the anterior half is thickened, opaque, and the color white ; the
posterior half is translucent, thin, of a silvery lustre, exhibiting
the exterior radiations. Hinge supported on a very strong rib,

116> INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

tooth of the right valve erect, conical, striated above ; tooth of
the left valve erect, produced backwards in a triangular manner,
under the ligament, with a pit in front of it ; cavity of the beaks
very deep and capacious. Length 2 inches, height If inch,
breadth 1 inch.

Found in Blackstone River and its tributaries, and in Plymouth
county.

It is easily known by its short, tumid appearance, the undulations
on the beaks, and the peculiar hinge.

ALASMODON MARGINA'TA.

Shell transversely-ovate, wedge-shaped , inequilateral ; beaks
prominent ; surface obliquely wrinkled posteriorly ; epidermis
olivaceous, imperfectly radiated with dark green ; tooth small,
compressed, looking forwards ; nacre bluish-white, with a chalky-
white margin.

FIGURE 77.
State Coll., No. 173. Soc. Cab., No. 2171.

Alasmodonta marginala, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 459. BARNES j Silliman's

Journ., vi. 279.

Unio varicosa, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 543.
Alasmodonta truncata ? SA.Y.

Margaritana marginata, LEA ; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.t (New Series,) vi. 135.
Mya rugulosa, WOOD ; Index, Suppl., pi. 1, f. 7.

Shell ovate, thin, widely gaping behind, wedge-shaped from
before backwards ; beaks at the anterior third, rather small, but
elevated, and having three or four small undulations ; anteriorly
low and rounded, but increases rapidly in height ; the posterior
hinge margin suddenly declines to form a rounded tip ; ridge from
the beaks elevated and well defined, above which the shell exhibits
coarse, rounded wrinkles, running obliquely upwards and out-
wards ; epidermis shining, olive-green, somewhat mottled with
dark and light shades, and with obscure, broken, radiating lines ;
within bluish-white, with shades of green, the margin chalky-
white. Hinge delicate, the teeth, one in each valve, small, com-
pressed, directed along the hinge margin so as almost to coincide
with it ; sometimes the teeth are only rudimentary ; cavity of the

NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ANODON. 117

beaks rather deep, not very capacious. Length 2 inches, greatest
height 1-iV inch, breadth •& inch.

Found in the Blackstone River and its tributaries, and in Shaw-
shin River, Andover. I have also received very beautiful speci-
mens from a pond in West Brookfield.

It not common, and may be readily distinguished from our other
species by its wedge-like form, when seen from above, by the remark-
able series of oblique wrinkles along the posterior slope, and by its
delicate teeth, which, in fact, sometimes wholly disappear. In the
character of its wrinkles it is much like A. rugosa. It is more
elongated than A. undulata, and has its greatest height at the posterior
termination of the hinge, instead of opposite the beaks, as in that shell.

Mr. Lea regards our shell as being the same as the western shell
named A. truncdta by Say. Some of our specimens approach
them very closely, but ours is in general a less inflated, less angular
shell.

GENUS NODON, BRUG.

Shell transversely- elongated, inequilateral, thin ; hinge toothless.

i
ANODON FLUVIATILIS.

Shell thin, inflated, transversely sub-oval, hinge margin
straight, crested behind ; beaks moderately elevated, epidermis deep
grass-green, obscurely rayed, darker above the posterior ridge ;
within white, tinted lilac.

FIGURE 80.
State Coll., No. 171. Soc. Cab., No. 2181.

Anoddnta cataracta, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pi. 3, f. 4.

My'tilus fluviatilis, DILLWYN; Gated.

Anodonta fluviatilis, LEA; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 138.

Synops. Naiad., 51.

My'tilus illitus, SOLANDER; Portland Catal., 163.
LISTER; Conch., t. 157, f. 12.

Shell transversely sub-oval, sub-cylindrical, thin, fragile, in-
flated ; beaks at the anterior two fifths of the shell, tumid, some-
what elevated, and minutely undulated at tip. Hinge margin
straight ; anterior imperfectly angular above, nearly as high as be-

118 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

hind the beaks ; upper posterior margin forming an obtuse angle
at the termination of the ligament, and declining in a straight line
to form a somewhat produced, blunted point ; this margin is com-
pressed into a sort of crest ; basal margin a good deal curved ;
surface undulated somewhat irregularly by the lines of growth ;
epidermis smooth and close except at the upper and posterior
portion, where it is loosely wrinkled ; a few radiating series of
wrinkles may also be seen ; color a deep grass-green, becoming
dusky behind and above, and obscurely radiated. Nacre silvery,
or tinged with bluish or yellowish, margin greenish ; cavity of the
beaks not deep, large ; hinge edge very thin, rounded, scarcely
curved. Length 4| inches, height 2f inches, breadth 1J inch.

Inhabits ponds in the western and central parts of this State,
and is seldom found in any other part. Professor Adams, however,
assures me he has found it at Falmouth, and I have collected a
few specimens from clay-pits near Winter Hill, in Charlestown.

It greatly resembles the A. cygnea of Europe, and is chiefly dis-
tinguished by the latter having the beaks less central, and not at all
elevated. From the next species the most obvious distinctions are,
the bright green-color, together with the thinness of the shell. It is
very difficult, if not impossible, to draw the line between our shell
and some of the species of the Western waters. They seem, most of
them, to be mere variations in size.
/
ANODON IMPLICA'TA.

Shell transversely-oblong , sub-oval, variable in proportions, thick
and strong ; exterior coarse ; epidermis yellowish-olive ; nacre
flesh- colored.

FIGURE 78.
State Coll., No. 169. Soc. Cab., No. 2192.

Anodonta implicata, SAY ; New Harmony Disseminator.

Anodonta Newtoniensis ? LEA ; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 79,

pi. 21, f. 66.
Anodonta marginata? SAY ; (young) Nicholson's Encyc., (Ame,r. cd.),iv. pi. 3, f. 5.

Shell transversely-oblong, sub-oval, almost as broad as high,
sub-cylindrical, thick, opaque, strong, and heavy ; beaks removed
about two fifths the length of the shell from the anterior end,
rather elevated, obtuse ; breadth of shell greatest behind the

NAIADES. MOLLUSC A. ANODON. 119

middle ; hinge margin a little curved, forming an angle at both its
terminations ; the backward slope from this angle is usually a little
curved, and the posterior tip is rather blunt and somewhat trun-
cated ; the ridge from the beaks to this tip is very prominent,
generally bluntly rounded, but sometimes quite abrupt ; the space
above it is rough, but is little compressed, except in young
specimens ; three or four coarse lines often run along this space
in the direction of the ridge ; basal margin very gently curved in
young specimens, nearly parallel with the hinge margin in the
middle-aged, and deeply contracted or arched in old shells. Sur-
face rough, with coarse and irregular lines of growth ; epidermis
yellowish-olive, darker above and behind, and with dusky-brown
zones ; young shells are of a delicate grass-green, slightly rayed.
Interior silvery till after the middle age, when it becomes of a
delicate flesh-color or salmon-color. Length 4 inches, height 2J
inches, breadth 1?\ inch. Of another specimen 4| inches, 2^
inches, Ij9(r inch ; of another 3 inches, ly6^ inch, IT\T inch.

Inhabits ponds in Essex and Middlesex counties, and is also
found in Maine ; .whether it occurs southward or not is un-
certain. A Pennsylvania shell, which Mr. Lea describes under
the name of A. Neiotoniensis, is so much like some varieties of
this shell as to render it probable that they are the same, and that
it is found throughout a wide southern range.

The above is the description of a characteristic specimen of a shell
which probably varies more in its form, color, and weight, than any
other Anodon. It is undoubtedly the A. implicdta of Say, for it ac-
cords well with his description, and was received from a region where
no other species is found. In their younger stages it is difficult to
distinguish them from K.fluvi&tilis ; but the great thickening near the
margin, which the adult undergoes, and its light-yellowish epidermis,
render them entirely dissimilar. I have specimens in which portions of
the valves are three tenths of an inch thick. At the middle age, some
specimens so much resemble very old ones of ITnio radidtus, that it is
impossible to name them without examining the hinge. In the young,
the beaks are delicately undulated, the hinge margin is compressed
and connate, and the angle at its posterior termination is very decided.
Some specimens, of a middle size, lose all their angles, and the upper
and lower margins are similarly curved. Some have a dark tar-
colored epidermis ; these are generally very broad in proportion to
their height.

120 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

/
ANODON UNDULA'TA.

Shell transversely ovate, rather thick ; beaks prominent, epider-
mis dark-brown, radiated, coarsely wrinkled ; hinge margin undu-
lated, and with the vestige of a tooth.

FIGURE 79.
State Coll., No. 170. Soc. Cab., No. 2191.

Anodonta undulkta, SAY ; Nicholsons Encyc., (Jlmcr. ed.), iv. pi. 3, f. 6. LEA ;

Synops. Naiad., 50.
Anodon rugosus, SWAINSON; Zool. Itlustr.,p\.9G.

Shell oblong-ovate, thick and strong ; beaks sub-central,
elevated, the points in contact, and when not eroded they exhibit
four or five small undulations upon them ; before them is a spear-
shaped pit or areola, not covered by the epidermis ; behind them
the margin is slightly compressed, and has two or three coarse,
sub-marginal furrows ; no distinct angle at the termination of the
ligament ; posterior end somewhat bluntly rounded ; anterior end
compressed, sharply rounded ; basal margin regularly curved ;
epidermis dark-brown, radiated in most specimens, smooth, and
closely adhering towards the beaks, but lying in numerous, rather
loose folds near the margin ; interior inclined to salmon-color, and
granulated centrally, bluish-white outside of the palleal impression,
with a broad margin of olive-color. Hinge margin waved under
the beaks, compressed on the right valve so as to form something
like an elongated cardinal tooth, which is received into a corre-
sponding recess in the left valve* Length 3^ inches, height 2
inches, breadth 1J inch.

Found in the Blackstone River and its tributaries, of large size
and great perfection.

It is impossible to be certain that this is A. undulata of Say, on
account of the small size of the specimen he described ; but it seems
to be the shell which Mr. Lea regards as such. It seems to be a
different thing from the shell described by Hildreth under that name.
I apprehend that it is the same as A. edentula, Say, and A. areolatus,
Swainson. If there be any difference among them, it is, that our shell
is less compressed, less radiated, and less' fragile than A. edentula.
The hinge is the same, and the areola before the beaks is produced
by a wave-like digression of the right valve to form a peculiar tooth.
The young shells are thin, and much more radiated than the old ones,

MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MYTILUS. 121

and the size of adults is seldom more than two thirds of the dimen-
sions above given. It is one of the connecting links between ALAS-
MODON and ANODON.

FAMILY MYTIL^CEJ, LAM.

Hinge with the ligament marginal, partly included, linear, extending along
a great part of the posterior border. Shell rarely foliated ; adheres by a
byssus.

GENUS Mtf TILUS, LIN.

Shell elongated, sub-triangular ; beaks terminal, pointed,
straight ; hinge generally toothless ; muscular impression elongated,
club-shaped.

MY'TILUS EDU'LIS.

•

Shell ovate-triangular, beaks terminal and pointed, basal margin
straight, ligament margin straight ; posteriorly widened and round-
ed ; hinge with a few denticulations ; epidermis dark-bluish, shell
violet beneath.

FIGURE 82.
State Coll., No. 156. Soc. Cab., No. 1987.

My'tilus edulis, LIN. ; Syst. JVaf., 1157. GMELIN ; Syst.t 3353. TCRTON ; LIN. ;

iv. 291. CHEMN.; Conch., viii. 169, t. 84, f. 750. PENNANT; Brit. Zoo/., iv.

236, t. 66, f. 2. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 159. Lin. Trans., vi. t. 18, f. 13, 14.

DILLWYN ; Catal., 309. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 109. Brit. Biv., 196.

DCSHAYES; Encyc. Meth., Vers, ii. 562, pi. 218, f. 2. KNORR; Vergn., iv. pi.

15, f. 4. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vii. 47. GUALT. ; Test., t. 91 , f. E. DONOVAN ;

Brit. Shells, t. 128. WOOD ; Index, pi. 12, f. 21. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 411.
My'tilus vulgaris, DA COSTA ; Brit. Conch., 216, t. 15, f. 5.
Musculus subcteruleus ; LISTER ; Conch., t. 362, f. 200.
My'tilus borealis, LAM. ; An. sans Vtrt., vii. 46.

Shell triangular-ovate, solid, coarse, shining ; beaks pointed,
placed at one end, and slightly diverging ; basal or anterior margin
generally straight, sometimes slightly convex, and sometimes ex-
cavated ; hinge margin rising in a straight line unites with the
upper or posterior margin by a somewhat abrupt curve ; this mar-
gin takes a direction parallel to the base, for a short distance, and
then the two unite by a regular curve ; an abrupt ridge passes
from the beaks to the lower and hinder angle, above which the
shell gradually slopes to a sharp edge, and below which it bends
so abruptly as to present a broad, flattened space, in the centre of

16

122 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

which is a slight fissure for the passage of a byssus. The shell
itself is of a violet-color ; the epidermis is usually of a dark,
shining blue-black. Within, the shell is white and silvery iri the
centre, but all the margin is a dark-violet or blue-black. Under
the beaks are about four thin, oblique denticulations, quite distinct
when the overlapping epidermis is removed. Length 2T4o- inches,
height lT3<y inch, breadth 1 inch.

Variety pellucidus. Shell smooth, thin, transparent, radiated
with blue and horn-color ; beaks with two or three teeth.

Mv'tilus pellucidus, PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, iv. 237, pi. 66, f. 3. MONTAGU ; Test.
Brit., 160. MATON and RACKETT; Lin Trans., viii. 107. DILLWYN; Caial.,
310. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 110. Lin Syst.t iv. 292. Brit. Biv., 197, pi.
15, f. 1. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. 84, f. 751. DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, 81. Wooi> ;
Index, pi. 12, f. 22.

This beautiful variety has been regarded by many concholo-
gists, such as those named above, as a distinct species, while
others, with more apparent propriety, consider it as a variety,
depending chiefly on age, of the true M. edulis. None of the
specific marks given to it seem to be constant. Radiations ap-
pear in the solid old shell, as well as in the thin ones ; and, on
the other hand, the thin ones are often without radiations. Tur-
ton thinks it may always be distinguished " by having only two or
three tuburcular teeth under the beaks." But this does not ac-
cord with my observations.

The shell is subject to many distortions from accident, and from the
form of the bodies on which it grows, or of cavities in which it be-
comes wedged. Hence, probably, arises that curved form which
takes the name of M. incurvdtus.

This Mussel is one of the most common and best known of all our
shells. It is very extensively distributed throughout all northern seas.
It is abundant, on the coasts of England, France, Norway, and Russia,
where it is extensively used as food, as its name imports, and also for
manure. In this country it has, as yet, been put to no economical
use, though I am assured by a friend of acknowledged good taste, that
when cooked it is more palatable than the common clam. Unlike
the Modwla modwlus, it appears to inhabit shallow waters, in positions
where it is left uncovered at the recess of the tide. It attaches itself
by its byssus to rocks and timbers, and may be thus seen under

MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 123

bridges and other submerged structures, in shallow inlets with a
pebbly bottom, and especially on rocks not far from high-water mark,
clinging in immense crowds of all sizes, colors, and figures ; some
beautifully radiated, some dark blue-black, and others light horn-color ;
some beautifully smooth, regular, and glistening, others distorted, rough,
and dingy ; the whole surface of the young shell is beset with a bristly
beard. While, like the M. plicdtula, it clusters about the shore, it does
not, like that, bury itself in the mud, but is always exposed and at-
tached to some solid body. It is common to find it wedged in among
the rocks and crevices of such shores as Nahant and Cape Ann.

GENUS MODIOLA, LAM.

Shell oblique, wedge-shaped ; beaks very near the anterior end ;
hinge as in My'tilus ; impression of the mantle irregular.

MODIOLA MODIOLUS.

Shell oblong-ovate, gradually widening from before backwards ;
hinge margin ascending, straight for about half the length of the
shell ; beaks tumid,, obtusely angular ; epidermis dark chestnut-
color.

State Coll., No. 162. Soc. Cab., No. 1973.

My'tilus modlolus, LIN. ; Syst. JYat., 1158. PENNANT ; Brit. Zool., iv. 239, t. 69.

MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 163. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. 178, t. 85, f. 759. KNORR ;

Vergn., iv. t. 15, f. 3. LISTER ; Conch., t. 1057, f. 5. DILLWYN ; Catal., i.

314. WOOD ; Index, pi. 12, f. 31. Lin. Trans., viii. 107. DONOVAN ; Brit.

Shells, pi. 23.
Modiola modiolus, TURTON ; Brit. Biv.t 199, pi. 15, f. 3 (young). Conch.

Diet., 111.

My'tilus Papuanus, DESHAYES ; Encyc. Meth., Vers, ii. 564, pi. 219, f. 1.
Modiola Papuana, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vii. 17. BLAINV. ; Malacol., pi. 64, f. 3.
Modiola vulgaris, FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 412.
My'tilus barbatus, LIN.; Syst. Nat., 1156. DONOVAN; Brit. Shells, pi. 70.

MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 161. PENNANT ; Brit. Zool., iv. 238, pi. 67, f. 2.

Shell large, thick, coarse and solid, ovate-oblong ; beaks placed
at one side, points inclined outwards, and projecting nearly as far
as the anterior extremity, which is very short and narrow ; the
upper edge is ascending, and straight about one half the length of
the shell, when it curves gently downwards to the posterior ex-
tremity, which is obtusely rounded ; the basal margin is somewhat
arched upwards, and at the arched portion the shell is gaping for

124 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the passage of the byssus.* From the beaks a very convex, broad
ridge runs diagonally across the shell ; above this the shell is com-
pressed, and along its lower and anterior side is a broad depression
or constriction, terminating at the lower margin where the shell
gapes. Surface roughly marked by the lines of growth, and by a
few faint, radiating lines ; epidermis thick and leathery, folding
over the margin, of a chestnut or pitchy-brown color, smooth,
glossy, and with radiating wrinkles before the ridge where it is
generally darker colored, while the ridge is lighter colored.
The groove for the ligament is long and deep, resting upon a
prominent rib. Interior pearly, of a somewhat livid color ; mus-
cular impressions large and deep ; byssus colored like the epider-
mis. Length 4| inches, height 2J inches, breadth 2 inches.

Inhabits deep water, and is thrown up on every shore exposed
to the open sea. It probably dwells upon a rocky or pebbly
bottom, as its byssus would find no attachment in mere sandy or
muddy regions.

This shell is well known on account of its size and universal dis-
tribution along our coast. It often attains to a great size, and is not
unfrequently seen six inches in length. Specimens are rarely found
which are not in some way distorted. Hence the shells assume a
great variety of form. The distortion seems to depend upon two
causes ; first, the body to which they are attached by the byssus, which
may modify the form of the basal margin, rendering it more or less
arched ; and second, the frequent injuries sustained by being dashed
about by storms among the rocks which they inhabit. They are the
more liable to accidents of this kind, in consequence of their affording
attachment to the Laminaria, and other large sea-weeds, which, being
acted upon by the violence of the waves, tear the shells from their
resting places, and they are thus dragged great distances. In fact, it
is not usual to find a specimen on the beach without some parasite
attached. A common deformity occurs at the posterior or broader
end, by what would seem to be an arrest of developement. The
growth does not go on in this direction, the successive layers extending
very little beyond each other, and thus we have a broad, blunt ter-
mination.

The M. umUlicatus of Pennant can be nothing more than a dis-
torted variety from some injury to the lower margin, nearly under the
beaks, or from adhesion to some small convex body, causing great
contraction at this part, as may be frequently noticed.

MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 125

In young and entire shells the hinge margin rises in % straight line
to a considerable height, and then slopes downwards, suddenly form-
ing a conspicuous angle ; but in older shells the angle disappears in a
great measure, and the whole superior outline is regularly curved.
When young, the epidermis seems to be prolonged at the lines of
growth, into fringe-like shreds. Specimens thus clothed, are generally
allowed to be the Mytilus barbatus of Pennant. M. Gibbsii is said
to differ in having these shreds serrated or gashed along one edge. I
cannot but strongly suspect, though I cannot demonstrate it, that this
apparent extension of the epidermis is a parasitic vegetable ; and that
M. Gibbsii is not, in reality, a different shell, but has a different
vegetable growing upon it.

Old shells are also encrusted with various species of Madrepore,
Cordllina, and Flustra.

In young shells there is usually a broad, waxen-yellow radiation
from the beak along the front side of the elevated ridge ; and this re-
gion, in fact, always has a lighter color than other parts of the shell.

Deshayes thinks it is now impossible to say what was the true
Mytilus modiolus of Linnaeus, and therefore approves the course of
Lamarck in dropping the name altogether, and assuming a new one.
I cannot see any reason to doubt that the shell under consideration
was the M. modiolus of Linnaeus, while there is ground to question
whether the shell which Lamarck had in view, when he applied the
name Papuana, the name now universally applied to our shell, was in
reality identical with our species. I have seen several specimens of
the East Indian shell, and, though very closely allied, it seems to differ
in many particulars when the two shells are placed side by side. Dr.
Loven has lately assured me that this is the true M. modiolus, and
repeats my conjectures as to the distinctness of the real M. Papuana.

The animal is of a dark orange, or red-ochreous color, perhaps
a little tinted with brown. It is not used for food with us, though there
seems to be no reason why it should not be as palatable as most of
the shell-fish that are eaten.

MODIOLA PLICATULA.

Shell oblong, falciform, widening posteriorly ; surface traversed
by numerous radiating ribs, occasionally branching ; epidermis
glossy, green and yellow.

FIGURE 81.

126 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

State Coll., No. 161. Soc. Cab., No. 1977.

My'tilus demissus, DILLWVN ; Catal., i. 314. WOOD ; Index, pi. 12, f. 30.

Modiola plicatula, LAM. ; An. sans Vert.y vii. 22.

My'tilus plicatulus, DESHAYES ; Encyc. Metk., Vers, ii. 368, pi. 220, f. 5. SOWER-

BY; Genera, f. 7.
Modiola semi-costata, CONRAD ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., vii. 244, pi. 20, f. 7.

LISTER; Conch., pi. 353, f. 196.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, much elongated, narrow before
and widening backwards, somewhat falciform or arched ; beaks
moderately prominent, not curving outwards, and nearly in con-
tact, very near the anterior extremity, which is small and rounded,
and the shell is much compressed at this part ; the lower margin
is generally curved or arched upwards, and gaping before the
middle for the passage of the byssus ; hinge margin straight, and
ascending for about two thirds the length of the shell so as to give
it additional height, then, by a regular downward curve, it produces
an obliquely rounded termination to the shell ; a broad, elevated
ridge crosses obliquely from the beaks to this termination, above
which the shell is compressed ; surface ornamented with numer-
ous radiating, somewhat undulating, occasionally branching ribs,
most conspicuous above and behind, very fine on the anterior
third. Shell silvery-white, rather brittle, covered with a thin,
varnished epidermis, variegated with yellow, green, and scorched
colors, usually arranged in zones ; stages of growth conspicuous ;
within silvery-white, the muscular impressions and margins of a
livid color ; margin of the posterior half and anterior side cren-
ulated by the ribs. Length 3 inches, height l-^ inch, breadth
T9^ inch.

Inhabits the tide waters of small streams where there is some
admixture of fresh water ; and also the drains in salt marshes.
In these localities they are found crowded in among the stones of
the bed of the stream, or imbedded in the peat-like soil of the
banks, near high-water mark. In this position, with the upper
posterior portion slightly exposed, they crowd in such numbers
as to form a complete stratum of six to twelve inches in thickness.
A great portion of the time they are, of course, out of water ;
but they retain enough to serve the demands of their economy
during the recess of the tide, and eject it when any disturbance
prompts them to close their shell.

MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 127

This species seems to be subject to little variety. Sometimes,
however, we find the lower margin nearly straight. In this case the
upper margin is nearly parallel to the lower, so that the shell increases
but little in height ; and in such shells the beaks appear much more
prominent than in ordinary specimens.

The principal variations seem to consist in the coloring, which is
made up of various shades from bright-yellow, passing through horn-
color and chestnut to dark bronze-green, and arranged in various
modes and in various proportions. What Mr. Conrad regards as a
distinct species under the name semi-costala, certainly can be nothing
more than a variety of this shell.

MODIOLA PECTINULA.

Shell obovate, ventricose, with about forty equal, radiating
ribs ; beaks prominent, projecting as far as the anterior margin ;
epidermis brownish yellow.

FIGURE 85.
State Coll., No. 159. Soc. Cab., No. 2342.

Shell small, strong, of a strictly ovate form, excepting that a
very short portion of the hinge margin is straight ; broadly round-
ed at both extremities, but most so behind ; valves convex, with-
out any marked ridge passing from the. beaks, and very little com-
pression at the hinge margin ; beaks rather prominent, blunt, and
in contact with each other, reaching forward as far as the anterior
extremity ; surface covered with about forty equal, rounded,
radiating ribs ; epidermis a dark gamboge-yellow ; lines of growth
minute ; within pearly, of a livid or leaden color ; entire
margin crenulated by the ribs ; cavity of the beaks considerable.
Length ^ inch, height J inch, breadth -fa inch.

Inhabits St. George's Bank.

This very strongly marked species seems to have been hitherto
undescribed. It is closely allied to M. discrepans, but is smaller,
stronger, lighter-colored, and entirely covered with ribs. Of five or
six specimens which I have seen, all apparently mature shells, the
largest was of the size given above. M. drctica, Leach, is a smaller
and more rounded shell, and the ribs are much more numerous.

I
128 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

MODI OLA NEXA.

Shell ovate, ferruginous, beaks prominent, and placed considera-
bly behind the anterior extremity ; minutely reticulated with fine,
corrugated, concentric, and radiating lines.

FIGURE 86.
State Coll., No. 154.

Shell small, thin, long- ovate, largest behind, slightly produced
at the posterior extremity ; basal edge less curved than the su-
perior edge, which is moderately compressed ; beaks prominent,
pointed, directed forwards, scarcely touching each other, placed
unusually far from the anterior extremity ; a rather sharp ridge
passes from the beaks diagonally across the shell, but loses itself
about half way across. Surface very beautifully sculptured with
a net-work of very minute, crowded lines of growth, and very
numerous, fine, indented radiating lines or ridges, which are obso-
lete along two thirds of the base, and most conspicuous behind,
where a very fine line divides into two each ridge, going to the
extreme posterior portion ; while above these, on the compressed
portion, a beautiful lace-work of hexagonal indentations is formed.
The portion in front of the beaks is conspicuously radiated.
Epidermis a rusty-brown, with shades of olive, glossy ; interior
livid, with a pearly or silvery lustre, and with minute, radiating
lines ; cavity of the beaks large ; margin simple. Length -^
inch, height ^9<j inch, breadth ^ inch.

This new and beautiful shell was taken by dredging in the har-
bour of Provincetown, by Colonel Totten, where he obtained
several living specimens.

It is allied to M. discors and M. discrepans by its outline, and by
the triangular portion across the disk nearly destitute of radiating
lines. But it is more compressed than either of those shells, less in-
equilateral, and its sculpture far more beautiful. The radiating lines
seem all to have indentations or punctures like the wing-covers of
many large beetles (Cdrabi). The honey-comb arrangement near the
hinge margin is very beautiful. Dr. Loven has sent me the shell,
from Sweden, as the true M. discrepans of Montagu and Turton ; but
in this he is at variance with the opinions and figures of all other authors.

MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 129

MoDl'OLA DI'SCREPANS.

Shell sub-oval, broadest behind; beaks nearly terminal; hinder
extremity somewhat lobed ; surface divided into three compart-
ments, of which the anterior is marked by about eight, and the
posterior by numerous radiating lines, epidermis olivaceous.

FIGURE 83.
State Coll., No. 157. Soc. Cab., No. 2345.

My'tilus discrepans, MONTAGU; Test. Brit., p. 169, and Suppl., 65. pi. 26, f. 4.

MATON and RACKETT; Lin. Trans., viii. pi. 3, f. 9. PENNANT ; Brit. Zool., iv.

241. DILLWVN; CataL, 319. TURTON ; Biit. Biv., 202. Conch. Diet., 112.

FLEMING ; Brit. Jlnim., 413. WOOD ; Index, pi. 12, f. 38.
My'tilus discors, O. FABR. ; Fauna Gr&nl., 191. CHEMN.; Conch., viii. 191,

t. 86, f. 767. (var )
Modiola Iseviguta, (var.) GRAY; Appendix to Parry's 2d Voyage.

Shell somewhat oval, rather oblique, highest about the middle,
rounded before, base slightly curved, hinge margin straight and
then curving obliquely downward ; beaks near the anterior end,
prominent, and rounded ; valves moderately convex ; surface
coarsely marked by the lines of growth, and divided into three
fan-shaped compartments, of which the foremost one is marked
by about eight small, rounded, rib-like ridges, the spaces between
them being flat, the hinder one by numerous similar ridges, and
the central one is plain, or with very minute radiating lines ; the
limits between the posterior and middle compartments are desig-
nated by an elevated ridge passing from the beaks, and here the
basal margin of the posterior compartments projects abruptly be-
yond that of the middle one, so that the rounded point of the shell
forms a projecting lobe. Epidermis olive-green with dark chest-
nut-colored shades, folding over the edge. Interior of a brilliant
silvery lustre ; edge of the two extreme compartments crenulated,
and very strongly near the ligament ; a few folds on the edge, not
corresponding to the external ridges, are found just in front of the
ligament. Length 1 inch, height \% inch, breadth T\ inch.

Found on Chelsea Beach, and in fishes' maws. Larger speci-
mens are brought from the Newfoundland Banks. I have two
specimens which measure 1£ inch in length, J inch in breadth.
17

130 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

This species, with M. discors, is common to the northern coasts of
Europe and America, and they are distinguished from all others by the
three compartments into which their surface is divided. The distinc-
tive marks between them are particularly pointed out under M.discors.
The epidermis becomes nearly black by age.

MoDl'OLA DISCORS.

Shelf oval, tumid, upper edge somewhat compressed and arching,
posterior tip somewhat produced and pointed ; beaks largp. nearly
terminal; surface with about sixteen ribs at th<>. anterior third and
very numerous ones at ihe posterior third.

FIGURE S4.
State Coll., No. 158. Soc. Cab., No. 2344.

My'tilus discors, Lis ; Syst. Nat., 1159. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. 101, t. 86, f. 764.

MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 107. PENNANT; Brit. Zool., iv. 240. MATON and

RACKKTT; Lin. Trans., viii. 111. t. 3, f.5. DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, pi. 25, f. 1.

DILLWYN; Catal., 319. TUUTOK ; Conch. Diet., 11 '2. WOOD; Index, pi.

12, f. 39.
Modiola discrepans, LAM.; An. sans Vert., vii. 23. DESHAYES ; Eur.yc. Mith.,

Vers, ii. 567.
Modiola discors, FLEMING ; Brit. Anirn., 413.

Shell irregularly oval, tumid, heart-shaped when viewed in
front, bluntly rounded before ; hinge margin somewhat ascending
and a little compressed ; at the termination of the ligament the
margin gradually curves downwards, so that the shell is terminated
behind by a lobular, somewhat pointed tip on a level with the
base ; basal margin an undulating curve, nearly parallel with the
upper margin ; beaks large and prominent, not in contact, over-
hanging the anterior extremity ; surface as in M. discrepans ; but
there are sixteen or more ribs in the anterior compartment, those
in the posterior compartment are more crowded, more distinct,
the intervening spaces rounded ; and when viewed under the mi-
croscope, the whole surface is found to be covered with minute
wrinkles of the epidermis crossing the ribs and the spaces be-
tween them, and also the middle compartment ; epidermis green-
ish-yellow with clouds of olive. Within silvery, margin crenu-
lated by the ribs, and with three or four teeth before the beaks.

MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 131

Byssus very long. Length £ inch, height fV inch, breadth T3T
inch.

Found adhering to the stalks of sea-weed (Laminario) , cast
upon the sea beach.

The most obvious distinctive marks between this shell and M. dis-
crepans are, the more numerous anterior ribs, and the concentrically
corrugated epidermis. The shell is proportionally broader, the tip is
more pointed, more depressed, and forms a projecting lobe much like
that shell ; and the ribs are more decided. The shell is much smaller
and very much more rare. This is not M. discors of Lamarck, an
East Indian species. The M. discors of Turton (Brit. Biv., pi. 15,
f. 4.) seems to be a still different species, and I have received it from
Dr. Loven under the name of M. marmorctta, Forbes.

MODI'OLA GLA'NDULA.

Shell obliquely rounded-oval, regularly convex ; beaks small,
separate ; surface with minute lines of growth, crossed by minute
and crowded radiating lines : epidermis brownish-yellow ; margin
crenulated.

FIGURE 87.
State Coll., No. 160. Soc. Cab., No. 2346.

Modiola glandnla, TOTTEN ; Sillimans Journ., xxvi. 367, f. 3, e, f, g.

Shell small, thin, rounded-oval, rather inflated, convexity
regular ; beaks small, rather prominent, curving, not in contact,
placed at about half the height of the shell ; anterior portion slightly
depending, base nearly straight, and the rest of the margin regu-
larly rounded ; surface with minute lines of growth, crossed by
very small, rounded, radiating ribs, about equal in size on all parts
of the shell, the number increasing as the spaces between them
widen ; epidermis thin, brownish-yellow ; within white, somewhat
pearly ; edges sharp and minutely crenulated, except the short
portion occupied by the ligament. Length 5fiv inch, height -/-$
inch, breadth -^ inch.

This very pretty and singularly shaped Modiola was first found
by Colonel Totten, in Provincetown harbour. It is one of the

132 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

most common shells found in the stomachs of fishes caught in
Massachusetts Bay. The shell is not often so large as above
mentioned.

Its rounded-oval and regularly convex form, with its radiating lines,
forbid that it should be confounded with any other shell except an En-
glish species, the Crenella elliptica of Brown, ( Conch, lllust. of Great
Brit., 4»c. pi. 31, f. 12 to 14,) the My'tilus decussdtus of Montagu.
For my own part, in comparing a small specimen of this shell with
one of ours of a similar size, I must confess I can discover no differ-
ence, though Mr. Sowerby supposes they are distinct. In giving the
dimensions I have supposed the shell to be placed in the ordinary po-
sition of other species, with the beaks placed laterally.

FAMILY PECT&NIDES, LAM.

Ligament interior or half interior. Shell in general regular, compact, not
foliated.

GENUS PECTEN, TURTON.

Shell rounded, inequivalve, eared ; superior margin straight ;
beaks contiguous. Hinge toothless, with a triangular internal
pit for the cartilage.

PECTEN MAGELLA'NICUS.

Shell orbicular, inequivalve, upper valve more convex than the
lower ; exterior surface everywhere marked with closely arranged
radiating lines', interior surface without ribs; ears small and
equal.

State Coll., No. 152. Soc. Cab., No. 2028.

6'strea Magellanica, GMELIN ; 3317. No. 9. CHEMN. ; Conch., vii. t. 62, f. 597.

DILLWYN; Catal., 250.
Pecten Magellanicus, LAM.; An. sans Vert., vii. 134. DESHAYES; Encyc.M&th.,

Vers, iii. 718, pi. 208, f. 5. CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch., pi. I, f. 1.

Shell orbicular, rather higher than long, thin and translucent
when young, thick, strong, and opaque when mature, equilateral,
inequivalve, the lower valve being nearly flat, and not attaining
the edge of the upper valve by an eighth of an inch or more ;

PECTENIDES. MOLLUSCA. PECTEN. 133

upper valve moderately convex ; valves widely gaping near the
hinge, surface everywhere sculptured with radiating, punctured
lines, or grooves, about half as wide as the spaces between them,
somewhat zigzag in their course ; these lines are crossed by
closely arranged lines of growth, which, on the convex valve, are
scolloped or vaulted over the radiating lines ; flattened valve
white, convex valve dingy reddish-brown, or flesh-colored. Hinge
margin narrow, straight, ears equal, the notch in the lower valve
rounded, and shallow. Interior white, smooth, glossy, with
minute radiating lines not corresponding to the exterior grooves.
Length 5 inches, height 5J inches, breadth li inch.

This shell is not common on the Massachusetts shore ; but single
valves, of a very large size and very solid, are occasionally thrown up,
and smaller ones are found in the stomachs of fishes. Its proper habitat
is farther north, and along the eastern part of the coast of Maine it is
found abundantly in its greatest perfection. It does occasionally pass
to the south of Cape Cod, (the usual terminus for northern species)
for I have a fine specimen which was drawn up alive, by a hook, off
Block Island.

The general aspect of the lower valve is smooth ; nor do we see
any thing like ribs on the upper surface.

PECTEN ISLA'NDJCUS.

Shell sub-orbicular j reddish or orange-brown ; ears unequal;
surface covered with small, crowded, irregularly disposed, scaly,
radiating ribs, which re-appear within.

FIGURE 89.
State Coll., No. 151. Soc. Cab., No. 2039.

O'strea Islandica, MULLER; Zool. Dan., Prod., No. 2990. LIN.; Her Westrogoth.,

200, t. 5, f. 7. GMELIN ; 3326. No. 55. SHAW ; Zool. Misc., xxiii. t. 978, 987.

FABR.; Fauna Grcenl., 415. KNORR ; Delices, <^c., t. i. pi. B. f. 3, 4. LISTER ;

Conch., t. 1057, f. 4. GUALT. ; Test., t. 73, f. R. SEBA ; Mus., ii. t. 87, f. 7.
Pecten Islandicus, CHEMN.; Conch., vii. t. 65, f. 615, 616. TURTON ; Conch.

Diet., 258. Brit. Biv., 216. DESHAYES ; Encyc. M6th., Pers, iii. 724. FLEM-

wo; Brit. Anim., 385, pi. 212, f. 1. LAM.; An. sans Vert., vii. 145. SAY;

Amer. Conch., pi. 56.
O'strea cinnabarina, BORN ; Mus., 103. DILLWYN ; CataL, 956, No. 20. SCHROET. ;

EinL, iii. 326, No. 9.
Pecten Pealii, CONRAD ; Amer. Mar. Conch. , 12, pi. 2, f. 2.

134 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell sub-orbicular, or broadly ob-ovate, equal, the upper
valve slightly more convex than the lower, covered with an in-
definite number, fifty to a hundred, of narrow, unequal, crowded,
irregularly disposed, radiating ridges, bearing a multitude of erect,
vaulted scales ; their ridges are grouped, so as to form a number
oi" unequal ribs, which are better defined on the interior of the
shell. Ears unequal ; posterior one shortest, and its angle slightly
obtuse, alike in both valves, and covered with scaly, radiating
ridges ; the anterior ear of the right valve is more deeply notched
than that of the left, and has five radiating ribs, occupying about Iwo
thirds of its surface. Valves closed except at the notch ; color
passing from light- orange to dark reddish-brown ; the upper valves
usually zoned, or blotched, with deeper colors, and the lower
valve much the lightest. The margin jagged by the elevaled
lines, all but the notch of the right valve, which is plain, except-
ing that there are five or six minute teeth in the angle. Interior
white and glossy, the left valve usually having a large roseate spot
near the beaks. Length 3 inches, height 3^ inches, breadth 1
inch.

Occasionally found, of a small size, in the stomachs of fishes.
Its proper residence, however, seems to be the A'ewfoundland
Banks, where it is a favorite food of fishes.

In a young state the vaulted scales do not appear ; but the inter-
stices between the ribs are filled with a beautiful lozenge-shaped or
tile-work sculpture, which may usually be seen near the beaks in
adult specimens. The coloring varies greatly, and has given rise to
two or three synonyms.

PECTEN CONCE'JN*TRICUS.

Shell orbicular, ears sub-squal, valves convex, nearly cfo.sW,
ivith about twenty rounded ribs.

FIGURE SS.
State Coll., No. i:>0. Soc. Cab., No. 2036.

Vecteu concenlricus, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. ^59. CONRAD : Amcr.
Mur. Condi., pi. 1, f. 2.

Shell nearly round, rather strong ; valves convex, the lower
very little less so than the upper one, with about twenty elevated.

OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREA. 135

rounded ribs, the depressed spaces being similarly rounded, and
about equal to the ribs in width ; loosely wrinkled concentrically
by fine lines of growth. Usual color a dusky or blackish horn-
color, with alternately darker and lighter zones. Ears two thirds
of the length of the shell, nearly equal, and crossed with small,
radiating ridges ; notch in the convex valve deep, and forming an
acute angle, or narrow slit. Interior shining, grooved to corre-
spond with the exterior ribs, the intervening spaces flat ; color
white, generally tinged with purple-brown about the hinge, and
around the margin, sometimes altogether of that color. Liga-
mentary pit small and shallow. Length 25 inches, height 2J in-
ches, breadth I inch.

The scollop-shell is found abundantly about the extremity of
Cape Cod, though it does not extend far along its inner shore.
It is common along all its outer shore, at Nantucket, Martha's
Vineyard, &c., and, according to Mr. Say, is one of the most
common shells along the shores of New Jersey.

It is subject to great variation in coloring. The flatter valve is often
white, and always of a lighter color than the other valve. Sometimes
both valves are white, orange, ochreous, reddish, or purplish, and
sometimes they are zoned or mottled with two or more of these colors.
In consequence of which they are very pleasing to the eye, and are
extensively employed in the manufacture of card-racks, pincush-
ions, &c.

FAMILY OSTRACEA, LAM.

Shell irregular, foliated, sometimes paper-like ; ligament internal or partly
internal.

GENUS OSTREA, LIN.

Shell very irregular, inequivalve, the larger one adhering, the
smaller moving forwards as the shell advances in age, and leaving
a lengthening groove for the ligament exposed along the beak of
the adhering valve.

The Oyster varies in surface and shape so much, according to
the position in which it lies during growth, that it is not only im-
possible to give any description which shall delineate the various

136 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

transformations it may undergo, but it is also very difficult to de-
signate the limits of species. Lamarck indicates three species
belonging to this coast ; but it is very doubtful whether, in re-
ality, there are even two.

It is also a question on which there are various opinions,
whether the oyster was indigenous in Massachusetts Bay ; or
whether all which grow in the various oyster-beds owe their
parentage to inhabitants of the Delaware, Chesapeake, and Oyster
Bays, &c. That they now grow spontaneously, and, for aught
we can learn, always have grown so, on the south shore, there is
no reason to doubt. And that they are occasionally found of
patriarchal appearance, in all parts of our Bay, is certainly true.
But the question is, whether these places are their natural habitat,
or whether they have been accidentally dropped where they were
found. Many incline to this latter opinion, especially the younger
oyster-men, and some scientific gentlemen. But the old settlers
of Cape Cod are of a different opinion. They say that Well-
fleet, where the southern oysters are planted for Boston use, was
originally called Billingsgate, on account of the abundance of fish,
and especially of oysters, found there ; that they continued to be
abundant until about the year 1780, when from some cause they
all died ; and, to this day, immense beds are shown there, of
shells of native oysters which perished at that time. They say,
that, before that time, no such thing was thought of, as bringing
oysters from the south.

O'STREA VIRGI;NIANA.

Shell elongated, narrow; beaks pointed, not much curved ;
ligamentary eminence of the upper valve extending lack to the
apex.

State Coll., No. 148. Soc. Cab., No. 2350.

O'strea Virginiana, LISTER j Conch,., 1. 200, f. 34. FAVANNE ; Conch., pi. 41, f. C.

2. KLEIN; Ten tarn., 122. SOWERBY; Genera of Shells, f. 2.
O'strea Virginica, GMELIN j Syst., 3336. No. 113. DILLWYN ; Catal., i. 277.

LAM.} An. sans Vert., vii. 225. WOOD; Index, pi. 11, f. 68. DESHAYES ;

Encyc. Mdth., Vcrs, ii. pi. 179, 1 and 2.
Grand Huitre de la Virginie, DAVILA ; Catal., 290, No. 613.
Virginia Rock-oyster, PETIVER ; GazophyL, 1. 105, f. 3.

OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREA. 137

O'strea rostrate maxima, CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. 38, t. 73, f. 677.

O'strea elongate, SOLANDER; Mas.

O'strea Canadensis, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vii. 220.

Shell narrow, elongated, gradually widening, moderately curv-
ed, for the most part with a long and pointed beak at the apex,
and rounded at the other extremity. Upper valve the smallest,
flattest and smoothest, surface, when not worn, presenting every-
where leaf-like scales, of a somewhat leaden-color. The hinge
presents the usual channel in the beak of the lower valve, longer
or shorter according to the age of the shell, and marked with lines
exhibiting the successive removes of the cartilage ; and in the up-
per valve we have the corresponding elevation, which is also con-
tinued back to the point of the shell. The muscular impression
is nearly central, of a dark-chestnut, or sometimes dark violet-
color. It often measures 12 or 15 inches in length, but seldom
more than 3 inches in breadth.

This is the common oyster of the Chesapeake Bay. It is oc-
casionally found in the vicinity of Boston, and also about Prince
Edwards' Island, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Its dis-
tinctive characters, are its narrow, elongated form, and the length-
ened, pyramidal hinge ridge along the beak of the upper valve.
The O. Canadensis is either a variety of this, or the next species,
most likely of this.

O'STREA BOREA'LIS.

Shell somewhat rounded, curved, scaly, greenish ; beaks rather
short, considerably curved ; hinge having the furrow in the lower
valve from the apex, but having in the opposite valve merely a
transverse ridge, not extended backwards.

State Coll., No. 149. Soc. Cab., No. 2055.

O'strea borealis, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vii. 220.

O'strea Canadensis, BRUG. j Encyc. M6th.y pi. 180, f. 1 to 3.

O'strea edulis, LIN ; &c.

Shell somewhat obliquely rounded-ovate, usually curved, up-
per valve smallest, flattest ; the beaks are never greatly prolong-
ed, more curved than in O. Virginica. The surface is very
irregular, displaying loosely arranged flakes of a greenish-color ;
18

138 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the margins are generally more or less plaited or scolloped, en-
tirely bony in the lower valve, but membranous and somewhat
flexible in the upper one. The hinge differs from the preceding in
having the beaks less prolonged, and the upper valve, instead of
having a lengthened, pyramidal ridge extending backwards to the
apex, has only a transverse ridge, abrupt behind, and sloping into
the shell, like a mere partition, behind which the cartilage is at-
tached. The muscular impression is also dark-violet. Interior,
either chalky or greenish-white.

This species also grows to a great size. A specimen before
me measures a foot in length, and 6 inches in breadth. A com-
mon size is five and six inches in length.

This is the common New York oyster, and, although they are
said to have been once abundant in various parts of Massachusetts
Bay, especially within Cape Cod, yet the Boston market is now
chiefly dependent for its supply on the oyster-beds in the vicinity
of New York and in the Chesapeake. In those parts of Buzzard's
Bay which border upon Sandwich, the native oyster is still
found in great abundance.

The oystermen maintain that our shell is identical with the En-
glish O. edulis ; and there are certainly forms in which the Ameri-
can and European specimens could not be distinguished.

GENUS ANEMIA, LAM.

Shell irregular, inequivalve, one valve convex, the other flattened
or concave, perforated near the beak for the passage of a muscle,
by which it adheres.

ANOMIA EPH'IPPIUM.

Shell rounded, margin irregular ; surface scaly, variously
wrinkled and undulated ; beaks pointed, not quite reaching the
margin ; aperture ovate.

State Coll., No. 146. Soc. Cab., No. 2060.

6streum parvum, LISTER ; Conch., t. 204.

An6mia ephippium, LIN. ; Syst. JVctf., 1150. GMELIN ; Syst., 3340, No. 3. GUALT. ;
Test., t. 97, f. B. D'ARGENV. ; Conch., t. 19, f. C. PENNANT ; Brit. Zool, iv.
t. 62, f. 70. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. t. 76, f. 692, 693. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit.,
155. WOOD ; Lin. Trans., vi. pi. 18, f. 11, 12. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin.

OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. ANOMIA. 139

Trans., viii. 102. DONOVAW; Brit. Shell*, t. 1, pi. 26. BORN ; Mus., p. 117.
SCHROET.; EM. in Conch., iii. 383. Pon ; Test., ii. 186, pi. 30, f. 9, 11.
DA COSTA ; Brit. Conch., 165, pi. 11, f. 3. FA v ANNE ; Conch., pi. 41, f. B. DILL-
WYN; Catal., i. 286, No. 3. BLAINV. ; Malacol, pi. 59, f. 3. SOWERBY ;
Genera, f. 1, 2, 3. TORTON ; Brit. Biv., 227. Conch. Diet., 2. LAM. ; An.
sans Vert., vii. 273. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 395.

Shell generally rounded, but often produced at one side or at
base so as to assume an oval form ; its margins more or less
jagged, and its surface scaly from the loose edges of the lines of
growth, and variously distorted, undulated, and plaited, according
to the objects to which it adheres. Lower valve flat, its aperture
ovate, reaching the margin by a fissure. Upper valve slightly
convex, little elevated about the beak, which is small, acute, not
quite reaching the margin. Substance of the shell pearly, or like
talc, of a greenish tinge, reflecting golden and silvery hues ; within
smooth, the muscular impressions opake white. Usually about
an inch in diameter, but growing to three times that size.

It is found in abundance in oyster beds, adhering to oysters.
At New Bedford it has been found anchored by its muscle to
pebbles.

This shell varies 'so much in its form, that it is very difficult to
characterize it. The most constant trait is the rugged, scaly exterior.
It not unfrequently assumes a ribbed appearance, in consequence of
having adhered to valves of Pecten concintricus.

ANOMIA ACULEA'TA.

Shell rounded, inclined to be straight at the hinge margin ;
color dingy-white ; beaks obtuse, terminal ; upper valve covered
with fine, prickly, radiating lines ; lower valve smooth ; aperture
circular.

FIGURE 90.

State Coll., No. 147. Soc. Cab., No. 2347.

Anomia aculeata, GMELIN ; Syst., 3346. TCRTON ; Lin. Syst., iv. 285. Brit. Biv.,
233. Conch. Diet., 4. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. 92, t. 77, f. 702. MONTAGU;
Test. Brit., 157, t. 4, f. 5. PENNANT; Brit. Zool., iv. 233. DILLWYN; Catal.,
288. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 103. WOOD ; Index, pi. 11, f. 3.

Shell small, rounded, the hinge margin more or less truncated
or straight, color yellowish-white ; upper valve convex, the beak

140 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

obtuse and marginal, the surface covered with minute, concave,
or prickly scales, arranged in radiating, undulated lines ; lower
valve very thin, smooth, or with a few prickles near the margin ;
aperture nearly circular ; within shining ; the convex valve ex-
hibiting the exterior ribs near the margin. Diameter about half
an inch.

Found amid the roots of fuci which are thrown up attached to
stones, shells, &c.

This shell is easily distinguished from its co-species by the scaly or
prickly radiating lines upon its upper valve. It seems never to attain
a large size.

Besides the two species before mentioned, there are probably two
others found in this State. But all species are so distorted as to ren-
der it difficult to separate them definitely.

1. ANOMIA ELECTRICA, Lin. — distinguished by its sulphur or golden
hue, defined edge, and very convex upper valve. It is generally much
distorted, transparent, and not so fragile as most species, not scaly.

Found among oysters.

2. ANOMIA SQUA'MULA, Lin. — a small, smooth, rounded, or oblong-
oval shell, very thin and regular, exhibiting regular concentric lines of
growth ; color whitish ; edges well defined ; aperture rounded.

Found attached within old bivalve shells.

These two species, however, are not positively made out.

FAMILY BRACHIOPODJ1, LAM.

Shell adhering to marine bodies either directly or by means of a tendinous
cord ; animal having a pair of fringed arms, spirally coiled when at, rest.

Instead of being regarded as a family of the CONCH'IFERA,
according to the arrangement of Lamarck, the BRACHIOPODA are
fully entitled to be ranked as a class. The animals are as distinct
and peculiar in their organization, as the CIRRIPEDES are. In-
stead of the back of the animal being placed against the hinge, as
in other bivalves, and the sides against each of the valves, in
these we have the back against one valve, and the belly against
the other. The pair of long arms, with curled fringe at their
edges, is found in no other mollusca.

BRACHIOPODA. MOLLUSCA. TEREBRATULA. 141

GENUS TEREBRATULA, Bauo.

Shell inequivalve, one valve prolonged into a sort of beak, and
perforated at its tip for the passage of a tendinous cord by which it
affixes itself. On the interior of the smaller valve are two bony
processes.

TEREBRATULA CAPUT-SERP^NTIS.

Shell obovate, whitish, upper valve truncated horizontally at the
apex ; foramen large, one side completed by the apex of the lower
valve j surface with minute, radiating stria.

State Coll., No. 145. Soc. Cab., No. 2348.

Anomia caput-serpentis, LIN. ; Syst. Nat., 153. BORN ; Mus.t pi. 6, f. 14.

GMELIN ; Syst., 3344, No. 21. CHZMN j Conch., t. 78, f. 712. WOOD j Index,

pi. 11, f. 22.

Terebratula, BRUG. ; Encyc. Mtth., pi. 246, f. 7, a, b, c, d, e, f.
Terebratuia caput-serpentis, LAM. An. sans Vert., vii. 332.
Anomia pubescens, DILLWYN ; Catal., i. 293.
Terebratula pubescens, DESK A YES ; Encyc. Mith., Piers, iii. 1024. BLAINV. ;

Malacol., pi. 52, f. 6. SOWERBY ; Genera, f. 2.
Terebratula septentrionalis, COUTHOCY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 65, pi. 3, f. 18.

Shell rather thin, semi-transparent, yellowish or reddish-white,
broadly obovate ; upper valve slightly convex, narrow at the sum-
mit, and abruptly widening below ; beak slightly projecting, trun-
cated horizontally so as to form a large, semi-elliptical orifice,
completed below by the apex of the lower valve, which valve is
rounded, flattish, slightly protuberant down the middle ; both
valves covered by minute, but distinct and well-rounded radiating
ribs, which increase in number with the width of the shell ; these
are crossed by a few irregular lines of growth ; the whole covered
by a thin, silvery, fibrous epidermis. From under each tooth in
the lower valve arises a thin process curvingk a little inwards,
whose extremities support an oval, partially twisted ring of a
similar ribband-like structure, about an eighth of an inch in di-
ameter. Margin of the shell minutely toothed by the terminations
of the ribs. Length |J inch, height -Jf inch, breadth -fa inch.

Found in considerable numbers in the stomachs of fish, and
occasionally on the sea-beach. It has also been taken alive on

142 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the coast of Maine. Its usual residence is in more northern

seas.

An examination of the descriptions of T. caput-serpentis, given by
Linnaeus, Miiller, and Chemnitz, and a comparison of them with our
shell, had well satisfied me of their correspondence. The downy epi-
dermis is a character too singular to be often found, or to be over-
looked. This, however, is rubbed off very easily. No account of
the internal bony processes is given in any description except that by
Mr. Couthouy. These would afford the best possible specific charac-
ter, were it not that they are usually more or less broken. But I have
been relieved from all further speculation by the receipt of specimens
from Dr. Loven, which settle the identity of our species with the Eu-
ropean caput-serpentis. Deshayes conjectures, probably with justice,
that the Anbmia aurita of Gmelin is the same thing ; and also that
Anbmia pubescens of the same author and others is this shell in a
young stage, when plentifully coated with pubescence. T. costata,
described and figured by Lowe, in the " Zoological Journal," ii. 105,
pi. 5, f. 8, 9, is very closely allied ; but it is a smaller, more solid
shell, with fewer ribs, and entirely different internal processes.

TEREBRATULA PSITTACEA.

Shell sub-triangular ; narrowed above, the beak produced into
a decurved horn ; surface striated, foramen triangular.

FIGURE 91.

State Coll., No. 144. Soc. Cab., No. 2349.

Terebratula psittacea, GMELIN; Syst., 3348. CHEMN. ; Conch., viii. 78, f. 713.
DESHAYES ; Encyc. Mdth., Vers, iii. 1025, pi. 244, f. 3, a, b, c. LAM. ; An. sang
Vert., vii. 333. LISTER; Conch., 211, 46. DILLWYN ; Catal, 296. TURTON ;
Brit. Biv., 236. Conch. Diet., 5, f. 12 to 14.

Shell thin and fragile, brownish-black or sea-green, of an in-
flated, triangular form, one of the valves produced into a long,
pointed and strongly curved beak, something like a parrot's beak ;
along this runs a triangular channel, (formed by the inflected mar-
gins,) the third side of which is completed by the tip of the other
valve ; the smaller valve is obovate or fan-shaped, about two
thirds the length of the longer valve ; surface marked with con-
centric lines of growth, and with numerous, fine, diverging striae,

BRACHIOPODA. MOLLUSCA. TEREBRATULA. 143

increasing in number as the shell widens. The interior bony pro-
cesses consist of two slender, curved, parallel prongs arising from
the base of the teeth of the upper valve. Height J inch, length
•fv inch, breadth \ inch.

I have as yet met with only one specimen of this shell of the
above dimensions, which was taken from the stomach of a cod-
fish. It appears to be everywhere rare, and is probably an in-
habitant of more northern seas, especially the region of New-
foundland.

144 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

CLASS GASTEROPODA, CUVIER.

The GASTEROPODA form much the most numerous class of
Mollusca. They are distributed over the whole surface of the
globe, and live on the land, and in all waters. They receive their
name from the peculiar conformation of their organ of progres-
sion. The under part of the belly is flattened out into a smooth,
elongated disk, and on this they glide along.
Some of them have also the power of swim-
ming at the surface of the water in an in-
verted posture. They have a distinct head,
furnished with one or two pairs of tentacula,
and almost always they have rudimentary
eyes situated on or near one pair of them.

The shell, almost without exception, consists of only one
piece (univalve), and is more or less revolving in a spiral coil.
Into it the animal is capable of withdrawing entirely, and is
usually provided with a horny or bony cover (operculum) at-
tached to the hinder part of the foot, which accurately closes
the aperture of the shell after the body has wholly receded.

The arrangement of the respiratory organs is various, and af-
fords good characters for distribution into families. In some of
them the respiratory orifice is at one side, under the edge of the
mantle. In others the mantle is folded so as to form a long flexi-
ble proboscis or siphon ; and the shells of these have a notch or
groove in the front of the aperture, in which the siphon lies.

All those which live on the land or in fresh water feed on de-
caying vegetables ; while a great portion of those living in the sea
feed on animal food, and devour not only dead animals, but many
of them are real cannibals, and have the power, either by their
jaws, or by the application of an acid, to perforate the shells of
their fellow testacea, without respecting even their own species,
and thus suck out the juices of the living occupant.

Not a few of them are destitute of shells, and, in fact, the
greater part of the naked rnollusca belong to this class. Of the
few that have been observed in this region, some notice has

MOLLUSCA. 145

already been given. These were the true GASTEROPODA of La-
marck, while his MOLLUSCA were limited to what we have em-
braced in the present class.

The following synopsis may aid in arriving at the genera of the
testaceous coverings of such of the GASTEROPODA, as are found
with us.

I. Aperture entire, not interrupted in front by a notch or elongated canal.

i. Shell shield-like or cup-shaped, aperture very large.

1. multi valve. Chiton.

2. univalve.

* simple. Patella, Lottia, An'cylus.
** with a fissure at summit. Cemdria.

*** with a partial partition, parallel to the aperture. Crepidula.
ii. Shell tusk-shaped. Dentalium.

iii. Outer whorl enveloping all the others, the spire often invisible. Bulla.
iv. Shell with an evident spire.

1. inhabiting the land and breathing air.

* sub-globular, or wheel-shaped. Helix.

** ovate, with an elongated spire. Pupa, Bullmus, Succinea.

2. inhabiting fresh water.

* spire wheel-shaped, evident above and beneath. Planorbis.
** spire elevated.

t aperture ovate. Limnea, Physa, Paludina, Amnicola.
tt aperture circular. Valvdta.

3. inhabiting the sea.

* spire ovate-globose.

t aperture ovate.

§ pillar simple. JVdtica, Littor\na, Jdnthina.
§ pillar with an umbilical groove. Lacuna.
tt aperture circular. Margarita, Skenea.
** spire elongated.

§ pillar simple. Turritella, Scalaria, Cingula, Py'ramis.
§ pillar with teeth or folds. Meldmpus, Tornatella,

Odostomia.

*** spire ear-shaped. Sigaritus.
**** spire irregular, lax. Vermetus.

II. Aperture terminating in front by a notch or elongated beak.

i. With a notch.

1. pillar simple. Buccinum, Colnmbdlla.

2. pillar plaited. CanceUaria.
ii. With a canal.

1. canal short.

* recurved. Cerithium, Fusus.

* straight. Rostellaria, Trichotropis, Purpura, Pleurotoma.

2. canal prolonged. Py'rula, Ranttla.

19

146 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

FAMILY PHYLLWlJlNJl, LAM.

Shell not spiral, shield-shaped, composed of one or more pieces ; aperture
very large.

GENUS CHITON, LIN.

Shell oval, consisting of eight arched pieces, arranged across
the body of the animal in a series overlapping each other, their
ends set in the skin, which forms a rim around them.

CHITON APICULA'TUS.

Dorsal triangles with series of elevated points ; lateral triangles
with scattered, elevated dots.

FIGURE 20.

State Coll., No. 131. Soc. Cab., No. 740.

- Chiton apiculatus, SAY ; Amer. Conch., No. 8.

Shell oval-oblong, convex, sub-carinated ; color grayish or
light-chestnut ; valves eight ; anterior valve crescentic, with three
or four concentric lines, and numerous, separate, elevated, equal,
sub-equidistant dots, arranged somewhat in regular lines along the
margin ; the six following valves have, on their dorsal triangles,
from twenty to thirty longitudinal series of elevated points, like
beads, somewhat converging towards the summit ; on the lateral
triangles, which are distinctly elevated above the dorsal triangles,
are scattered points like those on the anterior valve ; posterior
valve with the series of dots like the dorsal triangles, a central
tubercle, and the remainder with scattered dots like those on the
anterior valve. Margin coriaceous, with alternate stripes of white
and dusky pubescence. Length 1 inch, breadth f inch.

Inhabits the southeastern waters of this State, after passing
Cape Cod. I have received it from Nantucket and Martha's
Vineyard. It is found more abundantly along the coast of New
York and New Jersey. Dr. Jay found it in great numbers at
Gardiner's Island.

w

!

PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 147

This species, so accurately described by Mr. Say from a single
specimen sent him by Dr. Ravenel of Charleston, South Carolina,
cannot be confounded with any other. The beautiful and conspicu-
ous bead-like series of dots are not found on any other described
species, though they partially and inconspicuously appear on C. cine-
reus. On account of their arrangement, I had formerly indicated the
shell under the name of C. pectindtus. The recent publication of
Mr. Say's Manuscript has established his name. The lines of dots
are not all of equal length, and sometimes they become so blended as
to form merely an elevated line, but they are generally very definite.
I have seen some British shells labelled C. ruler, which have precisely
the same sculpture ; but they are much more elegant in marking, and
are of a bright reddish-brown or rose-color. They cannot be C. ruler,
however, according to any description I have seen under that name.

CHITON MARGINA'TUS.

Shell ovate, the valves carinated across the middle, and pointed
behind ; of a dead cinereous or greenish-color, and minutely sha-
greened ; margin pulverulent.

FIGURE 22.
State Coll., No. 167. Soc. Cab., No. 2353.

Chiton marginatus, PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, iv. 71, t. 36, f. 2. LIN. ; GMELIW ;

Syst., 3206, No. 26. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 1. PDLTENEY ; Dorset Catal, 25,

pi. 1, f. 2. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 21, pi. 1, f. 2. WOOD ;

Gen. Conch., 21, pi. 3, f. 4. SCHROET. ; Einl. in Conch., iii. 508. D'ARGEMY. ;

Conchyl., t. 25, f. M. LAM.; An. sans Vert., vii. 492. SOWERBY ; Conch.

Illust., f. 106 to 112. FLEMING ; Edin. Encyc., vi. 102. Brit. Anim., 289.
Chiton cinereus, LOWE ; Zool. Journ., ii. 99, pi. 5, f. 5.

Shell small, ovate, moderately convex, with an elevated ridge
along the centre, where each of the valves projects backwards in
a minute beak, ending at the centre of the posterior valve ;
valves faintly divided into triangles ; surface otherwise apparently
smooth, but under the magnifier it is found to be beautifully sha-
greened, the granules being arranged in diamonds on every part.
Color a dead, dull ashen or greenish color, sometimes mottled.
Margin narrow, membranous, coated with a dusty pigment, which

alternately hoary and brownish. Length J inch, breadth T3^
inch.

148 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

A single specimen of this shell was found living, a few years
since, by Dr. Charles Pickering, at Phillips's Beach, and is now
in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel-
phia. It is a common British species.

It is an inelegant shell at first sight, its dingy, dull surface present-
ing nothing attractive. But no one can fail to admire its beautiful
sculpture when viewed under the magnifier. The serrated, reflected
margin usually mentioned in descriptions, is merely a contraction of
the margin about the ends of the valves, such as we see in many
other species.

It is allied to C. apiculatus ; but we find the lateral triangles as
much sculptured as the dorsal in this ; the dots are diamond-shaped,
and arranged in quincunx, and not bead-like, and arranged in series.
From our other species it is distinguished by its dead surface.

CHITON FULMINATUS.

Shell ovate-oblong, brownish or yellowish-red, variegated with
angular, whitish lines, and a scries of whitish points along the
posterior margin of the valves ; surface minutely granulated ;
margin pubescent.

State Coll., No. 134. Soc. Cab., No. 972.

Chiton fulminatus, CODTHOUY j Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 80, pi. 3, ft 19.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather flat ; color varying from bright-red
to yellowish or dark reddish-brown, with numerous, fine, zigzag,
whitish lines arranged over the whole surface, and a line of
six or eight whitish spots alternating with dark-red along the
posterior edge of each valve ; valves carinated and slightly
beaked, their surface covered with microscopic granulations ar-
ranged in quincunx ; to the naked eye smooth and shining ; di-
vision into triangular areas very indistinct ; lines of growth very
faint. Margin narrow, coriaceous, coated with a close, short
down, alternately red and white. Within white at the edges of
the valves, deepening towards the centre to a rose-color. Length
T7-o inch, breadth •£§ inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes caught off Egg Rock, Co-
hasset, &c,

PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 149

This very beautifully marked species varies considerably in outline,
size, marking, and color. Some have the sides nearly parallel, and
others are decidedly ovate ; some exceed an inch in length ; some
have the lines of growth deeply marked, while others are nearly
smooth ; some have a dead, ashen color, but such are apparently very
old. In some the zigzag lines and white dots are very distinct, in
others not.

This may very probably prove identical with some species of the
North of Europe ; but as it is utterly impossible to say which one, I
will not run the risk of adding further confusion to the already inex-
tricable synonymy of the Chitons, by offering any conjectures. Dr.
Loven says, " It is a very common species with us [in Sweden]. I
think it is the S. Icevigdtus, FLEMING." Mr. Sowerby thinks " it would
be impossible to find a distinguishing character" between this and C.
dnereus. In this he is certainly mistaken. It comes much nearer to
his red variety of C. margindtus ; but the granulations of the surface of
our shell are not half so distinct as in either C. margindtus or C. cine-
reus. It is, therefore, best to use Mr. Couthouy's name for the pres-
ent, as it is the only one to which the shell can now, or perhaps ever,
be referred with certainty.

CHITON RUBER.

Shell small) oval, elevated, carinated ; valves marked by lines
of growth; otherwise smooth, strongly beaked; margin pulveru-
lent, red and white.

FIGURE 24.
State Coll., No. 166. Soc. Cab., No. 2352.

Chiton ruber, LOWE ; Zool. Journ., ii. 101, pi. 5, f. 2. SOWERBY ; Conch. Illust.,
f. 103, 104, lower fig. FLEMING ; Edin. Encyc., vi. 102. Brit, Mm., 289.

Shell small, strong, nearly oval, being but slightly narrowed be-
fore, convexly elevated and traversed by an elevated ridge or keel
along the back ; valves without any appearance of granulations or
punctures under the magnifier, but marked with conspicuous
grooves, indicating the stages of growth, most marked near the
border ; otherwise perfectly smooth, shining, and polished ; pos-
terior margin strongly beaked. Color, light brick-red or flesh-
color, with occasional dashes of dark crimson across one or more

150 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

valves, sometimes arranged in stripes ; such a stripe will usually
be found at a little distance on each side of the keel, while the
keel itself has a stripe of crimson spots, occasionally replaced by a
yellow spot. It is frequently incrusted with a black foreign sub-
stance. Margin coriaceous, coated with a red and white dust ar-
ranged in alternate stripes. Triangular areas generally well
marked. Interior bright rose-red, becoming fainter at the mar-
gins of the valves. Length -| inch, breadth T\ inch.

Found adhering to stones dragged from the deep by kelp ;
also in the maws of fishes.

It is not difficult to distinguish at sight well-marked individuals of
this species from those of C. fulminatus. But there are intermediate
specimens which it is not easy to pronounce upon. In general, this
species is smaller, more solid, more convex, the valves more beaked,
lines of growth more deep, the zigzag lines never appearing, though
the posterior margin of the valve is sometimes dotted with white and
red. The impunctured or ungranulated surface, however, is the best,
as it is a constant, characteristic.

That this is the C. ruber of Lowe and Sowerby, I think there can
be no question, though it may not be C. ruber of other authors. The
figure in Pennant, "Brit. Zool.," pi. 36, f. 3, also represents accu-
rately most of the adult specimens, though it is quoted by authors as
C. lavis, which is distinguished by its finely reticulated margin.

CHITON ALBUS.

Shell small) elliptical, valves carinated and partially beaked,
minutely granulated ; margin beaded.

FIGURE 27.
State Coll., No. 133. Soc. Cab., No. 973.

Chiton albus, MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 4. SOWERBY; Conch. Illust., 99, 99 a, 100.

BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., <^c. pi. 35, f. 2.
Chiton aselloides, LOWE ; Zool. Journ., ii. 103, t. 5. f. 3. WOOD ; Suppl.} pi. 1,

f. 9.
Chiton sagrinktus, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 82.

Shell small, elongated-oval ; covered with a bluish-black pig-
ment, which easily rubs off, and leaves the ground yellowish or
ash-colored ; surface beautifully granulated, under the microscope,

PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 151

so as to resemble the finest shagreen. Valves moderately cari-
nated, and with a minute beak ; distinctly marked with lines of
growth, and a feeble diagonal ridge often divides each side into
two triangles ; anterior valve crescentic, with about twelve
marginal teeth. Margin membranous, yellowish, covered with
beaded granules. Length ^ inch, breadth ^ inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes in considerable numbers.

This shell was first discovered on this side the Atlantic by Mr. Joseph
P. Couthouy, and supposed by him to be new. But it agrees in all
respects with Mr. Lowe's figure and description of C. aselloides ; and
Mr. Sowerby, on an examination of our shell, accords with me in
opinion that it is that shell. Mr. Lowe subsequently states (Zool.
Journ., iii. 79.) that his species " is clearly identified with C. albus of
Montagu." But, as it is only white when divested of its pigment, the
name aselloides is much more descriptive.

The ridges, edges, and interstices of the valves usually have the pig-
ment worn off, so as to present a yellowish-color. The beaded margin
distinguishes it from all our other species ; but it is rare to find the
margin unimpaired.

CHITON EMERSONIA'NUS.

Shell ovate-oblong, white ; valves uniform, each with a central
cordiform, sculptured area, the remainder covered with a dirty mem-
brane, with two rows of hairy tufts at the margin ; anterior valve
emarginate.

FIGURE 19.
State Coll., No. 132. Soc. Cab., No. 2351.

Chiton Emersdnii, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. JVof. Hist., ii. 83, pi. 3, f. 10.

Shell ovate-oblong, broadest behind ; of a light drab-color ;
valves eight, kidney-shaped, the extremities being rounded and
the posterior margin deeply arched ; posterior valve narrowed and
excavated at the tip ; on the centre of each valve is a small, heart-
shaped area, beautifully sculptured with bead-like granules, three
or four series of which are parallel to its border, and the central
ones on each side are arranged in a somewhat concentric manner ;
the beak is elevated and pointed, and smooth or slightly striated ;

152 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the area on the anterior valve is shaped like the valve. The re-
maining portion of the valves is smooth, with three radiating lines
passing from the beaks to the middle of each base, enclosing two
rounded, threadlike ribs. It is also covered with a thin mem-
brane, coated with a dirty,* scurfy epidermis which is easily
rubbed off. Margin broad and thick, resembling macerated calf-
skin, coated like the rest of the surface, and having two ranges
of small tufts of yellowish hair, two on each of the intermediate,
and six or eight around the terminal valves. Length •£ inch,
breadth T6^ inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay.

This is a very curious shell, and, with three or four other described
species, might constitute a sub-genus. It is so rough and unseemly
that it is very likely to be rejected as some decayed specimen ; or the
discoverer would begin to clear off, as some extraneous substance,
the coating which belongs to it, and gives it a character.

The shape of the valves, the sculptured areas, and the emarginate
anterior valve, will not allow it to be confounded with any other spe-
cies. Could it be presumed that so remarkable characters as the cen-
tral areas and the anterior valve were overlooked, we might suppose
this to be the C. vestitiis, BROD. and SOWERBY (Zool. Journ., iii. 368.)
The areas, however, are easily defaced, and might not have attracted
notice in their specimens. In other respects their description would
apply well to our shell. The figure recently given of it, in the Ap-
pendix to Beechey's Voyage, represents a shell proportionally much
narrower than ours.

GENUS PATELLA. LIN.

Shell low-conical, apex nearly central and inclining a little for-
wards ; aperture oblong-oval, cavity basin-shaped.

PATE'LLA CA'NDIDA.

Shell small, white, with numerous diverging ribs, checked by
revolving lines, apex central.

State Coll., No. 124. Soc. Cab., No. 2381.

Patella Candida, COUTHOU? ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 86, pi. 3. f. 17.

PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. LOTTIA. 153

Shell small, conical, white, oval, having numerous minute
radiating ribs, traversed by equally fine concentric lines, which
give the surface, when viewed under a magnifier, the appearance
of net-work ; summit nearly central, margin slightly scolloped by
the termination of the ribs ; interior white. Length -y\ inch,
height TV inch, breadth J inch.

Only three specimens of this shell are yet known. The first one
found was taken by Mr.Couthouy from the stomach of a fish caught
off Barnstable, and was described by him. A second has since
been found by Mr. W. W. Wheildon, of Charlestown. It is at once
distinguished by its checkered or granulated surface, no other spe-
cies, yet described, having that character.

GENUS LOTTIA, GRAY.

Shell basin-shaped, apex obtuse, usually more depressed and
thinner than Patella, and distinguished from it chiefly by its in-
habitant.

LO'TTIA TESTUDINA'LIS.

Shell oblong-oval, greenish-white, for the most part with
brownish sub-dividing radiations ; centre within, dark-brown.

FIGURE 12.
State Coll., No. 129. Soc. Cab., No. 767.

Ptftella testudinalis, MULLER, Prodr., p. 237. FABR.; Fauna GromL, 385.

LAM.; An. sans Vert., vii. 543. DILLWYN; Catal, 1045. WOOD ; Catal., No.

63, pi. 37.

Patella testudinaria, KAEMMERER, Rudolst Conch., 12, pi. 2, f. 4, 5.
Patella testudinaria Groenlandica, CHEMN.; Conch., x. 325, pi. 168, f. 1614, 1615.
Patella tessellata, MULLER ; Zool. Dan., iii. 2868, teste Dr. Beck.
Patella Clealandi, SOWERBY; Records of Lin. Soc., viii. 621. FLEMING; Brit.

Patella virginea, MULLER; Zool. Dan., iii. 2867.
Patella virgmea ? GMELIN. ; 3711. DILLWYN; CataL, 1052.
Patella amce^na, SAY ; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc., ii. 223.
Patelloidea arncevna, COUTHOUY ; Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 171.
Patelloida testudinalis, LEA ; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vii. 73.
Patella cly'peus, BROWN; Conch, of Great Brit., &c., pi. 37, f. 9, 10.
Lottia Antillarum, SOWERBY ; Conchol. Manual, f. 231.
20

154 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell oblong-oval, moderately elevated, thin ; apex behind the
middle, pointed, and turning forwards ; surface finely checkered
with minute radiating lines crossed by encircling lines ; general
color a greenish-white, with dark-brown stripes radiating from the
summit, and frequently dividing, before they reach the margin,
which is sharp and entire ; within, the central portion is dark-
brown, and the margin is more or less bordered or checkered
with the same color, by the exterior markings showing through.
Ordinary length f inch, breadth |£ inch, height J inch.

Found along our whole coast, adhering to the rocks, and is com-
mon on the northernmost shores of Europe and America.

This shell varies infinitely in its markings. The general appear-
ance is as above described. Sometimes, all exterior coloring is want-
ing ; and commonly, the lines are so delicate, and arranged in such a
manner, as to exhibit a kind of net-work. The largest specimens I
have seen were brought from Castine, Maine. These were l£ inch
in length. There can no longer be any doubt that this is the shell
long known in the North of Europe as P. testudindlis. Specimens
sent me from Ireland, Scotland, and Norway, agree in every par-
ticular with ours. Probably the P. Antillarum is the same, though
Mr. Sowerby does not intimate this in his correspondence.

Mr. Couthouy was the first to determine the generic place of this
shell, by an inspection of the animal.

I have employed the generic term LOTTIA, of Gray, as it has the
right of priority, is not an objectionable derivative, and is in general
use among all conchologists except the French. PATELLOIDEA was
also given, as the name of a family, by Blainville. The arrangement
of the branchiae of the animal would, strictly, remove the genus from
this family.

LOTTIA ALVEUS.

Shell oblong-oval, compressed at the sides, thin, colored with a
net-work of white and brown.

FIGURE 13.

State Coll., No. 130. Soc. Cab., No. 777.

Patella alveus, CONRAD ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.} vi. 267, pi. 11, f. 20,
Patelloidea alveus, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat, Hist., ii. 177.

CIRROBRANCHIATA. MOLLUSCA. DENTALIUM. 155

Shell small, thin and fragile, elevated, compressed at the sides,
so that the margins are nearly parallel, the ends of equal breadth,
and obtusely rounded ; apex at the posterior third, pointing for-
wards ; outer surface beautifully checked with the lines of growth,
and fine, but distinct, radiating lines ; color a reddish-brown, with
oval or circular yellowish-white spots, arranged in a somewhat
regular manner, so that the whole resembles a net-work. The
thinness of the shell allows the external coloring to appear on the
inside ; edge entire. Length T5^ inch, breadth T3^ inch.

Found abundantly on the eel-grass (Zostera marina), to whose
narrow leaves its form is exactly adapted.

In old specimens a lateral compression is very obvious, and the
sides are at least parallel, and sometimes incurved for one half the
length of the shell. The apex, when not worn off, is acute, and pro-
jects distinctly forwards. The markings usually give the shell a
checkered appearance ; but occasionally we have stripes, as in the
preceding species.

This shell is the very miniature of Patella compressa. Mr. Sower-
by suggests that it bears the same relation to P. testudinalis as Patella
compressa does to P. minidta ; in other words, it is the same spe-
cies, changed in form from having adhered to a narrow sea-weed
instead of a stone. The general marking of the shell, and the cir-
cumstance of its seldom, if ever, being noticed living anywhere except
upon the narrow leaves before mentioned, render this opinion not at
all improbable.

FAMILY C1RRO BRANCHIATE, BLAINV.

Animal with the branchicB in the form of numerous long filaments, arising
from two radical lobes placed above the neck, and enveloped, with the head, by
the mantle. Shell tubular, not spiral.

GENUS DENTALIUM, LIN.

/

Shell tubular, elongated-conical, slightly curved, opening at each
end by a rounded orifice.

DENTALIUM DENTALE.

Shell polished, slightly curved, with eighteen or twenty faint,
unequal ribs.

156 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

FIGURE 5.

State Coll., No. 265. Soc. Cab., No. 2415.

Dentalium dentalis, LIN.; Syst. Nat., 1263. BORN; Mus., t. 18, f. 13. MATON
and RACKETT; Lin. Trans., viii. 237. DESHAYES ; Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist.
Nat., ii. 353, pi. 16, f. 9, 10. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 595.

Dentalium striatum, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 495.

Dentalium attenuatum, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., iv. 154, pi. 8, f. 3.

Shell slender and tapering, curved like an elephant's tusk, the
tip cut off, leaving a very small opening. Surface rather glossy,
yellowish-white, marked with about twenty closely arranged, un-
equal, rib-like striae, running the whole length of the shell.
Length about an inch ; diameter at the larger end about i inch.

I am enabled to add this shell to our list through the kindness of my
friend W. W. Wheildon, of Charlestown, who sent me the specimens,
accompanied by the following memoranda.

" Two specimens of Dentalium were taken from the stomachs of cod-
fish, in the Spring of 1839. They were both found to have penetrated
the entrail of the fish, and were firmly fixed there. They had proba-
bly been in the fish for some length of time. Both specimens were
unfortunately eroded, one of them so much so that it is quite impossible
to determine any of its characters, except its size, its markings being
entirely obliterated. In the other specimen the stria? are distinct, and
seem to conform to the D. dentdlis of the coast of England. Twenty
to twenty-two striae may be counted on its surface."

FAMILY CALYPTRcEJl, LAM.

Shell basin-shaped, serving as a cover to the animal ; distinguished from
the preceding family by the branchia being situated in a peculiar cavity upon
the back.

GENUS CEM^RIA, LEACH.

Shell. small, like Patella, with the apex elevated and curved
forwards, and with a fissure just behind the apex.

CEMORIA NOACHINA.

Shell small, white, conical, covered with unequal, radiating
ribs ; apex curved forwards, and perforated obliquely backwards.

FIGURE 18.

CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 157

State Coll., No. 114. Soc. Cab., No. 1652.

Patella Noachina, Lin.; Mantissa, 551. CHEMK. ; Conch., xi. 186, pi. 197,

f, 1927, 1928.
Patella apertura, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 491, pi. 13, f. 10. WOOD ; Index, pi.

38, f. 89.
Patella fissurella, MULLER; Zool. Dan., i. t. 24, f. 4 to G. GMELIN ; Syst.t

3728, No. 193.
Fissurella Noachina, LYELL ; Obs. sur le Soullvcment de la Suede, No. 1C, pi. 2,

f. 13, 14. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., vii. 604. SOWERBY; Conch. Illustr., (Fissu-

re'lla) f. 15.

Puncture'lla Noachina, LOWE ; Zool. Journ., iii. 77.
Cemoria Fleming!!, LEACH ; SOWERBY ; Conch. Man., f. 244.
Sipho striata, BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., fyc., pi. 36, f. 14 to 16.

Shell bluish-white, conical, its summit pointed and turned
backwards, and the surface covered with about twenty-two ribs,
with intervening smaller ones, and wrinkled by the lines of growth.
A narrow, diamond-shaped slit is presented at the summit, which
opens in the interior by a circular aperture, towards the margin,
the course of this canal being as it were arched over by a thin
plate of the shell, when viewed within ; edge oval and scolloped
by the ribs. Length -J inch, breadth •{• inch, height ^ inch.

This curious little shell, the only recent species of its genus
known, is frequently taken from the stomachs of fishes. It is also
an inhabitant of the northern seas of Europe, and is found in a
fossil state also.

It has been arranged under different genera, but undoubtedly has
claims to be the type of a distinct genus. Besides those mentioned
above, the genus RI'MULA of Defrance, would also probably embrace
it. But CEMORIA has the priority over all those which have been
constructed, though any one of the others would seem to have been
better chosen names. Lowe remarks, that the P. apertura of Mon-
tagu has been ascertained, almost beyond a doubt, to be nothing
more than the young of Fissurella Grceca. But his figure repre-
sents this shell.

GENUS CREPIDULA, LAM.

Shell oval, arched, somewhat boat-shaped, with an imperfect
spire pressed against the margin ; cavity partially divided within
by a horizontal partition.

158 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

CREPIDULA FORNICATA.

Shell oval, apex turned to one side, and terminating in the mar-
gin ; partition oppressed to one side.

FIGURE 17.

State Coll., No. 123. Soc. Cab., No. 817.

Patella fornicata, LIN. ; Syst. Wat., 1257. MARTINI ; Conch., i. 160, t 13, f. 129,

130. LISTER ; Conch., t. 545, f. 33, 35. KNORR ; Vergn., vi. t. 21, f. 3.
Crepidula fornicata, LAM. ; vii. 641. SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 225.

Shell obliquely- oval, one side more oblique than the other,
apex a little prominent, turned to one side, not separate from the
body of the shell, and generally united with the margin of the
aperture ; convexity moderate, but varying according to the ob-
ject on which it is seated ; surface wrinkled by the lines of
growth, of a dirty-white color, and figured with interrupted,
waved, longitudinal lines, of a light-chestnut color, and covered
with a yellowish epidermis ; aperture obliquely sub-oval, the edge
entire and sharp, color light-brown, with darker dots and blotches ;
a ray from the apex along the middle of the shell generally lighter
than the rest ; diaphragm white, occupying about one half the
aperture, one side of it defined by a distinct line, the other, for a
considerable space, compressed against the side of the shell, and
firmly united to it, the free edge waving, one half advancing con-
siderably beyond the other, and leaving a conspicuous notch at
the side, outside the boundary line,, surface in general concave,
but a narrow, arched portion traverses the middle. Length 1 \
inch, breadth 1J inch.

Found adhering to other shells and to each other.

This is probably, what Mr. Say supposed it to be, a variety of C.
fornicata, as originally described, an.d is a species found in various
seas. It is found occasionally thrown upon the beaches near Boston
after a storm, but is not uncommon about Cape Cod, and the islands to
the southeastward. The best specimens I have seen, were brought,
on oysters, from Prince Edward's Island, off the mouth of the St.
Lawrence. Its shape varies according to the body on which it rests.
Four or five of different ages are frequently found riding upon each

CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 159

other. When growing upon Pecten concentricus it is found to have
ribs corresponding to those of the Pecten. It is a solid shell, and the
diaphragm is situated near the mouth, leaving no cavity extending
under the beak. The manner in which one edge is pressed against
the side of the shell is quite characteristic. The margin of the aper-
ture is generally white, dotted with chestnut ; the remainder of the
interior is more or less brown. Sometimes the attachment of the
diaphragm is bordered with reddish-brown.

CREPIDULA PLANA.
Shell ovate, flat, white ; apex acute, terminal ; diaphragm convex.

FIGURE 16.
State Coll., No. 143. Soc. Cab., No. 821.

Crepidula plana, SAT; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc., ii. 226. Amer. Conch., pi. 44.

Shell ovate, flat, or as often a little concave or convex, thin,
transparent, white, wrinkled with concentric lines of growth ;
apex minute, pointed, turning a little to one side, and constituting
the extreme termination of the shell ; the other extremity broader,
and regularly rounded ; interior white, of a brilliant polish, and
iridescent ; diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, con-
vex, rising to a level with the margin, free edge for the most part
straight, but having a projecting angle near one side. Length 1 J
inch, breadth T9^ inch.

Found in the aperture of other shells.

This species has also been observed through a wide region. Mr.
Say noted it as far south as Florida. It does not, however, frequent
localities north of us. It is still regarded by some as a variety of
the C. fornicdta modified by its position. But the peculiarity of form,
coloration, diaphragm, and habit of living, seem to render it sufficient-
ly distinct. When young, it is of a more rounded form, but becomes
elongated by age. It is otherwise very variable in shape, conforming
to the position it occupies in the throat of some other shell.

This is very likely to prove to be the C. unguiformis. Lam., (Pa-
tella crepidula, Lin.). In this opinion I have the concurrence of Mr.
Sowerby. Deshayes observes that he can hardly think that the shell
figured as Calyptraa unguiformis by Broderip, in " Trans. Zool.
Soc.," i. pi. 29, f. 4, is the shell of Linnaeus. He says the shell of

160 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Linnaeus is distinguished by a profound notch at one extremity of the
partition, and a feebler one at the other ; that the shell described by
Mr. Say as Crepidula plana wants this notch, and is the shell figure^
by Broderip. Now it so happens, that the only specimen which I am
certain is entire has this notch precisely as described, and the tooth-
like process which separates the large notch from the rest of the mar-
gin is such as would be likely to be broken in almost every instance.
This fact leads me to suppose, that all three of the shells in question
are of the same species, and should be called C. unguiformis. If so,
its habitat is as wide as that of C. fornicata. But as I have not yet
the means of confirming my supposition, I give Mr. Say's name.

CREPIDULA CONVEXA.

Shell elevated, apex terminal, separated from the body of the
shell ; diaphragm convex, less than half the aperture, edge simple.

FIGURE 15.

State Coll., No. 122. Soc. Cab., No. 822.

Crepidula conv^xa, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 227.

Shell small, opaque, very convex, obliquely ovate, one side
nearly vertical, the other sloping ; surface wrinkled, color ashen-
brown, with bands, stripes, or dots of dark reddish-brown ; apex
acute, separate from the body of the shell, turning very little to
one side, and downwards as far as the tip of the shell ; within
shining, of a uniform dark reddish-brown color ; aperture oval ;
diaphragm deeply situated, leaving a cavity extending into the
beak, convex, brown, the free edge white and simply curved.
Length ¥9^ inch, breadth -/^ inch, height ^ inch.

Found on sea-weed, and on stones among the roots of sea-weed.

It is seldom found entire. Mr. Say described from dead shells, and
had not seen its true colors. In most instances one side is nearly
upright, while the other is sloping ; but sometimes the two sides are
nearly similar. The diaphragm is regularly arched, the arch termi-
nating at a regularly curved, depressed line, on one side, and here the
free edge makes a slight projection.

This shell is easily distinguished from all our other species by its
convexity and by the color of its deeply seated diaphragm.

CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 161

CREPfDULA GLAUCA.

Shell oval, smooth, apex separate, slightly turned to one side ;
diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, edge waved.

FIGURE 14.
State Coll., No. 121. Soc. Cab., No. 818.

Crepidula glauca, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 226.

Shell obliquely oval, thin, moderately convex, of a glaucous or
grayish-green color, faintly freckled with dots of darker and
lighter color ; surface nearly smooth ; the apex is pointed, pro-
jecting considerably beyond the outline of the aperture, and, turn-
ing downwards, and a little to one side, does not quite reach the
plane of the aperture ; aperture rounded oval, the margin usually
expanded ; interior a uniform, dark reddish-brown, or occasionally
mottled ; the edge is margined with yellowish-white, and dotted
with brown ; diaphragm white, running within the beak so as to
exhibit a considerable recess ; it is waved, two thirds being con-
vex, and the remainder concave ; the free margin has a concave
curve in proportion as the diaphragm is arched. Length {£ inch,
breadth ^ inch, height y1^ inch.

I have taken only one specimen of this shell, which I found
on a stone dragged upon Chelsea Beach by a Laminaria attached
to it. It is, however, common on the ocean shore of Rhode
Island, and is doubtless to be found at the Elizabeth Islands, and
along the South Shore. The specimens I have received from
Colonel Totten have a peculiar figure, and from their undulated
edges I should conjecture they were taken from off the Pecten
concentricus, which is found abundantly about Cape Cod.

It is readily distinguished from C. convexa by its depressed and
broader figure, and white diaphragm. From small specimens of
C. fornicdta it is distinguished by its projecting and central apex, and
by the constant recess under the beak. In some specimens the arch-
ing of the diaphragm is greater than in others, and then its free mar-
gin is more or less curved also. There is no decided notch at either
extremity.

21

162 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
FAMILY BULLEANA, LAM.

Shell thin, rolled up like a scroll ; animal destitute oftentacula,and having
the branchiae in a special cavity, at the posterior part of the back, covered by
the mantle.

GENUS BULLA, LIN.

Shell thin, oval or cylindrical, the last whorl enclosing all the
others, seldom exhibiting any spire ; aperture narrow, nearly the
length of the shell, lip sharp.

BULLA INSCULPTA.

Shell oval, bluish-white, fragile, the last whorl enveloping all
the others, and covered with minute, regular, revolving lines, with
an imperfect opening in the region of the spire.

FIGURE 92.
State Coll., No. 118. Soc. Cab., No. 838.

Bulk insculpta, TOTTEN ; Sim-man's Journ., xxviii. 350, fig. 4.
Bulla solitaria ? SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 245.

Shell oval, rather broadest before the middle, thin, pellucid,
bluish-white ; the last whorl enveloping all the others, wrinkled
lengthwise, and covered with minute, close, revolving lines ; the
region of the spire is depressed, and sometimes we find there a
very small opening ; aperture narrow behind, broad before ; outer
lip very sharp, rising in a regular curve backwards above the
summit of the shell ; as it ascends from below upon the body of
the shell, it becomes a little thickened, and forms a very slight fold
at the umbilical region ; a very thin layer of enamel is found
covering the inner margin ; umbilicus none. Length 1 inch,
breadth J inch.

Found at Martha's Vineyard, at New Bedford, and in the
muddy inlets in Roxbury.

The differences between B. solitaria and B. insculpta, if there be
any, must be very slight. Nor do I see that the two descriptions are
at all inconsistent with each other. Still, it is true that the shells from
Martha's Vineyard are precisely like some from Charleston, South

BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 163

Carolina, and accord with Mr. Say's solitdria ; and those from Rox-
bury are precisely like those found by Colonel Totten at Newport,
Rhode Island, and described by him. The observable differences are,
that the first are of a more dead white, are more cylindrical, the sum-
mit has a more square appearance, the revolving lines are less distinct,
and there is always a perceptible opening in the region of the spire.
These differences may be ascribed to age or locality. I have used
Colonel Totten's name, since I am not sure that it is the shell intended
by Mr. Say.

BULLA HIEMA'LIS.

Shell minute, globular, very thin, dusky , no spire perceptible,
with a small umbilicus.

FIGURE 100.
State Coll., No. 119. Soc. Cab. No. 2385.

Bulk hiemklis, COCTHOUY; Bost. Journ. JYVrt. Hist., ii. 180, pi. 4, f. 5.

Shell globular, very thin and brittle, transparent, of a brownish
tinge, except near the tip where it is whitish ; body-whorl envel-
oping all the rest, so as to leave no perceptible spire, and marked
with the lines of growth ; the aperture is narrow behind, but
greatly enlarged forwards ; the outer lip revolves, from its
junction behind, nearly a third of a revolution before it turns
forwards ; a thin plate of callus is spread over the inner margin,
and rises so as to form a small but distinct umbilicus. Length
and breadth about T^ inch.

Procured from cod-fish taken off Provincetown, in about thirty
fathoms water.

It is a remarkable shell, sufficiently distinguished by its globular
form, and its peculiar lip.

BULLA GOU'LDII.

Shell ovate, white, rather opaque, composed of four whorls, the
last including all the others, and covered with minute revolving
lines ; spire nearly flat.

FIGURE 94.

164 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

State Coll., No. 117. Soc. Cab., No. 2384.

Bulla Gouldii, COUTHOUY; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 181, pi. 4, f. 6.

Shell small, ovate, shining, of a dead white color, covered with
a yellowish epidermis ; whorls four, rounded at their upper edges,
their dividing line well marked ; the last whorl is as long as the
shell, and includes all the others ; under the magnifier its surface
appears covered with revolving lines ; the whorls all rise to about
the same level, so that the summit is nearly flat ; the anterior ex-
tremity is rather narrower than the posterior ; the aperture is nar-
row behind, and suddenly enlarged by the curvature of the inner
margin, which is a little thickened, white, and polished. The
outer lip, from its junction behind, advances a little as it turns for-
\A ard by a regular curve, and, finally turning backward by a rather
sharp turn, it joins the body of the shell with a gentle twist ; um-
bilicus none. Length T3^ inches, breadth -£$ inch.

Found by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes, taken off
Cohasset Rocks, and dredged by Col. Totten in Provincetown
harbour.

In shape it somewhat resembles B. solilaria ; but it is a smaller and
much more solid shell, and its flat summit, with the display of all its
whorls there, plainly distinguishes it. The anterior extremity is also
more pointed. It is much broader and less cylindrical than B. canalicu-
Idta, nor has it the conspicuous fold on the pillar, as that shell has.

BULLA DE'BILIS.

Shell obliquely ovate, small, transparent, inflated, smooth, par-
tially umbilicated; whorls four, terminating on a level; pillar
lip terminating abruptly in front.

FIGURE 95.
State Coll., No. 112. Soc. Cab., No. 2388.

Bulla debilis, GOULD ; Silliman's Journ., xxxviii. 196.

Shell small, obliquely ovate, tumid, thin and brittle, greenish-
white ; whorls four, all rising to about the same height, division
distinct, each very convexly rounded ; last whorl the whole length
of the shell, including all the others, and partially detached from
them above ; surface without apparent marks ; aperture as long as

BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 165

the shell, widening from behind forwards ; outer lip attached be-
hind, a little before the summit of the shell, it rises to a level with
the spire, and then descends in a regular, though slightly waved
curve to the front of the pillar, where it terminates quite abruptly ;
inner lip spread out in a thin enamel upon the body of the shell,
partially covering an umbilical indentation placed at about one
fourth the length of the shell. Length T\, inch, breadth J- inch.
Obtained from fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay.

This shell has no marked resemblance to any other with which I
am acquainted, unless it be to B. Gouldii, of which it may possibly be
the young. It is, however, much smaller and thinner, more globular,
and its greatest breadth is before, instead of behind, the middle. The
peculiarity of the base, also, is well marked. In many respects, it has
a general resemblance to Montagu's B. didphana, ( Test. Brit. pi. 7, f.
8,) but that has an elevated spire, and is not umbilicated. Brown
figures a shell, which he calls Didphana pelliicida, {Conch, of Great
Brit., &c., pi. 38, f. 10, 11,) which bears a still more striking resem-
blance.

These two last named species would come under the sub-genus
APLU'STRE of Blainville ; in which the whorls are all visible, but the
spire not projecting; and in which there is a thickened portion at
the anterior termination of the pillar.

BULLA TRITI'CEA.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, whitish, of the size of a grain of rice,
a pit in place of the spire.

FIGURE 98.
State Coll., No. 116. Soc. Cab., No. 3871.

Bulla triticea, COUTHOUV ; Bost. Jovrn. JYo*. Hist., ii. 88, pi. 2, f. 8.
Shell cylindrical, polished, rather solid, of a dull white color,
and covered with a thin, rusty epidermis ; marks of growth very
delicate, and numerous minute revolving lines may be seen under
a magnifier ; a circular pit occupies the region of the spire, from
the margin of which the outer lip takes its origin, and, rising a
little, passes forward in a direction nearly parallel to the left
margin of the shell, forming a long, narrow aperture, which sud-
denly becomes double this breadth, near the front, by the curva-
ture of the inner lip ; occasionally the lip is a little waved in-

166 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

wards at the middle, narrowing the aperture ; at the region of the
umbilicus is a flattened, white space, thickened by enamel,
gradually disappearing within the aperture ; the whole inner mar-
gin is sometimes slightly coated with enamel. Length A inch,
breadth j\ inch.

Found plentifully in the maws of fishes taken in Massachusetts
Bay.

This shell is analogous to the B. cylindracea of Pennant, (Brit.
Zool., pi. 70, f. 85.) But that is a much longer shell, and decidedly
umbilicated in the region of the spire. Brown figures a shell under
the name of Volvdria alba, (Conch, of Great Brit., &c., pi. 38, f. 43,
44,) which bears a striking resemblance to this shell.

BULLA CANALICULA'TA.

Shell nearly cylindrical, spire somewhat elevated^ with a groove
on the summit of the whorls.

FIGURE 97.
State Coll., No. 113. Soc. Cab., No. 2390.

Volvaria canaliculata, SAY ; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc., v., 2J1.
Bullina canaliculata, SAY ; rfmer. Conch., pi. 39.

Shell cylindrical, white and shining, with very faint lines of
growth ; spire a little elevated, crowned with a minute but promi-
nent tip ; whorls about five, the summit of each having a shallow,
rounded groove ; outer lip arching forwards ; inner lip over-
spread with a thin plate of enamel, and having a single oblique
fold near the base.

I have found only one specimen of this shell from the waters of
Massachusetts. This was discovered, among other minute shells,
in sand brought from Martha's Vineyard. Prof. Adams found
them in considerable numbers in New Bedford harbour.

I have been induced to place this species under the genus BULLA, in
consequence of the remarks of M. Deshayes, in his edition of La-
marck's work. He thinks the main character of Ferussac's genus
BULLI NA, as modified by Blainville, viz., " an apparent and prominent
spire," is not of sufficient importance to constitute a genus ; and, while
Mr. Say states that the animal of BULLINA differs from that of BULLA

BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 167

by having two distinct tentacula, Deshayes, a much later authority,
says it is perfectly well ascertained that the animals accord with each
other most accurately.

BULLINA may at least be regarded as a sub-genus of BULLA, to
which this species and the next will belong. At the same time, its
shape and the fold on the columella would seem to approximate it to
VOLVA'RIA, where Mr. Say originally placed it.

BULLA OBSTRI'CTA.

Shell oval-cylindrical, white, nearly smooth, spire somewhat
elevated, last whorl nearly as long as the shell, and slightly girt'
ed at the middle ; a fold on the pillar.

FIGURE 96.
State Coll., No. 113. Soc. Cab., No. 2389.

Bulla obstri'cta, GODLD ; Silliman's Journ., xxxviii. 196.

Shell small, cylindrical, with each extremity rounded, semi-
transparent, opaque white, or pale horn-color ; whorls five, the
last nearly involving the others, somewhat girt in at the middle,
nearly smooth, covered with a light-yellowish epidermis ; spire
obtuse, rising above the junction of the lip to about one fifth the
length of the shell ; suture deep, apparently double in old speci-
mens, or rather, a narrow and deep line revolving on the shoulder
of each whorl, near the suture, forms a sort of channel ; aperture
very narrow behind, widening before ; outer lip sharp, entire, join-
ing the preceding whorl by a gradual approach, and then turning
down the inner border in the form of a thick, slightly attached plate
of enamel ; from the front, as it turns back, it becomes thicker and
rounded, and at the umbilical region it enters the shell and forms
a conspicuous fold. Length 57T inch, breadth —g- inch.

Found on Chelsea Beach by myself, at Provincetown by Col-
onel Totten, at New Bedford by Prof. Adams, and is not unfre-
quently taken from fishes.

The same remarks which were made under the preceding spe-
cies, as to its generic place, apply to this species.

This shell closely resembles the figures, and agrees in general with
the description, of Bulla obtusa, of Montagu ; but in neither of them is
any fold at the base of the pillar noted, and our shell has a more ele-

168 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

vated spire, and wants the conspicuous lines of growth which pecu-
liarly mark the British shell. B. canaliculata differs in its more slen-
der, cylindrical, and smooth appearance, the broad and shallow groove
of the whorls, its very acute summit, and its more slightly plaited pil-
lar-lip. In adult specimens it is easy to discriminate the two species ;
but the half grown specimens are so nearly alike, as to render it
almost impossible to separate them. Mr. Lea describes and figures a
fossil species in his " Contributions to Geology," under the name
of Actaon Wetherilli, which must very closely agree with this
shell.

BULLA ORYZA.

Shell minute, white., glossy, sub-oval, last whorl enveloping all
the others, and marked with a few revolving lines ; summit de-
pressed, imperforate.

FIGURE 93.

State Coll., No. 120. Soc. Cab., No. 2387.

Bulla ory^za, TOTTEN ; Silliman's Journ., xxviii. 350, f. 5.

Shell not very small, not very thin, translucent, white, regularly
diminishing from the middle towards each end, the tip being de-
pressed into a shallow pit, and the front being rather pointed ; last
whorl enclosing all the others ; surface marked with minute lines
of growth, a few revolving lines on the anterior portion, and a few
more obscure ones near the shoulder, none of them perceptible
without a magnifier. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow be-
hind, and widening forwards ; outer ,lip simple and sharp, com-
mencing beyond the axis of the shell, and rising a little, then
turns, and passes forwards by a regular curve ; the left margin is
thickened, and forms a smooth, glossy pillar, which is twisted so
as to form an oblique fold ; at the base it terminates abruptly, so as
almost to form an obtuse tooth ; a thick callus, commencing at
the junction of the outer lip, runs round within the whorl, giving
strength to the region of the spire. There is no umbilical open-
ing either at the tip or base. Length -/^ inch, breadth TV inch.

Found by Professor Adams in the mud of New Bedford har-
bour. It was originally found by Colonel Totten in the harbour
of Newport. It seems not to have passed Cape Cod.

COLIMACEA. MOLL USC A: HELIX. 169

In solidity, color, polish and general shape, this is allied to B.
Gouldii; but is much smaller, and is at once distinguished by its ex-
hibiting no spire.

BULLA LINEOLATA.

Shell minute, ovate, ferruginous ; whorls three, the last envelop-
ing all the others, and marked with numerous revolving lines ;
aperture dilated anteriorly.

FIGURE 99.
State Coll., No. 115. Soc. Cab., No. 2386.

Bulla lineolkta, COCTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 179, pi. 3, f. 15.

Shell very small, oblong-ovate, broadest anteriorly, very thin
and fragile, covered with a thin, rust-colored epidermis ; whorls
three, forming a flattened spire, the outer one somewhat in-
flated, and delicately marked with numerous, impressed, re-
volving lines ; aperture extending the whole length of the shell,
very narrow behind, and rapidly widening forwards, so that the
lip is broadly rounded in front ; the pillar has a faint oblique fold
near the middle. Within glossy, yellowish-white. Length ^
inch, breadth ^\ inch.

Several specimens of this very delicate and very singular shell
have been taken from the stomachs of fishes caught in the Bay.

It appears like a diminutive specimen of Bulla ligndria, but its
somewhat elevated spire is one good distinctive mark. The revolving
lines are rather distant, regularly disposed, and always conspicuous
under a magnifier.

FAMILY C OLIMACEA, LAM.

Animal terrestrial, breathing atr, tentacula cylindrical, bearing eyes. Shell
spiral, destitute of any external prominences except ridges of increase, the outer
lip often reflected.

GENUS HELIX, LIN.

Shell orbicular or sub-globular, spire not much elevated ; aper-
ture oblique, broader than long; the pillar and outer lip continu-
ous, simple or armed with teeth.
22

170 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

HELIX ALBC/LABRIS.

Shell orbicular-conical, yellowish horn-color ; whorls jive or six,
convex, marked with the lines of growth, and minute revolving
lines ; lip white, broadly reflected; umbilicus closed.

FIGURE 101.
State Coll., No. 101. Soc. Cab., No. 1008.

Helix albolabris, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. pi. 1, f. 1. Long's 2d
Expedition to St. Peter's River, ii. 258. Avn.tr. Conch, pi. 13. FE'RUSSAC ; Hist.
des Moll., pi. 43, f. 1 to 3. BINNEY ; Monogr., pi. 2. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i.
475, pi. 13.

Cochlea Virginiana, LISTER ; Conch., t. 47, f. 45.

Shell orbicular, depressed-conical, thin, shining, of a yellowish-
brown or russet-color ; whorls five to six, rounded, separated by
a well-defined suture, AYid forming a moderately elevated spire,
regularly and distinctly wrinkled by the lines of growth, which are
crossed by very numerous, delicate, revolving hair lines, scarcely
visible without a magnifier ; aperture semi-elliptical, contracted
by the lip, which is white and very broadly reflected ; outer edge
sharp, somewhat waved, and colored orange on the back ; umbili-
cus, covered by the extremity of the lip. Diameter generally
over one inch.

The animal varies in color, sometimes being pure white,
cream-color, or grayish ; head brownish above ; tentacula dusky
at tip ; eyes black ; back shagreened with glandular tubercles ;
foot rather more than twice the diameter of the shell, pointed be-
hind.

Found in large numbers in all the partially cleared forests of
New England, sheltered in the moist mould under decaying logs
and rotten stumps ; and sometimes about stone walls and rocks in
the open fields. It is found in all the States, except, perhaps,
the southernmost.

This is our largest snail, and, though so simple in its structure and
coloring, is a pleasing shell. Its delicately striated surface, and
broad, white lip, cannot fail to gain admiration. It is subject to very
little variety, the principal variations being its want of the white re-

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 171

fleeted lip, and an open umbilicus in its immature stages. It has
no tooth on the pillar, like H. thyroidus, and H. zaleta, is smaller
than the former, and less globular than the latter.

The economy of these animals may be briefly stated as follows.
They subsist upon decaying leaves and vegetable fibre, under which
they usually shelter themselves. In moist weather, and after showers,
they issue from their retreats, and crawl over the leaves or up the
trunks of trees, until driven back by a change of weather. In early
spring they are often seen collected in groups on the sunny side of
rocks. In June they deposit their eggs, to the number of thirty to
eighty in the light mould by the side of rocks and logs. These are
white, opaque, and elastic ; and in about twenty to thirty days the
young animal issues from them with a shell consisting of one whorl
and a half. In October they cease to feed, and select a place under
some log or stone where they may be sheltered for the winter, and
there they fix themselves, with the mouth upwards. This they close
by secreting a thin, transparent membrane, and as the weather be-
comes cold, they grow torpid, and remain in that state until the
warmth of spring excites them to break down the barrier, and enter
upon a new campaign of duty and pleasure.

HELIX THYRO'IDUS.

Shell convex, yellowish horn-color • whorls five, delicately
wrinkled; aperture rounded; lip white, widely reflected; pillar
with a single white tooth ; umbilicus partial.

FIGURE 108.
State Coll., No. 100. Soc. Cab., No. 1015.

Helix thyroidus, SAY ; Nich. Encyc.,(Amer. ed.,) iv. Journ. Acad.Nat. Sc.\. 123,
ii. 161. Amer. Conch., pi. 13, f. 2. FE'RUSSAC ; Hist, des Moll, pi. 49 A. f. 4.
DESK A YES ; Encyc. M6th., Vers, ii. 230. LAM. ; An. sans. Vert., viii. 114.
BINNEY ; Bost. Journ. Jfat. Hist., ii. pi. 18.

C6chlea umbilicata, LISTER ; Conch., t. 91, f. 91.

Cochlea terrestris Virginiana, SCHROET.; Einl. in Conch., ii. 192.

Mesodon leucodon, RAFINESQ.UE.

Shell rounded, convex, of a uniform yellowish-brown or russet-
color ; whorls about five, convex, marked with delicate and
parallel lines of growth ; suture distinct ; aperture broad, semi-
lunar, contracted by the lip ; lip white, widely reflected, and

172 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

sometimes grooved, its exterior yellowish ; at the inner side, on
the last whorl, is a white, tooth-like tubercle, placed obliquely ;
umbilicus exhibiting only one volution, and partially covered by
the reflected lip. Diameter about three fourths of an inch.

Animal of a dirty yellowish-color, with a greyish hue in some
individuals ; tentacula darker ; eyes black ; base of the foot dirty
white ; length equal to twice the diameter of the shell.

Found in nearly all parts of this State, but by no means com-
mon. It is numerous in all the Southern and Western States.

This is a plain but pretty shell, bearing a great resemblance to H.
albolabris, yet readily distinguished from it. It is a smaller shell,
more globose ; its aperture is more oblique, and the partially closed
umbilicus and tooth on the inner lip are specially characteristic. It
varies considerably in its size, and in the degree of its convexity.
The umbilicus is sometimes entirely closed ; and in immature shells
the tooth is generally wanting. It is occasionally found reversed.

HELIX HORTE'NSIS.

Shell sub-globose, thin, smooth, greenish-yellow, or variously
banded with brown ; lip rejlexed, white, thickened within ; umbil-
icus closed.

State Coll., No. 102. Soc. Cab., No. 994 to 996, 1062.

Helix hortensis, MULLER; Verm., 52, No. 247. BORN; Mus. t. 16, f. 18, 19.

CHEMN.; Conch., ix. t. 133, f. 1 199 to 1201. DRAPARNAUD ; Moll., pi. 6, f. 6.

FE'RUSSAC ; Hist. desMoll., pi. 35 and 36. LAM.; An. sans Vert., viii.55, where

references to numerous other works may be seen.
Helix sub-globosa, BINNEY ; Bust. Journ. Nat: Hist.t i. 485, pi. 17. Monogr., pi. 6.

Shell sub-globular, thin, smooth, and shining ; whorls four or
five, convex, with apparent lines of growth ; suture distinct ; ter-
mination of the outer whorl declining ; aperture rounded, slightly
contracted at the base by the thickening and inflection of the lip ;
lip slightly reflected, white, thickened within ; base somewhat
convex, umbilicus covered ; general color greenish-yellow, more
or less dark ; sometimes plain, but generally variously banded
with dark reddish-brown. Diameter about three fourths of an
inch.

The animal has the head and neck blackish, with a slight tinge

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 173

of brown ; tentacula smoky ; eyes black ; base of foot inky, tip
dirty flesh-color ; respiratory orifice surrounded by a dark circle ;
length about twice the diameter of the shell.

Inhabits the sea-coast, and is common on the lower parts of
Cape Cod and Cape Ann. It is very abundant on Salt Island,
near Gloucester. It has been noticed in the region of Portland,
Maine, and along the banks of the St. Lawrence.

This species, so abundant in Europe, and so well known in every
cabinet, has been undoubtedly imported to this continent, and has not
as yet made great advances into the interior. The specimens first
discovered by Dr. Binney were all of the plain, greenish-yellow va-
riety ; and, though he could not fail to perceive their affinity to the II.
hortensis, he thought he discovered differences enough to entitle them
to a specific distinction, and therefore described them under the name
H. sub-globosa. But numerous specimens have since been brought
from the same vicinity, bearing all the various zones of the European
specimens. His remarks on the manner in which the epiphragm,
which closes up the orifice in winter, is formed, are curious. Unlike
other American species, they are not found burrowing under stones
and decayed leaves, but on the ground, and crawling up the stems of
plants.

The best authorities now regard the H. hortensis of authors as
merely a variety of H. nemoralis, Lin., with a white instead of a
dark lip.

HELIX TRIDENTA'TA.

Shell depressed, yellowish horn-colored ; whorls obliquely
wrinkled ; aperture contracted, three-lobed, two teeth on the outer
lip, and a curved one on the pillar ; lip reflexed, white ; umbilicus
deep.

FIGURE 115.
State Coll., No. 103. Soc. Cab., No. 1019.

Helix tridentata, SAY; Jfich. Encyc., (Amer. ed.) iv. FE'RUSSAC ; Hist, des Moll.,
pi. 51, f. 3. DESHAYES ; Encyc. Mtth., Vers, ii. 213. LAM. ; An. sans Vert.,
viii. 115. WOOD; Index, SuppL, pi. 7,f. 2. BINNEY; Bost. Journ. jVat. Hist.,
iii. pi 22, f. 1.

Shell flattened, slightly convex above and below, yellowish
horn-colored ; whorls four and a half to six, slightly convex,

174 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

crossed obliquely with numerous fine and regular lines of growth ;
aperture contracted, rendered trilobate by the presence of two
small, pointed teeth on the outer lip ; opposite the middle lobe,
placed obliquely on the inner lip, is a thin, somewhat curved,
white topth ; lip broad, white, partially reflected, with a constric-
tion behind it ; umbilicus not large, deep, and partly covered by
the extremity of the reflected lip. Diameter about half an inch.

Minimal dark-bluish slate-color, deeper on the head, back and
tentacula ; foot nearly twice as long as the diameter of the shell.

This well-marked species is not found near the sea-coast, and
but rarely in the forests, at the western part of this State. It in-
habits all the Atlantic States, and those north of the Ohio.

It varies much in size and other respects, in different localities.
Specimens from this region have the lip narrow, the teeth small, the
aperture but slightly contracted, the spire depressed, and are of a
medium size. In Ohio it is larger, in Florida much smaller.

Dr. Binney regards the H. fallax of Say, as a variety of this species,
in which the spire is more elevated, and the parts about the aperture
greatly developed, so that the aperture is nearly closed by the teeth
and the stricture behind the lip ; the upper lip-tooth has often two or
three points, and the tooth on the inner lip extends quite to the base of
the shell, so as to unite with the extremity of the lip.

The middle one of the three lobes is smallest, and their outline reg-
ularly arched, so as to resemble somewhat the ace of clubs.

HELIX MO'NODON.

Shell rather depressed, dusky horn-color, hispid; aperture
semilunar ; lip white, rejlexed ; with a single elongated tooth jixed
obliquely to the pillar ; umbilical region excavated.

FIGURE 113.
State Coll., No. 105. Soc. Cab., No. 1054.

Helix monodon, RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., xiii. 42, pi. 8, f. 2. BINNEY ; Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist., in. pi. 14, f. 1.

Shell slightly convex ; whorls five or six, narrow, diminishing
very gradually in breadth from the outer whorl to the apex, mark-
ed with very fine lines of, growth, and covered with a dark russet

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 175

or chestnut-colored epidermis, which is beset with very minute,
hair-like projections ; aperture contracted by a deep groove be-
hind the lip ; lip white, narrow, reflexed, a little grooved on its
face, extending on the base to the umbilicus and slightly contract-
ing it, and its outer edge not projecting beyond the surface of the
whorl ; umbilicus deep, not exhibiting all the volutions, partially
covered by the lip ; base rounded, very much excavated at the
umbilical region, with a compressed, elongated white tooth at the
edge of the aperture. Greatest diameter nearly half an inch.

Animal yellowish-brown, darker on the head and tentacula.
Foot narrow, cylindrical, half as long again as the diameter of the
shell, terminating in a point. Eyes black.

Found in the middle and western parts of this State, sometimes
in forests with other species, but more commonly on the hill-side
pastures under stones, where other species rarely occur. Two
individuals are commonly found together. It is also found in the
Northern and Northwestern States.

The hairy processes are most conspicuous in young shells, but are
often wanting at every stage of growth. The oblique lines of growth
are so minute, that the shell often appears quite smooth and shining.

This species and H.fraterna of Say are very similar, if not identi-
cal. He separates his species on account of the almost invariable
closure of the umbilicus, and Dr. Binney, in his " Monograph," adopts
Mr. Say's opinion. If they are the same, the name monodon has the
claim to priority.

HELIX HIRSUTA.

Shell globular, hairy, chestnut-colored ; aperture very narrow ;
outer Up reflexed, having a fissure on its inner margin ; pillar lip
with a long, compressed tooth ; umbilicus closed.

FIGURE 116.
State Coll., No. 104. Soc. Cab., 1017.

Helix hirsute, SAY; Journ. Acad.JYat. Sc., i. 17, ii. 161. FE'RUSSAC ; Hist, dts
Moll., pi. 50 A. f. I to 3. DESHAYES ; Encyc. Mtth.,Vers, ii.253, No. 117. LAM.;
An. sans Vert., viii. 113. BINNEY ; Bost. Journ. JVa*. Hist., iii. pi. 14, f. 3.

Helix fraterna, WOOD; Index, SuppL, pi. 8, f. 16.

Stenotrema convexa, RAFINESQUE ;

176 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell nearly globular ; whorls five, rounded ; suture distinct ;
epidermis brownish, covered with numerous sharp, rigid hairs ;
aperture very narrow, almost closed by an elongated, lamelliform
tooth, situated on the pillar lip, and extending from the centre of
the base nearly to the junction of the lip with the outer whorl ;
lip narrow, very much depressed and reflected against the body
whorl, with a deep cleft or fissure near the centre of the inner
margin ; base convex ; umbilicus wholly closed. Greatest diam-
_eter i inch, ordinary size less than J inch diameter.

Animal whitish, head and tentacula slate-colored ; foot slender,
semi-transparent, length less than twice the breadth of the shell ;
cavity of the tentacula apparent when they are drawn in, by two
dark lines, with a whiter space between.

Found to the west of Connecticut River, not common. In the
Middle and Western States it is abundant.

This very peculiar snail is at once distinguished from every other
species by the singular fissure on the inner edge of the lip. There is
sometimes a minute, tooth-like process on the inner and upper part of
the lip, which is visible only on looking into the aperture. Sometimes
its hairy vesture covers it at every part ; at other times it is quite
smooth. Dr. Binney has once or twice noticed a white band on the
body whorl.

HELIX PULCHE'LLA.

Shell minute, white, depressed ; whorls four, suture deep ; aper-
ture circular, lip reflexed, thickened; umbilicus large.

FIGURE 102.
State Coll., No. 41. Soc. Cab., No. 1056.

Turbo belicinus, LIGHTFOOT ; Lond. Phil. Trans. 1786.

Helix pulchella, MOLLER; Verm. Hist., fyc. No. 232,30. DRAPARNACJD ; Hist.

fyc., 112, pi, 7, f. 30 to 34. BRARD ; Moll., 56, t. 2, f. 9. ALDER ; Mag. Zool. and

Bot., ii. 109. LAM., An. sans Vert., viii. 76. DESHAYES ; Encye. Meth., Vers, ii.

440. FE'RUSSAC; Hist, dcs Moll., No. 173. BINNEY; East. Journ. Nat. Hist.,

iii. pi. 13.
Helix paludosa, MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 440. RACKETT; Lin. Trans., viii. pi.

5, f. 5.

Turbo paludosus, TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 228.
Helix minuta, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 123.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 177

Zurama pulchella, LEACH; MoUu*e.t 108. GRAY ; Edit, of Turton't Brit. Land.,

and FT. Water Shells, 141.
Lucena pulchella, HARTMANN ; t. 1, f. 6.

Shell minute, semi-transparent, white, or very light horn-color,
thin, depressed ; whorls four, very minutely marked with lines of
growth, the last spreading at the mouth like a trumpet ; suture
deeply impressed ; aperture circular, the lip very nearly sur-
rounding it, much thickened, white, and reflected ; umbilicus
large, exhibiting all the volutions within. Diameter one tenth of
an inch.

Animal pale, semi-transparent.

Rather common in the vicinity of Boston, under stones in rich
soil, and about decaying stumps. It is probably abundant in all
parts of this State, and has been noticed in Ohio, and on the
banks of the Missouri as high up as Council Bluffs.

This very minute snail is a very beautiful shell when examined by
a magnifier. It has rather the external characters of CyclosLoma than
of Helix. It agrees with the H. pulchella of Mu'ller in all respects,
except that it is never supplied with the sharp, parallel ribs which are
frequently found on the foreign specimens, though by no means con-
stantly. It is thought by some to have been introduced from Europe.
But, as Dr. Binney remarks, " it does not seem possible that so small
an animal, if naturalized since the arrival of Europeans, could have
been able to penetrate to the remote points in the interior of the con-
tinent where it is now found."

HELIX ALTERNA'TA.

Shell orbicular, depressed, fawn-colored, barred with oblique,
zigzag lines of dusky ; whorls five or six, with prominent wrinkles
at the lines of growth ; lip simple ; umbilicus large and deep.

FIGURE 114.
State Coll., No. 99. Soc. Cab., No. 1045.

Helix alternate, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed), iv. pi. 1, f. 2. Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sc., ii. 161. FKRUSSAC ; tiist. Wat. dts Moll., pi. 79, f. 8, 9, 10. DESHAYES ;

Encyc. Meth., Vers, ii. 219. BINNEY ; Bost. Journ. JWrt. Hist., iii. pi. 32.
Helix scabra, LAM.; An. sans Vert., viii. 66.

Helix radiata, GMKLIN ; Syst., 3674, No. 73. LISTER ; Conch., t. 70, f. 69.
23

178 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell orbicular, depressed, slightly convex above and below ;
general tint a light fawn-color, which, on the upper surface, al-
ternates, in about equal proportions, with oblique, zigzag bars of
dark-brown ; these bars grow narrower and lighter on the lower
surface as they converge to the umbilicus ; they are generally in-
terrupted by a light-colored zone which issues from the middle of
the inner margin of the aperture ; whorls five to six, flattened
above, conspicuously plaited at the lines of growth so as to pro-
duce a rough surface above, but nearly smooth beneath ; the shell
has a sharp dividing line between the upper and lower surfaces in
all its earlier stages, which disappears only at maturity, forming a
circular aperture, slightly modified by the preceding whorl ; lip
simple and delicate ; umbilicus large and deep, exhibiting all the
volutions. Diameter often an inch.

Jlnimal with the head and tentacula of a light slate-color, back
brown, remainder of the upper surface brownish-orange ; eyes black ;
base of foot drab-colored ; collar saffron. Tentacula one third
of an inch long, blackish at tip. Foot not much exceeding the di-
ameter of the shell, terminating in a broad, flat, obtuse tip ; a light
marginal line runs along the foot from the head to the posterior tip.

Found everywhere in old forests and in moist situations under
decaying logs and slumps. In this State it is not often found near
the sea-coast. Dr. Yale, however, has observed numerous dead
specimens on Martha's Vineyard.

The shell varies in being more or less depressed, and the wrinkles
more or less obvious ; sometimes no bars are observable on the lower
surface.

The animal and its tentacula are proportionally shorter than in our
other species. Its habits are gregarious, so that several are usually
found in company.

HELIX STRIATELLA.

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, rufous ; whorls six, with prom-
inent lines of growth ; aperture declining, rounded ; lip simple ;
base widely and deeply umbilicated.

FIGURE 112.
State Coll., No. 93. Soc. Cab., No. 2391.

Helix striatella, ANTHONY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, iij. 278, pi. 3, f. 2. BINNKV ;
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 28, f. 3.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. IIKIJX. 179

Shell small, orbicular, very much depressed, almost discoidal,
of a uniform reddish horn-color ; whorls four, flattened above
and rounded below, separated by a well-defined suture, delicately
wrinkled by the elevated and sharp lines of growth, and in all im-
mature stages presenting a sharpened or carinated edge at the
circumference ; aperture rounded, declining, somewhat broader
than high ; lip simple and thin ; lower surface rendered cup-
shaped by a broad and deep umbilicus, whose diameter is nearly
that of the outer volution. Diameter about one fourth of an inch.

The animal has the tentacula bluish-black ; margin, and pos-
terior part of foot, white. Foot transparent, less than twice the
diameter of the shell in length ; terminating acutely.

Found abundantly in all parts of this State, about old stumps,
and under the bark of decaying logs.

The cup-shaped base, and beautifully raised lines of growth, suf-
ficiently designate this shell. Its form is like that of H. rotundata of
Europe, which, however, is checkered by darker bars, like our H.
alternata.

This is the shell, which, till recently, has been regarded as the H.
perspective! of Say. • Several gentlemen in Ohio, where both species
are found, have for some years discriminated the two shells ; and in
January, 1839, Mr. J. G. Anthony communicated to the Boston So-
ciety of Natural History a description of this species. After mature
examination, conchologists have become satisfied that the Massachu-
setts shell is the H. striatclla, and that H. perspectwa is not found in
this region. The differences are, that H. striatella is altogether a
more delicate shell in structure and marking, the number of whorls
is one less, the color is lighter, and the shell smaller ; the sharp ex-
ternal edge is also more conspicuous, and, looking into the throat, we
do not find the tooth-like thickening which exists within the lower
margin of H. perspectwa. Mr. Anthony also observes, that it is found
in low lands, near running streams, and never about rotten logs, the
common residence of H. perspectwa. This, however, does not accord
with its habits in Massachusetts.

HELIX LINEATA.

Shell small, discoidal, green ; ichorls four, with fine, elevated,
parallel, revolving lines ; aperture narrow, semi-lunar ; lip simple ;

180 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

throat with two or more pairs of teeth ; umbilicus broad and
deep.

FIGURE 103.
State Coll., No. 108. Soc. Cab., No. 2393.

Helix lineata, SAY ; Journ. Aca<L. Nat. Sc., i. 18, ii. 273. FERUSSAC ; Hist. Nat.
des Moll., pi. 79, f. 1. BINNEY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 29, f. 3.

Shell minute, discoidal, flat above, concave beneath, greenish ;
whorls about four, flat above, higher than broad, separated by a
distinctly impressed suture, covered with numerous, parallel,
raised, revolving lines ; otherwise smooth ; aperture narrow,
semi-lunar ; lip simple and thin ; umbilicus wide and deep, ex-
hibiting each volution to the apex. Within the aperture, on the
external wall, are placed two pairs of white, conical teeth, the
first pair in sight on looking into the aperture, the other more
remote, and seen only through the semi-transparent shell. Di-
ameter one eighth of an inch, usually less.

•Animal whitish, transparent, thread-like.

Found in this, and all the other New England States, and in
Pennsylvania. It has been noticed, for the most part, under the
bark, or in the interstices, of rotten wood ; sometimes under

stones and leaves in damp places.
i

At first sight, one would be disposed to call this shell a Planorbis
rather than a Helix. Perhaps it is the P. parallelus, of Say. Its
wheel-shaped form, greenish color, revolving raised lines, and singular
teeth, are characters which cannot be mistaken. One pair of these
teeth may always be found and seen ;, and in one instance Dr. Binney
noticed even a third pair still farther within the whorl.

HELIX CELLARIA.

Shell orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, glistening, smooth ;
whorls Jive, flattened ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus
deep.

FIGURE 104.
State Coll., No. 97. Soc. Cab., No. 1059.

Helix cellkria, MULLER j Verm. Hist., No. 230. CHEMN. ; Conch., ix. t. 127,
f. 1129, 1,2. FERUSSAC; Hist. Nat. des Moll, No. 212. DESHAYES; Encyc.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 181

i., I'ers, ii. 215. LAM.; An. sans Vert., viii. 71. BIHHXT ; Boat. Journ.

Jfot. Hist., in. pi. 26, f. 2.

Helix nitida, DRAPARHAUD ; Moll., pi. 8, f. 23 to 25.
Helix nitens, MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans. , viii. 198, pi. 5, f. 7. BRARD ;

Hist. dcs Moll., 34, pi. 2, f. 2.

Helix glaphyra, SAT ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.), ir. pi. 1, f. 3.
Zonites cellarius, GRAY'S Turton, fyc.t 170, pi. 4, f. 40.
Zomtes lucida, LEACH ; Mss.

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, concave beneath, thin, pellu-
cid, smooth, and glistening; whorls five, slightly convex, with
minute, almost imperceptible lines of growth, otherwise highly
polished ; color light-greenish, horn-colored above, drab-colored
beneath, or milky-white. Aperture rounded, but broader than
high ; lip simple, very thin and sharp ; base elegantly rounding
into a rather large and deep umbilicus. Diameter rather less than
half an inch.

Animal has its upper surface light indigo-blue, darkest on the
head, neck, and tentacula, collar greenish, eyes black. Foot
narrow and slender, not much exceeding in length the diameter of
the shell, and terminating acutely.

Found in gardens, damp cellars, about cisterns, and similar
moist and fertile localities.

There can be no doubt that the H. glaphyra of Say is identical
with the H. cellaria of M tiller ; a comparison of shells of the same
size and growth showing them to be absolutely similar in every re-
spect. It was probably imported from Europe, as it may have easily
been, about water casks, green-house plants, &c.

It seems as yet to be confined to the Northeastern and Middle
States. The shell which is very commonly found marked as H. gld-
phyra is the H. inomata, SAY, in an immature state. This is a less
delicate shell, but in its earlier stages, when there is but a small um-
bilicus, there is no inconsiderable resemblance between the two, and
it would accord well with the description ; but no one familiar with
the present species would ever mistake one for the other.

HELIX INDENTATA.

Shell orbicular, depressed, very thin and shining ; whorls four,
the external one marked with rather distant impressed lines radi-
ating from the closed umbilicus ; lip simple.

182 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

FIGURE 109.
State Coll., No. 106. Soc. Cab., No. 1058.

Helix indentata, SAY; Journ. JLcad. Nat. Sc., ii. 372. BINNEY; Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 29, f. 1.

Shell small, orbicular, very low conical, thin, pellucid, very
light horn-color, highly polished and shining ; whorls four, slight-
ly convex, the whole spire having a conical slope from the apex
to the edge ; the outer one rapidly increasing, marked with some-
what remote, sub-equidistant impressed lines, in the direction of
the lines of growth, the intervening spaces very smooth ; suture
moderately deep ; aperture large, well rounded ; lip simple ; base
having the umbilical region deeply excavated, but not perforated,
with very few exceptions, the lip usually terminating at the cen-
tral point. Diameter one fifth of an inch, sometimes more.

Animal bluish-black upon the upper parts ; margin and pos-
terior extremity lighter.

Found in company with H. arborea and H. striatella, about
decaying stumps and logs. At Oak Island, in Chelsea, I have
found it abundantly. It has been noticed in New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, and Ohio.

This species is of about the same size as H. arborea. Its color is
much lighter, its apex less depressed, its whorls less in number by
one, the outer whorl increases much more rapidly, its umbilicus is
usually closed ; and, moreover, the impressed lines, which look like
water lines, or the lines on a gooseberry, apparently radiating from
the umbilicus, are entirely characteristic, and distinguish it from every
other species. They are not readily discerned without a magnifier.

HELIX ARBOREA.

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, shining ;
brownish horn-colored ; whorls four, minutely wrinkled ; aperture
rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus open.

FIGURE 110.

State Coll., No. 96. Soc. Cab., No. 1057.

Helix arborea, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pi. 4, f. 4. FERUSSAC ;
Hist. Nat. des Moll., No, 219. BINNEY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 26, f. 1.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 183

Shell small, orbicular, slightly elevated, the apex a little de-
pressed, concave beneath, brownish horn-colored, smooth, thin,
fragile, pellucid, shining ; whorls fine, slightly rounded above,
separated by a well-impressed suture, marked with very fine lines
of growth, more decidedly wrinkled at the suture ; beneath very
smooth, regularly rounding into a moderately large, deep, and
well-developed umbilicus ; aperture rounded ; lip simple and thin.
Diameter commonly one fifth of an inch, sometimes one fourth.

Animal has the head and tentacula blackish, upper parts bluish,
posterior parts whitish, transparent. Foot thin and narrow.

A very common species, always to be found about decaying
stumps, old logs, &c. It has been noticed in nearly every part
of the continent.

This shell has very little to distinguish it except its very simple
structure. It is like H. cellaria except in its smaller size. Helix in-
dentata and gularis have both a similar size and external appearance ;
but the first is known by its distant, impressed, radiating lines, and the
second by the peculiar tooth within its aperture. Ferussac supposed
it to be a variety of H. lucida, Drap. ; but our shell has the umbilical
region more excavated, and the umbilicus larger ; there is also one
whorl less, in shells of the same size, so that the surface appears less
crowded. The aspect of the two shells, on comparison, is sufficiently
diverse. H. eUctrina has also one whorl less, and has a much more
polished appearance.

Occasionally, a thickening of the shell seems to take place at inter-
vals, so as to produce an opaque appearance.

HELIX ELECTRINA.

Shell small, depressed, pellucid, fragile, amber-colored ; whorls
four, conspicuously wrinkled by the lines of growth ; aperture
rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicated.

FIGURE 111.
State Coll., No. 107. Soc. Cab., No. 2392.

In the size, depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the
number of whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the lowest whorl,
this shell corresponds with H. indentata. It differs in its darker,

184 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

smoky horn-color, its constant umbilicus, its rather thick and
shining lip, and its whitish wrinkles, which, instead of being
remote, are crowded as in other species. From H. arborea it
differs in having one whorl less, the last one dilating ; its apex
not being depressed, its thinner, more shining structure, and its
somewhat smaller umbilicus. In H. arborea the outer lip has a
flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct section of the whorl in this.
Though all of the same size and general appearance, the three
may be readily separated, when seen in company. Indeed, its
claims as a distinct species are not very obvious without viewing
the three together. It may be briefly described by saying, that it
resembles H. indentata above, and H. arborea beneath.

This shell was first discovered by Mr. T. J. Whittemore, about the
borders of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge, where it has since been found
abundantly by him and by myself, under fragments of board in damp
places, near the water's edge, in company with H. chersina and Pupa
modesta. I have never seen it in company with either H. indentata
or H. arborea ; and it seems to differ widely from them in its habits,
in thus preferring the vicinity, and even the intrusion, of water. Pro-
fessor Adams informs me, that he has selected numerous specimens of
this species from among small snails collected by him in Missouri.

HELIX LABYRiNTHICA.

Shell minute, conic-globose ; whorls six, with conspicuous oblique
lines ; lip reflected ; aperture with one or two teeth prolonged within
it ; umbilicus minute.

FIGURE 106.
State Coll., No. 109. Soc. Cab., No. 1030.

Helix labyrinthica, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 124. Nicholson's Encyc.,
(Amer. cd.)> i*. FERUSSAC ; Hist. Nat. des Moll., pi. 51 B. f. 1. BINNEY ;
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.j iii. pi. 24, f. 1.

Shell small, rounded-conical, apex obtuse ; spire elevated,
whorls six, separated by a well-marked suture, with conspicuous,
oblique lines or ridges at regular distances ; epidermis dark
brownish horn-color ; aperture small ; outer lip thickened, and
somewhat reflected, often rose-colored ; inner lip with a long,

COLFMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 185

raised line or tooth, which appears to revolve within the shell
parallel to the suture, and sometimes a second nearer to the base,
less conspicuous, and terminating farther within the aperture ;
beneath flat, umbilical region impressed, and the umbilicus minute.
Greatest diameter one tenth of an inch, height nearly as much.

Animal has the head slate-colored above, the tentacula quite
dark ; foot white as printing paper, linear ; space between the
four tentacula and neck lighter colored.

Found in various parts of this State, usually in the fissures of
decaying wood, or under fragments of wood in moist places, or
in beds of decaying leaves. It inhabits a wide range of territory,
having been found as far distant as Missouri. It is not frequently
found, however, on account of its minuteness, and its dusky color.

It is readily distinguished from other species by the remarkable
raised lines revolving within the aperture. Usually, but one of them
exists ; but when both are present, their parallel position gives them a
close resemblance to the track of a rail-road. The oblique plaiting of
the whorls is very conspicuous, and renders the exterior quite beauti-
ful. The outer lip in fresh specimens has a rose-colored tint. The
shell varies considerably in the elevation of the spire, being sometimes
much flattened, and again it has a pointed apex.

HELIX CHERSINA.

Shell minute, globose-conic, pellucid, very smooth and shining ;
whorls six, suture deep ; aperture narrow ; lip simple ; umbilicus
closed.

FIGURE 105.
State Coll., No. 110. Soc. Cab., No. 2394.

Helix chersina, SAY ; Journ. Acad. JVat. Sc., ii. 156. BINNKY ; Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., iii. pi. 24, f. 3.

Shell minute, sub-globose-conic, thin, pellucid, very smooth
and shining, of a smoky horn-color ; whorls separated by a deep
suture, and so crowded that they appear much higher than
broad, and present an elevated, somewhat turretted spire, with a
rounded apex ; they are so smooth that scarcely any traces of
the lines of growth are visible ; aperture semi-lunar, narrow,
24

186 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

much higher than broad, of about an equal width above and
below ; lip simple ; base convex, umbilical region indented, but
closed. Diameter about one tenth of an inch, height some-
what less.

Found abundantly about the margin of Fresh Pond, under
fragments of wood, in company with Succinea ovdlis, Pupa mo-
desta, &c., and also in moist beds of leaves in forests. It has
been found in Vermont, and Mr. Say originally found it in Georgia,
so that it is a widely spread species.

This is a very well marked shell, not liable to be confounded with
any other species except H. Idbyrinthica, which is of about the same
size and shape. But the coarsely wrinkled surface of the one, and the
polished, highly reflecting surface of the other, are distinctions which
strike the eye at once ; if any thing further is needed, the parallel
ridges within the mouth of H. labyrinthica will put the question
beyond doubt. When viewed from above, its numerous, narrow,
accurately adjusted volutions render it a very beautiful object.

GENUS PUPA, LAM.

Shell small, more or less cylindrical, and obtuse at tip ; aper-
ture irregular, for the most part semi-oval, and modified by teeth.

PUPA CONTRACTA.

Shell ovate- conical, whitish ; whorls five, convex ; aperture sub-
ovate, lip spreading ; throat armed with three teeth, and contracted,
by a large concave tooth on the transverse lip, into the form of a
horse-shoe.

FIGURE 117.

State Coll., No. 88. Soc. Cab., No. 2395.

Pupa contracta, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 374. GOULD ; Bost. Jovrn. Nat.
Hist., Hi. 399, pi. 3, f. 22.

Shell ovate-conical, of a waxen white-color ; whorls five, con-
vex, faintly marked by lines of growth, separated by a well-
impressed suture, and gradually tapering to a somewhat pointed
apex. Aperture irregularly ovate, about half the width of the

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. PUPA. 187

lower whorl, broadest above, and somewhat pointed in front ; lip
widely reflected, not flattened, so as to give a bell-shaped form ;
throat with tiiree, and perhaps four teeth ; a large spoon-shaped
one, concave to the right side, seated on the transverse lip, and
greatly contracting the throat into something of a horse-shoe-
shape ; a very slight undulation near the top of the left lip ; an
oblong, thin tooth, seated at the front of the pillar, so far within
as scarcely to be discerned without breaking the shell ; and a
minute tooth about the middle of the right lip ; umbilicus large
and distinct ; last whorl indented at some distance behind the
outer lip. Length ^ inch, breadth ^ inch.

Found about old stumps, and decaying logs, usually under the
bark, and near the earth. It has been observed in most parts of
the United States.

It is readily known by its whitish, translucent appearance, by its
bell-shaped aperture, and especially by its large, spoon-shaped tooth,
which gives such a peculiar form to the throat. The teeth at the sides
may rather be regarded as inward protuberances of the rriargin. It
appears to be covered with a hairy or glutinous coating, which causes
dirt to adhere to it. •

PUPA MILIUM.

Shell sub-oval, wrinkled, light chestnut- colored ; whorls four,
suture moderate ; aperture heart-shaped^ armed with six teeth ; um-
bilicus free.

FIGURE 118.
State Coll., No. 92. Soc. Cab., No. 1140.

Pupa milium, GOULD ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 402, pi. 3, f. 23.

Shell minute, of a nearly oval form, color a light-chestnut ;
whorls four, or somewhat more, obviously wrinkled, rather con-
vex, arranged so as to form a bluntly rounded apex ; suture deep ;
aperture half the width of last whorl, heart-shaped, the apex
being its right upper angle ; the transverse margin is nearly direct,
the outer margin is scolloped by an indentation of the lip ; the
remainder of the margin is regularly rounded ; lip white, slightly
everted ; throat with six teeth, two of which are on the transverse

188 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

lip, equidistant ; one with a tubercle at its base, on the middle of
the left lip, and nearly at right angles with the former is the
largest ; a fourth is on the indenture of the outer lip, directed
between the two on the transverse lip, and two smaller ones,
more retired within the shell, are equidistant between the two last
mentioned ; umbilicus large and deep. Length less than ^T inch,
breadth ^\ inch.

This shell I first found in November, 1839, at Oak Island,
Chelsea, after a warm rain. Professor Adams has found it in
Vermont. It was crawling on the damp leaves, in company with
Bullmus lubricus.

Not rinding any description answering to it, I have proposed a
name. It is even more minute than P. exigua, and is not readily de-
tected. In size and outline it resembles P. vertigo, Drap., V. pusilla
of other authors ; but that shell is reversed, and has a different arma-
ture. The teeth are all distinct, long, compressed, and very sharp.

I have labored to make this out to be the P. ovdta of Say ; but
on the whole I think the discrepancies are too important to be recon-
ciled. That shell is described as larger, with a semi-oval aperture,
and with seven teeth, differently arranged from those of our shell.

PUPA MODE'STA.

Shell ovate-conic, amber-colored ; whorls five or six, convex,
wrinkled; aperture semi-oval, broader than long ; teeth Jive; um-
bilicus distinct.

FIGURE 119.
State Coll., No. 90. Soc. Cab., No. 2397.

Pupa modesta, SAY ; Long's Second Expedition, Append., ii. 259, pi. 15, f. 5.

Shell minute, ovate-conic, thin, amber-colored ; whorls five ;
sometimes six, minutely wrinkled, well rounded, and defined by a
deep suture, gradually diminishing to a rather acute apex ; aper-
ture about half the breadth of the last whorl, slightly oblique ;
rather broader than long ; semi-oval, but modified by an inflection
of the outer lip ; lip simple, not reflected, joining the preceding
whorl behind, by a curve ; teeth five, slender, sharp and direct, like
the teeth of a comb ; one on the middle of the transverse lip, a
still larger one at right angles on the middle of the pillar lip, a

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. PUPA. 189

minute one at the front of the pillar, and two farther within the
shell, one opposite the tooth on the transverse lip, the other on
the indentation of the outer lip ; umbilicus small, distinct.
Length ¥3V inch, breadth 7'j inch.

Inhabits damp, rich places, near water, or in fertile fields under
bits of board, chips, sticks, &tc. It was first noticed in this
region by Mr. T. J. Whittemore, at Cambridge. Mr. Say
found his specimens in the North West Territory.

It is a very small, but interesting shell ; double the size, however,
of the preceding species, and of a much more conical shape. Their
color is similar. In their armature the two are very different. The
pillar lip is somewhat broad and flattened.

Mr. Say describes only four teeth, but the small one at the base of
the pillar probably escaped his observation, as it would only be seen
under a high magnifier. One of the teeth on the right lip is often
wanting. I have occasionally noticed a specimen with two, and even
three, teeth upon the transverse lip.

PUPA CU'RVIDENS.

Shell elongated-ovate, obtuse at apex, smooth; whorls Jive;
aperture sub-triangular, armed with nine teeth, the two largest
of which are curved; lip white, broadly everted; umbilicated.

FIGURE 120.

State Coll., No. 89. Soc. Cab., No. 2396.

Shell minute, ovate, but much elongated ; of a spermaceti-
white color ; whorls five, convex, smooth, gradually diminishing
to an obtuse apex ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture sub-trian-
gular, with the front and outer angles rounded, and the outer lip
curved inwards, so as almost to make the aperture heart-shaped ;
the transverse margin is straight, and slightly oblique ; the inner
lip is also nearly straight, so that these two form a right angle at
their junction ; lip widely reflected, flattened, white ; throat
armed with nine teeth ; the longest, somewhat curving to the left,
compressed and pointed, is situated on the middle of the transverse
lip, and has a small one seated at its left side ; at the front,
nearly opposite the large tooth, almost as large and inclined to

190 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the left also, is a quadrangular, blunt tooth, more slightly
curved ; on the left margin are three teeth, of which the up-
per one is largest, and about half the size of the basal tooth, of
a blunt quadrangular figure ; the other two are minute ; on the
outer lip are also three teeth, of which the two upper are very
small and pyramidal ; umbilicus open. Length -fj inch, breadth
TV inch.

This minute species I first found under a loose stone on the
ledges at Phillips's Point, Lynn, near the Ocean House. It was
somewhat broken, so as to give an excellent view of the teeth,
since then I have met with it not unfrequently, in damp places,
under leaves and boards, in company with P. modesta.

The shell goes on regularly narrowing both downwards and up-
wards from the middle of the lower whorl. Four of the teeth are
very small, and would scarcely be discerned without being highly
magnified, and they seem to be seated farther within the aperture ; the
small one on the transverse lip, the basal one, and the upper one on
the right lip are liable to be wanting. So far as I can ascertain, it
has not been previously described, unless several of the teeth have
been overlooked. It is nearest allied to P. pentodon.

PUPA SIMPLEX.

Shell minute, cylindrical-ovate, smooth ; whorls jive ; aperture
circular, toothless; umbilicated.

FIGURE 121.
State Coll., No. 93. Sop. Cab., No. 2398,

Pupa simplex, GOULD ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 403, pi. 3, f. 21.

Shell minute, two thirds of the shell cylindrical, surmounted by
a rapidly formed, blunt apex, smooth, light chestnut-colored.
Whorls five, moderately convex, separated by a distinct suture,
quite smooth ; aperture circular, except for a small section
from the posterior portion, which is cut off by the encroachment
of the preceding whorl ; lip simple and sharp, slightly everted on
the left side, and partially hiding a small umbilicus. No trace of
a tooth has been detected in any of the specimens examined.
Length y'j inch, breadth ^ inch.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. PUPA. 191

The only locality where this has been hitherto found is a small
grove, a little northward of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge. In this
place it has been found among the moist leaves, on three succes-
sive visits in the months of May and June, in company with
Helix linedta, labyrinthica, chersina, and indentata, and Pupa mo-
desta. None of the shells exhibit any trace of a tooth, although
their aspect, and the season of the year, indicate that they can be
none other than adult shells. Indeed, were it not for the infringe-
ment of the last whorl but one on the aperture, we might rather
refer the shell to Cydostoma than to Pupa.

It is rather smaller than P. modesta, and about the size of P. curvi-
dens ; but the simplicity of the unarmed, circular aperture distinguish
it from every American species. The aperture of P. modesta, before
the developement of the teeth, is broader than long. It is the analogue
of the Vertigo edentula of Europe.

PUPA EXI'GUA.

Shell minute, whitish, oblong-ovate, rather pointed ; whorls
Jive ; the transverse lip very oblique, with a small fold near its
internal angle ; outer lip widely reflexed.

FIGURE 122.
State Coll., No. 290. Soc. Cab., No. 2416.

Pupa exigua, SAT; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc , ii. 375. GOULD; Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., Hi. 398, pi. 3, f. 20.

Shell elongated, pellucid, tapering somewhat to both ends, apex
not very blunt ; color watery-white ; whorls five, rather convex,
very oblique ; suture very distinct ; aperture obliquely oval ;
transverse lip very oblique, and having, near its inner termination,
a small, tooth-like fold ; another very small, tubercular tooth is
found at the middle of the pillar ; outer lip white, widely reflect-
ed, but not flattened. Length -fj inch, breadth ^\ inch.

A few specimens have been found in Cambridge, by Mr. T. J.
Whittemore, under boards, in damp places. Professor Adams
has found it in Vermont, and it is common in Ohio.

This very minute species, is principally remarkable for its long,
tapering form, large and very oblique aperture, and broadly reflected

192 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

lip. It is almost precisely like the Turbo cary'chium of Montagu ;
(Cary'chium minimum of Leach.) It is much smaller than P. corticd-
ria, and its aperture differs in having the tooth of the transverse lip
near the inner, instead of near the outer termination.

PUPA FALLAX.

Shell turretted, dusky ; whorls six, smooth, convex ; suture dis-
tinct; aperture sub-oval; lip widely reflected; umbilicus distinct.

FIGURE 123.

State Coll., No. 63. Soc. Cab., No. 1139.

•

Cyclostoma marginkta, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 172.
Pupa fallax? SAY ; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., v. 121.

Shell small, turretted, regularly and not rapidly tapering to a
somewhat pointed apex ; color dusky or light horn-color ;
whorls six, shining, moderately convex, very slightly and finely
wrinkled ; suture well impressed ; aperture less than one third the
length of the shell, rounded oval, somewhat irregular ; the preced-
ing whorl forms a nearly transverse boundary above, and is usually
enamelled ; the pillar lip is nearly straight, and turns abruptly at
the front, so as to form nearly a right angle ; front broadly
curved ; outer lip white, widely and equally reflected and thick-
ened ; umbilicus distinct. Length j inch, breadth j\ inch.

I have seen but two or three specimens of this shell which
have been found in Massachusetts, one of which was sent me by
Dr. L, M. Yale, from Martha's Vineyard ; I have seen others
from Rhode Island. It is found abundantly in Ohio.

This shell is certainly not a CYCLO'STOMA, for its aperture is not cir-
cular, nor has it an operculum of any kind. It belongs to PUPA
rather than to any other existing genus, except, perhaps, the genus
PA'RTULA. If it is brought under this genus, the specific name must
be changed, as Mr. Say suggests. He described a shell from Massa-
chusetts under the name of Pupa fallax, which he says very much re-
sembled his Cyclostoma marginata, except that it was much larger.
He seems to have re-described the same shell, in the " New Harmony
Disseminator," under the name of Pupa pldcida. It may not be im-
proper, therefore, to apply the first of the above names to the shell
under consideration, while the latter is retained for the larger shell,

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. BULIMU8. 193

which is now in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences at
Philadelphia, and no other specimen of which has as yet been found.
A multiplication of names will thus be avoided.

GENUS BUIJMUS, Bauo.

Shell oblong- oval, aperture simple, rounded anteriorly, longer than broad,
inhabiting the land.

BULI'MUS LU'BRICUS.
/

Shell small, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth and polished, trans-
parent, brownish horn-color; whorls six, rounded; aperture small,
ovate ; lip simple, thickened within.

FIGURE 124.
State Coll., No. 87. Soc. Cab., No. 1200.

Helix lubrica, MULLER; Term., 104, No. 303. CHEMN. ; Conch., he. t. 135,

f. 1235. PENNANT; Brit. Zool., vi. 337, pi. 85, f. 4. MONTAGU; Test. Brit.,

390, pi. 22, f. 6. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 213, t. 5, f. 12. TUR-

TON ; Conch. Diet. ,64.. LAM.; Jin. sans Vert., viii. 237.
Bullmus lubricus, BRUG. ; Diet., No. 23. BRARD ; 98, t. 3, f. 20. PFEIF.; 50,

pi. 3, f. 7. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 265. DRAPARNAUD ; Hist, des Moll., 75, pi.

4, f. 24.
Cionella lubrica, JEFFR. ; Lin. Trans., xvi. 347. SOWERBV; Conch. Man.,

f. 285.
Achatina lubricn, MICHADD ; Compl. a Drap., 51, No. 1. ALDER; Mag. of Zool.

and Bot., ii. 110.

Turbo glaber, DA COSTA ; Brit. Conch., 87, pi. 15, f. 18.
Cochlicopa lubrica, FERUSSAC ; Hist. Nat. des Moll., Tab. Syst., 55, No. 374.
Zua lubrica, LEACH; Moll., 114. GRAY'S Turton'* Man., 188, t. 6, f. 65; and

for numerous other references see Lamarck.

Shell small, rather larger than a grain of wheat, elongated-oval,
obtuse at apex, of a smoky horn-color, exceedingly thin and
transparent, exhibiting the pillar throughout its whole length ; sur-
face very bright and polished ; whorls five or six, rounded ; su-
ture distinct ; lower half of the last volution somewhat tapering
towards the base ; aperture small, ovate, not broadly rounded at
base ; lip simple, thickened within, and of a claret tint, inner lip
a little thickened so as to give the appearance of a slight notch at
base ; umbilicus none. Length T37 inch, breadth fv inch.
25

194 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Found in woods and groves under leaves and the bark of decay-
ing stumps. On visiting Oak Island, Chelsea, after a warm rain
in October, I found the surface of the ground covered with
these shells in incalculable numbers. Hundreds might be taken
up clinging to a single fallen leaf ; as the moisture evaporated they
all disappeared beneath the leaves. Mr. Say found this shell in
the North West Territory.

The above description applies to the shell in its most perfect living
state. After death it soon becomes opaque and whitish, and the lip
loses its reddish color. In some aspects the peculiar termination of the
pillar, gives the aperture the look of an ACHATI^NA ; and this is evi-
dently one of the connecting links between the two genera. Indeed,
this shell, with a few others, has been set apart by Jeffreys in a new
genus, which he calls CIONE'LLA, characterized by being sub-effuse at
base, with the columella partially interrupted.

GENUS SUCCINEA, DRAP.

Shell ovate, rather lengthened, very thin ; last whorl very large ; aperture
very large, ovate, rounded before, angular behind ; lip simple ; amphibious.

SUCCI'NEA OVA'LIS.

Shell sub-oval, pellucid, straw-colored; whorls three, oblique;
aperture large, ovate.

FIGURE 125.
State Coll., No. 76. Soc. Cab., No. 1653.

Succinea ovklis, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) Conchology. FERUSSAC ;
Prodromus, 26, No. 8. Hist. Nat. des Moll., pi. 11 A. f. 1. DESHAYES ;
Encyc. Meth., Vers, ii. 20, No. 2. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., viii. 319.

"Shell sub-oval, pale-yellowish, diaphanous, very thin and fra-
gile, with nearly -three oblique volutions ; body very large. Spire
small, but little prominent, somewhat obtuse ; aperture longitudi-
nally sub-ovate, large. Columella much narrowed, so as almost
to permit the view of the interior apex from the base of the shell.
Scarcely any calcareous deposit on the pillar lip." (SAY.)
Length -j°T inch, breadth /^ inch, length of aperture -fv inch, di-
vergence 56°.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. 8UCCINEA. 195

This species is found about the margins of ponds, and low,
damp places, where the surface is always moist. It crawls over
the mud, or up the stalks of plants ; and, although it seems to be
but little incommoded by water, it cannot endure being entirely
submerged, and seems not to have the power of directing its way
in the water, though it will generally float.

The animal is larger than, the shell ; its color pale, with minute
black points, which are assembled into stripes upon the neck,
and into squares, or bands, upon the sides ; the neck is granulate
above ; a black line passes each side on the neck, from the tip of
the tentacula, disappearing under the shell. The shell is so
vitreous, that all the markings of the animal and colors of the vis-
cera are seen through it, as are also the circulating vessels branch-
ing across the back, and the heart pulsating, and sending the
fluids through them.

Further particulars will be stated under the next species.

SUCCI'NEA CAMPE'STRIS.

Shell ovate, thin, transparent, pale-yellow ; whorls three, not
very oblique, very convex ; the last very large and turgid; suture
deep ; aperture sub-oval.

FIGURE 126.

State Coll., No. 86. Soc. Cab., No. 1254.

Succinea campestris, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.t i. 281.

The general resemblance between this species and S. ovdlis, is
very great. It differs, however, in some well-marked particulars.
It attains a much larger size, is thicker and less fragile ; its color
is darker, having a somewhat smoky tinge. Its form is much
more robust, the breadth being proportionally greater ; the whorls
are much more convex and tumid, being regularly inflated, while
the upper portion of the large whorl of S. ovdlis is compressed,
so that its broadest portion is somewhat below the middle. The
whorls are less oblique. The aperture is more oval, being nearly
as broadly rounded above as below. Common length f inch,
breadth f inch, divergence 80° to 90°.

It is more commonly found in moist places, but spreads itself

196 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

over rich or cultivated ground, whether lowland or upland, and
may be found in dry weather partially sheltered by sods, or lying
along by the side of stones, where it may enjoy the benefit of the
moisture condensed by these bodies.

The animal is very similar to that of S. ovdlis, but in general
the markings are darker, and the marbled appearance which its
viscera exhibit through the transparint shell, combines yellow
instead of whitish colors. Radiating lines of furrows also are
quite conspicuous on the posterior part of the foot.

It is extremely probable that this, is after all, the S. amphibia of
Europe. No distinct and constant difference can be pointed out be-
tween them. In specimens of the foreign shell which I have seen,
the surface may perhaps be a little more glossy, and the shell may
have somewhat more of an appearance of solidity. Like that shell,
too, it varies considerably in the prominence of its spire.

I think there can be no doubt that our shell is the true S. campestris
of Say, though it presents nothing which would suggest the character
of " white and vitreous lines, irregularly alternating."

SUCCI'NEA AVA'RA.

Shell very thin, wrinkled, yellowish, whorls three, rounded ;
suture deep ; aperture rounded, ovate, more than half as long as the

shell.

FIGURE 127.

State Coll., 85. Soc. Cab., No. 1256.

Succinea avara ? SAY ; Long's 2d Expedition, Append., 200, pi. 15, f. 5.
Succinea vermeta, SAY ; New tiarmony Disseminator.

Shell rather small ; very thin and fragile, of a deep straw*
color ; surface irregularly wrinkled ; whorls about three and a
half, well rounded, and separated by a deep suture, the last whorl
composing the greater part of the shell, but not very broad ;
aperture in adult and elongated shells, about half as long as the
shell, but generally proportionally shorter, of a rounded form, the
curve of the outer lip, where it joins the preceding whorl, being
so great as to render the aperture nearly as broadly rounded be-
hind as in front. Length ¥7-0 inch, breadth 76T inch, divergence
56°.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. AURICULA. 197

Found about the margins of muddy streams, or sheltered under
loose objects lying about moist places.

I have much hesitation in deciding upon a name for this shell. It
is quite different from any other species I am acquainted with. The
spire is longer, and acutely pointed, the body-whorl less developed,
and the aperture is shorter and more rounded ; but, although the suture
is deep, it is not so much so as to " give the whorls the appearance of
being almost separated from resting on each other," as Mr. Say re-
marks of S. vermeta. In this character, individuals differ very greatly.
Some specimens with unusually lax spires may have been used by Mr.
Say in drawing up his description. But the young shells present no
prominent spire, and a large, rounded aperture, agreeing precisely
with Mr. Say's description and figure of S. avdra ; and they are also
always coated with earth adhering to a glutinous matter on the sur-
face. It seems probable that the two should form one species ;
unless they do, I am at a loss under which name to place our shell,
as, considering specimens of all ages and forms, it will come under
one as well as the other. The name I have chosen is to be preferred,
because it is a legitimate Latin word, while the other is not.

The animal has a dark head, and gives a dark color to the shell ;
the foot is very narrow, with a flesh-colored tint.

GENUS AURfCULA, LAM.

Shell oblong-ovate ; aperture long and narrow, rounded in front,
lips sharp or rejlexed, disunited posteriorly ; pillar having one or
more plaits.

AURI'CULA BIDENTA'TA.

Shell ovate-conical, grey or brownish horn-color ; spire short and
obtuse, aperture narrow, two folds on the pillar.

FIGURE 130.
State Coll., No. 52. Soc. Cab., No. 941.

Melampus bidentatus, SAY ; Journ. Acad. JV7U. Sc., ii. 245.

Auricula cornea, DESUAYES ; Encyc. Mdth., Versy ii. 90. LAM. ; An. sans Vtrt.,
viii. 339.

Shell ovate-conical, broadest at about the upper third, where
there is a faint angle, thin, translucent, of a brownish horn-color,
smooth and shining, often becoming eroded, wrinkled lengthwise,
with occasional broken revolving lines, very minute ; whorls five

198 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

or six, the lower one three fourths of the length of the shell, the
others, separated by a distinct suture, and flattened, form a short,
blunt spire ; aperture long and narrow, broadest below ; outer lip
thin and sharp, the posterior third suddenly bending inwards joins
the body of the shell by a very acute angle ; the inner lip, usually
covered with enamel, has two folds upon it, a transverse one be-
low the middle, and another formed by the outer lip as it rises and
turns within the shell ; this portion is usually white ; within the
outer lip are occasionally to be found from one to four elevated,
white, revolving ridges, not reaching the edge of the lip. Length
•£ inch, breadth T3ff inch, divergence 68°.

Inhabits marshes that are occasionally overflowed by the tide,
and never far below high-water mark. They frequently crawl up
the stems of grasses at the margins of inlets, apparently to escape
the rising tide. In October, 1839, I observed great numbers of
them at Oak Island, a small, wooded upland spot in Chelsea, sur-
rounded by salt marsh. They were burying themselves under
the leaves, and in the loose earth at the base of rotten stumps.
This spot is now never overflowed by the tide. I have also two
specimens brought from Windsor, Vermont, which I was assured
were obtained there, living with Planorbis armigerus.

The animal is reddish-brown above, paler beneath, foot about
the -length and breadth of the shell, broad before, and bluntly
pointed behind, the margins somewhat scolloped, or undulated,
and divided across at about the anterior third ; tentacula slender
and tapering, the eyes at the inside of the base ; rostrum nearly as
long as the tentacula, with an expanded lobe each side.

This shell, with its kindred species, is very peculiar in its structure
and habits. It belongs to the genus MELA'MPUS of Montfort, CONO'V-
ULUS of Lamarck ; but it seems to be the received opinion that there
are no characters to authorize a separation from AURI'CTTLA.

The perfect shells are smooth and brown, with usually three or four
darker, narrow bands ; but the shells soon become eroded, and the
surface is left rough, and of a greyish color. The ridges within the
outer lip are not seen except in aged shells.

There is an English shell named Valuta Hdentata, which, if it is
not a variety of V. denticulata, would form a species under this genus.
In that case we must adopt the specific name A. cornea for our shell,
given by Deshayes.

COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. AURICULA. 199

AURI'CULA DENTICULA'TA.

Shell ovate-conical, smooth, reddish horn-color; spire elevated
and pointed ; inner lip with three teeth ; lip reflexed.

FIGURE 129.
State Coll., No. 84. Soc. Cab., No. 1220.

Voluta denticulata, MONTAGU ; Test. £rit., 234, pi. 20, f. 5. MATON and RACK-

ITT; Lin. Trans., viii. 130. DILLWYN; Catal., i. 516. TURTON ; Conch. Diet.,

249. BERKEI.Y ; Zool. Jottrn., v. pi. 19, f. 3, (animal.)
Actieon denticulatus, FLEMING ; Brit, slnim., 337.

Jaminea denticulata, LEACH ; BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., fyc., pi. 51, f. 6.
Conovulus denticulatus, GRAY ; in Turtoris Manual, 225, pi. 12, f. 144.
Auricula myosotis, JEFFREYS ; Lin. Trans., xvi. 368. DRAPARNAUD ; Hist, des

Moll., pi. 3, f. 1C to 17. LAM.; An. sans Vert., viii. 330. BLAINV.; Malacol.

pi. 37, bis, f. 6.

Cary'chium personatum, MICHAUD ; Compl. a Drap., 73, pi. 15, f. 42 to 43.
Auricula personata, DESHAYES ; LAM. ; An. sans Vert., viii. 334.

Shell of an elongated oval form, slightly opake, shining, horn-
color, often tinted with reddish or violet ; lines of growth very
faint ; spire elevated and pointed, composed of seven or eight
slightly convex whorls, separated by a well-defined suture, which
often has a marginal line revolving near it ; the lowest whorl
much larger than all the others together ; aperture ovate, broadest
below ; outer lip thin and sharp, reflexed and white, joining the
preceding whorl by a very acute angle ; on the inner lip the adult
shell has three white folds or teeth ; the lower one formed by the
turning of the lip within the aperture ; the second tooth-like
and nearly transverse, thin and prominent, a little below the mid-
dle of the inner margin ; and a third, minute one, a little above ;
the lower portion of the left margin expands a little, and conceals
a very minute umbilicus ; two or three teeth are also sometimes
found within the outer lip. Length T3V inch, breadth ^ inch,
divergence 35°.

Found in the crevices of decaying wooden wharves, about and
below high-water mark, in shaded situations.

Animal very light drab-color, head and tentacula darker and
wrinkled ; tentacula about one tenth of an inch in length, globose
at tip, the eyes kidney-shaped, and seated on a slight enlargement

200 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

at the inner base of the tentacula ; foot about half the length
and width of the shell, rounded behind, two-lobed in front, and
transversely divided at the anterior third. Respiratory orifice far
back, on the right side.

This little shell is very readily distinguished from any other found
on our coast, and seems to be another of the connecting links between
the land and water shells, or rather, between those which breathe air,
and those which breathe water. It has, accordingly, been frequently
transferred from one genus to another, according to the conjectures
of different writers. I have arranged it where Guilding placed it
rather doubtfully, after a series of experiments as to the nature of its
respiration. Its habits certainly associate it with the preceding species.
It is widely distributed over the seas, and is doubtless conveyed to
great distances on floating pieces of decaying timber.

It varies much in its characters according to its age. Its color
varies from light horn-color to deep violet, and sometimes it becomes
opake-white. There is usually a single revolving line of rigid hairs
just before the suture. When young, it is proportionally broader, and
the lower whorl proportionally longer, has but two teeth, and the mar-
gin of the lip is not reflexed. A third, and sometimes a fourth, tooth
appears at maturity, and also some teeth or tubercles within the right
lip. This is, indeed, made a part of its character by European writers ;
but, of several specimens sent me by Mr. Sowerby, only one had them.
In fact it must be very doubtful whether the species described under
the names of bidentata, triplicata, pusillus, alba, ringens, reflexa, and
perhaps Firmini, are any thing more than modifications by age, acci-
dent, and locality, of this same species.

FAMILY UMNEANA, LAM.

Shell spiral, generally smooth externally, and having the outer margin of
the aperture always sharp, and not reflexed.

GENUS PLANORBIS, LAM.

Shell discoidal, whorls apparent above and below, aperture
crescent-shaped, remote from the axis of the shell ; operculum
wanting ; animal with thread-like tentacula.

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 201

PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS.

Shell concave on both sides ; whorls /our, strongly carinated on
the left side ; aperture acutely angulated by the carina, right mar-
gin extending beyond the plane of that side.

FIGURE 131.
State Coll., No. 94. Soc. Cab., No. 1275.

Cochlea trium orbiura, LISTER; Conch., pi. 140, f. 46. PETIVER; Gazophyl.,

pi. 106, f. 17.
Planorbis trivolvis, SAT ; Nicholson s Encyc., (Amer. erf.,) iv. pi. 2, f. 2. Jlmer.

Conch., pi. 54, f. 2.

Shell orbicular, yellowish-white, brownish, or chestnut-color ;
umbilicated on the right side, cup-shaped on the left ; on the right
side scarcely three volutions, separated by a profound suture, are
visible, as they disappear in the umbilicus, their faces, especially
those of the interior whorls, being slightly carinated ; on the left
side at least four whorls are seen, which, by their faces, form a
cup-shaped depression, scarcely distinguished by the suture,
except the last half of the outer whorl, on the whole of which a
well-marked carina revolves, forming a margin to the cup ; the
carina gives the whorl a flattened appearance on this side ; surface
covered with fine, regular, raised, transverse lines, somewhat
grooved between them ; aperture sub-ovate, inclining to the right,
its right margin more advanced than the left, broadly and regularly
rounded ; left lip abruptly angulated where the carina terminates ;
lip usually thickened within, and of a reddish brown-color. Large
diameter T\ inch, small diameter T9T inch.

•Animal dark-russet or dusky, covered with pale-yellowish dots.

Found in the western parts of this State in rivers and ponds.
It is widely extended over the Northern and Western States.

Planorbis corpulentus of Say seems little else than an exuberant
growth of this shell. The following differences may be noted. It is
at least double, often three times, the size. It is a thinner shell. On
the right side the revolutions are less compact, and exhibit a larger
portion of each whorl ; on the left side the suture is more and the
carina less distinct ; the aperture is much more expanded, and projects
26

202 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

far to each side of the preceding whorl. Inhabits the vicinity of the
Great Lakes. P. trivdlvis differs from the next species by its carina,
and the position of its aperture.

PLANORBIS LENTUS.

Shell concave on both sides ; whorls four, sub-carinate on the
left side ; aperture nowhere distinctly angular, right margin in
the plane of that side.

FIGURE 132.

State Coll., No. 83. Soc. Cab., No. 1270.

Planorbis lentus, SAY; Amer. Conch., pi. 54, f. 1.

Shell orbicular, each whorl encircling the preceding, greenish
horn-color at the circumference, yellowish at the sides and bor-
dering the aperture ; on the right side concave, exhibiting scarcely
three rounded volutions, separated by a well-defined suture, and
disappearing in a deep umbilicus ; left side presents a shallow^
cup, formed of four compact, slightly carinated whorls, dis-
tinguished by a tolerably distinct suture ; surface marked with
raised, sub-equidistant lines of growth ; aperture large, ovate, in-
clining to the right ; lip on the right side slightly curved, lying in
the plane of that side of the shell ; in front, regularly and broadly
arched ; on the left side it stands out considerably beyond the
preceding whorl, and undergoes a sudden curve before its
junction with that whorl ; the lip is sharp, very slightly spreading,
and thickened within, by dark reddish-brown callus. Greater di-
ameter y7^ inch, smaller diameter ^ inch.

Jlnimal dark olivaceous above and below ; foot oval, about one
half the diameter of the shell in length, minutely dotted beneath,
and frosted above with amber dots ; these are abundant about the
bases of the tentacula ; edges of mouth honey-yellow ; motions
sluggish.

Found abundantly in all our ponds, small brooks, and stagnant
pools.

This is a somewhat darker shell than P. trivolvis, and is distinguish-
ed from it by its left side and its aperture. The cup of the left side
is less smooth and regular, and is not bounded by the sharp, elevated

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 203

line ; when this shell is laid upon its right or upper side, the lip of
that side will scarcely touch the plane on which it lies, while, in P.
//•/Yo/r/.v, the shell would be lifted by the lip ; the aperture has not the
sharp angle of the left side, produced by the termination of the carina,
but in the young stages it is difficult to distinguish the two. It is very
closely allied to P. corneas of Europe ; but in that shell the left side
is scarcely concave, and the suture is deep ; the aperture is nearly or-
bicular, being almost equally rounded on both sides.

This shell has hitherto generally borne the name of P. trivolvis in
New England ; but it is not the trivolvis of Say, and is either his
P. lentus or a new species.

i

PLANORBIS BICARINA'TUS.

Shell deeply concave on both sides ; whorls three ; strongly cari-
nated on both sides ; aperture abruptly arched at the carina of the
left side, its lip extending far beyond the plane of the preceding
whorl.

FIGURE 134.
State Coll., No. 81. Soc. Cab., No. 1268.

Helix angulatus, RA.CKETT; Lin. Trans., xiii. 42, pi. 5, f. 1. WOOD; Index,

Suppl., pi. 7, f. 12.
Planorbis bicarinatus, SAY; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. pi. 1, f. 4. Amer.

Conch., pi. 54, f. 3. SOWERBY; Genera.

Shell orbicular, its tube rapidly increasing, deeply excavated
on both sides, color brownish-yellow on the carina. Whorls
rather more than three, as seen on both sides, forming on the
right side a large and deep concavity, bounded by a sharp, raised
line or carina, and on the left side a still deeper, inversely conic
cavity, bounded by a similar carina, but of smaller circuit ; sur-
face rather smooth, with faint, irregular lines of growth, most
distinct on the right side ; aperture ovate, right side broadest,
and on the general plane of that side of the shell ; left margin
strongly modified by the carina, and extending far beyond the
plane of the preceding whorl ; lip slightly expanded, white ;
interior brownish, with white lines in the grooves answering to the
carina. Longest diameter J inch, shortest diameter T3T inch.

Animal light russet-color, beautifully dotted with amber ; foot

204 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

tongue-shaped, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell. The
strong angle of the aperture fully displays the respiratory opening,
which has a jagged flap, over which lies an acute groove ; move-
ments sluggish.

Inhabits still waters, not so generally pools, as the margins of
large ponds. Not very common.

This species is smaller than either of the preceding, and is at once
distinguished from them by the very obvious angularity of the whorls
on both sides, and by the very deep, conical cavity of the left side.
Sometimes a few faint revolving lines may be found on the surface.
The tentacula of the animal are usually very long, but sometimes
one or both of them seem to have been broken.

PLANORBIS CAMPANULA' TUS.

Shell with the last whorl distorted, concave on both sides ; ichorls
four, strongly carinate on the left, and sub-carinate on the right
side ; throat campanulate ; aperture turned to the left.

FIGURE 133.
State Coll., No. 79. Soc. Cab., No. 1265.

Planorbis campanulutus, SAY; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc., ii. 166.

Shell discoidal, yellowish or brownish-green, lighter at the
sides ; diameter of its tube nearly twice as great from side to side
as in the contrary direction ; right side exhibiting scarcely more
than two whorls, which are elevated to an obtuse ridge, and form
an umbilical vortex very nearly perforating the shell ; on the right
side are four volutions, distinctly separated by the suture, which
are carinated, and form a shallow, salver-shaped depression ; the
whorls enclose each other in a very regular spiral to the last fifth
of the outer one, when there is a sudden enlargement and distor-
tion towards the left, by which a large, bell-shaped throat is
formed ; aperture also dilated, and strongly angular on the left
side ; within glazed, reflecting light-blue and brown ; surface
regularly marked with fine, transverse, raised lines, and interven-
ing grooves. Greatest diameter \ inch, at right angles with this
| inch, small diameter \ inch.

Found in the larger collections of fresh water, at Fresh Pond,
Jamaica Pond, &c.

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 205

This shell does not attain the size of the preceding species ; and,
when mature, its dilated throat distinguishes it from every other
known species ; and the remarkable manner in which it is turned, as
it were by violence, so as to look to the left, is a still further distinc-
tion. The outer whorl is everywhere of the same breadth ; and the
immature shell, before the dilatation of the throat, may be known by
the very regular enrolment of the whorls, and the very contracted
aperture in consequence of the very unequal diameters.

PLANORBIS ARMIGERUS.

Shell flat on the right side, and concave on the left ; whorls
/otir, with minute revolving lines on the concave side ; throat with
five unequal teeth far within the aperture.

FIGURE 138.
State Coll., No. 80. Soc. Cab., No. 1264.

Planorbis armigerus, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 164.

Shell small, brownish horn-color, or light-chestnut, orbicular ;
right side nearly plane, with only a slight central pit, showing four
rounded volutions, distinctly separated by the suture ; left side
deeply concave, exhibiting all the whorls, which on this side are
sub-carinated ; surface shining, faintly marked by the lines of
growth, and, on the left side, may be distinctly seen several
raised revolving lines on each of the whorls ; aperture slightly
inclining to the left, rounded, and very slightly modified by the
carina, very oblique ; edge of lip dark-brown ; at some distance
within the throat are five white teeth, nearly closing the passage ;
a large, prominent, obb'que one is situated on the side of the pre-
ceding whorl, and may always be seen ; a very small one is by
its side ; opposite to them are the three others which are small.
Larger diameter -/•$ inch, smaller diameter y1^ inch.

•Animal very active, of a blue-black or slate-color ; foot long
and narrow. The shell is carried inclined at an angle of 45°.
The respiratory groove is very acutely pointed.

Found abundantly in shady, stagnant pools and ditches, in which
an abundance of decaying vegetable matter is immersed.

This common shell is well marked by its external simplicity. At
the same time, the complicated armature of the aperture, so unique in

206 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

this family, would seem to entitle it to be arranged as a sub-genus.
It differs from the preceding in having the umbilicus on the left in-
stead of the right side, being its natural place. Mr. Haldeman pro-
poses to make this species the type of a sub-genus, which he calls
Planorbula.

PLANORBIS HIRSUTUS.

Shell light yellowish-brown, concave on both sides, most so on
the left ; whorls three ; surface beset with revolving lines of rigid
hairs ; aperture large, very oblique.

FIGURE 135.

State Coll* No. 82. Soc. Cab., No. 1278.

Planorbis hirsutus, GOULD ; Sillimari's Journ., xxxviii. 196.

Shell small, somewhat transparent, of a brownish yellow-color ;
both sides concave, the left rather more than the right, but the
concavity is there more limited by the presence of a sub-angular
ridge on the outer whorl ; whorls three, the outer one rapidly in-
creasing ; surface exhibiting traces of revolving lines when de-
nuded, but usually covered with a dark pigment or epidermis,
bristling with rigid hairs, which are arranged in close revolving
lines ; lines of growth very faint ; aperture sub-oval, oblique, its
diameter from side to side shorter than in the opposite direction ;
its plane very oblique. Long diameter } inch, short diameter ^j
inch.

•Animal has the head slate-colored above, with a darker line along
each tentaculum, not originating from the eyes ; foot chestnut-
colored.

This shell was first found by Professor C. B. Adams, in Mans-
field, from whom I received it. I have since found it in several
localities in Dorchester, Dedham, and Cambridge, adhering to
sticks in stagnant water ; and it may doubtless be found in all
similar localities.

This Planorbis, though in many respects it resembles in shape
P. deftectus, is readily distinguished from all other American species
by the revolving hairy lines. It is the analogue of the European
P. albus, from which it is difficult to designate any very characteristic
difference. It is, however, a thinner shell, the last whorl increasing

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 207

more rapidly ; and it maintains its yellowish horn-color, whereas
P. albus assumes a spermaceti or still whiter appearance. The lines,
too, disappear more entirely when the epidermis is gone.

PLANORBIS ELEVATUS.

Shell small, whorls three or four, swelling above, with the apex
sunken, deeply concave beneath ; aperture slightly oblique.

State Coll., No. 291. Soc. Cab., No. 2417.

Planorbis elevatus, ADAMS j Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 3, f. 15.

Shell small, light grass-green, translucent, faintly marked with
lines of growth ; whorls three and a half or four, the tube not
rapidly enlarging, and considerably flattened ; whole shell flat, or
slightly elevated above, the tip depressed so as to form a small pit ;
below forming a deep, tunnel-shaped cavity, the whorls presenting
an obscure angle as they revolve around it ; suture deeply impress-
ed ; aperture slightly oblique, its upper edge on a level with the
spire, or very slightly declining ; lower edge descending considera-
bly below the level of the under surface ; portion of the preceding
whorl embraced by the aperture constituting about one fifth of its
circuit. Breadth J inch, height -fa inch.

Inhabits rivulets and pools in Norfolk and Plymouth Counties.

This shell is closely allied to P. parvus and P. hirsutus. But the
first is a more depressed, discoidal shell, its upper surface more broad-
ly and deeply concave, the lower surface very little more concave
than the upper, and the aperture much more oblique. P. hirsutus
has a still greater altitude, a very rapidly increasing tube, is deeply
concave above and below, its color is lighter, and its lines of hairs,
when present, afford a very marked distinction. It may possibly
prove to be the immature shell of some other species.

PLANORBIS DEFLECTUS.

Shell concave on the left side ; whitish horn-color ; whorls /our,
compressed, sub-carinated, aperture greatly declining.

FIGURE 136.
State Coll., No. 168. Soc. Cab., No. 1266.

Planorbis deflectus, SAY ; Long's 2d Ezped., (Appendix), 261, pi. 15, f. 8.

208 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell small, distorted, compressed, of a light greenish-yellow
color, something like dirty, bleached wax ; right side in general
convex, but with the centre slightly indented, suture distinct ;
left or under side concave, forming an expanded umbilicus, ex-
hibiting about one half of each volution ; whorls four or five,
very much compressed, and reduced to a somewhat carinated
perimeter ; the last fourth of the outer whorl turns, somewhat
suddenly and quite remarkably, to the left, or downwards ; aper-
ture large, ovate, lip commencing below the carina, and embracing
but a very small portion of the preceding whorl ; much narrower
from side to side, its plane very oblique to the axis of the shell ;
lip simple, very slightly everted beneath ; surface finely wrinkled
by the lines of growth. Greater diameter f^ inch, small di-
ameter y1^ inch.

.Animal dusky above, and with a still, darker line to tip of
tentacula.

Found in all our ponds, clinging to sticks, stones, &c.

It is distinguished at once, except in its very early stages, by the
remarkable manner in which a portion of the last whorl is diverted
from its regular course, downwards, if we consider the shell to be
lying on its concave face. It is almost entirely turned off from the
preceding whorls, so that the aperture comes in contact with only
about half of its lower face. When immature it may be recognised
by its light color and concave form. Scattered hairs may often be
observed upon its surface. It has a general resemblance in its struc-
ture to P. exaciitus, but the constantly sharp edge of that species is a
never failing mark of distinction. I must at present regard the P.
virens of Adams (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 3, f. 16) as a variety
of this species, in which the last whorl is not remarkably diverted
from its regular course.

PLANORBIS EXACUTUS.

Shell lenticular, umbilicated ; whorls four, broader than high,
gradually thinning to a sharp edge.

FIGURE 137.
State Coll., No. 95. Soc. Cab., No. 1267.

Planorbis exacuous, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 166.

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 209

Shell lenticular, light transparent horn-color ; whorls four,
flattened so that the width of each is at least twice its depth, the
upper and lower surfaces convex, and brought to a sharp exterior
edge ; the last half of the outer whorl deflected, so that the
termination of the sharp edge is on a level with the lower surface
of the preceding whorl ; inner whorls slightly depressed, and
somewhat more rounded ; suture moderately impressed ; striae of
growth faint ; beneath abruptly umbilicated, displaying the edges
of all the whorls within ; aperture very oblique and angular ;
edge very sharp, below running forwards a little along the um-
bilical edge of the preceding whorl, then crossing obliquely for-
wards and upwards, leaving a callus, it passes off again a little
below its carinated edge. Longest diameter J inch, shorter di-
ameter ?3^ inch.

It is found in most brooks, ditches, and margins of ponds,
which are permanent through the summer, adhering to sticks and
stones.

This shell has a striking resemblance to the P. fontana of Europe,
(Lightfoot, Phil Trans., Ixxvi. pi. 2, f. 1-4. Montagu, Test. Brit.,
462, pi. 6, f. 6. PI. nilidus, Mull., Turt., &c.,) except that the aper-
ture is entirely below the sharp edge, instead of embracing nearly an
equal portion on each side, as in that shell. It is allied to P. deflectus,
Say ; but in that the whorls are more numerous, the exterior edge
much rounded, the umbilical region broader and more shallow, and the
labrum also embraces but half of the lower surface of the preceding
whorl. Were it among the land shells it would be a most unequivocal
CAROCOLLA.

I cannot but think that the name under which this shell appears in
the " Journal of the Academy," is not exactly as was intended by the
author, as it is neither a Latin word nor a Latin termination. Sup-
posing that by a typographical error, an o has taken the place of a t,
we have a legitimate term, and one very expressive of the form of
the shell.

PLANORBIS PARVUS.

Shell very much compressed, almost equally concave on both
sides ; whorls four ; surface nearly smooth ; aperture rounded.

FIGURE 139.

27

210 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

State Coll., No. 77. Soc. Cab., No. 1283.

Planorbis parvus, SAY ; Nicholsons Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pi. 1, f. 5.

Shell very small and compressed, discoidal, light-yellowish
horn-color ; right side nearly plane, but excavated at the centre ;
left side broadly concave ; whorls four, almost equally exhibited
on both sides, the outer one usually somewhat angulated at its cir-
cumference ; surface minutely marked by the lines of growth,
shining, clear ; aperture rounded, rather longer than broad, not
inclining to either side, its plane very oblique ; lip sharp, slightly
reflected on the left side ; within bluish-white. Greatest diameter
J inch, lesser diameter y1^ inch, but generally much smaller.

Jlnimal whitish, dusky above, with a still darker line at tip of
tentacula.

Abundant in brooks and ponds.

This is the smallest shell of the genus which we have, unless, per-
haps, it be P. exaciitus, which is commonly found of as small a size.
It is not difficult to be recognised by its regular figure, and its very thin,""
compressed appearance. P. deflectus, armigerus, exacutus, and hirsu-
tus, all have marked peculiarities, which at once separate them from
this undistinguished species.

PLANORBIS DILATA'TUS.

Shell small, circumference carinated, flat above, convex below,
and with a small, deep umbilicus ; whorls three ; aperture large,
expanded.

FIGURE 140.
State Coll., No. 75. Soc. Cab., No. 2399.

Shell small, of a yellowish green-color, minutely wrinkled by
the lines of growth ; spire flat, composed of not more than three
whorls, separated by a w7ell-defined suture ; the outer whorl has
a sharp margin on a level with the spire, diminishing near, but
still modifying, the aperture ; below this line the whorl is very
convexly rounded so as to encircle a small, deep, abruptly formed
umbilicus. This whorl rapidly enlarges, and terminates in a very
large, not very oblique aperture, with the lip expanded so as to

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PHT8A. 21 1

make it trumpet-shaped. Largest diameter -fv inch, breadth -jV
inch.

This curious little shell was found several years since on
the island of Nantucket, clinging to some damp moss, and was
communicated by Mr. J. M. Earle, of Worcester. Specimens
of it have also been sent to me by Professor Foreman, of Balti-
more. But its characters were not fully ascertained from these
few specimens. In July, 1840, Mr. T. J. Whittemore found it
in great numbers at Hingham, in a small pool, southeast of the
Old Colony House.

It has a miniature resemblance to P. bicarinatus as to its two sides,
but it has only a single carina, which encircles the shell, instead of one
on each side. Its large, expanded aperture, and small, deeply sunken
umbilicus, readily distinguish it from any of the small species hitherto
known. The surface is rather rough, and perhaps a little hispid
when viewed under the microscope.

The P. Zens of Lea (Amer. P kilos. Trans., New Series, vi. 68, pi.
23, f. 83), which he received from near Cincinnati, is probably the
same as this shell. His name, however, is pre-occupied by a fossil
species.

GENUS PHYSA, DRAP.

Shell reversed, oblong-ovate, spire prominent ; aperture rounded
before, narrowed and angular behind, lip sharp ; inner lip twisted.
Animal has thread-like tentacula, and the sharply lobed mantle is
turned back upon the shell.

PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA.

Shell ovate, smooth, yellowish-green ; whorls /our, inflated,
suture distinct, surface reticulated.

FIGURE 141.
State Coll., No. 73. Soc. Cab., No. 1306.

Bulla fontinalis fndiae Orientalis, CHEMN. ; C<mcA.,ix. 33, pi. 103, f. 879,880.

Cochlea neritoides, LISTER ; Conch., pi. 135, f. 34.

Bulla fontinalis, var. 3. GMELIN; Syst., 3407. SCHROET; Einl. in Conch.t t. 1,

201, Helix, No. 84.
Bulla crassula, DILLWYN ; Catul., t. i. 487, No. 36.

212 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Limn6a heter6stropha, SAY; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.), Art. Conchology,

pi. 1, f. 6.
Physa heterostropha, SAY ; Long's 2d Exped., Append., 264. LAM. ; An. sans

Vert., viii. 402.

" Shell sinistral, sub-ovate ; color pale-yellow, chestnut, or
blackish ; whorls four, the first large, the others very small, ter-
minating rather abruptly in an acute apex ; aperture large, some-
what oval, three fourths the length of the shell, or rather more ;
within of a pearly lustre, often blackish ; lip a little thickened on
the inside, and tinged with dull red." (SAY, in Nick. Encyc.)
Ordinary length about \ inch, breadth J inch, divergence 68°.
My largest specimen is -^ inch by f inch.

When the shell is fresh and perfectly clean, it is always of a
light greenish-yellow, and becomes a little more dusky with age.
The surface, under the magnifier, appears beautifully checkered
with minute, revolving, and longitudinal lines, which are also a
little waved. Sometimes there are one or more whitish, opake
bands, as if scratched by the mantle of the animal. The thicken-
ing of the lip is found only in old specimens, and in these also
there is a broad layer of pearly enamel reflected over the columella,
which has also a very prominent fold.

The animal is olivaceous, surface very smooth and silky ; the
foot is kite-shaped, longer than the shell, terminating in an acute
point ; expansions each side of the mouth acutely angled ; ten-
tacula olivaceous above, light ferruginous beneath, long and thread-
like. The pointed lobes of the mantle are very conspicuous.

The motions of the animal are very rapid, and it seems to
move with equal facility in an inverted posture, at the surface of the
water.

The ova are excluded, enveloped in a gelatinous substance,
about twelve or fifteen in number, and of an egg-shaped form.
In about a fortnight they escape from the jelly, and move about
with great rapidity. In fact, they are seen in motion for some
time previous, apparently struggling to disengage themselves from
their nidus.

This shell is everywhere to be found. Scarcely a brook or
pool is met with but some of these shells will be found in it. It
is more especially to be found in the running brooks.

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PHYSA. 213

The difference between this and P. fontin&lis of Europe, is very
slight. The spire may be a little more prolonged and acute.

It is quite interesting to keep a number of them in a vessel of water,
and observe their motions and habits. The manner in which they
open their mouths and display the lingual organ, — the manner in
which they rise to the surface and open the air cavity, into which its
structure permits no water to enter, — and above all, the beautiful and
unaccountable manner in which it glides along, will never fail to excite
astonishment. They feed freely upon any kind of vegetable.

We have here an instance of the interminable chain of existences, and
of the subserviency of one animal to another. And it is curious, too,
that, in general, we have the power to elude or subdue animals of
greater strength and magnitude than ourselves, much better than we
can those which are inferior to us. On looking carefully about the
neck of the animal of this shell, we find him beset with numerous
little things looking like short, minute, white lines, which are, in truth,
little parasites (Gordius inquilinus, Mull.) attached like leeches, and
which derive their nourishment from the fluids of the animal, without
his having the power to dislodge them.

PHYSA ANCILLARIA.

Shell ovate-globose, pale-yellowish ; whorls four, smooth ; suture
not impressed ; aperture nearly as long as the shell.

FIGURE 142.
State Coll., No. 74. Soc. Cab., No. 1308.

Physa ancillaria, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc , ii. 124.

" Shell heterostrophe, sub-globose, pale-yellowish ; whorls
rather more than four, very rapidly attenuated ; spire truncated,
hardly elevated beyond the general curve of the surface ; suture
not impressed ; aperture hut little shorter than the shell, dilated ;
lahium a little thickened on the inner sub-margin." (SAY.)
Length ±% inch, breadth /T inch, divergence 90°.

Found in Connecticut and Merrimack Rivers, Fresh Pond, &c.

Jlnimal of a bright lemon-color.

This shell is distinguished from the preceding by its much shorter
spire, more angular outline, and especially by its suture, the margin
of one whorl being so closely and perfectly applied to the pre-

214 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ceding as to give the appearance of a double suture. The surface
is exceedingly smooth, no revolving lines being detected by the mag-
nifier. The base of the aperture is somewhat narrowed, and pro-
longed downwards, and considerably effuse. The twisted fold of the
columella is less conspicuous than in P. heterost.ropha. The shell
becomes more ponderous and yellowish by age ; and the reddish rib
along the outer lip, and the enamel on the columella, much thicker.

PHYSA ELONGATA.

Shell thin, slender, elongated, apex acute, pale-yellowish ; whorls
six, polished ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture half as long as
the shell.

FIGURE 143.

State Coll., No. 284. Soc. Cab., No. 1307.

Physa elongata, SAY; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc.} ii. 171.

u Shell heterostrophe, pale-yellowish, very fragile, diaphanous,
oblong ; whorls six or seven ; spire tapering, acute at tip ; suture
slightly impressed ; aperture not dilated, attenuated above, about
half as long as the shell ; columella much narrowed near the base,
so that the view may be partially extended from the base towards
the apex." (SAY.) Length J inch, breadth j inch, diver-
gence 34°.

Found in stagnant waters in all the northern and western parts
of the United States. In the vicinity of Boston it is rare.

•Animal dusky, the head above of an orange hue ; tentacula
rather short and blunt, lighter at tip ; respiratory groove long,
narrow and thin, movable in various directions, almost as long as
a tentacle, with two black spots like eyes near its tip.

This species is easily recognised by its slender, elongated form,
and the great proportionate length of the spire. It is in every respect
similar to P. hypnbrum of Europe, unless, perhaps, its spire may be
somewhat more produced.

It is not very common in Massachusetts, and is seldom found as
long as the above dimensions ; while Mr. Say gives it y7^ of an inch
in Illinois.

It probably belongs to the genus APLEXUS of Gray (Turtorfs Man.,
255), which he institutes upon the elongated form of the shell, the

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNJ2A. 215

want of auricles at the base of the tentacula, and the simple, entire
edge of the mantle. This latter point I did not notice, when the ani-
mal was before me.

Mr. Say describes the animal as black, and spotless above and be-
low ; tentacula with a white ring at base. He must have observed
them at a more advanced age than any I have seen living ; or else
the species observed are different.

GENUS LIMNA\, LAM.

Shell thin, obhug or turreted, last whorl large ; aperture large,
rounded before, narrowed and acute behind, outer lip sharp, inner
lip forming a fold on the pillar, and usually spreading over it.
Animal with short, triangular tentacula.

LIMN^'A COLUME'LLA.

Shell ovate, fragile, transparent, pale-green; whorls four, the
three upper ones minute, lines of growth distinct, undulated by
revolving lines ; aperture ample ; umbilicus minute.

FIGURE 144.
State Coll., No. 68. Soc. Cab., No. 1302.

Lymnee^a columllla, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc. (Amer. ed.), iv. Journ. .lead. JVo/.

St., i. 15.
Lymna^us navicula, VALENC. ; Recutil d'Obs. de ZooL, par Humb. et Bvnpl., 251.

Shell ovate, ventricose, extremely thin and fragile, transparent,
of a pale-greenish or yellowish color, the apex acutely pointed ;
whorls four, of which the last is much inflated, and composes
nearly the whole shell ; the upper ones are very small, forming an
acute apex ; surface with conspicuous and nearly regular lines of
growth, minutely waved by revolving lines, some of which are
distinctly elevated ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture large,
four fifths the length of the shell, generally somewhat dilated ; lip
very sharp, ending with a small curve behind ; on the left margin
the edge is slightly turned over a minute umbilicus, and forms a
considerable fold ; a thin, closely adhering enamel stretches

216 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

across from it to the angle of the aperture ; the inner lip is so
arched as to display a considerable portion of the interior of the
shell. Length r8^ inch, breadth T5-g- inch, divergence 68° ; of an-
other specimen, length •£$ inch, breadth T4^ inch, divergence 56°.

Inhabits stagnant pools and miry places, and is common. It is
found at maturity very early in the spring.

The animal is large, semi-transparent, of a dusky or light-drab
color, dotted with silvery white. It is very sluggish in its mo-
tions. The head above is slightly tinted with lilac.

This very brittle shell has rather the aspect of SUCCI'NEA, than of
LIMNJEA. It varies a good deal in form, being in some specimens
rather slender, and in others broad and distended. The aperture is
usually somewhat dilated, especially at its broadly-rounded base ; but
occasionally the outer lip is pressed inwards. The surface is shining,
and delicately corrugated by revolving lines.

Var. CHALY'BEA. Fig. 145. State Coll., No. 72.

The spire is more pointed, its divergence being only 50° ; the
aperture is more expanded, and the fold on the inner lip more
obvious. It is thin, but not very brittle, ringing like hard-burnt
crockery. The last whorl is partially detached from the preced-
ing one, so as to form a thread-like channel at the suture. The
enamel rests loosely against the shell, and is wrinkled. The ex-
terior is covered by a bluish-black pigment, not easily removed,
and the interior has a steel-blue or black-lead color.

This shell, which I found two years in succession in a muddy pool
in Cambridge, I thought was sufficiently distinct to be regarded as a
new species ; and I accordingly gave its characters under the name of
Limncea chaly'bea, in Silliman's Journal, xxxiii. 196. But as it has
not been found in any other place, I am now disposed to regard it as
a strongly marked local variety of L. columella. It is very possibly
such a shell to which Mr. Say alludes in the " Journal of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences," ii. 167, as " L. columella^ var. a. small,
black, from Cold Water Creek, Missouri."

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNJ2A. 217

LIMNJEA MACROSTOMA.

Shell fragile, ovate, apex acute ; whorls four, lines of growth
corrugated ; aperture four fifths the length of the shelly ample, ex-
panded, umbilicus minute.

FIGURE 148.

State Coll., No. 138. Soc. Cab., No. 1296.

Lymn^us macrostomus, SAY ; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc., ii. 170.
Limnea acuminata, ADAMS ; Silliman's Journ., xxxix. 374, (young.)

Shell fragile, pellucid, light horn-colored, ovate-conical ; last
whorl very large, moderately inflated, surmounted by three very
small, oblique ones, forming an acute apex ; surface shining,
marked by fine lines of growth, which are crossed and rendered
flexuous by numerous revolving lines, faintly visible without a
magnifier ; suture distinct, the whorls approaching it by a gradual
slope ; aperture ovate, very ample, four-fifths the length of the
shell, and, when mature, broadly expanded; outer lip very sharp
and thin, broadly rounded in front, and, maintaining its sharp edge,
it rises and disappears within the shell ; pillar so broadly arched
as to allow a view of much of the interior of the spire ; a minute
umbilicus is formed by a reflected scale of enamel ; in mature
shells a glazing of enamel is found upon the preceding whorl as it
encroaches upon the aperture. Length \\ inch, breadth ••£•$ inch,
divergence 73°.

Found at New Bedford by Mr. Shiverick. Much larger speci-
mens were obtained by Colonel Totten, at Tiverton, Rhode
Island. Dr. Binney found it also in Vermont.

This shell is closely allied to L. columella, and in an immature
state is not easily distinguished from it; but that shell is much
more elongated, and regularly tapering, the divergence of the spire
being not more than 60°. Such specimens Professor Adams described
as his L. acuminata. But at maturity the shell is very distinctly char-
acterized by its widely spreading outer lip, which gives great expan-
sion to the aperture. Mr. Say received it from the rice-fields of Car-
olina. It is the analogue of the L. ovatus, of Europe.
28

218 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
LIMN^E'A UMBILICATA.

Shell small, ovate ; whorls five, rounded, and marked with fine
decussating lines ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture small, oval ;
no conspicuous fold on the columella ; umbilicus distinct.

FIGURE 149.
State Coll., No. 136. Soc. Cab., No. 2402.

Limna^a umbilicata, ADAMS; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., in. 325, pi. 3, f. 14. Sitti-
maris Journ., xxxix. 374.

Shell small, short-ovate, apex obtuse ; whorls five ; very con-
vex and rounded, slightly oblique, their surface reticulated with
fine lines, and modified by numerous facets or indentations, ar-
ranged in imperfect revolving series, four or five in number ; su-
ture deeply impressed ; aperture small, about half the length of
the shell, broad-oval, not expanded but rather seeming contracted ;
outer lip sharp, thickened within by a sub-marginal, pinkish-color-
ed deposit ; passing backwards on the inner side in a smooth and
rounded plate, it joins the preceding whorl at about half the height
of the aperture ; a thin glazing of enamel covers the remainder of
the inner margin. There is scarcely any approach to a fold on
the pillar ; umbilicus large and deep. Length T\ inch, breadth
J inch, divergence 65°.

First collected by Mr. Shiverick, at New Bedford.

Inmnda modicellus is of about the same size and general appearance ;
but its surface is smooth, its whorls more oblique, its mouth twice as
large, and it has no conspicuous umbilicus. L. caperata is similar in
its form, and its small, oval aperture, but is at once recognised by the
regular revolving, hispid lines.

LIMN.EA MODICE'LLUS.

Shell ovate, thin, light-olive colored; ivhorls four, convex; su-
ture deep ; aperture rather large, ovate ; fold of columella conspic-
uous ; sub-umbilicated.

FIGURE 151.

State Coll., No. 71. Soc. Cab., No. 2403.

Lymneus modicellus, SAY ; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc.} v. 122.

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMN.EA. 219

Shell small and short-ovate, very thin and transparent, color a
light-olive, or sea-green ; whorls four or five, convexly rounded,
and sometvhat shouldered or flattened above ; surface rather
coarsely marked by the lines of growth ; anterior whorl large and
inflated, two thirds the length of the shell ; posterior whorls small ;
suture deep ; aperture rather large, somewhat more than half the
length of the shell, ovate, or nearly as broad behind as before, not
acutely rounded behind, but considerably arched ; slightly effuse
at base ; columella arched, its fold conspicuous ; inner lip reflect-
ed over a small umbilicus, and the enamel usually broadly spread
across to the posterior angle. Length 57T inch, breadth fc inch,
divergence 68°.

Lives along the muddy margins of brooks.

The animal is of a dark sea-green or bottle-green color above,
dotted with amber-color ; beneath much paler. Foot long, and
inclining to a point behind. In the region of the eyes, between
the tentacula, are clusters of white points, which give an appear-
ance of white eyes. The animal seems to shun immersion, being
usually found on the damp mud at the margins of ponds and
brooks. When put -in a vessel of water, it soon rises above the
surface, crawls about the table, and will remain out of water two or
three days without injury. The shell is usually thickly coated
with mud.

This species is distinguished from the young of L. elbdes by the
depth of the suture, and the maturity of its aperture, which is also pro-
portionally larger. It is less elongated than L. desidibsa, its suture is
deeper, its aperture rather smaller, and the color is quite different.

LlMN-EA DESIDIOSA.

Shell ovate-elongate , turretted ; whorls five, convex, the upper
ones very small ; suture deep ; aperture sub-ovate, longer than the
spire ; sub-umbilicated.

FIGURE 150.
State Coll., No. 70. Soc. Cab., No. 1295.

Lymn6us desidiosus, SAY ; Journ. Acad.. Nat. Sc., ii. 1G9.
Limneus desidiosus, SAY ; Jlmcr. Conch., pi. 55, f. 3.

220 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell ovate, thin and fragile, the spire elongated and turreted ;
color a pale, dirty yellowish-green ; whorls five, very convex, and
for the most part suddenly contracted above, so as to present a
conspicuous shoulder ; the two or three uppermost whorls are
very small, and the body whorl about seven tenths the length of
the whole shell ; surface generally dead, and somewhat checked
with irregular revolving and longitudinal raised lines ; aperture
large, usually three fifths the length of the shell, oval, broadly and
sub-equally rounded both behind and before ; the lip is consider-
ably everted in front, and along the left margin, where it is not
closely appressed to the whorl, and leaves a small, but evident
umbilical opening ; callus rather abundant ; fold on the pillar
slight, and smoothly rounded. Length \ inch, of aperture f inch,
breadth fa inch, divergence 45°.

This species is found in most regions, about the muddy margins
of ponds and pools.

It is intermediate between L. elbdes and L. modicellus. Its spire is
proportionally more slender, its suture deeper, its aperture proportion-
ally larger and more oval, the fold of its columella much less conspic-
uous, and it is a much more fragile shell than the former. The latter,
while it has the large, oval aperture, the deep suture and shouldered
whorls, is still more fragile, of a deep green-color, and is a short, in-
flated shell, with a much greater divergence of the spire, and with one
whorl more than L. desidiosa. The habits of the two last are similar,
but the animal of desidiosa is a much lighter green, and has not the
remarkable white dots between the tentacula.

The characters of the aperture and spire seem to be constant ; that
is, the aperture is always large and broadly rounded behind ; and the
spire is tapering, the two whorls at the tip seeming somewhat as if
superadded ; so that if a line should pass down one side so as to touch
all the whorls, this line would be concave. The only variations I have
noticed are, that the suture is sometimes shallow, and the shoulder
nearly wanting, so as to render the spire more regularly tapering.
Mr. Say's description is not definite, and his figure is much shorter
than the dimensions he ascribes to it. He gives its length seven tenths
of an inch, while it rarely exceeds half an inch.

LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMN^A. 221

LlMNJE*A ELODES.

Shell turretted, elongated, dull horn-colored ; whorls five, con-
vex ; suture deep • aperture sub-oval, less than half the length of
the shell, within brownish, fold of the columella profound.

FIGURE 145, 146, 147.
State Coll., No. 139. Soc. Cab., No. 1301.

Lymneus elodes, SAY; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc., ii. 1G9. Amer. Conch., pi. 11, f. 3.

Shell tapering, elongated, turretted, thin and fragile, dull and
dingy horn-colored, inelegant ; whorls five, or a little more, the
two smallest being generally broken off ; they are regularly and
largely convex, not flattened or compressed posteriorly, but the
adjacent margins of two whorls curve regularly to the deeply im-
pressed suture ; the last whorl, measured upon the back, consti-
tutes from a little more than one half, to about two thirds the
whole length of the shell ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines
of growth, sometimes minutely reticulated by revolving lines, and
sometimes exhibiting small, plane facets, irregularly disposed.
Aperture generally less than, but never exceeding one half the
length of the shell ; sub-oval, rather contracted ; right lip thin,
with now and then a sub-marginal thickening, within colored red-
dish-brown ; pillar margin copiously overlaid with white enamel,
not closely appressed at the umbilical region ; fold of the pillar
large and oblique ; umbilicus for the most part closed. Length
T\ inch, breadth T\ inch, divergence 43 to 45°.

The animal is of a dusky-greenish color, similar to that of the
shell, varying like it in intensity, minutely dotted with amber-
color. Foot somewhat paler, tongue-shaped, reaching about two
thirds the length of the large whorl when in motion, obtusely
rounded behind.

The animal attains maturity and dies about the end of June.
At this time the young may be seen with the old, about an eighth
of an inch in length, and these continue to grow rapidly during the
season. But after the early part of July it is rare to find an adult
shell containing a living animal. At this time the exterior of the
shell is much eroded ; in fact the animals, as they cluster together,

222 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

actually devour each other's shells ; the aperture becomes white
and somewhat chalky, and the brown, sub-marginal callus of the
outer lip is thus covered over.

The most common species found in Massachusetts, and one which
it is exceedingly difficult to describe, or to determine, if it has been al-
ready described. After much observation, and a comparison of many
individuals collected from various localities, and an exchange of speci-
mens with the most distinguished conchologists of this country, I have
come to the conclusion, that it must be regarded as the L. elodes of
Say. Its European analogue is L. palustris. The only Massachusetts
shell which bears much affinity to it, is L. desidiosa, which is smaller,
has a more slender spire, and larger aperture, proportionally. But it is
closely related to L. wrib^psa and L. reflexa of the Western and Middle
States. The former is more solid, more corpulent, with the whorls and
aperture more oblique, and its color darker than that of our shell. The
latter has the whorls still more oblique, much less convex, forming a
much less turretted and regularly tapering spire ; the fold of the pillar
much less prominent, and the color yellowish. After all, these species
are so nearly allied, that no description, and perhaps no figure will en-
able a person to determine any one of them by itself. They must be
learned by comparison, and by interchanging specimens. But the diffi-
culty does not end here. It is no easy matter to assign the limits of the
species. No one presents a greater variety. The length of mature
shells varies from half an inch to an inch ; and it is remarkable that
the largest specimens are usually the most fragile. The surface
usually has an uneven, unfinished, inelegant aspect, coated with mud ;
but occasionally we find the conformation of the shell perfectly regu-
lar, the color a shining greenish horn-color, and the surface smooth
and beautifully reticulated with longitudinal and revolving lines. It is
then a very pretty, fragile shell. The aperture is small in proportion
to the shell, generally rather contracted ; again, we find the lip begin-
ning to expand, and in some specimens received from Vermont, which
I suppose to belong to this species, the lip is broadly flaring. Young
specimens might be confounded with L. wribilicata, L. desidiosa, L.
modicellus, and L. caper ata ; but a little attention to the umbilicus,
the aperture, the color, and the revolving lines will enable us to dis-
tinguish them, respectively. The umbilicus is usually entirely ob-
structed by the overlaying callus ; but in some specimens it is par-
tially open.

L1MNEANA. MOLLUSCA. ANCYLUS. 223

LIMIUEA CATASCOPIUM.

Shell ovate , strong, chestnut-brown ; whorls four, wrinkled, con-
vex, the last large ; suture deep ; aperture sub-oval, half the length
of the shell.

State Coll., No. 69. Soc. Cab., No. 1304.

Lymnea catascopium, SAY j Nicholson's Encyc. (jlmer. ed.), pi. 2, f. 3.
Limncus catascopium, SAY; Amer. Conch., pi. 55, f. 2.

Lymneus cornea, VALENC. ; in Huml. et Bonpl. Recueil d'Obs. fyc.} (teste F£-
russac).

Shell rather large, oblong-ovate, ventricose, thick and strong ;
epidermis chestnut or brownish horn-color ; whorls four or a little
more, forming a short, pointed spire, delicately but rather regularly
wrinkled by the lines of growth, and these are rendered somewhat
corrugated by obsolete revolving lines ; last whorl constituting
nearly the whole shell, very much distended ; suture deeply im-
pressed ; spire very short, acute at apex ; aperture rather more
than half the length of the shell, sub-oval, very little narrowed be-
hind ; not dilated ; 'right lip simple, thick and regularly curved ;
left lip having a thick, narrow layer of enamel, and a rather slight
fold midway ; umbilicus not open. Length -f^ inch, breadth T^-
inch, divergence 60°.

Found in the southern parts of this State, but I have not met
with it near Boston.

Its great solidity, and its remarkably broad, corpulent aspect, ap-
proximating in character to PALTJDI NA, cause it to be easily recog-
nised. Its analogue on the European continent is L. pereger, which,
however, differs from this in being a less solid shell, in having the
aperture somewhat expanded, its anterior curve broader, and the fold
of the pillar less deep. It comes nearer to L. emargindta than to any
other American species.

GENUS ANCYLUS, MULLER.

Shell boat-shaped, without a spire, apex pointed, inclining for-
wards and to one side ; aperture ovate.

224 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

It is not yet satisfactorily determined under what family this genus
should be arranged. Its animal is closely allied to the LIMNEANA,
and its natural relations are certainly stronger to this family, notwith-
standing the form of the shell, than to the CALYPTRACEA, where it
has usually been placed.

A'NCYLUS RIVULARIS.

Shell elongated-oval, sides rectilinear, apex nearer to one side,
nearly central.

FIGURE 153.

State Coll., No. 281. Soc. Cab., No. 842.

Ancylus rivularis, SAY; Nicholson's Encyc. (Amer. ed.)t Art. Conckology,
Journ. Acad,. Nat. Sc., i. 125.

Shell small, narrow, elongated-oval, the sides nearly parallel,
but one end is somewhat narrower than the other, and both are
regularly rounded ; apex nearly equi-distant from both extremi-
ties, nearer to, and leaning to, one side and one end ; aperture
oval ; color dark-green. Length 1 inch, breadth ^ inch.

Found on stones and floating leaves in rivulets and ponds.

It is closely allied to A.JluvidtiUs of Europe ; but the apex is less
acute and more central. There is another American species, the A.
tardus. Say, which has been found by Professor Adams in Vermont,
but which I have not yet found in this State. It is much more round-
ed and conical than this, and the apex is not lateral.

A'NCYLUS FUSCUS.

Shell oval, depressed, convexity regular, not compressed laterally,
curvilinear at the sides ; apex obtuse, a little to the right and rear
of the centre ; epidermis coarse, brown, surpassing the margin.

FIGURE 152.
State Coll., No. 283. Soc. Cab., No. 2383.

Incylus fuscus, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 329, pi. 3, f. 17.

Shell small, very thin and pellucid, of a rounded oval form, the
entire outline regularly curved ; depressed and regularly convex,
not compressed at the sides ; apex slightly elevated, bluntly

PERISTOMATA. MOLLUSCA. VALVATA. 225

rounded a little behind, and to the right of the centre ; stages of
growth visible ; epidermis coarse and strong, rough, dusky yel-
lowish-brown, extending beyond the margin of the testaceous
matter, and insensibly coalescing with it on all sides, which are
inclined to turn upwards ; within glistening, polished. Length
T\ inch, height ,lff inch, breadth Tag*7 inch.

Found in a rivulet in Andover by Mr. K. Prescott, of the
Theological Seminary ; and also found by Professor Adams in
Mansfield ; and by myself, in Fresh Pond.

It differs from all other described species in its depressed form, its
obtuse apex, and its coarse epidermis projecting beyond the margin ;
and, as this extends in the direction of the plane of the object to v/hich
it is found attached, and not in continuation of the conxex form of the
shell, the edges seem to be turned upwards. A. rivularis, Say, is
narrower, and has the sides nearly parallel. A. tardus, Say, has its
apex prominent, acute, and farther behind the middle.

FAMILY PERISTdMATA, LAM.

Shell conical or sub-discoidal, the margins of the aperture united poste-
riorly ; opercidated ; inhabiting fresh water.

\
GENUS VALVATA. MULLER.

Shell conical, whorls cylindrical, loosely cohering ; aperture
circular, its margin entire ; operculum orbicular.

VALVATA TRICARINATA.

Shell sub-discoidal, thin, pale pea-green; whorls three, the last
tri-carinate ; umbilicus large.

FIGURE 156.
State Coll., No. 67. Soc. Cab., No. 1542.

ilostoma tricarinata SAY; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) Art. Conchology,
Journ. Aead. Nat. Sc., i. 13.

Ivata tricarinata, SAY ; Journ. .lead. Nat. Sc. DESHAYES ; LAM. ; An. sans
lrert., (2d edit.), viii. 507.
Ivata carinata, SOWERBY ; Genera, f. 2.

Shell small, depressed, thin, transparent and shining, of an
;rald or light pea-green color ; whorls three or four, flattened
29

226 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

at the summit, faintly marked by lines of growth, and separated
by a distinct suture ; each of the interior whorls has one or two
prominently raised, rounded, revolving lines or keels, and the
exterior one has three, one of which issues from the lower junc-
tion of the lip and borders the umbilicus ; a second originates
from the upper junction of the lip, and circumscribes the whorl ;
the third midway between this and the suture, thus giving the
whorls a prismatic or quadrangular instead of a cylindrical appear-
ance ; aperture circular, modified by the keels ; lip simple, sur-
rounding the aperture, except a small space between the two lower
keels ; umbilicus broad, deep, tunnel-shaped. Height TV inch,
breadth /„ inch.

Var. SIMPLEX, without the keels. Professors Benedict and
Adams have found this species in Vermont ; and in very many
instances it is perfectly simple and cylindrical, individuals occur-
ring with every degree of carination, showing that it is still the
same species. In this state, the large, tunnel-shaped umbilicus is
the best characteristic.

It is found in most of our small lakes, usually under stones, or
sheltered by the deserted shells of some of the fresh-water
mussels.

The shell is usually rendered somewhat opake by an earthy coat-
ing, which seems to answer the purpose of an epidermis ; but, when
this is removed, the surface is shining and pearly, of an emerald-green
color, lighter on the keels. It is one of our most curious shells.

VALVA'TA PUPOIDEA.

Shell minute, elevated, chestnut-colored; whorls four or jive,
the last nearly disjoined.

FIGURE 155.
State Coll., No. 65. Soc. Cab., No. 1363.

Valvkta pupoidea, GOULD ; Silliman's Journ., xxxviii. 196.

Shell small, elongated-ovate, opake, chestnut-colored, when
divested of the rough, dirty pigment which usually adheres closely
to it ; whorls four or five, minutely wrinkled, the posterior one
small and flattened so as to form an obtuse apex ; the others

PERISTOMATA. MOLLUSCA. PALUDINA. 227

cylindrical, and so partially in contact as to expose about one
half of the cylinder ; the last entirely disjoined from the preced-
ing one for at least die half of a revolution ; aperture circular, lip
simple and sharp ; on looking at the shell from below, no umbili-
cal opening is found ; operculum horny, apex central, elements
concentric. Length -fv inch, breadth T3V inch.

Found at Fresh Pond and other ponds, on stones and sub-
merged sticks ; and has been for many years in our cabinets
marked as a PALUDI'NA.

Animal very active ; head proboscidiform, half as long as the
tentacles, bi-lobed in front, dark, terminated with light ; tentacles
rather stout, light drab-colored, with a line of silvery dots on the
upper side, over the large, black eyes ; foot, tongue-shaped, as
long as the first whorl, dilated into two acute angles in front, light
drab-color ; respiratory organ occasionally protruded to half the
length of a tentacle on the right side.

This species is widely distinguished from all other described ones by
its minuteness, its color, its elongated form, and its want of an umbili-
cus ; of which characters the last two seem to arise from the loose
manner in which the whorls are united.

i
GENUS PALUDINA, LAM.

Shell ovate-conical, whorls rounded ; aperture ovate, acute pos-
teriorly, and modified by the preceding whorl, margin simple;
operculum horny, origin near one edge, elements concentric.

PALUDINA DECI'SA.

Shell sub-conic, thick and strong, olivaceous; whorls Jive, con-
vex, covered with minute, revolving lines, eroded at tip; aperture
ovate, half the length of the shell, bluish within; umbilicus none.

FIGURE, see Wood-cut, page 144.
State Coll., No. 61. Soc. Cab., No. 1347.

C6chlea Virginiana e flava viridescens, non fasciata, LISTER ; Conch. , I. 27, f. 27.

PETIVER; Gazophyl., t. 116, f. 18.
Paludina decisa, SAY ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amtr. «J.,) pi. 2, f. 6. Amcr. Conch ,

pi. 10.
Paludina limosa, VALINC. ; Recueil d' Obs. de Zool. fyc., par Humb. et Bonpl , ii.

253. pi. l,f.l.

223 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell ovate-elongate, thick and strong, color varying from yel-
lowish-green to dark olive-green ; whorls five, regularly convex,
inclining rather abruptly towards the suture, so as to form a mod-
erate shoulder ; surface marked with fine wrinkles of growth, and
occasional stripes of dark purplish, indicating the position of pre-
ceding apertures ; also with minute, revolving lines, which in
young specimens, when viewed in the water, are seen to be gar-
nished with fine, pubescent hairs ; two or three of the whorls at
the apex are usually broken off, leaving an irregular, eroded sur-
face ; aperture oval, not exceeding half the length of the entire
shell, forming an angle above ; lip simple, very sharp, until, as it
rises towards the columella, it becomes thickened, and, turning
outwards, forms a smooth, rounded margin, leaving no umbili-
cus ; a thick enamel spreads across the preceding whorl, margined
with purplish ; interior bluish. Operculum thin, ovate, beaked,
with a groove from the centre to the tip of the beak. Length
1T\ inch, breadth /T inch, divergence 56°.

Animal with a broad, tongue-shaped foot, drawn out into an-
gles each side in front, of a livid olive-color varied with dark,
vivid-orange, transverse spots above, and minutely dotted with the
same beneath ; tentacula olive above, spotted with orange, lighter
below. Eyes on a niche at the exterior base of the tentacula.

Found in ponds and muddy streams, usually concealed under
shelving banks, or imbedded an inch or two among loose mud and
roots.

This is the only large species inhabiting the waters of New Eng-
land. It is less massive than P. ponderbsa^ its whorls more convex,
and its aperture less elongated. It is less globular when young than
P. sub-purpurea, and the spire in the adult more symmetrical. The
young are excluded in a living state with a shell of three complete
whorls. It is peculiar for the almost constant loss of its tip.

/
GENUS AMNICOLA, GOULD and HALD.

Shell ovate-conic, thin ; spire acute, composed of a few rounded
whorls ; aperture small, oblique, rounded-ovate ; lips continuous,
simple ; operculum horny, spiral, with a few volutions.

PERISTOMATA. MOLLUSCA. AMNICOLA. 229

Animal having an elongated foot, rounded posteriorly, with
each anterior angle produced laterally ; head half the breadth of
the foot, and protruding beyond it ; tentacula short, filiform, un-
equal ? the eyes seated at the side of the external base ; ovipa-
rous. Inhabits fresh water.

That this group of small shells should be separated from PALUDI'NA
and also from CYCLOSTOMA, in which genus they were included by
Cuvier, is clear from the structure of the operculum, but more espe-
cially from the structure and habits of the animal. Among the differ-
ences the following are the most obvious : In this genus, the head pre-
cedes the foot in progression ; in PALUDI NA it is the contrary ; in this
the tentacula are all the way of a size, and without any enlargement
for the reception of the eyes, instead of being tapering, with a niche
for the eyes ; they are also frequently, if not always, unequal in
length; perhaps this is a sexual difference. The animal has the
power of rising and swimming in an inverted posture at the surface of
the water, which the true Paludina never does. So far as observation
has yet gone, the Amnicola is oviparous, while the true Paludina is
ovo-viviparous. It is found crawling upon stones, sticks, and aquatic
plants, while Paludina remains upon the mud, and is usually observed
partly, or entirely, imbedded in it. On these grounds Mr. Haldeman
concurs with me in instituting the genus AMNI'COLA. Its position
seems to be intermediate between PALUDI NA and MELANIA.

Under this genus will come P. porata,lustrica, grana, and limosa
of Say ; Nicklinidna of Lea ; and Cincinnatiensis of Anthony, and
perhaps some of the sub-globular MELANIN.

The genus NEMATUEA of Benson includes shells very similar to
these, but they are said to have the last whorl contracted, as it ap-
proaches the aperture.

AMNI'COLA PORA'TA.

Shell small, sub-globose, thin, smooth ; whorls four, very con-
vex, suture deep; aperture nearly circular; inner lip barely
touching the preceding whorl; umbilicus large.

FIGURE 157.
State Coll., No. 64. Soc. Cab., No. 1361.

Paludina porata, SAT ; Journ. Acad.. Nat. Sc.t ii. 174.

230 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell minute, conic-globose, thin, translucent, smooth, or with
most delicate lines of growth ; varying from a bronze-green to a
light olive-green color, but usually invested with mud ; whorls
four or less, very convex, and flattened near the suture, so as to
present a conspicuous shoulder ; the last whorl rather more than
two thirds the length of the shell, and as broad as long ; suture
deeply impressed, almost channelled ; aperture nearly circular,
both lips being about equally curved, and uniting posteriorly at a
broad angle ; lips sharp, in some instances a little everted ; inner
lip, at maturity, barely touching the preceding whorl just before it
joins the outer lip, leaving a very large, deep umbilicus. Length
•fv inch, breadth T\ inch, divergence 68°.

Found in ditches and brooks, clinging to stones or submerged
plants, oftentimes in great numbers.

Jlnimal a light drab-color tinted pink, the head a little flesh-
colored above ; tentacula silvery, with a dark line running along
the outside from the eyes, which are at the external base ; foot
not reaching beyond the first whorl, broadly rounded behind, di-
lated into angles at each side in front ; head half the width of the
foot, and projecting beyond it, motions very slow. In delicate
and clean specimens, a dark mark parallel to the outer lip, and
another bisecting it, and belonging to the animal, appear through
the shell.

Under this species I include all the small shells, hitherto regarded
as PALUDI* NJE, which are collected in this region, ascribing the very
great differences they present in color and size to differences of lo-
cality and age. The shoulder of the whorls, the conspicuous umbil-
icus, and the rounded aperture, almost like VALVATA or CYCLOSTOMA,
are the most obvious characters. It is less solid, less elongated, the
aperture more circular, and the inner lip much less closely appressed
to the preceding whorl than P. limosa, Say. P. lustrica. Say, is de-
scribed as much smaller, much more elongated, and more cylindrical.
This I strongly suspect to be identical with Valvdta pupoidea in an
immature state. It approaches nearest to P. Cincinnatiensis, Anthony,
which is larger and more conical and elongated.

NERITACEA. MOLLUSCA. NATICA. 231

FAMILY NERITACEd, LAM.

Shell semi-globose or depressed-oval, the inner lip like a partial partition,
operculated ; residing in fresh and in salt water.

GENUS NATICA, BRUO.

Shell sub-globular, umbilicated ; aperture entire, semi-circular ;
inner lip oblique, with a callus which modifies the umbilicus, and
sometimes covers it ; operculated.

NATICA HERDS.

Shell sub-globose, ash-colored, whorls five, a dark, chestnut-
colored band revolving about the three upper ones ; umbilicus large
and simple.

FIGURE. 160.
State Coll., No. 57. Soc. Cab., No. 79.

Natica heros, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 248.

Shell globose-ovate, thick, ash-colored, or sometimes brownish,
shining when divested of its thin, yellowish epidermis ; distinct
lines of growth, and very minute revolving lines cover the surface ;
whorls five, very convex, slightly flattened near the top, so as to
present a slight angular appearance ; the three posterior whorls
have the lower half of a dark chestnut-color, and the other half
rather lighter than the rest of the shell ; suture well marked ;
aperture ovate ; the lip, sharp above, becomes thicker and smooth-
ly rounded, and as it rises by the side of the umbilicus it expands
to a considerable breadth ; a very thin layer of enamel is spread
over the portion of the whorl which completes the aperture ;
throat of a delicate, somewhat clouded chestnut-color, with a
margin sometimes bright-yellow ; umbilicus large, rounded, dis-
playing the whorls nearly to the summit, coarsely wrinkled, the
callus covering only a very small segment of it. Operculum
horny. Ordinary length 2J inches, breadth 2 inches.

It is found on sandy or muddy beaches along the whole coast ;
but much more seldom to the south than to the north of Cape
Cod.

232 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

This shell is distinguished from all others by its inflated, globular
appearance, and its simple, deep umbilicus. It very much resembles
an AMPULLA RIA, and is most probably the N. ampullaria of Lamarck.
It also grows to a larger size than any other known species. I have
one specimen the greatest length of which is 4 J inches, and greatest
breadth 3£ inches ; and I have seen one 5 inches by 3£ inches. The
shell is light for its size, and its whole structure and appearance are
very simple.

This, in common with other species of NA'TICA, is very voracious,
and plays a conspicuous part in devouring the dead fish and other
animals which are thrown up by the tide. Many of the shells thrown
upon the shore are found to be perforated with a small round hole.
This is done principally by the different species of NA'TICA. They
have the power of perforating shells, it is generally supposed, by dis-
charging an acid which decomposes the shell ; and through the aper-
ture they extract the juices, and destroy the lives of the otherwise
secure inhabitants. Their foot is very large, so as completely to en-
velope the objects on which they prey. In moving, they burrow in
the sand, so as to be almost entirely concealed by it, and their place
is generally indicated by a small heap of sand.

The singular nidus, in which the animal of NA'TICA deposits its eggs,
has been an object of much curiosity and speculation. It is a mass of
sand glued together into the shape of a broad bowl, open at the bottom,
and broken at one side. Its thickness is about that of an orange-peel,
easily bent without breaking when damp, and when held up to the
light will be found to be filled with little cells arranged in quincunx
order. Each of these cells contains a gelatinous egg, having a
yellow nucleus which is the embryo shell. It is found plentifully at
midsummer, on every sandy flat where ,any species of NA'TICA resorts.
It has passed under many names, and its true nature seems to have
been first suspected by Mr. Boys, who gave a description and plate of
it, in the " Linnsean Transactions," vol. v. 230, pi. 10. In the 14th
volume of the same work, Mr. Hogg fully demonstrated its character,
by hatching, from those found on the English coast, the young of
Ndtica gluucina.

To show what a puzzle it has been, I will add some of its names
found in books.

Flustra arenosa. ELLIS ; Zooph., and also his Corallines, pi. 25, f. e.

Flustre areneuse, LAMOUROUX ; Polyp, flex. Ill, No. 220.

Flustre ar^nacee, BLAINV. ; Diet, des Sc. JMrt., and Man, d'Actinol., 446.

NER1TACEA. MOLLUSCA. NATICA. 233

E'schara lutosa, PALLAS ; EL Zooph., 37, No. 5.

E'schara millepora arenosa A'nglica, RAY; Syn., 31.

Alcyuniiim iirrnosinn, GMELIN ; Syst. .Vat., iv. (£4. SHAW ; .\at. Miscell., t.272.

Discopora cribrum, LAM.; An. sans t'crt., ii. 250.

NATICA TRISERIATA.

Shell ovate-globose, whorls five, usually checkered with three
series of dark spots on the lower whorl, and one on the upper whorls ;
umbilicus small, nearly free.

FIGURE 165.
State Coll., No. 60. Soc. Cab., No. 1519.

Natica triseriata, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., v. 211.

Shell ovate, approaching to globular, of a yellowish-white or
ash-color ; whorls five, convex, lines of growth distinct, and
usually covered with a thin yellowish epidermis ; lower whorl has
three revolving series of twelve to fourteen bluish or dark
chestnut-colored, oblique spots, usually of a square or oblong
form, and sometimes crescent-shaped ; the upper one just below
the suture ; the middle one is divided by the junction of the lip,
and the third is half way between it and the umbilicus ; the upper
one is continued on all the whorls, but the next one disappears
soon ; the spaces between the spots often appear like whitish
bands, and the sutural region is of the same color ; spire con-
siderably elevated, sutural line delicate ; aperture ovate, lip sharp
and white within ; a thick white callus covers the inner margin,
very slightly modifying the umbilicus, where it has a fissure at the
posterior margin of the umbilicus ; a dense mass of callus, within
the aperture, at its upper angle, strengthens the lip ; throat
colored with dark-chestnut, or transmitting the exterior mark-
ings ; umbilicus rather small and simple, not much wrinkled
within ; operculum horny. Length T7T inch, breadth J inch.

Found along the whole coast to the north of Cape Cod, on
flats which are left by the tide at low water ; but it is as yet
doubtful whether it passes to the south of this limit.

This has been thought by some to be the young of the preceding
species. In general aspect there is a resemblance ; but the proper-
30

234 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

tionate length of this is greater, the thick, white callus indicates a
mature shell, and the dark portion of the upper whorls is at the
upper instead of at the lower portion of the whorl, as in N. heros, and
the umbilicus is proportionally smaller instead of larger, as is the case
in young shells. Besides, I have never seen a large shell in the lo-
calities where this species is abundant. The largest specimen I have
seen, which I could distinctly refer to this species, is less than an inch
in length. It is evidently analogous to N. canrtna of Europe.

It varies in marking greatly. Some specimens are of a pale yellow-
color, and destitute of marking ; on some, the spots blend so as to
present alternate bands of light and dark color ; again, some of the
series are blended, and some are not. The spots may be square,
oblong, or crescentic, and are usually oblique. The ivory-white callus
seems to be the most constant character.

NATICA IMMACULATA.

Shell small, sub-ovate, solid, bluish-white) spotless, glossy, um-
bilicus free .

FIGURE 168.

State Coll., No. 46. Soc. Cab., No. 951.

Natica immaculkta, TOTTEN ; Sillimari's Journ., xxviii. 351, f. 6.

Shell sub-ovate, extremities rather pointed, solid, milk-white,
and glossy when deprived of its thin, greenish-yellow epidermis ;
spotless, lines of growth faintly perceptible ; whorls about five,
the spire very short and pointed, and the suture not impressed ;
the lower whorl convex and rounded, prolonged at the base ;
aperture narrow oval, rather acutely curved at base ; outer lip
sharp, inner margin coated with ivory-white callus, not modifying
the umbilicus, but extending along the margin to its posterior limit ;
at the posterior angle of the aperture it is much thickened, and,
running along under the junction of the whorls, causes a white
spiral line to appear externally, just below the suture ; the region
before the umbilicus too, is very white ; umbilicus rounded and
deep ; operculum horny. Length J| inch, breadth T\ inch.

First found by Colonel Totten in Newport harbour, and after-
wards in Provincetown harbour. It is found plentifully in the
stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay.

I know of no species resembling this, except it be N. A'nglica, of

NERITACEA. MOLLUSCA. NATICA. 235

which some specimens are said to be immaculate. But that shell has
a more elongated spire, a broader aperture and base, and its greatest
breadth is rather below instead of rather above the middle, as in this
species. It is the smallest species with which I am acquainted, though
I have seen one specimen f of an inch in length ; and, for so small a
shell, it is remarkable for its solidity.

NATICA CANALICULA'TA.

Shell ovate, smooth, covered with a dusky yellow-colored epider-
mis ; whorls four ; spire channelled at the suture ; umbilicus a mere
line.

FIGURE 161.

State Coll., No. 43.

Natica canaliculata, GOULD ; Silliman's Journ., xxxviii. 197.

Shell ovate, rather ponderous, dingy-white, nearly smooth,
and somewhat glossy, covered with a dark gamboge-colored epi-
dermis ; whorls four, the upper portion of each turning before it
joins the preceding whorl, so as to form a broad, shallow canal at
the suture, and giving the spire a turreted appearance ; aperture
about two thirds the length of the shell, nearly semicircular ; lip
sharp, a little spreading in front, the inner margin nearly a straight
line, and overspread with a thick callus ; interior white ; umbilical
opening a mere slit, one side of which is formed by the callus,
sometimes altogether concealed ; operculum horny, sub-spiral.
Length ly1^ inch, breadth T77 inch.

Taken from fishes caught on the Banks, and one fine specimen
from a fish caught in Massachusetts Bay. I have a specimen also
from the coast of Norway.

The aspect of this shell is such, that I was first led to refer it,
doubtfully, to the genus PALUDI'NA. It very greatly resembles Paludi-
na ponderosa. Say. All doubt, however, on that point, has been since
happily removed through the kindness of Colonel Totten, who furnished
me with several specimens containing the sub-spiral operculum.

The remark of Deshayes, that NA'TICA is without an epidermis, will
not hold good in regard to this species, nor, indeed, to any of
the species found on our coast. He, however, was aware of the small
value of this characteristic, and alludes to a species then under his
eye, which I take to be N. heros, having the shape and epidermis of

236 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

AMPULLA* RIA, but the operculum of NA'TICA. A specimen sent to me
by Dr. Loven was regarded by him as new, and he had applied to it
the name of N. exulans.

NATICA DUPLICA'TA.

Shell conical-ovate, usually with a dark band above the suture
on the upper whorls ; umbilicus deeply grooved, and partially or
entirely covered with a chestnut-colored callus.

FIGURES 163, 164.
State Coll., No. 58. Society's Coll., No. 78.

Natica duplicata, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 247.

Shell solid, ovate, the upper portion of the whorls compressed
so as to give it a pyramidal outline ; surface marked with very
faint revolving lines, and more conspicuous lines of growth ; color
light chestnut-brown above a line marking its greatest circumfer-
ence, whitish or ash-colored below it ; usually having a dark-brown
band on the lower portion of the posterior whorls, and the upper
portion whitish ; whorls five or more, spire rather prominent ;
aperture ovate, very oblique ; outer lip very thin and sharp, join-
ing the whorl behind by a very small angle, but this angle is so
filled up within with callus, that the real aperture is rounded, and
at a considerable distance from the junction of the lip ; throat
chestnut-brown, or livid, lower portion white, generally of a
pearly lustre ; umbilicus irregular, having a deep groove revolving
within it, and covered wholly or partly with a very thick, chestnut-
brown callus ; operculum horny. Length 2 inches, breadth rather
more.

Inhabits the same localities as N. heros ; is less common in the
vicinity of Boston, but common at Nantucket.

This species is subject to considerable variation in shape, some in-
dividuals having the spire much more elevated than others. It is
easily distinguished by its conical figure, and by the great amount of
callus, which renders it a remarkably heavy shell. Specimens along
the Southern coast are generally less elevated, more smooth and brown
than those found in Massachusetts. I have a specimen from the Grecian
island, Syra, which corresponds with these, except that the colors are

NERITACEA. MOLLUSCA. NATICA. 237

brighter, and the shell more smooth, as might be expected if modified
by a milder climate. A figure in Lister, (pi. 562, f. 3,) represents this
shell.

Ndtica fd/jtca, of Lamarck, is a much more elevated shell, though
his description might be applied to our shell in every particular.

Its ordinary length is half an inch less than is given above.

NATICA pusiLLA.

Shell small, sub-oval, ash-colored ; umbilicus imperfect ; oper-
culum horny.

FIGURE 166.
State Coll., No. 42.

Natica pusilla, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.} ii. 257.

Shell sub-oval, bluish-white, with a light, ash-colored epider-
mis ; surface glossy, smooth, or with merely microscopic revolv-
ing lines, and lines of growth ; whorls four, regularly convex ;
spire moderately elevated, blunt ; suture fine and deep, the edge
of the whorl rising a little by the side of it ; sometimes one or
two faint, brownish- bands may be seen on the lower wborl ;
aperture ovate, more than half the length of the shell ; outer lip
thin and sharp ; inner margin thick, the callus white, abundant,
and pressed into the umbilicus so as to leave only a narrow, curved
chink by the side of the lip ; throat white ; operculum horny.
Length | inch, breadth } inch.

Taken from fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay, in company
with N. clausa, and N. immaculata.

Most of the specimens have about half the dimensions above given.

I was not a little gratified in looking over a parcel of the N. clausa,
to find several specimens differing from them in having a horny in-
stead of a bony operculum, a partial umbilicus, and no flattening of
the top of the whorls. In color, size, and general aspect, they were the
same. On finding that this shell corresponds to Mr. Say's N. pusiUa,
I was still more gratified, inasmuch as it is represented in the Cabinet
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, by a species of
MARGARITA (Turbo infldtus^ Totten), and I had despaired of finding
any representative elsewhere. Mr. Say remarks, that it is generally
mistaken for the young of N. duplicata. But the evidences of ma-

238 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

turity in its callus, the umbilicus, and the color of the throat, suf-
ficiently distinguish it from both N. duplicdta and N. heros.

NATICA CLAUSA.

Shell sub-globose, more or less tinged with brown ; umbilicus
closed ; operculum calcareous.

FIGURE 167.

State Coll., No. 45. Society's Coll., No. 952.

Natica clausa, BROD. and SOWERBY ; Zool. Journ., iv. 360. GRAY; Zool. of

Beechey's Voy., 136, pi. 37, f. 6, and pi. 34, f. 3.

Natica consolidate, COUTHOUY ; Post. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 89, pi. 3, f. 14.
Natica borealis, BECK ; (not Gray) teste Loven.

Shell small, sub- globular, surface of a dim lustre, marked by
striae of growth only ; color from a livid-white, to dark reddish-
brown, those of the latter tint exhibiting conspicuously a zone of
the former color at the base ; epidermis thin, bony, brownish
horn-color ; whorls four or five, tumid, but a portion near the ,
sutures is slightly depressed ; spire slightly elevated, obtuse ;
suture well defined ; aperture oval, unusually wide behind ; outer
lip sharp, thickened and rounded as it ascends to the umbilicus,
which is completely consolidated by an ivory-white, shining
callus ; on the whorl the callus is thin, but a free deposit of it
within the angle firmly supports the junction of the lip to the
whorl, a zone of which calcareous deposit also surrounds the
umbilical region ; throat white ; operculum calcareous, bluish-
white. Length || inch, breadth ^J inch.

Taken alive from the stomachs of fishes, plentifully.

This species is readily distinguished from all others of our coast by
its bony operculum, and by its small umbilicus, into which just enough
of white callus seems to have been crowded to fill it accurately.

Mr. Sowerby, on actual comparison, declares this to be his N.
clausa ; and, as his description was published several years prior to
that given by Mr. Couthouy, his name must take precedence. Mr.
Sowerby states it to be nearly an inch in diameter ; whereas the dimen-
sions above given exceed those of the specimens usually found with
us. But, as it is evidently an Arctic shell, Mr. Sowerby 's specimens
having been brought from Melville's Island, and I have seen one from
the Banks quite as large as those he mentions, I insert also the name
given to it by Beck, on the authority of Dr. Loven.

NERITACEA. MOLLUSCA. NATICA. 239

NATICA FLAVA.

Shell thin, sub-globose ; aperture large ; inner margin sinuous ;
umbilicus none.

FIGURE 162.

State Coll., No. 44.

Natica flava, GOULD ; Silliman's Journ., xxxviii. 196.

Shell of an inflated, globular form, light and thin, white, with
a bright straw-colored or golden epidermis ; surface very minutely
checkered with very faint, revolving lines, and lines of growth ;
spire very little elevated, composed of four rounded whorls, a
little compressed behind, near the suture, which is faintly im-
pressed ; aperture occupying one half the front aspect of the shell,
broad oval, modified by a curve which looks as though it might be
caused by a contraction and obliteration of the umbilicus ; outer
margin very sharp ; umbilical region about the middle of the left
margin much retreating, and deeply indented in most specimens,
though evidently never open ; a thin callus, commencing at the
upper angle, expands and thickens over this region, then, narrow-
ing, form's a thick, rounded, ivory, vertical margin to the front of
the shell. Length about 1 inch, breadth a little less.

From the collection of Colonel Totten, who obtained it from
the Bank fishing grounds.

The aspect of this shell immediately suggests the Helix aperta,
Born, (H. naticoides, Drap.,) to which it bears a very striking resem-
blance in shape. If the existence of an umbilicus is an essential
characteristic of the genus, and so it is laid down by Lamarck, this
shell cannot come under it. There is no approach to an umbilicus,
even in the youngest specimens, the space intended to be occupied by
one having been apparently thrown into the aperture. There is one
other described species conforming to the same type, the N. Jluctudta,
Sowerby (Tankerville CataL, p. 12), and figured by Dr. Jay in his
" Catalogue, 1836," under the provisional name of N. imperforata.
Their form is so peculiar that Mr. Sowerby has recently grouped them
with several others in a new genus, which he calls GLOBULUS. Swain-
son employs the word GLOBULARIA as having a better termination.

240 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Of the five specimens I have examined, three were mature, and two
young. In the oldest, the width of the shell is proportionally greater,
and there is a tendency to angularity at about the upper fourth of the
last whorl.

GENUS JANTHINA, LAM.

Shell sub-globose, thin, fragile, spire short ; aperture angular
at the anterior junction of the inner and outer lips ; pillar twisted ;
lip thin, with a sinus at the middle.

JANTHINA FRAGILIS.

Shell thin, brittle, conical, ventricose, violaceous beneath, whiter
on the spire.

State Coll., No. 292. Soc. Cab., No. 942.

Helix janthina, LIN.; GMELIN ; Syst., 3645, No. 103. LISTER; ConcA., t. 572,
f. 24. RUMPHIUS; Mus., t. 20, f. 2. GUALT. ; Test., t. 64, f. O. SLOANE ;
Jamaica, t. 1, f. 4. BROWN; Jamaica, t. 39, f. 2. D'ARGENV. ; Conch., pi. 6,
f. 5. CHEMN. ; Conch., v. t. 166, f. 1577, 1578. WOOD ; Index, pi. 34, t. 116.

Janthina fragilis, BRUG. ; Encyc. Mtth, pi. 456, f. 1. Ann. du Mus., xi. 123
(animal). BLAINV. ; MalacoL, pi. 37 bis., f. 1 a. SOWERBY ; Conch. Man.,
f. 333.

Janthina communis, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., (1st. ed.) vi. 206.

Shell globose-conic, thin, brittle, transparent ; whorls three or
four, forming a short spire, the last one very large, and angular at
the middle ; beneath the angle the color is deep violet, lighter
about the axis, and above it the color is merely tinted with violet,
a little darker at the suture ; surface shining, wrinkled by the lines
of growth, and with short, oblique wrinkles above the angle of
the last whorl, and marked with revolving lines beneath that angle ;
aperture large, semi-oval, outer lip very thin, retiring as it passes
the angle of the whorl, so as to produce a shallow recess ; inner
lip cylindrical, straight, corresponding with the axis of the shell.
Length T\ inch, breadth 1 inch.

The Janthina floats, by means of a mass of vesicles, at the
surface, throughout the wide ocean, and is not unfrequently driven
upon the ocean shores by storms. After a severe gale, in the

MACROSTOMATA. MOLLUSCA. VELUTINA. 241

autumn of 1839, great numbers of them were collected on the
shores of Nantucket, some specimens of which were furnished
me by T. A. Greene, Esq., of New Bedford.

FAMILY MACROSTOMATA, LAM.

Shell ear-shaped, the aperture much dilated, margins disunited posteriorly ;
operculum none.

GENUS VELUTiNA, BLAINV.

Shell small, thin, sub-globose, composed of two rapidly enlarg-
ing volutions ; aperture large, sub-ovate, Up thin, not joined
behind ; usually covered with a velvety or powdery epidermis.

VELUTINA L^EVIGA'TA.

Shell obliquely ovate, very fragile, consisting principally of the
Jast of three whorls; epidermis brown, rising into regular, equidis-
tant, spiral folds.

FIGURE 159.
State Coll., No. 125. Soc. Cab., No. 2408.

Helix Icevigata, LIN. and English authors. DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, t. 105. Mow-

TAGU : Test. Brit., 382.

Helix haliotoidea, FABR. (non Lin.) ; Fauna GramL, No. 387.
Bulla velutina, MULLER ; Zool. Dan., iii. t. 101, f. 1 to 4.
Velutina capuloidea, BLAINV. ; Malacol., pi. xlii. f. 4.

Velutina rupicola, CONRAD ; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc., vi. 266, pi. xi. f. 17, 18.
Galericulum laevigatum, BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., fyc., pi. 38, f. 35, 38.

Shell obliquely ovate or ear-shaped, very thin and fragile,
transparent, flesh-colored, or reddish-white ; whorls three, the
last extremely large and distended, the others very small, turned
to one side, and partly sunken within the last ; suture distinct ;
surface faintly marked with the lines of growth, and covered with
a thick, brownish epidermis, which is raised at close and regular
intervals into fringe-like ridges revolving round the shell ; aperture
ample, rounded-oval ; lip extremely thin, but thickening a little as
it rises upon the body of the shell ; the two lips uniting behind by
a plate of enamel crossing the body of the shell, which, in mature
31

242 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

shells, renders the aperture nearly circular ; interior smooth and
shining. Diameter about T4F inch, length a little more.

Found among the sea-weed on the sea-beach, and in the stomachs
of fishes. Mr. Conrad states, on the authority of Dr. Pickering,
that it dwells on rocks, with habits like the PATE'LLA. But the
fact of so fragile a shell being usually found entire in the stomachs
of fishes, rather forbids this idea. It could not be detached by
them without being fractured.

This shell, as hitherto found, is extremely fragile, seeming to con-
sist almost entirely of epidermis, with a small deposition of calcareous
matter within. The ordinary English specimens are said to be of about
the size of a pea, or perhaps twice as large ; but it sometimes becomes
three fourths of an inch in diameter. I sent our ordinary specimens to
Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who sent larger ones in return, assuring me of
their identity. These differ from the shell as we find it, in being more
solid, the epidermis more wrinkled lengthwise, the surface shining
where this is removed, and the lowest whorl is disunited from the pre-
ceding one at the aperture. These changes may all be attributed to
age. We may anticipate finding specimens of equal size here, since
we have already found them four times as large as the one described
by Mr. Conrad, who allows the very close affinity of his minute one
to the IcEvigata of Europe.

The quoting of Bulla velutlna by Lamarck as a synonym to his
Sigaretus haliotoideus is plainly erroneous. The Helix haliotoidea
of Fabricius, which is the Bulla velutina of Miiller, is not the H. hal-
iotoidea of Linnaeus and others ; and hence the probable misquotation.

The figure in Pennant's " British Zoology " is poor ; that of Blain-
ville represents the common appearance when arrived at that size, the
transverse wrinkles becoming more conspicuous than the revolving
ones, which evidently become obsolete with age. The white zone
which he represents, however, I have never seen. Brown's figure is
very good for a shell of the size, and Conrad's is sufficiently character-
istic for specimens as we usually find them.

VELUTINA ZONA'TA.

Shell oval-orbicular , compressed, pellucid, covered with a
striped, calcareous incrustation ; inner lip flattened and channelkd.

FIGURE 160.

MACROSTOMATA. MOLLUSCA. VELUTINA. 243

State Coll., No. 126. Soc. Cab., No. 2409.

Shell thin, opake, white, and in some places pellucid, minutely
striated both ways ; whorls less than three, the first two minute,
and not seen when the shell is viewed in front ; the last, widening
with great rapidity, becomes large, though it is not tumid, but
appears rather depressed as it lies upon the aperture ; the surface
is covered with a chalky incrustation, deposited by the animal,
apparently instead of an epidermis ; it is white, or flesh-colored,
and generally with numerous zones of brown, of various widths ;
when this is removed, the shell is left pellucid ; aperture ovate,
ample, nearly the whole length of the shell, more than double the
size of the body of the shell ; outer lip sharp and spreading ;
inner lip sharp-edged, but margined by a flattened, crescent-
shaped, white, channelled space ; the sharp edge is lost as it re-
volves within the shell, and a thin plate of enamel covers the
space between it and the junction of the outer lip. Length ¥\
inch, breadth ±% inch.

Specimens have 'been found on Chelsea Beach, but are most
easily obtained from fishes.

It is readily distinguished from the preceding by its more solid struc-
ture, its flattened form, its expanded aperture, the flattening of the
left lip, and the peculiarity of the surface. Mr. Sowerby sent a speci-
men from a raised beach on the Frith of Clyde, labelled " Galericulum
undatum. Brown," which is partly fossilized, but bears a very close re-
semblance to our shell. The most marked differences in the shell I
received are, the greater breadth and excavation of the flattened lip,
and a more irregular exterior, which, from the name it bears, I sup-
pose to be constant. It may also be the shell figured in Brown's
" Conchology of Great Britain," as Galericulum ovatum, but nowhere
described. The peculiar coating of the shell adheres very closely,
and might not be detected except by accident. Perhaps it does not
always exist ; but in the striped specimens it will always be found. I
should think that specimens entirely white, or flesh-colored, are as
often found as the zoned ones. In one fish, caught off Cape Ann, I
found about a dozen very large and beautiful specimens.

244 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS SIGAR^TUS, LAM.

Shell ear-shaped, aperture ample, spire small and depressed,
pillar spiral.

SIGARE'TUS HALIOTOIDEUS.

Shell obliquely ovate, pellucid, white, compressed ; aperture very
large ; spire minute and lateral.

FIGURE 158.
State Coll., No. 54. Soc, Cab., No. 964.

Helix haliotoidea, LIN. ; Syst. Nat., 1250. MARTINI; Conch., i. t. 16, f. 151.

Bulk haliotoidea, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 211, pi. 7, f. 6, and vign. 2, f. 6. MA-
TON and RACKETT; Lin. Trans., viii. 123. BROWN; Encyc. Brit., vi. 462.
WOOD ; Index, pi. 18, f. 61.

Sigaretus haliotoideus, LAM.; An. sans Vert., (1st ed.) vi. 208. FLEMING; Edin.
Encyc., vii. 66. Brit. Anirn., 360. BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., fyc., pi. 44,
f. 1,2.

Oxy'noe glabra, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 90, pi. 3, f. 16.

Shell small, obliquely ovate, thin, pellucid, white, smooth and
shining ; lines of growth very faint ; whorls two, the first, situated
towards one side, is a mere nucleus for the last, which otherwise
constitutes the whole shell ; aperture nearly the whole area of the
shell ; outer lip sharp, entire, and somewhat expanded ; inner
lip sharp, with the edge a little turned, regularly curved in con-
formity to the left outline of the shell, and, entering the cavity of
the spire, is seen to terminate there ; in the other direction, the
curvature suddenly ceases, and, forming a slight angle, goes on-
ward to join the outer lip ; a thin plate of enamel connects the
two lips above. Length J inch, breadth f inch.

Several specimens of this shell have been found, all of them
in the stomachs of fishes. They are about equal in size, but vary
somewhat in shape and convexity. The shell is precisely the
same as the European one bearing the above name.

As it is not certain that its entire animal has yet been seen, its genus
remains undetermined. Mr. Couthouy rejects the genus SIGARE'TUS,
because, from what he saw of the animal, he judged the shell to be
external, and adopted the genus OXY'NOE of Rafinesque, with which

PLICACEA. MOLLUSCA. TORNATELLA. 245

no one has any acquaintance except its author, and no characters
are given of its shell except that it is exterior and bul la-form. It seems
better, therefore, to leave it whexe the conformation of the shell would
place it, and where others have arranged it, until its animal is fully
known, and its place determined. It will most probably be found to
belong to the genus CORIOCELLA.

FAMILY PLIccEJl, LAM.

•Aperture not spreading ; pillar plaited.

GENUS TORNATELLA, LAM.

Shell oval, spirally grooved, whorls few ; aperture long, narrow,
rounded before ; outer lip thin, inner lip spirally twisted to form a
fold.

TORNATE'LLA PUNCTO-STRIA'TA.

Shell minute, white, sub-oval ; whorls four or five, the lowest one
large, the lower half marked with revolving, punctured lines ;
suture deep ; fold of columella distinct.

FIGURE 188.
State Coll., No. 31. Soc. Cab., No. 2367.

Tornatella puncto-striala, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. His/., iii. 323, pi. 3, f. 9.

Shell minute, white, elongated-oval, inclining to ovate ; whorls
four, perhaps five, the lowest one at least three fourths the length
of the shell, distended, the portion above the aperture plain and
smooth, the remainder marked with ten to fifteen deep, rather
distant revolving lines, which are indented with minute punctures ;
the other whorls form a short, rapidly diminishing spire, and each
of them is flattened so as to form a shoulder at the suture, which
is deep and somewhat channelled. Aperture narrow, two thirds
the length of the lower whorl, widening downwards ; outer lip
sharp and simple, regularly curved, not very broadly rounded at
base ; pillar thickened, exhibiting a prominent fold ; umbilical
region depressed, and in immature specimens it is open. Length
•^ inch, breadth ^ inch, divergence 60°.

Found by Professor Adams in mud dredged up from New Bed-
ford harbour.

246 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

This is the smallest species hitherto described, but it bears every
mark of maturity. It has a general resemblance to the T. torndt.ilis
of Europe, but the spire is shorter and less acutely pointed. The
punctured revolving lines, which cover the anterior half of the lower
whorl, are constant and decisive marks of distinction, in addition to its
minute size.

FAMILY SC ALAR I ANA, LAM.

Shell without plaits on the pillar ; margins of the aperture circularly
united.

GENUS VERM^TUS, ADANSON.

Shell tubular, spiral at the apex, irregularly and loosely twisted
towards the aperture ; operculum horny.

VERME'TUS LUMBRICA'LIS.

Shell conic-tubular ; usually many tubes are intertwined into a
group ; unequal strict run the whole length of the tube.

State Coll., No. 56. Soc. Cab., No. 922.

Serpula lumbricalis, LIN.; Syst. JVa*., 1266. LISTER; Conch., t. 548, f. 1.

MARTINI; Conch., i. 48, t. 2, f. 12 B. DILLWYN; Catal., ii. 1078. KNORR;

Vergn., ii. t. 13, f. 1.

Vermicularia lumbricalis, LAM. ; Syst. des An. sans Vert., 97.
Yermetus lumbricalis, LAM. ; An. sans Vert. SOWERBY ; Conch. Man., f. 345.

Shell consisting of a long, rough, ash-colored, conical tube,
marked with numerous, unequal, raised lines along its whole
length. At the pointed end is a spire of eight or ten closely
connected whorls, upon each of which are two sharp, elevated
ridges. This portion usually lies in a horizontal direction, and is
attached by one side to some foreign body. The coil then be-
comes ascending and lax until it can barely be called tortuous.
The aperture is circular, with a sharp, simple edge, and is closed
by a horny operculum, having a central nucleus, and concentric
elements.

The length of the closely spiral portion is from half an inch to
an inch ; it is then continued indefinitely. Some of my specimens
must be eight or ten inches in length. Diameter of aperture

SCALARIANA. MOLLUSCA. SKENEA. 247

about one fourth of an inch. It is very seldom that one specimen
is found by itself; numbers are usually grouped and intertwined
with each other.

A very fine group was hooked up by a friend in New Bedford
harbour, containing not less than fifty individuals, inseparably in-
tertwined. The living animals then occupied them. Professor
Adams has also found small ones in the same region. Several
specimens of Cumingia tellinoides were entangled within the folds,
and in one of the tubes was a Crepidula plana. In the case of
this shell we have the paradox of the apex or commencement of
the shell being situated beneath the base.

GENUS SKENEA, FLEMING.

Shell minute, discoidal ; whorls few, and destitute of spines ;
aperture dilated ; operculum horny.

SKE'NEA SERPULOIDES.

Shell minute, discoidal, concavely umbilicated beneath, horn-
colored, whorls three, mouth expanded.

FIGURE 189.
State Coll., No. 55. Soc. Cab., No. 2411.

Helix serpuloides, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., SuppL, 147, pi. 21, f. 3. DILLWTN ;

Catal.,ii. 884.

Turbo serpuloides, TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 228. WOOD ; Index, pi. 32, f. 165.
Delphinula ? serpuloides, ADAMS ; BosL Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 334.
Delphinoidea serpuloidea, BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., 8fc., pi. 51, f. 40, 41.
Skenea serpuloides, FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 313.

Shell minute, flat, slightly convex above, and broadly concave
below, forming a deep umbilicus, which displays all the whorls
within ; whorls three, smooth, a little depressed, light horn-color ;
apex scarcely elevated ; suture channelled ; aperture turning
downwards, circular, somewhat trumpet-shaped, in contact with,
but not embracing any part of, the preceding whorl ; lip sharp,
and receding so as to form an acute gap as it joins the preceding
whorl ; operculum horny, multi-spiral, the apex central. Breadth
•y-g inch, height -^ inch.

Clings to stones lying about low-water mark. I have found it

248 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

occasionally, but Professor Adams has found it in great numbers
along the southwestern shore of East Boston.

It is clearly described, and accurately figured by Montagu, but its
generic place is very doubtful. It is allied to DELPHI'NULA, and
Brown, in his " Conchology of Great Britain," &c., figures several co-
species, and embraces them in a genus which he calls DELPHINOIDEA.
The genus SK£NEA, of Fleming, is adopted in preference, because its
characteristics have been described.

GENUS SCALARIA, LIN.

Shell turreted, spire long, composed of rounded, sometimes sep-
arated whorls, crossed by elevated ribs ; aperture oval ; lip con-
tinuous, reflected.

SCALA'RIA NOV-A'NGLI-E.

Shell white, whorls convex, and barely in contact ; ribs numerous,
slender, unequal, and with numerous, Jine, revolving lines, in
the intervening spaces ; umbilicated.

State Coll., No. 43. Soc. Cab., No. 2410.

Scalaria Nov-Xnglice, COCTHOUV ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 96, pi. 3, f. 5.

Shell turreted, elongated, thin, of a glossy white-color, with
here and there an irregular rusty blotch ; whorls ten, cylindrical,
barely touching each other, crossed by eleven somewhat oblique,
delicate bars, of a pure white-color, three or four of which, on
the lower whorls, are more robust than the rest ; the bars do not
cross the sutures, and each has a little spine at its posterior termi-
nation. The space between the ribs is thickly marked with very
fine revolving lines, which are also crossed by still finer ones ;
aperture nearly circular, bordered by a robust rib, with a spine
like the others, flattened so as to form a blunt angle at its anterior
portion, and partially concealing a small umbilicus. Length T7^
inch, greatest breadth J inch.

Only one specimen has as yet been found, and this was taken
from the stomach of a fish caught, off Cape Ann, by Mr.
Couthouy.

SCALARIANA. MOLLUSCA. SCALARIA. 249

It very much resembles S. multistriitta, Say, but that shell is de-
scribed as imperforate, whereas this has a small umbilical opening ;
and no mention is made of the ribs being crowned by a spine. In
general form it is also like S. clathrus, but that is imperforate, and is
smooth between the ribs. To the S. mucrontita, Risso, it is also closely
allied.

SCALA'RIA GR(ENLA'NDICA.

Shell elongated, regularly tapering to a point, of a livid color ;
whorls ten, in close contact, moderately convex, and traversed by
flattened, white ribs, the intervening spaces with distant, coarse,
revolving lines ; no umbilicus.

FIGURE 160.
State Coll., No. 49. Soc. Cab., No. 1634.

Turbo clathruB Grcenlandicus, CHEMN. ; ConcA., si. t. 1878, 1879.

Scalaria planicosta, KIENER; Iconog., (Scalaria,) pi. vii. f. 21.

Scalaria subulata, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 93, pi. 3, f. 4.

Shell turreted, • long, and regularly tapering to a fine point, of
a dead bluish-white or livid-brown color ; whorls ten, rather
flattened, barred with eight to fifteen stout, flattened, oblique,
white ribs, some of which are apparently double ; ribs not termi-
nating abruptly, but bending, and flowing along the sutural space to
the preceding ones ; the intervening space is marked by six or
eight coarse, rounded, equidistant ridges and revolving lines ; a
single one, nearly as elevated as the ribs, revolves from the upper
angle of the aperture ; aperture nearly round, bordered by a rib ;
left lip a little expanded, and projecting into a perceptible angle in
front. Length 1 inch, greatest breadth ^ inch, divergence 34°.
Found thrown upon Nahant Beach, and taken from fishes
caught in Massachusetts Bay, and at the Grand Banks, abundant-
ly. Mr. Couthouy found one alive at Phillips's Beach, the animal
of which he describes nearly as follows :

Animal yellowish-gray, thickly and irregularly marked with
dull-whitish spots, most conspicuous on the sides of the neck ;
foot short, thick, and nearly quadrangular ; head elongated, round-
ed superiorly, not separated from the neck by any distinct line ;
tentacula two, about an eighth of an inch long ; eyes small, black
32

250 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

and shining, at the outer base of the tentacula ; mouth rather large,
rounded, corrugated ; operculum horny, strong, opake, of few
turns. It was sluggish in its movements, and fed eagerly upon
fresh beef, especially if somewhat macerated.

Two imperfect shells in my possession, which I had supposed to be
S. Turtonis, I am now satisfied belong to this species. They are three
or four times as large as the shells observed by Mr. Couthouy, and
ordinarily found. But by comparison with specimens of S. Turtonis
sent me by Mr. Sowerby, I find the color different, and the brown
bands entirely wanting in our shell. In S. Turtonis the whorls are
more numerous, and more convex ; the ribs are more delicate, and the
intervening revolving lines are more numerous and far more delicate.
Moreover, Mr. Sowerby, in indicating it to be the Turbo clathrus Gr&n-
Idndicus of Chemnitz, and hence called Scalaria Grcenldndica, ob-
serves, that it sometimes attains the length of two inches and a half.
On account of the flatness of the whorls, and the suture being partially
filled by the ribs, this shell has the outline of a TE'REBRA.

SCALA'RIA LINEA'TA.

Shell conical, white, with eight whorls, traversed by sixteen to
eighteen -delicate ribs, and the lower one by a revolving, raised line
and one or more brownish bands ; aperture oval ; lip strong ;
umbilicus none.

State Coll., No. 50. Soc. Cab. No. 3200.

Scalaria lineata, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii., 242. Amtr. Conch., pi. 27.

Shell elongated-conical, pointed, white or tinged with brown-
ish ; whorls eight, rounded, not disjoined, but defined by a well-
impressed suture ; about sixteen to eighteen very delicate and
slightly raised longitudinal ribs, not crossing the suture, traverse
each one ; intervening spaces smooth ; a raised line or rather
step, originating from the junction of the lips, revolves on the
lower whorl, and defines the upper edge of a reddish-brown re-
volving band ; another fainter band is usually seen just below the
suture. Aperture sub-oval, bordered by a strong, rounded lip,

SCALARIANA. MOLLUSCA. 8CALARIA. 251

which is a little expanded at the anterior angle. Umbilicus none.
Length about ^ inch, breadth | inch, divergence 36°.

Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, at New Bedford and vicinity.

It differs from S. Nov-A'nglia in its more robust and firm struct-
ure, its more numerous ribs, raised shoulder, and bands on the lower
whorl, its absence of umbilicus and revolving lines, &c. It belongs to
the South, and is not uncommon there. Mr. Say speaks of it as sub-
ject to considerable variety in the size of the ribs, the breadth of the
colored bands, &c.

SCALA'RIA MULTISTRIA'TA.

Shell white ; spire acute • whorls eight ; ribs numerous , the spa-
ces between them marked with fine revolving lines ; umbilicus none.

State Coll., No. 51. Soc. Cab., No. 928.

Scalkria multistrikta, SAY ; Amur. Conch., pi. 27.

Shell rather small, solid, white, acutely conic ; whorls eight,
very convex, in firm contact, but well defined by the suture ; ribs
numerous, varying in number from fourteen to twenty, equidistant,
and moderately elevated, simple, erect, rounded at edges ; spa-
ces between them marked with numerous fine revolving lines.
Aperture rounded-ovate, more than one fourth the length of the
shell, margined by a rib ; pillar lip thick and rounded ; umbilical
opening none. Length ^ inch, breadth -f^ inch, divergence 30°.

Two small specirhens, which I think must be regarded as of
this species, were found by Mr. Shiverick, outside of Dartmouth
harbour.

They vary in some respects from the description of Mr. Say. The
number of whorls is only seven, and of ribs thirteen. But ours are
small specimens, less than one fourth of an inch in length ; and Mr.
Say gives only sixteen ribs in his description, whereas, an undoubted
specimen before me, has as many as twenty. The specific character
seems to consist in the revolving lines between the ribs, and the desti-
tution of an umbilicus. In this last respect it differs from S. Nov-
A'nglicBy while it corresponds with that shell in the first character, and
in its general outline. Other, and probably larger, specimens will be

252 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

found, and all doubts may thereby be removed. Should it prove a
distinct species, Professor Adams has proposed for it the name of S.
pulchella.

FAMILY TURBINACEA, LAM.

Shell turreted or conoid; aperture rounded or oblong, not spreading; lips
disunited posteriorly.

GENUS MARGARiTA, LEACH.

Shell conical, moderately [elevated ; whorls few, sub-inflated ;
aperture rounded, imperfect posteriorly ; Up sharp ; umbilicus deep ;
operculum multi-spiral ; the nucleus central.

MARGARI'TA CINE'REA.

/ »

Shell low-conical, thin, ash-colored, umbilicated, with four to six
elevated and numerous smaller revolving ridges, and regular, erod-
ed, elevated lines of growth.

State Coll.. No. 128. Soc. Cab., No. 2278.

Turbo cinereus, COUTHOUV ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 99, pi. 3, f. 9.
Trochus costalis, LOVE^N ; in letters.

Shell small, thin, of a low conical or pyramidal shape ; color a
dull ashy-white, sometimes tinted with green ; whorls five to
seven, convex, and rendered angular by prominent, irregularly dis-
posed revolving ridges, of which from four to six are more ele-
vated, with less conspicuous intervening ones ; and the lowest of
these elevated ridges forms a limit, at which the whorl slopes ab-
ruptly, and presents a broad, slightly convex base, marked with
fine, equal, and equidistant revolving lines ; the whole surface is
also covered with crowded, very fine, and distinctly prominent
lines of growth ; the umbilicus is broad and deep, and bounded by
the last revolving line, which forms an angle terminating at
the most anterior point of the otherwise circular aperture,
and here causes an angular prolongation; outer lip regularly
curved, sharp, finely scolloped ; it rises on the left margin, and
terminates just behind the umbilicus, slightly expanding and par-

TURBINA'CEA. MOLLUSCA. MARGARITA. 253

tially covering it ; a very thin stratum of enamel sometimes extends
across the body of the shell ; throat within, with lines correspond-
ing to the external marking ; operculum circular, multi-spiral.
Height | inch, base a little less.

Found in a very fresh and beautiful condition, but rather rare as
yet, in the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay.

It is distinguished by the beautiful, sharp lines of growth, which are
not interrupted by the spiral ridges, and by these ridges covering all
the base ; also, by the slight projecting angle of the aperture. It is very
closely allied to M. striata, Broderip and Sowerby, " Zool. Journ.," iv.
371, and figured in Sowerby's " Conch. Illust.," (Margarita) fig. 3. By
the kindness of Mr. Sowerby, however, I have been enabled to com-
pare the two. In M. striata the whorls are not angulated by the re-
volving lines, the largest of which are not larger than those on the
base of our shell, while its base is nearly smooth ; its umbilicus is
much smaller. In color, size, and general shape, the shells are alike.

MARGARI'TA OBSCU'RA.

Shell depressed-conical, solid ; spire obscure, reddish-brown, base
ash-colored; whorls angulated by two or three revolving ridges;
lines of growth coarse ; aperture circular, pearly within.

FIGURE 161.
State Coll., No. 33. Soc. Cab., No. 2279.

Turbo obscurus, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. JVoi. Hist., ii. 100, pi. 3, f. 2.

Shell small, solid, orbicular, low-conical, of a dull reddish-
brown above, and of a light ash-color at base ; whorls five, con-
vex, and rendered angular about the middle by a prominent re-
volving ridge ; on the lower whorl are often one or two less con-
spicuous ridges, and numerous very fine lines ; on the base these
are so faint, as to be usually imperceptible without a magnifier ;
these, with rather coarse lines of growth, somewhat prominent at
intervals, often produce an indented or cellular appearance on the
surface ; umbilicus large and deep, bounded by a sharp, angular
ridge ; aperture circular ; lip simple and sharp ; within iridescent ;
operculum horny, multi-spiral. Height -/^ inch, diameter of base
•j7^ inch.

Found rather plentifully in fishes caught off Nahant.

254 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

It has a general resemblance to M. cinerea, but it is more solid, less
elevated, less angular, revolving lines fewer and less elevated, the base
smoother, the aperture more simple and circular, and the color very
different.

It may perhaps be identical with M. costellata, Sowerby, described in
the " Malacological and Conchological Journal," No. 1., and figured
in his " Conchological Illustrations" (Margarita) fig. 15. On inspection,
Mr. Sowerby, though not having his shell at hand for comparison, re-
gards it as distinct from M. costelldta.

When the exterior is worn off, the shell beneath is found to be of a
brilliant silvery lustre, with crimson reflections, rendering it one of the
most attractive shells found in our waters.

MARGARI'TA UNDULA'TA.

Shell orbicular, low-conical, dark flesh-color, encircled with
regularly disposed spiral lines, alternately larger and smaller,
coarsely plaited at the sutures.

FIGURE 162.
State Coll., No. 35. Soc. Cab., No. 2277.

Margarita undulata, SOWERBY; Malacol. and Conchol. Mag., i. 26. Conchol.

Illust., (Margarita), f. 4.
Turbo incarnatus, COUTHOUY; Bost. Journ. JVa/. Hist., ii. 98, pi. 3, f. 13.

Shell thin, orbicular, depressed-conical, usually of a bright
brownish-red color ; sometimes rose-red, at others pale flesh-
colored ; whorls four, convex, somewhat flattened above, undu-
lated near the suture by short folds or wrinkles, and encircled by
numerous, elevated, smooth spiral lines at uniform distances, and
for the most part alternately larger and smaller ; base considerably
flattened, of a lighter color, and with finer striae ; umbilicus broad,
funnel-shaped, distinctly bounded by a spiral line, and partially
covered by the reflected inner lip ; aperture nearly circular, very
oblique ; lip sharp, slightly jagged ; throat pearly, with greenish
and golden reflections ; operculum thin, horny, multi-spiral.
Height T\ inch, base T\ inch.

Found in great numbers in the stomachs of fishes, and also
alive on Phillips's Beach. Mr. Sowerby received it from the
Arctic Ocean.

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. M \RGARITA. 255

This beautiful shell cannot be mistaken for any other species on the
American Atlantic coast. Its color, its regular spiral lines, undulated
sutunil region, and pearly aperture, render it a very beautiful shell,
having more of the aspect of a tropical, than of a northern shell. Mr.
Sowerby's description and figure were published in the same month
in which Mr. Couthouy read his description to the Boston Society of
Natural History ; and we must, therefore, allow his name the right of
priority.

There is considerable variety in the coloring ; the freshest young
shells are of a rose-red, and of a more depressed form ; the majority
are of a brownish red ; the undulations are seldom, but sometimes,
wanting.

MARGARITA A'RCTICA.

Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth and shining, translucent, of
a light horn-color, with veryjine revolving lines on the base ; aper-
ture circular.

FIGURE 163.
State Coll., No. 36. Soc. Cab., No. 895.

Margarita arctica, LEACH ; in Ross's Voyage of Discovery, 8vo. 1819. Appendix.
SOWERBY; Malacol. and Conchol. Mag., part i. 25. Conchol. fllust., (Marga-
rita), f. 0.

Margarita helicoides, BECK ; MS.

Turbo inflatus, TOTTEN ; Sillimans Journ., xxvi. 368, f. 5, a, b, c.

Paludina inflata, MENKE;

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, thin and translucent, smooth
and shining, of a light yellowish horn-color or light olive ; whorls
four or five, very convex, the last very large and tumid, a little
flattened above ; minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth, and at
its base marked with very fine spiral lines ; suture well impressed ;
aperture large, circular, somewhat expanded ; edge sharp and
simple, a little reflected at the umbilicus, which is large and pro-
found, not bounded by an angular ridge ; operculum horny, multi-
spiral. Length } inch, breadth nearly -^ inch.

Found abundantly on all our sandy beaches. In some seasons,
however, I have looked for them almost in vain. Their proper
habitat is the deep sea, as they are thrown up alive, on the large

256 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

leaves of Laminaria. They were received by Leach and Beck
from Greenland, Baffin's Bay, and the Arctic Seas. I have ob-
tained them of a much larger size than is given by any other
observer.

It is a very pretty shell, generally iridescent, or reflecting a metallic,
bronze lustre. It has more the aspect of a land or fresh-water shell,
than that of a sea shell. It is not likely to be confounded with any
other species except the following.

I have given this species as the M. arctica, Leach, in accordance
with the opinion of Mr. Sowerby, who compared our shells with the
authentic specimens in the British Museum.

I must confess, also, that in comparing the descriptions of M. vul-
garis and M. arctica in the " Malac. and Conch. Magazine," and
specimens of M. vulgaris, sent me by Mr. Sowerby with small speci-
mens of the above described shell, I can perceive no essential distinc-
tion, excepting in size ; the first is said to be palish, the second oliva-
ceous.

MARGARI'TA ARGENTA'TA.

Shell depressed-conical, of a pearly-white color, covered with
microscopic^ revolving lines • umbilicated.

FIGURE 164.
State Coll., No. 35. Soc. Cab., No. 2412.

Shell minute, conical, with an 6btuse tip, of a dead pearly-
white color ; composed of four convex whorls, the last of which
is very slightly angular ; the next above is elevated, but the up-
permost, and frequently the two uppermost, are not elevated above
the succeeding whorl, so that the apex is obtuse ; everywhere
covered with crowded and very fine revolving lines ; suture deep;
aperture circular ; lip sharp, simple ; interior pearly and irides-
cent ; umbilicus moderately large. Length T\ inch, breadth |
inch.

Found in fishes caught off Cape Ann, and Cohasset, in consid-
erable numbers.

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. LITTORINA. 257

It is the smallest of the species of this genus that we find. It is most
obviously distinguished from small specimens of the last species by its
dead surface, which may be well compared to chased silver ; and, on a
more intimate examination, it is found to have more uniform and de-
cided revolving lines, and its spire is more elevated.

I was at first disposed to regard it as the M. cdmea, Lowe ; (Zool.
Journ., ii. 107, pi. v. f. 12, 13, 132). But, in the following essential
characters belonging to that, it differs from our shell, viz. an acutely
pointed spire, an angular aperture, and a uniform yellowish flesh-
color. The revolving lines, too, are said to be elevated and sub-distant,
terms which allow of much latitude of meaning, but which we should
not be likely to apply to the crowded, miscroscopic lines on our shell.
They appear quite conspicuous on the figure quoted. The young of
M. undulata would answer better to that description. If it is not M.
cornea, it has not been described ; Mr. Sowerby hesitates to call it so.

GENUS LITTOKlNA, FE'RUSSAC.

Shell thick, top-shaped, spire of a few rounded whorls ; aper-
ture entire, rounded-ovate, large ; outer lip sharp, inner lip some-
what flattened ; lips not continuous posteriorly ; operculum horny,
spiral.

LITTORINA RUDIS.

Shell strong and coarse, volutions convex and well defined,
with revolving ridges ; pillar flattened, prolonged so as to form an
angle in front ; color yellowish.

FIGURE 165.

State Coll., No. 39. Soc. Cab., No. 881.

Turbo rudis, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, i. t. 33, f. 3. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 304.

TURTON'S LIN. ; iv. 480. Conch. Diet., 11)7. CHF.M.V. ; Conch., v. t. 185, f. 1853.

MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii. 159, t. 4, f. 12, 13. WOOD ; Index, pi.

30, f. 7. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., (Isted.,) vii. 49. FLEMING; Brit. Mm., 298.
Turbo obligktus, SAY; Journ. Acad. JWrt. Sc., ii. 241.

Shell broad-ovate, strong and coarse, generally yellowish 6f

ash-colored, sometimes orange or olive, for the most part of one

uniform color, but occasionally banded with white, or blotched

with some lighter color ; surface marked with very perceptible

33

358 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

and sometimes conspicuous revolving lines and grooves ; whorls
four or five, convex, well defined by the suture, forming a moder-
ately elevated spire, rather obtuse at its apex ; last whorl three
fourths the length of the shell ; aperture one half the same, ob-
liquely broad-ovate ; outer lip bevelled within to a sharp edge ; the
pillar margin is broadly flattened, and, widening forwards, projects
so as to form an angle ; within colored, generally brown, except the
bevelled edge, which is yellowish-white ; operculum homy, sub-
spiral ; sometimes a small umbilical indentation is found. Length
^ inch, breadth f inch, divergence 68°.
Found on rocks of the ocean shore.

It is usually of a much smaller size than above mentioned. Indeed,
had it not been for a few large specimens sent me by Dr. L. M. Yale,
from Martha's Vineyard, which correspond, in every respect, with
specimens of L. rudis received from Mr. Sowerby, I should not have
recognised the species. The small specimens, such as we usually
find on the ocean rocks, ansv/er well to Mr. Say's description of Turbo
obligatus, and were doubtless the shells intended by him. They are
usually darker colored, and more mottled, than adult specimens. Mr.
Say thought his specimens might be mere varieties of his T. palliatus,
with obtuse, elevated, revolving lines. He must have inadvertently
associated them with that species, to which they have no affinity, in-
stead of with his T. vestitus, to which they are closely allied, and
from which they would not be distinguished by the unpractised eye.
The conviction that they are the L. rudis, has greatly diminished the
number of what I had regarded as varieties of L. tenebrosa.

The variations consist in the greater or less prominence of the re-
volving lines ; sometimes these are almost imperceptible, and at others
they would bear the name of ribs. The coloring is principally yellow,
of various shades ; some small specimens are quite white ; many are
olive and grey. Dr. Loven has named a flesh-colored variety L. in-
carnata*

From L. palliata, it is distinguished by its more elevated spire, and
distinctly defined whorls, its striated surface, and the compression of
the lip in front, so as to form an angle ; from L. tenebrosa, it differs in
its less elongated spire, its larger aperture, encircled as it were by a
broad, thick, flattened rim.

I have not seen the animal, but Montagu says it is yellowish, with-
out stripes or spots ; the tentacula of the same color, marked with a

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. LITTORINA. 259

dusky streak on the outside. If so, we should have another decisive
distinguishing mark.

After long and careful observation and study of the myriads of speci-
mens on our shores, so infinitely varied in proportions, coloring, and
sculpture, I have become satisfied in my own mind, to what species
they should be referred. The limits of the species too, in adult speci-
mens, are decidedly marked both by the shells themselves and by
the animals. But, as to the young, to use the language of Montagu,
" the shades and gradations are so intimately blended, that it is scarce
possible to determine what marks a characteristic line of division."
The angle of the front I regard as the most constant character of the
last species.

It seems almost incredible that Mr. Say should have drawn upon the
State of Maine for specimens of shells, which are so extensively dis-
tributed, and so innumerable with us; and still more incredible, that,
from the few specimens which he probably received, he should have
discriminated and described the three species so accurately, though, if
my conclusions are correct, some of them were previously described,

LlTTORfNA TENEBRO'SA.

Shell ovate-conical i spire elevated, whorls tumid , with numerous
revolving lines, dark~green or dusky-brown, with interrupted
cream-colored lines ; aperture circular; purplish-chocolate within,

FIGURE 166.
State Coll., No. 38. Soc. Cab., No. 879.

Turbo tenebrosus, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 303, t. 20, f. 4. MATON and RACKETT j
Lin. Trans., viii. ICO. DILLWYN ; Catal, ii. 818. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 197,
f. 36, 37. BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., fyc. FLEMING ; Brit. Anvm., 298.

Turbo vestitus, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 241.

Shell small, ovate-conical, rather thin, dark-olive or dusky-
brown, usually prettily checkered with buff-colored, broken lines,
generally obscured by a gray or rusty coating ; spire elevated and
pointed, of five or six rounded, tumid whorls, marked with ob-
scure revolving lines ; suture well defined ; lower whorl two
thirds the length of the shell ; aperture less than one half, nearly
circular ; outer lip thin and sharp, yellowish, thickening a little as
it meets the flattened and slightly everted pillar lip, forming a

260 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

slightly perceptible angle at base ; throat deep chocolate or pur-
plish-brown ; operculum thin, shining, horny, brown. Length |
inch, breadth -^ inch, divergence 65°.

This species is found about sluggish waters, wharves, bridges,
ditches and pools upon marshes, on the mud, and climbing
culms of grass. It is often found on the marshes at a consider-
able distance from any water, but I do not recollect that I have
ever found it at the open sea, where it was liable to sustain any
violence from currents or the surf.

The animal has a dark-olive head, and an olive stripe on the
tentacula, from the eye ; the sides of the foot are beautifully lined
with the same, and it is very sluggish in its movements. It lives
a Week or more, after being removed from the water.

Actual comparison of our shell with the British Turbo tenebrbsus,
the authority of Mr. Sowerby, its correspondence with the descriptions
and figures above cited, and the similarity of habit, render their iden-
tity quite certain.

Its distinctive points are, the elevation of the spire, formed of very
tumid whorls, abrupt and not sloping at the suture ; the short, nearly
circular mouth, with its thin, yellow lip, the very partial flattening of
the inner lip producing a very slight angular curve in front ; the
dark purplish-brown interior ; and above all, the olive-colored head and
markings of the animal.

Its varieties of form are not great, consisting in the greater or less
elevation of the spire. In coloring, it is not so variable as L. palli&ta.
It is generally very dark^green, interrupted with dashes of buff; but
sometimes it is dark-chocolate color, or light-grey, and the widest va-
riety I have seen is a dark-brown, with one, two, or three bands of
white. In sculpture, there is considerable variation, consisting in the
deeper or more superficial revolving grooves. In most cases, how-
ever, there are none distinctly visible to the naked eye.

The limits of the species are not very readily declared ; but I
now suppose it to be a less variable species than I had at first thought.
Some further remarks on it may be found under L. rudis.

LITTORI'NA PALLIA'TA.

Shell small, globular-ovate, thick, smooth ; spire small and de-
pressed, generally of one color, or variegated with bands and spots ;
aperture rounded, outer lip sharp, pillar widely flattened.

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. LITTORINA. 261

FIGURE 167.
State Coll., No. 40. Soc. Cab., No. 1648.

Turbo palliatus, SAY; Journ. Jicad.Nat. Sc., ii. 240.

Turbo neritdides ? LIN. ; Syst., 1232. CHEMN. ; Conch., v. 234, t. 185, f. 1854.

Shell semi-globular, solid, smooth and shining, with very faint
revolving lines, and lines of growth ; color variable, white, yel-
low, orange, olive, slate, and brown ; usually of a single color,
but often striped, banded, or spotted in various ways with darker
and lighter colors ; whorls four, the last very large, and the others
scarcely rising above it ; suture faintly marked, scarcely denoting
the limits of the whorls ; aperture nearly circular, the lip bevelled
within, to a sharp edge ; the pillar margin broadly flattened and
white, continuous with the outer lip ; color of the interior corre-
sponding to the exterior color ; operculum horny, semi-heart-
shaped, smooth, sub-spiral. Length T8g- inch, breadth fa inch,
divergence 85°.

Found along the whole coast. Their resorts are usually exposed
to the open sea. They are found on rocky shores in great abun-
dance, and at low tide are easily obtained from the rocks and
rock-weed, to which they cling, and on which they are seen in
rapid motion.

The animal has the head orange, darker above, and the foot of
a drab or cream color.

The varieties of coloring are innumerable ; combining the colors
above mentioned in every possible manner. They consist principally,
however, in bands of different widths, from hair lines, up to a third of
the width of the body whorl ; but the surface is sometimes reticulated,
or marked with triangular spots.

The great points of distinction are the smooth surface, short, depress-
ed spire, broadly flattened pillar, and, above all, the orange-colored
head of the animal.

Its proportions vary with its age. While young the aperture is not
much longer than the spire, but at maturity it is seven eighths of
the length of the shell.

This shell would by many be considered the same as the Turbo ne-
ritoides of authors. It may be the T. neritoides of Linnaeus, but
not of Ferussac and Lamarck. I have sent our shells to Mr. Sovverby

262 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

and Dr. Loven, who are of the opinion that they are distinct. To
some of the small European specimens, parallels might be produced
from our largest ones ; but in general the spire of our shell is less de-
pressed, has no decided angle bounding the flattened spire, and it is
less narrowed forwards. Mr. Sowerby sent a shell labelled Litt. ex-
pdnsa, Brown, from the Frith of Forth, which much more closely re-
sembles our shell. Dr. Loven has given to a dirty olive-colored shell
from the coast of Norway the name of L. squdlida ; but it is precisely
the same as similarly colored shells of this species. As there is still
so much cause for doubt, it seems better, for the present at least, to
retain Mr. Say's specific name.

GENUS LACUNA, TURTON.

Shell globose or conical, thin ; spire consisting of a few rapidly
enlarging whorls ; aperture semi-lunar ; inner lip oblique, flatten^
ed; umbilicus forming a lengthened groove along the pillar.

LACUNA VINCTA.

Shell small, ovate-conical, with fine rounded volutions, encircled
by four or Jive purplish-brown bands, and very numerous, minute t
undulating lines.

FIGURE 168.
State Coll., No. 41. Soc. Cab., No. 915.

Turbo vinctus, MONTAGU ; Te?t. Brit., 307, pi. 20. f. 3. TDRTON ; Conch. Diet.,
195, f. 92, 93. WOOD ; Index, pi. 31, f. 69., DILLWYN; CataL, ii. 844. MA-
TON and RACKETT ; Lin, Trans., viii. 167.

Turbo quadrifasciatus, FLEMING ; Brit . Anim., 299.

Lacuna pertusa, CONRAD ; Journ. Acad. Nat.. Sc.} vi. 266, pi. 11, f. 19.

Shell small, thin, ovate-conic ; spire pointed, composed of five
very convex whorls, separated by a fine and deep suture, of a
dingy-white or purplish horn-color ; the lower one encircled by
four darker chestnut-colored bands, two of which revolve upon
the posterior whorls also ; the surface is also marked by faint
lines of growth, and numerous, flexuous, revolving marks, which
require a magnifier to render them conspicuous ; aperture nearly
orbicular ; outer lip sharp thin and simple ; pillar lip white, flat-
tened, and excavated by a smooth, crescent-shaped groove, termi-

TURBJNACEA. MOLLUSCA. LACUNA. 263

nating in an umbilicus ; as the two margins join each other at the
base, they form a slight projecting angle. A slight angular ridge
revolves from the upper angle of the aperture, on some specimens
quite perceptible. Operculum horny, sub-spiral. Length j inch,
breadth T3T inch, divergence 589.

Variety FUSCA. Figure 169. Shell proportionally shorter,
more solid and opake, of a darker, generally uniform color, some-
times yellowish, and sometimes purplish horn-color, occasionally
with one or two bands, or banded shades ; the mouth more angu-
lar, and the angular revolving ridge more frequently conspicuous.

Found, driven up, on all our beaches, and alive among the roots
of Laminaria and other marine plants, attached to stones and
shells, and dragged by storms from deep water*

It is easily distinguished from all our shells by its peculiar umbili-
cus, and its elongated form, by which it is distinguished from the next
species. The size above given is larger than in most specimens, but
not so large as in many. It is undoubtedly the L. vincta of the British
shores, as settled by actual comparison and the opinion of Mr. Sower-
by. Mr. Conrad seems not to have been acquainted with the L. vine-
ta, when he described his L. pertusa, distinguishing it from L. quad-
rifasciata. The variety is found in about equal numbers with the
type. It does not depend on age; for small young specimens are
proportionally short, dark, and solid. But the approaches to each other
are so insensible, that I do not venture to make a species of it ; but
attach to it, as a variety, a name some years since proposed for it
by A. Binney, a Representative. It may prove to be a technical spe-
cies, and perhaps is actually the Turbo canalis, Mont.

LACUNA NERITOIDEA.

Shell globular-ovate, with three whorls and a half, the last
very large, smooth, yellowish-green ; aperture semi-lunar, oblique ;
umbilicus large and deep.

FIGURE 170.
State Coll., No. 35. Soc. Cab., 2413.

Lacuna neritoidea, GOULD ; SilUmaris Journ., xxxviii. 197.

264 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Shell small, thin, hemispherical, or obliquely ovate ; whorls
three and a half, regularly convex, minutely wrinkled near the su-
ture, and with an occasional transverse scratch ; otherwise
smooth, and covered with a rough, greenish-yellow epidermis ;
the sutural region is depressed and sub-channelled ; the spire is
scarcely prominent above the very large lower whorl, and is
placed a little to one side ; aperture oblique, semi-circular, angles
a little rounded ; outer lip sharp ; inner lip straight, like a rounded
white rib, broadest and twisted behind ; at the side of it is a nar-
row, crescentic, white space, bounded externally by the continua-
tion of the sharp lip, along which a groove runs, terminating in a
deep umbilicus ; operculum horny, sub-spiral. Length | inch,
greatest breadth J inch, divergence 95°.

A few specimens of this shell have been collected at different
times on Chelsea Beach. It is probably floated ashore on sea-
weed.

It is sufficiently distinct from specimens of Turbo pallidulus, sent me
from Europe for comparison, by its narrower channelled space, and
its smaller umbilicus ; and more especially by the aperture not being
at all trumpet-shaped, or angular, as in that shell. They are so near-
ly alike, however, that it is very difficult to delineate, either by de-
scription or figures, distinctions which are very obvious on inspection.
I have received it from Dr. Loven, labelled, doubtfully, L. Montagui,
Turton.

/
GENUS CINGULA, FLEMING.

Shell small, thin, elongated, of several whorls ; aperture small,
entire, the lip continuous posteriorly ; operculum horny; sub-spiral.

A group of small shells here referred to, seems to present
characters which entitle it to a generic rank. These shells differ
from the short, solid LITTORI NJE by their elongated form, and
thin, horny structure ; and the animal has a prolonged muzzle,
which that of LITTORI NA has not. Fleming divides his genus into
two sections ; first, those which have the " outer lip thickened
by a rib," and which answer to the genus RI'SSOA of Fremin-
ville, a well-marked genus ; second, those with the u outer lip

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. CINGULA. 265

not thickened," to which I would restrict the genus CI'NGULA,
and which seem also to constitute the genus HYDROBIA of
Hartmann, judging merely from references made to it.

CI'NGULA MINUTA.

Shell minute, elevated conic, thin, smooth, yettourish-green ;
whorls five, convex ; suture distinct.

FIGURE 171.

State Coll., No. 37. Soc. Cab., No. 1365.

Turbo rainutus, TOTTEN ; Silliman's Joum., xxvi. 369, f. 7.

Shell minute, ovate-conic, elevated, obtuse at apex, thin, yel-
lowish-brown, or dark horn-color when containing the animal ;
usually coated with a dark-green pigment, or some minute vege-
table ; whorls five, convex, faintly wrinkled by the lines of
growth, the two upper ones forming an obtuse apex, and the low-
est less than two thirds the whole length of the shell ; suture dis-
tinct, with a slight, shoulder to the whorl near it ; aperture about
one third the length of the shell, oval, the lips united in mature
shells by a loosely attached enamel, which rises before an umbili-
cal pit ; operculum horny, sub-spiral. Length of large specimens
•j3^ inch, breadth T\ inch, divergence 28°.

Animal. Head proboscidifonn, dusky-brown, or blackish,
half as long as the black-tipped tentacula ; eyes on a partial ped-
uncle or dilatation on the exterior base of the tentaclula ; region of
the mouth, the tentacula, and a stripe each side of the neck, leav-
in'g a pyramidal dark line between, of a light drab-color ; foot
oval, bifid, and dilated into wings before, rounded behind, dusky
above, and pale beneath. Motions very active.

Found plentifully on sea-weed, and on moist banks, about high-
water mark, especially on the thread-like plants which grow in
ditches and brackish pools about marshes, in company with Litto-
rina tenebrosa.

It is closely allied to several species received from Europe, and

perhaps identical with some one of them ; as the Littorlna Bdlthica,

from Copenhagen ; the Turbo ulva, from England ; and the Paludma

ihermblis, from France. But, as the shell has been submitted to Mr.

34

266 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Sowerby, and he did not pronounce it a European species, but sent
the last-named shell as the nearest allied to it of all the species with
which he is acquainted, and as it certainly is not identical with that, I
shall not venture to claim for it any more remote history than that
given by Colonel Totten.

This shell is so plain as to present no striking mark of distinction,
and it is consequently not easy to describe it. The only shells liable
to be confounded with it, are the Odostomia fusca and O. exigua ; a
slight examination of the aperture readily solves any doubt on this
point.

CI'NGULA ACULEUS.

Shell minute, sub- cylindrical ; whorls convex, covered with regu-
lar, microscopic revolving lines ; aperture ovate; umbilicus partial.

FIGURE 172.
State Coll., No. 32. Soc. Cab., No. 2359.

Shell minute, ovate-cylindrical, elongated, light yellowish horn-
color ; whorls six, convex, and separated by a deep sutural
region ; the two upper ones forming a blunt apex, the lowest
rather more than half the length of the shell ; the whole covered
with regular, crowded, microscopic revolving lines ; aperture one
third the length of the shell, oval, oblique, angular behind, the mar-
gin simple and entire, barely touching the preceding whorl, some-
what expanded, and on the left side elevated, and slightly turn-
ed over an umbilical depression or chink ; operculum horny.
Length -/0- inch, breadth T'j inch, divergence 23°.

Found sparingly on the partially decayed timbers of an old
wharf, and plentifully on stones, about low-water mark, at East
Boston.

It is a small, but well characterized shell, distinguished by its elon-
gated form, its entire aperture, and the minute spiral lines with which
it is covered. It is nearly as long as, and much more slender than,
C. minuta. Brown figures two or three species, which closely resem-
ble this.

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. TURRITELLA. 267

GENUS TURRIT^LLA, LAM.

Shell turretcd, elongated, spirally grooved, pointed; aperture
entire, rounded ; lips disjoined posteriorly ; operculum horny.

TURRITE'LLA EROSA.

Shell elongate-turret ed, pale-brown, composed of about ten
smooth, flattish whorls, sloping above to the suture, and grooved
with from three to Jive, obtuse, revolving furrows.

State Coll., No. 38. Soc. Cab., No. 2286.

Turritella erosa, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 103, pi. 3, f. 1.

Shell elongated-conical, turreted, pale horn-colored, with a
light reddish-brown epidermis ; whorls about ten, flattish, smooth,
sloping towards the suture, so that each whorl seems a little shelv-
ing over the succeeding one, and furrowed with from three to
five abrupt, revolving grooves, nearly as wide as the spaces be-
tween them. From five on the largest whorl, the number goes
on diminishing above ; the whorls at the apex are usually broken
off, and much of the summit is a good deal eroded. Lines of
growth are quite conspicuous in the grooves, but scarcely percep-
tible elsewhere ; aperture nearly circular ; lip sharp, meeting the
prolonged pillar, so as to produce a partial angle ; operculum
horny, multi-spiral. Length -J inch, breadth TV inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay.
It is usually found either incomplete, or much defaced and
broken. I have seen but one specimen containing the animal.

It is quite different from any described species, unless it be T. Vir-
ginidna of Lamarck. His description is not sufficiently definite to
identify his shell with ours, and the character " basi annulo griseo-viola-
cescente notata," I have never found upon it. It bears a distant re-
semblance to the old Turbo terebra of English authors, but it does not
slope to a point so rapidly, and the sculpture seems to be from grooves,
and not from raised lines, as in T. terebra.

268 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

TURRITE'LLA INTERRU'PTA.

Shell small, subulate, brownish-white, reticulated with numer-
ous ribs and revolving lines, which are interrupted by the ribs,
and three faintly colored bands.

FIGURE 173.

State Coll., No. 271. Soc. Cab., No. 2358.

Turritella interrupta, TOTTEN ; Sillimari's Journ., xxviii. 352, f. 7. ADAMS;
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 275.

Shell small, very slender and pointed, pale brownish-white,
glossy ; whorls eight or ten, slightly convex, the suture well de-
fined, on which are from twenty-five to thirty straight, blunt ribs,
crossed by about fourteen revolving lines, which are interrupted
by the ribs ; these lines are arranged in pairs, but so close to each
other, as not always to be distinguished, and would usually be re-
garded as one ; on the anterior half of the lower whorl, the ribs van-
ish, and the fine revolving lines are uninterrupted. In fresh speci-
mens may be seen a purplish band just below the suture, and on
the anterior whorl two faint-yellow ones ; aperture about one
sixth the length of the shell, ovate, sharply angular behind ; outer
lip sharp and simple, inner lip slightly everted. Length J inch,
breadth TV inch, divergence 12°.

First found by Colonel Totten in the harbour of Newport,
Rhode Island ; and since found by Professor C. B. Adams, in
Dartmouth harbour, by dredging beyond low-water mark. He
has also found it in New Bedford harbour.

It is readily recognised by its slender, pointed, glossy appearance,
and its reticulated surface. Several recent and fossil species resem-
ble it in size and shape, among which are Turbo eleganttssimus, Mon-
tagu ; Turritella aqualis, Say, and T. laquedta, Conrad.

This species does not belong to the genus TURRITE'LLA ; but will
probably come under the genus EU^LIMA of Risso.

GENUS PYRAMIS, BROWN.

Shell elongated, of numerous whorls ; aperture short, ovate, en-
tire in front ; lip sharp, disunited behind; pillar without a fold.

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. PYRAMI8. 269

PY'RAMIS STRIA'TULA.

Shell turreted, dingy-white ; whorls tight, nearly flat, with
numerous fine, revolving lines ; upper whorls tapering rapidly ;
suture distinct.

FIGURE 174.
State Coll., No. 53. Soc. Cab., No. 2360.

Py'rarais striatula, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 101, pi. 1, f. 6.

Shell elevated, obelisk-shaped, thick, bluish-white, usually
having a dead, unpolished appearance ; whorls seven to nine,
nearly flat, distinctly separated by the suture, a few of the upper
ones tapering rather suddenly to an acute point, thus giving it an
obelisk shape ; marked with obvious lines of growth, sometimes
approaching to varices, and with from twelve to fifteen fine, reg-
ular revolving lines, diminishing in number towards the apex ;
aperture ovate, acute-angular behind ; outer lip sharp and simple,
without any sinus behind ; slightly turned outwards at base, as it
joins the regularly arched pillar margin. Length -JJ inch,
breadth J_ inch, divergence 23°.

First found by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes caught
off Cape Ann. Several specimens have since been found, but it
is by no means common.

I have employed the genus PY'RAMIS, not because I would adopt it,
but because I know not any established genus under which this shell
would come ; and do not wish to confuse, if I cannot correct. The
characters of the aperture are like those of the preceding species, but
the exterior has a different character. Its aspect is precisely that of a
shell sent me as MONOTI'GMA, Gray ; but I cannot find the plait on the
inner lip, from whence that genus derives its name.

GENUS ODOST^MIA, FLEMING.

Shell conical, elongated; aperture ovate; lips disunited posteri-
orly, and sometimes produced anteriorly ; pillar with a tooth-like
fold; operculum horny, sub-spiral.

270 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ODOSTOMIA PRODU'CTA.

Shell small, conic-cylindrical; whorls eight, nearly flat ; epi-
dermis light-brown; columella Jlexuous.

FIGURE 175.
State Coll., No. 28, Soc. Cab., No. 2372.

Jaminia producta, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Hi. pi. 3, f. 8.

Shell small, elongated, conic-cylindrical, very slender, com-
posed of eight or more flattish whorls, separated by a well-im-
pressed suture ; tip blunted, as if one or more whorls were re-
moved ; surface faintly marked by lines of growth, and covered
with a dusky, horn-colored epidermis ; occasionally, an indistinct
revolving line may be seen on two or three of the lowest whorls ;
aperture about one fourth the length of the shell, ovate, regularly
rounded in front, the pillar margin modified by the rising and re-
volving of the outer lip around it, so as to produce a partial fold.
Umbilicus none. Operculum thin, horny, spiral, apex at one
side. Length £ inch, breadth -^j inch, divergence 12°.

Found by Professor Adams, in September, 1839, near high-
water mark, in a cove on the east side of Fairhaven.

It is distinguished from O. extgua by the same characters as
Q.fusca is. To this last it is very closely allied; and, as neither of
them has any very prominent peculiarities, it may not be possible to
make apparent in words, distinctions which are quite obvious to the
eye. This is, however, a much more slender shell than Q.ftisca-, has
one or more additional whorls, a much lighter colored epidermis, less
convex whorls, and no approach to an umbilicus. While the two
shells are about equal in length, the lower whorl of O. producta is not
more than two thirds as large as that of O. fusca ; so that it has a
very much more slender and cylindrical form ; and this it is, which
most readily strikes the eye on comparison.

This does not belong to the genus JAMI'NIA of Leach ; and Brown
has given us no characters for the genus, as he employs it.

ODOSTOMIA FUSCA.

Shell small, elevated-conical, rather blunt at tip, and sub-umbil-
icated ; color dark-brotvn ; aperture broadly-ovate.

FIGURE 176.

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. ODOSTOMIA. 271

State Coll., No. 29. Soc. Cab., No. 2373.

Ty'ramis fusca, ADAMS ; Boat. Jtmrn, J\Tot. I list. t ii. 282, pi. 4, f. 9.
Jaminia fusca, ADAMS ; Ibid., iii. 337.

Shell small, thin, elongated-conical, rather blunt, or worn ofi*
at apex, a smooth and glossy violet-brown epidermis covering it,
through which the lines of growth are perceptible ; whorls six,
probably eight when the tip is entire ; slightly convex, regularly
tapering, and separated by a well-defined suture, and sometimes by
a revolving line just below it, so that the suture seems double ;
aperture ovate, widened at the middle by a twist of the pillar lip,
acutely angular behind ; simple and sharp, widely and regularly
rounded in front ; it ascends upon the columella, and forms an ob-
lique, nearly transverse ridge, as it revolves within the aperture,
and so deep as to be nearly concealed ; space between this fold
and the posterior angle of the aperture joined by a thin plate of
enamel ; an umbilical indentation about the middle of the left lip.
Length fa inch, breadth ^ inch, divergence 26°.

This shell was first found by Professor C. B. Adams, at New
Bedford, clinging to planks, not far above low-water mark, and
from him I received my specimens. They have since been found
at Dartmouth and Tiverton.

Compared with O. exigua, with which shell it is most likely to be
confounded, it is shorter and more blunt-pointed; the whorls are
more flat, and the lowest in exact keeping with the rest ; the color
very much darker ; the aperture is broader and modified by the twist
of the left margin, without any prolongation at base. The turning of
the lip into the aperture forms a fold, which, in some specimens, is not
seen without looking far within ; in others it is quite conspicuous, and
in others it is even divided by a furrow into two folds. The figure and
description in the " Boston Journal of Natural History " were drawn
from specimens much smaller and less perfect, than some since
found ; so that they are both imperfect. The spiral ridge or fold on
the columella is there said not to exist at all.

These two last shells differ in some characters from the following,
and perhaps belong to a different genus. The shell is thin and horny,
the aperture regularly rounded in front, and the fold on the pillar in-
conspicuous. In tho true ODOSTO'MI.£, the shells are of a solid, ivory
structure, and the lip somewhat produced in front, forming the con-
necting link with CERI'THIUM and the CANALI'FERA.

272 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ODOSTOMIA EXI'GUA.

Shell small, ovate-conical, smooth, whitish ; with a single re-
volving line below the suture ; aperture oval; sub-umbilicated.

FIGURE 177.
State Coll., No. 27. Soc. Cab., No. 2371.

Jaminia exigua, COUTHOUY; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 92, pi. 2, f. 7.
Rissoa rupestris, FORBES ; Ann. of Nat. Hist., ii. 107, pi. 2, f. 13.
Turritella bisuturalis ? SAY; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc., ii. 244.

Shell small, ovate-conical, somewhat turreted, rather obtuse at
apex, surface smooth, light-green, under a brownish epidermis,
lines of growth scarcely perceptible ; whorls five or six, separated
by a well-defined suture ; and, in most specimens, a distinct line
revolves just before the suture, giving the appearance of a double
suture ; the lowest whorl is proportionally larger than the others,
and constitutes about half the length of the shell ; aperture oval,
outer lip sharp and simple ; pillar lip bluish-white, smooth and
rounded ; a transverse, white fold is formed by the turning of the
lip within the shell, before which it is a little raised and turned
outwards, producing an umbilical chink, and is extended so as to
form a considerable projecting angle at the lower extremity ;
operculum horny. Length -J inch, breadth TV inch, divergence
28°.

First found by Mr. Couthouy, at Chelsea, near the ferry land-
ing, adhering to decaying wood. It has since been found in vari-
ous similar situations, and under the damp portions of loose
stones left on the shore at low tide.

It is distinguished from O. trifidus, with which it would be confound-
ed without intimate examination, by its being a less slender and
pointed shell, the disproportion of the last whorl, and the greater con-
vexity of all the whorls, and the want of two or three revolving lines
so characteristic of O. trifidus. In the latter shell, the fold of the colu-
mella is oblique, and in O. exigua it is nearly transverse. It will also
be necessary to compare it with the next species. I should be dispos-
ed to regard it as the same with Turbo unidentatus, Montagu, ( Test.
Brit. 324) ; but as it is impossible to decide on such minute species,

TURBINACEA. MOLLUSCA. ODOSTOMIA. 273

with no obvious characteristics, from description only, I must leave it
unsettled.

It is almost certainly the Turritella lisuturalis of Say ; at least, I
know of no other shell which will at all answer to his description.
The figure and description of Rlssoa rupestris^ Forbes, also cor-
respond with it.

ODOSTOMIA SEMINU*DA.

Shell acute-conic, white, with coarse revolving lines, crossed on
the upper whorls, and on the upper half of the lower whorl, by lon-
gitudinal lines.

FIGURE 178.
State Coll., No. 30. Soc. Cab., No. 2418.

Jaminia seminuda, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 280, pi. 4, f. 13.

Shell acute-conic, glossy white, translucent ; whorls six or
seven, convex, the upper ones and one half the lower whorl with
numerous ridges or folds, crossed by three, equidistant revolving
lines, giving the surface a granulated appearance ; at the base of
the lower whorl are four more revolving lines, beginning on the
middle where the folds terminate abruptly ; suture distinct, divid-
ed by an indistinct spiral ridge ; aperture oval, one third the
length of the shell ; the outer lip very thin, and scolloped by the
revolving lines ; the base is prolonged into a concave angle, and,
rising, revolves within the shell, forming a single inconspicuous
fold on the pillar. Length y1^ inch, breadth yj^ inch, divergence
30°.

First found by Professor Adams, at Dartmouth, on valves of
Pecten concentricus, taken up beyond low-water mark.

This shell is readily distinguished from all others found in our
waters of a similar size and outline, by the sculpture of the lower
whorl, the upper half of which is granulated by the decussating lines,
and the lower half marked by revolving linea only. It is smaller, and
less elevated proportionally than O. trifidus. Making allowance for
variations in magnifying two shells so small, this seems not to differ
much from Turbo spiralis of Montagu, ( Test, Brit. 323, pi. 12, f. 9).
He neither represents nor describes any revolving lines crossing the
folds. These he may have overlooked ; for Fleming distinctly men-
tions them.

35

274 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ODOSTOMIA TRI'FIDA.

Shell small, acute-conic, glossy white, with numerous impressed
revolving lines, of which the two uppermost, and those about the
base of the last whorl are most distinct ; aperture narrow.

FIGURE 179.
State Coll., No. 26. Soc. Cab., No. 2370.

Actoe'on trifidus, TOTTEN ; Stiliman's Journ., xxvi. 368, pi. 1, f. 4, a, b.

Shell elevated, pointed, smooth and glossy, of an ivory-white
color ; whorls about eight, flat, separated by a sharp, slightly de-
pressed suture, on which are from three to five revolving lines, of
which the two next below, and the one immediately above, the su-
ture are most deeply sculptured ; about the front of the lower
whorl are usually ten or twelve very fine lines also ; aperture nar-
row, about one third the length of the shell, acutely angular
above ; outer lip sharp and thin, sometimes showing within, and
on its sharp edge, the impressed lines ; the inner margin regularly
curved ; the pillar, widening and expanding a little, is produced so
that an acute angle is formed by the junction of the two lips in
front ; about the middle of the inner margin is a single, sharp, ob-
lique fold, formed by the revolution of the outer lip within the
shell ; operculum horny ; apex nearly terminal, sub-spiral. Length
J inch, breadth y1^ inch, divergence 23°.

First found by Colonel Totten on the shores of Rhode Island,
adhering to Pecten concentricus. Since then it has been found by
Professor Adams among sand from New Bedford harbour.

FAMILY CANALIFERA, LAM.

Shell with a canal, more or less extended, in front of the aperture; the outer
lip of which does not alter its form by age.

GENUS CERITHIUM, LIN.

Shell elongated, turreted ; aperture short, oblong, oblique, termi-
nating in front by a short, recurved canal. .

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. CERITHIUM. 275

('I.KITIIM M EMERSONII.

Shell long-conical, chestnut- colored ; whorls seventeen, flat, each
encircled with three series of granules ; canal less than half tlic
length of the aperture.

FIGURE 180.
State Coll., No. 276. Soc. Cab., No. 2361.

Cerithium Emersonii, ADAMS ; Host. Journ. Nat. Hi*t., ii. 284, pi. 4, f. 10.

Shell small, conical, elongated, glossy, reddish-brown, with a
regularly granulated surface ; whorls sixteen or seventeen, flat-
tened, with a revolving series of bead-like granules at the upper
and lower margins of each, and another intervening one, but
nearer to the upper than to the lower series, and less prominent,
commencing at ten or twelve whorls from the summit, and be-
coming more distinct as it approaches the base ; in each series
the granules are connected by a rather narrow, but elevated re-
volving line, nearly 'as high as the granules ; they are also con-
nected in a similar manner in a longitudinal direction ; posterior
edge of the whorls margined by a sharp ridge, of a darker color ;
suture profoundly impressed ; the ridge terminates abruptly before,
in a very short, twisted, wrinkled beak ; aperture small, about
one sixth the length of the shell ; outer lip scolloped when per-
fect. Length | inch, breadth \ inch, divergence 22°.

Obtained by Professor C. B. Adams, at Nantucket and in New
Bedford harbour, by whom it was described and named in honor
of G. B. Emerson, Esq., President of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

This prettily sculptured shell is distinguished by its short aperture
and beak, its broad base, from which the flattened whorls regularly
taper to an acute apex ; and by the pretty strings of bead-like gran-
ules encircling it. These beads are sometimes so worn down as to
present the appearance of a continuous line dilating at regular in-
tervals.

This shell is unequivocally pronounced by Mr. Sowerby to be the
Murex tuberculdris of Montagu. But, after a careful examination of
all the descriptions of that shell, I am led to conclude, either that I

276 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS*

sent Mr. Sowerby a poor representation of our shell, or that he would
decide differently on a second, more careful inspection. No author
ascribes to M. tubercularis more than eight or ten volutions, and one
fourth of an inch for its length ; while ours has commonly twice that
length, with sixteen or eighteen volutions. Montagu says, in his Sup-
plement, " It has as an invariable character, three series of tubercles
of equal size, on each volution." But at the ordinary length of M.
tubercularis, our shell has but two series of granules ; and when the
third appears, it is very perceptibly smaller than the other two series.
On account of so decided a variation in size and sculpture, I think it
proper still to regard our shell as a distinct species, trusting to future
observations to settle the point definitely.

CERI'THIUM TEREBRALE.

Shell conic-turreted ; whorls ten, flattened, having three sharp>
elevated, revolving ridges on each, with numerous fine, longitudinal
lines between the ridges ; canal very short.

FIGURE 181.

State Coll., No. 280. Soc. Cab., No. 2364.

Cerithium terebrale, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 3, f. 7.

Shell small, elongated-conic, composed of ten or twelve flatten-
ed whorls, separated by a slightly excavated sutural region ; color
reddish-brown, with occasionally a whitish revolving band at the
lower part of each whorl. On each whorl are three elevated,
compressed, revolving ridges, at about equal distances from each
other, and perhaps we may reckon a fourth, very small and bor-
dering on the suture. The spaces between the ridges are regu-
larly rounded out, and checked with crowded, minute, longitudinal
lines, none of which cross the summits of the ridges. On the
lower whorl are two additional ridges. The base of the shell is
abrupt ; the canal very short and small ; the aperture oval, about
one eighth the length of the shell. Length J inch, breadth
•J- inch, divergence 20°.

Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, at New Bedford and in its
vicinity, below low-water mark.

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. CERITHlUM. 277

This species is closely allied to C. Emersonii. Its size and pro-
portions are the same ; but it can scarcely be regarded as a variety.
It is at once known by the prominent ridges, which resemble the
threads of a screw. There is nothing like the nodulous surface of
C. Emersonii, and the minute barring between the ridges is a striking
arrangement, to which there is no approach in that shell.

NIGROCI'NCTUM.

Shell small, reddish-black, granulated ; whorls twelve, reversed ;
aperture small ; beak short and recurved.

FIGURE 182.
State Coll., No. 279. Soc. Cab., No. 2363.

Cerithium nigrocinctum, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 286, pi. 4, f. 11.

Shell small, conico-cylindrical, blackish-red, with three revolv-
ing series of rounded, bead-like granules, formed by numerous
ribs or folds, which are cut by two deep, revolving lines into
equal parts ; the middle series is wanting on the posterior fifth of
the shell, and the upper series is smaller than the lower, at last
disappearing also ; whorls twelve or more, reversed, convex,
forming an elongated, acutely pointed spire, somewhat swelling in
its outline ; suture broad, divided by a somewhat granular, black
ridge, which, in the progress of growth, changes its place, and
forms the lower edge of the last whorls ; this ridge retains its
c^lor when the rest of tbe shell fades, and then becomes a con-
spicuous belt ; an impressed line each side of the sutural ridge,
and two others emerging from the aperture, revolve about the base
of the anterior whorl ; aperture oval, about one fifth the length of
the shell, ending in a twisted canal about one third as long as the
aperture ; outer lip sharp, notched by the revolving lines ; inner
lip deeply arched, the pillar twisted, black and projecting.
Length -£$ inch, breadth ^ inch, divergence 23°.

Found by Professor Adams, in Dartmouth harbour, clinging to
sea-weed, a few feet below low-water mark.

It is at once distinguished by its black color, slightly tinged red, and
its reversed whorls. It is closely allied to the Murex advirsus, Mon-

278 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

tagu, but is probably different, as that shell has the middle series
smaller, and the canal straight. It is also of a lighter color.

The whole shell, when fresh, is of a uniform color, so that the dark
revolving line at the suture is scarcely distinguishable, instead of
something evident, as we should expect from the name. The specific
appellation, on this account, is not well chosen. In some lighter-
colored individuals, however, the zone is very apparent.

CERITHIUM SAYI.

Shell small, ashy or slate-colored, covered with a fine net-work
of elevated lines ; aperture rounded ; canal merely an oblique
fissure.

FIGURE 183.

State Coll., No. 278. Soc. Cab., No. 713.

Cerithium reticulatum, TOTTEN ; Sillimari's Journ., xxviii. 352, fig. 8.
Pasithea nigra, TOTTEN ; (the young ;) Sillimaris Journ., xxvi. 369, pi. 1, f. 7.
Cerithium Sayi, MENKE.

Shell small, elongated-conical, somewhat turreted, the upper
whorls of a blue-black or slate-color, and two or three of the
lower ones usually much lighter, white, or ashy gray ; whorls six
or eight, forming an elevated, conical spire ; surface covered with
a granular net-work from the crossing of slightly elevated, rounded
folds or ribs, and elevated spiral lines ; of the ribs there are about
twenty, which vanish on the lower half of the anterior whorl ; of
the spiral lines there are about six on the lower whorl but one,
five on the next above, and so on ; besides these, on the anterior
whorl are about six raised revolving lines about the base, par-
tially granulated ; suture distinct, with the series of granules next
below it rather largest, so as to form a slight shoulder ; aperture
oblique, rounded, and flaring, about one quarter the length of the
shell, broad anteriorly ; outer lip sharp, modified by the revolving
lines ; inner margin angular-concave, with a plate of enamel,
not pressed close upon the body whorl, uniting the two lips
above, and forming an umbilical fissure below ; canal a mere ob-
lique fissure or notch, not prolonged forward so far as the lip ;
operculum horny, ovate ; apex at the centre of the broader part,
concave outwardly, with four or five spiral turns. Length T%- inch,
breadth TV inch, divergence 28°.

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. CERITHIUM. 279

Found very abundantly at Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, New
Bedford, &c. It has not been found to my knowledge within, or
to the north of, Cape Cod. Its proper station is on sea-weed,
stones, and marine bodies, about low-water mark. The young are
sometimes seen in such numbers as to conceal the sand beneath
them. These are always reddish-black, with a very different
aperture. It seems not to attain its growth the first season, and
the second year's growth is usually distinctly indicated by its
much lighter color.

The name given by Colonel Totten, at my suggestion, is pre-
occupied by an English species. Its wide expanded mouth, with
scarcely any thing like a canal, renders its claim to a place in the
genus CERI'THIUM rather equivocal. These characters, with its sculp-
ture, distinguish the species.

CERI'THIUM GRE'ENII.

Shell small, reddish-black, tumido-conic, elongated, with longi-
tudinal ridges and revolving lines ; canal very deep and very short,
slightly curved.

FIGURE 184.
State Coll., No. 277. Soc. Cab., No. 2362.

Cerithium Greenii, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. J\*at. Hist., ii. 287, pi. 4, f. 12.

Shell small, elevated-conic, sloping somewhat abruptly above
the middle, to a prolonged, pointed apex ; whorls ten or twelve,
flattened, traversed by numerous folds or ridges, of which there
are from twenty to twenty-five on the lower whorl, crossed by three
revolving impressed lines, producing three series of granules, of
which the lower one is largest, so that the base of each whorl
seems to jut over the one below it ; the upper series is nearer to
the middle one than that is to the lower one, and soon disappears
on the upper whorls ; then the middle one vanishes, and finally the
lower one, so that the whorls at the apex are either smooth or
merely wrinkled ; two black threads, emerging from the aperture,
revolve around the base of the shell ; suture distinctly marked ;
aperture about one eighth the length of the shell, nearly circular,
terminating in a deep, very short canal, partly closed over by the

280 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

lips ; outer lip sharp, notched, and a little everted ; pillar twisted,
regularly arched above. Length i inch, breadth ^ inch, di-
vergence 35°.

Found by Professor Adams in Dartmouth harbour, clinging to
marine plants, a few feet below low water, with other species.

This little shell would hardly be distinguished when mixed with the
young of C. Say I. Its color is the same, and it is not unlike it in
marking. From the full-grown shell it is readily distinguished by its
bulging shape, the apparent jutting of one whorl over another, its
smaller size, and by its deeply notched canal.

GENUS PLEUROTOMA, LAM.

Shell turreted, generally ribbed; aperture terminating in a
straight, more or less elongated canal ; outer lip. at its posterior
junction, having a fissure or notch.

PLEUROTOMA DECUSSA'TA.

Shell oval, ashy or flesh-colored, with twenty-Jive minute folds,
and close revolving lines ; notch of the outer lip shallow.

FIGURE 185.

State Coll., No. 272. Soc. Cab., No. 2364.

Pleurotoma decussata, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 183, pi. 4, f. 8.

Shell small, ovate, of an ashy-white, or flesh-color, covered
with remnants of an olive-colored epidermis ; whorls five or six,
convex, the lowest being two thirds the length of the shell, cover-
ed with twenty -five to thirty inconspicuous folds or ribs, undulated
and oblique in conformity to the outer lip, and vanishing on the
convexity of the whorl ; lines of growth regular and distinct, and
these, with numerous, elevated revolving threads, make a fine
net- work over the whole shell ; spire regularly sloping to an
acute point ; suture well marked, with a slight shoulder near it on
the whorls ; aperture half as long as the shell, narrow-oval,
terminating in a broad and very brief channel ; outer lip sharp,
with a shallow recess or notch, as it joins the whorl ; pillar arched,
flattened, and smooth ; operculum pear-shaped, with the apex

CANALIPERA. MOLLUSCA. PLEUROTOMA. 281

below, and the elements concentric. Length A inch, breadth A
inch, divergence 48°.

Found in the stomachs of fishes, not unfrequently.

This is not liable to be confounded with any shell of our coast, ex-
cept Fusus harpuldrius, to which it has a miniature resemblance. But,
besides being so much smaller, it is distinguished by the notch at the
posterior angle of the aperture, and by the net- work formed by the
more numerous and fainter folds, and revolving lines. The color,
which Mr. Couthouy makes a distinctive mark, is very nearly the
same. His specimens were less perfect and white. In my freshest
specimen there is a broad, lighter-colored band near the top of the
lower whorl. Pleurotoma reticulata, Brown, (" Conchology of Great
Britain," &c., pi. 48, f. 29, 30,) may, perhaps, be intended to repre-
sent the same.

PLEUROTOMA BICARINA'TA.

Shell ovate-fusiform, turreted, dusky-white ; whorls convex,
with two revolving ribs, and other less conspicuous lines and
grooves ; notch of the lip shallow.

FIGURE 186.
State Coll., No. 273. Soc. Cab., No. 2365.

Pleurotoma bicarinata, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 104, pi. 1, f. 11.

Shell small, tapering at both ends, turreted, of a dusky-white or
slate-color ; whorls six, convex, the lowest being half the length of
the shell, and marked with numerous, slightly elevated, revolving
lines, and smaller intervening ones ; about the middle is a deep
groove, on each side of which is a prominent revolving ridge or
keel, continued upon the upper whorls ; lines of growth very mi-
nute ; aperture elliptical, narrow, ending in a very short canal,
inclining a little to the left ; outer lip sharp, toothed by the re-
volving ribs, with a slight recess or notch at its posterior junction ;
pillar lip arched posteriorly. Length -ft inch, breadth & inch,
divergence 48°.

First found by Mr. Couthouy in a fish caught off Nahant ; since
this single specimen, three or four others have been found by Dr.
Prescott, of Lynn, and Mr. W. W. Wheildon, of Charlestown.
36

282 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

This is not likely to be confounded with any other of our shells.
Its two revolving ridges mark it well. It is interesting as being the
first species of the genus found in our northern Atlantic waters.
Neither of our three species belongs, unequivocally, to this genus ;
they approach very near to Fusus. Still, the direction of the lines of
growth indicates the sinus in the lip to be constant ; and on this rests
their claim to a place in the genus PLETTROTOMA.

PLEUROTOMA PLICATA.

Shell small, cinereous, ovate ; whorls six, reticulated with prom-
. inent, longitudinal ribs, and elevated, revolving lines ; sinus of the
lip distinct.

FIGURE 187.
State Coll., No. 274. Soc. Cab., No. 2366.

Pleurotoma plicata, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. 3, f. 6.

Shell small, elongated-ovate, somewhat turreted, of an ashy-
white color ; whorls six, the lowest one about two thirds the
length of the whole shell, and bearing about twelve prominent,
somewhat oblique, rib-like folds, which are crossed by ten or
more elevated, revolving threads, rendering the ribs a little nodu-
lous ; the other whorls form a very pointed, somewhat turreted
spire, on which the ribs and revolving lines are continued. Aper-
ture narrow, less than half the length of the shell ; outer lip
greatly thickened by one of the ribs, the notch at its posterior
part being deep, distinct, and smooth. Length J inch, nearly,
breadth ^ inch, divergence 45°.

Found in mud from New Bedford harbour, by Professor C. B.
Adams.

This species is of about the same size and shape as P. decussata, but
is distinguished by the much more conspicuous folds, which run the
entire length of the whorl ; and the revolving lines also are much
more distinct, and fewer in number. The canal is very short.

GENUS CANCELLARIA, LAM.

Shell ovate, turreted, cancellated ; canal partial, very short or
wanting ; pillar plaited, the folds nearly transverse.

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. CANCELLARIA. 283

CANCELLARIA CouTH6un.

Shell ovate-conic, white, reticulated with coarse revolving line*,
and lines of growth ; three folds upon the pillar.

FIGURE 190.
State Coll., No. 25. Soc. Cab., No. 2368.

Cancellaria buccinoides, COUTHOUY ; Bost Journ. Wat. Hist., ii. 105, pi. 3, f. 3.
Cancellaria Couthouyi, JAY ; Catal. of his Cabinet, 1839.

Shell ovate-conical, somewhat turreted, milky-white, approach-
ing to horn-color ; whorls five or six, convex, flattened at the top ;
suture well defined, and sometimes profound ; apex acute, the an-
terior whorl composing two thirds the length of the shell ; surface
marked with distinct lines of growth, and sometimes rising into
folds near the suture ; coarse revolving lines surround it, which,
with the folds, form a net- work ; aperture half the length of the
shell, oval ; outer lip sharp, slightly crenulated by the revolving
lines ; inner lip arched with three inconspicuous, oblique folds, of
which the middle one is largest ; a thin coating of enamel spreads
upon the anterior whorl in mature specimens ; base sub-channelled.
Length ££ inch, breadth 5*0 inch, divergence 58°.

Found in fishes taken in various parts of Massachusetts Bay,
and usually occupied by a hermit crab. It is somewhat abundant.

It was first described by Mr. Couthouy under the name of C. bucci-
noides, a name previously given to a species from the Pacific by Mr.
Sowerby ; on which account, Dr. Jay has since applied to it the name
of its first describer, — a merited compliment, but in conformity to
what seems to me a very bad custom. It is not at first obvious to what
genus this shell belongs ; Mr. Sowerby coincides in the opinion that
it is correctly referred to CANCELLARIA. He states, moreover, that he
has for several years possessed it, brought from the Arctic seas.
Hence, it is probably more abundant to the north of us. It varies
considerably in its external appearance, from the greater or less prom-
inence of the folds and striae. A specimen belonging to Dr. Prescott,
of Lynn, measures -^ inch in length, and ^ inch in breadth. It
somewhat resembles C. austrdlis, Sowerby. This is the only species
of the genus found in the northern Atlantic, so far as I am aware.

284 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS FUSUS, LAM.

Shell elongated, tapering to both ends, without varices ; aperture
oval, terminating in a straight or slightly curved canal ; operculum
horny, pear-shaped, with the nucleus at the small end.

FUSUS IsLANDICUS.

Shell elongated, bluish-white, covered with a horn-colored epider-
mis ; whorls eight, marked with equidistant, revolving lines ; aper-
ture as long as the spire.

State Coll., No. 17. Soc. Cab., No. 315.

Murex corneus, PENNANT ;' Brit. ZooL, iv. 124, t. 76, f. 99. MONTAGU ; Test.

Brit., 258. DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, ii. pi. 38. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 89.

DILLWYN ; Catal, ii. 733. WOOD ; Index, pi. 27, f. 107.
Murex Islandicus, GMELIN ; Syst., 3555.
Fusus Islandicus, MARTINI ; Conch., iv. 159, t 141, f. 1312, 1313. LAM. ; An.

sans Vert., vii. 126. BRUG. ; Encyc. M6th., pi. 429, f. 2. KIENER; Species,

(Fusus) pi. 7, f. 2.
Fusus corneus, SAY ; Amer. Conch., pi. 29. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 348. BROWN ;

Conch, of Great Brit., fyc., pi. 47, f. 7, 9. Encyc. Brit., vi. 448.
Buccinum gracile, DA COSTA ; Brit. Conch., 124, t. 6, f. 5.
Buccinum angustius, LISTER ; Conch., t. 913, f. 5.

Shell ovate, elongated, bluish-white, ponderous, semi-transpar-
ent, covered with a horn-colored, somewhat velvety epidermis ;
whorls eight or nine, moderately convex, somewhat compressed
before the suture, the anterior whorl equalling two thirds the
length of the shell ; the whorls covered with equidistant, sub-equal,
raised revolving lines, quite apparent through the epidermis ; lines
of growth faint ; suture distinct, somewhat channelled. Aperture
oblong oval, half as long as the shell, polished, porcelain-white
within ; outer lip sharp, and minutely crenulated by the revolving
lines ; pillar smooth, and overspread with enamel ; canal moder-
ately produced, and gently curved backwards. Length 2f inches,
breadth 1TV inch, divergence 45°.

Var. pygmdus. Figure 199. Shell not exceeding four fifths
of an inch in length, whorls six, and preserving the proportions of
the type.

A deep-water shell. Very large specimens, much worn, are
occasionally found upon Chelsea and Phillips's beaches ; along

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. FOSUS. 285

the coast of Maine, and farther eastward, they are not infrequent.
The small variety is found abundantly in fishes caught in our har-
bour, though I have never found it washed ashore.

I have regarded the small shells as the young, or a dwarf variety of
the type, though Mr. Sowerby is rather disposed to regard them as a
good species. And I had also regarded the next species as variety
abbrevidtus of the same ; but as I find it accurately described by Mr.
Gray, I have concluded to follow him, since I can do it without im-
posing any new name. The true Murex corneus of Linnaeus is said
to be the FUSILS ligndrius of Lamarck.

FUSUS VENTRICOSUS.

Shell ovate-globose, bluish-white, covered with a thick epider-
mis ; whorls five, marked with revolving lines ; aperture longer
than the spire.

FIGURE 200.
State Coll., No. 13. Soc. Cab., No. 2376.

Fusus Islandicus (var.), KIENER ; Species, pi. 15, f. 2.

Fusus ventricdsus, GRAY; in Zool. to Beechey's Voyage, 117.

Fusus corneus (var.) ? BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., fyc ., pi. 47, f. 11, 12.

Fusus striatus, of Paris collections, on authority of Mr. Sowerby.

This species is closely allied to the preceding in color, mark-
ing, and texture. It is, however, much more ventricose, the last
whorl composing nearly the whole shell. It maintains its pro-
portions through all the sizes and ages I have seen. It is also
shorter and finer lined than F. Sabini, Gray, found in the Arctic
seas, to which Brown's figure perhaps applies more properly than
to this species.

I have never seen it from any other locality than the Bank
fishing-grounds, and this may add to its claims to be regarded as
a distinct species. Length l/o- inch, breadth l^j inch, diver-
gence 78°.

The aperture is nearly twice as long as the spire, and the revolving
lines are closer and more regular than in F. Islandicus.

The above name, applied to it by Mr. Gray, is perhaps not objec-
tionable, though it was formerly applied to Rostelldria curvirostris.

286 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Fusus TORNA'TUS.

Shell turreted, coarse, pale-brownish ; whorls eight, convex, en-
circled by elevated bands of a pale chestnut-color ; aperture round-
ed, canal short, and strongly recurved.

FIGURE 201.

State Coll., No. 13. Soc. Cab., No. 2376.

Fusus tornatus, GOULD ; Sittiman's Journ., xxxiii. 197.

Shell turreted, rough, inelegant, antiquated, dingy-white, or
faint brownish horn-color ; whorls eight, very convex, rather ven-
tricose, encircled by distant, elevated, light chestnut-colored
bands or ribs ; on the upper whorls two of these lines, more
prominent than the rest, give them a bicarinated appearance ;
on the last but one there are usually three lines, and on the lowest
are several others, gradually diminishing in prominence, and
never reaching the front, except in immature shells ; sutural di-
vision abrupt ; striae of growth quite apparent, but, with these ex-
ceptions, the shell has a smooth and worn appearance ; aperture
rather less than half the length of the shell, broad-oval, and some-
what dilated ; outer lip sharp and somewhat angulated by the
most prominent revolving bands ; inner margin covered with a
callus in mature shells ; canal short, and very much recurved.
Length 2J inches, breadth 1J inch, divergence 50°.

From the Bank Fisheries. Taken from cod-fish. Several
good specimens of various ages are now before me, for most of
which I am indebted to the kindness of Colonel Totten.

This shell is undescribed, unless it be the much-debated and equivo-
cal Murex desp6ctus of Linnaeus, about which British writers seem to
have been so much puzzled. It differs from the early state of the
Fusus antiquus of Linnseus, the F. despectus of most British con-
chologists, in the more rounded form of the whorls, and in being des-
titute of the net-work formed by the close revolving and longitudinal
strise, and it would evidently never assume the appearance of a ma-
ture F. antiquus.

The only figures I have seen at all resembling this, are figure 1295
of Martini, which he regards as a variety of Murex antiquus, as in-

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. PD8U8. 287

deed he does the M. despectus of Linnaeus also ; and the figure of
Donovan in his " British Shells," vol. v. pi. 180, under the name of
Murex despSctus. I have very little doubt that it is the genuine M.
despectus of Linnaeus ; but as another shell is now universally received
under that name, it seems the most judicious way to apply a new
name to this, with the above explanation.

This shell probably never becomes three inches in length. It is in-
elegant and coarse, in general smooth % and somewhat shining, though
seeming to be made up of small, plane surfaces, rather than curved
ones. The elevated lines are broad, and smoothly rounded, of a
darker color than the rest of the shell, and give it an appearance as
though it might have been turned in a lathe, but left in an unfinished
state. In general outline it very strongly resembles the fossil F. con-
trdrius of the English crag formation.

Fusus DECEMCOSTA'TUS.

Shell ova/, turreted, ash-colored, with ten elevated, rounded,
horn-colored ribs on the lower whorl, and two on the upper ones.

FIGURE 202.
State Coll., No. 18. Soc. Cab., No. 314.

Fusus decemcostatus, SAY ; Journ. dead. Jfat. Sc., v. 214.
Fusus carinatus, KIKNER ; Species, (Fusus) pi. 19, f. 1.

Shell obliquely oval, narrowed at both ends, solid, coarse,
spire elevated and turreted, ash-colored, composed of about six
convex whorls, coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth ; lower
whorl turgid, and girdled by about ten broad, elevated, rounded
ribs or keels, of a light reddish horn-color ; they are about equi-
distant, the posterior one is the largest, and the successive ones
go on diminishing, till, about the beak, they become nearly ex-
tinct ; between the posterior rib and the suture is a broad, exca-
vated shoulder, giving the shell a turreted appearance ; the two
largest ribs revolve also on all the upper whorls ; the space be-
tween the ribs is marked by fine revolving lines ; aperture ovate ;
outer lip sharp, and modified by the termination of the ribs ; inner
margin regularly arched, and thinly spread with white enamel ;
the pillar, at its lower third, twists outwards to form a short, curved
beak, and has, at this part, an imperfect umbilicus, bounded ex-

288 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ternally by a rough, obtuse, spiral ridge ; throat white, having
shallow grooves of a chestnut-color at the margin, answering to
the external ribs ; operculum horny. Length 3 inches, breadth
If inch, divergence 68°.

Thrown up after violent storms on the shores of Massachusetts
Bay, and along more northerly coasts. It is seldom found with
the mouth entire, though it may contain the living animal ; show-
ing that it probably inhabits rocks in deep water.

It resembles no other shell of the genus, unless, perhaps, it be
F. carinatus, which is a more ventricose shell, with fewer and narrow-
er ribs. But Kiener must be mistaken in regarding it as the F. cari-
natus of Lamarck. There is no reason to suppose that his F. cari-
natus was different from that of other authors, who give figures vary-
ing widely from our shell. Kiener's figure is taken from a small,
slender specimen. It is still more like Purpura succincta, in general
aspect. It is subject to but little variation ; the most important one is,
that a third rib is found upon one or more of the upper whorls.

FUSUS SCALARIFORMIS.

Shell fusiform, white or reddish-brown, with fifteen or twenty
longitudinal, compressed ribs ; aperture of the length of the spire.

FIGURE 203.

State Coll., No. 164. Soc. Cab., No. 2356.

Fusus scalariformis, GOULD ; Silliman's Journ., xxxviii. 197.

Shell tapering at both extremities, reddish-brown in the young-
er stages, white when old, whorls seven, turgid, covered at close
intervals with fifteen to twenty compressed, white ribs, or arching
plates, laying over each other like tiles ; they are generally a little
flexuous, the edges sharp and jagged when young, and more
erect, smooth, and blunt on old specimens ; they are usually some-
what more elevated at the posterior part of the whorls, so as to
produce an angular, or coronated appearance ; the interstices, in
adult shells, are smooth, somewhat wrinkled at the sutures, with
numerous faint, revolving lines, which are not visible on younger
shells ; aperture half the length of the shell, produced into a
moderately long, slightly recurved beak, irregularly wrinkled by

CANALIPERA. MOLLU8CA. FUSUS. 289

the transverse terminations of the ribs ; right lip thickened or
sharp, according as it is or is not terminated by a rib ; throat
light chestnut-brown, like the exterior of young shells. Length
1} inch, breadth f inch, divergence 45°.

Of six specimens in my possession, four belong to Colonel
Totten, who kindly sent them to me for description, one was
from Dr. J. B. Forsyth of Sandwich, all of which were from
the Bank Fisheries ; and one was taken from a fish caught in
Massachusetts Bay by Mr. Couthouy.

This shell is remarkable for its sharp, elevated ribs, as if the sur-
face were raised by flakes arranged like the ribs on most species of
Scalaria. It is very much like the Fusus Bamffius, but, on the whole,
I think it is different, inasmuch as we have that species with its undoubt-
ed characters, and the two never seem to run into each other. The
large figure of Donovan, (Brit. Shells, pi. 169, f. 1,) given as Murex
Bdmffius, represents our shell.

It is allied to M. Magelldnicus ; and the figure in " Encyc. Meth."
pi. 438, f. 4, referred to as M. lyratus, Lam., bears a distant resem-
blance to it.

Fusus BA'MPFIUS.

Shell small, brownish ; whorls six, ventricose, ribbed lengthwise
with numerous sharp, raised plaits ; aperture rounded ; canal
curved.

FIGURE 198.
State Coll., No. 12. Soc. Cab., No. 2369.

Murex Bamffius, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, v. pi. 169, f. 2. MATOW and RACKETT ;

Lin. Trans. ,viii. 149. MONTAGU; Test. Brit., Suppl.,117.
Fusus Bamffius, FLEMING ; Brit, dnim., 351. BROWN; Conch, of Great Brit., fyc.,

P1.47,f.l.

Shell small, light-brownish, composed of six rounded whorls,
forming an elevated spire ; suture deeply defined. The stages of
growth are distinctly marked by an expansion of the lip, so as to
cover the surface of the shell, lengthwise, with from fifteen to
twenty sharp, raised folds, of a whitish color, which become
rounded into brownish ribs by age ; aperture less than half the
length of the shell, rounded-ovate, terminating in a curved canal,
37

290 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

about half as long as the aperture ; lip sharp, direct or reflexed,
according to the stage of growth ; aperture brown. Xength ^
inch, breadth ^ inch, divergence 33°.

Occasionally found in the stomachs of fishes.

This is undoubtedly the F. Bamffius of English authors, as deter-
mined by actual comparison. But the similarity of this and the pre-
ceding species is such, as to raise the question whether they are not the
same. Their shape, color, number of whorls, and character of the
surface is the same, and they scarcely differ in any thing but size, this
species being a miniature of the other. And yet there is a constancy
in both, and none of those intermediate specimens which mark the
connection of distant varieties. I have no doubt that the large figure
of Donovan, which represents what he regarded as a very large
growth of his M. B&mffius, was taken from a specimen of what I have
described as a new species. Brown seems to have copied that figure,
but in such a way as to render it doubtful to which species his figure
would best apply. I have never seen this species exceed three fourths
of an inch in length ; while my smallest specimen of F. scdlariformis,
an immature specimen, is more than an inch in length. It generally
appears covered with an ash-colored mouldiness, which disappears
when moistened.

FUSUS RUFUS.

Shell slender and tapering ^ fawn-colored ; whorls eight, having
eighteen or twenty oblique, rounded folds, and minute revolving
lines.

FIGURE 192.
State Coll., No. 15. Soc. Cab., No. 2374.

Murex rufus, MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 263. MATON and RACKETT; Lin. Trans.,
viii. 145. DILLWYN; Catal., ii. 744. TURTON ; Conch. Diet., 93. WOOD;
Index, pi. 27, f. 134. FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 350.

Fusus pleurotomarius, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 107, pi. 1, f. 9.

Shell elongated, tapering to an acute point, reddish fawn-color-
ed ; whorls eight, slightly convex, with numerous obliquely undu-
lating folds or ribs, amounting sometimes to eighteen or twenty ;
these are quite regular and prominent, the interstices or excava-
tions between them being of equal width with the folds ; they are
most prominent on the upper whorls, and vanish about the middle

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. PU8U8. 291

of the lower whorl ; there are numerous inconspicuous revolving
lines, most distinct at the base ; larger whorl rather more than
half the length of the shell, with a slight shoulder at the suture ;
aperture short and narrow, having a slight notch at its posterior
angle, and terminating abruptly in front, without an elongated
canal ; outer lip sharp ; pillar smooth, moderately arched.
Length | inch, breadth j inch, divergence 40°.

Found, not unfrequently, in the stomachs of fishes, though
rarely in a fresh state.

On comparison with specimens sent from England, I coincide with
Mr. Sowerby in opinion, that this shell, first found in our waters by
Mr. Couthouy, and described by him as new, is the Murex rufus of
Montagu. It is, however, generally much larger than those known to
Montagu, his specimens being less than half an inch in length.

It is a well marked species, though varying much in its depth of
color, and in the distinctions of the spiral lines. The spaces between
the ribs are deep, as if grooved out. The canal is almost too short for
the genus Fusus, while the notch of the lip approximates it to PLEU-

FUSUS HARPULA'RIUS.

Shell long-ovate, pointed, turreted, flesh- colored, whorls an-
gular above, with about sixteen oblique, rounded folds and numer-
ous revolving lines.

FIGURE 191.
State Coll., No. 21. Soc. Cab., No. 2375.

Fusus harpulkrius, COUTHOUT ; Bost. Jnurn. Nat. Hi*t.t ii. 106, pi. 1, f. 10.

Shell ovate-oblong, turreted, of a brownish flesh-color, com-
posed of six or eight angulated whorls, flattened above the angle,
so as to form a slightly sloping shoulder ; lower whorl more than
half the length of the shell, having about eighteen oblique, rounded
plaits or ribs, vanishing before they reach the beak, and crossed
by fine revolving lines, most conspicuous in the interstices ; the
upper whorls are marked in the same manner ; beak white, short,
somewhat curved, and pointed ; aperture narrow, broadest and
angular behind ; the outer lip sharp ; inner lip white, smooth, and

292 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

moderately arched, twisting outwards at the commencement of the
beak. Length •£ inch, breadih J inch, divergence 48°.

First found by Mr. Couthouy, in fish taken near Nahant, and
frequently obtained since from the same locality.

It bears a close resemblance to Fusus turricula ; and Mr. Sowerby
seems rather disposed to regard it as such. But the marks of distinc-
tion are constant. The flesh color is invariable ; the length of the
body whorl proportionally greater, and it is more convex, and less an-
gular ; the folds are more oblique, more rounded, and the beak is
shorter, but more curved.

From F. rufus it is distinguished by a less dark color, less promi-
nent but closer ribs, more conspicuous shoulder, and by its less elon-
gated and slender form, and the absence of a notch at the posterior
junction of the outer lip.

It has a general resemblance to pi. 48, f. 43, 44, of "Brown's
Conch, of Great Brit.," &c. which he calls Fusus castdneus.

FUSUS TURRl'CULA.

Shell white, thin, whorls very conspicuously angulated and tur-
reted, with twelve or fourteen prominent ribs, and numerous dis-
tinct, revolving lines.

FIGURE 193.

State Coll., No. 16. Soc. Cab., No. 2357.

Murex turricula, MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 262, pi. 9, f. 1. TURTON ; Conch.

Diet., 93. DILLWYN ; Catal., 744. MATON and RACKETT ; Lin. Trans., viii.

144. Dorset Catal., pi. 14, f. 15. WOOD ; Index, pi. 27, f. 133.
Fusus turriculus, BROWN ; Conch, of Great Brit., pi. 48, f. 51, 52.
Fusus turricula, FLEMING ; Brit. Anim., 349.
Murex angulatus, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, v. 156.

Shell thin, pure white, sometimes yellowish or brownish-
white ; with seven or eight whorls, rising nearly perpendicularly
from each other to an acute apex, and having an abrupt, broad,
nearly flat slope at their summits ; surface with twelve or fourteen
somewhat oblique, rather compressed ribs, which vanish before
attaining the front, traversed by numerous distinct, elevated lines,
of which one at the angle of the whorls is most prominent, these
obsolete at the edge of the ribs ; beak short, open, and nearly
straight ; aperture oblong, broad, and angular behind ; outer lip

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. FU8U8. 293

sharp, or thickened by a rib ; inner lip smooth, slightly arched.
Length f inch, breadth | inch, divergence 42°.

Found in considerable numbers, and in a very fresh state, in
the stomachs of fish. It is one of the shells common to both At-
lantic shores.

This is a very pretty shell, and is not likely to be confounded with
any other except F. harpuldrius. From this it is distinguished by
being a more delicate shell, by its color, by the smaller number of
ribs, and by the remarkably turreted appearance of the whorls. The
raised line, revolving at their angle, is so great as to produce a small
tubercle there, on each of the ribs. The aperture is usually about
half the length of the shell ; but there is a variety in which the aper-
ture is about one third the length of the shell, and the ribs are more
numerous. Mr. Sowerby intimates that our shell may not be identical
with the European type ; but on the whole, I cannot persuade myself
to regard them as different. The variety is like the Murex angulatus,
figured by Donovan.

Fusus MURICA'TUS.

Shell slender, yellowish; whorls very tumid, with about ten
conspicuous folds and elevated revolving lines ; beak long and
straight.

State Coll., No. 14. Soc. Cab., No. 2377.

Murex muricktus, MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 262, pi. 9,f. 2. TCRTON ; Conch. Diet.,
95. MATON and RACKETT; Lin. Trans., viii. 149. DILLWYK; Catal., 74(J.
WOOD ; Index, pi. 27, f. 138. FLEMING ; Brit. w0mm., 351.

Fusus muricktus, BROWN; Conch, of Great Brit., ^c.,48, f. 28.

Shell elongated, slender, yellowish-white, or orange, composed
of seven very convex whorls, the suture deeply defined, forming
an elevated, pointed spire ; these are traversed by about ten
broad, rounded folds or undulations which are crossed by coarse,
elevated, revolving, glossy lines, producing a rough, granulated,
almost tubercular surface ; aperture broad oval, terminating in a
long, straight canal, which together equal half the length of the
shell ; outer lip rendered jagged by the revolving lines, and some-
times greatly thickened ; inner margin smooth and simple. Length
T7ff inch, breadth TST inch, divergence 45°.

294 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Two shells answering to the preceding description were furnished
me from the cabinet of Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, as taken from fish
brought to Phillips's Beach. I had some little hesitation in admitting
them as native shells, supposing they must have been accidentally
mingled with Massachusetts shells. But I am now disposed to regard
it as another of the shells belonging to both Atlantic shores. I take it
to be the M. muricatus, of Montagu, from whose figure our specimens
differ only in wanting the thickened outer lip, a character which age
would probably produce. I may, however, be deceived on both these
points. It is readily distinguished by its long, straight beak, which
brings it among the true Fusi.

GENUS PYRULA, LAM.

Shell pear-shaped, without varices, broad at the spire, and taper-
ing forwards to form a long, straight beak ; aperture longer than
the spire, broad behind ; pillar twisted.

PY'RULA CANALICULA'TA.

Shell large, pear-shaped, covered with revolving lines, and a
hispid epidermis ; lower whorl tumid, ending in a long canal, a
nodular keel crowns the flattened summit of each whorl, and there is
a deep and broad channel at the suture.

FIGURE 206.

State Coll., No. 23. Soc. Cab., No. 317.

Murex canaliculatus, LIN ; Syst. JVa*., (12th ed.) 1222, No. 555. GMELIN ; 3544,
No. 65. GUALT. ; Test., t. 47, f. A. MARTINI ; Conch., iii. t. 66, f. 742, 743.
LISTER ; Conch., t. 878, f. 2. KNORR ; Fergn., i. t. B. 6, f. 4.

Py'rula canaliculata, DRUG.; Encyc. Mith., 436, f. 3. LAM.; An. sans Pert.,
(1st. ed.) vii. 138. ADAMS; Bost. Journ. JYVrt. Hist., ii. 269.

Py'rula spirata, KIENER; Species, pi. 10, f. 1.

Shell large, rather thin, pear-shaped ; pale fawn-color, coarsely
marked with revolving lines ; composed of about six turreted
whorls, the last very large and tumid above, gradually diminishing
downward, and terminating rather abruptly in a long, nearly
straight canal or beak ; a nodulous, beaded cord or keel surrounds
the most prominent part of each whorl, behind which it is abruptly
flattened ; at the suture is a broad and deep channel, so that the
upper whorls are composed of an upright portion, and a nearly

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. PYRULA. 295

horizontal one, all terminating in a pointed apex, and forming a
winding terrace up the spire ; covered with a dense yellowish-
brown epidermis, bristling with stiff, curved hairs along the lines
of growth, and at regular intervals corresponding with the revolv-
ing lines of the shell ; aperture ovate, three fourths the length of
the shell, the outer lip simple, sharp, and arched ; the inner margin
concave and twisted as it turns out to form the canal, smooth and
enamelled ; within, brightly polished, variously shaded with chest-
nut and fawn-color ; operculum small for the shell, oval, the apex
at the lower extremity, its elements coarse, strengthened on the
inner side by a varnished deposit. Ordinary length 6 inches,
breadth 3 inches.

Found about Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Buzzard's and
Narraganset Bays. It is set down, in all the works I have seen,
as an inhabitant of the arctic seas, and Canada. But Cape Cod is
probably its northernmost limit ; at least, I have never heard of it
farther north. I believe too, that it does not extend far south.

It seems superfluous to be minute in the description of a shell which
would at once be recognised, when we have said that it is a large,
pear-shaped shell, with its peculiar channel at the suture, and each
whorl crowned with a beaded circlet. It is subject, however, to con-
siderable variations. It varies in color, from light-orange to livid-
brown. In thickness, also, there is great diversity. In the old shells,
the nodules, which are so regular in the young, are worn off, and they
seldom exhibit more than vestiges of the bristled epidermis. The
largest specimen I have seen is seven inches in length. Kiener, like
his predecessors, has associated two shells under the same name,
which are certainly distinct, and probably come from different quar-
ters of the globe. Which should be held as the M. canaliculdtus of
Linnaeus, must remain uncertain, since the essential character of his
species is, a canal intervening between the whorls at the suture (" quod
anfractus in spira non contigui sunt, sed canali distantes"), a character
which belongs to both species. Gualter and Davila evidently had
reference to our shell alone.

The ova are contained in membranous cases, about the size and
thickness of a cent. Great numbers of these are united together in a
parallel position, about one fourth of an inch apart, by a ligamentous
thong attached to their edge, so as often to form strings a yard in
length, gradually diminishing in size from one end to the other. They

296 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

are represented in " Ellis's Corallines," t. 33, f. b. When the em-
bryo is sufficiently mature, the young escape through an opening in
the edge, opposite to that where the ligament is attached.

PY'RULA CA'RICA.

Shell large, solid, pear-shaped, spire not turreted, suture not
channelled, having a series of the triangular, compressed, tubercles
just above it, and encircling the most prominent part of the body
whorl ; canal long and flexuous.

State Coll., No. 22. Soc. Cab., No. 318.

Murex carica, GMELIN ; 3545, No. 67. LISTER; Conch., 880, f. 3 b. GUALT.;

Test., t. 47, B. MARTINI ; Conch., iii. t. 69, f. 744, 756. KNORR; Vergn., vi.

t. 27, f. 1.
Pjr'rula carica, BRUG. ; Encyc. Miik., pi. 435, f. 5. LAM., An. sans Vert., (1st

ed.) vii. 138. ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 269.

Shell large and thick, ovate pear-shaped, ash-colored ; whorls
six, the lowest large and capacious, broadest at its posterior fifth
where it is crowned by a series of compressed, triangular no-
dules, one at each stage of growth ; the spire suddenly slopes
backwards from these to the suture, which is well defined, but not
channelled ; the spire is a low cone, pointed, the series of nodules
encircling the base of each whorl ; below the nodules the lower
whorl gradually diminishes and extends into a long, conical beak ;
surface distinctly marked by an elevated ridge of a darker color at
each stage of growth, and by revolving lines alternately larger and
smaller ; aperture long ovate, angular at its junction behind,
where a canal is formed by a protuberance of the opposite mar-
gin ; outer lip simple, sharp, regularly curved to the extremity of
the beak, or slightly arched at the middle, not otherwise con-
tracted at the commencement of the canal ; pillar lip flexuous,
concave above, and to the beginning of the canal where it twists
outwards, causing a bluntly rounded projection, and forming the
inner margin of the canal, which is gently curved upwards, and to
the right ; interior bright brick-red or light fawn-color ; opercu-
lum unguiform, apex at one end, inner side of a wax-like texture,

CANALIFERA. MOLLUSCA. RANELLA.

strengthened by an entire rim of a dark, vitreous substance.
Length 7 inches, breadth 4 inches.

Found in company with the preceding, but less abundant. It
is a shell belonging to a more southern latitude, and is found of
great size, and deep color, on the southern coast of the United
States.

This is the largest convoluted shell on this Atlantic coast, and is rec-
ognised without difficulty. Still it exhibits great variety in appear-
ance, particularly in the length of the spinous tubercles. Sometimes
they are half an inch in length, and at others, mere traces of them are
all that is found on the larger volutions ; sometimes they are close at
the suture, even encroaching upon the whorl below ; and at others,
they are removed to a considerable distance above it. In the old
shells the surface is a nearly uniform dead, ashy-gray color ; while
in the young, there are stripes at each stage of growth, and imperfect
bauds of a violaceous-brown color. Southern specimens are more
luxuriant, with more brilliant colors, as might be expected from a
warmer climate.

GENUS RANELLA, LAM.

Shell oblong-oval, thick, nodulous, having a line ofvarices on
each side, formed at each half revolution ; aperture oval, terminat-
ing in a straight canal in front, and in a notch posteriorly • lip
thickened.

RANE'LLA CAUDA'TA.

Shell rhomboidal, thick, cinereous brown, checkered with longi-
tudinal ribs and revolving lines, canal long and straight.

FIGURE 204.
State Coll., No. 3. Soc. Cab., No. 348.

Ranella caudata, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 236. Amer. Conch., pi. 48.
ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. JYoi. Hist., ii. 269.

Shell rhomboidal, solid, of a dark mahogany-color, obscured by
a substance like bluish-mould ; there are five angular whorls, trav-
ersed lengthwise by eleven elevated ribs, of which one at the left
side of the largest whorl, and the one bordering tbe aperture, are
58

298 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

enlarged into strong, wing-like varices ; these are crossed by equi-
distant, revolving threads, which together form a network over
the shell ; aperture inversely ovate, rounded behind, and pointed
before ; outer lip thick, margined within by raised granules which
alternate with the external lines ; pillar lip curved, flattened and
smooth, and, with the throat, is bluish-white ; canal about the
length of the spine, straight or a little recurved, narrow, deep, and
partly closed over by the continued lips. Length 1 inch, breadth
•£ inch, divergence 60°.

Found sparingly on the shores of Buzzard's Bay, Nantucket,
and Martha's Vineyard. According to Mr. Say, it is abundant on
the Southern coast. It is the only species known on the coast of
the United States, and, as a species, is peculiar on account of the
prolongation of its canal.

Mr. Sowerby regards it as identical with R. muriciformis, Brod.,
from Western Columbia. The alliance is very close, but ours is a
much more delicate shell. At any rate, Mr. Say's description was
published ten years before that of Mr. Broderip.

FAMILY ALATA, LAM.

Shett with a straight canal at the front of the aperture ; outer lip changing
its form and becoming broadly expanded by age.

GENUS ROSTELLARIA, LAM.

Shell turreted, spire long, aperture long and narrow, terminat-
ing in a straight canal in front, and in a channel running up the
spire posteriorly ; outer lip thickened and widely dilated.

ROSTELLARIA OCCIDENTA'LIS.

Shett spindle-shaped, the outer lip expanded into a broad, thick
wing ; whorls convex, with numerous waving, longitudinal folds,
and regular, conspicuous, revolving lines.

FIGURE 205.
State Coll., No. 2. Soc. Cab., No. 3364.

Rostellaria (Aporrhais) occidentalis, BECK ; LyelVs Catal. of Fossils of St. Law-
rence Bay, in Geolog. Trans. GUERIN ; Mag. de Zool., May, 1836, pi. 72.

PURPURIPERA. MOLLUSCA. 299

Shell thick but light, of a livid or bluish-white color ; exclud-
ing the wing, it is spindle-shaped, composed of eight or nine
moderately convex whorls, with numerous smooth, rounded, cres-
cent-shaped folds, which scarcely reach the well-marked sutures ;
on the largest whorl there are about twenty-five folds, and on the
last but one they become closer and fainter, till they finally dis-
appear on the back ; two or three whorls at the pointed apex are
also destitute of folds ; beautiful revolving lines, of uniform size
and distance, also ornament the shell ; aperture crescent-shaped,
independent of the wing ; this arises a little above the suture of
the preceding whorl, and passes off from the spire at an angle of
about one hundred and twenty degrees, to a distance equal to the
breadth of the lower whorl ; after forming somewhat of a spur at
the posterior and outer angle, it advances, smooth and very thick,
at nearly a right angle, in a straight line nearly an inch, then, form-
ing an obtuse angle, passes obliquely forward to the pointed termi-
nation of the columella, forming with it a short, shallow, and ob-
lique canal ; pillar lip smooth and rounded, convex above, and
concave below ; throat livid ; a thick, dusky epidermis. Length
2J inches, breadth 1^ inch, divergence 40°.

Tips of this shell, some of them, however, wanting nothing but
the expansion of the lip, are all that have yet been found in our
Bay, and along the coast of Maine. Complete shells are found
in fishes taken at the Newfoundland Banks.

It is a very extraordinary shell, resembling, in its expansion without
digitations, the fossil species macroptera, of which the genus HIPPO-
CRE'NE has been formed. The animal is not known, but from the alli-
ance of the shell to the Aporrhais pes-pelecani it probably belongs to the
same genus. As this cannot now be settled, it is better to leave it still
in the genus ROSTELLA'RIA, from which the pes-pelecani has been sep-
arated, on account of a difference in the animal.

The lip is very remarkable, and very much resembles the lip of
Strombus tricornis.

FAMILY PURPURIFERA, LAM.

Shell with a short, ascending canal, or an oblique notch, or semi-canal,
directed upwards.

300 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS TRICHOTROPIS, BROD. and SOWERBY.

Shell thin, ventricose, keeled, umbilicated ; aperture longer than
the spire, compressed into a partial canal in front ; epidermis
horny, rising into hairs at the angles of the shell ; operculum horny,
nucleus at one side.

The genus TRICHOTROPIS was instituted by Mr. Sowerby to
include this and one other shell, which have unequivocal gen-
eric traits, but whose place in the series has not yet been deter-
mined. Lesson regards it as allied to JA'NTHINA ; and the spe-
cies which he knew might well lead him to such an opinion. Mr.
Sowerby at first compared it with TURBO, BU'CCINUM, and CAN-
CELLA RIA. But in his late work, the " Conchological Manual,"
he places it among the PURPURIFER.E, where its aspect would
lead us to place it. It is very peculiar in having its axis fall con-
siderably to the left of the canal.

TRICHO'TROPIS BOREA'LIS.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal ; whorls four, the last very broad, and
encircled by four or jive, and the others by two, prominent, fringed
ribs, and crossed by minute and regular elevated lines ; umbilicated.

FIGURE 207.
State Coll., No. 20. Soc. Cab., No. 2282.

Trichotropis borealis, SOWERBY; Zool. Journ., iv. 373, pi. 9, f. 6, 7.
Trichotropis costellatus, COUTHOUY ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hirf.,ii. 108, pi. 3,f. 2.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal, turreted, spire pointed ; color ashy
or yellowish-white ; whorls four, separated by a deeply chan-
nelled suture ; the last whorl very large, and encircled by two
prominent, and two or three less conspicuous, rounded ribs or
keels, and several still smaller intervening and adjacent ones ; the
two large ribs only are continued upon the upper whorls, which
are thereby rendered angular ; very numerous, minute and regular
threads, traverse the length of the shell, not being interrupted by
the ribs ; the whole is covered by a yellowish horn-colored epi-
dermis, which rises like a bristly fringe along the keels, and along

PURPURIFERA. MOLLUSCA. TRICHOTROPIS. 301

those lines which mark the stages of growth ; aperture ovate, broad
and rounded behind, narrowed and somewhat pointed in front;
outer lip thin and sharp, festooned by the projecting ribs ; inner
lip arched and flattened, with a slight inward projection at the
lower third, rising before the umbilicus, which is also bounded ex-
ternally by a revolving ridge ; the two lips meet in front at an
acute angle, forming a short, slightly excavated canal, turning a lit-
tle to the right. Length T7T inch, breadth T43 inch, divergence 48°.
Found in considerable numbers, though rarely entire, in fishes
taken in Massachusetts Bay.

Mr. Couthouy makes the principal points of difference between his
shell and the lorealis of Sowerby, to be, a greater number of keels
on the lower whorl, the less breadth of that whorl, and the shorter
fringe upon it. But these detailed portions are by no means constant.
I have sent specimens to Mr. Sowerby, who assures me, they are the
same as his boredlis received from Melville's Island, many years ago.
He also sent another imperfect shell, dredged at Oban, in Argyleshire,
by Mr. Jeffreys, and named by him T. acuminatus, which I cannot
perceive to differ at all from our shell. This is probably its southern
limit.

PU'RPURA LAPI'LLUS.

Shell ovate, pointed, solid, variegated in color, whiU, yellow,
chocolate, and often banded with white; surface with numerous
coarse, revolving ridges; aperture oval, outer lip thickened, and
toothed within.

State Coll., No. 10 and 11. Soc. Cab., No. 1502.

Buccinum lapillus, LIN.; Syst. JVa*., 1202. PENHANT ; Brit. Zool., iv. 218, t. 72,
f 89. MARTINI; Conch., iii. 429, t. 121, f. 1111, 1112, and iv. 22, t. 122,
f. 1 124, 1125, &c. DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, pi. 11. WOOD ; Vm/ez, pi. 23, f. 02.
MONTAGU; Test. Brit., 239.

Tritonium lapillus, MULLER; Zool. Dan. Prodr., 244.

Purpuro-Buccinum, DA COSTA ; Brit. CtmcA., 125.

Purpura lapillus, LAM.; An. sans Vert., (\.st. ed.) vi. KIENER; Iconog. (Pourpre,)
101, pi 29, 30, 31, f. 77 to 77*. FLEMING ; Brit. Mm., 341.

Shell ovate, acutely pointed at both extremities, thick and
solid, varying in color, from white through yellow to a dark choc-

302 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

olate, and often with bands of white or yellow, of different
widths ; surface more or less wrinkled and encircled with numer-
ous, coarse, unequal ridges. Some are nearly smooth, and others,
at the lines of growth, have series of raised, concave scales, which
render the whole shell rough and prickly to the touch ; whorls
five or six, in some convex, so that the spire appears turreted, in
others flattened below the sutures, so as to be pyramidal. Aper-
ture oval, the outer lip regularly curved, sharp, but thickened, and
armed with blunt teeth at a little distance within, so that the aper-
ture appears spreading ; the pillar lip moderately flattened,
smooth, its lower portion a little twisted, so as to form a moder-
ate projection within the shell, and a crescent-shaped umbilical
depression outside ; canal short, turning a little to the right ;
throat generally light reddish-brown, with a lighter border to the
lip. Operculum horny, elliptical. Common length 1J inch,
breadth y^ inch.

Inhabits the ocean rocks everywhere.

While there is an individuality about this shell, by which it is easily
recognised, yet it is infinitely varied in its details. All specimens have
the coarse, revolving ridges, and the peculiar twist of the flattened pil-
lar, characteristic of the genus. They may be divided into two groups,
those with a smooth, and those with a rasp-like surface. The smooth
shells are the most solid, and are usually flattened near the suture, so
as to give the shell a rhomboidal, rather than an ovate outline. This
smoothness is not the effect of age, as has been generally stated, for
the young shells, in both groups, are like the old. In these there is
nothing like an umbilicus. These are the true P. lapillus.

In the other group, the whorls are more convex, the suture deep,
and the surface is rendered rasp-like by the sharp, scolloped edges of
the successive lines of growth, which are most conspicuous in the
youngest specimens. In these the callus is abundant upon the pillar,
and rises in such a manner as to seem to cover an umbilicus. In
some specimens it is so abundant at the posterior angle of the aper-
ture, that the two lips are continuous, and their junction rounded. The
canal in this variety is more decided and longer. This variety is
Lamarck's species P. imbricata.

As to coloration, both varieties pass from white through yellow
to a dark chocolate or slate-color ; but specimens of the first group,

PURPURIFERA. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINUM. 303

are both lighter and darker than those of the second group. It is in
the first group only that I have met with the banded varieties. These
have the portion next the suture, the base, and a central zone dark,
and the remainder white ; and they constitute Lamarck's species
bizonalis. Kiener has figured many varieties, but it would be impos-
sible to represent every aspect of a shell, in which no two individuals
may be found exactly alike.

Kiener states that the animal, which is perfectly white, is very car-
nivorous, and that by it are produced, principally, the perforations so
frequently observed in bivalve shells on the shore. This remark might
apply to many of the perforated univalve shells ; but it would hardly be
expected that this animal, whose residence is confined to the rocks,
should feed upon the animals of bivalve shells, which reside only in
sand or mud. The NA'TICA is the more probable depredator in this

case.

/
GENUS BUCCINUM, LIN.

Shell ovate-conic ; aperture having a notch without a canal, in
front ; pillar not flattened, somewhat twisted.

Bu'CCINUM PLICOSUM.

Shell oval, tapering at both ends, ash-colored, or reddish-brown,
with ten or twelve undulations on the lower whorl, crossed by numer-
ous revolving lines.

FIGURE 213.
State Coll., No. 19. Soc. Cab., No. 313.

Fusus cin&reus, SAY ; Jowm. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 236. Amer. CtmcA., pi. 29.
Buccinum plicosum, MENKE.

Shell long-oval, tapering at both ends, coarse, solid, of a red-
dish-brown color, more or less dark, covered with an ashy-gray
pigment ; on some specimens are two faint brown bands on the
larger whorl ; whorls five or six, convex, compressed about the
suture, with ten or twelve rib-like undulations along each, crossed
by numerous, somewhat regular, elevated, revolving lines ; aper-
ture ovate, and, with the beak, about equals the spire ; outer lip
sharp, scolloped by the termination of the revolving lines, with
one or more series of elevated, whiter lines within, corresponding
to the external grooves ; pillar margin slightly arched, covered

304 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

with enamel, which rises up by the side of an umbilical depres-
sion ; beak short, slightly curved ; throat of various hues from
light violet, to dark chocolate ; operculum horny, rounded ovate,
elements concentric ; the nucleus near one edge. Length 1 inch,
breadth f inch, divergence 50°.

Found on rocks in bays and inlets, about Nantucket, New Bed-
ford, &c., and occasionally sheltered under the edges of stones in
Boston harbour. I am not aware that it is found to the north of
Cape Ann, while it is common at the South, and grows to a much
larger size.

Animal small, foot scarcely covering the aperture, very little
dilated at the front angles, cream-colored, margined with lemon-
color beneath, punctured with light drab above ; siphon merely
surpassing the tip of the canal ; head scarcely protruded ; tenta-
cula nearly united at origin ; eyes black, at the outer upper third
of tentacula, which third is a mere filament, contractile. Motions
sluggish.

Mr. Say noticed that its habits were those of PU'RPURA ; but it is
removed from both Fusus and PU'RPURA by its operculum, and will
probably prove to belong to the genus PO'LLIA of Gray. Mr. Say's
specific name is pre-occupied by another species of BU'CCINUM.

BU'CCINUM DONOVA'NI.

Shell ovate-conic^ elevated and pointed ; whorls folded length-
wise, and marked with revolving lines ; the lowest whorl is encircled
by a rounded carina ; aperture rounded, lip spreading.

FIGURE 208.
State Coll., No. 165. Soc. Cab., No. 2378.

Buccinum glaciale, DONOVAN ; Brit. Shells, v. pi. 154. BROWN ; Conch, of Great

Brit., fyc., pi. 49, f. 12, 13.
Buccinum Donovani, GRAV; in Zool. to Beechey's Voyage, 128.

Shell ovate-conic, spire elevated and pointed, solid, of a livid
brownish-color, folded obliquely lengthwise, the lower whorl being
merely plaited at the suture, and covered with rather coarse re-
volving lines ; whorls seven or eight, moderately convex, and

PURPURIFERA. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINUM. 305

gradually tapering ; on the lower one, a flattish rib or keel com-
mences at the junction of the lip, and, revolving, terminates about
the lower third of the lip; suture deep and undulating ; aperture
less than one half the length of the shell, rounded ; outer lip white,
rather thick, and spreading, with a wave at its posterior portion ;
inner margin nearly destitute of callus ; throat livid ; canal short,
very slightly recurved. Length 2 inches, breadth 1T1T inch, diver-
gence 42°.

Inhabits the Bank fishing-grounds.

Distinguished from B. unddtum by its more slender form, greater
polish, its rounded aperture, and spreading lip, and by the ribs encir-
cling the larger whorl. None of the specimens exhibit more than one
well-developed rib, and some of them are destitute of any. It has also
a more elongated, and more acute spire, than B. glaciale, and Mr.
Gray seems to have done well in separating it from that species, as it
is commonly received. I have seen a few perfect specimens taken
from fishes, which correspond accurately with Donovan's figure.

BU'CCINUM UNDA'TUM.

Shell ovate-conical, ventricose,with broad folds and coarse, re-
volving lines ; whorls six, convex ; epidermis grayish ; aperture
yellowish, lip slightly notched ; pillar twisted, canal a mere notch.

State Coll., No. 9. Soc. Cab., No. 511.

Buccinum crassum rufescens, LISTER ; Conrk., t. 962, f. 14.

Buccinum undatum, LIN.; Fauna Suec. No. 2163. Syst. JVo/., No. 475.

GMELIN; 3492. KNORR ; Vcrgn., iv. t. 19, f. 1. MARTINI; Conch., iv. t. 126,

f. 1206 to 1209. PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, t. 73. f. 9. HUTCH.; Dorset Catal., 42,

1. 17, f. 6. MONTAGU ; Test. Brit., 237. KIENER; Iconog., pi. 2, f. 5. DRDMMOND ;

Letters to a Young Naturalist. BLAINV. ; Malacol., pi. 22, f. 4. SOWERBT;

Conch. Man., f. 421. DONOVAN; Brit. Shells, iii. 104. WOOD; Index, pi. 23,

f. 107. BRUG. ; Encyc. Meth., 399, f. 1.
Buccinum vulgare, DA COSTA ; Brit. Conch., 122, t. 6, f. 6.
Tritonium undatum, MULLER; ZooL Dan., ii. 12, t. 50. FABR. ; Fauna Grcenl.,

394.
Buccinum striatum, PENNANT ; Brit. Zoo/., t. 74, f. 91. LISTER; Conch., t. 962, f.

15. An. AngL, t. 3, f. 3.

Shell thick, ovate-conic, ventricose, grayish or brownish-white,
encircled with prominent, raised lines, from one fifth, to one
39

306 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

tenth of an inch apart, with minute, intervening striae ; with
twelve or thirteen longitudinal, obliquely waved, elevated ribs or
plaits, traversing the upper whorls, fading away on the con-
vexity of the lower whorl, and generally disappearing entirely a
short distance from the lip ; a yellowish-brown, velvety epidermis
covers the shell wholly, or near the lip ; whorls six, regularly con-
vex ; aperture oval, about one half the length of the shell, white
within, or more frequently of a brilliant golden-yellow ; minute
striae, corresponding to the prominent lines without, extend some
distance within the mouth, and produce faint crenulations of the
outer lip ; this is somewhat everted, and arched so as often to
produce a conspicuous notch at about its posterior third ; colu-
mella broadly overlaid with callus, somewhat flattened, and
twisted at its lower portion ; not extending so far as the lip on the
opposite side of the canal. Usual length 3 inches, breadth 1 T9¥
inch.

It is occasionally found on some of the rocky bars in Bos-
ton harbour, particularly Faun Bar, of good size and beauty.
On the sandy beaches it is thrown up, in a worn state. Still far-
ther eastward it becomes abundant ; and the finest I have ever
seen were sent to me by Dr. Mighels, from the vicinity of Port-
land. I am not aware that it is found south of Cape Cod.

I have given a description of our B. undatum, as it most commonly
appears with us. It differs, however, in several points from the Eng-
lish shells, as figured and described by Pennant, and others. It is more
ventricose, the whorls are one or two less in number ; it is not found
of so large a size, British specimens being mentioned four or five in-
ches long, while the largest I have seen is only three inches and a half;
the striation is far more conspicuous, and the remarkable projection of
the columella beyond the rest of the shell, shown in foreign specimens, is
not found in ours ; the aperture is proportionally broader, and the ribs
or folds less distinct. Its golden mouth, too, which is not found in for-
eign shells, renders it a beautiful shell. In truth, it much more nearly re-
sembles Pennant's B. stridtum, (Brit. Zoo?., pi. 74) ; but Turton states,
that, in the B. striatum (which is now regarded as a variety of B.
unddtum^) the shell is much thinner than the true B. undatum^ which
is not the case in our shell.

Kiener observes, that this species is very variable in size ; also in its

PURPURIFERA. MOLLUSCA. BDCCINUM. 307

form, which is more or less inflated, sometimes the folds, then the
striae, and then both, disappearing. And were specific names to be
given to every considerable variety, the nomenclature would be most
unscientifically burdened.

The figure of Kiener, and the wood-cut in Drummond's " Let-
ters," &c., are accurate representations of our shell.

BU'CCINUM CILIATUM.

. Shell ovate-conic, ventricose, thin ; whorls six or eight, tome-
times folded at the suture ; spirally striated, ash-colored, or
clouded with brown ; epidermis hispid.

FIGURE 209.
State Coll., No. 269. Soc. Cab., No. 2419.

Tritonium ciliatum, O. FABR. ; Fauna Grcenl., 401.

Buccinum ventricosum, KIENER ; Species, (Buccinum,) pi. 3, f. 7.

Shell similar to B. undatum, but thin, paper-like, and destitute
of folds, except short ones near the suture, so as to give that part
a crenated appearance. The whorls are more convexly rounded,
so as to be nearly cylindrical ; surface with minute and close re-
volving lines, color yellowish, or livid, most specimens with
blotches, or dashes of brown ; epidermis fawn-colored, and hispid
with short hairs, arranged for the most part along the lines of
increase. Aperture short, rounded, lip very thin ; throat pure
white, or yellowish. The pillar has a very oblique, obscure fold.
Length 2 inches, breadth 1T\ inch, divergence 58°.

Taken from fishes caught, for the most part, at the Banks.

The thin structure, inflated form, and want of undulations, distin-
guish this species from the preceding. It agrees very accurately
with the description of Fabricius ; and Dr. Loven assures me that
there can be no doubt of its being his T. ciliatum. As the epidermis
is often removed, or rubbed, however, we do not always find it fringed
with short hairs, " ciliatus pilis brevibus" as he describesjt. Nor is
it less doubtfully the B. ventricosum of Kiener, although we do not
often find it clouded with blotches, or zigzag stripes, as he figures it.

308 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

BU'CCINUM OBSOLETUM.

Shell ovate, dark reddish-brown, covered with a net-work of lines,
and oftentimes folded ; aperture ovate, dark-violet, right lip simple
and sharp, with elevated lines within.

FIGURE 210.
State Coll., No. 8. Soc. Cab., No. 552.

Nassa obsoleta. SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 232.
Buccinurn Nov-Eboracensis, WOOD ; Index, SuppL, pi. 4, f. 26.
Buccinum oliviforme, KIENER ; Iconog. (Buccin), pi. 25, f. 99.
Buccinum obsoletum, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 267.

Shell ovular, inelegant, dark reddish-brown or olive-colored,
somewhat shining ; whorls six, convex, composing a moderately
elevated spire, rather blunt at the apex, which, however, is gen-
erally much eroded ; suture distinctly marked ; surface marked
with numerous unequal, revolving lines, which are crossed by mi-
nute lines of growth, and larger or smaller, more or less numer-
ous oblique folds ; these always exist on the smaller whorls, but
are often entirely wanting on the lower whorl, the whole giving
the shell a granular appearance ; aperture oval, outer lip simple
and sharp, not thickened within, but marked with elevated lines
not reaching the margin, in adult specimens ; pillar deeply arched,
overspread with enamel, having a protuberance or fold at its front,
turning into the interior ; canal a mere notch ; throat purplish-
black, fading within, and, in almost every instance, with a bluish-
white band at its posterior third ; something similar is found on
the opposite lip ; operculum horny, not serrated. Length 1 inch,
breadth J inch, divergence 50°.

The animal is variously mottled with slate-color ; the foot is
as long as the shell, its anterior angles prolonged and turned back-
wards ; head not extending beyond the shell ; eyes black, on the
exterior side of the tentacula, and above the base ; above the eyes
the tentacula are suddenly diminished, and bristle-shaped ; trunk
cylindrical, channelled beneath, half as long as the shell, and very
conspicuous.

Its movements are very active, and it collects in numbers about
dead crabs and other marine animals, on which it feeds.

PURPURIFERA. MOLLUSCA. BUCCINUM. 309

Inhabits all our muddy shores, preferring situations not exposed
to the surf of the open sea ; such as inlets and extended flats
which are drained at low tide. It is found abundantly at the con-
fluence of fresh and salt water, where the taste is merely bracki>h.
Professor Adams remarks, that the finest specimens he had found
cc were growing at Nantucket, where they are as abundant as in
any of our continental harbours.'7

No shell of equal size is so abundant on the whole Atlantic shore.
Specimens from Florida vary only in being smaller, more olivaceous,
and by having a thick, broad callus over the pillar.

The younger shells are most likely to be collected, because the old
ones become very much eroded and defaced, and a greenish, mould-
like plant vegetates abundantly upon it. Very few, therefore, of the
shells usually collected, have the lines on the interior of the outer lip.
Kiener's figure represents an immature shell.

BU'CCINUM TRIVITTATUM.

Shell ovate-conic, turreted, greenish-white, surface wrought into
a net-work by elevated, decussating lines ; sometimes with three dark
bands on the lower whorl ; raised lines within the lip.

FIGURE 211.

State Coll., No. 6. Soc. Cab., No. 1498.

Nassa trivitt&ta, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 231.
Buccinum trivittatum, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 265.

Shell ovate-conic, turreted, apex acute, greenish or yellowish-
white, cross-barred, so as to appear granulated, by means of prom-
inent, equidistant, longitudinal lines, and ten, equally regular, re-
volving, impressed lines on the larger whorl, and a somewhat
more conspicuous groove near the summit of each volution ;
whorls seven, flattened above, so as to present a conspicuous
shoulder at the suture ; in the best specimens there is a dark band
at the top, on the middle, and at the front of the body whorl, each
occupying two series of granules ; the lower line of granules on
each whorl is also colored ; aperture oval, terminating behind in a
canal formed by a dilatation of the right lip, and a fold on the left,
and before in a short, ascending beak which is divided from the

310 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

body of the shell by a deep groove ; outer lip sharp, and scol-
loped by the revolving lines ; pillar regularly arched, with a dis-
tinct, revolving ridge bordering the canal, and covered, to a con-
siderable extent, with greenish enamel ; throat white, or with
brown bands corresponding to those on the outside ; a few
elevated lines within, not reaching the margin ; operculum horny,
of an irregular, three-sided shape, one half its edge sharply ser-
rated. Length ^ inch, breadth T\ inch, divergence 45°.

Found in a worn state on most of our sea-beaches, and oc-
casionally alive at Chelsea. Dr. William Prescott, of Lynn,
found it alive, in abundance, at low-water mark, on Phillips's
Beach ; Professor C. B. Adams found it at New Bedford, and
says it is abundant at Nantucket, on the inner side of Brant Point,
and also on the south shore, less abundant, but larger.

No other shell inhabiting our coast bears any near resemblance to
this. Its sculpture is like that of B. marginulatum from the Indian
Seas, and its whole appearance is very much like that of Kiener's
B. Roissyi from the Australian Seas. It undergoes considerable varia-
tion. The three lines of rufous color which suggested its specific
name are very rarely seen on shells in this latitude ; and then, again,
we find all the revolving lines more or less colored. In some, the two
sets of lines are precisely alike in size and distance ; in others, the
longitudinal lines are much the most distant, and become more like
undulating folds. These last may be regarded as a well-marked
variety ; they are also more acutely pointed, and the shoulder at the
suture is more rounded. Specimens from Nantucket have the inner
margin thickly coated to a considerable extent with enamel, while
those found near Boston have none. I have a specimen •& of an inch
long.

Bu'cCINUM VIBEX.

Shell thick, short, ovate-conic ; surface checked with waving
folds and revolving lines, and alternately zoned with light and dark
color ; lip thickened and toothed within ; pillar with a broad and
thick callus, granulated at base.

FIGURE 212.
State Coll., No. 5. Soc. Cab., No. 576.

PURPURIFERA. MOLLUSC A. BUCCINUM. 311

NUM vibex, SAT ; Jour*. Jlead. Aki. Sc.t ii. 231. Amtr. Conck , pi. 07, f. 2.
Buccinum vibex, ADAMS ; Bott. Joum. JVo/. //«f., ii. 2C4.

Shell solid, short ovate-conic, of an ashy-white color ; whorls
six, suture very fine ; body whorl with about twelve undulating
folds or ribs, crossed by about ten elevated lines, most distinct on
the ribs ; the space between the two upper lines is more deeply
indented, forming pits between the ribs ; a pale-reddish zone en-
circles the top, the middle, and generally the base, of this whorl,
the upper one and the ribs being continued to the apex ; aperture
oval, outer lip thickened without and within, with four or five
teeth within ; pillar very concave, callus abundant, with a few
granules at its termination ; canal very short, separated from the
body by a furrow. Length J inch, breadth T3T inch, diver-
gence 67°.

Specimens of this shell are rare, and usually have a chalky as-
pect. They have been found only to the south of Cape Cod.
Mr. Say had it from South Carolina ; and I have specimens of a
shell from the Spanish Main which differ only in the greater de-
velopement of callus and brighter colors.

BU'CCINUM ROSACEUM.

Shell small, acutely conic, white, tinged with rose-color ; whorls
six, covered with spiral lines ; aperture ovate, shorter than the spire,
pillar arched and flattened, lip sharp, and without teeth within.

v FIGURE 195.

State Coll., No. 4. Soc. Cab., No. 2379.

Buccinum ros&ceum, GOULD ; Silliman's Journ., xxxviii. 197.

Shell small, elongated, acutely conic, white, tinged with rose-
color, closely covered with minute revolving lines, most- con-
spicuous near the base of the shell, in most parts microscopic ;
lower whorl as long or longer than the rest of the spire ; suture
faintly impressed, but distinct ; aperture about two fifths the length
of the shell, narrow-ovate ; outer lip sharp, a little everted,
smooth within, gently curving to its junction with the spire ;
pillar arcuated, a little flattened, smooth and white. Length 4*
inch, breadth T\ inch, divergence 40°.

312 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

This little shell I took from fish caught off Cohasset. It has
since been frequently found in fishes taken in various parts of Mas-
sachusetts Bay.

It belongs to Kiener's section of Columbella-formed Buccinum, and
greatly resembles his B. lucteum in size and general appearance, but
is different in color, wants the peculiar spots, and is not toothed within
the lip. It is not plaited like B. pulchellum and B. dermestoideum.
Some specimens are beautifully tinted with rose-red, but others are of
a dingy-white, or tinged only around the apex. In one specimen there
is something like a dark band just above the suture, and emerging
from the posterior angle of the aperture. The revolving lines are
very minute, and in old specimens are scarcely discerned on the spire.
To the naked eye, the shell appears smooth and shining.

It is probable that both this species and the next, actually belong to
the genus COLUMB£LLA.

BU'CCINUM LUNA'TUM.

Shell small, ovate-conic , surface smooth ; color reddish-brown,
with two series of crescent-shaped , whitish spots ; aperture oval, its
outer lip dark-brown, and toothed within.

FIGURE 196.
State Coll., No. 7. Soc. Cab., No. 572.

Nassa lunata, SAY ; Journ. Acad. JVat. Sc., v. 213.
Buccinum lunatum, ADAMS ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 266.

Shell small, ovate-conic ; whorls six, slightly convex, separated
by a shallow suture ; surface altogether smooth, excepting a single
revolving line below the suture, and a few around the base ; color
reddish-brown or fawn-color, with two, and sometimes three, series
of crescent-shaped, yellowish spots on the lower whorl ; the light
color often predominating over the dark ; aperture oval, narrow,
with a small sinus or recess at the posterior angle, and ending in
a very short canal in front ; outer lip simple, and dark brown,
toothed along its inner margin ; pillar covered with brown callus,
the outer edge of which is somewhat elevated. Length ± inch,
breadth T\ inch, divergence 43°.

Found abundantly to the south of Cape Cod, as far north as
Frovincetown, about Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Buzzard's

COLUMELLARIA. MOLLUSCA. COLUMBELLA. 313

Bay. Professor Adams remarks, that they are found associated,
almost without exception, with Cerithium Sayi, but much less
abundant. In spring they are found upon the surface of the sand.
Their station, however, is a few feet below low-water mark,
clinging to stones, sea-weed, and other shells.

The principal variations arise from the greater or less elongation of
the spire, and from the different proportions of the brown and white
coloring ; sometimes the shell is almost entirely brown, and at others
there is scarcely enough brown to define the crescentic spots. This
belongs also to the Columbella-formed Buccina.

Mr. Say describes the animal as follows ; " pale-whitish, foot linear,
nearly as long as the shell, acute behind, hardly larger than the respi-
ratory trunk, truncate before ; trunk more than half as long as the
shell, obtuse at tip, with a brown annulation near the tip, and another
near the base ; tentacula short, cylindrical, annulate with blackish on
the middle ; eyes black, placed on the base of the tentacula."

This will most likely prove to be a COLUMB£LLA.

FAMILY COLUMELLARM, LAM.

JYo canal at the base of the aperture, but a more or less distinct notch ;
pillar plaited.

GENUS COLUMBI!LLA, LAM.

Shell oval, spire short, pillar plaited ; outer lip thickened inter-
nally, narrowing the aperture.

COLUMBE'LLA AVA'RA.

Shell small, elongated-ovate, pointed, of various shades of brown
reticulated with white, with numerous smooth ribs lengthwise, and
revolving lines between them.

FIGURE 197.
State Coll., No. 1. Soc. Cab., No. 673.

Columb&la avara, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Wat. Sc.t ii. 230. ADAMS ; Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., ii. 363.

Shell small, ovate-conic, elevated, strong, of a light straw-
color, finely reticulated or blotched with various shades of reddish-
40

314 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

brown ; surface covered with equal and regular revolving lines,
interrupted by as many as fifteen smooth, obtuse folds or ribs
running lengthwise of the shell ; and as the folds extend only half
the length of the lowest whorl, the remaining -half is marked by
the revolving lines only ; whorls six, nearly flat, forming an
elevated, pointed spire ; suture distinct, and somewhat scolloped
by the folds ; aperture narrow-oval, about one third the length of
the shell ; very little contracted by the thickening of the middle
of the outer lip ; this lip is simple, somewhat thickened externally,
and having a series of lengthened teeth just within the margin ;
inner lip invested with a plate of callus, which is also toothed in
a similar manner, in mature shells ; operculum horny. Length £
inch, breadth J inch, divergence 33°.

Sent me from Martha's Vineyard by Dr. L. M. Yale. Pro-
fessor Adams says it is common at New Bedford and vicinity,
also at Falmouth and Nantucket. Cape Cod, however, seems to
be its northern limit, though a solitary, worn specimen is oc-
casionally found within the Capes. It lives below low-water mark.
It is abundant on the shores of the Southern States.

Mr. Say referred this shell, somewhat doubtfully, to the genus
COLUMB£LLA ; and as it still remains equivocal between COLUMB&LLA
and BUCCINITM, it is best to let it remain where he placed it. It varies
much in its length and coloring, being in general longer than described
by Say. It is usually covered with a dirty-brownish pigment. The
middle of the last whorl is frequently angular, especially in immature
shells ; in these too, and, indeed, in a majority of the shells I have
seen, the denticulations of the aperture are wanting. There is, how-
ever, no other shell resembling it on our coast, and it is easily recog-
nised.

This concludes the account of the Testacea. I have endeav-
oured to describe them fully and definitely, and to arrange them as
nearly in accordance with the present state of science as my
means of information would enable me to do.

MOLLUSCA. 315

RECAPITULATION. We find that there are, in all, 268 species,
of which there are of CIRRI'PEDES 12, CONCHI'FERA (bivalve)
97, BRACHIO'PODA 2, GASTERO'PODA (mostly univalves) 154.
Of these, 29 belong to the land, 42 to fresh water, and 197 are
marine.

The numerous discoveries which have been made in this
branch of our zoology, are not a little surprising, and indicate the
zeal with which the subject has been investigated. The catalogue
of shells in Professor Hitchcock's Report, of 1833, contained
126 species ; and that of 1835, which was made out with great
care, contained 165 species. Of course, there are now added to
the second catalogue J03 species, and to the first 142 species.
Of these, 70 have been discovered and described within the last
five years. In some genera the accessions have been remarkable.
Margarita, Pleurotoma, Cerithium, Bulla, and Nucula may be
specially mentioned.

GEOGRAPHICAL' DISTRIBUTION. The geographical distribu-
tion of shells is a subject of increasing interest, and of some prac-
tical importance from its bearing on Geology. In this State we
have a remarkable instance of geographical limitation, and should
not pass it without notice.

The land and fresh-water univalves are all distributed over
every part of the territory, with the exceptions of Helix horttnsis,
which is as yet confined to some parts of the sea-coast, and Helix
tridentala, hirsuta, and monodon, which are found only in the in-
terior and western portions. Of the fresh- water mussels we find
U. complanatus, radiatus, and probably nasutus, in every region ;
U. cariosus is only found in the Connecticut and its tributaries,
and in Plymouth ponds ; JInodon cataract a and Jllasm. arcudta
and margindta are found everywhere in the interior, while A'no-
don implicdta is perhaps entirely limited, in this State, to ponds
in Essex and Middlesex, and JInodon undid ida to Blackstone
river and its branches.

The distribution of the marine shells is well worthy of notice as
a geological fact. Cape Cod, the right arm of \he Common-
wealth, reaches out into the ocean, some 50 or 60 miles. It is

316 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

nowhere many miles wide ; but this narrow point of land has hith-
erto proved a barrier to the migrations of many species of Mol-
lusca. Several genera and numerous species, which are separated
by the intervention of only a few miles of land, are effectually
prevented from intermingling by the Cape, and do not pass from
one side to the other. No specimen of Cochlodesma, Montacuta,
Cumingia, Corbula, Janthina, Tornatella, Vermetus, Columbella,
Cerithium, Py'rula, or Ranella, has as yet been found to the
-worth of Cape Cod ; while Panopsa, Glycy'meris, Terebratula,
Cemoria, Trichotropis, Rosteflaria, Cancellaria, and probably
Cyprina and Cardita, do not seem to have passed to the south of
it. Of the 197 marine species, 83 do not pass to the south shore,
and 50 are not found on the north shore of the Cape. The re-
maining 64 take a wider range, and are found on both sides.
Buzzard's Bay and the south shore have as yet been very little
explored ; and we may yet expect to find many species peculiar
to those localities.

At least 70 of our species are also found on the transatlantic
shores ; and more than 20 of these have been described, by dif-
ferent American conchologists, as new species. About 20 may
be regarded as intermediate, being found most frequently by fish-
ermen about the Banks, Newfoundland, and the islands interven-
ing between Greenland and England.

MOLLU8CA. 317

I WILL now proceed to the other classes of Invertebrate which
remain to me. 1 shall not attempt any definite order in arrange-
ment, nor pretend to any thing like completeness, or authority in
the details. I shall present the objects in natural groups, giving
their nomenclature according to the latest authorities, with such
remarks upon some of them as have been suggested to me from
books, from correspondents, and from personal observation.

And first, we have remaining other classes of Mollusca, none
of which, hitherto found, with a single exception, form shells.

CLASS CEPHALOPODA, CUVIER.

The body of these animals is composed of a muscular sac, en-
closing the viscera, having the mouth at one end, which is sur-
rounded by long fleshy arms, of various shapes. Along these
arms, at intervals,, are little cups, by which the animal is capable
of adhering, with great tenacity. With them it seizes its prey.
It also uses them in crawling from place to place, or as oars to
propel itself.

PERO'NH, LAM. Nautilus splrula, LIN., BLAISV. ; Mala-
col, pi. 4, f. 1. Encyc. Mttk., 465, f. 5.

This is the only species of the genus known. It inhabits the
open sea, and is sometimes found, after storms, upon the shores of
Nantucket. The shell is white and pearly, coiled up in two or
three turns which do not touch each other, something like a ram's
horn. The surface exhibits constrictions, at short intervals, each
of which corresponds to an internal partition, so that the whole
shell is divided off into chambers, having a tube, however, at one
side, so that the whole are in communication.

Of the very curious and minute NautiRcea, so many of which
have been found about the British Islands, there are doubtless
many among the sands of our shores ; but none have as yet been
detected.

318 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

LOLI'GO ILLECEBROXSA, LESUEUR; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc.t ii. 95, with
figures.

The Squid. This beautiful animal is occasionally seen on all
parts of the shore of Massachusetts. But it is especially abun-
dant about sandy shores, as at Cape Cod. At Provincetovvn I
have seen them stranded upon the beach at low tide, in great mul-
titudes. Their usual mode of swimming is by dilating their sac-
shaped body and filling it with water. The body is then suddenly
contracted and the water forcibly ejected, so as to propel them
backwards, with great rapidity. So swift and straight is their pro-
gress, that they look like arrows shooting through the water.
Whenever they strike the shore, they commence pumping the
water with increased violence, while every effort only tends to
throw them still further upon the sand, until they are left high and
dry. The body is beautifully spotted with colors which seem to
vary with the emotions of the animal. At one moment they are
a vivid red, at the next a deep blue, violet, brown, or orange.
They devour immense numbers of small fish, and it is amusing to
watch their movements and see how, at a distance of several feet,
they will poise themselves, and in an instant, with the rapidity of
lightning, the prey is seized in their long arms and instantaneously
swallowed. They, in their turn, are devoured by the larger
fishes, and are extensively used for bait in the cod fishery.

They have a single bone, if it may be so called, running the
whole length of the body. It is composed of a flexible, elastic
substance resembling mica, and, in this ,species, its form is like
the double paddle of the Greenlander, only it is very slender.

CLASS TUNICATA, CUVIER.

The animals belonging to this class were included by Lamarck
among the Radiata, which are of a very different organization.
They are marine animals, of a gelatinous or muscular structure,
generally in the form of sacs with one or two openings. Most of

MOLLUSCA. 319

them are minute, and although they are numerous, few of those in
our seas have been observed, and very few have been satisfacto-
rily made out. The largest, and the only ones of much magnitude,
are the two following :

AsCi'DIA RU'STICA, LIN.; Encyc. Mtth., pi. C2, f. 7-U. LAM.; An.
sans Vert., iii. 528.

It is found of all sizes, from that of a pea to that of an olive,
adhering in clusters to floating timbers, to stones, corals, &c. It
may always be found in abundance on the under side of logs in
the timber-docks about Boston. It is usually of a globular form,
but more or less irregular in shape and in the degree of smooth-
ness of its surface, and in substance is much like crude india-
rubber. It is usually invested with plants or particles of earth ;
but, when clean, it is rust-colored. It has two small orifices, near
each other, through which a jet of water is projected, whenever
a touch induces the animal to contract. I am not aware that it is
in any way injurious to man.

BoLTE^NIA RENIFO'RMIS, MAC LEAY; Lin. Trans, xiv. 536, pi. 18.
Ascidia globifera, SABIXE ; Append, to Parry's Voy. No 10. Ascidia clavata, FABR. ;
Fauna Grcenl., 333. LAM.; Jin. sans Vert., iii. 539.

This is a most curious object, and greatly resembles in shape
the flower of Ladies-slipper (Cypripedium) on its stalk. It has
a kidney-shaped body, of a wrinkled, leathery structure, about
two inches long and one in width, suddenly narrowing at the top
into a small stalk not larger than a crow-quill, and from six to
twelve inches in length. It has two cross-shaped orifices, nearly
an inch apart. It is attached by its stalk to stones in deep water,
whence it is occasionally hooked up by the fishermen, or driven
on shore by storms. Its surface is usually loaded with marine
plants, zoophytes, &c.

The other animals of this class are mostly minute, living in
communities, and incrusting stones, marine plants, &c., with a
gelatinous substance which affords them a common residence.
Such are the various species of Aplidium, Polyclinum, and Bo-

320 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

tryllus. In the bathing-house at Craigie's Bridge, I have seen
one species of the latter genus, in abundance. I suppose it
to be

BOTRY'LLUS STELLAVTUS, PALLAS; Spitil. Zool. x. 37, pi. 4, f. 1-5-

Encyc. Meth., No. 1. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., iii. 506.

It forms over the timbers and sea-weed a semi-transparent, ge-
latinous crust, studded at short intervals with minute stars. Each
ray of these stars is a separate animal, with its head at the circum-
ference and its tail descending into the jelly at the centre.

CRUSTACEA.

UNDER this appellation ar.e arranged animals which have articu-
lated limbs, and are covered by an external crust. This crust is
earthy and brittle, and not stony like the shells of Mollusca. A
crab or a lobster will convey to the mind a general idea of the
characteristics of this class. The Crustacea inhabit both land and
water. Some of them are of considerable size, but the great
majority are very minute ; and the ocean literally swarms with
myriads which are too small to be noticed by the naked eye. A
single cup of sea-water, taken at random, will always be found to
contain some of them. All of them live upon decaying substances,
either animal or vegetable. They are naturally repulsive in their
appearance, though many of them are beautifully ornamented with
colors. Yet they are highly serviceable to man, both for the food
they afford him, and for the purity of the pool, the shore, and the
sea, which it is their province to promote. They are all edible
and palatable, even to man ; but to fishes they are a welcome as
well as an inexhaustible source of nutriment. The cod and had-
dock devour great numbers of crabs, and even the Greenland whale
is said to subsist mainly upon the minute Crustacea and accompa-
nying Radiata.

Crustacea are distributed into Orders, according to the arrange-
ment and number of the legs.

DECAPODA.

Those which have five pairs of legs.

GENUS CARCINUS, LEACH.

C. M.ENA8, Li5. Carapax granulate, with five lateral teeth;
front three lobed.

41

322 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Cancer Msenas, LIN.; Syst. Nat. xii. 1043. PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, iv. pi. 2, f. 5.

HERBST; Cancr., pi. 7, f. 46. LATR.; Encyc., pi. 273, f. 1. LAM. ; .fln. sans

Per*., v. 494. Bosc ; Crtisf., i. 202.
Carcinus Meenas, LEACH ; Malac. Podoph.'Brit., pi. 5. MILNE-EDW. ; Hist, des

Crust., i. 434.
Cancer granulatus, SAY ; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc., i. 61.

This crab is characterized by the five acute teeth on each side,
and its three-lobed front. Its surface is not raised into promi-
nences, but granulated merely. It is of a sea-green color. The
wrist has a single spine inside. Length an inch and a half or two
inches ; breadth a little more.

Sent by Dr. Yale from Martha's Vineyard.

There can be no doubt that our crab is identical with the Euro-
pean species, as an interchange of specimens has shown. It is
employed for food in Europe, but not in this country.

GENUS CANCER, LIN.

C. IRRORA'TUS. Carapax with nine crenate teeth on each side ;
front three toothed ; hands with four or five elevated lines on the
external side.

C. irroratus, SAY ; Journ. Jlcad. Nat. Sc., i. 59, (in part.) BELL ; Trans. Zool.
Soc. Lond., i. 340, pi. 46.

Carapax transversely oblong-oval, slightly angular at the sides ;
regions slightly marked ; surface covered with minute, raised gran-
ulations. Margin, each side, slightly divided into nine quadrangu-
lar lobes, the lines of division extending far inwards, and the pos-
terior one having an indentation at base so as to form almost a
tenth tooth ; each lobe is minutely denticulated, one or two of the
denticles being larger than the rest. Middle tooth of the front
longer than the others, and depressed. Orbits circular, with a
tooth over the inner angle and two fissures over the centre, and
beneath. Abdomen and sternum slightly fringed with hair. Limbs
short, fringed beneath, the nails tipped with black. Carpus
marked with granulated lines, and having a sharp spine at its inner
angle. Hands rather large, smooth on the inner face, with den-
ticulated lines above, and having four or five granulated lines on
the outside, two of which are continued upon the finger, which is
somewhat deflexed, and, with the thumb, is slaty-black at tip.

DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. CANCER. 323

The color is yellowish beneath, and brick-red above. The
limbs are mottled and reticulated with these two colors, mixed
with purplish ; and on the back are two curved ranges of yellow-
ish spots, and a figure, behind the middle, somewhat resembling
the letter H. Length 2J inches ; breadth 3J inches.

I have been particular to give a full description of this species,
because two species have hitherto been confounded under this
name, both by Mr. Say and Mr. Bell, under the supposition that
one was the male and the other the female. But as I have males
for both this and the next species, and females which do not ma-
terially differ from the males, there can be no mistake on this
ground. They are constantly distinct. It is probable that Mr.
Say drew his description principally from individuals of the next
species, to which his figure corresponds. But as Mr, Bell has
figured this, so beautifully, as C. irrordtus, it must retain the name
allowed it by both authors. Dr. Binney, as well as myself, per-
ceived the differences several years ago ; and he had a drawing of
this species made from life.

It is caught in deep water, and is not so common as the next
species. It sometimes becomes very large, and a specimen in
the cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History measures
3 inches in length, and 4| in breadth. It is brought to market
for food.

C. SAYI, GOULD. Carapax transversely ova/, with nine simple
teeth each side ; front three toothed ; surface dotted with reddish-
brown ; hands with four or five elevated lines on the outside.

C. irroratus, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 59, (in part,) pi. 4, F. 2.

Resembles the preceding species in general, but differs in the
following particulars. The form of the carapax is less oval, being
prolonged into angles at the sides ; it is also less convex. The
surface is not conspicuously granulated, but smooth ; its ground
color yellow, and closely dotted with dark purplish-brown, which
becomes reddish-brown after death. The teeth have not their
margins denticulated, but simple ; they are more pointed and pro-
longed, especially the hinder ones. The limbs are at least a
fourth longer in proportion, the thighs of the second and third pairs,

324 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

in C. irrordtus, not attaining the margin of the carapax, whereas in
C. Sayi they greatly surpass it. The hands are decidedly smaller,
and while they present the same lines on the external face, these
lines are not conspicuously granulated, much less are any of them
denticulated ; the finger and thumb are scarcely, if at all, slate
colored. The dark-brown color of the markings is maintained
upon the limbs, or is rather a bright rose-red at the bend of the
wrist and along the inner face of the hand ; and the series of yellow
spots upon the back are much the same. The abdominal seg-
ments of the male are broader.

Length 2| inches ; breadth 4 inches.

The differences above mentioned are certainly not sexual ; and
it seems very improbable that they can be the effects of age.

It is common about the rocky shores of our islands, of Cape
Ann, Nahant, &c. It is brought to market for food in consider-
able numbers.

GENUS PLATYONICHUS, LATR.

P. OCELLA'TUS. Carapax with five prominent, acute teeth each
side ; front one toothed ; wrist two spined, and one on the anterior
angle of the hand above ; last joint of the hind feet rounded at tip.

Cancer ocellatus, HERBST; Cancr., pi. 49, f. 4.

Platyomchus ocellatus, LATR. j Encyc., xvi. 162. MILNE-EDW. ; Hist. Nat. des

Crust,, i. 437.
Portunus pictus, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 62, pi. 4, f. 4.

This is usually called the Sand- Crab, and is a beautiful species.
The number of teeth at the sides, with the flattened hinder feet,
are its obvious distinctive marks. It is not often seen near Bos-
ton, but is more common in more open seas. I have not seen
the figure of Herbst, but rely on the authority of Latreille and
Milne-Edwards.

GENUS LUPA, LATR.

L. DICA'NTHA. Carapax transverse, with nine sharp teeth on
each side, the last one very long ; front three toothed ; arms three
spined ; posterior feet flattened.

Crabe de 1'Ocean, DEOEER ; Hist, des Insectes, vii. tab. 26, f. 8-11.
Portunus pelagicus, Bosc ; Crust., i. 22, pi. 5. f. 3.

I
DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. GELASIMUS. 325

Portunus hast&tus, FABR.; Suppl. Entom. Syat., 367.
Lupa hastata, SAY; Journ. Acad. JVat. Sc.t i. 65.
Portunus dicinthus, LATR. ; Encyc., x. 190.
Lupa dicantha, MILNE-£DW.; Hisi. Nat. des Cnut., i. 451.

This is the crab which is most sought after for food. It is
well known throughout the Atlantic States as "the Crab." It is
seldom seen in Boston market, however, and is rarely found in
Massachusetts Bay. About the Vineyard it is more abundant ; and
in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays it is very abundant. It is
easily recognised by its flattened feet and the long teeth, which
project at the sides like spines. Its color is green, and its limbs
are very long, the hands having a beautiful violet color, on which
account it is sometimes called the u violet crab."

The Cancer hastatus of Linnaeus is a still different species of
Lupa ; so that the specific name of Fabricius, adopted by Mr.
Say, must not be applied to this species. It is still very doubtful
whether this is any thing more than a local variety of L. pelagica,
though Milne-Edwards speaks of the remarkable form of the tail
of the male, in this species, like the letter T ; and he would
certainly have known if the L. pelagicus had a similar one.

GENUS GELASIMUS, DESM.

G. VOCANS. Carapax transversely quadrate, smooth, a little
narrowed behind ; one of the hands in the male very small, the
other very large.

Cancer vocans, LIN. (in part) FABR. ; SuppL, 340.

Ocy'pode pugilator, Bosc ; Crust., i. 198. SAY ; Journ. Acad. JVat. &., i. 71.

Ocy'pode vocans, LATR.; Hist. J\'at.t fyc., vi. 45. DEGEER; Hist, des Insectes, vii.

pi. 26, f. 12.

Gonoplax vocans, LAM. ; An. fans Vert., v. 465.
Gelasimus vocans, DESM. ; Consid.,fyc., 123. MILNE-£DW. ; Hist, des Crust., ii. 54.

This is a small crab, found abundantly on bay shores and salt
marshes in the southerly part of the State, and on the large islands
adjacent. It is well distinguished by its large claw, which is
sometimes on the right side and sometimes on the left, and has
gained for it the name of the "Fiddler Crab." They some-
times do damage by the holes they dig along the shore, and into
which they retreat on the least alarm.

326 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS PILUMNUS, LEACH.

PILUMNUS HARRISII, GOULD. Carapax having three teeth
on each side ; front bilobate ; hands smooth.

Carapax quadrilateral, narrowed backwards, rounded before,
rectilinear behind and at sides. On each side are three triangular
teeth ; eyes distant ; orbits oval, with a fissure over the centre ;
front divided by a fissure into two lobes. Surface very minutely
granulated, and hispid with very short, scattered hairs, which en-
tangle the dirt ; there are three or four broken series of curved,
transverse lines or ridges, rising into little crests. Limbs slender,
cylindrical. Carpus with a projecting angle in front. Hands ro-
bust, smooth, white within and without, and with a double line
along the upper edge ; finger deflexed and furrowed ; thumb also
furrowed and deflexed. The hands are generally unequal, and
the smaller one sometimes has elevated lines on its outer face.
Length T47 inch ; breadth half an inch.

First found by Dr. T. W. Harris, on the Cambridge marshes ;
and not unfrequently seen, in summer, clinging to floating sea-
weed in Charles River.

The sculpture of its margin and front, and the form and smooth-
ness of the hands, forbid the idea of its being the young of any
of our larger crabs.

GENUS HYAS, LEACH.

H. COARCTA'TA. Carapax ovate, warty and hairy , narrowed
at the anterior third ; rostrum depressed, divided by a profound

fissure ; limbs short and small.

<\
Hyas coarctkta, LEACH; Malac. Podoph. Brit., pi. 21 B. MILNE-EDW. ; Hist.

JVflff. des Crust., i. 312. DESM.; Consid., 148.
Lissa fissirostra. SAY ; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc.,i. 79.

This crab is an inhabitant of deep water, and is a favorite food
of the cod-fish, being very frequently found in its maw. I have
seen its exuvise in great quantities upon the outside of Cape Cod.
It is about two inches in length and somewhat less in breath, the
front projecting and divided by a fissure ; there is a notch a little

DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. LITHODES. 327

behind the head each side. The surface is warty and beset with
short, stiff, hooked hairs which entangle sand and portions of sea-
weed.

GENUS LITH6DES, LATH.

L. A'RCTICA. Carapax heart-shaped, spiny, rostrum bifurcat-
ed ; hands small, unequal ; limbs hairy.

Cancer maja, LIN. ; Syst. Wat,, i. 1046. HERBST ; Cancr., i. 219, tab. 15, f. 87.

Cancer horridus, PENNANT ; Brit. ZooL, iv. 7, pi. 7, f. 14.

Tnachus maja, FABR. ; Suppl. Entom. Syst., 358.

Parthenope mala, FABR. ; ibid., 354.

Lithodes maja, LEACH ; Zool. Misc., i. 107. Malacol Podoph. Brit., tab. 24.

Lithodes arctica, LATR. ; Genera, i. 40. DESM.; Consid., 160, pi. 25. GUERIN ;

Iconog. du Rbgne Anim., pi. 12, f. 1. MILNE-£DW.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii.

186. LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 433. Griffith's Cuvier, Crustacea, pi. 1, f. 1.

A specimen of this fine crab was obtained from the stomach of
a cod-fish by Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, during the autumn of 1839.
It is believed to be the only specimen which has come into the
hands of naturalists in North America. It is found rarely about
the shores of Great Britain, and more abundantly about the shores
of Norway, which seems to be its proper habitat. There it is
well known, and many superstitious notions have been connected
with its history.

This thorny and rugged, but beautiful crab is easily distinguished
from our common Spider-crab by its more heart-shaped body, its
long beak, branching at tip, and by the hinder pair of legs being
imperfect. The tail also is very large and very peculiar. The
carapax is about four inches long, and the spread of the legs a
foot or more.

GENUS LIBINIA, LEACH.

L. CANALICULA'TA. " Thorax densely hairy, with about seven
lateral spines, and a few usually shorter ones on the back ; rostrum
emarginate at tip, channelled between the eyes ; anterior feet un-
armed, granulated; hands elongated ; fingers white at tip." Say.

Libinia canaliculate, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 77, pi. 4, f. 1. MILNE-ED w. ;
Hist. Nat. des Crust., i. 300. Mas du R&gne An., pi. 33, f. 1. LAM. ; An. sans
Vert., v. 423.

328 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

This is vulgarly called the Sea-spider or Spider-crab, on ac-
count of its small body and long legs. It is often caught in fishing
for flounders from the bridges about Boston. I am not aware
that it is used for food. The body is somewhat heart-shaped, and
may be four inches in diameter, while the legs of the female will
span four times that extent.

GENUS PINNOTHERES, LATR.

P. O'STREUM. " Thorax rounded before, on each side, some-
what truncate behind ; clypeus a little advanced, entire ; hand gib-
bous above, near the base of the thumb." Say.

Pinnotheres ostreum, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 67, pi. 4, f. 5. MILNE-EDW. ;
Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 33.

This little crab is of a rounded form, about the size of a dime,
and is very curious in its habits. It is not protected by a hard
crust, and in order to supply the want of it, the crab lives among
the oysters, and becomes a guest within the walls of their shells ;
whether a bidden and a welcome one or not, we have it not in our
power to say. The crab, however, seems not to molest the oys-
ter, and is even said to act as a monitor, to inform it when to close
its shell, so as to entrap the food on which they may both subsist.
They live peaceably together, are captured together, served up
for the table together, and are scarcely to be distinguished from
each other in the eating.

GENUS HIPPA, LATR.

H. EME'RITA. Body oval, convex, minutely wrinkled ; tail
lanceolate, more than half as long as the body ; front with three
teeth ; eyes minute.

Cancer emeritus, LIN.

Hippa emerita, FABR. ; Suppl. Entom. Syst., 370. LATR.; Hist. Nat. des Crust.,

vi. 176, pi. 52, f. 1. DESM. ; Consid., fy-c., 174, pi. 29, f. 2. MILNE-EDW. ; Hist.

Nat. des Ci-ust., ii. 209.
Hippa talpoida, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 160, 444,

This curious animal is often called the Sand-bug. I have re-
ceived it from Martha's Vineyard, and it seems to extend from

DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. FAGURUS. 329

that limit to the shores of South America. Mr. Say thought
there were characters belonging to those found on our coast which
would entitle them to be considered as a new species ; but I have
not found the differences he mentions to be conspicuous or con-
stant. They are of about the size and shape of the first joint of
the thumb ; and their numerous jointed, coiled antennae, and the
long, lance-shaped terminating piece of the tail are so remarkable
as to attract immediate notice.

GENUS PAoilRUS, FABR.

P. BERNHA'RDUS. Surface rough and hairy; right hand
largest.

Cancer Bernhardus, LIN.; HERBST ; Cancr., ii. 14, pi. 22, f. C.

Pagurus streblonyx, LEACH ; Malacol. Podoph., fyc., pi. 26.

Pagiirus Bernhardus, FABR. ; OLIV. ; LATR. ; MILNE-EDW. ; LAM. ; DESM. ; Con-

sid., pi. 30, f. 2.
A'stacus Bernhardus, DEGEER; PENNANT; Brit. Zool., iv. pi. 17, f. 38.

This and the two following species are known by the name of
Hermit- Crabs. -The posterior portion of the body being unpro-
tected by a firm crust, the animal selects some empty shell which
will make him a good fit, and into it he retreats. This he drags
about with him, seldom venturing out of it, and retains possession
until either he outgrows it, or some of his kindred covet it and
claim it by right of the strongest, when he is obliged to go in
search of another. The crab is often supposed to be the real
architect and owner of the shell ; but is never so in fact.

This species becomes larger than either of the others. It is of
a bright cherry-red color, rough and hairy ; the hand is well-pro-
portioned, and the fingers long, slender, and gracefully curved.
It occupies large specimens of Natica and Pyrula.

P. POLLICA'RIS. Finely granulated ; right hand longest ;
thumb elevated into an angle above ; hand and finger crested and
finely toothed beneath.

Pagurus pollicaris, SAY ; Journ.Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 162, MILNE-EDW. ; Hist. Nat.
dcs Crust., ii. 237. Jinn, des Sc. JVat., 1836, vi. 269.

This is also a large species, inhabiting the same shells as the
preceding. But its color is a pale brick-red, its surface finely
42

330 JJVVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

granulated but not hairy ; and its short, angular hand, and peculiar
thumb, which projects above into nearly a right angle, distinguish
it from all other species.

P. LONGICA'RPUS. " Right hand larger and longer than the
left ; wrist and hand rather long, linear, and granulate ; fingers
short, white, equal." Say.

Pagurus longicarpus, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 165.

This is a very small species, inhabiting small specimens of
Buccinum, Natica, Purpura, &c. But it is easily distinguished
from the young of the two preceding species by its slender hand
and white fingers.

GENUS HOMARUS.

H. AMERICA'NUS. Rostrum two or three spined, with a smaller
one each side at base, one more distant on the thorax, and usually
one beneath near the tip ; wrist five spined above ; hand six or nine
spined on the inner edge.

Astacus marinus Americanus, SEBA ; Thesaur., iii. pi. 17, f. 3.
Astacus marinus, LATR. ; SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 165.
Homarus Americanus, MILNE-EDW. ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 334.

The common Lobster is too well known to require any com-
ments. It is found about all the islands along shore.

GENUS ASTACUS, FABR.

A. BARTO'NII. Rostrum concave, pointed; thorax unarmed;
hands short, destitute of spines ; fingers moderate.

Astacus Bartonii, Bosc ; Hist, des Crust., ii. 62, pi. 2, f 1. HARLAN; Med. and

Phys. Researches, 230, fig. 3. SAY ; Journ. dead. Nat. Sc., i. 167.
Astacus affinis, MILNE-EDW. ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 332.

The Craw-fish or Fresh-water Lobster is a miniature of the
common lobster, two inches or somewhat more in length. It is
strictly an inhabitant of fresh water, and more especially of moun-
tain streams, where it hides under stones, &c. It is much es-
teemed, as food, by many. The single, elongated point of the

DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. CRANGON. 331

rostrum distinguishes it from other American species. Milne-
Edwards has unfortunately interchanged the names of this and
another species.

GENUS CRANGON, FABR.

C. VULGA'RIS. Rostrum not so long as the eyes, with a spine
behind it on the thorax, and another on each side ; thorax seven
spined ; anterior feet with a spine on the third joint beneath.

Cancer crangon, SEBA ; Thesaur. iii. pi. 21, f. 8. LIN. ; Syst. Jfat.

Astacus crangon, HERBST ; Cancr., ii. 75, pi. 29, f. 3.

Crangon vulgaris, FABR. ; Entom. Syst. Suppl., 410. LATR. ; Crust. ,\ vi. 267,

pi. 55, f. 1, 2. LEACH ; Malacol Pod. Brit., pi. 37 B. MILNE-EDW ; Hist. Nat.

des Crust., ii. 341.
Crangon septemspinosus, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 246.

This is the common Shrimp, of which vast multitudes are used
on the coasts of England and France for food. Mr. Say thought
the number of spines on the thorax differed from that on the trans-
atlantic animal ; and he therefore gave it a new name. But I
have had an opportunity of examining foreign specimens which do
not differ from ours ; neither do the best figures and descriptions.

It is more plentiful about the ocean shores than within Massa-
chusetts Bay ; and it is nowhere sufficiently abundant to make
it an object to collect it for food. It may be usually found,
however, by searching the little pools left upon the flats at low
tide.

C. BO'REAS. Carapax spiny; the second and third pairs of
legs filiform.

Cancer boreas, Phipps's Voyage, 194, pi. 11, f. 1.
Cancer homaroides, FABR. ; Fauna Grcenl.,241.
Astacus boreas, OLIV. ; HERBST; Cancr., ii. 73, pi. 29, f. 2.

Crangon boreas, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 350. SABINE ; Append, to Parry's
Voy., 57. MILNE-EDW. ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 342.

This species is larger and broader than the preceding. It is
broad about the head, marbled with scarlet, and having several
rows of spines on the thorax. I have taken several specimens
from the maws of cod-fish, but have never seen it alive.

332 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS PAL^MON, FABR.

P. VULGA'RIS. "Rostrum acute, with eight or nine teeth above,
and three or four beneath ; fingers of the larger pair of feet shorter
than the hand." Say.

Palse^mon vulgaris, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 248. MILNE-EDW. ; Hist. Nat.
des Crust., ii. 394.

This animal answers to the Prawn of Europe, and is nearly
certain to be identical with the Palcemon squilla of Europe. But
I have not yet had an opportunity of actual comparison. It is a
little larger than the shrimp, and is known by the long, upturned,
toothed rostrum. It is less than an inch and a half in length.

GENUS PANDALUS, LEACH.

P. ANNULICO'RNIS. Antennae, marked with rings alternately
white and red.

P. annulicornis, LEACH ; Malacol., fyc., tab. 40. LATH. ; LAM.; DESM. ; Consid.
220, pi. 38, f. 2. MILNE-EDW. ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 384. GRIFFITH'S
Cuv., (Crust.) pi. 17, f. 3.

A beautiful animal about four inches long, with very long an-
tennag, elegantly annulated with white and red, and with a long
beak like Palae mon, from which it is distinguished by having pin-
cers on the second pair of feet only, instead of the first two pairs.
I have found it only in the stomachs of ,fishes.

GENUS HIPPOLYTE, FABR.

H. ACULEA'TUS. Rostrum recurved, slender, spear-pointed,
serrated ; segments of the body terminating each side in a rejlexed
spine.

Cancer aculeatus, FABR. ; Fauna Grcenl., 239.

Alpheus aculeatus, SABINE ; Append, to Parry's Voy., 237, tab. 2, f. 9, 10. Ap-
pend, to Beecheys Voy.
Hippolyte aculeatus, MILNE-EDW.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 380.

About an inch in length, having the internal antennae very short
and many-jointed, a compressed, spear-pointed rostrum, and the

AMPHIPODA. CRUSTACEA. 333

segments on each side terminating in a long, curved spine. I
have found it, rather abundantly, in fishes.

GENUS MYSIS, LATH.

M. SPINULO'SUS. Tail terminated by two short spines and two
longer, ciliated plates folding inwards.

Cancer pedatus, FABR. ; Fauna Grcenl. 243.

Mysis saltatorius, LAM. ; An. sans Vert., v. 346.

Mysis spinulosus, DESM. ; Con-si d., 242.

Mysis Fabricii, LEACH ; Griffith's Cuv., xiii. (Crust.) pi. 17, f. 4.

Mysis Leachii, THOMPSON ; Zool. Researches, i. 27.

This curious little animal may be found abundantly, in the midst
of winter, in still water along the margins of bays. Its head seems
to have a long pair of beautifully fringed shears attached in front ;
each joint is marked upon the back with a black star ; and be-
tween the legs of the females is seen a large sac, containing eggs.
Two of the antennae are very long ; and the whole is quite trans-
parent. It is about an inch in length.

GENUS NEBALIA, LEACH.

A single species has been observed, but the species has not
been satisfactorily made out. It is small, the body covered by a
single piece like a cuirass, the tail suddenly narrowing, long, and
terminating in two bristles. Multitudes are sometimes found in
the stomach of a single fish.

AMPHIPODA.

The Amphipoda are small Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and
salt water, and some of them are well known to every one who is
familiar with the sea-shore, under the name of Sand-fleas, Beach-
fleas, &c. They are capable of swimming and leaping, but not
of walking. Their feet are short and unequal, and their body is
usually so arched as to render it impossible to maintain themselves

334 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

erect. Some of them live almost entirely out of the water, and
may be at any time found under stones and sea-weed along the
sea-beach. Their leaps are effected principally by the append-
ages to their tails, which they bend underneath them, and by sud-
den extension toss the body with surprising force. They depend
for subsistence on dead animal substances which the waters float
to them.

It is very difficult to make out the different species, or even to
determine the genera. The species of the European side of the
Atlantic are too briefly described and too badly figured to enable
one to be certain what species are common to both shores ; so
that I am not fully satisfied with the following results.

GENUS ORCH^STIA, LEACH.

O. LONGICO'RNIS. Talitrus longicdrnis, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.,
i. 384.

This appears to be the same as Cancer gammarus saltator of
Montagu, (Trans. Lin. <Soc., ix. 94, tab. 4, f. 3,) which is given
as synonymous with Talitrus locusta of Lamarck, Pennant, and
others. But it is not Gammarus locusta of Montagu.

O. GRYLLUS. Talitrus gryllus, Bosc ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 104.
SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 386.

The following seem to be synonyms, viz.

Talitrus gamarellus, LATR. and LAM. Orchestia littorea, LEACH; Trans. Lin.
Soc., xi. 356. DESM. ; Consid., fyc., 26J , pi. 45, f. 3.

GENUS GAMMARUS, FABR.

G. LOCll'sTA, MONTAGU; Lin. Trans., ix. pi. 4, f. 1. MILNE-£DW. ; Ann.
des Sc. Nat., xx. 367.

This is not G. locusta of Pennant, Gmelin, Pallas, and Fabri-
cius, which is a Talitrus.

G. MINUS, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 576.

Found in ditches and sluggish fresh water, adhering to sticks.

Two or three other species of ORCHE'STIA, and one of AM-
PHI'THOE, remain undetermined.

L(EMiPODA. CRUSTACEA. CAPRELLA. 335

GENUS HYP^RIA, LATR.

H. GALBA. Garamarus Galba, MONTAGU ; Lin. Trans., xi. pi. 2, f. 2.
The following are doubtless synonyms :

Oniscus medusarum, O. FABR. ; Fauna Grand., 275. Hypcria Sueurii, LATR.
Hyperia Latreillii, MILNE-EDW. ; Ann. des &. JVa/., xx. 388, pi. 11, f. 1-7.

This curious animal is found in the pouches of the Medusae or
Sun-fish as they are commonly called. Whether they make this
their home, or whether they become entrapped there or not,
it would be difficult to determine. They seem, however, to be
quite at their ease in this situation.

Another animal with long, many-jointed antenna?, was found in
company with the above, which belongs either to the same genus,
or to the genus HIERACO'NYX.

LGEMIPODA.

GENUS CYAMUS, LATR.

C. CETI, LATR.; Gen., i. 60. DESM. ; Consid., 280, pi. 46, f. 4. ED-
WARDS ; Ann. des Sc. JYo*., 2d Series, iii. 328, pi. 64, f. 13, 14. Oniscus ceti,
LIN. ; MULL. Larunda ceti, LEACH.

The whale-louse may be properly enumerated among our Crus-
tacea, as it is found on the whales which are occasionally caught
on our coast. It varies in form, according to its degree of de-
velopement.

GENUS CAPRELLA, LAM.

I have observed two species of this curious genus, neither of
which can I refer to any described species. One of them is very
delicate, about half an inch long, with no spines upon any part,
that I can discover, and having its back thickly dotted with dark
green.

The other is an inch in length, entirely crimson except its black
eyes. The head is blunt, the lower antennae ciliated and extend-
ing to the second segment, and the upper ones to the third seg-

336 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

ment ; first two segments nearly as long as the three next, and
about one third of the whole length ; on the middle of the first is
a spine ; two last segments short and heart-shaped. Hands hav-
ing a long curved finger ; an imperfect thumb on the second pair
of legs ; a tubercle at the base of the ovate carpus, and a small
spine at the middle. This might be called C. sanguined, from its
color, which it retains in spirits.

These curious animals are found among clusters of zoophytes
and delicate sea-weeds, Their mode of walking is like that of
some caterpillars, who bring the tail forward to the head and then
thrust the body forward its whole length to prepare for another
step.

ISOPODA.

The animals included under this division are small, and many
of them well known. They have seven pairs of legs, similar in
shape, and nearly equal in length, all of them constructed for
walking alone. They live on land, and in both fresh and salt
water. They may be distributed into three natural families ; —
1. Cloportida, which are terrestrial, and well known under the
names of Sow-bugs, Pill-bugs, &c. Their food is decaying vege-
table matter. 2. Cymothoadce, which are parasites, and live for
the most part about the gills of fishes, from which they suck their
nourishment. 3. Idotceidce, those whiqh live in the water, but
are not parasites.

GENUS ARMADILLO, LATH.

A. PILULA'RIS, SAY; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 432.

I have had no opportunity to compare this with any European
species. It is commonly called the Pill-bug, and is very com-
mon in gardens and cellars, under stones and boards.

GENUS ONISCUS, LIN.

O. ASE'LLUS, LIN. ; LATR. ; DESM. ; Consid., 320, pi. 49, f. 5. O. mura-
rius, FABR. ; Cuv. O. affinis, SAY ; Journ. Aca&. Nat. Sc., i. 430.

In all the specimens I have examined, the styles are longer

ISOPODA. CRUSTACEA. PORCELLIO. 337

than the last segment, like the European animal, a supposed varia-
tion from which, in this respect, caused Mr. Say to regard it as
distinct. But on comparison, ours corresponds with foreign speci-
mens, in every respect. This is the common Sow-bug of our
cellars and gardens.

GENUS PORCELLIO.

P. NIGRA, SAT; Journ. Acad. JVoi. &., i. 432.

I think there can be little doubt that this is identical with P. sca-
6er, LATR. and Oniscus granulatus, LAM.

P. LJEVIS, LATR.; Genera, i. 70. DESM.J FLEM.

If the animal to which I refer is not this species, it is yet un-
described.

These two species are also called Sow-bugs. The first is
found everywhere under stones, leaves, bark, &c. ; the second I
found in a cellar.

GENUS L!GIA.

One species has been observed about the timbers of a decaying
wharf. It seems to be smaller than L. oceanica.

GENUS AS^LLUS.

A. VULGA'RIS ? LATR. A species is common on sticks sub-
merged in ponds and ditches, which is much larger than either of
the species described by Mr. Say ; and I cannot find that it dif-
fers from the foreign species.

GENUS IDOT^A.

I. C(ECA, SAY ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 424.

Found on sandy beaches, where it forms the little serpentine
tracks which are always noticeable soon after the recess of the
tide, and at one end of which the animal may be found with his
back loaded with sand. When the coming tide overtakes them,
they swim about with great activity.

43

338 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

GENUS ANTHURA.

A. GRA'CILIS, LEACH; LAM.; LATR.; DESM.; Consid., 291, pi. 46, f. 13.
MILNE-ED w.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., pi. 31, f. 3, 4.

GENUS LIMNORIA.

L. TE'REBRANS, LEACH; Lin. Trans., xi. 370. LATR. ; DESM.; COLD-
STREAM ; Edin. New Philos. Journ., xvi. (1834), 316, pi. 6, f. 1 - 18. THOMPSON j
ibid., Jan. 1835.

A very small animal which burrows in timber immersed in the
sea, making small furrows, and, by its numbers, often doing con-
siderable damage.

GENUS STENOS^MA.
S. IRRORAVTA, SAY ; Joum. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 423.

Probably the same as Oniscus entomon, LIN. ; Cymothoa ento-
won, FABR. ; Idotea entomon, LATR. ; DESM., &c.

The animal to which I here refer, I suppose to be the same
which Mr. Say had in view. It is extremely common, clinging
to the long, narrow leaves of Zostera marina. It becomes nearly
an inch in length, but is usually much shorter. Its colors are sea-
green, variegated with brown and straw-color. It is often mot-
tled or margined with the latter color, and might lead one to sus-
pect there were many species assembled.

There are two or three other species which I cannot yet refer
to any description.

GENUS CYMOTHOA.

C. OESTRUM, FABR.; Syst., ii. 505. LATR. ; LEACH; DESM.; Consid.,
309, pi. 47, f. 6, 7. Griffith's Cuv. (Crust.) pi. 8, f. 1.

C. (JEtGA.) EMARGINAVTA, LEACH; Diet, des Sc. Nat., xii. 349. DESM.;
Consid., 4/«., 305, pi. 47, f. 4, 5. Griffith's Cuv., (Crust.) xii. pi, 8, f. 3.

C. (^EGA) . Another species.

C. (ANILO'CERA) . One species.

C. (ICHTHYO'PHILUS) . One species.

These all inhabit the mouths and gills of fishes.

PCECILOPODA. CRUSTACEA. LIMULUS. 339

BRANCHIOPODA.

The animals of this division are small, many of them micro-
scopic, and for the most part inhabiting stagnant fresh water.
Their feet are variable in number, solely adapted for swimming,
and some of them are constructed so as also to serve the purposes
of respiration. Their bodies are enveloped in a membranous
covering generally in the form of a shield. They are beautiful
objects for microscopic examination. Only a few have as yet
been observed.

BRA'NCHIPUS STAGNA'LIS, LAM.;^n. sans Vert.,v. 198. Cancer stag-
nalis, LIN.; MULL.; FABR. ; PENN. Gamarellus stagnalis, HERBST ; Cancr., ii.
121 , pi. 35, f. 8 - 10. Branchiopoda stagnklis, LATR. j DESM. ; FLEM.

This animal is often an inch in length, and is remarkable for its
numerous, fringed legs, which are kept in continual motion.
Found in stagnant pools.

CYCLOPS. One species.

PCECILOPODA.

Characterized by having the feet of various forms ; those in
front being constructed for walking and prehension, and the hinder
ones for swimming and breathing. They are deprived of jaws,
and instead of them have organs for suction. Most of them live
on the bodies of other animals, principally fishes, whose juices
they suck for nourishment. The body is covered with a kind of
buckler, usually of only one piece.

LfMULUS POLYPHENMUS, LATR.; SAY; Journ. Acad. Jfat. Sc., i. 433.
DESM. ; Consid., 4-c., 354, f. 12. Monoculus polyphemus, LIN. Lirnulus Ameri-
canus, LEACH; BUCKLAND ; LAM.

This animal is well known under the names of Horse-shoe,
King-crab, and Sauce-pan fish.

340 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

A'RGULUS ALO'S*:. An Argulus sent to me by Dr. T. W.
Harris, and procured by him from the gills of the alewife, (Jllosa
vulgdris,) I find to be new. As I have not since been able to
obtain specimens, I cannot give a detailed description ; but the
following characters will serve to distinguish it from other known
species.

The shield is obovate or obcordate, covering only the first two
pairs of legs, which are so long that the fringed
fingers project entirely beyond it. Abdo-
men bearing the next three pairs of legs,
very narrow, and half as long as the shield.
Then follow two short folia, covered by two
others, each of them nearly as long and as
broad as the exposed part of the abdomen.

It differs from A. foliaceus in having the
shield broader behind than before ; by its
extended abdomen, the shield in that species
covering all but the last pair of legs ; and by
the much greater length of the caudal appen-
dages. In A. Catastomi, the legs scarcely extend beyond the
margin of the shield, which is nearly circular, and rather broader
than long. Length about half an inch.

CA'LIGUS PISCl'NUS, LATK. ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., iv. pi. 31, f. 1.
DESM. Monoculus piscinus, LIN.; FABR.

This little fish-louse may be found, at almost any time, upon the
surface of the cod and other deep-water fishes, especially if the
fish is unhealthy. It has a small, rounded disc, about a fourth of
an inch in diameter, having two flattened, jointed appendages be-
hind, which are sometimes an inch in length, though they are
seldom found entire.

I have another species of Caligus, quite different from the pre-
ceding, taken from a shark (Lamna punctata). It is remarkable
for having, within each posterior angle of the shield, two little
elevated crests, placed at right angles to each other. The abdom-
inal and caudal plates are very long and broad, and beyond these
the jointed appendages project, making the whole animal an inch

PCECILOPODA. CRUSTACEA. CECROPS. 341

and a half in length. The margin of the shield, behind the anten-
nae, is very thin and finely fringed, to favor adhesion. This may
be Pterygdpoda Latreillii. Otherwise it may be called C. cra-
tdta.

ANTHOSONMA SMI'THH, LKACH; Diet. de» Se. Jfat., xiv. 533. Eneyc.
Brit., SuppL, vii. 406, pi. 20. GRIFFITH'S CUT. (Cm**.), pi. 21, f. 2. LATH.;
DKSM. ; Consid., fa., 335, pi. 50, f. 3.

Found by Dr. D. H. Storer, on a shark (Lamna punctata) , in
a cavity near the anus, which these animals seemed to have ex-
cavated.

CECROPS LiATRE'lLLII, LEACH; Encyc. Brit. Supply vii. pi. 20, f. 1.
DESM. ; Consid,, fa., 338, pi. 50, f. 2. LATR. ; LAM.

Found upon the sun-fish (Orthogariscus wo/a), by Drs. Binney
and Storer. The characters of this curious animal seem to have
been but imperfectly known. I have made out a detailed descrip-
tion of it, with figures, which I shall take some other opportunity
of publishing.

PENE'LLA FILO'SA, Cuv. A long, worm-like animal, with a
horned head and bushy tail, which penetrates deeply into the sides
of the sun-fish ( Orthagonscus mo/a) .

BRANCHIE'LLA THYNNI, Cuv.

CHONDRACA'NTHUS CORNU'TUS, Cuv. Lernea cornuta, MULL.; En-
cyc. M6th., pi. 78, f. 1.

ANNELIDA.

THE Earth-worm, the Leech, and similar animals come under
this class. They derive their name from the numerous ring-like
joints of which their bodies are composed. They dwell in water
or in clay or wet sand, and many of them live on the juices which
they suck from other animals. Excepting the leeches, they all have
little appendages on each side of every ring of the body, furnished
with silky hairs and bristles, for the purposes of respiration and
locomotion ; and by these it is easy to decide upon the class to
which they belong. Many of those which live in the sand, or
under stones and in mud along the shore, are used as bait for
fishing.

LEECHES. There are three large species of Hirudo, besides
numerous smaller ones. But they have not been studied, and do
not seem even to have received a name, unless from Bosc, whose
work I have not seen. There is the common Blood-sucker,
which is not unfrequently employed in the country for medical
purposes. Its value has not been properly tested ; but while for-
eign leeches, which are always safe and sure in their operations,
can be so readily obtained, it is not probable that our leech will
be extensively employed in large cities.

The HORSE-LEECH is very large and long, distinguished by its
bluish-black back and its ochre-colored belly, which may be com-
pared to the inner surface of calf-skin leather. Its bite is not
disposed to heal readily.

The TORTOISE-LEECH, (Hirudo parasitica, SAY, Append, to
Long's 2d Exped. ii. 266,) is a third. It is flattened, somewhat
oval in form, granulated and wood-colored upon the back, with
each margin checked by a line of dark, square spots. It may
often be found adhering to bits of wood in ponds, with a brood of

ANNELIDA. 343

young adhering to an orifice at the middle of the belly. This
must belong to the genus Clepslna of Savigny.

PHYLLIXNE HIPPOGLO'SSI, LAM.; An. sans Vert., v. 526. Encyc.
.Mcth., pi. 52, f. 11 - 14. Hirudo hippoglossi, MULL.

Always found on the bodies of the Halibut (Hippoglfasus vul-
garis.)

The EARTH-WORM, which is probably the L&mbricus terres-
tris of Linnaeus is classed here.

Of the CHETdPODJl, or Annelida with bristly legs, the fol-
lowing have been recognised :

APHRODINTA ACULEA'TA, LIN. Halithea aculeata, SAV. ; AUD. and
EDW. ; Ann. des Sc. JVai., xxvii. pi. 8, f. 7.

POLY'NOE SQUAMA'TA, AUD. and EDW. ; ibid., pi. 7, f. 10-16.

NEVREIS MARGARITA'CEA, LKACH. Lycoris margaritacea, LAM.

PHYLLO'DOCE-VI'RIDIS, JOHNSTON; Ann. of Nat. Hist., iv. 228, pi. 6,
f.11-15. Nereis viridis, LIN.

PHYLLO'DOCE LAMELLI'GERA, JOHNSTON ; ibid., pi. 6, f. 1-6.

The sedentary Annelida have been already mentioned among
the Testacea, page 7.

RADI AT A.

THE radiated animals, usually known under the name of Zoo-
phytes, are so called from the peculiar anatomical arrangement of
their parts. The mouth is usually central, and the other parts are
arranged around it, in a radiated manner. The Star-fish, Sea-
nettle, Polypi, &c. are examples of this form.

ECHINODERMATA.

Usually of a solid structure, and always having the surface beset
with spines or some rough coating.

EcHfNUS GRANULA'TUS, SAY ; Jmim. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii.

This animal, from its size, shape, color, and the spines with
which it is armed, may be well compared to a chestnut-burr. It
is sometimes called the Sea-chestnut or Sea-egg.

SCUTE'LLA (ECHINARA'CHNIUS) PARMA ? RUMPH. A cir-
cular, slightly elevated object, apparently composed of sand. It
is found from one to three inches in diameter, and has a central
star composed of five leaflets, above. The upper surface is di-
vided into small hexagonal areas ; and below, it is irregularly
veined. When not rubbed, it is found covered with short, deli-
cate spines.

ASTE'RIAS (GONIA'STER) EQUE'STRIS, LAM.; An. sans Vert., iii.

242. Encyc. M6th., pi. 101 , 102.

A fine specimen was thrown upon Phillips's Beach, and found
by Dr. Prescott, after a storm.

ASTE'RIAS ARANCI'ACA, LIN. ; Encyc. Mtth., pi. in, f. 3, 4.
A small specimen, was taken from the mouth of a cod-fish.

ECHINODERMATA. RADIATA. HOLOTHURIA. 345

ASTEVRIAS (STELLO'NIA) RUBENS, Lin.; Eneyc. Mth., pi. 112,

f. 3,4; pi. 113, f. 1,2.

This is the common Star-fish or Five-finger of our coast. Its
colors and proportions are very various. Many of the specimens
are of a blood-red color during life, and others are yellowish. I
regard them all as the same species.

ASTE'RIAS SPONGIO'SA ? A small, but beautiful species, of a
brick-red color, which may perhaps be this species, was sent
from Martha's Vineyard, by Dr. Yale.

OPHIU'RA LACERTO'SA ? The disk is small, the rays long and
rounded, their sides beset with short, overlapping spines, the
color olive-green. It does not agree well with any description I
have seen. Dredged by Professor Adams, at Dartmouth.

OPHIUVRA ACULEA TA, LIN. ; Encyc. M6th., pi. 124, f. 2, 3.

The disk is covered with scales and granules, the rays are usu-
ally red, but often with alternate rings of red and dark-brown, and
their sides are armed with a row of four or five spines on each
joint. They are devoured in great numbers by fish.

EURY'ALE SCUTA'TUM, BLAINV. This is one of the varieties
of the Linnaean Jlsterias caput-Medusa. The disk is large, the
rays five, repeatedly dividing into two branches until the extremi-
ties become mere twigs. I have received two or three specimens
which were collected at Cape Ann and about Cape Cod.

HOLOTHU'RIA (CLADODA'CTYLA) PENTA'CTES, MULLER; Zooi.

Dan. Encyc. Metk., pi. 86, f. 5.
Not certainly determined.

HOLOTHU'RIA CHRYSACANTHO'PHORA, COUTH.; Best. Joum. Jtat.
Hi*t.tu. 58.

This is not unlikely to be the H. forcipata of O. Fabricius.
Several specimens which I have seen, were all taken from fishes'
stomachs, in a mutilated state. Some of the essential characters,
therefore, remain yet undetermined. The surface is light colored,
and appears to be naked, except that there are several long, flexi-
ble, sharp-pointed spines about the mouth, of a shining golden-
yellow. One specimen is five or six inches in length.
44

346 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

HOLOTHU'RIA (CUVIE'RIA) SQUAMA'TA, MULL. ; Zool. Dan. En-

cyc.M6tk.,p].87,f. 10-12.

Very curious for the firm, granulated, brick-colored scales with
which its back is shielded.

HOLOTHU'RIA (SFNA'PTA) BRIAVREUS, LESUEUR; Joum.

Nat. Sc., ii.

This animal, contracted by alcohol, is two inches and a half in
length and about one inch in diameter, and is probably three times
that size when extended. Its color has a tint of mazareen-blue,
and its surface is covered uniformly with minute, tentacular fila-
ments, about a twelfth of an inch in length, of a yellowish color.
Tentacula eight, very much branched into botryoidal tufts, nearly
equal in size. The exterior is firm and strong, and without any
flattened disk.

It agrees pretty well with the description of H. briareus^ but if
it should prove different, I have proposed the name Synapta in-
tonsa for it.

CHIRO'DOTA ARENA TA. Body five or six inches long, club-

shaped, rounded before and
diminishing posteriorly, with-
out any sudden stricture, till
it forms a tube, the last two inches of which is of uniform size,
and about the diameter of a crow-quill. The tentacula are eleven
in number, short, sub-equal, clove-shaped, terminating in four
points which expand into a star, colored like the body ; mouth
small ; ovarian papilla adjacent. Surface with five longitudinal
furrows, answering to the five internal bands, two of which are
shortened so as to give the body a crescentic curve ; circular
wrinkles minute and numberless. Color light drab, with straw-
colored reflections, apparently naked, but rough with calcareous
grains like very fine sand, thickest a little behind the middle.

This curious animal has been frequently found upon Chelsea
beach, after violent storms. I cannot find that it has been de-
scribed.

ACALEPHJ2. RADIATA. CYANEA. 347

ACAL^PHJE.

These animals are many of them familiarly known under the
names of Sun-fish, Sea-nettles, Sea-jellies, &c. They are of a
gelatinous consistency, usually transparent as glass, of a circular
form, and concave or umbrella-shaped. Many of them, when
taken in the hand, communicate a prickling sensation much like
the stinging of nettles, and hence they receive both their scientific
and their popular name. Some of them appear to capture their
prey by this miniature electric shock. I have repeatedly seen a
BE'ROE stretch out its filaments several inches until it reached a
crustaceous animal of nearly its own size, which, upon contact,
instantly fell down, either dead or paralyzed. Some of these an-
imals grow to a great size, and I have seen specimens of CYA'NEA,
on the sea-beach, a foot and a half in diameter. Others are small,
not more than half an inch or an inch in diameter, but all extreme-
ly beautiful ; and their motions, which in some of them are per-
formed by a process like the alternate opening and shutting of an
umbrella, are very graceful ; and nothing can exceed the elegance
of those which are propelled by little ciliae or oars arranged along
their sides, as in the BE'ROE.

The larger species are found only for a short time in summer ;
but a great number of small species are found in cold weather, espe-
cially after a high wind blowing from the ocean. They evidently
migrate, and their course and periods are probably directed by the
temperature of the water, as they have no visible organs of sense.

The forms of some of them are very beautiful, and many of
them would afford admirable patterns for laces and embroidery.

The books to which I have had access enable me to determine
but very few species.

CrAvNEA POSTE'LSIJ, BRANDT; Schirmquallen, 375, lab. 12, 13.

A very large, liver-colored animal, fringed at the margin, and
exhibiting numerous circular bands beneath. It is found on Phil-
lips's and Chelsea beaches, abundantly, in August. Diameter,
one foot.

348 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

AUREVLIA AURIVTA, MULL.; Zool. Dan., tab. 76,77. Encyc. Meth.,p\.
94, f. 1 - 3.

This is our common Sun-fish or Sea-jelly, well known to all
who are familiar with the sea in July and August. I could never
perceive any tingling sensation from handling it.

AtJRE^LIA FLAVI'DULA ? PERON and LESUEUR.

A small species, of a rusty-yellow color, about the size of an
English shilling ; the margin divided into eight moderately deep
scollops, all of which are fringed with long ciliae. Its surface
appears granulated. Observed abundantly in March.

AURE'LIA - . Another species, about two thirds the
size of the preceding, in which the scollops are
much less conspicuous, while the little flaps be-
tween them are more developed ; the ciliae are
shorter, and the tentacula about the mouth seem
to be united into a tube spreading a little at its ex-
tremity. Found a little later.

EPHYVRA OCTOLOBA'TA ? BLAINV. ; Man. d'dctin., 273, pi. 36, f. 3.

About one fourth of an inch in diameter, of a rusty-
yellow hue, having eight lobes, the divisions between
which extend half way to the centre ; each of these
lobes is again divided by a deep fissure ; margin not
ciliated. Found with the preceding.

OcEA'NIA TUBULO'SA, SARS ; Bcskr. ov. Polyph., 25.

A perfectly hyaline, balloon-shaped animal, about the
size of a pistol-bullet. It is open at the bottom, and has
four threads hanging from the margin, and from the centre
a club-shaped tube, all of which are capable of great ex-
tension. Its motions are very rapid. Found in April
and May.

E BUGAINVI'LLH, BRANDT; Schirmqualhn, pi. 20. Pe-
tersburg Trans,, ii.

Another rather large, balloon-shaped animal, of a bluish tint,
having four tufts of cilia? attached to the margin, and a cross-shaped,

POLYPI. RADIATA. ACTINIA. 349

yellowish mass at the centre. It may be well likened to a cupping-
glass or the receiver of an air-pump. Found in April ; rare.

STOMOBRA'CHIUM LENTICULA'RE ? BRAWDT; Schirmquallm, 122,
tab. 3, f 6, 7.

A slightly convex animal, about the size of a dime, distinguished
by its four stomachs, which extend nearly across the animal,
forming a cross resembling the fans of a windmill. Its border is
fringed all around. Found with the preceding.

ALCY'NOE VERMICULA'RIS, RANG, j Griffith's Cut?., xii. pi. 4, f. 5.
A few specimens found in May.

BE'ROE (CYDI'PPE) PI'LEUS, MULL. BLAiNv.;.tfc/m.,i49, pi. 8, f. 1.
A most interesting globular animal, having eight ciliated ribs,
and two very long, white threads issuing from it.

POLYPI.

To the Polypi the name of zoophytes or animal plants more
properly belongs. They have a central mouth, around which are
arranged thread-like tentacula, which, when expanded, present a
close resemblance to various flowers and plants. A few of them
are large and solitary ; but most of them are very minute, and
nearly all of them produce structures of a horny or stony firmness,
on which they dwell in communities. There are a few small
corals inhabiting our waters ; but the coralline structures which
we find, are generally spread out in a thin coating upon shells,
marine plants, &c. They usually present a honey-comb appear-
ance, and are beautiful objects for the microscope. Other struc-
tures resemble miniature trees ; and many of the objects found
on the sea-shore and supposed to be sea-weeds, are of animal
origin They have as yet attracted but little observation in this
country.

AcTl'NIA MARGINA"TA, LESDEUR; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc , i. 172.
The Sea-anemone is found in still water, adhering to rocks,
timbers, &c. This species is the only one I have found. It is

350 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

often two inches in diameter, when expanded. Its color varies
from light fawn to dark chestnut. The tentacula have alternate
rings of the same color and of white, so that they are white tipped
or not, according to their stage of growth. It may be nothing
more than A. mesembryanthemum of European authors.

TUBULA'RIA INDIVIVSA, LIN. ELLIS; Corall. tab. 1C, f. C. LISTER;
Philos. Trans., 1834, 36C, pi. 8, f. 1. JOHNSTON ; Brit. Zooph., 113, pi. 3, f. 1, 2.

A beautiful object, found abundantly around Boston, on the
under side of floating timber. It grows in clusters, each animal
having a circle of minute filaments, enclosing a group of shorter,
pink-colored ones, which, being seated upon a straw-colored
stalk three or four inches long, resembles a delicate flower with
its petals and stamens.

TUBULAVRIA LARYNX, SOLANDER; ELLIS; CoralL, pi. 16, f. b. JOHN-
STON ; Brit. Zooph., 115, pi. 3, f, 3; pi. 4, f. 3-5.

Similar to the preceding, but smaller. They are principally
distinguished by their tubes being somewhat branched, and wrin-
kled so as to form three or four rings at regular intervals.

TUBULAVRIA RAMCVSA, LIN. ELLIS; Brit. Zooph., tab. 16, f. a, and
tab. 17, f. a, A.

Branched like the preceding, and with rings at the origin of the
branches ; but the polypi have only a single series of tentacula.

TUBULANRIA STELLl'FERA, COUTHOUY; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii.56.

A beautiful, salmon-colored, minute species, growing in clus-
ters on logs around the bathing-house at Craigie's bridge. These
clusters look as though they might be patches of moss. I have
not been able to refer it to any described species.

SERTULAVRIA PINNANTA, PALLAS; JOHNSTON; Brit. Zooph., 127, pi. 9,
f, 5, 6.

Grows on old shells, and resembles a miniature, thinly-branched
cypress.

LAOMEDE'A GELATINO'SA, JOHNSTON; Brit. Zooph., 152, pi. 21, f. 3,
4 ; pi. 23, f. 1. Campanularia gelatinosa, FLEM., 549.

Found attached to Tubuldria larynx. The polypi are very

POLYPI. RADIATA. E8CHARA. 351

active in their motions, constantly protruding themselves from
their bell-shaped recesses, and very suddenly retreating.

MEMBRANI'PORA PILOVSA, JOHNSTOW ; Brii. Zooph., 280, pi. 24, f. 10-
12. FARRE ; Philos. Trans., 1837, pi. 27, f. I - 5. Fliwtra pilosa, LJ».

Encrusts small sea-weeds and old shells with a membranous
lace-work, from each of the meshes of which a hair is seen to is-
sue, unless worn off by friction, as it usually is.

ALCYOVNIUM ECHINAXTUM, FLEM. ; Brit. Jinim., 517. JOHNSTON ;
Brit. Zooph., 304, pi. 42, f. 3, 4.

Of a fleshy nature, encrusting dead univalve shells. It becomes
stiff when dry, and is then studded with prickles. Such shells
appear enveloped in a greenish, filmy scum. Very common on
Buccinum undatum.

EsCHANRA FOLIAXCEA, LAM. JOHNST. ; Brit. Zooph. ,%)7, pi. 40. MILHE-
EDW. ; Jinn, des Sc. JYaf., vi. 36, pi. 3, f. 1.

Drawn up from deep water. It is a broad membrane, less than
a tenth of an inch in thickness, gathered into a flounce. It is so
light as to float in water, becomes crisp when dry, of a yellowish-
brown color, and is punctured with numerous pores on both sides.

The CORALLINES and SPONGES have by many been ranked
among the Polypi. But recent observations have proved that
neither of them are inhabited by polypi.

The CORALLINES are now fully proved to. be of a vegetable
character, allied to the Algae. We have at least one species,
which we find attached to shells which are rolled up from the
deep, and also along rocky shores, growing in the little basins
which are filled by the dashing of the surf into them. It is of a
brownish color when living, but soon becomes white on exposure
to the air, and is probably Corallina rubens of Linnaeus.

The SPONGES still hold a disputed ground between animals and
vegetables. Their claim to a place in the animal kingdom seems
to rest on the power which the ovules or young are observed to
have of floating from place to place at will, by means of vibratory
ciliae. When they have once attached themselves to some solid
body, as they always do, they do not afterwards manifest any in-
dications of sensation or volition.

352 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

We have three or four species, some of them quite beautiful,
but none of them having a structure sufficiently tenacious to ren-
der them useful. Such are

SPO'NGIA OCULAVTA, MONTAGU; Wemerian Trans., ii. 78, pi. 6, f. 2.
ELLIS ; CoralL, tab. 32, f. F, f.

SPO'NGIA RAMO'SA, MONTAGU; Wern. Trans., ii. 84, pi. 8.
SPO'NGIA ARBORE'SCENS, LAM. S. rubens, PALLAS.

Of parasitic worms and infusory animals, great numbers have
been observed. There is not a beast, bird, reptile, or fish, which
has not one or more species of worm infesting the intestines or
other organs of the body. The little animalcula called infusory
animals, may always be found in water, whether fresh or salt ; but
more especially in warm weather, when the waters of the ditches
and stagnant pools become almost opake with their countless
multitudes. They will amuse and astonish any one who will sub-
ject a drop of such water to the microscope ; but any special
enumeration or description of them here would be useless.

The preceding list of Crustacea, Annelida, and Radiata has
been prepared almost without assistance, and while almost entirely
confined within the limits of the city. Occasional visits to the
wharves, timber-docks, and market have been the principal re-
sources for specimens. It serves to show that we have about us
an abundance of animals whose structure and habits have received
their share of attention in other countries, but which have hitherto
found few devotees in this country. So few gleanings have been
made in this field, that no other promises a more abundant return
for labor. The whole American coast is unexplored. Nearly
every spadefull of the sand of the beach, every stone washed by
the tide, and every sea-weed will furnish some object which is
curious, and often new. If some of the young naturalists whom
we see multiplying around us, especially any who reside on the
sea-shore, or are in the habit of resorting to it for health or pleas-
ure, should turn their attention to the study of these departments,
they would find themselves richly rewarded.

NOXIOUS AND VALUABLE ANIMALS.

WHENEVER any thing is presented to us which has apparently been
the result of careful study, but which we do not understand, the first
question we naturally ask is, " What is the use of it?" — "In what
manner is it calculated to promote or disturb my interests ? " There
are many, into whose hands the foregoing Report may come, who will
feel no other interest in it, than as it may inform them of profitable
sources of revenue, or the means of averting damages. For such, I
propose to embody here the little there is to be said respecting the in-
juries and benefits derived from the animals of which we have been
taking a view.

Only a very few of them all are objects of special regard to man.
Most of them are small, some very minute, and withdrawn from his
view. They are immersed in the streamlet and pool, or concealed
under decaying leaves and logs, or buried in the ocean depths. And
when seen, they are regarded by the common eye as worthless, or as
nuisances. The philosophic mind, however, regards every link in the
chain of being as important, worthy of study, and indispensable in the
economy of creation. They are proved to be designed for the good
of man by their preexistence. The races of vegetables and animals
which preceded the creation of man, all seem to have contributed to
prepare the earth for his residence. Much of its solid structure, the
coal, marble, and all other limestones, those valuable minerals which
contribute in so many ways to the necessities, comforts, and luxuries
of man, are but the consolidated remains of the countless genera-
tions of plants, shells, and crustaceous animals which have lived in
past time. The small and minute creatures make up the mass of these
solid structures ; while the monsters of olden time, the mammoth,
mastodon, and gigantic lizard are of rare occurrence.

The great agency which the animalcula are capable of exercising
upon the well-being of man, is thus seen in the past. The fact that
45

354 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

they now exist in such myriads, is enough to satisfy the devout mind
that they have still some indispensable office to perform. The great
purpose of their existence seems to be, in the first place, to remove
dead and decaying substances, before they become obnoxious. Their
multitude and minuteness enables them to do this silently, promptly,
and effectually, quite unperceived. In the next place, they are em-
ployed for food by the higher animals, until they become directly
useful to man by nourishing the food on which he himself subsists.

But it is not my design to generalize. This might satisfy the un-
derstanding, but not the cupidity of man. Let us therefore proceed to
particulars.

Of all the animals in the preceding catalogue, there is but a single
one which interferes materially with the interests or possessions of
man. It is a little animal which infests and destroys timber and
wooden structures built in salt water. It has been named Limnoria
terebrans.

The LIMNO^RIA TE'REBRANS is a minute crustaceous animal about
three twentieths of an inch long, and not quite
half as broad. Its two ends are rounded, and its
sides parallel, so as to have nearly the shape
of a small maggot. Its color is grayish. The
body is composed of fourteen segments, the
seven which succeed the head each bearing a
pair of short legs. It is capable of both swim-
ming and crawling. When touched, it rolls it-
self up, by bending down the head and tail. Its
food, contrary to the general, if not otherwise
universal rule, among Crustacea, is vegetable.
This little animal was first detected by Robert Stevenson, Esq., the
architect of the Bell Rock Light-house, in 1808. He sent it to Dr.
Leach, who gave it its name and described it, in 1811. Its habits and
ravages have since been fully described by Dr. Coldstream and Mr.
Thompson, in the " Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal," and my
own observations have added but little to what may be gathered from
theirs.

The animal attacks, by preference, soft wood, and the softest parts
of wood. It selects pine, if it can be had ; but it was observed at Bell
Rock, that oak, birch, and all other wood there exposed, except teak,
was more or less perforated. All wooden structures immersed in the
sea are liable to its attacks. Sea-bulwarks are undermined, the piles

NOXIOUS AND VALUABLE ANIMALS. 355

and piers of bridges are cut off, and canal locks are rendered inefficient
by them. Dr. Coldstream observes, that he is not aware that they
ever attack floating timber, but confine themselves to fixed timbers.
They are, however, abundant on the under sides of timber floating in
timber-docks, which, to be sure, is confined, though floating.

They select their station below low-water mark, though some few
rise so high as to be left by the tide a portion of the time. If they
have access to the end of the timber, they enter the soft portion be-
tween the annual, hard rings of wood, and seldom pass out of the cir-
cle which they first enter. Their numbers are so great, that no one
penetrates more than an inch from the surface before the whole tim-
ber is occupied and crumbling behind him by every wave that chafes
it. Such as cannot enter the ends of the timber, attack the sides and
burrow just beneath the surface. The whole surface is soon furrowed
by them, so that the remains of circle after circle are washed away.
It has been found that where the Limnoria is abundant, timber, how-
ever large, will lose an inch in diameter annually. A timber in the
dock of Mr. Aspinwall, near Winnisimmet Ferry, which was once the
mast of a frigate, has been reduced to a mere spar of about a foot in
diameter.

The animal is probably no less abundant here than about England
and Scotland, where its ravages have been so troublesome. I have
observed them at low tide, about all the wooden structures which I
have examined in the neighbourhood of Boston. It therefore becomes
a matter of consequence to know how to guard against them.

No very economical or effectual method of protection has yet been
ascertained. Casings of copper have been used in some instances ;
but the animal has succeeded in getting behind it. Various washes
have been applied ; and it is said that verdigris paint is effectual. The
most efficient method hitherto tried, has been to cover the whole sur-
face with broad-headed nails, set close together.

These little creatures, which force themselves upon our notice by
the ravages they commit on private property, or works of great public
utility, are nevertheless not without their use. A very trifling portion of
their whole number interfere with the works or the possessions of man.
The great multitude is employed in devouring and disintegrating sub-
merged timbers, which would otherwise remain almost imperishable.
In this respect they correspond to the wood-boring larvae and beetles
of the land. " Let us consider, for instance, how possible it is that
large masses of wood, floated down by rivers, might accumulate on

356 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

shoals at their mouths to such an extent as materially to diminish the
outlet for the waters, which then would rise and overflow their banks,
were it not for the destructive boring of the Limnoria. What could
not be accomplished by brute force, and might baffle even the ingenu-
ity of man himself, is yet quietly accomplished by the gradual and
steady operations of a tiny crab. The trees are perforated and then
washed away, and with them the sand and mud which had collected
around, and which would speedily have formed an effectual impedi-
ment to the free efflux of water, and to the navigation of the river."
These remarks have full force when applied to the mouths of most
of the rivers emptying into the Atlantic. "Nor must we omit to no-
tice the possibility of its being the means, occasionally, of causing the
removal of those serious obstacles to the safe navigation of shallow
seas, which are caused by the masts of sunken vessels/' *

If we except the various barnacles, which attach themselves to the
bottoms of vessels, sometimes in such numbers as materially to impede
their speed, I know of no other animal, coming within our limits, which
is either injurious or even disagreeable to man, in any sense. In many,
if not in all, parts of Europe, the snails and slugs are exceedingly
troublesome in gardens. But in this region snails are rarely seen,
and, in addition, the habits of American snails seem to be different
from those of European ones. They do not climb plants and shrubs
for food, and they mostly flee from the haunts of men. Slugs are
also rare, and though occasionally seen in the vegetable garden and
the orchard, are not essentially troublesome.

The invertebrate animals which may be noticed as beneficial, are
also few in number. They may be mostly arranged under 1. Such
as contribute food to man : 2. Such as afford subsistence to other ani-
mals : 3. Such as are employed in agriculture and the arts.

1. Those which contribute food to man. The article of food which
is most familiar as well as most important among the Mollusca, is the
Oyster (O'strea).

The OYSTER is generally supposed by dealers and market-men to be
not now a native of the waters of this State. That it was formerly of
native growth, they all admit; but that it has become extinct in places
now most favorable to its growth, they all assert. The cause of this
extermination is said to have been what is called a ground frost ; that

* Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, xvi. 332, 333.

NOXIOUS AND VALUABLE ANIMALS. 35?

is, a degree of cold so great as to cover the bottom with a coating
of ice, and thereby to cut off* the oysters from all access to air and
nourishment. This is said to have happened about the year 1780 ;
previous to which time, no oysters were brought from more southern
waters. Immense beds of the shells of oysters which died at that time
are said to be still visible in the neighbourhood of Wellfleet.

The above opinion is not, however, strictly correct. That no beds
of native oysters are found at all adequate to the supply of the market,
is true. But old men relate that they were accustomed to go up
Mystic River and Charles River, and gather oysters of great size, be-
fore it was the custom to bring them from New York. And even
now, individuals of enormous size are occasionally brought from both
these places, and probably might be found, by special search, at any
time. Moreover, from Dr. J. B. Forsyth, I learn that, in all probabil-
ity, the native oyster is abundant on the south shore of Cape Cod.
The following are extracts from his letter.

" Sandwich, June 15, 1840.
"DEAR FRIEND,

" I embrace the first opportunity to give you some account of the
Oyster found in the western part of this town, lying upon Buzzard's
Bay. 1 have consulted several aged men in this vicinity, some eighty
years of age, and they inform me that there has always been an abun-
dance of the fish in these waters, ever since their remembrance ; and
it has never come to their knowledge that oysters were ever brought
there from any foreign location. They are found along the shores of
the bay for several miles, but are much more abundant in two or three
locations. They seem to multiply with great rapidity, and the whole
shore seems to be lined with them, so that at low water you could,
at almost any point, procure a bucket full of them from the rocks.

41 1 am also informed, that great numbers are taken in the region of
Wareham, a few miles from our beds, and should conjecture that, from
their proximity of location, they must have had a common origin with
ours.

" There is a statute in force which imposes a penalty for catching
any of these fish and carrying them out of the town ; and no citizen
has a right to take for his own use more than one or two bushels at any
one time. The oysters are generally collected by a few men, who bring
them to the village and dispose of them at fifty cents a bushel, for
their trouble ; and by selling half a bushel or a bushel to an individual,

358 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

the spirit of the statute is not violated. This may be repeated every
day, until the desired supply is laid in. When placed in the cellar,
and fed from time to time with a little meal and water, they will some-
times keep good for months."

The fact that the oysters on the Buzzard's Bay shore adhere to the
rocks and breed there, together with the testimony of very aged men,
is sufficient to show that Massachusetts is not without native oysters.
But it is also a well-known fact, that the supply for the markets of all
the large towns is obtained from the South. Hence has arisen a trade
of no small importance ; and I have taken some pains to ascertain its
extent, and the mode of managing it. From intercourse with several
gentlemen long engaged in it, but principally from Mr. Joseph Hoi-
brook, of Boston, and Richard Libby, Esq., of Wellfleet, I have gath-
ered the following particulars.

Almost the whole of the oyster trade belongs to Wellfleet, near the
extremity of Cape Cod. About thirty vessels, averaging forty tons
each, and manned by one hundred and twenty men, are employed
about three months in the year in importing them. The oysters are
mostly obtained from Staten Island, Little Egg Harbour, and Somer-
set, and are called New York oysters. Less frequently, they are
brought from the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Small ones are
selected, about the size of a dollar, and cost fifty cents per bushel.
Forty thousand bushels are annually brought to Wellfleet, costing, of
course, 20,000 dollars ; all of which the oyster fishers require to be
paid in specie.

At Wellfleet they are planted, as it is termed, to increase their size.
The oyster-ground should be flat, of a sandy or fine gravel bottom,
and where the common tide leaves them dry about two hours. Muddy
grounds soon choke up and destroy the oysters. The planting is done
during the months of March, April, and May, in moderate weather,
when the water is not very cold. They are permitted to remain from
seven to nine months, during which time they sometimes double their
size. Their growth is, however, very variable, depending on the sea-
son, and in some years the increase is very slight. They are not per-
mitted to grow larger, as they have then become of a size most profit-
able for market.

In the autumn, they are again taken up, selected, brought to mar-
ket, and sold at wholesale for one dollar per bushel, the cost of plant-
ing, attending, taking up, &c., amounting to twenty cents per bushel.

NOXIOUS AND VALUABLE ANIMALS. 359

Thus a profit of thirty cents on a bushel, or about forty per cent, on
the cost, is realized ; and the town of Wellfleet thereby realizes an in-
come of about 8,000 dollars annually.

There are many small beds around Boston and the other seaports,
where single cargoes are spread out, but they are of little account.
The whole amount of oysters used annually in Massachusetts cannot
fall short of 100,000 bushels.

The shells are still further valuable, but of these notice will be
taken elsewhere.

The CLAM (Mya arendria) is still more important, in an economical
point of view, than the oyster. It is extremely prolific ; and its exhaust-
less banks are every day accessible during twelve of the twenty-four
hours.

The principal clam-banks are along the coasts of Essex and Barn-
stable counties. Nowhere are more collected than on the flats of
Ipswich and Essex. But clams also abound on every muddy or sandy
flat, however small ; and there is perhaps not a mile of the whole
coast where clams may not be found.

About 5,000 bushels of clams are annually brought to Boston mar-
ket, and as many, more are doubtless consumed at other places.

But it is not as an article of food for man, that the clam is princi-
pally important. Its chief use is as bait for fishing cod and haddock.
Nothing can be so easily procured and kept in a suitable state for bait
as the clam, and nothing else is so palatable to the fish. Immense
numbers are employed for this purpose. For the bank fisheries, the
shells are opened, and the animals taken out, put in barrels, and salted.
This is called Clam-bait. Not less than 5,000 barrels of clam- bait are
put up every year. Seven bushels of clams make about one barrel of
bait ; so that thirty or forty thousand bushels are used in this prepared
state, and perhaps as many more are used from the shell. The value
of the clam-bait is six or seven dollars per barrel.

There are several other shells which, it is averred by those who
have tried them, are as palatable as the clam. The QTJAHOG ( Venus
mercendria) is found in considerable numbers about Cape Cod, but it
is not fancied by Bostonians for food, though in the New York and
Philadelphia markets it is used almost to the exclusion of our common
clam.

The GIANT CLAM, or, as some call it, the HEN CLAM, (Mactra gi-
gantta,) is much esteemed by some. But it requires a long process
of bruising and maceration before it is sufficiently tender for the table.

360 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

The EDIBLE MUSSEL, (My'tilus edulis,} as its name imports, is abun-
dantly used for food in other countries. It is plentiful with us, but
other shell-fish, quite as easily obtained, are preferred.

The LOBSTER (Homdrus Americdnus) is the largest of all crusta-
ceous animals, and is extensively employed for food. The largest which
has been seen by the Boston fishermen, weighed twenty-eight pounds ;
and those weighing ten or twelve pounds are not uncommonly seen in
the market. The average, however, is about four pounds.

Lobsters are caught during the six months of warm weather. They
might be taken during the whole year, but no adequate sale is found
for them in cold weather. They are caught about all the islands in
Massachusetts Bay, and in every cove along the coast. A few con-
tractors manage most of the trade. The largest dealers, Ebenezer
Weeks & Co., have three vessels employed during the season. They
furnish the apparatus for catching them, and pay a certain sum for each
lobster caught. One man will attend forty lobster-pots. He raises the
pots in the morning and secures his prey, and spends the remainder of
the day in catching cod-fish, with which to bait on the following morn-
ing. To average one lobster per day to each pot, is considered fair
luck. In this way, probably 200,000 are annually taken in the waters
of Massachusetts. Nearly one half of this number comes to Boston
market, while all the inhabitants of the seaboard supply themselves
abundantly ; and the New York market is also principally supplied
from the waters of this State, about Provincetown.

Lobsters sell at an average price of about ten cents each, affording
a profit of about ten per cent.

CRABS are held in little repute as food, though a few hundreds are
annually sold at two or three cents each. <

2. Such as afford subsistence to other animals. Under this head
we might at once introduce the whole catalogue. The fishes and
aquatic birds devour them all, without distinction or mercy. Ducks,
geese, and reptiles pick up the little cockles which live in the brooks
and pools. The shell-fish of the sea prey upon each other, and all
become food for fishes. It is surprising to find how the largest shells
may be, and are, swallowed by the cod-fish. Those, however, are
preferred by them which have their shells gaping ; such as the Clams,
Panopda, Glycy'meris, &c. The death of the animal swallowed soon
occurs, the muscles of the shells relax, the gastric juice of the fish
soon dissolves the animal, and then the shell is rejected. The use of

NOXIOUS AND VALUABLE ANIMALS. 361

the common clam for fish bait has already been mentioned. The
Crustacea are all welcomed by the fish in a similar manner. To these
we may add the SQUID (Loligo illecebrosa) and the various jointed
worms (Annelida) which live in the sand of the shore, some of which
are a foot or more in length.

The KING-CRAB, or HORSE-SHOE, (Limulus polyph^mus^) is em-
ployed as food for hogs ; and many of them are speared by boys for
this purpose, and sold for half a cent apiece. It is also regarded as
excellent bait for eels.

3. Such as are employed in agriculture and the arts. In agricul-
ture, the solid parts of the Mollusca, their shells, are employed on
account of the lime which forms their basis. One of the most useful
forms in which they are found for this purpose, is the shell marl. In
Berkshire County this marl is found in considerable quantities. It is
formed of the small, fresh-water shells which have subsided to the
bottom, and, mingling with the fine mud, become consolidated. This
process is every day going on. In a few specimens which I have ex-
amined, 1 have detected Planorbis bicarinatus, P. campanulatus, P.
parvus, Physa heterostropha, Valvdta tricarinata, Limn&a humilis ?
and Cyclas dulia^ shells which are now everywhere found in the
streams of Massachusetts.

Shell lime is very much used in many parts of the world, and in
some of the United States, as an ingredient in composts, and for dress-
ing grain lands ; but it has not yet become so extensively employed in
Massachusetts as would be profitable. Some little diversity of opinion
has arisen as to the utility of lime in improving wheat crops. It has
been stated by good farmers, that they have dressed their fields freely
with lime, without any manifest improvement of the crop ; while the
next year, when no lime is applied, the crop has been ample. Such
statements would seem to discourage the use of lime for grain crops.
Dr. C. T. Jackson, who has paid great attention to agricultural chem-
istry, offers an explanation to this seeming evidence against the utility
of lime. He says, that where lime is spread with freedom, it will not
form its combinations with the soil so as to be of benefit during the
first season ; but that on a second season its effects will be abundantly
apparent.

Shell lime is preferable to stone lime in agriculture, because it is
sure never to contain magnesia, which is always prejudicial to the soil,
and which is often a component part of stone lime.
46

362 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.

The manufacture of shell lime is carried on extensively by Mr.
Kingsley, of Boston. The shells are collected from the various
oyster shops, and are given to him for the trouble of removal. Twenty
to thirty thousand bushels are thus collected and burned annually.
The lime is sold at twelve and a half cents per bushel.

Shell lime is also extensively employed in masonry ; and it is with-
in the memory of man when iio other lime was known for building,
along the seaboard.

By the addition of the proper materials, clay and magnesia, Mr.
Kingsley prepares an excellent hydraulic cement, which is used not
only for laying drains, cisterns, &c., but its whiteness renders it suita-
ble for the manufacture of fountains, vases, and ornamental articles,
which are to be placed in exposed situations.

We find nothing else which is employed in the arts, except the
SCOLLOP SHELL, (Pecten concentricus,) which is so extensively used
in the manufacture of card-racks, pin-cushions, &c.

The animals of several shells (Purpura and Buccinum) afford a
juice, when they are bruised, which dyes a brilliant purple. The
ancients are supposed to have derived all their purple dye from this
source ; but other more available articles have entirely superseded its
use.

PEARLS of various colors and considerable size and beauty are often
found in both salt and fresh water mussels. They were once highly
valued in England, but are not sought for at the present day.

This summary, short as it is, and containing little that is not already
familiar, presents, nevertheless, all that is known to be of direct use
and benefit to man. Some may hence 'be disposed to inquire, "Of
what use, then, is the study of so many others which are apparently
useless ? " A few words only need be said to such objectors. In the
first place, all of God's works are wonderful, and worthy of study.
Again, negative knowledge is useful. The most useful sciences are
made up of trivial facts. Newton's apple, Young's soap-bubble, and
Galvani's frog, have given hints which have led to almost the complete
developement of some of the most important natural laws which affect
us. And again, so limited is our knowledge of the designs of the
Author of nature, that animals which appear of little importance in
relation to ourselves, are perhaps as necessary to the general plan of
the Creator, as those which we place at the top of the scale of being.

INDEX.

Actaon denticulatus, .

trijidus, .

Actinia marginata,
JEga emarginata,
ALASMODON, .
Alasmodon arcuata,

marginata,

undulata,

Alasmodonta truncata,
ALA^TA,

Alcy'noe vermicularis,
Alcyonium echinatum,
A'lpheus aculeatus,

AMNfCQLA,

Amnicola porata,
AMPHITODA, .

Amphitr\tt auricoma,
Amphitrlte ventilabrum,
ANATIFA,
Anatifa dentata,

laevis,

striata, .

vulgaris,

AWATINA,
Jlnatina convdxa,
Leatia, .

papyracea, .

ANCY^LUS.
AncyMus fuscus,

rivularis,

Anilocera ,

Animal plants,
ANNE'LIDA,
A'NODON,

A'nodon fluviatilis, .

implicate,

rugdsus,

undulata,

Anodunta cataracta,

edentula,

fluvidtilis, .

marginata,

Neietoniensis,

ANOMIA,

Anomia aculeata,

el^ctrica,

ephippium, .

pubescens,

squainula,

Anthosoma Smithii,
Anthura gracilis,
Aphrodlta aculeata,

Page

PajfB

. 347

Aphrodite columba.

. 92

199

ARCA,

95

. 274

Area "iiiihitu.

. 101

349

mi until, .

101

. 338

pexata,

95

113

tinuis, .

105

. 113

transversa, .

96

116

ARCACKA,

95

. 115
116

A'rgulus Alusu', .
Armadillo pilularis, .

. 340
336

. 298

Ascidia clavata,

. 319

349

— rustica,

319

. 351
332

Asellus vulgaris,
A'stacus ajftnis,

. 337
330

. 228

Bartonii,

. 330

229

bdreas,

331

. 333

inarinus,

. 330

7

ASTARTE,

76

7

Astarte castanea,

. 76

19

Danmonidnsis,

78

21

so

. ' 19, 20

plcea, var.

ou
77

20

procera, var.

78

20

quadrans,

81, 84

47

sulcata,

78

51

wnfffrffT

-M

49

Asterias aranclaca,

. ou
344

47

caput-Mediisce, .

. 345

. 223

((ioniaster) equestris,

344

224

/ W tt*l ) \rt io ^ — «»k.««*«

. 345

. 224
338

spongiosa,
Aurelia aurita,

345

. 348

349

flftTTl Hlllft

' ' 1 -»

. ' 7, 342

AuRfcULA,

. 197

. 117

Auricula bidentata, .

197

117

cornea,

. 197

. 118

denticulata,

199

120

+ „ . M rt « A «.* **

. 199

. 120

personatat .

199

117

. 120

BALANUS,

13

117

Bdlanus clavatus,

18

. 118

diuitttna,

12

118

eburneus,

15

138

Al^«% »X *.«»

139

fistuldsus,

18

. 140
138

geniculatus,
ovularis,

14
17,19

. 141

rugosus,

16,18

140

Scdticus,

15

. 341

tintinnabulum,

13

338

/Tf /rniT

. 343

Barnacles,

11

364

INDEX.

Beach-flea,

Beroe (Cydippe) pileus,

Blood-sucker,

Bloody Clam,

Boltenia reniformis,

Botryllus stellatus,

BRACHIO'PODA,

BRANCHIO'PODA,

Branehipus stagnalis,

Branchiella thynni, .

BUCCINUM,

Buccinum ciliatum, .

— Donovani, .

glaciale,

lapillus,

lunatum,

J\Tov-Eborac6nse,

obsoletum,

olivifdrme,

plicosum,

rosaceum,

striatum, .

• trivittatum, .

— ! undatum,

ventricosum, .

vibex,

Bulimus lubricus,

BDLLA,

Bulla canaliculata,

debilis,

fontinalis, .

Gouldii

hiemalis

haliotoidea,

irisculpta, .

lineolata,

obstricta, .

oryvza, .

solitaria, .

triticea,

velutina,

BULLEA^NA,
Bullina canaliculata ,

Caligus piscinus, .

CALYPTRA^CEA, .
CANALl'FERA,
CANCELLARIA,
Cancellaria buccinoides, .

Couthouyi,

CANCER, . .

Cancer Bernhardus, .

• granulatuS)

kastatus,

irroratus,

Manas, .

maja,

pedatus,

Sayi,

stagnalis,

Caprella sanguinea,
CARCINUS,
Carcinus Meenas,
CARDIA^CEA,

333

T

CARDITA,

Page
93

349

Cardita borealis,

94

342

CARDIOM, . .

89

96

Cdrdium ciliatum,

89

319

edentulum, .

92

320

Groenlandicum,

92

140

Islandicum,

89

339

Mortoni,

91

339

pinnulatura,

90

341

pubescens,

89

303

rubrum,

60

307
304

Caryfchium personatum, .
Cecrops Latreitlii,

. 199
341

304

CEMORIA,

. 156

301

Cemoria Flemmgii,

157

312

TVrvortK^ ««

1 E\l*

308

CEPHALO'PODA,

317

308

CERITHIUM,

. 274

308

Cerithiura Emersonii,

275

303

f^ . « v, v» i i

970

311

nigro-cinctum,

• ~ / •/
277

305

reticulatum,

. 278

309

Sayi,

278

305

terebrale,

. 276

307

CHETO'PODA,

343

310

Chirodota arenata,

. 346

193

CHITON,

146

162

Chiton albus,

. 150

166

apiculatus,

146

164

fj ^/>/M?/7i«<f

150

211

^^2^Mto 9

147

163

Emersonianus, .

I.** /

. 151

163

fulmin\t us

148

244

marginatus,

. 147

162

ruber,

149

169

t*n • * V /3 O

150

167

Chondracanthus cornutus, .

341

168

CINERAS,

22

162

Cineras vittata,

22

165

CINGULA,

. 264

241

Cingula aculeus,

266

162

minuta, .

. 265

166

Cionella litbrica,

193

CIRRl'PEDES,

10,11

340

CIRROBRANCHIA'TA,

155

156

Clam, . . 29,41,

52,359

274

Cochlicdpa liibrica, *

. 193

282

COCHLODESMA,

48

283

Cochlodesma Leana,

49

283

COLIMA^CEA,

169

322

COLUMBELLA,

. 313

327

Columbella avara,

313

322

COLUMELLA'RIA, .

. 313

325

CONCHA^CEA,

72

322

CONCH 1'FERA,

10,24

322

Corallines,

351

327

CORBULA,

43

333

Corbula contracta,

43, 56

323

CORONULA, .

12

339

Coronula diadema,

12

336

Crab, .' . . 325, 360

321

Crangon boreas,

331

QO1

331

Owl

89

vulgaris,

331

INDEX.

365

Crass\na castanca,

- - Danmonitnsis,

CREPfuULA, .

Crepidula convexa,
.. fornicata,

- glauca,

- plana

CRUSTACEA,

Cry'ptodon jlexuosa,

CCLTELLUS, .

Cl MIM.I \. . .

Cumingia tellinoides,
CVAMUS, .
Cy^araus ceti,
Cyanea Postelsii,
CYCLAS,
Cyclas cornea,

- dubia,

- elegans, .

- partumcia,
-- rh'jmboidea, .

- similis, .

- sulcata, . .
CYCLOPS,

Cyclostoma margindta, .

-- tricarinata,

Cymothoa oestrum,

CYPRINA,

Cyprina Islandica, .

- trulgaris,
CYTHEREA, .
Cytherea convexa,

DECA'PODA, .
Delphinoidea serpuloidca,
DENTALIOM, . .

Dentdlium attenuatum,
--- den tale, .

- striatum, .
Diadbma vulgar is }
DORIS,

Doris arbortscens,

- illuminata,

Earth- Worm,
ECHINODE'RMATA,

Echinus granulatus,

E*OLIS,

£volis Bostoniensis,

- diversa,

- gymndta,

- salmonacea,
£phyvra octolubata,
Eschara foliacea,

- lutosa,
Eury^ale scutatum,

Fiddler- Crab,
Fissur61la Noachlna,
Five-finger,
Flustra arenosa, .

- pilosa,

I'll-.-
76
78
157
, 160
158
. 161
159
. 159
321
71
30, 33
56
56
. 335
335
. 347
72
73
75
74
73
73
72,75
72
339
. 192
338
. 338
82
82,86
83
84
84

321
247
. 355
156
. 155
156
12
4
5
4

. 343
344
. 344
5
6
6
7
6
6
348
. 351
233
. 345

325
. J57
345
. 232
351

Fcsus,
Fusus Bamffius,
carinatus, .
cttii-rcus,
cumeuf, ^.
decemcostatus,
hnrpulariuB,

muricatua,
plfurutumariiu,
rut us,
— Bcalariforinis, .

turricula, .
ventricosus,

Galericulum l&vigatum,
Gamraarus minus,

,,, — . locus tu

GASTERO'PODA,

GELASI.MUS,
Gelasimus vocans,
Giant Clam,
GLYCY'MERIS,
Glycy'meris drctica,

Gordius inquilinus, .
Gymnolepas Crdnchii,

• Cuvi&ri

HELIX,
Helix albolabris,
alternate,

— = arborea,
cellaria,
chersina,

fratema, .

h 1 / '

hirsuta,
hortensis, .

lineata,
litbrica,
miniita,
monodon,
nitens, .
nitida,

radiata,
• scabra, .

striatella,
sub-gtoliusa,

tridentata,
Hermit Crab,

289
. 287

303
. 284

287
. 291

284
. 293

290
. 290

288
. 285

286
. 292

285

. 241
$14

. 334

10, 144

. 325

325

52, 359
39
37
39
39
213
22
23

170
177
203
182
180
185
183
174
175
181
244
175
172
181
184
179
193
176
174
181
181
J76
176
177
177
247
178
172
171
173

366

INDEX.

Hintilla. drctica,

HlPPOLYTE,

Hipp61yte aculeatus,

Hippocrene Bugainvillii,

HIPPA,

Hippa emerita, .

talpoida,

Hirudo parasitica,
Holothuria chrysacanthophora

(Cuvieria) squamata,

(Synapta) briareus,

pentactes,

Homarus Americanus, .

Horse-leech,

Horse-shoe Crab,

HYAS,

Hyas coarctata, .

Hyperia Galba,

JCHTHYO'PHILUS,

Idotse^a caeca,

6ntomon,

INFUSORIA,
ISO'PODA,

Jaminia denticul&ta, .

exigua, .

fusca,

JANTHINA,

Jdnthina communis, .

fragilis,

KKLLIA,
Kellia rubra,
King- Crab,

LACUNA,

Lacuna neritoidea,

pertiisa,

vincta,

Laomedea gelatinosa,
Lepas anatifera, .

ansertfera,

aurlta,

balanoides,

— bdlanus,

borealis,

dentala,

elongata, .

leporina,

membrancLcea,

rugdsa,

serrdta,

sulcata,

tintinndbulum,

vittdta,

Leeches, .

LlBIMA,

Libinia canaliculata,

LIGIA,

LIMAX,

Liinax togata,

tunicata, .

Page
63
. 332
332
. 348
328
. 228
328
. 342
345
a, 346
34C
345
330, 360
342
339, 361
326
. 326
335

338
337
. 338
352
. 336

199
. 272
271
. 240
240
. 240

60
60
339, 361

262
. 263
262
. 262
350
19,21
20,21
23
17
17
16
21
12
18
23
22
16
21
21
13
22
. 342
327
. 327
337
2
3
«

LlMN^EvA,

Lining a acuminata, .

columella,

clodca

macrostoma,
modicellus,

LIMNEAWA, "' .

Limnoria terebrans,
Limulus polyphemus,
Lissa fissirostra, .

LlTHODES,

Lithodes arctica,
LITHOPHA'GID^E,

LlTTORlNA,

Littorina palliata,
rudis, .

Lobster,
LCEMl'PODA,
Loligo illecebrosa,
LOTTIA,
Lottia alveus,

LUCINA, .
Lucina divaricata,

radula,
Lumbricus terrestris,
LDPA,
Lupa dicantha,
hastata,
Lymn&us navicida,
Lymn&us corneus,
Lyonsia hyalina,

MACHJE^RA,
Machae^ra costkta,
nitida,
MACROSTO^MATA,
MACT&A^CEA,
MACTRA,
Mactra arctata,

gigant&a,
grandis,

lut&ola

^ — ovalis, .
radidta,
similis,

subtriangulata,
telUnoides,
MAGDALA,
Malacotta bivdlvis,
MARGARITA,
Margarita arctica,
argentata,

. 215

217
. 223

216
. 215

219
. 221

212
. 217

218
. 218

200

338, 354

339, 361
. 326

327

. 327
61

. 257
260

. 257
259

330, 360
335

. 318
153

. 154
153
69
70
71
69

. 343
324

. 324
325

. 215

223

46

32

24,34
33
241
51
51
57
57

52, 359
53
54
52
53
92

53, 54
51, 54, 78
57
56
46
23

. 252
255

. 256
252

INDEX.

367

Margarita helicoides,
obscura, .
undulata,
Margaritdna margaritifera,

253
. 254
114
. 116
197
. 351
57
57
58
. 171
123
. 130
129
. 131
129
. 123
128
. 123
127
. 125
126
. 123
339
59
59
. 292
289
. 294
296
. 284
286
. 284
292
40
40
40, 78, 359
59
. 107
46
. 114
40
. 109
110
39
110
. 116
39
42
115
40
333
. 333
333
. 121
121
123,125
121
. 126
. 129, 130
121,360
117
. 125
117

My'tilus ineuredtus, .
modiolus,

Meldmpus bidentdtus,
Membranipora pilosa,
MESODESMA, .
Mesodesma arctata,

rugdsvs,
umbi/icdtus, .
vulgar is ,

NA'IADES, .

Nassa obsoltta,
— • trivittdta, .

Mesodon Uucodon,
MODIOLA,
Modiola discors, .
discrepans, .
glandula,
TfKvigdta,
modiolus,

NATICA,
Ndtica boredlist .
canaliculuta, .
clausa,

Papudna,
pectinula,
plicatula,

duplicata,
flava, .
heros,

Monbcvlus polyph&mus,

Mo»TACU*TA,

Montacuta bidentata,
Murex angitldtus,
Bamffius,
canaliculdtus,
cdrica, .

— triseriata,
NEBAL.IA,
Nereis margaritacea,
NERITA^CJEA, .

Nu^CULA,

Nucula Jacksonii,
limatula,

MYA,

Mi/a acuta,
arenaria,

sapotilla,

— • tenuis,

complandta,
Iti/uli /m. .
margaritifera,
mercendria, .
nasuta,
oblongata,
plcea,

thraciaefdrmis,
NYMPHA^CEA,

Oceania tubulosa,
Ocy'pode pugildtor,
ODOSTOMIA,
Odostomia exigua,

ruguldsa,

/I /it/./ a. .

truncata,
undulata,
MYARIA,
Mysis Fabrlcii,
saltatdriuSj
spinulosus, .
MYTILA'CEA,
MY'TILUS,
My'tilus barbdtus,
boredlis,
demissus,
discors,

producta,
seminuda,
— trifida, .
Oniscus affinis, .
asellus,

me dusdrum, .
Ophiura aculeata,

Orchestia gryllus,
littorea,
longicornis,

OSTEODESMA,

Osteodesina hyalina,

fluvidtilis,
Gibbsii,
ttlitus,

OSTEODESMA^CEA,
OSTRA^CEA,

O'STREA," .

. 123
123

. 122

126

62

124

. 121

106
. 308

309
. 311

231
. 238

235
. 238

238
. 236

239
. 231

234
. 237

233
. 333

343

. 231
96

. 102
98

. 101

99

. 103

103
. 101

100
. 105

101
97
65

. 348

325
. 269

272
. 270

270
. 273

274
. 336

336
. 335

335
. 345

345
. 334

334

. 334
45
46
47
45

135
135,356

368

INDEX.

O'strea borealis,

- Canadtnsis,
. -- cinnabar i na, .

- ediilis,
-- dongdta,

- Magelldnica,

- : -- Virginiana, .
-- Virginica,
OPTION,

OUion Cuvierii, .
Oxy'noe glabra,
Oyster,

PAGU^RUS,

Pagurus Bernhardus,
--- longicarpus,
-- pollicaris,
Palsempn vulgaris,
PALUDINA,
Paludina decisa, .
--- limosa,
--- porata,
Pandalus annulicornis,
PANDORA,
Panddra nasuta^,
---- trilineata,
PANOP^E^A,
Panopse^a arctica,
Parasitic Worms,
Pasithea nigra, .
PATELLA,
Patella dlveus,
--- amatna,

- apertura,
-- Candida,

- fissurella,

- fornicata,

JYoacMna,

Patelloida testudind.lis,
Patdloidea dlveus,
— -- amatna,
PECTEN,

Pecten concentricus,
-- Magellanicus,
-- Islandicus,
-- Pealii,
PECTENHDES,
Pectinaria Belgica, .
Pectunculus maxirmis,

• -- parvus, .
--- subfuscuSy
Penella filosa,
Penteldsmis anatifera,
--- striata, .
Pentelepas lavis,
PERtSTO'MATA, .
PETRICOLA,
Petricola dactylus,

- - - fornicata,
--- pholadiformis,
PHOLAUA^RIA,
PHOLAS,

Pholas bifrons, .

Page

137

Pholas costata, .

.

137

crispata,

133

lotus,

,

137

PHYSA,

137

Physa ancillaria,

132

136

heterostropha,

.

136

PHYLLID1AWA, ,

22
23

Phylline Hippoglossi,
Phyllodoce lamelligera,

244

— viridio

135,

356

PlLT^MNUS,

Pilumnus Harrisii,

t

329

PINNOTHERES,

329

Pinnotheres ostreum,

•

330
329

Pill-Bug,
PLANORBIS,

•

332
227

Planorbis armigerus,
bicarinatus,

144,

277

campanulatus,

227

corputentus,

229

— deflectus, .

332

dilatatus,

,

44

elevatus,

44

exacvous,

.

44

exacutus, .

37

hirsutus,

.

37

lens,

352

lentus,

278

parvus,

152

trivolvis,

t

154

PLATYONICHUS,

153
157

Platyonichus ocellktus,
PLEUROTOMA,

152

Pleurotoma bicarinata,

157

1^8

J.»JO

153

PLICA'CEA,

157

PCECILO'PODA,

.

153

Pollicipes Items,

154
153

Poly'noe squamata,
Pnly^lepas diadima, .

132

POLYPI,

.

134

Porcellio laevis,

132

nigra, .

TOO

L

J.OO

133

Portitnus peldgicus,

.

132

pictus,

7

Prawn,

(

83

Psummdbia fusca, .

70

tceniata,

,

70

PUPA, .

341

Pupa contracta, .

§

20

curvidens,

20

exigua,

.

20

fallax, .

225

miliutn, . .

.

63

raodesta.

65

simplex,

63

Purpura lapillus,

63

PURPURl'FERA,

i

26

PY'RAMIS,

26

Py'ramis striatula,

.

28

PY'RULA,

Page
27
27
28
211
213
214
211
146
343
343
343
326
326
328
328
336
200
205
203
204
201
207
210
207
208
208
206
211
202
209
201
324
324
280
281
280
282
245
339
20
343
12
349
337
337
337
324
324
332
66
31
186
186
189
191
192
187
188
190
301
299
268
269
294

INDEX.

P/rula canaliculate,

carica,

spirata,

Quahog, .

RADIA'TA,
RANELI.A,
Ranella caudata,
Razor Fish,
Rissoa rupdstris,

ROSTELLARIA,

Rostelluria occidentalis,

Sabella penicUlus,
Sand- Bug,
Sand- Crab,
Sand- Flea, .
SANGUINOLARIA,
Sanguinolaria fusca, .

sordida,

Sauce- pan fish,

SAXfcAVA,

Saxicava distorta,
pkoladis,

SCALARIA,

Scalaria Grccnlandica,

lineata,

multistriata,

Nov-A'ngliae,

planicosta,

subulata, ' .

SCALARIA'NA,
Scollop.shell, .
Scute lla par ma, .
Sea-Anemone,

Sea- Chestnut,

Sea-Egg,

Sea-Jelly,

Sea Nettle,

Sea- Slugs,

Sea-Smder, .

Sen6clita fasciata,

SERPULA,

Strpula lumbricalis,

spirillum,

vermicular!*,

SERPU'LEA,
SERRIPES,

Sertularia pinnata, .
Shrimp, .

SlOARETUS, .

Sigar&tus haliotoideus,

SKENEA,

Skenea serpuloides,

Solecurtus Caribre'us,

co status, .

fragilis,

SOLEMY'A,
Solem^a borealis,

velum,

SOLEN,

Solen Caribous,

47

P2?4

Solen centralist,

IB

. 296

cvstatus,

34

294

cureus,

10

ensis,

. 28

86,359

frafilis

31

— miniitus, . .

63

344

SOLENACKA, .

28

297

>'"/'•• />'//:.', . .

. 337

297

Sphenia Swainsdni, .

42

29

Spider -Crab,

. 328

272

SPIRORBIS,

8

. 298

Spirorbis nautiloides,

8

298

sinistrorsa,

9

spirillum,

8

7

Spirula Peronii,

317

328

Sponges, .

. 351

. 324

Spongia arborescens,

352

333

oculata,

. 352

65

ramosa,

352

66

rubens,

. 352

67
339

Squid,
Starfish,

320,361
. 345

61

Stenosoma irrorata, .

338

61

Stomobrachium lenticulare,

349

63

248

Strigilla divaricata,
SuccfNEA,

70
194

. 249

Succinea avara,

. 196

250
. 251

campestris,
ovalis,

195
. 194

24ft

•mvMul^fl

196

<tf*«O

. 249

Sun-fish, .

. 348

249

. 246

Tdlitrus gryllust

334

135

— locusta,

. 334

. 344

TELLINA,

67

349

Telllna Bdlthica,

66

144

V7 \ > i

71

• O*»1

344

Grcmlandica,

66

OXQ

•inffintrAnifl

66

• O*»O

147

mttra

60

o*»/

2

sordida,

67

328

tenera

68

00

tents. i >

67

• •£••&

9

TEREBRATULA, .

. 141

. 246

Terebratula caput-serp^ntis,

141

q

142

*/

10

pubcsccns

. 141

• J.U

8
93

scptentrionfllis

141

26

TEREDO,

350

Teredo navalis,

26

. 331

THRACIA,

50

244

Thracia Conradi,

50

244

dccltvis

50

• «6fftfft

247

TORNAT£LLA,

245

. 247
29,33

Tornatella punctostriata,
Tortoise- Leech,

. 245
342

30

TRICHOTROPIS,

. 300

34

Trichotropis borealis,

300

01

300

ol

35

TRITONIA,

5

36

Tritonia arborescens,

5

35,36

Reynoldsii, .

5

. 28

Trochus costalis, .

. 252

30

TUBICOLJE,

7

370

INDEX.

TUBICOLARIA, .

Tubularia indivisa,

larynx,

rainosa,

stellifera, .

TUNICA^TA, .
TURBIINA^CEA,
Turbo cinereus, .

incarn&tus,

inflatus, .

miniitus,

neritoides,

obligatus,

obsciirus, .

palliatus,

quadrifasciatus,

rudis, .

serpuloides,

--- vestltus,
--- vinctus,

TURRITELLA,

Turritilla bisuturalis,
--- erosa,
-- interrupta,

U^nio cariosus,
-- complanatus,

- — kians,

- nasutus,
-- ochraceus,
-- ovttta, .

- purpurasccns,
--- purpureiis,
-- radiatus,

- rostrhtus,
-- varicdsa,

- violaceus

Page
26
350
350
350
350
318
252
252
254
255
265
261
257
253
261
262
257
247
259
262
267
272
267
268

107
111
107
115
109
112
111
107
107
110
109
116
107

Unio Virginicma,

VALY.XTA,
Valvhta carindia,
pupoidea,
simplex (var.)
tricarinata,
VELUTINA,
Velut\na capuloidea,
laevigata,
rupicola,
zonata,
VENUS,
Venus borealis,
bucardium,

Danmdnia,

fluctuosa,

mercenaria,
notata,

sulcata,

VERfttiTDS,

Vermetus lumbricalis,
Valuta denticul&ta,
Volv&ria canaliculata,

Zua liibrica,
Zoriites cell&rius,

ZOOPHYTES,

Zuroma pulch6lla,

Page
. 110

225
225

. 226
226

. 225
241

. 241
241

. 241
242
85
70
83
76
78
87
88
83

85,359
86
87
78
71
78
82
246

. 246

199

. 166

193
181

. 181
349
177

LIST OF THE FIGURES.

1. Peclinaria Belgica.
2. Pectinaria ( ?)
3. Spirorbis nautiloides.
4. Spirorbis sinistrorsa.
5. Dentalium dentalis.
6. Balanus eburneus.

40. Saxicava distorta.
41. Petricola dactylus.
42. Sanguinolaria fusca.
43. Tellina tenta.
44. Tellina tenera.
45. Astarte castanea.

8. elongatus.
9. geniculatus.
10. rugosus.
11. Anatifa dentata.
12. Lottia testudinalis.
13. Lottia alveu's.
14. Crepidula glauca.

/17 — Inotpn.

48 Quadrans

49. Cytherea convexa.
50. Venus fluctuosa.
51. Venus gemma.
52. Lucina flexuosa.
53. Cyclas similis.

18. Cemoria Noachina.
19. Chiton Emersonianus.
20. apiculatus.
21. albus.
22. rnarginatus.

57. Cardium pinnulatum.
58. Cardium Islandicum.
59. Cardita borealis.
60. Area pexata.
61. Nucula sapotilla.
go ,. limatula

25 )

2fl' > Machaera nitida.

27. Panopaea arctica.
28. Anatina papyracea.

29 )
3Q* > Cochlodesma Leana.

31. Osteodesma hyalina.
32. Mactra oval is.
33. Kellia rubra.

34 )

o^' ? Mactra lateralis.

36. Cumingia tellinoides.
37. Corbula contracta.
38. Mesodesma Jauresii.
39. Mesodesma arctata.

64. tenuis.
65. Jacksonii.

67. Venus mercenaria.
68.)
69. > Unio complanatus.
70.)
71. nasutus.
72. cariosus.

74. ochraceus.
75. Alasmodon arcuata.

78. Anodon implicata.

372

LIST OF THE FIGURES.

79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
129.
130.
131.
132.

Anodon undulata.
Anodon fluviatilis.
Modiola plicatula.
Mytilus edulis.
Modiola discrepans.

pectinula.
nexa.
glandula.
Pecten concentricus.
Pecten Islandicus.
Anomia aculeata.
Terebratula psittacea.
Bulla insculpta.
oryza.
Gouldii.
debilis.
obstricta.

hiemalis.
Helix albolabris.

lineata.
cellaria.
chersina.

indentata.
arborea.
electrina.
striatella.
monodon.
alternata.

Pupa contracta.
milium.
modesta.

simplex.
exigua.
fallax.
Bulimus lubricus.
Succinea ovalis.
campestris.
avara.
Auricula denticulata.
Auricula bidentata.
Planorbis trivolvis.
• lentus.

133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.

146. )

147. f
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
170.*
171.
171.*
172.
172.*
173.
173.*
174.
174.*
175.
175.*
176.
176.*
177.
177.*

Planorbis campanulatus.

bicarinatus.

hirsutus.

deflectus.

exacutus.

armigerus.

parvus.

dilatatus.

Physa heterostropha.

ancillaria.

elongata.

Limnsea columella.

chalybea.

elodes.

macrostoma.

umbilicata.

desidiosa.

— : modicellus.

Ancylus fuscus.
Ancylus rivularis.
Valvata pupoidea.
Valvata tricarinata.
Amnicola porata.
Sigaretus haliotoideus.
Velutina laevigata.
Velutina zonata.
Natica canaliculata.

flava.

heros.

— duplicata.

triseriata.

pusilla.

clausa.

immaculata.

Lacuna vincta, var.
Lacuna neritoidea.
Scalaria Groenlandica.
Cingula minuta.
Margarita obscura.
Cingula aculeus.
Margarita undulata.
Turritella interrupta.
Margarita arctica.
Pyramis striatula.
Margarita argentata.
Odostomia producta.
Littorina rudis.
Odostomia fusca.
Littorina tenebrosa.
Odostomia exigua.
Littorina palliata.

LIST OF THE FIGURES.

373

178.
178.*
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.

IQft

Odostomia seminuda.
Lacuna vincta.
Odostomia trifida.
Cerithium Emersonii.

196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.

Buccinum lunatum.
Columbella avara.
Fusus Bamffius.
Islandicus, var.

. Snvi

scalariformis.
Ranella caudata.
Rostellaria occidentalis.
Pyrula canaliculata.
Trichotropis borealis.
Buccinum Donovani.

Pleurotoma decussata.
bicorincitQ

Tornatella puncto-striata.
Skenea serpuloidea.
Cancellaria Couthouyi.
Fusus harpularius.

Rnr»r»innm rr»«nr%Piim.

ERRATA.

Page

16,
24,
46,
66,
60,
76,
78,
85,
86,
122,
148,
150,
167,
176,
221,
231,
236,
249-
256,
263,
263,

267,

line 19, for 10

" 26, " nitida

« 18, " 10
« 9, " 34 .

« 26, " 23

" 27, " 44

" 23, dele 45

" 17, for 52

" 38, " 52

" 23. " tuburcular

read 7
" costata
« 31
" 36
" 33
" 45

67
67
tubercular

19, after pubescent insert Figure 23.

« 27, for 27

" 13, " 113

" 27, " 41

« 5, dele 145

" 12, for 160

" 8, dele 163

• 262,/orl60-168

line 22, for 35

" 33, " 35

read 21
47
91

163

" 170*, 171*, &c.
" 34
" 135
26, read by A. Binney, Esq. It may prove

to be a good species, &c.
8, for 38 read 238

16, " 13 " 24.

Figure J to 24

•

33

:

figure (>t9ts> 70

/'/>///>• 71 fc 74

<t

*l t,-

Figtir

.

9

Q

*

126

120

>

122

"7

FI<////Y as

• * *=*

c

A37

'.

/J3

/3<3

/3J

•/

743

11.6

IU

"

A /A9

757

i 4 ^r

• * i

75J

t'wr-

/X/////V /7' A /."7

4*

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F i aure &8tc 204

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