J * .

» V %

* * % .

-f *

A

■r <

* »> ''

»>

•• ^

V ^

M -

REPORT

ON THE

INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS,

PUBLISHED AGREEABLY TO AN ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATURE.

SECOND EDITION, COMPRISING THE MOLLUSC A.

BY

AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, M.D.

EDITED BY W. G. BINNEY.

BOSTON:
WRIGHT AND POTTER, STATE PRINTERS,

79 MILK STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL STREET).

1870.

^

University Press: Welch, Bigelow, & Co.,
Cambridge.

PREFACE

BY THE EDITOR.

In 1841 there was published agreeably to an order of the Legis-
lature a Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, comprising
the Mollusca, Crustacea, Annelida, and Radiata, by Dr. A. A.
Gould. In 1865 the Legislature directed a new and revised edi-
tion of the work to be published by Dr. Gould. The rapid progress
that was making in preparing this new edition was interrupted in
1866 by the death of the author. In 1867 the Legislature author-
ized the Governor and Council to appoint some person to complete
the work, and the choice fell on me.

Upon assuming the charge of the publication and receiving the
manuscripts, drawings, notes, &c., of Dr. Gould, I endeavored to
learn thoroughly what plan he had made for revising the first edi-
tion, as I was directed to complete the work as nearly as possible
in accordance ivith the views and wishes of the author. I believe
I have been able to arrive at a clear idea of his intentions, which,
according to my orders, I have most scrupulously endeavored to
carry out, irrespective of my own opinions. It is only in treating
the Pulmonifera that I have exercised my own judgment, and here
only to the extent that I believe Dr. Gould would have approved.
Under the descriptions of the various larger systematic divisions,
I have given notes showing more particularly my share in the com-
position of their respective portions of .the text.

Dr. Gould intended to reprint the copperplates of the original
edition, and to give woodcuts of the additional species. He had
prepared figures of the species of Teredo and Astarte alone, and as
his own collection had been sold and removed from Boston, I was
obliged to obtain for figuring specimens from other sources. I nat-

IV PREFACE.

urally turned to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge
as our richest depository of Natural History, and was not disap-
pointed in finding a valuable collection of New England Shells.
Professor Agassiz kindly put these at my disposal, and Mr. J. G.
Anthony spared no pains to assist me in selecting specimens for
figuring. The Museum of the Peabody Academy at Salem also fur-
nished a large number of specimens, which were drawn on wood by
Mr. E. S. Morse with his usual accuracy. I am indebted also to
Mr. Morse for the identification of most of the smaller and more
difficult species, and to him, indeed, belongs almost the entire
credit of the illustrations in the text.

I was unable to carry out Dr. Gould's plan of reprinting the
original copperplates, as they were not to be found. I thought it
best to have new figures drawn on wood rather than reproduce the
old ones. This fact will account for the frequent discrepancies be-
tween the descriptions and figures, especially as regards measure-
ments, as the specimens selected by me for figuring are often larger
and finer than those from which Dr. Gould drew his descriptions.

Most of these woodcuts were engraved by Mr. Henry Marsh, so
well known for his beautiful illustrations of " Harris's Insects."

Dr. Gould had prepared for engraving many beautiful drawings
of Niidibranchiata. Professor Agassiz has added largely to these,
and also has furnished many drawings of Tunicata and Cephalo-
pcxia. These I have grouped into plates which have been printed
by chromo-lithography, by Messrs. Bowen & Co., of Philadelphia, in
a most creditable manner.

I have retained the references to the figures of the original plates
and have continued from them the numbering of the figures in tlie
new edition, first in the plates, and then in the text. The number-
ing of the plates in this edition commences with XVL, thus allow-
ing for the fifteen original copperplates, although they were not
numbered.

In addition to the gentlemen named above, and in various notes
througliout the text, I am indebted to Dr. W. Stimpson and Dr. P.
P. Carpenter for valuable assistance in preparing the work.

On account of the incompleteness of Dr. Gouhi's manuscript, and

TREFACE. V

the great expense of illustrations, I have been obliged to omit the
Bryozoa, and the Radiata, Crustacea, and other branches of Inver-
tebrata included in the first edition.

Should any disappointment be felt that Dr. Gould has not adopted
in his work all the improvements in classification, &c., which more
recent investigations have suggested, it must be remembered that
this is not a new work. It is rather a reprint of an old one, with
such additions and improvements as Dr. Gould considered abso-
lutely necessary to its present usefulness.

In closing my Preface I must refer to the peculiar pleasure I have
taken in being able, in some slight manner, to repay the encourage-
ment, assistance, and constant kindness of the author to myself, in
my conchological studies, and especially to return the similar ser-
vice which has already united the names of Gould and Binney in
authorship.

W. G. B.

CONTENTS.

Pago

tunicata 1

conchifera 28

Brachiopoda 207

Gasteropoda 212

Opisthobranchiata 212

Prosobranchiata 258

pulm0ni7era 392

Pteropoda 503

Cephalapoda 508

Index 519

/ 7 s^ 33

y^

••xc,.

reVERTEBllATA OF MASSACHUSETTS

Class TUNICATA.

*

Acephalous Mollusks with a soft, organized, coriaceous or gelat-
inous shell or test provided with a branchial and an anal orifice.
Mantle forming an interior coat. Gills attached wholly or partly
to the internal surface of the mantle. Mouth without labial tenta-
cles, placed below the gills. Animals single or aggregate, fixed or
free, hermaphrodite, undergoing a metamorphosis in their young
state.

The Tunicaries are entirely marine, and are very numerous in all
parts of the world ; adhering to rocks and sea-weed, their strange,
bag-shaped, leatliery bodies may be seen along the strand at low-
water, ejecting, when touched, the sea-water to some distance ; and
on the ocean their lengthened sinuous chains, or pellucid phospho-
rescent tubes, cannot fail to arrest the eye of the voyager. The com-
pound forms exhibit, in the varied arrangement of the individuals

* Finding nothing in Dr. Gould's manuscript relating to the Ascidians, and being my-
self unacquainted with the class, I could but collate the few published descriptions of spe-
cies, and obtain what drawings had been made by those who have collected the animals.
Through the kindness of Professor Agassiz, the rich treasures of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology have been laid open to me, furnishing many figures beautifully drawn from
nature b}' Mr. Burkhardt. Dr. Packard has also given the use of the species collected by
him, from which Mr. Morse has drawn Plate XXIII. as correctly as is possible from speci-
mens long preserved in alcohol.

To Mr. Alexander Agassiz I am indebted also for the use of the woodcuts of Salpa.

The descriptions of families, genera, &c., are copied from " Tiie Genera of Recent Mol-
lusca." I have included all species actually described as having been found from New
York to Labrador. A reference to the " Bibliography of North American Conchology "
will show that species have been mentioned by name as inhabiting New England which
are not included in the following pages. They are not accompanied by descriptions.

W. G. B.
1

Z TUNIGATA.

composing the general mass, a number of stars and flowers of curi-
ous and complicated design. Towards the Northern shores they are
sombre in their colors, but in the sunny regions of the South their
hues assume the brightest dyes, and vie with those of the corallines
and Actini(B that people the bed of the ocean. It was in the As-
cidian Tunicaries that MM. Audouin and Milne-Edwards first dis-
covered the metamorphoses of the Mollusca, and their discoveries
have been since extended by the laborious researches of Sars and
Lov^n.

It was among these singular beings that Van Hasselt discovered
" a heart of such extraordinary character, changing incessantly its
auricle to ventricle and its ventricle to auricle, its arteries to veins
and its veins to arteries," Among the Salpian Tunicaries it was,
moreover, that Chamisso made the no less extraordinary discovery
that " a >Sa//>a-mother is not like its daughter or its own mother, but
resemliles its sister, its granddaughter, and its grandmother." The
Pyrosomes afford to the naturalist, when seen by myriads from the
vessel in the night, a spectacle of unexampled beauty : they gleam
with phosphorescent radiance, forming vast shoals of mimic pillars
of fire, illuminating all around with a green, unearthly glare. The
most curious feature, however, in the history of these soft-shelled
MoUusks is the fact that many among them form communities of
beings like the Corals, — " a commonwealth of beings bound together
by common and vital ties. Each star is a family, each group of
stars a community. Individuals are linked together in systems,
systems combined into masses," All the Tunicaries are free in
their young or larva state, but afterwards fixed to rocks, algae,
shells, and other marine bodies ; some, however, as the Salpians
and Pyrosomes, remain always free, floating in the water.

The Tunicaries have certain affinities with the Bryozoa, but their
closest relationship seems to be with the other Acephalous Mol-
lusca with calcareous shells. " Were the test of an Ascidian," says
Professor E. Forbes, " converted into a hard shell, symmetrically
divided into two plates, connected together dorsally by cartilage,
and capaljle of separation, so as to expose the mantle along a ven-
tral mesial line, whilst the orifices protruded at one extremity, it
would present the closest similarity with many bivalve Mollusks."
The gills in tliesc animals have generally the form of ridges more
or less complicated and seldom symmetrical, and their digestive,
reproductive, and circulatory organs arc tolerably complicated, and
disposed at the base of their sac-like bodies.

botryllus. 3

Family BOTRYLLIDtE.

Animals compound, fixed, adhering by their sides in a greater or
less number, so as to resemble a single complex animal. Each in-
dividual with distinct branchial and anal orifices, and not connected
by an internal union. Oviparous and gemmiparous.

Oeniis BOTRYL.L.US, Lamarck. 1801.

Test irregular, gelatinous, formed of numerous systems arranged
in simple stars. Individuals horizontal, with the vent far from the
branchial orifice ; branchial orifices simple, ranged round a common
cloaca.

In this genus the tests of the animals are fixed together, forming
a common mass in which the animals are imbedded in one or more
groups or systems, but the individuals are not connected by any in-
ternal union. The species vary considerably in form and color,
being purple, yellow, blue, gray, or green.

Botryllus Schlosseri.

Plate XXIII. Fig. 319.

Botryllus stellatus, Pallas, Lamarck, Brug., &c., teste Gould, Inv. 320. — Couthouy,
Bost. Journ. ii. Ill (no descr.). — Stimpson, Check List, 1 (1860).

Alcyonium Schlosseri, Pallas, Elench. Zooph. No. 203.

Botryllus Schlosseri, Savigny, Mem. pt. 2, p. 200, pi. xx. fig. 5. — Forbes and Hanlet,
Brit. Moll. I. 19, pi. A. fig. 7, and pi. B. fig. 7.

It forms over the timbers and sea-weed a semi-transparent, ge-
latinous crust, studded at short intervals with minute stars. Each
ray of these stars is a separate animal, with its head at the circum-
ference and its tail descending into the jelly at the centre. ( Gould,
Inv. 320.)

As will be seen by the figure referred to, this species may be rec-
ognized by the compound body, which forms a greenish yellow mass
in which are imbedded many purplish stars. Each individual meas-
ures one twentieth inch in diameter ; the compound mass is several
inches. It is also found in Great Britain.

4 BOTRYLLIDM.

Oenns DIlOEITINIUill, Savigny. 1827.

Test coriaceous, polymorphous, sessile, and incrusting ; systems
numerous, compressed, without central cavities or distinct circum-
scription. Individuals scattered ; abdomen pedunculate. Ovary
placed by the side of the intestinal loop, increasing in length when
the eggs are fully developed.

The Tunicaries composing the systems of individuals in this genus
are without any appreciable order of arrangement, and are scattered
over the common body.

Didemnium roseum.

Didemnium roseum, Savigny, &c., Sars, Reise i Lofoten og Finraarken, p. 33, 1850. —
Packard, Inv. of Labr. in Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. 275 (1867).

Colony forming a calcareous, thin, incrusting mass, coriaceous,
much expanded, surface finely granulated, being covered densely
with round mammillated bodies. Branchial orifices rudely arranged
in quincunces, slightly raised above the surface, formed of six trian-
gular lobes, with the alternating lobes a little unequal in size, com-
posed of three or four granules a little larger than those on the sur-
face generally.

It bears a close resemblance to Didemnium exaraium, Grube
(Ausflug iiacli Trieste, Taf. ii. Fig. 2, 2 a), but the branchial open-
ings are thicker, and the mass thinner and more calcareous in our
species. It agrees exactly with Sars's description of D. roseum,
though it is whitish in alcoholic specimens.

Found frequently incrusting fucoids in masses an inch in diam-
eter, in ten fathoms, Hopedale ; and on the whole coast. I have
also dredged it at Eastport in twenty fathoms. (^PackardS)

I can add no further information in regard to this species than
that contained in Dr. Packard's description copied above.

Family SALPID^.

Animal free, pelagian, in the form of a more or less cylindrical
tube open at one or both ends ; test and mantle continuous with
one another at the respiratory apertures, but elsewhere separated
by a wide space ; gill forming a hollow band crossing the respira-

SALPA. b

toiy cavity ; anal orifice terminating close above, and to the right
side of, the mouth. Alternately solitary and aggregated.

The Salpians occur under two distinct conditions, being at one
time solitary, and at another associated into circular or lengthened
groups. These Salpa-chains vary in length from a few inches to
many feet, and swim through the water with a regular serpentine
movement, but when taken from the water the individuals of the
group are easily detached. Chamisso discovered that the solitary
Salpcs do not belong to species distinct from those united in chains,
however dissimilar, but are either the parents or the progeny, as
the case may be, of the aggregate forms ; and that chained Salpcs
do not produce chained Salpcs, but solitary Sa/pce, which in their
turn do not produce solitary but chained Salpcs, hence giving rise
to the paradoxical statement made in the general observations on
the Tunicaries.

Oenus SAI.PA, Forskal. 1775.

Animal oblong, sub-cylindrical, truncated in front by the oral
orifice, pointed posteriorly ; anal orifice sub-terminal ; test thin,
gelatinous, transparent ; muscular mantle in the form of transverse
or oblique bands ; mantle cavity lined by a system of vascular si-
nuses ; gill rudimentary, forming an oblique band across the inte-
rior ; visceral nucleus posterior. Sexes combined. Young produced
by gemmation in chains, consisting of individuals unlike the parent
and becoming oviparous, the alternate generations only being alike.

Krolm makes three types, to which all the variations of the asso-
ciated Salpcs are reducible. Tlie first is characterized by the ver-
tical position of the animals forming the chain, the axes of their
bodies crossing the axis of the chain at a right angle. In the sec-
ond the bodies of the individuals are more or less inclined to the
axis of the chain. The third group is distinguished by the hori-
zontal position of the component animals, the axes of their bodies
being more or less parallel to the axis of the chain.

SALPIDiE.

Salpa Caboti.*

Salpa Caboti, Desor, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 75 (Oct. 1848), no descr. —
Alkx. Agassiz, from the same, xi. 17, Fig. 1-5 (Dec. 1866). — Stimpson, Check
Lists, 1.

The Salpa here described is quite common south of Cape Cod in
Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Long Island Sound. I sup-
pose it to be the species named by Desor, Salpa Caboti, mentioned
in the third volume of the Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History. As he has given no description, either of the
chain or solitary form, it may not be out of place to describe our
species, and point out its relation to other known species. The
chains and solitary individuals make their appearance during the
end of July, and have been found from that time till the end of Oc-
tober. The chains move along with the current, seemingly quite
helpless, though the upper extremity is sometimes deflected some-
what abruptly by attempts to escape capture. The solitary individ-
uals, on the contrary, are exceedingly active, swimming about vig-
orously, generally with the anterior extremity uppermost, expelling
(through the posterior extremity) by quick and powerful jerks the
water which propels them by its reaction. Their motions are very
similar to those of Trachyncma ( Circe) ; they can readily change
the direction of their movements, and regulate them by their pow-
erful transverse muscular bands, though they lack in their motions
the ease and grace of Jelly-Fishes.

In describing this Salpa, the side on which the heart is placed is
called the dorsal ; the opposite, on which the nervous ganglion is
found, the ventral ; while the anterior and posterior extremity cor-
respond to the opening through which the water is introduced into
the body, and expelled from it, thus homologizing the Salpcn com-
pletely with the fixed Ascidians to which they are so closely related.
The proles solitaria of the Salpa Caboti, Des. (Figs. 1-3), resembles
that of the Salpa spinosa, Ott., figured by Sars in his Fauna Litto-
ralis, l)ut differs from it materially, as the subsequent observations
will show. The body is transparent, almost colorless, perfectly
smooth, witli the slightest possible tinge of pink, increasing in in-
tensity towards the posterior extremity ; the nucleus is of a deep
chestnut color. The general outline of the body when seen from the

* Mr. Alexander Agassiz has kindly furnished me with the woodcuts used by tlie Bos-
ton Society of Natural History. His description is here copied in full.

SALrA.

dorsal (Fig. 1), or from the ventral side (Fig. 2), is barrel-sliaped,
with a iiniforni curvature at botli ends. The posterior exti'eniity

Fig. 351.
(Fig. 2.)

Fig. 352.

(Fi'T .3.)

p.p.

p.p

8 SALPID^.

terminating in two long conical processes (^p.p.^ with a coecum of
the respiratory cavity (c. c.) at the base (Fig. 1). When seen in
profile (Fig. 3), it is trimcated abruptly at the two ends, from the
ventral to the dorsal side ; the extremities are slightly convex ; the
posterior truncating plane is more inclined than the anterior, and
as the dorsal side is at the same time somewhat convex, this gives
the anterior end a slightly pointed appearance. Besides the two
large posterior conical processes, there are two sharp lateral ones,
quite small (I. p.'), and seen only from the ventral side (Fig. 2) on
each side of the termination of the respiratory cavity, and two other
short processes (p.p.^ situated on the median line (Fig. 2) at the
posterior extremity of the body, placed one above the other (Figs.
1 and 3). The larger process is situated nearest the posterior open-
ing. These processes, like the surface of the body, are quite smooth.
There are six muscular bands entirely encircling the body ; the sec-
ond, third, and fourth (beginning at the anterior extremity) unite
on the ventral side, while on the dorsal side the muscular bands are
nearly equidistant (see Fig. 1). The anterior opening for the ad-
mission of water is by far the largest of the two openings of the
respiratory cavity ; it occupies the whole width of the body (Figs.
1, 2), while the posterior one, through which the water is expelled,
is much narrower and placed at a short distance from the posterior
extremity, at the base of the truncating plane, on the ventral side,
the anterior opening (a.) being nearer the dorsal side. The lips
which close these openings are quite prominent, and can l^e thrown
out considerably beyond the general outline, either when drawing
in water or forcing it out ; the lips of the anterior aperture open
dorsally, those of the other end open in the opposite direction (6.)
when in action (Fig. 3).

The external and internal tunics are well defined ; hollowed out
from this internal tunic arise the circulating veins ; the larger ones
are especially apparent at the point where the muscular bands are
imbedded in this tunic. The gill {g.^ runs nearly parallel with
the ventral surface in the shape of a thick, hollow column, wider at
the posterior extremity ; it communicates dorsally and vcntrally
with the circulating system, and is strongly ribbed on the back and
sides with bands of cilia. At the anterior edge of this gill is placed
the languet (/.), a long, grooved, conical process slightly 5-shaped,
extending to the dorsal side of the respiratory cavity and hanging
freely within it, attached by a broad base to the ventral side of the
cavity ; the base of attachment is formed by a widening of the foot

SALPA. 9

of the laiiguct, where we find the ciliated fossa (c./.). The large
triangular area (Figs. 1 and 2) within wliich the languet is placed
extends from the anterior end of the gill, and the vibratile cord
(c. 6.) which defines this vibratile cavity, as the area is called, en-
circles completely the anterior extremity of the respiratory system,
and occupies about one quarter of the length of the body. At the
angle made by the vibratile band, forming the edge of this cavity,
where the cord takes a dorsal direction, is placed the nervous gan-
glion (n.g.^, immediately behind the base of the languet; the gan-
glion is quite prominent, and sends numerous branches to the w^alls
of the body. A large vesicle attached to the ganglion contains
three irregularly shaped calcareous bodies, with deep black pigment
spots on the exterior side, making the nucleus a most prominent
object at the bottom of the ciliated cavity. The endostyle (e.) oc-
cupies nearly two thirds of the length of the body. The heart (A.)
is very prominent ; it is placed slightly to one side of the median
line, above the nucleus.

Surrounding the nucleus (w.) is found a chain of diminutive
SalpcB (fZi.), extending in a circle from the right side of the nu-
cleus on the upper side to the opposite side, then running under it
and coming out on the opposite side again, and stretching toward
the median line. The young SalpcB are all attached by the poste-
rior extremity, exactly as we find colonies of fixed Ascidians and
Bryozoans, to a tube (g-. ^.), which is a simple diverticulum of the
circulatory system, and freely communicating with the gemmiferous
tube, as it is called. The young Salpce are not uniformly developed
in proportion to their distance from the base of the tube. Sections
of the tube are equally advanced, and we find generally three such
portions unequally developed, as has been noticed by Sars, Krohn,
Huxley, and others. The base of the gemmiferous tube is simply
slightly corrugated, next comes a section in wdiich we find two rows
of slight elevations, and finally the most advanced part of the chain
where the rudimentary Salpm are more or less advanced, and re-
semble in every respect, long before it becomes detached, the chains
which are found floating aliout. These sections are thus liberated
in turn, new ones continually forming at the base of the gemmifer-
ous tubes during the budding season. The part of the chain which
is the most advanced occupies, however, so much of the tube, that
the other sections are scarcely noticed. These chains escape
through an opening formed at the proper time through the tunic,
near the nucleus, on the ventral side, which shows afterwards no

10

SALPIDiE.

trace of the passage of the small chain. When the solitary Sa/pre
are kept in confinement for any length of time, nothing is more
common than to find floating abont diminntive Sa//?«-chains, nearly
identical in every respect, except size, with the larger chains found
at the same time in the sea. These small chains usually consist of
from twenty to twenty-eight pairs ; they increase rapidly in size, as
we find them of all sizes during every month in which Salpcc have
been noticed, from the chains just escaped to the largest, which have
already lost their solitary embryo. The mouth is placed beneath
the heart, at the upper extremity of the posterior part of the gill ;
it opens into a kind of oesophagus, and in the winding course of the
digestive cavity can readily be followed in specimens which have
lost the chain of Salpce; the anus opens close behind the mouth in
the respiratory cavity. The pyriform tubes first noticed by Hux-
ley are readily seen in the solitary specimens, though they are more
plainly observed, as well as the eleoblast, in the aggregate form,
just after their escape from the solitary Salpm.

The principal difference ])etween the solitary and aggregate forms
is one of outline, and in the projjortion of the diiferent organs, which

Fig. 353.

(Fig. 4.)

'j;. )}i. o.

are essentially tlie same, except the organs of reproduction. The
individuals of the chains are all alike on one side ; that is, we find
the endostyle either slightly to the right or to the left of the median
line, according as the individuals are on the right or left row of the
chain. When seen from above or below, the aggregate form has
not the regular barrel-shape so characteristic of the solitary Salpa ;
it is more spindle-shaped, with two somewhat ill-defined conical
projections at the posterior extremity, into one of which the nucleus
projects, and into the other a spur of the posterior cavity coming
close to the surface, one of the eight spurs by which the respiratory
cavities of adjoining individuals are connected. Each individual is

SALPA. 11

in direct communication with no loss than throe adjoining ones, as
will be seen hereafter. When seen in profile (Fig. 4), the outline
is ellipsoidal ; the two principal openings arc placed at a distance
from the extremities, the anterior spur of the tunic extending be-
yond the opening, thus bringing both their openings rather more to
the ventral side, and not strictly along the continuation of the axis,
but on each side of it. There are only five muscular bands, one at
the posterior extremity, three others uniting on the ventral surface,
somewhat behind the anterior part of the gill, and another ill-defined
one at the anterior extremity. The nucleus (w.) is much larger in
proportion to the body than in the solitary form ; the endostyle (e.)
occupies but a little more than a third of the cavity. The gill, when
seen in profile, runs somewhat obliquely towards the anterior ex-
tremity, where it is nearest the ventral surface. There is no per-
ceptible difference in the size of the anterior and posterior openings
of the respiratory cavity. The vibratile cavity and the nervous
ganglion do not differ in structure from those of the solitary form ;
the languet is perhaps somewhat broader and more powerful. In
the chains I have had the opportunity to examine, I found either
that the solitary foetus had already been expelled, or was only
slightly developed, so that I can only say that its position corre-
sponds with what has been described by Sars, Krohn, Vogt, and
others, the tests, as is well known, being greatly developed in the
individuals which had already lost their solitary fcetus. What is
worthy of special notice in the aggregate form is the great thick-
ness of the tunic; this would make the connection between the
individuals of a chain simply a mechanical one, were it not for the
spurs from the respiratory cavity (5. c), which project through the
thickness and connect with similar spurs in adjoining individuals.
The spurs disappear invariably after the individuals of a chain have
become separated for any length of time, and they are incapable
of reuniting again, as has erroneously been asserted. When thus
freed, the aggregate form is perfectly helpless, the great thickness
of the tunic preventing it from regulating its motion ; while, when
connected as a chain, their capacity to guide the chain in any par-
ticular direction is much greater.

Sars has described exceedingly well the mode of aggregation of
the chain of Safpa runcinnata; the chains, however, were quite
far advanced, and he found it impossible to trace distinctly their
mode of junction. Soon after the chain escapes from the solitary
form, while still quite small, so that four or five individuals can

12

SALPID^.

be brought under the focus at once, their peculiar arrangement is
readily understood. The chain (Fig. 5) consists of two rows of

Fig. 354.

(Fig. 5.)

individuals placed slightly obliquely to the axis of the chain, in
addition to the natural obliquity of the individuals on the right
and left sides. The ventral side is always turned outside, and the
individuals are placed liack to ])ack at an angle measured by the
ol)liquity of the endostyles, which is quite considerable. Besides
this oblique arrangement of the ventral and dorsal sides, the an-
terior and posterior extremities arc not on the same level ; the
anterior extremity is tilted up so that all the anterior openings are
brought to the upper side of the chain when it is floating, and the
posterior openings close to the edge on the lower side ; the ante-
rior opening is jdaced at a short distance from the edge of the
chain, thus lunnging, by this arrangement, the anterior and pos-
terior openings on different sides of the chain. Adjoining individ-
uals are connected by the two large dorsal spurs of the anterior
extremity of the respiratory cavity. The next pair of individuals
lap over the first pair of the chain very considerably, so far that
the nucleus of the first pair is just below the nervous ganglion of
the second pair. The right individual of the anterior pair is con-
nected with the individual immediately behind it by the small spur
behind the nucleus, while it (the right-hand individual of the sec-
ond pair) connects with its adjoining fellow in the same Avay as

SALl'A. 13

in tlie anterior pair, and with the left anterior one by means of
the two small dorsal spurs of the latter, and so on, for eaeh suc-
ceeding pair, so that every individual of the chain is always con-
nected by spurs to the three immediately surrounding it in front,
on the side, and behind.

As far as I have noticed, the chains remain connected till they
are fully grown, although the breaking up of the chain from any
cause does not prevent the components from living for a short
time, yet the chain, as a whole, is by far more active than the sep-
arate components when free. The largest chains I have seen are
somewhat over a foot in length ; in these the individuals meas-
ured aljout five eighths of an inch in length. This is much smaller
than the solitary forms, which attain a length of an inch, Sars
and Krohn were the first to repeat the observations of Chamisso
concerning the connection of the solitary and aggregate forms, and
they have clearly shown that the solitary form is asexual, al-
ways producing by budduig a chain of Salpce which are the sex-
ual forms, and bring forth but a single embryo developed from an
egg, giving rise to the solitary form, Huxley, Leuckart, and Vogt
have also since shown the entire accuracy of the observations of
Chamisso, and have greatly increased our knowledge of the organ-
ization and development of these animals. The observations I
have made concerning the early development of the chain and the
solitary embryo are too fragmentary for publication, and I am in-
duced to give this description of our Salpa, in hopes of calling at-
tention to its existence on our coasts, and inducing those who are
more favorably situated than I am to develop further this interest-
ing subject. I would also add that this Salpa is not the only free
Tunicate frequenting our coasts ; two species of Appcndiciilaria
are extremely common, which have thus far escaped the attention
of zoologists ; they are closely allied to A. furcata and A. longi-
cauda; they both occur in Massachusetts Bay and Long Island
Sound, while the SaJpa Caboti has not as yet been found farther
north than Nantucket.

Explanation of Figures and Lettering.*

a. Anterior opening. c.f. Ciliated fossa.

h. Posterior opening. c. b. Ciliated band.

e. Endostyle. ch. Small Salpa chain within form.

n. g. Nervous ganglion. g. Gill.

* These Figures of Salpa have a double numbering, one referring to the figures in this
work, the other being the same as in the Boston Proceedings.

14 ASCIDIIDiE.

I. Languet. s. c. Connecting spurs of respiratory cavity.

A. Heart. vi. Mouth.

n. Nucleus. o.p. Odd terminal processes on median line.

g. t. Gemmiferous tube. I- [>■ Lateral processes of ventral side.

m. b. Muscular bands. p. p. Pair of terminal processes of posterior

c. c. Coecum of respiratory cavity. extremity.

(Fig. 1.) Solitary form, from the dorsal side.
(Fig. 2.) Solitary form, seen from the ventral side.
(Fig. 3.) Solitary fonn, seen in profile.
(Fig. 4.) Three-quarter view of the aggregate form.

(Fig. 5.) Part of chain of Sal pa Caboti, to show the arrangement and connection of the
components.

Family ASCIDIID^.

Body sacciform, gelatinous or coriaceous, fixed at one extrem-
ity, free at the otlier, with two more or less prominent orifices,
a branchial and an anal ; branchial sac simple or plicate. Not
united into groups by a common integument ; solitary or grega-
rious. Oviparous. Sexes united.

In the genera Ascidia and Molgula the gills are not plicated,
which is the case in the other genera. Cynthia and Chelyosoma
are sessile, while Boltenia and Cystingia are pedunculated.

Genus BOLTENIA, Savigny. 1828.

Body more or less globular, fixed, pedunculated ; test coria-
ceous ; orifices lateral, each cleft into four rays ; branchial sac
longitudinally plicated, surmounted by a circle of compound ten-
tacula.

Boltenia clavata.

Plate XXIII. Fig. 325.

Ascidia clavata, Fabricius, Fauna Groenl. 333 (1780).

Ascidia globlf era, Sabine, App. to Pakry's Voy. No. 10 (1824).

Boltenia reniformis, MacLeay, Lin. Tr. xiv. 536, pi. xviii. (1825). — Dcjardin in La-
marck, An. sans Vert. iii. .5.39 (1840). — Gould, Invert. 319. — ?De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 260, pi. xxxiv., fig. 234 (1843). — Stimpson, Grand Manan, 20 (1854).

Boltenia clavata, Stimpson, Smithsonian Check List, 1 (1860), no descr.

1 Boltenia Bolteni, Packard, Invert, of Labr. in Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. 277, no descr. ;
not fusiformis, Savigny.

f Boltenia ovijwmis, Packard, Can. Nat. (1863).

This is a most curious object, and greatly resembles in shape
the flower of Ladies'-slipper (^Cypripediuiii) on its stalk. It has

BOLTENIA. 15

a kidncy-shapcd body, of a wrinkled, leathery structure, about two
inches long and one in width, suddenly narrowing at the top into
a small stalk not larger than a crow-quill, and from six to twelve
inches in length. It has two cross-shaped orifices, nearly an inch
apart. It is attached by its stalk to stones in deep water, whence
it is occasionally hooked up by the fishermen, or driven on shore
by storms. Its surface is usually loaded with marine plants, zo-
ophytes, &c. (^Gould.)

The figure referred to is drawn from a specimen preserved in
alcohol, collected by Dr. Packard.

Dr. Stimpson remarks on the species: "This species is very dis-
tinct from the preceding (J5. rubra), being uniformly of a fine
yellowish white color, with a smooth, velvety surface. It inhabits
rocks in deep water, never occurring in less than fourteen fath-
oms. I am far from certain that it can be referred to B. reni-
formis, but approaches that species more than any of the others
mentioned by MacLeay in his memoir."

Boltenia rubra.

Plate XXIV. Fig. 337.

Boltenia rubra, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 232 (1852) ; Grand Manan, 2a

(1854); Check Lists, 1.

Body arcuated, slightly compressed laterally, and tapering rather
abruptly to the stem, which is slender, very hard, and granulated.
Test very rugose, especially on the dorsal surface, and of a deep
red color. Anal aperture nearly sessile ; branchial on a short
tube which curves toward the stem. Total length, one foot ; length
of the body, one and three fourths inches ; breadth, seven eighths
of an inch.

This species lives attached to rocks in from two to fourteen fath-
oms. I have found it in Massachusetts Bay, from Boston to Cape
Ann ; and also at Grand Manan, at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy.
(^Stinipson.')

The above description is copied from Dr. Stimpson. To the
species I doubtfully refer the figure drawn from nature by Mr.
Burkhardt, which I received without name from Professor Agassiz.
It will be observed that the figure hardly agrees with several
points of Dr. Stimpson's description. The body is larger in pro-
portion to the length of the stalk ; the extremity of the latter is
also bifid. It may be that Boltenia reniformis of De Kay belongs
to this species rather than to B. clavata.

16 ASCIDlIDiE.

Boltenia microcosnms.

Plate XXIV. Fig. 338.

Boltenia microcosimis, Agassiz, Pr. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. ii. 159 (1850).
Boltenia microsoma, H. and A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll. i. 594.

Sac larger and rounder than in the species to which it has been
formerly referred. Chelsea Beach and Point Shirley, also George's
Banks. (^Agassiz.')

The figure given on Plate XXIV. was drawn by Mr. Burkhardt
from the original specimen. It serves, therefore, to fix the species
and give us the following characteristics. The sac is of a deep
rusty red color ; it is almost equally rounded at its two extremities,
so as very abruptly to join the stem ; the openings are like two
prominent warts, nearly sessile, equally inclined in a contrary di-
rection; the stem is uniformly stout, of a dirty iron color, eight
inches long ; sac, one and six tenths inches long, eight tenths of
an inch wide.

Boltenia Burkhardti.

Plate XXIV. Fig. 327.
Boltenia Burkhardti, Agassiz, in manuscript.

Body angularly ovate, truncated anteriorly, posteriorly rapidly
and angularly attenuated to its stalk ; uniformly covered with
short, stout cilia ; of a bright pinkish color, shading into yellow-
ish on its posterior half; orifices of a darker pink, or reddish,
connected by a long, horizontal, rectilinear elevation, from the ends
of which they open laterally ; stalk stout, three times the length
of the body, uniformly hirsute, yellowish. Body, one and two
tenths inches ; stalk, three and five tenths inches.

The above description is drawn from a figure by Mr. Burkhardt
of a living Boltenia in the Aquarial Garden at Boston, 1859. The
species differs from any other yet noticed on our coast by the \)C-
culiar angular shape of the body, the position of the orifices on an
elongated, horizontal ridge, and by its hirsute surface. Bollenia
ciliata of Moller* is a much smaller species.

* B. ciliata. Corporc subn-nifornii, fusco-lutco, tuberculato, ciliato ; orificiis promiiiu-
lis, rubicundis ; pcdunculo granukto, ciliato, tcnninali ; L. totius animalis 18'" K. (Ind.
Moll. Gr. 22.)

CYNTHIA. 17

Ocnus PERA, Stimpson. 1852.

Body pyriform, adhering by a very small base ; test gelati-
nous; orifices sessile, the branchial six-lobed, the anal four-lobed;
branchial sac plicated.

Pera pellucida.

Pera pellucida, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 232 (1852) ; Check Lists, I.

Body pear-shaped, the tunic at base often continued into a short
stem. Test rather thin, hyaline, covered with small conical emi-
nences or papillas, especially about the orifices, which are very
small, distant from each other, and difficult to distinguish. Bran-
chial sac with ten folds. Length, one inch.

Found adhering to bunches of Sertularia polyzonias^ taken on
St. George's Bank in thirty Mhoms. (^Stimpson.}

Oemis CYIVTIIIA, Savigny. 1827.

Body sessile, covered with a coriaceous tunic ; oral and anal
orifices fonr-lobed ; branchial sac longitudinally plicated, sur-
mounted by a circle of tentacular filaments ; meshes of respira-
tory tissue not furnished with papillge. Ovaries usually two.

The species range from low water to thirty fathoms. They are
frequently found associated in groups of numerous individuals, and
their tests, even in the same species, are often variously colored.

Cynthia pyriformis.

Plate XXIII. Figs. 320, 321.

Ci/nthia jv/riformis, "Rathke. — Stimpson, Inv. of Gr. Man. 20 (18.')4) ; Check Lists, 1. —
Packard, Invert, of Labrador in Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 277 (1867), no desci-.

This species I have identified by European examples sent me
by M. Sars. They are perfectly the same. It is one of the most
beautiful marine productions found in this region, having, in its
hard, velvety surface, and bright pink blush, precisely the aspect
of a blood-peach. In fact, it is called sea-peach by the inhabitants.
Some of my specimens are three inches in length. It lives in clear
2

18 ASCIDIID^.

water on rocky bottoms among nullipores, sometimes at low-water
mark, but usually in four or five fatboms. {Stimpson.)

Grand Manan {Stimpsoti^ ; Straits of Belle Isle (^PackarcC).

Tlic figures wliicli I bave given of tliis species are drawn by Mr.
Morse, from specimens dredged by Dr. Packard. Tbey sbow tlie
species to vary from a circular to an oblong form, and sometimes
to be attacbed by a sbort, broad peduncle ratbcr tban l)y its base.
The orifices form prominent protuberances on the upper surface.

Cynthia partita.

Cynthia partita, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. iv. 231 (1852) ; Check Lists, 1.

Body oblong, or subglobular, attacbed by the base. Test bard,
strong, coriaceous, rugose, wrinkled in various directions, and of a
dark purplish brown color. Aj^ertures square, on ])romincnt emi-
nences, opening widely, the branchial being largest. The tubes are
very beautifully marked exteriorly by alternating triangular areas
of white and purple, arranged as in the shell of a Balanus ; the
white ones having their bases, and the purple ones their apices, on
the margin of the aperture. In one instance parallel stripes took
the place of triangles. Diameter, one inch.

It is occasionally dredged in Boston Harbor, west of Governor's
Island, in four fathoms, among stones and shells. (^StimpsonS)

Cyntliia echinata.

Plate XXIII. Fig. 326.

Ascldia echinata, Linn^us; 0. Fabricius, Fauna Gra'iil. 331. — Fonr.ES and Hanlet,

Br. Moll. pi. C, f. 4.
Ci/nthia echinata, Stimpson, Grand Manan, 20, no descr. (18.")4) ; Check Lists, 2. —

Packard, Invert, of Labrador in Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 277 (18G7), no. descr.

Body circular, adhering by its base, yellowish, or brownish in
parts ; surface croAvded with short, upright, sharp ])rotuberances,
from near the top of which radiate about six sharp short bristles.
Diameter, one inch.

The figure is drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol, col-
lected by Dr. Packard. In shape, and in the bristles of the sur-
face, it bears some resemblance to Ascldia echinata, Lin., as fig-
ured by Forlics and Hanley, Plate C, Fig. 4, but Ihc star-like
bristles on tliat species are much less crowded and numerous.

Grand Manan {Stimpson) ; Chateau Bay ^Packard).

CYNTHIA. 19

Cynthia gutta.

C'l/nthia ffutta, Lutken, see Stimpson, Pioc. Bust. Soc. N. H. iv. 231 (1852).

Body flat and disk-like, oval, adhering by a very broad base.
Test strong, thin, smooth, opaque, deep red, expanded upon the
surface of attachment so as to form a margin. Orifices small,
square, slightly prominent. Diameter, half an inch.

This species is very common in Boston Harbor, adhering to
dead valves of Mijtilus modiolus, on the shelly bottom between
Bird Island and South Boston Flats, where the depth is from three
to five fathoms. It resembles very much a drop of blood.
(^Stimpson.^

Cynthia placenta.

Plate XXIII. Fig. 322.

Ci/nthia placenta, Packard, Mem. of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. part 2, p. 277 (1867).

Test broad, expanded, much flattened, very emarginate, about
five times as broad as high, with the thin edge uneven, revolute ;
surface granulated, though the scales are flattened. Anal and
branchial orifices much alike, of equal height, and as distant from
each other as the thickness of the test, which is half an inch in
diameter.

One specimen covered with sand was larger and more rough-
ened about the orifices than the other specimen, which was smooth
and naked.

Dredged in the straits of Belle Isle, forty fathoms, hard bottom;
Henley Harbor, ten to twenty fathoms, sandy; Chateau Harbor,
Long Island, fifteen fathoms, sandy. It is also common in the
Bay of Fundy. (^Packard.)

The figure given of this species was drawn by Mr. Morse from
the original specimen preserved in alcohol.

Cynthia condylomata.

Plate XXIII. Fig. 324.

Cynthia condylomata, Packard, Invert, of Labrador, &c. in Mem. of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i.

part 2, p. 277 (1867).

Test spherico-conical, surmounted by a splnulated apex ; it is a
little higher than broad, with transverse rows of lighter-colored,
unequal, wart-like tubercles, which often terminate in minute, blunt

20 ASCIDIID^.

spiniiles, the larger ones stout and curved, with l^hxck tips. Apex
of the test high, rising up between the two orifices into a square,
truncate, corneous projection, and terminating in five or six large
spines. Incurrent and excurrent orifices, consisting of four tri-
angular depressed valves, being surrounded by a raised broad rim
of crowded tubercles, surmounted by spinules. Length, half an
inch. A still larger specimen, over an inch in length, from the
Banks of Newfoundland, is in the Museum of the Essex Institute.
This species may be easily recognized by its conical form, with
circles of large wart-like tubercles, and the steeple-like corneous
apex, truncated at tip, and armed with acute, short, thick spinules.
Caribou Island, eight fathoms, on nullipores. (^Packard.)
The specimens figured were preserved in alcohol by Dr. Pack-
ard. The species must be nearly related to Ascidia monoceros*

Cynthia rugosa.

Ascidia rugosa, Agassiz, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. ii. 159 (1850).

Surface wavy, brown ; aperture square, of purple color. {Ag-assiz.^

I have seen no specimen or drawing of this species, and can add

nothing to the description copied above. The "square aperture"

suggests that the species belongs to tlie genus Ci/nthia rather than

Ascidia. In the latter genus neither of the apertures is square.

Cyntliia liirsuta.

Plate XXIV. Fig. 336.
Ascidia hirsntn, Agassiz, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. ii. 159 (1850).

Still smaller (than Ascidia carnea}, of a rose color dotted with
white ; of an intense red around the square apertures ; the body
is covered with fringes. Off Cape Cod. {Ag-nssiz.}

The figure referred to is copied from Mr. Burkhardt's beautiful
drawing of the original specimen. It serves accurately to fix the
species, which is of a correct egg shape. Its four-lobed orifices
place it in the genus Cyntlda.

Professor Agassiz gives no measurements. I believe the draw-
ing to be twice the natural size of the animal.

* A. monoceros. Cor])orc cylindrico ; tunica tubcrculata, pallide rnl)ra, prominentia,
cornea, conica, terminali, inter oriticia eminente instructa; oriticiis prominentibus, rubris.
L. 15"' lis. (Ind. Moll. Gr. 22.)

MOLGULA. 21

Ocnils MOL.GUL.A, Forbes,

Body more or less globular, attached or free ; test membranous,
usually invested with extraneous matter ; orifices on very con-
tractile, naked tubes, the oral six-lobed, the anal four-lobed.

The species of Molgula have been found between tide-marks in
the laminarian zone, and as deep as twenty-five fathoms. The
surface is usually covered with particles of sand and other sub-
stances. Except in the number of lobes in the oral aperture,
Glaridula of Stimpson does not seem to differ from this genus.

Molgula arenata.

Molgula arenata, Stimpsox, Proe. Bost. Soc. N. H. iv. 230 (1852) ; Check Lists, 2 (1860).

Body somewhat compressed laterally. Test thin, uniformly cov-
ered with coarse sand, which adheres very strongly. Apertures
small, on very short tubes, far removed from each other. Length,
three fourths of an inch.

It inhabits the region of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard.
(^Stimpson.}

Molgula producta.

Plate XXII. Figs. 31.5, 316.
Molgula producta, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iv. 229 (18.52) ; Check Lists, 2.

This species is usually perfectly globular, while the apertures
are on tubes often equal in length to the diameter of the body,
which originate close together and diverge. The test is rather
thin, pellucid, usually of a pale rose tint, and covered, the tubes
included, with a thin coating of sand. The branchial aperture is
rounded, Avith six short cirrhi within ; the anal is square. Diam-
eter, half an inch.

It occurred on a sandy bottom, in six fathoms, in Boston Bay,
and also at low water on Bird Island. The tadpole-like young
were ejected in August, and were of a light vermilion color, which
continued for a long time after their final detachment. {Stimpson.}

The drawing by Mr. Burkhardt, which I have referred to this
species, differs in color from Dr. Stimpson's description. The
details given by Mr. Burkhardt's drawings show the apertures to
correspond with the generic description of Molgula.

22 ASCIDIID.E.

Ocniis GL.A1VDUL.4, Stimpson. 1852.

Body globular, always free, and thickly coated with sand, mud,
or other extraneous substances. Apertures on tubes, the bran-
chial with four lobes, the anal square. Branchial sac with few
distant plications.

Glandula mollis.

Plate XXII. Fig. 317. Plate XXIV. Figs. 328, 329.

Glandula mollis, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 230 (18r32) ; Check Lists, 2. (18G0).

Body globular, but often considerably flattened, soft, and flex-
ible. Test very thin, transparent, and thickly covered with loose
sand. Diameter half an incli, usually less.

Dredged abundantly on a sandy bottom in ten fathoms, off
Clieney's Head, Grand Manan. (^Stimpson.)

The drawings by Mr. Burkhardt, copied on the plate, were re-
ceived without name. If they represent this species, they show
it to vary considerably in form.

Glandula fibrosa.

Plate XXIII. Fig. 323.

Glandula Jihrosa, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. iv. 230 (1852); Check Lists, 2

(1860).
Glandula (jlutimms, Packard, Invert, of Laltr. in Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II. i. 277, no dcscr.

(1867).
Cynthia glutinans, Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr. 21 (1842).

Test thin, but very tough and leathery, covered with numerous
fibres resembling cotton, which serve as a framework or attach-
ment for the hard, thick coating of mud, in whicli this species is
always found incased. Thus a ball is formed of about one inch
in diameter, twice tliat of the body alone. The tubes extend only
to the surface of the l)all. It is an exceedingly tougli, hard spe-
cies, and when divested of its covering will bear the weight of
several pounds without bursting.

Dredged in thirty-live fathoms on a muddy bottom, in tlie Hake
Bay, off Grand IVIanan. ( Stiiiipson.}

The figure referred to above is drawn from a specnmon preserved
in alcohol, received by Dr. Packard froniLutken, under the name

ASCIDIA. 23

of Cynthia g-hifinans* It is similar to specimens dredged by Dr.
Packard at " llenlcy Harbor, 6 f. sand." It seems to answer Dr.
Stimpson's dcscri[)tion. Should the two species prove identical,
Muller's name has priority.

OcBitis ASCIDIA, Lin. 1758.

Body sessile, covered with a coriaceous or gelatinous tunic ;
branchial orifice eighi^lobed, furnished inside with a circle of ten-
tacular filaments, anal orifice six-lobcd ; branchial sac not plicated,
the meshes papillated.

The Ascidi(s are frequently found attached to the under surface
of rough stones on the shore at low water in various parts of the
world. They are variously and often splendidly colored, but oth-
erwise unattractive or even repulsive in aspect. Numljers of them
are often fou^d clustering among tangles, like bunches of some
strange semi-transparent fruit.

Ascidia amphora.

Plate XXIV. Fig. 333.

Ascidia amphora, Agassiz, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. ii. 159 (1850).

Ascidia rustica, Gould, Invert. 319. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 259 ; not of Linn^us.

The most common of all, confounded hitherto with the Ascidia
rustica of Europe. (^Agassiz,^

The figure referred to is copied from Mr. Burkhardt's drawing
of the original specimens. The following description is from the
first edition of the Invcrtebrata : —

It is found of all sizes, from that of a pea to that of an olive,
adhering in clusters to floating timbers, to stones, corals, <fcc. It
may always be found in abundance on the under side of logs in
the timber-docks about Boston. It is usually of a globular form,
but more or less irregular in shape and in the degree of smooth-
ness of its surface, and in substance is much like crude india-
rubber. It is usually invested with plants or particles of earth,
but, when clean, it is rust-colored. It has two small orifices near
each other, through which a jet of water is projected, whenever a
touch induces the animal to contract. I am not aware that it is
in any way injurious to man.

* C'l/nfhia fihilinana. Tunica flavescente, tenui, suhpcllucifLi, sjlutinosa, arena abducta;
oriticiis prominentibus, contignis. Diam. 3.5'". (Mull. Ind. Moll. Gr. 21, 1842.)

24 ASCIDIID^.

Ascidia psammophora.

Plate XXIV. Figs. 330, 331.
Ascidia psammophora, Agassiz, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. ii. 159 (1850).

Whose body is surrounded all over with fine sand. Found
around Cape Cod. (^Agassiz.')

The figure copied from Mr. Burkhardt's drawing of the original
specimens will fix this peculiar species. It is readily distinguished
by its triangular shape. The orifices are widely separated, — the
branchial at the upper extremity on a long, stout tube ; the anal
at the lower right-hand corner of the triangle, much more sessile
than the branchial. When the sand is washed off tlie body, the
viscera show through, and the animal is of a rust color.

Ascidia ocellata.

Plate XXIV. Fig. 332.
Ascidia ocellata, Agassiz, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. ii. 159 (1850).

A beautiful tubular species, almost transparent, having a circle
of red dots (eyes) around the openings. From New Bedford.
(^Agassiz.~)

Mr. Burkhardt's beautiful drawing of the original specimen
serves to fix this species beyond a doubt. It is probably identical
with the more recently described A. tenella.

Ascidia tenella.

Ascidia tenella, Stimpson, Proc. Post. Soc. N. II. iv. 228 (1852) ; Check Lists, 2 (1860).

Body oblong, somewhat elongated, flaccid, adhering by the base.
Test or outer tunic soft, gelatinous, slightly wrinkled, transparent,
showing beneath the folds of the brancliial sac. Inner tunic pale
yellowish. Orifices terminal, approximated, on short tubes, the
branchial largest, with seven or eight lobes and the same number
of red ocelli. The anal has six lobes and six red ocelli, which are
much brighter colored than those of the branchial orifice. Length
about one inch, breadth one third of an inch.

This species w^as dredged at the depth of thirty-five fathoms
on a shelly bottom near Great Duck Island, Grand Manan. It
adheres to fratirments of shells and often to other Ascidians. It

ASCIDIA. 25

resembles a species which I received from Europe under the name
of A. menti/la, but does not agree with the descriptions of that
species. {SUmpson.)

Probably synonymous with the earlier described A. ocellata.

Ascidia carnea.

Plate XXIV. Figs. 334, 335.
Ascidia carnea, Agassiz, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. ii. 159 (1850).

A small species, red-colored, with a smooth body. Lives in deep
water, upon shells. Not immature. (^Ag-assiz.')

The original specimen of this species, from Boston Harbor, was
drawn by Mr. Burkhardt. His figure is copied on Plate XXIV.
It will fix the species better than any description taken from a
drawing alone, which would be unsatisfactory, if not inaccurate.

Ascidia Manhattensis.

Ascidia Manhattensis, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 259 (1843). — Stijipson, Check Lists, 2

(18G0).

0])long-oval, globular; orifices distant, elevated, and surrounded
by ten to thirteen verrucose processes ; externally corrugated, often
covered with marine sordes, concealing the natural color. When
held against the light, the intestinal canal may be indistinctly
traced. The shape varies according as they are crowded together
or isolated ; in the latter case they are oval-orbicular. Uniform
ashen-gray or brown. Diameter, from three tenths to one inch.

In the young, the orifices are both terminal. The aperturae in-
carnataj attributed by Limiasus to the rustlca are wanting in this
species, and the references to Miiller indicate a very different ani-
mal. The ovalis of Lcsueur, another allied species, has the tubes
plaited. Our species is commonly found, in the months of Sep-
tember and October, adhering to stones, dock-logs, and other sub-
merged bodies. I refer to it a small Ascidia, about three tenths
inch in diameter, adhering to salt grasses. {De Kay.^

The above description of Do Kay does not even establish the
generic position of the species. It is, however, admitted as an
Ascidia in Dr. Stimpson's Smithsonian Check Lists.

26 ASCIDIID.E.

Ascidia callosa.

Plate XXIII. Fig. 318.

Ascidia callosa, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iv. 228 (1852) ; Check Lists, 2 (1860).
— Packard, Invert, of Labrador, in Mem. Bost Soc. i, 276 (1867).

Body depressed, usually oval or oljlong, but varying in shape.
Test, when free from the parasitic growth which usually covers it,
of a light sepia or pale bluish color, translucent, although thick
and fleshy. Its thickness varies in different parts of the body from
the character of the surface, which is very rugose, rising into
irregular prominences and ridges. Apertures dark purple or red-
dish, situated on prominent warts ; the seven-rayed branchial,
which is largest, being terminal, and the six-rayed anal removed
from it by a distance less than one half the length of the Ijody.
The branchial tube within has seven strong longitudinal ridges.
Branchial sac finely reticulated. The inner tunic, where it covers
the abdomen, is marked with crowded golden specks. Length,
often three inches ; breadth, two inches. This species is abundant
in Passamaquoddy Bay, from low-water mark to thirty feet. It is
usually found adhering broadly by the left side to the under sur-
face of large stones. (^Stimpson.)

Grand Manaii (^Stimpson); Strs. of Belle Isle, Packard, one of
whose specimens, preserved in alcohol, is drawn on Plate XXIII.

Oeniis CIIELYOSOMA, Broderip and Sowercy. 1830.

Body depressed, oblong, fixed, sessile ; test coriaceous, its up-
per surface consisting of eight somewhat horny, angular plates ;
orifices small, prominent, perforating the plaited surface, each sur-
rounded by six triangular valves ; gills plicated ; tentacles simple.

Chelyosoraa geometricum.

Ascidia (jeometrica, Stimpsox, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. iv. 229 (1852).
Chelijosoma fjeometrica, Stimpson, Smith. Inst. Check Lists, 1 (1860).

Body adhering by a l)road base, depressed, oval. Test thin,
smooth, transparent, very j)ale greenish, with an almost peripheric,
narrow, dark-colored line or ridge, like a fibre, from which other
lines of the same character proceed, dividing the surface into ten
irregular polygons, two of which, separated from each other by a

PELONAIA. 27

third, contain the apertures. The two polygons are wheel-like,
being radiated with six spol\es from a centre, which is the sessile
aperture. Proceeding from and perpendicular to each of the daric
lines are bright straw-colored fibres, extending toward the cen-
tres of the polygons, but not reaching them. Length, half an
inch.

Dredged in forty fathoms, on a muddy bottom, off Long Island,
Grand Manan. One specimen only was found, which was adher-
ing to a dead valve of Pecteri Mag-ella/Licus. (^Stimpson.}

Cxcntis PELOIVAIA, Forbes and Goodsir. 1840,

Test cylindrical ; orifices terminal, four-cleft, on two small, ap-
proximated, papillose eminences ; mantle adherent to the test ; no
tentacles. Ovaries two, symmetrical.

This genus, in its cylindrical body and terminal orifices, resem-
bles Siplnmculus among the Echinoderms. They have relations
also witli the Annulosa in the transverse plaits of the respiratory
sac, and in being bilateral. One of their most strikirg peculiari-
ties is the perfect union of the test and the mantle. The Pe-
lonaicB live buried in mud, quite unattached to any other body,
and are extremely apathetic animals, presenting scarcely any ap-
pearance of motion.

Pelonaia arenifera.

Pelonaia arenifera, Stimpsox, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. 11. iv. 49 (1851) ; Check Lists, 2 (1860).

The body is elongated, clavate, of a brownish color, and covered
with grains of sand ; the apertures are placed on two small, white,
mammilliform protul)erances at the smaller extremity. It inhaljits
deep water ; the specimens were obtained from eighteen fathoms,
about ten miles east of the Boston Lighthouse. (^Stimpson.^

28 CONCHIFERA.

Class CONCHIFERA.

*

Head indistinct; moutli with elongate flesliy lips or palpi.
Body covered with a bi-lobed mantle, each lobe protected by a
shelly valve. Gills lamellar, two on each side. Foot placed
under the body, usually compressed and keeled. Valves of shells
united on their dorsal edges by a ligament. Animal aquatic. In-
dividual bisexual.

Family PHCLADID^, Leach. 1819.

Shell gaping at both ends, armed in front with rasp-like sculp-
ture ; without hinge or ligament, often strengthened by additional
valves.

Oenus TEREDO, Lin. 1758.

Valves equal, largely open at both ends, forming a ring, placed
at the larger extremity of a shelly tube open at both ends, and
furnished with pallets.

Teredo navalis.

'Principal diameters equal, posterior auricle expanded, descendinj:^ much below
the anterior triangle, and internally presenting a broad, appressed shelf. Pallets
emarginate at tip.

Teredo marina, Sellius, Hist. Nat. Tered. tab. 2, fifjs. 2, 3, 6.

Teredo navalis, Lix., Syst. Nat. 12G7. — Forhes and H.\nl., Brit. Moll. i. 74, pi. \, figs.
7, 8; pi. 18, fif^s. 3, 4. — IIanley, Shells of Lin. 450. — Sowerby, 111. Br. Shells,
pi. 1, fiff. L — Tryon, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Phil. (Sept. 18G2), 468, where also may be
found the synonymy in full.

This is the curious sliell which is so remarkable for perforating
holes in timber, giving it a honeycomb appearance. These holes

* With the few exceptions mentioned by mc in foot-notes, all the text of Conchifera
was prepared by Dr. Gould. — W. G. B.

TEREDO. 29

are lined with their solid white tubes, at the bottom of which the
shell is found. The shell itself is small, the two
valves touching each other at only two points, and
so much arched that when in position they form

Fig. 355.

a mere rnig.

It is occasionally found in ship-timber, especially
where it has been exposed to a tropical sea, and
is familiarly known by the name of the ship-worm.

The above terms would ai^ply to any species of

. , rn, T. navalis.

Teredo, of wliich several are now recognized. Ihe
true T. navalis., as now understood by conchologists, seems to be
very seldom, perhaps never, met with in the North Atlantic waters,
where it is replaced by what is now regarded as distinct, T. Nor-
vag-ica, the two having until recently been confounded. Its princi-
pal characters are its ratlier thin valves of about equal height and
length ; anterior auricle medium size, connected with a narrow
marginal area, both of which are radiately finely grooved ; poste-
rior auricle expanded, its upper margin sloping from the beak, ter-
minating lower down than the anterior area, divided from the fang
by a channel, and internally shelving over the cavity of the shell ;
umbonal blade flattened and twisted, not dilated at tip. Pallets
convex on one side and plane on the other, shovel-shaped, emar-
ginate at tip, the stalk about as long as the blade. Tube solid,
flexuous, not chambered.

Diameters about one fourth of an inch.

A few specimens which answer well to this description have
been taken from ship-timber, but I am unable to certify as to its
habitat. Its history was originally made out in great detail in
Holland, where its ravages were most serious.

Teredo Norvagica.

Length short compared with height ; auricles about on a level, not ascending,
inner margin of wing shelf-like. Pallets shovel-shaped, with a small subter-
minal muscular impression.

Teredo Normgira, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. ii. 102, pi. 2, figs. 4-6 (1792). — Forbes and
Hakl., Brit. Moll. i. G7, pi. 1, figs. 1-5. — Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d
ser. vi. 121. — Trvon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (Sept. 1862), 470, where also see
full sj-nonymy.

Teredo Norvcglca, Adams, Genera, ii. 333, pi.- 90. figs. 6a to d. — Chenu, Man. de
Conch, ii. fig. 60, 61. — Sowerby, Illustr. Brit. Sh. pi. 1, fig. 2, — Woodward,
Man. pi. 23, fig. 26, 27.

Teredo navalis, of all the earlier English and French naturalists.

30

PHOLADID.E.

T. Norvagka. (From Forb. and Ilanl.)

Valves rather solid, higher than long, the two auricles termi-
nating below at about the same level ; anterior auricle rather large,

its dorsal margin concave,
and with fifty to sixty fine
radiating strias, the ante-
rior marginal area quite
narrow so that the grooves
are very crowded and fine-
ly decussated ; posterior
auricle about the size of
the anterior, not rising so
high as the beaks, its dorsal margin sloping, concave, and a little
upturned at tip, its lower junction an obtuse angle, inner boundary
well defined by a shelf; umbonal blade compressed, dilated at tip.
Pallets spade-shaped, squared at tip, sides nearly parallel, suddenly
sloping to a stout, rounded stem about as long as the blade, one
side convex with a semilunar depressed area near the tip, the
other side concave, with some traces of the stem along the centre.
Tube solid, somewhat chambered at its entrance by ten or twelve
partitions.

Height, half an inch ; length, one fourth less.
This is considered to be the prevailing indigenous species in
the Northern Atlantic Seas, but it is rare on the American coast.
It differs from the true T. navalis in its greater height compared
with length, its larger anterior and less dilated posterior auricle,
which latter forms its junction much higher up. The pallets are
larger, more solid, and not emarginate at tip.

Teredo megotara.

Valves as long as high, posterior auricle large and rolled outwards, its lower
termination much lower than the anterior auricle, no external defining furrow,
and no interior projecting shelf. Pallets ovate-quadrate, with a short, pointed
style.

Teredo mrrjotara, Hanley, Brit. Conch, i. 77, pi. 1, fig. 6 ; pi. 18, figs. 1, 2 ; iv. 247. —Jef-
FUEYs, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. vi. 121. — Sowekbv, 111. Br. Shells, pi. 1,
fig. 3. — Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (Sept. 1862), 466.

Shell ivory white, diameters of the valves about equal ; anterior
triangle quite small, slightly upturned, joining the fang by a some-
what obtuse angle ; anterior area of fang very narrow ; this is fol-
lowed by a narrow segment, bounded at each margin by a furrow

TEREDO. 31

and subdivided by a delicate line, barred with minute lines and by
more distant raised ridges, which are the terminations of the lines
on the anterior fang-area ; remainder of fang smooth

O ' _ ° _ -p;™ OCT

or Avith minute lines of growth. Posterior auricle

a3 high as or generally higher than the beaks, from

which it is separated by a narrow and deep rounded

sinus ; it is broad and regularly revolute without

any external furrow to mark its boundary, or any

overhano-ing internal shelf, terminating in a slial-

low obtuse snius at about the lower third ot the

valve, inner face with distinct concentric stride. There are from

twenty to thirty radiating grooves on the triangular area, and as

many on the anterior marginal area, where they are closely

crowded and beautifully decussated. The pallets are small,

rounded or emarginate at tip, widening to an angle on each side,

one angle a little hitiher than the other, then concavelv narrow-

ing into a short, pointed stalk. Tube solid, not chambered.

Diameters, one fourth to one half of an inch.

Many specimens occurred living in a floating pine board covered
also with large specimens of Anati/a, found at Newport, R. I. Others
were obtained at New Bedford ; also at Provincetown in cedar buoys.

The broad, uprising, revolute wdng with no defining groove ex-
ternally and no shelf internally, its lower junction being much
lower than that of the anterior triangle, with the deep, narrow,
rounded sinus between the wing and the beak, are the chief char-
acteristics. It is now considered as distinct from T. 7iana, Turton,
otherwise that name would take precedence. T. denticulata, Gray,
seems to be a large elevated form of the same.

Teredo Thomsonii.

Shell large, claw long, posterior auricle short, not ascending so high as the
beak nor descending so low as the anterior triangle, externally defined by a shal-
low groove, and internally overhanging the cavity of the beaks and concentrically
striated.

Pallets ovate-triangular, with a short style, with a marginal rim on one side en-
closing a deep triangular cavity concentrically striate, and a central rib on the other.

Teredo Thomsonii, Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (Oct. 1863), p. 28, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Valves higher than long ; anterior auricle obliquely sub-triangu-
lar, inclining upwards, rather large, coarsely and deeply grooved
radiately ; posterior auricle small, rolling outwards, not ascending

32

PHOLADIDiE.

Fig. 858.

T. Thomsonii.

SO high as the beaks, nor extending so low down as the anterior
triangular process, concave externally and separated from the body

by a well-marked groove, and forming at its
junction a rectangular sinus ; inner face over-
hanging the cavity of the beaks, fan-shaped, con-
cave, and concentrically striate. The anterior
marginal area is rather broad and very minutely
but deeply grooved, and separated from the rest
of the fang by a sharp ridge, across which are
rather distant, thin, erect, concentric laminas, one
for each groove, which fade off into the fine and
more numerous lines of growth. Beak with a medium sized, oblique
process. Tubercle at the point of the fang large. Sub-umbonal
blade slender, a little dilated at point, curved and presenting edge-
wise. Pallets battledore-shaped, the blades rounded, one face hav-
ing a narrow smooth rim enclosing a depressed, triangular, concen-
trically striate disk ; the other traversed by the style ; sometimes
a little emarginated at tip ; style a little oblique and slightly flex-
uous, about as long as the blade. " Tube rather thick, not con-
camerated." ( Tnjon.')

Length, one fourth of an inch ; height, one third of an inch ;
sometimes much larger.

Originally obtained by Mr. J. H. Thomson from Cedar Buoys
and the Marine Railway, New Bedford, where it lives in legions.
Also from Capt. N. E. Attwood, of Provincetown, who took it from a
whale-ship that had cruised in the West Indies. In its shape, auri-
cles, size, and markings, it is almost identical with Xylotrija bipin-
nata, but differs entirely in its pallets. It also very closely resem-
bles T. malleolus, a smaller species, but differs essentially in the
pallets also.

Teredo dilatata.

Diameters nearly equal ; wing large, not ascending so high as the beak, passing
off Irom the beak by a gentle slope, descending below the anterior triangle, hav-
ing no defining exterior groove, slightly concave and then reflected outwards on
the internal face. Pallets very small, battledore-shaped, end of tube concamerate.

Teredo dilatata, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. See. Nat. Hist. iv. 113 (Oct. 18.51) ; Shells of K
Eng. 26. — Adams, Genera, ii. 33.3. — Tufts, Proc. Essex Inst. i. 26. — Tkyox,
Proc. Ac. Nat. So. xiii. 464 (1862).

" Valves white, polished ; length and breadth equal ; anterior
[triangular] area with fine, concentric, somewhat divergent striae,

TEUEDO. 33

varying in number in different specimens, and more crowded be-
low ; the slightly obli(|uo lines on the succeeding narrow area are
very minute but sharp ; the next fang-shaped
area is ornamented with distant, narrow, el-
evated, sub-imbricated, concentric lines, more
conspicuous on the anterior than on the pos-
terior half of the area ; the remaining portion
of the body and the auricle are smooth and
glossy. The auricle is not separated from the
body by any sharp angle on the posterior ventral

Tt (llldtCttCLt

outline, but by a gently waved sinus. A de-
pressed line runs from the beak around to the tip of the auricle,
which does not tower above the callosities of the hinge. The sub-
umbonal blade is thin, tapering, and extends to about half the dis-
tance from the beak to the ventral edge. The pallets are of an an-
gular ovate form, truncated posteriorly, where also, on the external
surface, there is a small depressed area. The style of insertion is
sharp, and extends in the form of a ridge for some distance on
both sides after the juncture with the pallet. The tubes are very
thin, strongly concamerated posteriorly in an imbricated manner.

" This species differs from T. iiiegotara, Haiiley, which it greatly
resembles, in the smaller altitude of the valves, the greater breadth
of the auricle, which is also placed much lower, and in its con-
camerated tubes." (^Stimpson.)

Length and breadth of adult specimens about half an inch.

The original specimens were obtained from a pine buoy attached
to lobster pots near Cape Ann, by Mr. Tufts ; others from a similar
source at Provincetown. They are numerous in the shipping at
Marblehcad. There can be no doubt that it is an indigenous species.

The pallets are very small and the style is unusually short. The
other differences from T. megotara are so slight that I am not fully
satisfied that they are distinct.

Teredo chlorotica.*

Shell minute, sub-globose, greenish, the anterior area of the claw very large ;
pallets with the blades lyre-shaped, posterior portion encrusted.

Shell quite small, solid, sub-globose, valves rhomboidal, greenish,
beaks enveloped in the callus of the triangular area, which is large,

* Dr. Gould is to be quoted as authority for all the specific names newly proposed in
this work. — W. G. B.

34 pholadidj:.

ascendant, obtuse at point, with about forty diverging square ribs,
the interspaces finely barred ; marginal area of the claw very broad,
the ridges as broad as those of the anterior wing and coarsely barred,
but the interspaces very narrow ; at the junction of
the two series is a deep diagonal groove towards
which they slope ; a sharp angle limits the anterior
area, followed by a barred groove ray, then a very
narrow posterior area with a lunate auricular projec-
tion, occupying about the middle third of the poste-
rior margin, not reflected, its inner face concave and

Ly rod IIS cldorotica. i niii* xi i -i x^jiii

broadly shelvmg over the deep cavity of the beaks ;
no callosity to beaks ; denticle slender, blade attached close to the
denticle, linear, somewhat granulate. Pallets paddle-shaped, the
stalk flexuous and very delicate, the blade half as long as the stalk,
lyre-shaped, the extreme two thirds covered with a dark crust which
has a projecting horn at each angle ; when the crust is detached there
is left a bon}^, acorn-shaped nucleus. Diameters a])out 3 millimeters.

From timbers of shi|)s that have cruised in the Pacific.

This species is remarkable for its minute size and globular form,
its large sculptured claw-area, and its peculiar pallets, to which there
is nothing similar among the species of true Teredo, and Avhich have
no cups or transverse segments as in Xylotrya. The Ijurrows do
not run in the course of the grain of the plank, but transversely,
and stand thickly side by side so as to resemble honeycomb, or the
organ coral, Tubipora musica; the tubes are lined by a thhi gummy
or horny coat, and terminate in a concave calcareous disk with a
sort of transverse scar on its outer or convex face. I have not been
able to detect any transverse partitions. If on these accounts it
should be considered as entitled to generic distinction, it may be
denominated Lyrodus.

Oenus XYJLOTKYA, Leach. 1830.
HiPHONAL pallets elongate, penniform.

Xylotrya flmbriata.

Shell subtrigonal, diameters about equal, striiu ou anterior triangle about thii-ty;
I)Osterior auricle large, sloping from the beak and descending much below the
anterior triangle, inner face fan-shaped, large, overhanging, concave, concen-
trically striate. Pallets oar-shaped, the blade as long as the handle.

Twedo hipalmulata, Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. llist. (Oct. 1847).
Teredo /xdmuliita, Foruks and Hanl. Brit. Moll. i. 8(), ]>]. 2, tig.s. 9-11. — Sow kui-.y,
llliist. Brit. Shells, pi. 1, fig. 6.

XYLOTRYA. 36

Xifhtrija Jimhriata, Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d sen vi. 126. — Tryon, Proc.

Acad. N. Sc. Philud. xiii. 478 (Scjjt. 1862).
Xijlotrija palnutlata, Stimpsox, Siuitli. Inst. Check Lists, 3 (1860).

Shell greenish, subtrigonal, greatest height and length about equal
(length sometimes greater), anterior triangular projection as high
as the umbo, tip ascending, re-entering an-

• -1 1 J *''S- 361.

gle about 90° ; anterior marginal area broad
above, sloping strongly imvards, and sepa-
rated from the posterior area by a sharp,
prominent angle, to which succeeds a nar-
row, shallow groove, })isected by a faint line ;
ribs on the triangular auricle and anterior
area about thirty, nearly equal in width, those
of the auricle finely crenulated at the sides
and faintly striated across ; those of the mar- x.jimbnata

ginal area more coarsely cancellate by trans-
verse ribs extending down into the groove ; posterior auricle rather
large, the upper margin sloping gently from the hinge and then,
slightly excurved and recurved, ends by an obtuse notch at the
lower third of the claw and far below the anterior triangle ; it is also
separated from the claw by a well-marked groove ; its internal face
is nearly as large as the rest of the shell, narrow near the umbo,
gradually expanding, with an oblique termination, concave and con-
centrically striate, the lower margin nearly straight, sharp, and
slightly detached from the claw. Ossicle at tip small. Hinge tooth
small ; umbonal blade falcate, tapering, compressed, sharp-edged.
Pallets oar-shaped, the blade as long and about three times as wide
as the slender, pointed handle, composed of ten or twelve joints
shorter than broad, the divisions nearly transverse on the convex
side, but inclined backward on the flat side so as to appear braided
and s'ive the margin a serrated outline.

Diameters about one fourth of an inch. Pallets half an inch long.

Taken from one of the timbers of " Old Ironsides," which may of
itself constitute a sufficient claim to be reckoned a Massachusetts
shell, though probably not native.

As noted by other describers, the shell itself is so nearly like that
of the true Teredo navalis as to be scarcely distinguishable. The
pallets, however, are altogether different. As represented by others,
the pallets have the braided or feather-like jointing on both faces.
The variation in this may in fact entitle it to a specific distinc-
tion, and, were the pallets not subject to wide variation, would ccr-

8(3 PHOLADIDiE.

taiiilj do so. If we may trust the figures of the pallets, this is not
the T. palmulata of Lamarck, as it was regarded by Forbes and
Hanley.

Other specimens of another species of Xylotrya^ about half the size
of the above, were taken from a specimen of bored

Firr. 362.

timber in the collection of the State. It differs also
in having no developed posterior auricle, except a
mere thickened rim, though there is an internal plate
of large size as in X. fimbriata. The pallets have the
style proportionally shorter and stouter, and the joints
of the blade shorter, more transverse on the concave
side, and the style traversing the middle of the convex side.

Oeiiits PHOLAS, Lin. 1758.

Shell transverse, gaping at both ends ; hinge margin rolled out-
wards and toothless ; a rib-like tooth arises from the cavity of the
beaks, and shoots nearly across the shell.

Shells of this genus are generally found in logs of wood, in stones,
or hard clay, which they have perforated ; and they have one or
more additional bony pieces on the back of the hinge.

Pholas costata.

Shell large, oblong-ovate, white, covered with radiating, toothed ribs.

PJiolas costata, 'Lm. Syst. Nat. 1111 (1758). — Gmel. Syst. 3215. — Lister, Conch.pl.
4.34, fig. 277. — GuALT. Test. t. 105, fig. G. — Chemn. Conch, viii. 361, t. 101, fig.
863. — Brug. Encj'C. Meth. Vers. hi. 754, pi. 169, figs. 1, 2. — Blainville, Malac.
pi. 79, fig. 6. — SowERBY, Genera of Shells, No. 23, pi. 1 ; Thes. Conch, ii. 487, pi.
102, figs. 8, 9. — Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 45. — Wood, Gen. Conch, pi. 15,
figs. 1, 2; Lidex Test, ph 2, fig. 4. — Adams, Gen. ii. 325, pi. 89, figs. 1, 1 a. —
Chenu, Man. de Conch, u. figs. 1, 2, .3. — Hanl. Ipsa Lin. Conch. 24. — Tryon,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. xiii. 201, where will be found a complete synonymy of the species.

Shell large, thin, inflated, oblong-ovate, rounded before and nar-
rowed behind, white, covered with radiating ribs, the coarse lines
of growth rising over them in an undulating manner, so as to pro-
duce tooth-like elevations upon them, at regular intervals ; the inte-
rior is marked with corresponding indentations. Length six inches,
height and breadth two inches.

The animal is straw-colored, the tip of the siphons beautifully
stippled with mahogany ])rowii ; the foot is narrow and long, like

PHOLAS.

37

Fig 363.

fj

the sole of a shoe ; the supplementary valve is cartilaginous (not
calcareous), spear-shaped, pointing forwards.

This well-known species is admitted into our catalogue, from the
fact that Professor Adams
has lately discovered an ex-
tensive bed of dead shells at
New Bedford. It probaljly
is not to be found in a living
state in our waters. Indeed,
I am not aware that it is
found living on the shores
'of any of the Middle or East-
ern States. It is found at
the above locality, of all sizes
and ages, its most delicate
portions entire, forbidding
the idea that these shells
were transported by any
means from some distant h>
cality. It is certainly re-
markable, that a large shell
should have been abundant
at no very distant period,
which cannot now be found
living within one or two thou-
sand miles. Something of
the same kind is said to
belong to the history of
the oyster about Cape Cod.

[With no little surprise,
I received (Nov. 26, 1845)
from Thomas A. Greene, of
New Bedford, a jar contain-
ing three living specimens
each of P. costata and P.
truncata^ which were brought
up by the mud-machine at
the end of the Long Wharf „

~ F. costata.

in that place. From the

number obtained in a short time he supposes tliey must be plentiful.

He thinks they burrow two or three feet below the surface.

:■■■ f^ ■;"■■ ^# W A''^ ^\i^ ' -A -v. if ' i • ^ '' 'fi

,f-

4'

r^y'

ifi

M

:\^'

.h

')

!i-

"}'■

\'/,-

./^.■-

£

38

PHOLADID^.

Fig. 364.

Pholas truncata.

Shell white, oblong, beaks at anterior third, anterior portion triangular, acutely
pointed, posterior end broadly truncate ; surface with coarse lines of growth and
radiating riblets, denticulate in front, simple posteriorly, dorsal shield single, lan-
ceolate, grooved along the centre.

Pholas truncata, Sat, Journ. Ac. Nat. So. ii. 321 (1822). — De Kay, Moll, of New York,
248, pi. 34, fig. 223«, 6. — Gould, Proc. B. S. N. H. ii. 81. — Stimpson, Shells of
New England, 25. — Sowekby, Thes. Conch, ii. 488. t. 104, figs. 29, 30. — Hanley,
Descr. Catal. 6, pi. 9, fig. .56. — L. 11. Gibbes, Fanna of So. Car. in Toumey's Geol.
of So. Car., Append, xxii. — Fischer, Journ. Conch. 2d ser. iii. 48. — Gray, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. viii. 381. — Jay, Catal. 4th ed. 10. — Kurtz, Catal.
SheUs of No. and So. Car. 3. — Tryon, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. xiii. 202 (1862).

Shell chalky white, oblong, with prominent lines of growth, and
radiating ril)lcts, excepting at the upper anterior margin, and a pos-
terior superior triangle on which there is a thin straw-colored epi-
dermis, which extends beyond
the end in a long sheath ;
the anterior riblets sharply
toothed as they cross the con-
centric ridges ; beaks at an-
terior third ; anterior portion
triangular, acutely pointed,
the lower margin concavely
arched, the upper margin roll-
ing outward, near the beaks,
the ventral face with a large oval opening ; posterior portion oblong,
squarely truncate at the end so that the margins are nearly parallel,
dorsal margin gradually opening to the end, which is entirely open.
Interior smooth : rib short, rounded at insertion, a little flattened
towards point, accessory valve lanceolate, square at beaks with a
portion bent downwards, pointed in front, grooved along the middle
with lines of growth converging to it.

Length, three inches ; height, one and one half inches ; breadth,
one and one fourth inches.

Found at New Bedford at the end of Long Wharf, in two feet
mud, with P. costata, by Thomas A. Greene, Esq. It was not pre-
viously known this side of Carolina, where Mr. Say found it, and
where it is of much smaller size. It has since been found in Long
Island Sound and New Jersey.

It is much more delicate than P. crispata, the margins of tlic
hinder portion much more nearly parallel ; there is no furrow

p. truncata.

ZIKFyEA. 39

across the disk, and it has a dorsal valve of which P. crispata is
destitute.

The animal is of a dark, smoky color ; the sijjhon is tapering, not
very long, and circularly wrinkled ; respiratory orifice striped alter-
nately black and white, the latter stripes marking the presence of
fourteen tentacular organs.

Oenus ZIRF.EA, Leach (G-ray). 1840.

Shell oval, hinge margin scarcely reflexed, joined by a horny
epidermis without accessory pieces, widely gaping in front.

Zirfsea crispata.

Valves touching at the middle of the base, and Avidely gaping at both ends;
a furrow passes from the beaks across the middle, in front of which are radi-
ating, toothed ribs.

Pholas crispata, Linn. Syst. Nat. j). 1111 (1758). — Gmelin, S^vst. p. 3216. — Sowerby,
Thcs. Conch. — Cuv. Regnc An. (Griffiths) pi. 113, fig. 3 (animal). — Brown,
111. Conch. 114, pi. 48, figs. 1 -5. — Hanley, Rec. Sh. 7, pi. 2, fig. .'5; Ipsa Lin.
Conch. 26. — McGiLLiv. Moll. Abcrd. 306. — Thorpe, Br. M. Conch. 29. — Dr
Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 247, pi. 32, fig. 506. — Loven, Ind. Moll. Scaiid.
50. — Forbes and Hane. Br. Moll. i. 114, pi. 4, figs. 3-5. — Donovan, Brit.
Shells, ii. pi. 62, 69. — TuRTON, Brit. Biv. 6; Conch. Diet. 146; Linn. Trans,
viii. 32. — Hutch. Dorset Catal. 27, t. 3, fig. 4. — Wood, Gen. Conch. 81, pi. 15,
figs. 3-5 ; Index, pi. 2, fig. 5. — Dillw^yn, Descr. Catal. 40. — Desha yes, Eneyc.
Me'th. Vers, iii. 754, pi. 169, fig.s. 5-7. — Lamarck, An. sans Vert. vi. 46. —
ScHROT. Einl. in Conch, iii. 541, No. 6. — Petiver, Gazoph. t. 79, fig. 13. — Flem.
Br. An. 456.

Pholas hifrons, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 243, t. 16, fig. 4.

Phofas latus, Lister, Conch, t. 436, fig. 279, and Append, t. 10, fig. 3.

Solen crispus, Lin., Gmel. Syst. 3228. — List. Angl. t. 5, fig. 38.

Pholas crispatus, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 157, t. 43, fig. 2. — Montagu, Test. Brit. 23. —
Chemn. viii. 369, t. 102, figs. 872-874.

Zirphaa crispata, Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 6, figs. 26, 27. — Adams, Gen. ii. 327, ])1.
89, fig. 5.

ZirfcEa crispata, Gray, Cat. Br. Mns. (Biv.) 53.

Shell oblong-oval, thick and strong, rounded posteriorly, nar-
rowed anteriorly into a sort of beak ; widely gaping at l)oth ends,
the valves touching each other at only two points, viz. the hinge
and the middle of the base. Exterior surface marked with numer-
ous coarse, concentric ridges, which become lamellar on the ante-
rior half; the laminas are strongly toothed on their free edge, and
the teeth are disposed in radiating series. Tlie valves are divided
into two nearly equal portions by a liroad channel running from

40

SOLENID^.

Fig. 365.

the beaks to the middle of the base. Interior smooth, showing

the external furrow, the
upper and anterior edge
turned outwards so as
to present large, smooth
callosities over the Ijeaks.
The process fi-om within
the cavity of the Ijcaks
is large, narrow, and a
little flattened at the tip.
Length, two inches ;
height, one inch and a
half.

A very perfect specimen of this shell is in the cabinet of Dr. S.
Bass, which was found at Phillips's Beach. Young specimens were
found in hard clay at Phillips's Beach by Mr. Joseph True. They
differ principally in gaping only anteriorly. Full-grown valves are
occasionally thrown up on all our beaches ; l)ut it is more common at
the South, as along the shores of New Jersey. When alive, a mem-
branous expansion covers the superior l)order of the shell.

Nahant Beach, very large, fresh {Haskell).; Sable Island, gigan-
tic ( Willis) ; Rimouski (^Bell) ; aljundant in Charleston Harbor,
S. C. (^Stimpson). It is common in all the seas of Northwestern
Europe.

Z. crispata.

Family SOLENID^.

Shell equivalve, greatly elongated, rather cylindrical, gai)i)ig at
both ends.

Ocmis SOL.EN, Lin. 1758.

Shell with the sides nearly parallel ; Ijeaks very small, terminal ;
cardinal teeth small, rounded, variable.

Solen ensis.

Shell six times as long as liigli, curved, front and l)ack parallel, smooth, yellow-
ish-green; hinge with one tooth and a sharji lateral ])late of one valve entering
between two teeth and a double plate of the other.

Solen ensis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1114. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 84, t. 45, fig. 22. — Chemn.
Conch, vi. 47, t. 4, fig. 30c. — Montagu, Test. Brit. 48. — Brug. Encyc. Meth. pi.

SOLEN.

41

Fio;. 333.

223, figs. 2, .•?. — TuRTON, Conch. Diet. 160, t. 01. ; Brit. Biv. 82. — Wood, Gen.
Conch, pi. 28, ti<is. 1,2; Index, pi. 3, fig. 6. — Lamahck, An. sans Vert. 2d cd. vi.
55._CoNnAi>, Marine Conch, pi. .'5, fig. 1. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, ii. pi. .50. —
Maton, Lin. Trans, viii. 44. — Flem. Br. An. 459. — Brown, 111. Conch. 113, pi. 47,
fi^.. 10. —Adams, Gen. pi. 92, fig. 2 (an.), 2 (7,6. — Boli, Test, Sicil. pi. 11, fig. 14.—
Burrows, Conch, pi. 4, figs. 3, 4. — Sown. Conch. ^Man. fig. 60. — IIanl. Rec.Sh. 11.
— Desh. Exp. Sc. Alge'r. Moll. 184, pi. 11, figs. 1 -4 (animal). — Forbes and Hanl.
Br. Moll. i. 250, pi. 14, fig. 2 ; Ipsa Lin. Conch. 30. — Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 49. —
CnENU, Elem. 41, fig. 126. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 242, pi. 33, fig. 313.

Sole!) rnrvus, Lister, Conch, t. 411, fig. 257.

Eiisis major, Ciienu, Man. de Conch, i. 21, figs. 87, 88.

Eimsfakata, Gray, Cat. Br. Mas. (Br. Moll.) 59.

Ili/pogaafakata, Poli, ii. 251, t. 10, fig. 7.

Shell scabbard-shaped ; about six times as
long as high, the ends rounded, the front and
Ijack nearly parallel, white within, and cov-
ered without l\y a glossy yellowish or brown-
ish-green epidermis, which folds over the sharp
edge of the shell. On the surface is a triangle
of lines, marking the termination of the longer
end at the successive stages of growth ; hinge
at one end ; on one valve is a single tooth from
which a rib or plate extends to the ligament ;
on the other valve are two teeth, and a double
plate receiving those of the opposite valve be-
tween them ; the terminations of the two ribs
rise up in a curved manner and cross each
other like teeth, when not broken off, as they
usually are. Length of a good specimen, six
inches ; height, one inch. A specimen from
Halifax, received from Mr. McCulloch, is eight
inches long.

This well-known shell is found on both shores
of the Atlantic. It lives on sandy beaches near

low-water mark, as at Chelsea, Nahant, and
Nantasket beaches, about Newburyport, Nan-
tucket, &c. Eastport ( Cooper) ; Sable Island
and all Nova Scotia ( Willis^ ; Gulf St. Law-
rence (^Bell) ; Grand Manan, rare (^StimpsoTi).
It is displaced Ijy heavy storms, and thrown up
by the tide. It may often be seen at low tide
projecting a little above the level of the sand,
but, if touched or disturbed, it descends with astonishing rapidity

&'. ensis.

42 SOLENIDiE.

and force, much to the amazement of him who may lay hold of it,
thinking to make an easy capture.

The animal is cylindrical, too long for the shell, the foot, club-
shaped and obliquely truncated, projecting from one end, and the
short siphons, united nearly to their fringed tips, issuing from the
other. The siphons are quite short, with sixteen internal branchial
cirri, and six long and six short ones to the anal opening. It is
often used as an article of food under the name of lonsr clam,
razor-fish, knife-handle, &c. When properly cooked it is said to bo
among the most delicious of shell-fish. These names are enough to
suggest an idea of the shell to any one who is not already familiar
with it.

Some doubts have been entertained as to whether the European
and American specimens belong to the same species. It is certain
that our specimens are nmch the largest and the least slender.
Five specimens, each six inches long, measured in height, English,
six eighths of an inch ; American, nine eighths of an inch, and this
is about the usual proportion. None of the plates referred to well
represent our shell. It may at least be properly designated as va-
riety Americanus.

Oomifii SOL,ECUKTUS, Blainvii.le. 1824.

Shell transverse, elongated, equivalve, the beaks small, subcen-
tral, margins nearly ])arallel, ends abruptly rounded ; hinge with
two or three cardinal teeth in each valve ; ligament prominent,
seated on thick calLjsities ; pallial impression with a very deep
sinus.

1'he above generic definition will include all the shells originally
embraced in tlie genus by Blainville, except those of his first di-
vision,— "shells compressed, thin, with an interior rib passing
from the beaks to the basal margin." An acquaintance with the
animal has shown the necessity of subdividing his genus. Mr. Sow-
erby proposes to limit it to the species having the interior bar. But
Deshayes, in his edition of Lamarck, has already limited the genus
to shells of a different type ; and it would, therefore, seem most
proper that any new name which may be given should l)e applied to
other forms. I have, therefore, separated those with the interior
bar and otlicr |)C<.'uliarities for a new genus.

If we adopt Deshayes's modification of the genus, so that it shall

SOLECURTUS. 43

include only siicli as are transversely oblong-oval, covered with
obliquely undulating stria), the hinge central, &c., we shall still
have left of shells another group, equally distinct in character by
their sub-cylindrical, somewhat arched form, compressed at base,
the extremities abruptly and usually obliquely rounded, the beaks
near the posterior end, the pallial sinus very deep, <fec., answering,
in fact, to Mr. Conrad's sub-genus CulteUus. This would, of course,
assume the rank of a genus in case the correctness of the above
views should be acknowledged.

Deshayes says that the animal of S. caribous, legumen, &c., ap-
proaches closely to that of the true Solen. But, as the genus Solen
now admits only shells with terminal beaks, they must still be ar-
ranged under Solecurtus.

Of all the subdivisions which have been made of this genus, Schu-
macher's Siliqiiaria would most properly include the two following
species. CiiUeUus had been appropriated by him before Conrad used
it. The old genus Solen still seems to be very imperfectly sub-
divided.

Solecurtus gibbus.

Shell sub-cylindrical, thick, rounded posteriorly, obliquely truncated anteriorly ;

beaks nearest the posterior extremity.

List. Conch, t 421, fig. 265.

Solen ffibhus, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. iii. 104 (1794).

Sokn Guineensis, Chems. Conch, xi. 202, t. 198, fig. 1937. — Dillwyn, Cat. 62, No. 13.
— Drug. Encyc. Meth. pi. 225, fig. 1. — Wood, Conch. 129.

Solen carifxEus, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 58. — Hanley. Rec. Sh. 14.

Solecurtus caribreus, Conrad, Mar. Conch, pi. 4, fig. 3. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. v. 243,
t. 32, fig. 302. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 30. —Woodward, Man. of Moll. 316, pi. 22,
fig. 9.

Solen dedivis, Turt. Conch. Diet. 164, t. 22, fig. 89 (1819). — Flem. Br. An. 460.—
Thorpe, Mar Conch. 37.

Psammobia dedivis, Turt. Br. Biv. 91.

Solecurtus gibbus, Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. i. 267. — Stimpson, Shells of New Eng-
land, 22.

Macha gibba, Gray, Cat Br. Mns. (Br. Moll.) 160.

Tagetus Dombeyl, Ciienu, Man. de Conch, i. 24, fig. 108.

Siliquaria gibba, Adams, Gen. ii. 347, pi. 93, figs. 5, 5 a.

Shell oblong, transverse, very slightly curved, thick and strong,
the upper and lower margins nearly parallel ; beaks obtuse and
slightly elevated, nearest the posterior end ; this side is narrowest,
rounded at the extremity, and having an olituse ridge running
obliquely backwards from the beaks ; anterior extremity obliquely

44 solenidj:.

truncated or abruptly rounded ; basal margin somewhat compressed ;
surface coarsely wrinkled by the stages of growth, and on its disk
are a few short, deep, straight scratches from the beak towards the
base ; the whole covered by a dense and strong yellowish epidermis,

which folds over the edge. Hinge
'^' ■ with two awl-shaped cardinal teeth

in each valve, curved, ascending :
behind them is a thick rounded cal-
lus, on which the ligament is fixed.
g_ „-jj,^^ Interior white, thickened ; pallial

impression with a sinus which
passes beyond the beaks. Length, four inches ; breadth, one inch ;
height, one and one half inches.

Found in Buzzard's Bay, at New Bedford and its vicinity, occa-
sionally, which seems to be its northern limit. From Cape Cod
southwards (Stimpson).

It cannot be mistaken for any other one of our shells.

Solecurtus divisus.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, arcuated, equipartite, with a reddish stripe
from the beaks passing a little backwards, designating the place of an obsolete
rib within ; epidermis yellov^ish.

Solen divisus, Speng. Skr. Nat. Selsk. iii. 96 (1794). —O. Fabr. ibid. iv. t. 10, figs. 11, 12.
Solenfmgilis, Pulteney, Doi'set Catal. 28, pi. 4, fig. 5 (1799). — Montagu, Test. Brit.

51, 565, Snppl. 26. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 174. — Wood, Gen. Conch. 126, pi.

29, figs. 4, 5 ; Index, pi. 3, fig. 11. — Dillwyn, Catal. 65. — Fi.em. Brit. Anim. 460.
Solecurtus fragiJis, Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch. 19, pi. 4, fig. 1. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 31.
Solen centralis, Sat, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii. 316 (1822).
Psnmmohia tceniata, Turton, Brit. Biv. 85, pi. 8, fig. 5.

Solen Helens, Chemn. Conch, xi 203, t. 198, fig. 1939 (1795). — IIanley, Rec. Sh. 16.
Solecurtus bidens, Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. i. 266. — Stimpson, Sh. of New England,

22.
Macha divisa, Gray, Cat. Br. Mas. (Br. Moll) 160.

Shell small and delicate, much longer than high, sub-oval ; beaks
not prominent, nearly central, the upper and lower margins curved,
nearly parallel, the posterior end being, however, somewhat moi'e
sharply rounded than the anterior ; when viewed at the back, the
shell has a peculiar compressed appearance. Surface smooth at the
central region, and somewhat wrinkled at the ends ; with a remark-
able band of reddish purple passing from the beaks across the shell,
growing wider and fainter in its progress ; some fainter and broader
radiations may also be seen in old shells, when the epidermis is

MACH^JiA. 45

removed. Epidermis straw-colored, or becoming fawn-colored,
sliu'litly wrinkled posteriorly. Within /v>- .xx

1 T , • • 1 • *'jg- 368. A'^

livid, smooth, and shninig, beconnng jO'^l ^

thickened by age. The red stripe is ^^^^^^^^^ '"

visil)le within, and covered Ijy a faint,
rib-like thickening.

Hinge of two large, ascending teeth ^, ^^^,.^.^^^

on each valve, one of which, on the

left valve, grows broad, and is emarginate at tip. Length, one and
one half inches ; height, one half inch ; width, seven twentieths of
an inch.

This, like the preceding species, is occasionally fonnd at New
Bedford, and other places in Buzzard's Bay. It is rather common
aliout Rhode Island. I have never met with a specimen north of
Cape Cod, though if our shell be identical with the >S. fragiUs of
British writers, it is found on the Canada coasts. It differs from
the fragile specimens known in British cabinets, simply in growing
to a much larger size, and becoming quite thick and strong.

Ocmis MACH.ERA, Gould. 18il.

Shell oblong-oval, compressed, inequipartite, moderately gaping;
beaks minute. Hinge with three diverging cardinal teeth in the
left valve, the middle one bifid, the third one compressed, delicate,
taking the direction of the margin, or obsolete ; on the right valve
two teeth, entering between those of the opposite valve. Within,
usually crossed by a strong, vertical rib. Muscular impressions
joined by a deeply sinuous pallial line. Ligament prominent.

Animal not much larger than the shell ; lobes of the mantle
united for about half their length, the whole of their margin pecti-
nated with fleshy teeth, from near the siphon to the hinge, except
where they pass over the foot ; similar bodies are also found along
their inner sub-margin, near the siphon. Lalnal palpi long, extend-
ing quite across the foot, pointed. Branchiae extending to the open-
ing of the siphon and embracing about half the breadth of the foot.
Foot hatchet-shaped, dilating towards its extremity, which is ob-
liquely truncated. Siphons united to their tips, which have scat-
tered hairs.

The above is the description of the animal of M. costata. It dif-
fers from Deshayes's description of the animal of Solecurtus stngil-

4(j solenidtE.

latus, in some obvious particulars. He makes no mention of the
fringe of flesliy teeth along the margin of the mantle, which are so
remarkable, and which are probably retractile. The branchiae do
not enter the siphon ; the foot is not linguiform, but somewhat club-
shaped, and bent at a right angle within the shell ; and the siphons
are united entirely to their extremities, though the branchial is
slightly more elongated than the anal siphon.

This genus embraces, besides the two species here described, the
Solen radiatiis, Lin. (^Solecurtus lucidus, Conrad), Solen iriaximus.
Wood {Solecurtus NuttalUi, Conrad), Solen injlexus, Wood, and *S'.
pellucidus of Europe. These accord with our shells in all respects,
except that the third tooth of the left valve in some of them is re-
placed by a marginal elevation simply. They differ in their ovate
and compressed form from Solecurtus, and especially do they differ
from sul)-genus CulteUus by ha^dng the beaks placed anteriorly. The
sinus of the pallial impression usually extends about half-way to the
hino;e.

'O^

Machsera squama.

Figs. 25, 26.

Shell slightly i-ecurved, thick, white, undulated by the lines of growth, covered
with a strong, greenish-yellow, shining epidermis, corrugated at the posterior
extremity.

Solecurtus squama, Blainv. Diet, des Sc. Nat. xlix. 419. — Des Moulins, Actcs do la

See. Lin. de Bordeaux, v. 108 (18.32).
Machcera squama, Stimpson, Sh. of New England, 22.
Machcera nitida, Gould, Invert. 1st ed. 33 (1841).
Solen nitidus. Coll. Delessert, Chenu, Illust. Conch, pi. 8, fig. 1.

Shell thick, white, oblong-ovate, beaks small, situated at the an-
terior fifth of the shell, narrowed behind, rounded at both extremi-
ties ; the hinge-margin is straight and somewhat compressed, and
the basal margin, being at the same time regularly curved, gives the
shell a somewhat recurved aspect. Epidermis thick, shining, as
if varnished, of a dusky greenish-yellow or dark gamboge color,
wrinkled ol)liqucly at the posterior extremity, and projecting be-
yond and folding around the edge of the shell. Lines of growth
broadly and prominently rounded, giving a wavy appearance.
Within white and strengthened by a prominent rib, which extends
from the beaks, inclining very slightly backwards, and, expanding,
loses itself in the shell about half-way across the valve. Hinge
having the teeth seated upon the base of the rib ; in the left valve

Maohmra squama.

MACHiEKA. 47

three ; the first strong, ascending and curved, the second still
stronger and widely branched, one branch being erect, the other
nearly prostrate, the third very nuich compressed, delicate, at right
an"les with the first

and directed parallel ^'^- ^^^•

to the margin, just
under the ligament ;
on the other valve
two teeth, the first
prominent, a little
oblique, the other
very thin and ob-
lique, entering be-
tween the middle

and last tooth of the opposite valve. Ligament quite protulierant.
Height, one inch and one fifth ; length, two inches and four fifths ;
width, three fifths of an inch.

Not unfrequently taken from the stomachs of codfish caught at the
Banks, and sometimes off" our shores. Bank Fisheries (^Stimpsoii).

Tliis species differs from all its co-species by the inclination of the
rib towards the longer side of the shell, and also by its apparent
upward curvature. It is, however, very closely allied to the shells
figured by Wood and Conrad.

It is very rare to find all the teeth entire. The two thin teeth
next the ligament are almost always broken ; but a careful examina-
tion will discover their vestiges ; and they never seem to be obsolete.
The erect tooth of the left valve is not unfrequently broken, and per-
haps one of the branches of the bifurcated tooth. The large tooth
of the right valve is most constant.

Machsera costata.

Shell thin, smooth, shining ; epidermis greenish, zoned, and radiated with hvid-
violaceous; internal ril) inchning I'orward.

Solen costatus. Say, Jovirn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 315 (1822). — Valenc. in Cheuii, 111.

Conch, pi. 8, fi.o-. 2.
Solecurtus costatus, Say, Amcr. Conch, pi. 18. — Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch. 21, pi. 4,

fig. 2.
Solen Sayii, Griffiths Cuv. xii. pi. 31, fig. 3.
Solen (Solecurtoides) Nahantensls, Des Moulins, Actes de la Soc. Lin. de Bordeaux, v.

109 (1832).
Machoera costata, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 34 (1842). — Middend. Malac. Ross. iii. 78, t. 21,

figs. 4-10. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 244, pi. 32, fig. 301. — Stimpson,

Shells of New England, 22.

ill. cuttala.

48 SOLENIDiE.

Shell ovate-elliptical, thin, fragile, smooth and diaphanous ; beaks
very minute, placed at the anterior fourth of the shell ; posterior
portion very little pointed, its upper margin compressed and some-
what crested ; basal margin sometimes
a little contracted ; elsewhere regular-
ly arcuated. Epidermis very smooth
and shining, of a light yellowish-
green color blended with livid-vio-
laceous in such a manner as to form
three radiated compartments of each
color. There are minute wrinkles about the posterior extremity,
and minute series of them across the middle of the shell, arranged
so as to appear like radiating lines. Within livid, and somewhat
iridescent. Rib white, inclining backwards, and extending about
two thirds across the valves. Teeth as in the preceding species,
excepting that the branch of the bifurcated tooth is less prostrate.
The same remark as to their deficiencies applies to this species as
to the other. Height, three fourths of an inch ; length, seven twen-
tieths of an inch ; width, three tenths of an inch.

Found abundantly upon every sandy beach, and probably inhabits
the sand in shallow water. Whole coast ( Stimpson) ; Fishing Banks
(^Willis^ ; Rimouski, common (Bel/). It is one of our most beauti-
ful shells. It is much more delicate and smaller than M. squama.
The radiations of color are evident, but have no very distinct divid-
ing lines ; a whitish, narrow ray, running obliquely backwards, and
another answering to the interior rib, are generally conspicuous.
The colors are also arranged in zones, as well as rays.

Oeiiiis SOLEillYA, Lam. 1818.

Shell equivalve, inequipartite, elongated ; epidermis thick and
shining, projecting far beyond the margin ; beaks inconspicuous ;
hinge margin widened and excavated to form a receptacle for a car-
tilage, usually resting on a rib-like support.

Solemya veluni.

Shell oblong, very thin and fragile, epidermis pale yellowish-brown, marked
with radiating lines; within purplish-white; cartilage-support arched, the points
directed across the shell.

Sokmi/a velum, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 317 (1822). — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 35. —
3)e Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 245, ])1. 30, %. 292. — Stimpson, Shells of New-
England, 21.

SOLEMYA. 49

Shell remarkably thin and fragile, oblong, rather broadest be-
hind ; very inequipartite, upper and lower margins nearly parallel,
ends rounded ; beaks in no degree elevated, but having a slight pit
in front of them ; surface of the valves radiated
with about fifteen slightly impressed, double lines,
most conspicuous posteriorly, and most widely
separated across the middle ; short end distinctly
wrinkled by the lines of growth ; epidermis light ^, ^,^;^^^^

yellowish-brown or chestnut-color, firm, elastic,
glossy, at the hinge margin connecting the valves together for nearly
their whole length, and elsewhere projecting far beyond the mar-
gin of the calcareous portion, and slit at each of the radiating
lines, whence the edges have a ragged, fringed appearance, the
angles of the lobes rounded ; hinge toothless, consisting of a large
triangular receptacle for the cartilage, in each valve, resting on,
and partly enclosed by, a whitish bony support, arched beneath,
the legs of the arch partly enclosing the anterior muscular im-
pression, and the hinder branch directed nearly across the shell.
Length, one inch ; height, half an inch ; breadth, three tenths of
an inch.

The foot of the animal protrudes behind and expands ; is obliquely
truncated, and the edges expand into two lobes which are serrated
at the edges ; the whole foot may assume a multitude of forms, and
the points of the serratures be prolonged into a fringe ; there is an
opening in the mantle for the passage of water, the edges fringed,
and two of the fibrils are longer than the others ; branchiae large,
thick, situated far back, each leaflet with a midrib ; palpi triangular,
long-pointed. Dr. Stimpson states that he has seen the animal
leaping and swimming about in the water for some time, without
touching bottom. The leap is performed by suddenly drawing in
the umbrella-shaped foot, at the same time that water is expelled
from the posterior opening liy the closing of the valves.

Found upon Chelsea, Nahant, Nantasket, and other sandy beaches,
generally in the early months, and some years in great abundance.
At Dartmouth harbor. Professor Adams found them in mud, far be-
yond low-water mark. Fishing Banks (^Wi//is); whole New Eng-
land coast (^Stimpson) .

It is an exceedingly delicate and curious shell ; its epidermis,

hanging over the edges like a veil, at once distinguishing it. The

dimensions, given above, include the epidermis, and are those of a

shell of the largest size. In the yomiger stages the border of the

4

50 SOLENID^.

epidermis is entire. The bony substance of the valves is so thin,
that the lighter-colored radiations are quite obvious within.

Its special distinguishing marks will be more particularly pointed
out in the description of the next species.

Solemya borealis.

Sliell fragile, oblong ; epidermis dark brown, with fifteen to twenty lighter
radiating lines ; within grayish-blue ; cartilage-support forked, the hinder branch
directed obliquely forwards.

Solemya borealis, Totten, Silliman's Journ. xxvi. 366, fig. 1. — Stimpson, Shells of New

England, 21.
Solemya velum, Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch, pi. 66, fig. 16.

This shell would be described in terms so similar to those em-
ployed for the preceding species, that a notice of those points in
which they differ will be the best description.

It greatly excels in size ; the smallest that has been noticed ex-
ceeding the largest S. velum. The valves are less convex, and very

much more solid, and their
color within is always a gray-
ish-blue or lead-color ; the basal
margin is a little arched in-
wards ; the ends are a little
scalloped, there being a slight
proicctioii corresponding to

S. borealis. ^ n n i i

each fissure of the epidermis ;
the cartilage-support instead of being arched is forked, and the
hinder branch is directed ol)liquely forwards, extending half-way
to the anterior margin ; the epidermis is always of a very dark
"brown or tar-color, marked with fifteen to twenty radiating lines ;
the projecting margin is slashed as in the other species, but the
angles of the lobes are not rounded, their edges have a tlnnned,
crimped margin, and are usually rolled back.

Chelsea beach is the only locality in Massachusetts, that I know
of, where this species has Ijeen found, A very large and perfect
specimen was found there by Mr. J. P. Couthouy, and is now in the
cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History. Colonel Totten
found it in considerable numbers in the vicinity of Newport. Whole
coast of New England (^Stlmpsori) ; Naliant beach (^Haskell) ; Fish-
ing Banks (m//w).

Only two other species of this genus have been described ; the

PANOP.EA. 51

S. Mediterranca from the Mediterranean, which is distinguished
from all the others by wanting the callous supports of the cartilage,
and the S. australis from New Holland, which has the size and
strength of S. borca/is, and the color of S. velum. A notch in the
hinge margin behind the cartilage is also spoken of, which we do
not fmd in S. borcalis. It is not a little remarkable that a genus
embracing so few species should be so widely distributed.

Genus PATVOP.*:.!, Menard. 1807.

Shell equivalve, transverse, unequally gaping at the sides and
at the base ; a small, conical tooth on each valve, and a rounded
callosity at each side to which the ligament is affixed.

Panopsea arctica.

Fig. 27.

Shell oblong, sub-cylindrical, strong, widely gaping at both ends, rounded an-
teriorly, truncated posteriorly, traversed by two radiating, wave-hke ridges,
which divide the surface into three nearly equal portions.

Mya Norregica, Spengl. Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. iii. 46, pi. 2, fig. 18.

Gli/cijmeris arctica Lam , An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 70. — Spengl. Actes de la See. d'Hist.

Nat. Copenh. 45, pi. 2, fig. 18.
Panopn^a Gljjcijmeris, Bean, Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 562, figs 50, 5L — Tcrt. Br. Biv. 42.
Panopcea arctica, Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 37. — Haxley, Rec. Sh. 18, Suppl. 10, fig. 43; Br.

Mar. Conch. 38. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. 246.
Panopcea Spengleri, Valexc. Arch, du Mus. i. 15, pi. 5, fig. 3 (poor). — Chexu, 111.

Conch. (Pan.) 4, pi. 4, fig. 4; Man. de Conch, ii. 27, fig 118.
Panopa>a Norrrgica, Lovix, Ind. Moll. Scand. 49. — Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. i.

174, pi. 11, pi. w. (anim.) Snppl. — Woodward, Pr. Z. S. 220 (1855). — Adams,

Gen. ii. 351, pi. 94, figs. 3 3«, 36 (anim.)— Middend. Siber. Reise (Moll.) 109;

^lalac. Ross. pt. iii. 77, pi. 20, fig. 11.
Saxicuva Norvegica, Woodw. Man. of Moll. 319 (1851) ; Proc. Z. S. 220 (1855). — MoL-

LER, Moll. Groenh 18.

Shell thick and strong, oblong, somewhat cylindrical, inequilat-
eral, the posterior portion being nearly twice the length of the ante-
rior; somewhat acutely rounded before, obliquely truncated, and
widely gaping behind, the posterior margin thickened within, and
turning outwards ; the hinge and basal margins are usually about
parallel, but in old shells the lower and posterior angle is consid-
erably prolonged, so as to render this portion broadest, and it is
the only point at which the valves meet, the rest of the base widely
gaping ; beaks rather prominent, directed slightly forwards, and
from them extend two broad, wave-like ridges, one directed to the

52

SOLENID^.

Fig. 373.

lower posterior angle, the other dividing the portion anterior to
this into two nearly equal parts, so that the surface is thus divided

into three triangular, con-
cave compartments ; sur-
face also ridged at the
lines of growth. Di-
rectly under the beak
in each valve is a single
small, triangular tooth ;
these shut side by side ;
running backwards from
each of them, along the
margin, is a thick, round-
ed, crest-like callus, hav-

Panopcea arctica.

ing a groove at its exter-
nal base in which a strong ligament is fixed, which arches over
these crests. Muscular impressions deep ; pallial impressions look-
ing like an irregular series of muscular pits of various sizes ; inte-
rior smooth and shining, corresponding to the external undulations ;
exterior antiquated, livid, covered with a thick, dusky epidermis,
wrinkled posteriorly. Length, two and one half inches ; height,
one and three fifths inches; breadth, one and one tenth to one
and six tenths inches.

Inhabits the jjanks of Newfoundland, whence it is 1)rought by
fishermen. Tliroughout the arctic seas from Behring's Straits to
Newfoundland, the North Sea, and Russian Lapland ( Woodward) ;
Arctic Seas of Europe (Middend.) ; dredged in Bedford Basin, Hali-
fax (^Willis) ; taken (dead) in forty fathoms. Grand Manan (^Stimp-
son) .

I believe this to be the shell which Lamarck intended by his
Glycymeris arctica^ and which Deshayes, with good reason, pro-
nounces to 1)0 a Panop^a. I am aware that the P. Aldrovandi
varies much at different ages, and has consequently lieen described
under several names. It is also said to l)e an inhalntant of New-
foundland, while Lamarck gives the "Arctic Ocean, the White Sea,"
as the habitat of P. arctica. But P. Aldrovandi never presents
upon the disk the two ridges and intervening central valley, so
characteristic of our shell, it is also nearly equilateral, broadest
before, and the anterior extremity is scarcely more rounded than
the posterior, and, even at the immense size to which that species
often arrives, it is scarcely more thickened than our small sliell,

GLYCYMERI3. 53

which, indeed, l)ears evidence of entire maturity. The " costis
duabus obtusis," and the remark, that " externally it resembles Mya
truncata," are enough to identify the shell. A single valve would
be passed over as the toothless valve of Mya truncata.

It is an interesting shell on account of the genus being found
plentifully on both continents in a fossil state, while recent speci-
mens are so rare.

[I have retained this shell in the genus Panopcca, although Wood-
ward and Hancock have shown that the animal belongs rather to
Saxicava, and the pallial impression consists also of a series of
elongated dots as in that genus.

Oeims GLYCYIWERIS, Lam. 1801.

Shell elongated, inequipartite, greatly gaping at both ends;
hinge margin callous, without a tooth ; ligament external, epider-
mis thick, extending beyond the margin of the shell.

Glycymeris siliqua.

Shell elongated, oval ; epidermis black, dense, and shining, obliquely wrinkled ;
beaks eroded; interior loaded with thick callus.

Mi/a siliqua, Chemx. Conch, xi. 192, pi. 198, fig. 1934. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 49.

Glijci/meris ina-assata, Lam. Syst. des An. sans Vert. 126.

Glyq/meris siliqua, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 69. — Blainv. Malac. pi. 80, fig. 3. —

'Audouin, Ann. des Sc. Nat 1833, pi. 14, 15, 16 (excellent). — Sowerby, Gen.

of Shells, No. 8. — Desh. Encyc. Meth. Vers, ii. 171. — Chenu, Man. de Conch.

i. 30, figs. 1-6. — Reeve, Elem. of Conch, ii. 161, fig. 234. — Woodw. Man. of

Moll. 320, pi. 21, fig. 14. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 24.
Mijn piceu, Wood, Gen. Conch. 96, pi. 22, fig. 5 ; Index, pi. 2, fig. 10.
Cyrtodaria siliqua, WooDW. Ann. and Mag. xv. 99. — Adams, Gen. ii. 352, pi. 94, figs.

4, 4 a, 4 6.

Shell long, oval, ponderous, widely gaping at both ends, surface
undulated at the different stages of growth ; covered with a thick,
horny, glossy-black epidermis, which projects a considerable dis-
tance beyond the limit of the valves ; it is ol^liquely wrinkled at
various parts, especially at the posterior end; beaks not promi-
nent, always more or less eroded ; ligament large and protuber-
ant ; interior of the shell white, loaded with a very thick mass of
calcareous substance, giving the shell great weight, its margin
having a somewhat fringed arrangement. Height, one and one
half inches ; length, three and one half inches ; breadth, one inch.

54 MYAD^.

The animal is much harger than the shell ; mantle closed through-
out except for the issue of the foot, and an opening for the siphons,
which are united to the end, and enveloped in a thick muscular

Fis. 374.

tissue continuous with the mantle ; foot rather small, conical ; bran-
chiae two-leaved each side.

Its proper halntat is the Banks of Newfoundland ; lint several
fine specimens have been hooked up or dredged in the neighbor-
hood of Provincetown, within the Cape. Nahant Beach, after
storms {Haskell) ; Halifax, Sable Island ( Willis) ; Rimouski, Mar-
couin {Bell).

It is a very interesting shell, the only living one of the genus
yet known. Its wide gaping, thick interior deposit, toothless hinge,
and black exterior, render it impossible to confound it with any
other shell. The great size of the animal, which the shell can
never enclose, renders it a welcome morsel for that denizen of the
Banks, the cod-fish ; and, accordingly, it is not difficult to olttain
specimens through the fishermen. In young shells the epidermis
is smooth, and of a light chestnut-color.

Family MYAD^.

Shell often inequivalve, inequipartitc, gaping ; hinge with a
more or less spoon-shaped tooth in one valve, received into a cor-
responding excavation in the opposite valve, united by an interposed
cartilage.

Ocnus MVA, Lin. 1747.

Shell transverse, gaping at both ends ; left valve with a single
broad, compressed, erect tooth, received into a pit in the o])positc
valve.

MYA.

65

Mya arenaria.

Shell elongated ovate, chalky-white, covered w^ith a thin, wrinkled epidermis ;
tooth of equal length and breadth, inclined a little backwards and downwards,
with an oblique rib on the back.

^lya are7mr{a, JjIS., Syst. Nat. p. 1112. — Lister, Conch, t. 419, fiff. 26.3 — Pennant,
Brit Zool. iv. 79, t. 42, tig. IC. — Chemn. Conch, vi. 10, t. 1, figs. .3, 4. — Fabu.,
Faun. Groenl. 405. — Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. iii. 30. — Dillwyn, Catal. i.
42 — Blainville, Malac. pi. 77, fig. 1. — Sowerby, Gen. of Shells. No. 32. —
Montagu, Test. Brit. 30. — Wood, Gen. Conch. 91, t. 17, fig. 3; Inde.x. pi. 2,
fig. 2. — Desk., Encyc. Meth. Vers, iii 592, pL 229, fig. 1. — La.m. An. sans Vert.
(Uesh. ed.) vi. 74. — Maton and Rackett, Liu. Traus. viii. 35. — Turton,
Conch. Diet. 98; Brit. Biv. 32. — Do\ov. Brit. Sh. iii. 92, t. 85. — Fleming, Brit.
Au. 463. — Conrau, Auicr. Marine Couch. 42, pi. 9, fig. 1; Liu. Traus. viii. 35.

— Brown, Couch. 111. Gr. Brit. 111. pi. 45, fig. 1 ; Mar. Couch, pi. 4, fig. 1. — Han-
i.EY, Rec. Sh. 19; Ipsa Liu. Conch. 27. — Fouhes and Hanl., Br. Moll. i. 163,
pi. 10, figs. 1, 2, 3, pi. II. fig. 1 (animal). — Reeve, EI. Couch, ii. 158, fig. 229;
Couch. Syst. pi. 33. — Mawe, Couch, pi. 4, fig. 1. — Adams, Gen. ii. 353, pi. 95,
figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6 (anim.). — Ciienu, Man. ii. 31, figs. 128, 129. — Middend. Siber.
Reise (Moll.) 108; Beitr. z. Mai. Ros.';. iii. 70, pi. 20, figs. 1-3. -De Kay, ZooU
New York, 240, pi. .30, fig. 290. — Woodw., Man. of Moll. 244, fig. 170 (anim.).

— Gray, Cat. Bi-. M. (Brit. Moll.) 69. — Moller, lud. Moll. Gr. 17. — Collections
Mass. Hist. Soc. viii. 193 (1802).

Mij'i mercmaria, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii 313 (1822).
Mya acuta, Say, Ibid.

Shell ovate, equivalve, nearly cquipartite, moderately thick, gap-
ing at both ends, especially at the posterior, which cannot be closed
on account of an outward curvature of the valves ; anteriorly short-
Fig. 375.

M. arenaria.

est and regularly rounded ; posteriorly narrowed and rounded ; sur-
face wrinkled, and in some parts raised into ridges at the lines of
growth ; faint radiating lines and colors depart from the beaks ;
color dingy white, covered with a very thin, dirty-brown e])idermis.

56 MYAD^.

irregularly wrinkled ; heaks small, pointed, slightly curved for-
wards, directly under which, in the left valve, rises an erect tooth,
rounded at its summit, of about equal breadth and height ; its
inner face is smooth and rounded ; its outer face is divided into
two portions, the largest of which is spoon-shaped, the other flat
and traversed across the middle by a grooved ridge which projects
beyond the margin of the tooth like a smaller tooth ; on the right
valve we have a deep excavation imbedded in the cavity of the
beak ; in this and in the concave portion of the tooth is fixed the
very strong cartilage ; anterior muscular impression narrow and
long, club-shaped ; posterior one semi-oval ; pallial impression scal-
loped along the base, and very deeply notched behind. Common
length, three and one half inches ; height, two inches ; breadth,
one inch. I have a specimen, the corresponding dimensions of
which are five and one half, three and four tenths, two and one
tenth inches.

This shell (the Clam, not of New York and Philadelphia) is fa-
miliar to every one who resides on the sea-coast. It is always
to be seen in every market, and on every quiet shore. Its resi-
dence is always between high and low tide, or in such places as
allow it to be partially exposed to the air a part of the time. Such
are our sandy beaches, muddy inlets, and mouths of streams emp-
tying into the sea, &c. It usually lies just below the surface, and
over it is a round hole through which the animal occasionally
ejects a jet of water to a considerable height above the sand ; and,
if the shallow water is observed where they are known to dwell,
it will be perceived to be kept in constant eddies by the suction
and ejection of the water.

There seems to be no character which affords any ground for
separating our shell from the European clam. Mr. Say, as he
merely refers to Pennant's figure, had probably never seen a speci-
men from across the Atlantic. A comparison would certainly
have saved him from the error of describing it as a new species.
Nor can I believe there is any occasion to make two. species, the
mercenaria and acuta, as he has done. His acuta was formed
fi'om a specimen in which the posterior extremity was very acute ;
but in this part we find great diversity of jiroportions in different
specimens. It is found far up the St. Lawrence River, where it
grows smaller and smaller, as it always does in proportion to any
admixture of fresh water. It is found along the whole coast ol'
Nova Scotia ( Wil/is) and Labrador (^Packard) ; Cape Hope, James's

MYA. 57

Bay, 52° 10' N. (Drexler) ; Greenland (Moll.} ; Drontlieim to Cape
North (31- Andrew}. Abundant as a pleistocene fossil throughout
the North.

It seems not to be a common shell at the British Islands, and
to be seldom used as food there.

Its surface is often colored by the earth in which it is found.
Very often it has a rusty color, or a bluish clay-color ; and the so-
lidity of the shell varies according to its exposure to the chafing
of the sea. Some specimens obtained in the still, sandy harbor
of Provincetown arc very white, and nearly as thin as paper.

In the young shell the valves are quite unequal, and the tooth
is produced towards the longer side, so as to be somewhat trian-
gular. I have compared shells in this state, a third of an inch in
length, with specimens of Sphetiia Sivainsoni, Turt., and can find
no differences in the hinge, and none in the shell, unless that per-
haps the latter may be a little thinner, and proportionally longer
than the former. \_S. Swaitisoni is regarded by British writers as
the fry of M. trmicata.

Note. — The clam has found its place in our literature, and the following scraps may
not be inappropriate here.

" The Indians were very fond of clams, which they called siclcishwg. This is a Avord
with a plural termination. If the author might be allowed to revive an old term, lie would
denominate the common or small clam the sicki." — History of Orleans, in Coll. Mass.
Hist. Soc. viii. 19.3 (1802).

" And is there a mind for a delicate dish ?
We repair to the clam-banks and there we catch fish."

Forefathers' Son;/, about 16.30.

" Clams — white. Their broth is most excellent in all intermitting fevers, consumption,
etc. These clams feed only on sand." — John Winthrop, in Journal of the Boynl Soc. 1634.

" The times wherein old Pompion was a saint.
When men fared hardly, yet without complaint,
On vilest cates ; the dainty Indian maize
Was eat with clamp-shells, out of wooden trays "

B. Thompson, New England's Crisis, 1675.

"SONNET TO A CLAM.

" ' Dum tacent clamant.'

" Inglorious friend ! most confident I am
Thy life is one of very little ease ;
Albeit men mock thee with their similes.
And prate of being ' happy as a clam ' !
What though thy shell protects thy fragile head
From the sharp bailiffs of the briny sea 1
Thy valves are sure no safety-valves to thee,

58 MYAD^.

While rakes arc free to desecrate tli^' bed,

And bear tliec oif, — as focraeu take their sjjoil, —

Far from thy friends and family to roam ;

Forced, like a Hessian, from thy native home,
To meet destruction in a foreign broil !

Though thou art tender, yet thy humble bard

Declares, 0 clam ! thy case is shocliing hard."

Jolin G. Saxe.

Mya truncata.

Shell oblong-oval, inequilateral, rounded anteriorly, truncated posteriori}' ;
widely gaping; tooth broader than long.

Mya truncata, Lin. Syst. Nat* 1112; Gmel. No. 1. — Fabr. Fauna Grocnl. 404. — Pen-
nant, Brit. Zool. iv. pi. 41, fig. 14. — Cukjin. Conch, vi. 8, t. 1, figs. 1, 2. —
MoNTAGD, Test. Brit. 32. — Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 35. — Wood,
Gen. Conch. 90, t. 17, ligs. I, 2; Ind. Test. pi. 2, fig. 1. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 42;
Eec. Sh. 42. — DESiiAYts, Encyc. Meth. iii. 591, pi. 229, fig. 2. — Donovan,
Brit. Shells, iii. pi. 92. — Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d cd. vi. 73. — Turtox, Conch.
Diet. 97; Brit. Biv. 31. — Lister, Conch, t. 428, fig. 209. — Gualt. Test. t. 91,
fig. D. — Brooke, Introd. pi. 1, fig, 10. -De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 240,
pi. 29, fig. 289. — Brown, III. Conch. G. Br. pi. 10, fig. 2; 2d cd. pi. 45, fig. 2.—
Hanley, Rcc. Sh. pi. 2 (Mya), fig. 2 ; Ipsa Lin. Conch. 27. — Sowerby, Conch.
Man. fig. 71. — Crouch, Intr. Conch, pi 3, figs. 6, 7. — Burrows, Llem pi. 4,
figs. 1, 2.— Forbes and Hanley, Br. Moll. i. 163, pi. 10, figs. 1, 2, 3, pi. H. fig. 1
(anim.). — Woodw. Man. Moll. 317, fig. 220 (with anim.). — Lyell, Tr. Gcol.
Soc. Lond. vi. 137, pi. 16, figs. 5, 6 (1841). — Middend. Bcitr. z. Mai. Ross. iii.
69, pi. 19, figs. 13-15; Siberischc Rei.se (Mod.), 106, pi. 25, figs. 11 - 14. — Chenu,
Elem. 48, fig. 152. — Gray, Cat. Br. M. (Brit. Moll.) 68. — Loven, Ind Moll.
Scand. 49. — Moller, Moll. Groenl. 17. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 24.

Mya prkipiis vel Mentula Marina Stelleri, Tilesius, Mem. de I'Acad. de St. Petersb. viii.
295, t. 9.

Ml/a Uddevalensis, Forbes, Hancock, Ann. and Mag. N. H xviii. 337 (1846) (fossil).

Sphenia Swainsoni, Turt., Br. Biv. 37, pi. 19, fig. 2 (the fry).

Shell oblong, ineqiiipartite, longest and rounded before, narrower
arid abruptly cut off, generally obliquely, behind ; the valves are
strong, deeply concave and often unequal, but sometimes the right
valve, and sometimes the left, is most prolonged ; surface irregu-
larly ridged along the lines of growth ; color dingy white, covered
with a thick, tough, yellowish, wrinkled epidermis, which folds over
the edges of the shell, and is greatly prolonged posteriorly, forming
a tul)e six or eight inches long, supplying in some measure the ap-
})arent loss of protection to the animal by the truncation of the
shell. The truncated edges are a little flaring, and the shell is
left wide open behind ; beaks moderately prominent, turning slightly
forwards ; teeth broader than long, projecting a little inwards ; inner
face smooth, and nearly flat ; outer face similar to that of 31.

MYA.

59

Fig. 376.

3Ii/a Iruncata.

arcnaria, but the oblique rib merely forms a thickened lobe at the
edge, and does not project into a tooth-like process ; on the op-
I)osite valve is an exca-
vation in the beak for the
reception of the tooth,
and insertion of the lig-
ament. Leno'th, two and
three quarters inches ;
height, one and seven
tenths inches ; breadth,
one and one fifth inches.

The animal is oval,
with very long siphons
united to their fringed
tips, and covered with a

wrinkled, brown epidermis ; mantle closed, except for the passage
of a small slender foot with a byssal groove.

Single valves of this shell are thrown upon our beaches by vio-
lent gales ; but I have never heard of any living specimen being
taken directly on our coast. At George's and Grand Banks, how-
ever, it is abundant, and is a favorite food of the codfish, from
whose stomachs it is taken plentifully by our fishermen. On the
English coast it is spoken of as more plentiful than M. arenaria,
found at the mouths of rivers. It is not mentioned as an article
of food. Eastport, at low w^ater, and southward to Cape Cod
( Stimpson) ; Bedford Basin, Halifax ( Willis) ; Greenland (Mai-
ler) ; Port Foulke (Haijes coll.) ; var. Uddevalensis, abundant.
Gulf of St. Lawrence (Bell). Fossil at Montreal, Beauport, Port-
land, and elsewhere.

It is very easily recognized by the peculiar manner in which the
posterior end seems to be chopped off; sometimes directly across,
and sometimes obliquely ; sometimes leaving the posterior portion
of about the same length as the anterior ; and at other times not
half as long. Its membranous tube, when not broken off by the
removal of the animal, as it usually is, is quite a curiosity. There
is one shell which at first sight resembles it, the Patiopcea arclica;
but it is gaping at both ends, and has no tooth.

60 CORBULID^.

Family CORBULID^.

Shell inequivalve, thick, solid, slightly gaping anteriorly ; hinge
with a prominent, conical, recurved tooth, received in a notch of
the opposite valve.

Oentis CORBULA, Brug. 1792.

Shell inequivalve, inequipartite ; hinge with a small, upright,
conical tooth in each valve, one received into a pit by the side of
the other ; cartilage between the teeth.

Corbula contracta.

Fig. 37.

Shell small, white, valves sub-equal, covered with numerous concentric, ele-
vated lines; rounded before, somewhat acute behind; basal margin contracted
at the middle.

Corbula contracta, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 312 (1822.) — Reeve, Conch. Icon.

pi. 4, fig. 27. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 241, pi. 28, tig. 285. — Stimpson,

Shells of New England, 24.
Corbula aquivaluis, Philippi, Wiegin. Archiv. 1836, 227, pi. 7, fig. 4.

Shell small, ovate-globose, white, nearly equipartite, shortest
and rounded before, narrowed and somewhat pointed behind, basal
margin contracted and arched near the middle ; surface
Fig. 377. beautifully plaited with regular, smooth, rounded, concen-
tric ridges ; beaks rather prominent, inclined forwards ; a
, , distinct angular ridse running from them to tlie posterior

C. contracta. D o o 1

extremity defines a broad rhomlwidal s])ace ; left valve
nearly as large and convex as the right, though still shutting con-
siderably within it. Hinge tooth slender, erect ; within smooth ;
impressions very faint. Length, two fifths of an inch ; height, one
fourth of an inch ; breadth, one filth of an inch.

Found at Martha's Vineyard, in the neighborhood of New Bed-
ford, &c It is abundant about Rhode Island, and is also an in-
habitant of the coasts of Georgia and East Florida.

This species is remarkable for the equality of its valves ; but still
they are unequal enough to attract notice at once. The regular and
beautifully rounded ribs are also quite characteristic. It bears a
close resemblance to Cuming-ia tellinoides in its exterior.

PANDORA. 61

Ocnus NE.EBA, Gray. 18.34.

Shell pear-shaped, iiieqiii valve, thin, usually radiatcly rihhcd,
heaked and gaping posteally, with an internal rib ; hinge with an
oblique ledge, a minute tooth contiguous, and an obsolete lateral
tooth ; animal with closed mantle, small crescentic foot ; siphons
short, contracted, upper one smallest and with an extensile valve,
both with a few long filaments at their sides.

Nesera pellucida.

Necera pellucida, Stimpson-, Inv. Gr. Munan, 21, fig. 13 (1853).

Shell small, thin, ])alo white, sub-ovate, swollen anteally and
contracted posteally into a short but distinct rostrum. Beaks small,
tumid, and placed a little before the middle. Surface
nearly smooth about the beaks, with irregular, distant
striae of growth near the margin, which become sharp
and well marked on the rostrum. Within smooth and
glossy, with minute radiating lines across the disk ; jv. peiiudda.
teeth very minute. Epidermis white, sometimes pale
greenish on the beaks and brownish on the rostrum. Length,
nineteen hundredths of an inch ; height, twelve hundredths of an
inch ; width, eleven hundredths of an inch. A specimen from Casco
Bay measures length, live tenths of an inch ; breadth, eighteen
hundredths of an inch ; height, three tenths of an inch.

The above description is copied from Dr. Stimpson, who discov-
ered this species, the first found on our coast. It resembles N.
cuspidata, Forbes and Hanley. It was taken in forty fathoms, on
a muddy bottom, off Long Island. Also in a haddock taken near
Portland (^Foivler^.

Family PANDORID^.

Shells irregular, inequivalve, compressed, pearly ; mantle closed;
branchiae of each side coalescing ; siphons separate at tips only.

Genus PANDORA, Brug. 1792.

Shell inequivalve, inequipartite, pearly within ; right valve flat,
left valve convex ; hinge with two diverging teeth in the flat valve
and corresponding grooves in the opposite one.

62

PANDORID.E.

Fig. 379.

P. trilhieata.

Pandora trilineata.

Shell oblong-ovate, rounded before, and Avith a recurved beak behind. Along
the posterior hinge margin of both valves run two rough, elevated, radiating
lines.

Pandora trilineata, Sat, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 261 ; Amer. Conch, pi. 2. — Conrad,
Amer. Mar. Conch. 49, pi. 11, lig. 1. — Lam., An. sans Vert. vi. 147. — De Kay,
Nat. Hist. New York, 239, pi. 33, fig. 310. — Stimpson, Shells of New England,
23. — MiGHELS, Catal. Shells of Maine, 8, and Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.

Pandora nasuta, Sowerby, Species Conch, figs. 18, 19. •

Shell pearly-white, ovate, ineqiiipartite, the anterior part high and
regnlarly rounded, about half the length of the posterior part, which
has the hinge margined, flattened, straight or somewhat concave,

the edge of the flat valve shutting
over the edge of the convex valve,
and terminating in a recurved or
ascending tip, its points coarsely
wrinkled, irregular, and slightly
gaping ; the anterior portion of the
basal margin has a depending or
pouch-like appearance ; the upper edge is margined by two wrin-
kled, rounded lines radiating from the beaks, most obvious on the
convex valve ; surface wrinkled with undulating lines of growth,
and with very faint radiating lines on the flat valve ; sometimes
there is a slightly impressed line passing from the beak to the
middle of the base, and in fresh specimens the portion anterior to
this line has a sort of mud-colored epidermis as if the shell had
been forced into the mud endwise up to this line. Hinge in the
left or convex valve with three diverging teeth, the anterior one
much the longest and strongest, the middle one very delicate ; the
third is rather a thickening of the posterior margin, Avith a ledge
in it for the reception of a tooth in the opposite valve. Right or
flat valve with two teeth, one short, triangular, strong, dii-ecled
across the shell, the other long, inclined to the posterior hinge
margin. Within iridescent ; muscular impressions rounded, con-
nected by a series of about a dozen rough spots for tlic adhesion
of the mantle. Length, one and three tenths inches ; height,
seven tenths of an inch ; breadth, one fifth of an inch, nearly.

The animal has the mantle closed except for the issue of the
slender foot and the siphons ; branchias continued within the si-
phon, and coalescing posteriorly ; siphons short, jjurplish, the up-

LYONSIA. 63

per one smallest, diverging at their orifices, wliicli are fringed witli
filaments or soft spicula.

Found about the sandy regions of Cape Cod, and not un fre-
quently discovered adliering to oysters in the market. Dr. J. W.
Mighels of Portland, Maine, has taken it by dredging in Casco
Bay. Mr. Say found it as far south as Florida. Boston Harbor
in four fathoms ; Eastport, five fathoms ; Marblehead {Haskell) ;
Grand Manan {Stimpson) ; Salem Harbor (^Wheatland) ; Nantucket
(Parker) ; Vineyard Sound (Ag-assiz) ; Buzzard's Bay {Prime
and Stimpson) ; Sable Island {Willis}.

This is a very curious shell, easily recognized hj its pearly sub-
stance, its flat valve, and its upward curved tip. From all other
species yet described it is distinguished by the two lines border-
ing its posterior hinge margin. Mr. Say has figured a small young
specimen ; the rostrated tip is represented as too slender, as is
also the whole shell, and the pouch-like appearance of the poste-
rior base is not sufficiently indicated for adult shells. There is
often a good deal of contortion and irregularity in the shape of the
shell.

Family ANATINIDiE.

Shell elongated, inequipartite, inequivalve, fragile, somewhat
pearly, slightly gaping at one end ; hinge with a thickening or
spoon-shaped process, to which the ligament is attached, usually
supported within by an ossiculum. Animal with the mantle closed,
foot slender, branchiae with a single leaf, siphons long, separate,
fringed.

There seems a propriety in separating from the family Myadse
some of the genera formerly included under it. The delicate and
pearly fabric of the shell, and the presence of the little irregularly
shaped bone resting against the hinge within, are well-marked
characters. These shells attain to a considerable size, and live
in the sand about low-water mark.

Oeniis LYONSIA, Turton. 1S22.

Shell inequivalve, subtriangular, fragile, pearly ; hinge having a
narrow ledge within each valve, to which the ligament is attached
and against which adheres a four-sided ossiculum.

64 ANATINID^.

Ill the course of the reformations recently made in the indefinite
genus Anatina of Lamarck, this shell has passed under several ge-
neric appellations. A genus was instituted by Leach, to receive the
old Mya Norvegica, which he called Mogdala, and, still later, Scac-
chi has named it Pandorina. Perhaps I may be censured for
breaking, in this instance, the salutary rule, that the oldest pub-
lished name should take precedence of all others. The genus Ly-
onsia certainly preceded that of Osteodcsma, and so, I think, did
Mngdala. But the name Osteodesma is so well chosen, and is so
well made known in the recent edition of Lamarck's work, being,
moreover, the type of the natural family Octcodcsmacea^ that I can-
not refrain from giving it the preference. [More mature considera-
tion has induced me to conform to the general consent of conchol-
ogists and adopt the older name. Magdala was only a manuscript
name until 1827.

Lyonsia hyalina.

Pig. 31.

Shell sub-ovate, fragile, pearly, translucent, inequipartite ; elongated, com-
pressed, and truncated posteriorly; covered with radiating wrinkles; ossiculum a
truncated wedge.

Mya hyalina, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. vi. 261, pi. 11, fig. 12.

Lyonsia hyalina, Conrad, Amer. Marine Conch. 51, pi. 11. fig. 2. — Stimpson, Shells of

New England, 23 ; Inv. Gr. Manan, 21.
Osteodesma hyalina, Coutiiouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 166. — De Kay, Nat. Hist.

New York, 234, pi. 33, figs. 311, A, B. — Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 46.—

MiGHELS. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 315.

Shell elongated, sub-ovate, thin, fragile, pearly, translucent, in-
equipartite, the posterior part much the longer, nar-
Fig. 380. rowed, closely compressed at the end, but slightly

truncated, so as to gape a little ; hinge margin a
straight line and compressed ; the remaining out-
IThyaUna. ^^^^^ rcgularly rounded ; beaks prominent, inclining

forwards ; region of the beaks tumid and smootli ;
a broad marginal portion is covered by a thin membranous e|iider-
mis projecting beyond the edge, and wrought into regular wrin-
kles, radiating from the beaks ; these wrinkles are minutely fringed
so as to entangle grains of sand, by which the surface is sometimes
entirely coated. The hinge consists of a delicate ledge, running
from the beak obliquely downward and backward, serving for the
attachment of a ligament, which is also attached to the edge of

LYONSIA. 65

the wedge-shaped ossicuhini lying against that part. Muscular
and pallial marks only indicated by a more pearly appearance ;
they are far within the shell, and the latter has no v/ell-marked
sinus. Length, seven tenths of an inch ; height, four tenths of
an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch.

Animal with the foot slender and cylindrical, and with a broad,
deep groove ; branchial siphon with eight long and eight short
cirri, anal with a valve as long as the siphon. (^Stimpson.')

It is found thrown upon the sandy shores of Cape Cod, Chelsea,
Lynn, and other similar localities. Its fragile structure is such
as to indicate that it could not live elsewhere than in quiet sand.
In April, 1836, the beach at Chelsea was strewed with multitudes of
very large and mature ones. Since then I have found only an occa-
sional specimen. Whole coast; Grand Manan {Stimpson); Marble-
head Harbor (^Haskell) ; Eastport, common ( Cooper^ ; St. Anne
{Bell).

The ossiculum is almost always detached and lost. Sometimes,
when the valves are separated, it adheres to one of them, and then
it looks like the tooth of a Mya. When destitute of the ossicu-
lum, if reliance were placed upon the hinge alone, the shell would
probably be called an Amphidesma, or some undescribed genus.
There is no other shell on our coast, however, which presents the
radiated wrinkles of the epidermis, together with the pearly lustre
of this shell.

The genus Lyonsia now embraces but three or four species.
One of these, the L. Norvegica of Northern European seas, is very
similar to ours. But it is distinct. It grows to a much larger
size, is more inequipartite, more broadly truncate ; the base is less
regularly curved, and is covered by a much stronger and more
opaque epidermis.

Young specimens are very thin, and have a horn-colored exterior,
and numerous thin, concentric ridges at the different stages of growth.

If the valves are Nunequal, according to the definition of the
genus, the difference must be very slight.

Lyonsia arenosa.

Shell transversely ovate, ventricose, opaque white, beaks anterior, covered with
an ash-colored epidermis to which sand becomes attached.

Pandorina arennaa, Moller, Index Moll. Groenl. (1842).
Lyonsia (Pandorina) arenosa, Morch, Beskr. af Gronl. 90 (1857).
5

66 ANATINID^.

Anatina striata, Ghat, Append. Beechey's Voy. t. 43, fip:. .3.
Lyonsia gibbusa, Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. t. 5. ligs. 11, 12.

Shell ovate-quadrate, elongate, wedge-shaped, beaks at anterior
third, dirty-white, covered with a very thin epidermis, which is
raised into numerous fine radiating ridges which entangle parti-
cles of sand, &c, ; disk tumid ; posterior dorsal margin

h ig. ool. , , ,

rectilinear ; ventral margin nearly parallel to it, gently
curving upwards, tip broadly and squarely truncate ;
dorso-ventral ridge distinct, obtuse, the portion above it

L. arenosa. ^ y i

compressed ; anterior dorsal margin at nearly a riglit
angle with the posterior, direct, joining the ventral margin ]>y a
very short turn ; anterior area broad and deep, lanceolate ; right
valve the smaller and most shallow. Interior shining white. Hinge
very delicate, the margins each side of the apical point only very
slightly thickened. Ossicle like ivory, narrow and elongate, with a
nick at one end and a spine at the other, and with a sliarp ridge
along the middle of the concave face. Length, five tenths of an
inch ; height, three tenths of an inch ; breadth, two tenths of an inch.

Inhabits Halifax and Fishing Banks ( Willis} ; Labrador (^Pack-
ard) ; Greenland (Mo/ler} ; also fossil in Greenland.

This slicll differs from the more common L. Noi-vegica by its
short, wedge-shaped, inflated form, dingy exterior, and more finely
wrinkled epidermis, and want of brilliant pearly lustre. It is rarely
if ever found this side of the British Pro^ances. Middendorff unites
both this and L. hyalina with L. Norvegica. He could not have
seen this species.

Ocniis A]VATI]VA, Lam. 1809.

Shell sub-equi valve, gaping slightly; hinge with a prostrate,
spoon-shaped tooth in each valve to receive the cartilage, and a
small ossiculum resting in front of the teeth, usually removed with
the animal.

Anatina papyracea.

Fig. 28.

Shell thin, fras-ile, white, rounded-ovate, inequipartite, the shorter part nar-
rowed and truncated ; tooth narrow, directed obliquely forwards.

Anatina papyratia, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. ii. 314. — Tottev, Silliman's Journal,

xxviii. 347, fig. 1.
Anatina papyrarea, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 47. — Stimpson, Shells of New England,

22,— De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 235, pi. 31, fig. 300.

ANATINA. C7

Shell small, broadly rounded-ovate, fragile and thin, white and
pearly; the right valve most convex ; inequipartite, the posterior
or shorter side narrowed, and at the tip clii)ped, and moderately
gaping; margin, from the beak backward, a
straight line ; the rest of the outline regularly ^'°- ^^2-

curved with a slight inflection of the posteal
ventral margin ; beaks placed about one third
of the length of the shell from the posterior
extremity, moderately prominent, inclining
forwards, and cleft across the middle ; from
the beaks to the lower posterior angle runs A.papyracea.

an elevated, angular ridge ; surface finely

marked by the Unes of growth, with vestiges of a yellowish white
epidermis; interior pearly; tooth long and narrow, slightly con-
cave, directed obliquely across the shell, suj^ported beneath by a
short, sharp, elevated rib ; muscular and pallial impressions very
superficial. Ossiculum somewhat like two crescents joined at the
extremities, fitting in front of the teeth. Length, thirteen twen-
tieths of an inch ; height, one half of an inch ; breadth, one fourth
of an inch. A fine specimen taken at Anticosti Island by Dr.
Packard was three times as large.

Found in the stomachs of fishes caught off Nahant ; and taken
by dredging in Newport Harbor by Colonel Totten. In three fath-
oms, fine sand, east of Deer Island, and in four fathoms, soft mud,
off the Navy Yard ; from Cape Ann, southward ( Stimpsori) ; East-
port (^Cooper') ; Sable Island (^Willis} ; Anticosti Island (^Packard).

The animal has the foot long, cylindrical, opaque white, and
wrinkled across.

This is undoubtedly the shell described at length by Colonel
Totten, and for which he proposes the specific name frag-ilis, pro-
vided it be not the A. papijratia of Say. Mr. Say's dimensions
differ a little in their proportions from the New England shell ;
but our shells have sufficient latitude of dimensions to render this
variation of little importance.

The only shell we have that resembles it is the Macoma fusca ;
but that shell has less thickness, is equilateral, and rounded through-
out, besides the great difference of the hinge. It is also very like
Tliracia mt/opsis, but is well marked by its spoon-like cartilage
pits and acute supporting rib.

68 ANATINIDiE.

Oenus COCHLODESMA, Couthouy. 1839.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, slightly gaping at both ends ;
beaks small, cloven ; hinge a spoon-shaped process in each valve,
supported by an oblique rib, and receiving the cartilage.

Cochlodesma Leanum.

Figs. 29, 30.

Shell thin, white, sub-oval, the shorter side of the right or more convex valve
truncated ; rib-like support directed backwards.

Anatina Leana, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. vi. 263, pi. 11, fig. 11.

Cochlodesma Leana, Couthouy, Best. Joura. Nat. Hist. ii. 170. — De Kay, Nat. Hist.
New York, 236, pi. 31, figs. 299, 301. — Ciiexu, Man. de Conch, ii. 38, figs. 170,
171. — MiGHELS, Shells of Maine, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 315.

Cochlodesma Leanum, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 22.

Shell sub-oval, thin and brittle, white, with a thin, yellowish epi-
dermis ; the right valve convex, and truncated at the shorter end ;
the left valve nearly flat, and rounded at both ends ; posterior end

gaping, a little the shorter, and usually a
'"■ ■ little the narrower ; beaks very small,

scarcely prominent, cleft at one side ; a
faint, wave-like ridge passes from them to
the lower posterior angle ; surface sliglitly
wrinkled by the lines of growth, some-
what pearly beneath ; interior chalky-
white, the muscular and palleal impres-
a~L>^^m. sions superficial, pearly. The spoon-shaped

hinge process nearly horizontal, directed
across the shell, and resting on a rib-like support, directed to the
posterior muscular impression, immediately in front of which is
another thread-like branch in the direction of the cleft in the Ijeak.
Ossiculum none. Length, one and two fifths inches ; height, one
inch nearly ; breadth, nine twentieths of an inch.

Found aljout Cape Cod in almost every direction, inhabiting
sandy beaches ; also aliout Nantucket, I have never heard of it
on the north shore of Massachusetts Bay, but it is more abundant
to the south of us. From Casco Bay southward (^Stimpson) ; near
Portland (Mi<rheh') ; Nahant Beach, after a storm (^Haskell) ;
Chelsea Beach (^Monds) ; Fishing Banks (^WilUs^.

The animal has the mantle closed in front, except an opening

THRACIA. 69

for a broad, compressed foot, extending the whole length of the
small, abdominal mass ; edges of the mantle a little thickened and
Avi-inkled ; siphons long, slender, separate in their whole extent.

This genns, proposed by Mr. Conthony, has, I observe, been ad-
mitted by J. E. Gray, in the " Annals of Science," and I have
therefore adopted it without hesitation.

This species very closely resembles Mya (Cocldodesma) pr(B-
tenuis of Pennant (^Ligula prcetenuis, Montagu), but differs in being-
more rounded, less convex, less narrowed behind, and has no
signs of a granulated or shagreened epidermis, like that shell.

Genus THRACIA, Leach. 1824.

Shell inequivalve, slightly gaping at both ends ; beaks conspic-
uous, one of them perforated ; hinge with prominently thickened
margins, to which an external ligament is attached.

Thracia Conradi.

Shell tumid, thin, inequipartitc, rounded-ovate, with the smaller extremity
truncated, exterior pale ashy-white, beneath which it is pearly.

Thracia dcclivis, Conrad, Amer. Marine Conch. 44, pi. 9, fig. 2.

Thracia Conradi, Couthouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 1.53, pi. 4, fie:. 2. — De Kay,
Nat. Hist. New York, 237, pi. 28, fig. 284. — Eussell, Essex Journ. Nat. Hist,
i. 75. — MiGHELS, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 315. — .Stimpson, Shells of New
England, 23; Inv. Gr. Manan, 21. — Reeve, Elem. Conch ii. 154, fig. 130.

Shell ovate, orliicular, rounded before, narrowed and truncated
behind, thin, light and fragile, of a dingy white color ; beaks nearly
central, protuberant, turned a little backwards, that of the right
valve perforated to receive the point of the other ; the flattened
area about the ligament is large and lance-shaped, bounded by a
distinct ridge ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth,
undulated by a ridge extending from the beak to the lower poste-
rior angle, and by another broader eminence running from the
beak to the middle of the base, causing an outward curve to the
margin at that part ; the right valve is considerably larger than
the left, projecting beyond it, and much more convex. Ligament
large, protuberant, and rounded, attached within to strong, thick,
rounded eminences, Avhich run backwards from the beaks along
the edge. Interior of a chalky white color ; })allial impression
broad, \nt\\ a very deep, acute-angular sinus. A thin, In'ownish

70

ANATINID^.

epidermis is found on some portions of the shell. There is no
ossicuhmi. Length, three inches ; height, two and one half inches ;
breadth, one and one half inches.

Fig. S84.

T. Conradi.

Found perfect, and containing the living animal, on Chelsea
Beach, after violent easterly storms, and probably lives in the sand
not far from low-water mark. Single valves have been found
abundantly on Rhode Island, and also on the coast of Maine, and
in Buzzard's Bay, so that it probal)ly inhabits the whole New Eng-
land coast. Nahant Beach (Haskell) ; mouth of Pcnoljscot River
( Waldcn) ; Grand Manan ; East})ort, in six fathoms ; whole coast
(Slimpson) ; Fishing Banks ( Willis).

This is a. large and interesting shell, easily distinguished from
most of our shells by its toothless hinge ; and when the valves ha})-
pen to 1)0 f< imd united, the disparity in their size and convexity is
at once perceived. When the external coating is removed, we
come to a silvery substance like mother-of-pearl. I have a sjieci-
men, the dimensions of which are, length, four inches ; height,
three and four tenths inches; breadth, two and one tenth inches.
Dr. Prescott of Lynn has one nearly as large.

I have carefully dissected the animal, and find it to correspond
in all essential particulars with the anatomy as laid down in Kiencr.

THRACIA. 7 1

Like many others of our shells, this has had the misfortune to
have several names applied to it which it cannot claim. It is
beautifully and accurately figured by Mr. Conrad, but his synonymy
is entirely erroneous. In the " Catalogue of Animals and Plants
of Massachusetts, 1834," it is referred to under the name of Aria-
tiua convexa. In Dr. Storer's Translation of Kiener's " Iconog-
raphy," &c., it is alluded to under the supposition that it was
T. corbiiloides, to which species it is, indeed, closely allied. But
it is more equipartite, more rounded, proportionally narrower be-
hind, and its surface has not the shagreen roughness of that
shell.

Mr. Couthouy has fidly pointed out its distinctive characters,
and established it as a species, and for more minute particulars
his article in the Boston Journal may be referred to.

Thracia myopsis.

Shell small, solid, rounded oval, beaks sub-central, broadly truncate behind,
ossiculum very minute.

Thracia mijopsis, Beck, Moll., Ind. Moll. Grocnl. 18 (1842). — Morch, Fortc.sn. over
Grunl. Bloddyr in Beskrivelse af Groul. 90 (1857). — Stimpson, in fSillim. Journ.
IS'jS; Inv. Gr. Manan, 21.

Thracia Couthoui/i, Stimpson, New England Shells, 23 (1851) ; Proc. Best. Soc. iv. 13.

Shell small, white, orbicular-ovate, compressed ; beaks nearly me-
dian, narrowed and rounded in front, more pointed
and truncate behind, gaping ; surface with rather Fig^ss.

elevated concentric lines ; hinge callus thickened
backwards, without any distinct spoon-cavity. Os- 0:J^
siculum very minute.

Length, one inch ; height, seven tenths of an j, „,ygp^i^ *
inch.

Found in Masstichusetts Bay and Eastport, Me., in the Coralline
zone; Grand Manan (^Stimpsori} ; Greenland {Mo Her) ; Labrador
(^Packard).

Animal with the mantle closed ; foot large and tongue-shaped ;
siphons free, long, fringed at aperture ; branchiae unequal, the ex-
ternal comb smallest.

* I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Stimpson for an opportnnity of figuring this
species. — W. G. B.

LjIL?

72 mactradj:.

Thracia truncata.

Shell small, rather solid, beaks posterior, broadly truncate behind, hinge-pit
elongated.

Thracia truncata, Migh. and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 38, pi. 4, fig. 1 (1842).
— Stimi^son, Shells of New England, 22 (18.51); Mar. Invert. Gr. Manan, 21
(1853) ; Check Lists, Smith. Inst. 3. — Morch, Gronl. BliJddyr, 18 (1857).

Shell small, ovate-triangular, compressed, white, rather solid ;
beaks at posterior fourth, anterior disk semi-oval, posterior trian-
gular, abruptly truncate at tip, posterior dorsal margin rapidly slop-
ing ; a ridge passes from the beaks to the posterior
Fig. 386. ventral angle ; anterior dorsal margin nearly hori-

zontal ; surface with numerous and conspicuous lines
of growth, and covered by a pale yellowish epider-
T. truncata. n^is ; bcaks Small, that of the right side moderately
excavated to receive that of the left. Interior clear
white. Ligament rather large and prominent. Hinge callosity
not spoon-shaped, produced ; pallial sinus deeper than wide.

Length, three fourths of an inch ; height, half an inch ; breadth,
three tenths of an inch.

Inhabits Casco Bay, Maine (^Mighels) ; Massachusetts Bay, on
the Middle Bank (^Ayres^ ; off Lynn ( Tufts) ; east of Scituatc ;
Casco Bay, off Cheney's Head, Maine (^Siimpson) ; off Martha's
Vineyard {Ag-assiz) ; off coast of Long Island, thirty-seven fath-
oms (^ Coast Survey); Greenland (Morch).

A small species, but its solidity shows it to be mature. It is
remarkable for its short posterior half. Nor is an}' mention made
of an ossicle ; and the hinge itself hardly allows it to be brought
among typical species. Dr. Stimpson has found an ossiculum, very
small indeed, in several nistanccs.

Family MACTRAD^.

Shell equivalve, usually somewhat gaping at ends ; hinge with
an internal cartilage, and sometimes an external ligament also.
Animal with the mantle open below ; siphons united and fringed ;
gills short. i

Oeiitis MACTRA, Lam. 1799.

Shell elongated, slightly gaping at ends ; beaks prominent ;
hinge a prostrate, concave tooth to contain the cartilage, having

MACTRA.

73

at one margin a delicate, erect tooth like the letter V ; two lat-
eral teeth near the central ones. Animal with the mantle open
to the siphons, fringed ; siphons fringed ; foot kneed ; outer bran-
chial leaflet shortest.

Mactra solidissima.

Shell Large, massive, strong, oval, covered with a dirty-brown epidermis, sub-
equipartite; hinge strong, V tooth delicate; pallial impressions slightly indented
posteriorly.

Macira solidissima, Ciiemn., Conch, x. 350, t. 170, fig. 1656 (hinge). — Dillwyn, Catal.

i. 140. — Wood, Index, pi. 6, fig. 22. — Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch. 64, pi. 14,

fig. 7. — PiiiLiPPi, Abbild. t. 1, fig. 2. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 20;

Invert. Gr. Manan, 21. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 229, pi. 29, fig. 286.
Mactra gigantea. Lam., An. sans Vert. vi. 97. — Deshayes, Encyc. Meth. Vers, ii. 394,

pi. 259, fig. I (1830). — Chenu, 111. Conch, pi. 1, fig. 2; Man. de Conch, ii. 56, fig.

231. — MiGHELS, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 315.
Mactra luteal a, Loven, MSS. (young).
Mactra ponderosa, Philippi, Abbild. t. 1, fig. 1 (1844).

Shell very large and solid, transversely ovate, somewhat trian-
gular, nearly equipartite, anteriorly a little the shortest, and with

Fig. 387.

31. sotidisshna.

a fissure between the beaks ; surface slightly folded at the lines of
growth, covered with a thin, dirty-brown or straw-colored epider-

74 MACTEAD^.

mis, which is usually worn from the disk ; beaks large and protu-
berant, inclined a little forwards ; behind them is a broad, lance-
olate space, bounded by sharp ridges passing from the beaks to
the upper part of the basal angle, in which the epidermis is foli-
aceous, or very loosely wrinkled ; a much more faintly developed
areola may also be observed before the beaks. Hinge very strong,
spoon-shaped cavity very large and broad, the V tooth very deli-
cate, and adhering by a very small base, so that it is usually broken
off in the cartilage ; lateral teeth long and thin, striated on their
receiving surfaces. Muscular and pallial impressions very decided,
the posterior sinus of the latter quite shallow. Length, four and
one half inches ; height, three inches ; breadth, one and four fifths
inches.

It is found about sandy beaches on all our coast, and its inhabi-
tant is much esteemed by some as an article of food ; but it is apt
to induce severe pain. At low water it is dug out of the sand with
shovels. At higher tides, when the shell is open, the fishermen
wade into the water, thrusting a pointed stick into the sand before
them, as they walk along. If the stick happens to pass between
the valves, they are closed upon it by the animal, and the shell is
thus drawn up.

This is sufficiently characterized at maturity by its great magni-
tude, which entitles it to the name of giant clam. On the coast of
Long Island it is called beach clam and dipper clam. About Cape
Cod it is called hen (an Indian name) clam or poqnau., in distinc-
tion from the common clam which they called siki. The term po-
qiiau, by corruption and plural termination quahaug, is now applied
to the round clam (^ Venus 7ner ce naria^, ^y\nlG the latter term has
become obsolete. The Indians used them as hoes to hill corn with.
" In some places of the country there be clams as big as a penny
white loaf" {Wooers Neio England Prospect). No other species
of the genus approaches it in size except the next, from which it
may be distinguished at all stages by its striated lateral teeth. The
largest specimen I have seen measures six and one fourth inches
in length, four inches in height, and two and one half inches in
breadth. It preserves its general features through all ages, ex-
cept that, when young, it is more nearly equipartite, and, after it
has attained its full dimensions, it acquires great weight and thick-
ness. Some s}>ecimens oljtained in Provincetown Harljor, where
there are no rocks and little surf, are very light, thin, and white.

A specimen from the cabinet of Colonel Totten, which he found

MACTEA. 75

at Newport, I presume to be the M. similis of Say. 'Whether it be
simply a variety of M. solkUssima or not, I will not presume to de-
cide from this one specimen ; and as it is not strictly a Massachu-
setts shell, I shall merely notice it in this way. The shell has cer-
tainly quite a different aspect. It is triangular, the beaks are more
elevated, the marginal outlines are straight, and the comparative
duncnsions vary as follows : —

M. soUdissima, length, one and four fifths inches; height, one
and three twentieths inches ; breadth, three fifths of an inch.

M. similis, length, one and four fifths inches; height one and
four tenths inches ; breadth, four fifths of an inch.

[No doubt is now entertained of their distinctness.]

M. ponderosa of Philip})! I should regard as a form of this spe-
cies and not of the following.

Dr. Stimpson found in abundance a most extraordinary form,
short and ventricose, but with the striated teeth and general char-
acters of the species. Its relative dimensions were, length, three
and one eighth inches ; height, two and one half inches ; breadth,
one and one half inches ; . and these proportions are maintained
through the very young specimens. It inhabits Grand Manan, and
may be called var. curta.

Our species all belong to that subdivision of the old Linncan
genus which Dr. Gray calls Spisula.

I have received a shell, about three fourths of an inch long,
from Dr. Loven of Stockholm, which he calls M. luteola. I can-
not perceive that it differs from the young of this shell, of a cor-
responding size.

Mactra ovalis.

Fig. 32.

Shell large, thick, obovato, coarse, nearly equipartite, covered with a tough,
dusky-brown epidermis; V tooth strong; lateral teeth not striated; sinus of pal-
lial impression deep.

Mactra similis. Gray, Append, to Beechey's Voyage, pi. 44, fig. 8.

Macira grandis, Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th. Vers, ii. 395, not M. grandis of Chemnitz and

others. — Migiiels, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 31G.
Mactra ovaUs, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 53. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 230. —

MiDDENDORFF, Siber. Reise (Moll.) 103. — Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 36.
Macira poiidei-osa, Sti.mpsox, Shells of New Eughiiid, 20.
Mactra poJynijma, Stimpson, Check List, East Coast Shells, 3.

Shell large, thick and coarse, somewhat compressed, sub-oval, a
little shortest anterior to the beaks, and, the anterior slope of the

76

MACTRAD^.

hinge margin being slightly concave, it is there somewhat nar-
rowed ; posterior slope convex, extremity slightly gaping, base reg-
ularly curved ; beaks but little elevated ; before, there is a short,
faintly defined areola ; behind them is another portion bounded by
an elevated line extending from the beaks to near the lower an-
gle, and here the epidermis is very coarsely and loosely wrinkled ;
the surface has a rugged appearance from the coarse lines of
growth, and is rendered still more rugged by the folds of the
thick, strong, dusky-brown epidermis in the same direction. In-

Fig. 388.

M. ovalis.

terior bluish-white ; hinge-supports strong and smoothly rounded ; V
tooth strong and firm, having the anterior side in the right valve
much more elevated than the posterior ; lateral teeth short and
slender, not striated ; muscular and pallial impressions rather su-
perficial ; sinus of the latter deep. Length, three and one half
inches ; height, two and one fourth inches ; breadth, one and one
fourth inches.

Found at the Bank fisheries, in the stomachs of fish. Eastport
and Grand Manan, at low-water mark, large and plentifvd ; and
southward to Cape Cod (Stimpson) ; Sable Islaiul (Wil/is) ; Gulf of
St. Lawrence (^Bell). The young, from a fourth of an inch to an
inch in length, are found abundantly in fish caught in Boston Har-
bor. At least, they differ from the young of M. solidissima, and
correspond in external proportions and appearance to our shell,
and the teeth are slender and without striae. Middcndorff gives
the Sea of Ochotsk, and Wossnessenski gives Behring's Straits as

MACTRA. 77

localities ; but I apprehend that M. falcata, Gould, is the species
retbrred to.

This shell is inferior in size to the 31. soUdissima only. The
largest valve I have seen measures four and one fifth by two and
four fifths inches. In general it is found smaller than the dimen-
sions given. Such specimens have a straw-colored epidermis.

Its size, shape, and surface distinguish it from M. grandis,
Chemn., 31. solida, and all other known species except 31. soUdis-
sima. Compared with that more common shell, it differs in its
coarser surface, its thick, dusky epidermis, its less elevated beaks
and less convex valves, the longer and less elevated anterior por-
tions, the rough, oval portion behind the beaks embracing more
of the shell, the more feeble hinge, the stout and firm V tooth,
and the deep sinus of the pallial impression.

I have very little doubt that this is the shell described by De-
shayes as 31. grandis. The description corresponds well. But,
as it is not figured or quoted by other authors, and the habitat
was not known to him, it is impossible to decide with certainty.
Singularly enough too, Deshayes himself does not cite it in his
new edition of Lamarck. Provided it be the same, however, the
specific name must necessarily be changed, as his name was pre-
viously given to a different species by Chemnitz.

This appears to be the same species, a small specimen of which
is figured by Mr. Gray in the Appendix to Beechey's Voyage,
under the name of 31. similis. This name is preoccupied by Mr.
Say.

It is objected that the name ovalis has been used for a fossil
species ; but if the generic term Spisnla be adopted, this shell will
retain the above name. As before observed, Philippi's ponderosa
appears to me to represent a variety of 31. soUdissima, rather than
this species.

Mactra lateralis.

Tigs. 34, 35.

Shell small, triangular, very convex, nearly equipartite ; beaks elevated, the
spaces before and behind them broad heart-shaped.

Mactra lateralis, Say, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sc. ii. 309. — Covrad, Amer. Mar. ronch. 62,
pi. 14, %. 4. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 230, pi. 29, fig. 287. — Philippi,
Abbild. pi. 1, fig. 3.

Shell small, triangular, tumid, nearly smooth, shining ; nearly
equipartite, the posterior part somewhat prolonged, and sloping

78 mactradj:.

less rapidly than the anterior part ; ends rounded ; beaks elevated,
not meeting, pointed, and inclined forwards; the regions before
and behind the beaks are broad, flattened, and more or less heart-
shaped, defined by slightly elevated ridges ; surface finely marked

by the lines of growth, white, covered with a
Fig. 389. thin, dirty-brown epidermis ; hinge strong, the

pit for the cartilage being a small recess pen-
etrating deeply into the beaks ; before it is a
strong, prominent V tooth, and on eacli side
of it, in the left valve, is a stout and promi-
MTTauraiis. ucut lateral tooth, and in the other a deep fossa

with elevated sides to receive it ; cavity of the
beaks deep ; muscular impressions deep ; pallial impressions dis-
tinct, with a shallow sinus posteriorly ; interior clear glossy-white.
Length, half an inch; height, seven twentieths of an inch; breadth,
three tenths of an inch.

Tlic siphons of the animal are yellow, long, and slender, the
upper one with a short valve, and l^luish above ; the lower one
fringed.

The only places where I have found this shell living are the
inlets of the salt marshes between Roxbury and Boston. But all
the flats which have been drained by the erection of the Milldam
have a layer of them just beneath the surface ; and vast numbers
were unearthed in throwing up the embankments for the railways
which cross them. They doubtless exist plentifully in the full
basin on the other side of the Milldam. They are found abun-
dantly at New Bedford also, and I know them to be common about
Rhode Island. Plentiful in coves near Lynn ; Charles River at
Brighton Bridge. Near Charleston, S. C, it is plentiful in sandy
mud flats.

It assumes very various forms, depending mostly on age. When
young, the shell is thin, rather compressed, and the beaks are in-
conspicuous and touching each other. By age it becomes very
tliick and turgid, the beaks elevated and widely separated, and
the height of the shell often equals its length.

The small, deeply penetrating pit of the hinge is very peculiar.

The dimensions of one from the track of the Providence Rail-
road is as follows : length, nine tentlis of an incli ; lieight, eight
tenths of an inch ; breadth, six tenths of an inch. It is repre-
sented at Figure 34 of the first edition.

It is not likely to be mistaken for any other species. The young

CUMINGIA. 79

of M. soUdissima and M. ovalis arc much less triangular, and of
a Tcrj different aspect. It has more the proportions of M. solida
of Em'ope.

Ocntis CUMINGIA, Broderip and Sowerby. 1833.

Shell ovate, inequipartite, eqnivalve ; a shallow, spoon-shaped
cardinal tooth, and a single small tooth hj its side in each valve,
and a strong lateral tooth on both sides in one valve only ; pallial
impression with a large sinns.

Cumingia tellinoides.

Fig. 36.

Shell ovate-triangular, thin, white, nearly equipartite, pointed and warped
behind ; surfoce with sharp, elevated lines of growth.

Mactra tellinoides, Conrad, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi. 258, pi. 9, figs. 2, .3 ; Amor. Mar.

Conch. 60, pi. 14, tig. 2. — Russell, Essex Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 53. — De Kay, Nat.

Hist. New York, 233.
Cumingia tellinoides, Conrad, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. vii. 234. — Gould, Inv. 1st etl., fig.

36. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 20.

Shell elongated, triangular-ovate, thin, fragile, bluish-white;
nearly equipartite, anteriorly broad, tumid, and regularly rounded ;
posteriorly compressed, warped, ending in a rounded point, the
margin declining more rapidly than in front ; beaks
raised, not inclining to either end. Stages of growth ^'s- 390.
marked by sharp, raised ridges, which are crossed by
microscopic, radiating lines ; in front of the beaks is a
small, well-defined areola. Within, glossy-white; pit c. leiunoides.
for the cartilage shallow, directed slightly backwards ;
in front of it, in each valve, is a linear tooth forming part of its
wall, and at its side a fossa for receiving the corresponding tooth ;
lateral teeth distinct in the right valve, but wanting in the left,
the anterior one longest. Muscular impressions faint, pallial im-
pression far within the shell, Tvith a broad, deep indentation oppo-
site the base. Length, three fifths of an inch ; height, nine twen-
tieths of an inch ; width, one fifth of an inch.

Found alumdantly in the region of New Bedford, Martha's Vine-
yard, and probably may be found everywhere south of Ca})e Cod.

Its warped, slightly folded end gives it the aspect of a Tellina.
Its shape and surface are similar to those of Corhida contracta of

80 • macteadj:.

the same size. The raised Hnes are, however, thin, elevated, sharp
ill this, wliile in C. contracta they are thick and rounded, and the
shell is so much more compressed as to preclude mistake.

A species of this genus is found in the West Indies, perhaps the
same, and one or two more have been found in the Pacific ; and
these are all the species at present known.

From an examination of the animal, Dr. Stimpson has trans-
ferred this genus to the family Tellimdce. The siphons are quite
separate, and the warped posterior part would justify this change.

Oeiius CERONIA, Gray, 1849,

Shell oval, wedge-shaped, truncated posteriorly ; lateral teeth
sub-equal, compressed, furrowed. Siphonal sinus distinct.

Ceronia arctata.

Fig, 39.

Shell sub-triangular, very inequilateral, truncated posteriorly, smooth and cov-
ered by a shining yellow epidermis ; lateral teeth straight, striated,

Madra arctata, Conrad, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi. 257, pi. 11, fig. I (1830),

Mactra deaurata, Conkad, Anier. Mar. Conch. 59, pi. 14, fig. 1,

Mactra suhtriangidata, Wood, Index, Suppl. pi. 1, fig, 10. — Griffith's, Cuv. (Mollusca)

pi. 22, fig 4.
Mesodesma arctata, Gould, Invert. 1st ed. 57. — Stimfson, Shells of New England, 20,

— De Kay, New York Moll, 231, pi, 23, fig. 288.
Ceronia arctata, Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 79, fig. 340.

Shell sub-triangular, wedge-shaped, thick and strong, very in-
equipartite, the posterior part very short, forming the base of the
wedge, its lower point truncated ; upper margin straight ; ante-
rior part narrowed, regularly rounded, as
Fig. 391-^^ jg ^jgQ iJTig ventral margin ; beaks very

slightly elevated, erect ; a sharp ridge
passes from them to the hinder and lower
angle ; surface with occasional rounded
ridges at the stages of growth, covered
with a thin, golden-yellow epidermis re-
_ , . fleeting a metallic lustre ; hinge com-

C. arctata. " ' '-^

posed of a very deep, spoon-shaped cav-
ity for the cartilage ; a long V tooth opening at a very acute
angle, and on each side a straight lateral tooth, partially double in
the right valve, their articulating surfaces striated; posterior tooth

CERONIA. 81

much the shorter ; muscular impressions well defined, connected
by the simple pallial impression with a small posterior sinus of
about the size of" the rounded, muscular impression at its side.
Length, one and one half inches ; lieight, one inch ; breadth, eleven
twentieths of an inch. I have seen a specimen from Anticosti
Island measuring two and one fourth inches in length, and one
and five eighths inches in lieight.

Found abundantly at Plumb Island below Newburyport, and on
Nahant Beach ; vast numbers are also thrown up on the outer side
of Cape Cod; at Nantucket it is rare. At Sable Island {Willis},
and all along the southeast shore of the St. Lawrence River ; some-
times found fossil in its banks at a height of fifteen to fifty feet
(Bell).

There is no longer any question as to the specific value of this
shell ; the deauraia of Turton being the same as since described
as M. Jauresii.

Ceronia deaurata.

Fig. 33.

Shell ovate, triangular, thick, antiquated, coarsely ridged concentrically, inequi-
partite, lateral teeth very strong, curved, faintly striated.

Maclra deaurata, Turton, Dithyra Brit. 71, pi. .5, fig. 8 (1830). — Flemivg, Brit. An.

427.
Mactra denticulata, Gray in Wood's Ind. Test. Suppl. pi. 1, fig. 9.
Mesodemiia denticulata, Gray, Cuv. An. Kingd. (GriiF. ed.) pi. 22, fig. 2.
Mesodesma Jauresii, De Joannis, Mag. de Zool. Moll. 183t, pi. 54. — Gould, Invert.

1st ed. 58. — De Kay, Moll, of New York, 231. — T. Mijller, Synops. Test.

Viv. 221.
Mesodesma diauratum, Hanlet, Kecent Shells, 39, Suppl.pl. 1, fig. 9. — Forbes and

HwL. Brit. Moll. i. 346.
Ceronia Jauresii, CuisNU, Man. de Conch, ii. 79, fig. 342. — Adams, Genera, ii. 414, pi.

106, figs. 3, 3 a.
Paphia deauraia, Gray, Br. Mus. Coll. (Br. Moll.) 157 (1851).
Erycina denticulata, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825 ; Griffith's Cuv. t. 22, fig. 2.

Shell ovate, triangular, thick and massive, surface rising into
ridges at the stages of growth, and covered by a coarse, dusky-
brown epidermis ; very inequipartite, behind short and regularly
rounded to the base where there is an abrupt turn, and the basal
margin continues in nearly a straight line, or is a little arched ;
hinge margin also a straight line or slightly concave, anteriorly
regularly rounded ; beaks scarcely rising at all, not inclined for-
wards ; greatest width of shell midway between the beaks and

82 KELLIAD^.

anterior extremity. Spoon-shaped cavity for the cartilage very
deep ; on its anterior edge is the vestige of a short, widely diverg-
ing V tooth, which will seldom he found, as it is scarcely possible
to open the valves without destroying it.
On each side is a very strong, curved lat- ^ig- 392.

eral tooth, with a pit above it for the re-
ception of the tooth of the opposite side ;
the anterior tooth much longer than the
posterior, and supported beneath by a
thickening of the shell ; striae on the teeth
very faint. Witliin glossy-white ; muscu- c. deaumta.

lar impressions profound, united by a sim-
ple pallial line which has a small semicircular sinus behind.
Length, one and three fourths inches ; height, one and one twen-
tieth inches ; breadth, seven tenths of an inch.

Brought from Nova Scotia ( Willis} and from Grand and George's
Banks. I am not aware that it has actually been found in the
waters of this State.

The distinctive marks in comparison with C. arctata are its
coarse, rough exterior, its longer and uncut posterior side ; its very
peculiar outline when viewed from above, on account of its breadth
anteriorly ; and its strong, curved, nearly smooth lateral teeth. Mr.
Hanley has decided that the shell described by Turton under this
name was not a British shell, but was introduced from America,
and is identical with the shell since described as C. Jauresii.

Family KELLIAD^.

• Shells minute, equivalve, hinge very variable, pallial impression
without sinus ; animal with only one siphonal opening (anal) ; man-
tle anteriorly folded into a tube ; foot grooved ; branchial leaflets
separate.

Genus KEL.L.IA, Turtox. 1822.

Shell somewhat globular, equivalve, closed ; hinge with two ap-
proximate teeth and a remote lateral tooth in one valve, and a con-
cave tooth and a remote lateral one in the other ; pallial scar entire.
Animal with closed mantle, with a single elongated siphon and
lanceolate foot.

KELLIA. 83

Kellia planulata.

Fig. 33.

Shell sub-oval, white, with a thin purplish epidermis; beaks prominent.

Kellia rubra, Gould, Invert, of Mass. 1st ed. 60 (non aiict).
Kellia planulata, Stimpson, Shells uf New EiighuKl, 17.

Shell minute, rather thick, sub-oval, very iiiequipartite, rather
compressed ; beaks rather prominent and in contact, having before
them a deeply excavated, elongated, smooth areola ; ends broadly
rounded, especially the posterior tip ; basal margin scarcely curved
and noarlv parallel with the superior maro:in ; surface

' ^ ^ - Fig. 393.

marked with the lines of growth, eroded at the l)caks,
and covered with a purplish or dirty-brown, rather
thick, epidermis. Within white and glossy ; two mus-
cular impressions, and the pallial line directly con-
necting them, without any sinus, quite perceptible.
Hinge consists, in the right valve, of a narrow, erect, central tooth,
and an imperfect one each side, slightly detached from the edge
of the valve ; in the left valve, of a well-defined tooth on each side,
barely separated fn^m the edge of the valve, leaving a triangular
vacancy between them to receive the central tooth of the opposite
valve. Length, one sixth of an inch ; height, one eighth of an
mch ; breadth, one sixteenth of an inch.

Several specimens of this minute shell were found by Mr. C. F.
Shiverick in the harbor of New Bedford. I have also found it about
the roots of sea-weed, which seems to be its proper situation. Buz-
zard's Bay in three fathoms gravel (^Prime and Stiinpson) ; Boston
Harbor in five fathoms, shelly bottom ( Stimpsori) ; Sable Island
(W7///.S) ; Gull Island (Smith).

Dr. Stimpson, by actual comparison Avith European specimens,
has decided this to be distinct from K. rubra^ where I formerly
placed it. It is more compressed in form, and the beaks are less
conspicuous.

Kellia suborbicularis.

Sliell rounded quadrate, white, inflated, fragile, translucent; two teeth in one
of the valves.

Ml/a siihorbiai'arlx, Mont. Test. Brit. 39, 504, pi. 26, fig. 6; Linn. Trans, viii. 41. —

DiLLw. Recent Shells, i. 5.5.
Tellina suhorhir.uJaris, Turt. Conch Diet. 179.
Petricola suborbicularis, Gkay, Ann. Philos. 1825.

84 KELLIADiE.

Telliimja sitborh/'aiJan's, Broavn, Illustr. Conch. Gr. Brit, 106, pi. 42, figs. 14, 15.

Erycina suborbicukuis, Recluz, Revue Zool. 1844.

Kellia suhorbicularis, Turt. Ditliy. Brit. 56, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6. — Flem. Brit. An. 430. —
Macgilliv. Moll. Aberd. 276; Brit. Mar. Conch. 51. — Alder, Cat. Korthumh.
and Diirh. Moll. 9.3. — Wood, Index Tcstaceol. pi. 3, fig. 37. — Hanley, Recent
Shells, i. 43, pi. 3, fig. 37. — Forbes and Hanl., Brit. Moll. ii. 87, pi. 18, figs. 9, 9 a,
9^), and pi. 0, fig. 4 (animal). — Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 125, fig. 598. — Wood-
ward, Man. of Moll. 294. — Adams, Genera, ii. 475, pi. 114, figs. 8, 8o, 8i, 8c. —
LovEx, Ind. Moll. Scand. 44. — Cahpentek, Catal. of Mazatl. Moll. 105. — Gkav,
Coll. Br. Mus. (Br. Moll.) 83.

Animal witli a front opening in the mantle, where it is produced
into a large, thin, simple tube a little below this, for the passage of
a slender grooved foot, and behind for a single short siphon seldom
protruded.

Shell very variable in form, from quadrangular with rounded cor-
ners, to rounded or ovate-triangular, swelled, thin and fragile, white
with a very thin, somewhat iridescent epidermis ; beaks

Fig. 394. nearly median, small, pointed, inclining inwards rather

.,;:^^^^a^ than forwards ; no luiiule ; margins nearly parallel,
^^ squared behind, with the angles rounded, anterior dor-

K suborbicuiaris. ^^^ margin a little declining, so that the anterior por-
tion is less elevated and more rounded than the pos-
terior, though often squarish at the upper angle. Within white and
shining. Plinge with an elongated triangular plate behind the liga-
ment, with an erect tooth under the apex in the right valve, and two
in the left valve, the more central one the larger, erect or recurved,
separated from the other by a triangular space caused by its greater
inclination forwards, though united at base. Length, about one
third of an inch (though sometimes approaching half an inch) ;
height, nearly as great as length ; breadth, one fourth of an inch.
. Habitat a little uncertain, but two separate lots were found among
Massachusetts and Halifax shells. It is common in the English
waters and in Norway, where it is found in crevices of old shells
and rocks, and among the roots of sea-weed.

The specimens were very carefully compared with European speci-
mens, and no doubt is left as to their identity. The resemblance in
form and size to Sphccrium elegans is quite remarkable, and it may
be pretty readily recognized by its squared and symmetrical form.

Ociius TURTOIVIA, Alder. 1849.

Shell minute, equi valve, very inequipartite, closed at both ends ;
ligament external ; hinge with two adjacent teeth in front, the an-

TURTONIA. . 85

torior one laminar ; pallial sinus simple. Animal with the mantle
widely open anteriorly, a single very slender siphonal tube at the
shorter end, and an ample, angulated foot proceeding from the
longer end.

Turtonia minuta.

Shell with the beaks near the anterior end, elongated-oval, compressed, um-
bones deep purple, becoming pale at margin.

V^nus minuta, 0. Fabr. Faun. Gi*. 412.

^I^a purpurea, Mont. Test. Br. Siippl. 21. — ^ Tdrt. Conch. Diet. 102. — Wood, Gen.
Conch. 100. — DiLLW. Recent Shells, i. 46.

ii[ontacuta? purpurea, Hanl. Br. Mar. Conch. 25, fig. 14.

Erycina purpurea, Recluz, Revue Zool. 1844, 329.

Lascea minuta, Moller, Ind. Moll. Gra'nl. 20.

Saxicava purpurea. Brown, 111. Conch. Gr. Br. 103.

Cijamium ? minulum, Loven, Ind Moll. Scandin. 42.

Turtonia miuuia, AhVER, Cat. Northumb. Moll. 95. — Forbes and TTaxl. Br. Moll. ii.
81, pi. 18, fiiis. 7, 7 A, and pi. O, fig. 1 (animal). — Stimi'son, Shells of New Eng-
land, 16. — MoLLER, Moll. Grceul. 19.

Shell very minute, ovate, rather convex, fragile, semi-transparent,
beaks at about the anterior third, elevated, inclined forwards,
smooth, and somewhat shining ; straw-colored, blend-
ing into dark purple at the beaks and posterior slope ;
depressed in front of the beaks so that the anterior
portion is less elevated than the posterior, then pass-
ing round in a regular elliptical sweep into the ventral T~^uta.
margin, which is very gently curved ; posterior dorsal
margin very nearly straight, towards the end sweeping somewhat
more rapidly than the ventral margin, so that the end is sharper
than the front end, and the point below the median line. The an-
terior dorsal margin dilates a little so as to form a triangular jut-
ting just under the beak, and there sometimes appears a more mi-
nute one ]3y the side of it ; and there appears to be a very minute
furrow along the posterior edge, not seen without a powerful mag-
nifier. Colors of the interior like those of exterior ; pallial line
without a notch. Length, about one twelfth of an inch ; height, one
fifteenth of an inch ; breadth, one twentieth of an inch.

Found in crevices of shells and rocks, and among the roots of
sea-weeds.

This little shell, so dif^cult to analyze, is recognized without
much difficulty by its color, which is similar to that of Kellia planu-
lata, but the shell is longer and more compressed. Like other
shells which adhere to floating objects, it is found in widely remote
localities. It is found everywhere in North Atlantic waters.

86 gastrochj:nid.e.

Oemis MONT ACUTA, Turton. 1819.

Shell ovate or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, nearly closed ;
hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity between them ; lat-
eral teeth none.

Montacuta elevata.

Shell ovate, triangular, beaks tumid, elevated, nearly central, disk flattened
below the middle ; tooth on the shorter side oblique, and excavated for the recep-
tion of the ligament.

ifontacHta hidentata, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st cd. 59 (non auct ).
Montacuta elevata, SxiMPSGN, iShells of New England, 16 (1851).

Shell minute, fragile, white within and without, or with a very
thin straw-colored epidermis, ovate-triangular; Ijeaks nearly central,
nearest the broader end, acute and prominent, inclined inwards and
slightly forwards ; upper margins sloping rapidly from the
Fig. 393. beaks in a gentle curve ; both ends obtusely rounded ; sur-
face shining, Ijut rendered somewhat scabrous or rough by
numerous loosely cohering edges of the stages of growth ;
its only variation in color consisting in the opacity or
transparency of its substance ; very tumid, Init the disk
is compressed below so as to make the shell more or less
wedge-like. Within polished, destitute of any apparent muscular or
pallial impressions, except in very old specimens, but faintly marked
with radiating lines. Hinge consisting of two teeth, diverging from
the beaks, so as to leave a triangular vacancy between them ; one
of them considerably elevated, and more so in one valve than in the
other ; that on the shorter slope scarcely rises at its tip above the
edge of the valve, and its inner surface is excavated, and receives
the ligament. Length, nearly one fifth of an inch ; height, one sixth
of an inch ; breadth, one tenth of an inch.

Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick in New Bedford Harbor; King's
Beach, Swampscott {Haskell) ; Chelsea Beach, thrown up alive
( Stimpsori) .

Family GASTROCH^NID^.

Shell equivalve, generally gaping, hinge very simjile, often en-
closed in a tube ; animal club-shaped, si])hons very long, imited to
near tips ; mantle closed, except for a worm-like foot ; generally
borers.

SAXICAVA. 87

Oeniis SAXICAVA, Fleurian de Bellevue. (1802.)

Shell cl<3ngate, irregular, inequipartite, slightly gaping at each
end. Hinge generally toothless or witli only a rudimentary tooth
in each valve ; beaks small ; ligament external, long, strong ; pallial
sinus narrow and deep.

Saxicava rugosa.

Shell multiform, generally oblong, rounded before and truncate behind, with a
prominent ridge from the beaks to the lower posterior angle ; surface rough.

MijtiJm rugosus, Penn. Br. Zool. iv. 110, pi. 63 fig. 72. — Montagu, Test. Brit. 42. pi. 1.

fig. 1. — DoNOv. Br. Shells, iv. 141, fig. 141 ; Linn. Trans;, viii. 105; Dorset Catal.

39, pi. 13, fig. 5. — TuRT. Conch. Diet. 113. — Dillw. Recent Shells, i. 304. —

Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 12, fig. 9.
Saxicaca riiqoxa. Lam. An. sans" Vert. 2(1 ed. vi. 152; Spec, of Shells, Engl, ed. 50. —

TuRT. Dyth. Brit. 20, pi. 2, fig. 10. — Browx, III. Conch. Gr. Brit. 103, pi. 47,

figs. 14, 16. — Crouch, Introd Conch, pi. 5, fig. 3. — Sowerby, Gen. (Saxicava)

fij:s. 2, 3, 4. — Reeve, Conch. Icon. i. pi. 50, figs. 2, 3, 4. — Woodward, Man. of

Moll. 320, pi. 22, fig. 13. — Hani.ey, Recent Shells, Suppl. 50. — Forbes and Hanl.

Hist. Brit. Moll. i. 146, pi. 6, figs. 7, 8, pi. F, fig. 6 (animal). —Chenu, Man. de

Conch, ii. 25^ fig. 1 11. — Adams, Gen. 349, pi. 94, figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6 (animal). — Stimp-

SON, Mar. Inv. Gr. Manan, 22 ; Shells of New England, 25.
Ulntella riir/osn, Flem. Br. Anini. 461 ; Brit. Mar. Conch. 58.
Mi/fi/u'i /)Iioladis, MuLLER, Zoo). Dan. pi. 87, fi^s. 1, 2, 3.
Saxicava pholadis. Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 152. — Turt. Dyth. Brit. 21, pi. 2,

fig. 11. — Hanl. Recent Shells, .50. — Guerin, Mag. de Zool. 1841, pi. 40.
Saxicnve ride'e, Chenu, Trait. Elem. 58, figs. 197, 198
Bjssowija pholadis, Bowditch, Bivalves, fig. 43. — De Blainv. Man. 572, pi. 80, figs.

5, 5 a.
Mi/(i hyssi/era, O. Fabr. Fauna Gnenl. 408.
Saxicava distortti, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. ii. 318 (1822). — Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed.

62. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 227, pi. 33, figs. 309 «, 309 6.

Animal with the mantle lobes united in front ; siphons large,
vmited nearly to their ends, which are fringed, the anal opening
furnished with a transparent tubular valve ; o])eiiing for the foot
small ; foot finger-like, with a byssal groove ; gills narrow, unequal,
prolonged into the siphon.

Shell ol)long-oval, coarse, white, very irregular in shaj^e ; inequi-
valve, the right valve projecting over the left except at the sliorter
end ; inequilateral, the anterior side rounded and generally of about
one half the length of the other side, but the beaks are sometimes
nearly terminal ; the posterior end is most frequently truncated,
but at other times rounded ; gaping ; beaks rather prominent, from

88 GASTROCILENID^.

which two ridges or elevated lines run liackwards, one near the
margin, and the other to the lower angle, giving the included .sur-
face a lozenge shape. In some shells these lines are very distinct,
and they are armed with a series of elevated, arched scales or
spines ; the l)asal margin is usually contracted at the middle, and
slightly arched upwards ; surface coarsely marked with the lines of
growth, and irregularly undulated ; epidermis thin, dingy-yellow.
Ligament aided by the mantle, which adheres all alono: the back.
Teeth for the most part wanting ; when not wanting, a single rudi-
mentary tooth in one valve is received into a pit in the opposite
valve ; muscular impressions obscure. Length, one hicli ; height,
three fifths of an inch ; breadth, two fifths of an inch.

Found adhering to marine olyects. They may almost always be
found among the roots of fuci, which are thrown up ])y storms, ad-
hering to stones, shells, &c. The best I have ever obtained were
taken from a log drawn out of one of our timber docks, to which
they were adhering by a silken Ijyssus issuing from the middle of
the base.

The foot of the animal is of a bright orange-color.

This shell is a perfect Proteus, of whicli no description can be
given that is not liable to mislead. I think there can be little doubt
that the same shell exists on the European shores, and that it has
been already described under at least one name. But, as I have not
the means of arriving at certainty on this point, I have chosen, until
better satisfied, and as it will introduce no new name, to retain that
which Mr. Say applied to it. [Changed in the present edition.

In the first place it would come under the genus Bt/ssomi/a, on
account of its being furnished with a byssus. But a majority of the
best modern conchologists regard this circumstance as of little im-
portance, and consequently reject the genus. Some specimens cor-
respond well with the description of S. pholadis, Lam., the 3I//a
byssifera, Fabr. These are found in places where their regular
growth is unobstructed. Other specimens, and especially adult
ones, seem not to vary from *S'. rug-osa. Nothing could apply liet-
ter to our shell than Turton's descrii^tion of Mijtilus rus^osus, in his
" Conchological Dicti(jnary." But our shell is less likely to belong
to this than to S. phohuUs, inasmuch as, l)esides tlie presence of a
byssus, our shell is not a borer like S. mgosa; indeed, there are no
rocks on our coast of a calcareous nature.

Again, there arc small specimens in whicli the two lines or lidgcs
along the posterior slope, armed with spines, are very conspicuous,

SAXICAVA. 89

corresponding to the S. rhomhoides of Deshayes, the Mfjtilus prce-
cisus of Montagu, and doubtless the Hiatella arctica of Lamarck
(^Solen miiiutus, Lin.).

Now all these varieties are found living promiscuously together,
and, as their shape is known to be greatly modified Ijy the circum-
stances under which they are developed, the rational conclusion is,
that they all pertain to the same species ; and the i)roba))ility is,
that they are identical with the European shell ; but under what
name to place them, and whether under one or more, it is now im-
possible to say.

[It is now quite possible to say that the shell of the American At-
lantic coast is identical with that of the European and Arctic shores.
It is so multiform that Woodward states that five genera and fifteen
species have been manufactured out of varieties and conditions of
this protean species. Two species are generally admitted wdiich, in
their early stages at least, greatly resemljle each other in the two
spinous ridges along the posterior dorsal margin. But they are said
to have a constant difference in the anterior end, and in the pres-
ence or absence of an areolar space in front of the beaks. We
give a pretty extended synonymy of the two, according to latest
authorities.

Saxicava arctica.

Shell oblong, beaks at anterior fourth, rostrate in front, with a distinct areolar
space in front of the beaks ; diagonal ridge spinous.

Mya arctica, Lin. Syst. Nat. 11 1. '5. — O. Fabr. F. Groenl, 407. — Turton, Conch. Diet.

104. — Wood, Gen. Conch. 95.
Solen minutus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1115. — Mont. Test. Br. 53, pi. 1, fig- 4. — Tcrt. Conch.

Diet. 161. — Chemn. Conch. Cab. vi. 67, pL 6, figs. 51, 52. — Wood, Gen. Conch.

139, pi. 34, figs. 5, 6. — DiLLw. Eecent Shells, i. 69. — Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d

ed. vi. 57. — Wood, Lidex Test. pi. 3, fig. 33.
Mytihis pnecisus, Mont. Test. Brit. 165; Linn. Trans, vui. 112. — Dillw. Recent

Shells, 305.
Hiatella arctica. Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 443 — Flem. Br. Anim. 461 ; Br Mar.

Conch. 59. — Crouch, Litrod. pi. 8, fig. 6. — Hanley, Eecent Shells, 1.50. — Cuv.

E. Anim. pi. 110, fig. 1.
Anatina arctica, Turt. Dyth. Brit. 49, pi. 4, figs. 7, 8 ; Br. JLar. Conch. 42.
Agina purpurea, Tcrt. Dyth. Brit. 54, pi. 4, fig. 9; Br. Mar. Conch. 60.
Solen purpureus, Fle.m. Brit. Anim. 459.

Saxicava purpurea. Brown, 111. Conch. Brit. 103, pi. 42, figs. 30, 31.
Saxicava rubra, Desh. Exped. Alger. Moll. pi. 66, figs. 18, 19 (shell and animal).
Saxicava rhomhoides, Desu. in Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 153.
Saxicava arrtica, Desh. Elem. Conch, pi. 12, figs. 8, 9. — Phil. Moll. Sicil. i. 20, pi. 3,

fig. 3, ii. 19. — Macoilliv. Moll. Aherd. 285. — Loven, Ind. Moll. Suec. 40. —

Chenu, Man. de Conch, 25, fig. 113.

90 GASTROCH.ENID.E.

Iliatella minuta, Tuet. Dyth. Brit. 24, pi. 2, fig. 12.— Brown, III. Conch. Brit. 103, pi.

47, figs. 1, 16.
Ehomhoides arctica, De Blainv. Man. pi. 80, figs. 6, 6 a, 6 Z*, 6 c.

Like S. rug-osa, this shell is liable to infinite variations from age
and place, being obliged to conform in a measure to objects around
it. Amid so many varieties on lioth sides it is hard to separate the

species, and indeed it is not fully agreed that
they do not blend into one species. After much
oljservation, Forbes and Hanley declare that " the
tangible mark of distinction between arctica and
'^sTZ^um. rug-osa consists in the presence, in the former, of

var. rugnsa. ^^^ cxcavatcd luiiulc ill froiit of the beaks, which

are moreover acute, leaning forward, and, when viewed in front, suf-
ficiently prominent. The anterior extremity is more or less cunei-
form, and is always attenuated; wheieas in rugosa that portion is
usually rounded and frequently broad ; in that shell, likewise, the
downward inclination of the front dorsal margin is almost invariably
arcuated or convex, whilst in the present species it is oblique, and
for a considerable distance incurved, only becoming convex near its
ventral termination, which consequently is its most projecting part ;
the chief prominence in rugosa being, on the contrary, usually sit-
uated nearer the dorsal side."

Oemis PETRICOLA, Lam. (1801.)

Shell elongated, inequipartite, rounded before, narrowed Imck-
wards ; hinge almost toothless ; ligament exterior.

Petricola pholadiformis.

Shell ovate-eylinclrical, chalky white, very inequipartite, acutely rounded be-
fore, covered witli elevated radiating lines and ribs ; an ovate areola before the
beaks ; teeth two in each valve, one in the left valve deeply cleft.

Petricola pholadiformis. Lam An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 1.59. — Deshayes, Encyc. Mcth.
Vers, iii. 747. — Sowerby, Genera {Petricola), figs. 1,2; Tlies. Conch, pi. 166, fig. 1.

— Say, Amcr. Conch, pi. 60, fig. 1 (18.34). — Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch, pi. 7.

— Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 100, figs. 446, 447. — Reeve, Elcm. Conch, ii. 13.5,
ficr. 212.— Dk Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 228, jil. 28, fig. 282.

Petricola for 11 irata, Say, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sc. ii. 319 (1822). — Russell, Essex Co. Soc.
Jonni. i. 55.

Shell much elongated, ovate-cylindrical, chalky-white within and
without ; equivalve, very inequiijartite, the anterior part very short
and acutely rounded ; posteriorly very little narrowed, the hinge

PETRICOLA. 91

and liasal margins nearly parallel, and the extremity bluntly
rounded and a little gaping ; beaks elevated and inclined forwards ;
in front of them is a sharply ovate lunule, distinctly defined, and
marked only by the lines of growth ;
beliind them is a projecting liga- ^'^- ^^^'

ment of considerable length ; sur-
face coarsely marked by the stages
of growth, and covered with ele-
vated, radiating lines, various in
size and distance ; at tlie posterior p. phokuuformis.

hinge margin they are crowded

and very faint, while anteriorly they are largo and distant ; about
seven or eight of them are more prominent than the rest, and the
lines of grow^th rise upon them into vaulted, toothlike scales ; hinge
margin very narrow ; teeth two in each valve, seeming to rise out
of the cavity of the Ijeaks and curving upwards ; in the right valve
one tooth is prominent and furrowed ; the other, arising a little be-
fore it, and a little deeper witliin the shell, is quite short ; in the
left valve is one large, prominent tooth, so deeply divided as to re-
semble two, and directly behind it, diverging widely in the direction
of the margin, is a thin, much elevated tooth. Muscular impres-
sions faint, connected by a very deeply notched pallial impression ;
furrows within answer to ribs without. Length, one and one fourth
inches ; height, seven tenths of an inch ; breadth, three fifths of an
inch. I have seen one specimen two and one half inches long.

Found on various parts of our coast ; at Chelsea and Nahant
beaches it is found abundantly, imljedded in jutting fragments of a
marsh which once existed there, but which has been washed away
by inroads of the sea, and now only an occasional remnant lifts its
head above the surrounding sand. Also found in great quantities
boring into hard blue clay, at low-water mark, on Phillip's Beach.
Sable Island, rare (Willis}.

Deshayes remarks that it is a very extraordinary shell on account
of its exterior aspect, which would lead one to mistake it for a small
Pholas. To any one who has seen a Pliolas, the resemblance is
striking ; but the want of any wide gaping, and the articulated
hinge, at once correct the first impression ; the teeth are so long
and slender that it is a rare thing to find a specimen in which some
of them are not fractured.

The animal, according to the ol)servations of the Rev. J. L. Rus-
sell, has two tubes or siphons extending from the longer end, united

92

GASTROCH.ENID.E.

at their bases, the orifice of the one, for imbibing water, fringed
with a circle of branching or feathery filaments consisting of fom-
long and four short ones ; and the same number of obtuse points

Fig. 399.

P. pholadiformis.

without fringe surround the orifice of the other tube ; foot triangu-
lar, long, narrow, elevated ; mantle united except at the orifices for
the siphons and foot. Dr. Stimpson says the cirri at the orifice of
ihQ siphons are very variable, sometimes being entirely wanting or
only represented by tubercles.

Petricola dactylus.

Fig. 41.

Shell elongated-ovate, clialky-white, very inequipartite, covered T\-ith radiating
lines and ribs ; no areola before the beaks ; teeth, two in the right, and three in
the left valve.

Petricola darti/Jiis, Say (not Sowerby), Amcr. Conch, jjl. 60, fig. 2 (1834). — De Kay, Nat.
Hist. New York, 228, pi. 28, fig. 283.

This shell very closely resembles the preceding, and will be best
described l>y a comparison with it. It has a more ovate form, the
basal margin being considerably arcuated : the anterior extremity is
higher and ol)tusely rounded ; there is no marked areola before the
beaks, but a deep depression under them ; the ligament is longer ;
the radiating lines are more numerous, the rili-like anterior ones
are more numerous (about sixteen), less elevated, and the lines of
growth merely undulate over them without being raised into vaulted
scales ; in the right valve are two teeth similar to those in P. p/m-
ladiformis, but shorter and grooved ; in the left valve, instead of tlic
large, cleft tooth, we have two teeth, the division between them an-
swering to the cleft in the other species ; the large middle tootli is
folded, and the posterior one is very slender. Length, one and

MACOMA. 93

three fourths inch; height, three fourths of an inch; breadth, eleven
twcntietlis of an incli.

Sent to me by Dr. L. j\I. Yale from Martha's Vineyard. Gull
Island (^ Smith}.

It is a proportionally shorter and broader shell ; but its most 0I3-
vious mark of distinction is the want of an areola l)efore the beaks.

[Dr. Stimpson remarks : " I have found the differences between
this and the preceding species, mentioned by Dr. Gould, to be hi-
constant." There is much doubt in my own mind also in regard
to its title to a separate name, as I have seen no extended series
for comparison. The shell figured in Sowerby's Tliesaurus is widely
different from this, and is probably a South American species.

Family TELLINID^, Latreille.

Not more than two cardinal teeth on the same valve ; a lateral
tooth each side when not obsolete ; ligament on the shorter end ;
pallial sinus very large ; animal with long slender separate siphons ;
mantle open.

Genus MACOMA, Leach. 1819.

Shell equivalve, sub-ovate, compressed, rounded anteriorly, sub-
rostrate posteriorly, slightly gaping at ends, with posterior sub-mar-
ginal flexure ; hinge with two small cardinal teeth in each valve ;
pallial impression with a deep sinus. Animal with one simple
frinu'c on each side.

'O"

Macoma fusca.

EiG. 42.

Shell compressed, ovate-orbicular, sub-equipartite, rounded before and some-
what pointed behind; white, covered with a dusky epidermis; teeth, two in
each valve, the largest of which is grooved.

Lister, t. 405, fig. 250.

Psawmohi.(j fasca, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat Sc. v 220 (1826).

Sunyuinolaria fusca, Coxrad, Aiiier. Mar. Conch. 34, pi. 7, fig. 1 (1831). — Stimpsox, Sh.
of New Eng. 20 ; Tnv. Gr. Man. 2d ed. 21. — Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 66. -De
Kay, Nat Hist. N. Y. 212, pi. 32, fig. 304. — Mighels, Bost. Journ. N. H. iv. 317.

Tellina fusca, Phil. Abbild. t. 3, fig. 3.

Tellina inconspicuu? Sowerby, Zool. -Journ. iv. 359. — Gray, Zool. Beech. Voy. 153, pi.
41, fig. 6. — Hanley, in Soweruy, Thes. Conch. 317, pi. 59, fig. 120.

Tellina Gronlandica, Beck, see Lyell, Tr. Gcol. Soc. Lond. 1841, vi. 137, pi. 16, fig. 8.

94 TELLINIDJ;.

TelUna BaJthica, Lin.

TeJIina solidnkt, Haxlev, in Sowerhy, Thes. Conch. 318, pi. 59, figs. 109, 110. — ]\Iid-

DKND. Siber. Kcise, 100, pi. 22, figs. 3-6.
Voms frarjilis, 0. Fabk. F. Groeul. 413.

Shell thill, white, compressed, ovate-orbicular, nearly eqiiipartite,
height nearly equal to length, rounded before, somewhat narrowed
and pointed behind ; beaks minute ; an imperfect ridge or fold runs

from the beaks to the posterior termination ;

Fi". 400.

surface finely wrinkled by the lines of growth,
covered by a whitish or dusky epidermis ; liga-
ment exterior ; two unequal parallel teeth in
each valve, the large one opposing the small
one in the other valve, and deeply grooved or
cleft ; muscular imi^ressions distinct. Lenirth,

M.fusca. -IP

nine tenths of an inch ; height, seven tenths of
an inch ; breadth, seven twentieths of an inch.

The animal has a triangular foot, and long, separate, slender
siphons which may be flexed and contorted in any form ; the upper
one is longer and more slender, the lower has the orifice fringed.
When buried in the mud the siphons are protruded into the water.

This is one of our most abundant bivalve shells. It is thrown up
on every beach, and appears to live everywhere in shallow, still
water. Multitudes appear in the mud which is obtained about Bos-
ton at low tide for raising wharves, extending the land, <fec.

Eastport, rare ( Cooper') ; Halifax and Fishing Banks ( Willis) ;
up the St. Lawrence to near Quebec (Bell) ; Greenland (^Mbller) ;
James's Bay, 52° 10' (^Drexler) ; coast of Maine (^Mighels).

Its varieties in size, solidity, and color are very great. In muddy
bays they grow to a large size, are thick, and of a bluish or some-
times a rusty color, and are covered with a firm, dark epidermis.
In clean, sandy localities they are very delicate and thin, pure white
or sometimes of a delicate rose-color, or lemon-color, and the epi-
dermis is very slight.

All recent authors, except Deshayes, agree in calling this a San-
guinolaria.

It is undoubtedly identical with Tellina Grdnlandica of Beck ; and
it certainly is very like, if not identical with, Sowerby's T. incon-
spicua, published in the " Zoological Journal." The young, deli-
cate, white, or rose-tinted ones accord in every respect with T.
Balthica.

[According to subsequent observations T. inconspicua is not this

MACOMA. 95

slicll, and is much more rounded posteallj ; T. soUdula is also
believed to be ditfercnt, with the beaks removed farther back-
wards, and T. baltliica is a more delicate form of it. T. Grwrilan-
dica seems to be a rounded form, very abrupt posteally, according
with a specimen sent by Murch and named T. tetiera, Leach.

Macoma proxima.

Shell sub-oval, thin, white, covered Avith a dusky epidermis; anterior part
semi-oval, and longest, posterior termination somewhat angular ; hinge teeth two
in each valve, one of which is cleft.

Tellina sonlida, Couthouy, Best. Jom-n. Nat. Hist. ii. 59, pi. 3, fig. 11. — Mighels,
Journ. B. S. N. H. iv. 317. — Philippi, Abbild. (Tell.) pi. 3, fig. 6.

Sanguinolaria sordldn, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 67.

Tellina proxima, Gray, Zool. Bccchcy's Voy. 154, pi. 44, fig. 4. — Smith, Wcrn. Trans,
viii. 105, pi 1, fig. 21. — Haxlky, in Sowerby, Thes. Conch, i. 313, pi. 66, fig. 264,
pi. 59, fig. 115 — FoKBES and Hanl. Br. Moll. i. 307, pi. 21, fig. 1, and pi. 183, fig.
3. — Philippi, New Conch. (Tellina) ii. pi. 5, fig. 4. — Stimpsox, Inv. Gr. Manan,
21 ; Shells of New England, 21.

Tellina lata, Gmel. from figure of Lister, pi. 407, fig. 253. — Lovi:N, Moll. Scand. 41.

Tellina calcarea, Lyell, Phil. Trans. 1836. — Foubes, Mem. Gcol. Surv. i. 411.

Tellina temra, Leach, Append. Ross's Voy. i. 175 (1819) ; Journ. Phys. Ixxxviii. 465
(1819). — Gray, List Br. Mus. (Br. Moll.) 42.

Tellina sabulosa, Spengl., Morch, Moll. Groenl. 18.

Shell sub-oval, compressed, thin and brittle, slightly gaping, in-
equilateral, the anterior side being longest and semi-oval ; behind
the beaks the margin declines rapidly in nearly a straight line, form-
ino; a rounded ano-le as it joins the base,
and bordered by a faint, roughened wave ;
surface somewhat undulated by the lines of
growth, especially on the anterior slope,
and covered by a thin, dusky or dirty-white
epidermis ; beaks minute ; cardinal teeth
two in each valve, a large one which is jiT^xTma.

cleft, and a very delicate one which is sel-
dom entire ; lateral teeth wanting, or consisting of a feeble com-
pression and elevation of the posterior hinge margin ; sinus of the
pallial impression nearly reaching the anterior muscular impres-
sion ; interior bluish-white. Length, nine tenths of an inch ; height,
six tenths of an inch; breadth, one fourth of an inch.

Found in considerable numbers, and in a fresh state, in fish
caught off Nahant. Eastport, thin ( Cooper') ; Fishing Banks ( Wil-
lis) ; St. Anne, Marcouin (Bell) ; Hannah Bay (James's Bay),
dead (Drexler) ; Northwest coast of Greenland (Hayes).

96 TELLIXID.E.

Fossil in many places, under the names of T. ovalis, Woodward ;
T. ovata, Sowerby ; T. obliqua, Sowerby, &c. Beauport ; Montreal
(^Dawsori) ; Uddevalla (Jeffreys) ; Portland (^Mighels) ; Greenland
l^Ioller).

It is quite clear that this shell belongs to the same genus as Say's
Psammobia fusca. The hinge is precisely the same, and the slight
wave along the posterior margin is no more conspicuous than in
that shell. Its habit and general aspect are also the same.

Oemis TELI.INA, Lin. 1758.

Shell elongated, sub-equivalve, compressed, angular, and some-
what rostrated at the posterior end, where there is an irregular,
wave-like fold ; two small cardinal teeth, and generally two lateral
teeth in each valve.

Tellina tenta.

Fig. 43.

Shell white, oval, behind shortest, narrowed, very much warped and widely
gaping; lines of growth very fine; within polishedj and with numerous fine,
radiating: lines.

'■o

TtlUna tpvtn, Say, Amer. Conch, pi. 65, fig. 3. — De Kat, Nat. Hist. New York, 210.
— Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ill. 232. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 21.

Shell small, thin, white, oval ; beaks pointed, moderately promi-
nent behind the middle ; posterior part narrowed, the point slight-
ly truncated, the posterior hinge-margin curvilinear ;
Fig. 402. yr^iveg ygry couvcx, tlic left one most so, widely gap-
ing, and very far bent to the right ; posterior fold dis-
tinct on the right valve ; outer surface shining, but not
polished, minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth, and
with a few fine, radiating lines across the middle ; inner surface pol-
ished, white, tinted with yellow, and covered with radiating lines,
which produce a finely indented margin. Hinge very delicate, with
two diverging cardinal teeth on the right valve, and a single one
on the left ; a posterior lateral tooth on the right valve, and a cor-
responding groove on the left ; ligament minute, prominent ; mus-
cular and pallial impressions distinct. Length, three fifths of an
inch ; height, two fiftlis of an inch ; breadth, one fifth of an inch.
Found by Professor Adams in 1838 in Dartmouth Harbor ; and

TELLINA. 97

in 1839 he obtained numerous single valves in mud dredged up in
New Bedford Harbor. Mr. Say received it from South Carolina.

This is a distinctly characterized, true Tcllina, and differs from all
others of our shores. It is larger than T. tcnera, and has not its pol-
ished surface. It differs from others principally in its less triangular,
strongly warped, and widely gaping posterior portion, and the radi-
ating lines within.

Tellina tenera.

Fig. 44.

Shell oblong, sub-oval, thin, white, iridescent, delicately marked by the lines
of growth ; inequipartite, shortest and pointed behind ; posterior lateral tooth
obsolete.

Tellina tenera, Sat, Jonrn. Acad Ncit. Sc. ii. 303. — De Kay, New York Moll. 209, pi.
26, fig. 271. — STiMPSO>f, Shells of New England, 21.

Shell small, thin, and delicate, sub-oval, or, if we regard the pos-
terior portion, sub-triangular ; slightly longest and semi-oval before
the beaks ; the posterior slope sudden and nearly straight, forming
a blunted angle by its junction with the base ; marginal
fold well marked ; surface regularly and delicately
marked by sharp lines of growth ; color white, or
slightly tinged with rose-color, and iridescent ; liga-

T t€7l£TCt

ment short and prominent ; cardinal teeth two in each
valve, the posterior one of the left valve rudimentary, the principal
one in each valve grooved ; lateral tooth on the longer side distinct ;
that on the shorter side, just behind the ligament, scarcely percep-
tible ; sinus of the pallial impression nearly reaching the anterior
muscular impression. Length, eleven twentieths of an inch ; height,
seven twentieths of an inch ; breadth, live fortieths of an inch.

Found abundantly cast upon all our sandy beaches, and probably
lives not far from low-water mark. Fishing Banks, Nova Scotia,
rare ( Willis').

It is a very pretty little species, its beauties becoming developed
by examination. There are two other species closely allied to it ;
the T. polita, wdiich is a somewhat larger and stronger shell, its
posterior angle more prolonged and sharper, and its surface smooth,
glossy, porcelain-white ; also T. iris, of about the same size, solid-
ity, and color, but its surface is marked by oblique grooved lines
which at once distinguish it. This is not found on our shores, nor
am I certain that T. polita has been. It is not likely to be con-
founded with any other shell.
7

98

LUCINID^.

Family LUCINID^, Gkat.

Shells more or less orbicular, compressed, surface sculptured ;
animals with no protruding siphons, branchise coalescing into one
leaflet, pallial impression entire.

Oenus L.IJCI1VA, Brug. 1792.

Shell rounded, beaks small ; two diverging cardinal teeth, one
of which is bifid, and usually two marginal teeth, one of them near
the cardinal teeth in each valve ; there is sometimes a posterior
angle, but never a fold, as in Tellina ; pallial impression without
a sinus. Animal with the mantle freely open in front, fringed ; no
protruding siphons ; foot long and tubular.

Fig. 404.

Lucina filosa.

Shell orbicular, compressed ; surface with numerous remote, concentric, lam-
inated striffi ; lunule depressed-lanceolate ; lateral teeth wanting.

Lucina radula, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 69. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 214.
Lucina radula? Mighels, Bost Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 318.
Lucina Jilosa, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 17.

Shell white, thick, orbicular, regularly but moderately convex ;
hinge-margin straight ; beaks small, pointed, slightly prominent,

inclining forwards over a small,
indented, smooth, lanceolate lu-
nule ; on each side of the hinge
runs a shallow oblique furrow,
which, terminating in the mar-
gin, causes a slight undulation.
Surface covered with remote, con-
centric, lamellar ridges, in the
intervals of which are several
rounded, thread-like strige, and
often minute radiating lines ; in-
terior chalky-white, except around
the margin, where it is polished ;
with radiating lines, most apparent near the margin. Hinge
straight, without marginal teeth, and with a single cardinal tooth
in the left valve, and two small, diverging ones in the right. An-

L. filosa.

LUCINA. 99

terior muscular impression very narrow, and directed obliquely to
the centre of the valves. Length, one and one half inches ; height,
the same ; breadth, six tenths of an inch. A specimen dredged by
Dr. Stimpson in Boston Harbor has the diameter, one and seven
eighths of an inch ; breadth, seven eighths of an inch.

This must be considered a rare shell, and an inhabitant of deep
water. A few valves have been picked up on our beaches after
severe storms. It is a common shell on the other side of the At-
lantic. In six fathoms sand, Point Shirley (^Stimpson) ; on Phil-
lips's Beach after a storm, alive (^Holder^.

Dr. Stimpson has very truly pointed out the distinction between
the L. radula of Montagu and our shell. The latter is larger, more
compressed, thinner, more muddy-colored, and the concentric 1am-
ina3 arc more elevated and more distant.

Lucina dentata.

Shell white, orbicular, lenticular, sculptured with grooves bent obliquely down-
wards at both sides ; lateral teeth obsolete ; margin dentated.

Pectunculus parvus, List. Conch, t. 301, fig. 142.

TelUua divaricata, G.mel. Syst. iv. 3241. — Chemn. Conch, vi. 134, pi. 13, fig. 129. —

DiLLWTN, Catal. i. 102. — Turt. Conch. Diet. 178.
Lucina dentata, Wood, Gen. Conch. 195, pi. 46, fig. 7 ; Index Test. (Tellina) pi. 4, fig. 88.
Lucina divaricata. Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 226 ; An. du Mus. vii. 239. — Desh.

Encyc. Me'th. Vers., iii. 376, pi. 28.5, fig. 4. — Blainv. Malacol. pi. 72, figs. 3, 3 a. —

Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 70. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 214, pi. 26, fig. 273.

— Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 120, fig. 572.
Lucina strigilla, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 17.

Shell white, thin, rounded, regularly convex, sub-equipartite ;
beaks elevated, inclined forwards, in front of which is a long
and narrow areola somewhat crested. Surface
glossy ; stages of growth strongly marked ; '^

deeply sculptured with regularly disposed, re-
mote, and nearly parallel lines, flexed at nearly
right angles along the anterior third, so as to
pass obliquely downwards towards Ijoth ends,
and forming teeth around the entire margin,
most prominent behind. Hinge margin nearly
straight, leetli, one in the right valve, very
small, and two small, diverging ones in the left valve. Marginal
teeth wanting or rudimentary. Ligament almost entirely concealed.
Length, one inch ; breadth, three fifths of an inch ; height, nine
tenths of an inch.

100 LUCINID^.

This shell, so remarkable for its universal dispersion, as well in a
fossil as in a living state, is not unfrequently thrown upon our ocean
shores in such a state as to indicate a neighboring residence. At
Nantucket it is far from rare. It is found on every Atlantic shore,
even to the Southern Ocean. Vineyard Sound (^Desor^.

It varies considerably in the development of the lateral teeth, and
in the approximation of the striae.

[There can be no doubt that this shell is not the divaricata of
Linna3us, as was supposed in the first edition ; that name referring,
as shown by Forbes and Hanley, to a smaller European species. Dr.
Stimpson has applied to it — rather unfortunately, I think — the
name strigiUa, which had been previously given as a generic name
to a group which is sufficiently peculiar to justify a distinguishing
name, and which he himself also uses as such. I have rather
adopted the prior and more appropriate name of Wood.

Oeiius CRYPTODOIV, Turtox. 1822.

Rounded, thin, nearly equipartite ; valves with a depression bor-
dering the hinder end ; a minute cardinal tooth in the right valve.

Cryptodon Gouldii.

Fig. 52.

Shell small, globose-triangular, white, interior with minute radiating lines.

Lucina flexuosa, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 71, fig. 52.

Cryptodon flexuosus, Adams, Gen. pi. 114, figs. 2, 2 a.

Lucina Gouldii, Philippi, Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1845, 74.

Thyastra Gouldii, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 17 ; Invert. Gr. Manan. 21.

Cryptodon Gouldii, Stimpson, Check List, 2.

Shell minute, white, ovate-globose, or somewhat triangular, near-
ly equilateral ; beaks prominent, inclined forwards, and having a
rounded depression in front of them ; behind them, a re-
Fig. 406. markable widened groove runs near the margin to the
posterior base, producing a deep indentation in the out-
line of tlie margin at that part ; elsewhere regularly
c Gouldii I'ounded ; surface smooth, dead white. Hinge with only
2 the vestige of a cardinal tooth, and no lateral ones. Lig-

ament long and rather large, partly concealed. Interior
glossy white, with minute radiating lines. Length, three tenths
of an inch ; height, somewhat more ; width, one tenth of an inch.

SPH.ERIUM. 101

It inhabits deep water, and is very frequently taken from codfish,
caught in Massachusetts Bay. On sandy bottoms, whole coast;
Eastport in five fathoms ; Grand Manan, off Duck Island, four
fathoms sand ( Stimpson) ; Salem Harbor ( Wheatland) ; Stoning-
ton (^Linslc//).

There can be no doubt that this is identical with the British
shell, though the specimens I have seen are much smaller than the
foreign specimens usually are.

I have arranged it under the genus Liicina, as most of its charac-
ters pertain to it, and none of them seem absolutely to forbid. The
genus Cryptodon has, however, been formed by Turton to embrace
this shell, on account of its single tooth.

[Philippi has well shown that our species is quite different from
that of Europe above named. The marks he has designated are
sufficiently distinctive, viz. ours is much smaller, more oblique, the
hinder end on which the folds are situated is shorter, the lunule is
less deep, and the anterior margin is not concave, but rather con-
vex. Indeed the disparity in size and outline is so great as scarcely
to suggest a comparison. Having now seen large numbers agree-
ing in character, I must thus reverse my opinion.

Family CYCLADIDiE, Woodward.

Shell suborbicular, closed ; ligament external ; epidermis thick,
horny ; hinge with cardinal and marginal teeth ; pallial line sim-
ple, or very slightly inflected. Animal with open, simple mantle ;
siphons more or less united, orifices plain ; two unequal gills each
side ; foot large, tongue-shaped.

Ocams SPII.ERIUI?!, Scopoli. 1777.

Shell small, thin, ovate-globose ; hinge with two minute cardinal
teeth in each valve, but sometimes in one only ; also compressed,
maro-inal teeth ; inhabits fresh water.

'b'

Sphserium simile.

Fig. 53.

Shell oval, truncated at the extremities in young, and rounded in adult speci-
mens, convex, sub-equipartite ; beaks slightly elevated ; surface with conspicu-
ous concentric wrinkles ; epidermis dark chestnut-brown.

102

CYCLADID^.

Cyclas sunllis, Say, Nicholson's Encyc. 1st Amer. eel. ii. pi. 1, fig. 9 (1816). — Be Kay,
Nat. Hist. New York, 222, pi. 25, figs. 264, 263 —Lewis, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. V. 122; vi. 2. — Also Jay, Adams, Linsley, and Mighels.

Cyclas sulcata, Lam. An. sans Vert. v. 560 (1818), 2d cd. vi. 271. — Delessert, Receuil,
pi. 7, fig. 3. — Stimpsox, N. E. Mollusks, 16.

Cyclas Suriuto(/ea, Lam. An. sans Vert. v. 560 (1818); 2d ed. vi. 271. — Delessert,
lieccuil, j>l. 7, fig. 9.

Cyclas f/ii/aiitca and pomlcrosa, Prime, Proc. Bo-^t. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 157 (1851).

Sphoiriuiii sulcatum, Prime, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. xi. 299 (1860) ; xii. 403.

Cyclas rhomhoidea, De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 224, pi. 25, fig. 263 (1842). — C. B.
Adams, in Thonips. Verm. 168. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 16. — Lins-
ley, Sillini. Journ. xlviii. 276.

For full synonymy see Prime's Synonymy of Cyclades, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. xi. 299.

Shell sub-oval, nearly equipartite, varying much in its outline.
In the adult shell the extremities are Ijroadly and nearly equally
rounded, the posterior part being somewhat the longest and most

pointed, the base very little curved ;
valves very convex, remarkably broad
across the beaks, which are Init slightly
elevated ; color dark chestnut-brow^n,
within bluish. The young shell is thin
and compressed, the hinge-margin nearly
a straight line, the extremities truncated
so as to give the shell a quadrilateral

form ; and the color is

a light lemon-

S. simile. Enlarged.

color, or honey-yellow. The interme-
diate specimens exhibit all the grada-
tions of shape or color between the old and young. Surface at
every stage regularly wrinkled concentrically, with strongly raised,
sharp lines of growth, and generally a more conspicuous wave mark-
ing the former year's growth of the shell; beaks usually eroded.
Hinge with minute, very oblique, cardinal teeth, the marginal ones
distinct, strong, and white. Length, seven tenths of an inch;
height, half an inch ; Ijreadth, two fifths of an inch.

Found in the larger ponds and rivers, especially along the muddy
banks of the Connecticut. New England and Northern States.
Lachine Canal, Metis Lake {Be/l) ; Truro, Nova Scotia (^3Ic Cul-
loch').

This species is closely allied to the C. rivicola of Europe in shape
and size ; its raised concentric striae, however, a|)pear to be much
more prominent. It may always be distinguished l)y tliese conspic-
uously raised lines, for they are exhibited by no other American
species in so great a degree. Several other species are described

SPH.ERIUM. 103

as having them, such as are named under the synonymes ; but they
are probably all of them varieties of this species. The young, dif-
fering widely as it docs from the adult, has been commonly received
in our cabinets as Say's C. rhomboidea. A specimen one fourth of
an inch long would answer very well to his description. What the
true rhomboidea is, I have not yet been able to satisfy myself. The
two species of Lamarck, also, I believe to be varieties of this shell ;
and very probably his C. striatina also.

[Mr. Prime, by an examination of specimens in the Jardin des
Plantes, has come to the conclusion, no doubt correctly, that this
is certainly C. sulcata of Lamarck, and has given that as the prior
name. He seems not to have seen the first edition of Nicholson's
Encyclopaedia, in wliieh Say gave his description, which bears date
two years earlier (1816).* C. Sarratog-ea, however, represents the
adult shell, according to Delessert's figures, and C. sulcata and
striatina, young forms.

Sphserium partumeiuni.

Fig. 54.

Shell rounded-oval, sub-equipartite, lowest anteriorly, somewhat angular be-
hind; thin and fragile; valves very convex, minutely wrinkled by lines of growth,
and obsoletely radiated ; light horn-color ; beaks elevated.

Ci/dus partumeia. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat Sc. ii. 380 (1822). — Ferussac, Mag. de Zool.

18.3.1. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. .Nfew York, 223, pi. 25, fig. 262. — Stimpsox, Shells of

New England, 16. — Pui.me, Proc. Best. See. Nat. Hist. iv. 165,278. — Mighels,

Shells of Maine, 12, in Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 318.
Cycles cornea, var. 2, Lam. An. sans Vert. vi. 268 (1835). — C. B. Adams, in Thomp.

Venn. 168. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 73 ; Catal. 30.
Ci/clas ccBndea, Prime, Proc. Best. Soe. iv. 161 (1852).
Cyclas mirabilis, Prime, ibid. iv. 167 (1852).
Siihcerium cceruJeum and inirahile. Prime, Adams's Gen. ii. 450.
Sphcerium parfumeium, Prime, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. xi. 296 (1860).
Spliceriuin partumium, Prime, Op. cit. xii. 29.

See Prime's Synonymy of Cyclades, in Proc. Acad, of Sciences, xi. 296.

Shell rounded-oval, highest behind, thin, fragile, pellucid, some-
what inflated ; beaks nearly central, moderately elevated, inclining
inwards ; hinge-margin nearly straight, passing by a regular curve
into the rounded anterior extremity, but curving suddenly behind,

* Dr. Gould is incorrect in regard to the date. The second volume of the first edition,
containing Mr. Say's article Concliology, bears the date of 1817. The only public library
which to my knowledge contains this edition is that of the U. S. Naval Academy at An-
napolis. — W. G. B.

104 CYCLADID^.

SO as to form a conspicuous obtuse angle, causing this end to ap-
pear higher, and giving the wliole sliell a somewhat rhombiform

appearance ; basal margin regularly rounded ;
^'"' ^^' valves very tumid, especially in mature shells ;

surface shining, inconspicuously wrinkled by the
lines of growth, with very indistinct, radiating
lines ; color of the young very light-yellowish ; of
the adult light-greenish horn-color, with a mar-
ginal border of lilac or yellow ; cardinal teeth
'^■^E^ar"ea""" suiall, diverging; marginal teeth strong, white ;

interior tinged with lilac. Length, nine twen-
tieths of an inch ; height, two fifths of an inch ; breadth, four fif-
teenths of an inch.

Found everywhere in fresh-water brooks and ditches, in mud, or
more usually imbedded among submerged turf and roots of water-
plants and shrubs. Truro, Nova Scotia {McCulloch}; nearly all
lakes. Nova Scotia (^ Will is).

The animal is of a light, delicate pink color, and draws itself
about rapidly.

The general resemblance of this shell to the C. cornea of Europe
is very close. Its size, color, delicacy, and tumid form are the
same. But that species has the beaks much less elevated, is broader
from side to side, and the two ends are almost precisely alike, with-
out any angle or any widening behind. Our shell is, on the whole,
more delicate. It is unquestionably the variety noticed by Lamarck,
as coming from America. The young and old differ both in shape
and color. The young are less tumid and longer, and the disparity
of the parts is much greater than in the adult. They have also
a light honey-yellow color and great transparency. They would
scarcely be recognized as the same species except by being found
in company, and also by being actually found within the adult shell.

Sphaerium rhomboideum.

Fig. 55.

Shell rhombic-orbicular, tumid, beaks not prominent, sub-equipartito ; color
olivaceous, margined with yellowish ; surface elegantly marked with fine concen-
tric ridges.

Ci/clas rhomhoiden, Say, Journ. Acad Nat. Sc ii. 380 (1822). — Prime, Ann. N. Y. Lvc.

vi. 06, pi. 1, fiff. 4(/, /* (185.-?) ; Troc. Bost. Soc. iv. 272 (185->).
Sphfprlum r/wwhairlmm, Adams, Gen. ii. 450 (1858). — Prime, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. xi. 297

(1860), xii. 406.
Sphcerlum ehfjanx, H. and A. Ada^ms, Gen. ii. 450 (1858).

SPILERIUM. 105

Cydas elegans, AnAMS, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. iii. 3.-30, pi. 3, fig. 11 (1840) ; in Thomp-
son's Nat. Hist. Vermont, 163. — Gould, Inv. Mass. 74, tig. .55. — De K.w, Nat.
Hist. New York, 224. — C. B. Adams, Sliells of Vermont, 30. — Stimpson, Shells
of New England, 16. —Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 16.5.

Ciiclas cornea, var. 3, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d cd. vi. 268.

Shell ill its younger stages compressed, in an adult state tumid,
sub-globular, the extremities truncated or terminating abruptly, so
as to appear somewhat four-sided or rhomboidal ; beaks not prom-
inent, the anterior side a very little the shortest and nar-
rowest ; basal margin nearly straight and parallel to the
upper margin ; the valves are not regularly convex, but

somewhat flattened down the middle, so as to exhibit an

obtusely rounded ridge passing from the beaks towards ^ rhomboi-
each lower angle; surface delicately marked with fine, E^ia,!^ed.
rounded, concentric wrinkles; color olive-green, with a
straw-colored margin, and narrower zones at each stage of growth.
Hinge rather strong, the cardinal teeth rudimentary, the lateral
ones large and strong. Interior bluish. Length, nearly one half
an inch ; height, seven twentieths of an inch ; breadth, eleven for-
tieths of an inch.

Found in a ditch running through the Camljridge meadows, near
Fresh Pond. Vermont, Connecticut, New York, Ohio {Prime}.

This is a remarkable and beautiful species, and seems to be rather
rare. Excepting the above locality, I know of no other but at Wcy-
bridge, Vermont, whence it was sent me l)y Prof. Adams. It is
about the size and width of <S. partumeium, but is a very much thicker
shell, differently colored and sculptured, and its four-sided, angular
outline is quite different. The young of S. simile, though equally
four-sided, is much longer proportionally, the color much darker,
and the ridges on the surface much coarser. In this species the
foiu' sides are nearly equal.

[Mr. Prime after much investigation, and finding it to answer to
all the terms of Say's description, concludes the above species to be
the long-sought-for C. rhomboidea, and in this conclusion I concur.

Sphaerium Verraontanum.

Shell very oljliquo and tumid, anterior margin very abrupt.

Sphreriiim Vermontana, Prime, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. xii. 128 (1861).
SpJuerium Vermontanum, Prime, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. xii. 408 (1861).

Shell very oblique, tumid, inequilateral, full ; anterior margin
abrupt, posterior drawn out to an angle, basal slightly curved ;

106

CYCLADID^.

Fig. 410.

beaks large, full, prominent, placed very much towards the anterior,
in which direction they are slightly inclined ; sulcations coarse,
moderately regular ; epidermis light green ; liga-
ment conspicuous ; valves solid, interior light blue ;
hinge-margin much curved, broad ; cardinal teeth
strong, representing the letter V reversed ; lateral
teeth elongated, strong. Length, nine sixteenths
of an inch ; breadth (height), six sixteenths of an
incli ; breadth, four sixteenths of an inch.

Inhabits Lakes Champlain and Memphramagog,
Vermont. Quite rare.

Remarkable for its very ol^lique and tumid shape, and for the
abruptness of its anterior margin. Compared with S. stamineum
it is more tumid and less heavily sulcatcd ; it is less elongated and
more tumid than S. striatiiium. (Copied from Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sc. xii. 408.)

iS. Vermontanum.
Enlarged.

Sphserium truncatum.

Shell thin and lucid, olivaceous, beaks elevated, hinder end truncated,

Cyclas triincnta, Linsley, described by Gould in Sillim. Journ. new series, vi. 234, wood-
cut 3 (1848). — Prime, Proc. Bost. Hoc. iv. 165. — Jay, Catal. 4th ed. 466.

Cyclas cahjculata, C. B. Adams, Sillim. Journ. xl. 277 (1841); in Thompson's Nat.
Hist. Verm. 168 (1853) ; Land and Fresh- Water Shells of Vermont, 18.

Cyclas pellucida, Prime, in Stimpson's Shells of New England, 16 (1851) ; Proc. Bost.
Soc. iv. 277 (1852).

Sphcerium truncatum, Adams, Gen. ii. 451 (1858); Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. xi. 301
(1860) ; Op. cit. xiii. 35 (1802).

Splueriuin pellucidum, Adams, Gen. ii. 450 (1858).

Shell rather large, tliin, fragile, lucid, rather tumid, rounded-oval,
beaks a little anterior, elevated and tumid, posterior part highest
and abruptly rounded so as to appear somewhat trun-
cated ; anterior end regularly rounded ; ventral mar-
gin very little curved ; surface delicately and regularly
striated by the lines of growth ; epidermis pale horn-
color inclining to olive. Literior l)luish. Hinge-mar-
gin delicate, cardinal teeth o])tuse, very minute, mar-
ginal teeth slender but well developed. Length, one third of an
inch ; height, one fourth of an inch ; breadth, one fifth of an inch.
Found in the New England States, New York, and Ohio.
It is nearly allied to S. pnrtumeium, but is less tumid, posteriorly
more elevated, and somewhat sipiarcly clipped. It is very closely
allied to S. lacustre, Fer. (C. calijcidata of most authors), and by
some has been regarded as identical with it.

Fig. 411.

iS. trtincntiim
Enlarged.

SPH.ERIUM. 107

Sphserium tenue.*

Cyclas tenuis, Prime, Bost. Proc. iv. 161 (1851) ; Mon. of Cydadida, &c.

Shell small, transversely oblong, pellucid, moderately full, sub-
equilateral ; anterior and basal margins rounded, posterior
margin sub-abrupt ; beaks nearly central, not prominent, ^'^'
calyculate ; striations very fine and regular, hardly per-
ceptible ; epidermis glossy, light straw-color ; valves slight, ^_
interior straw-color ; hinge-margin short, narrow, nearly I^^^^J?^'/^
straight ; cardinal teeth very diminutive, lateral teeth
small, elongated. Length, eighteen hundredths of an inch ; breadth,
twelve hundredths of an inch ; width, six hundredths of an inch.

In the Androscoggin, Maine, and in the Upper Mackenzie, Brit-
ish America.

This species, the smallest one known to inhaljit the United States,
was discovered some years since by Mr. Girard, from whom I ob-
tained my specimens. It may possibly be the young of some spe-
cies, but if so, it would be very difficult to say which ; setting aside
its diminutive size, it appears to have all the characteristics of a
mature shell. In outline it seems to be allied to S. iransversum ;
it is, however, more inflated, less elongated, and its margins are
more rounded. At first sight it might readily be mistaken for a
Pisidium ( Pr ime) .

Sphserium securis.

Shell small, rhomboidal, disks tumid, pinched at each end, beaks elevated,
hinder end truncate.

Cyclas securis. Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 160, 276 (1852) ; Ann. Lye. v. 218, pi. 6. —

Lewis, Proc. Bost. Soc. v. 122. — Jay, Catal. 4th ed. 466.
SphcBrium securis, Adams, Gen. ii. 450 (1858). — Prime, Proc. Acad. Sc. xi. 298 (1860),

xii. 34.
Cyclas cardissa,V RIME, Vtoc. Bost. Soc. iv. 160, 277.
Sphceriuin cardissum, Prime, Proc. Acad. Se. xi. 289 (1860). — Adams, Gen. ii. 450

(1858).
Cyclas crocea, Lewis, Proc. Bost. Soc. v. 25 (1854), vi. 2.

Shell small, trapezoidal, slightly olilique, acutely rounded in front,
more elevated posteriorly and obliquely truncate, beaks elevated and

* Tliis species was represented in Dr. Gould's MSS. by a blank sheet, which I have
filled lip from Mr. Prime's Monop;raph of Cycladidce, published by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution. Professor Henry has kindly allowed me to use the wood-cuts prepared for that
work, and Mr. Prime has also furnished some. — W. G. B.

108 cycladidj:,

tiimid, nearly central, dorsal aspect broad, acutely rhomboidal, pre-
senting a broad, deep, and long depression each side of the beaks ;
side aspect tumid down the disk, somewhat pinched and prolonged
at each end so as to give the appearance of a ridge from the apex
to each ventral end ; ventral margin slightly curved and
'^" ■ the adjacent part of the disk wedge-shaped ; end views
heart-shaped ; surface with fine concentric ridges, shin-
ing, horn-color with occasional yellowish zones. Hinge-
s', securis. margin narrow, a little curved ; teeth verv small ; mar-

Eolaiged. ^ t i i J '

ginal teeth slight, elongated. Animal pinkish, so as to
give the shell a pinkish hue. Diameter about one third of an inch ;
breadth, one fourth of an inch.

Inhabits Fresh Pond, Cambridge, and Salem ; also Vermont, New
York, and Pennsylvania.

Less lenticular than S. partumeimn, and more obliquely truncate
than S. truncatum ; it is smaller, thicker, more tumid, and more
shining than either, and the peculiar pincliing at the ends is quite
characteristic.

Sphserium occidentale.

Shell regularly oval, niinuto, pellucid, equipartite, strite very fuie.

Ci/clas ovalis, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 276 (1852) ; preoccupied.

Sphcprium ovale, Adams, Gen. ii. 450 (1858).

Splicvi-iiim occidmtale, Prime, Proc. Acad. xi. 295 (18G0), xiii. 407.

Shell small, pellucid, fragile, transparent, equilateral, somewhat
elongated, not much inflated, outline of the valves oval ; beaks
small, rounded, not prominent ; lines of growth fine
^'^' ■ and regular ; color in some a light yellow, in others
greenish yellow ; hinge-margin very gently rounded ;
teeth very diminutive, laterals more distinct. Length,
one third of an inch ; breadth, three sixteenths of an

^Eniargeo'''' "^^'^^ ' ^^'^ig^^^' ^uc fourth of ail iiich.
Found in Vermont, not uncommon.
I have not seen this shell, and derive the description from Mr.
Prime. It is said to be remarkable for its completely oval shape.
It is smaller, the margins more rounded, and the l)eaks not so
much raised, as in S. partumeium.

There arc some other species indicated as found within our limits,
but the shells alluded to are not known to me.

PISIDIUM.

109

FiK. 415.

Ociius PISIDIUin, Pfeiffkr. 1821.

Shell sub-oval, inequipartite, teeth small, one on the right and
two on the left valve, marginal teeth long, two in the right valve.
Mantle of animal open in front, uniting behind to form a short
simple siphon ; foot vermiform, expanding into a disk on whieh to
crawl.

Pisidium dubium.

Fig. 56.

Shell oblique, triangular-ovate, pale-olivaceous, with fine concentric ridges;
beaks but slightly elevated ; teeth strong, white.

Cyclas duhia, Sat, Nicholson's Encyc. Araer. ed. iv. pi. 1, fig. 10 (1816). — Gould, Inv.

Mass. 75, fig. 56. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 293, pi. 25. fig. 261.
Pisidium dabium, Gould, in Agassiz's Lake Superior, 245 (1850). — Prime, Bost.

Journ. vi. .354 (1852), pi. 11, figs. 4, 5. 6 — Chesu, Man. dc Conch, ii. 105, fig. 478.
Pisidium abruptum, Haldeman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc i. 53.

Shell small, rather thick, triangular, with its corners rounded,
shining ; beaks at one end, very little elevated ; hinge margin and
short end straight, the two lines forming a right an-
gle ; base and the longer side regularly rounded ;
valves tumid, surface with minute, concentric wrin-
kles, which, towards the base, enlarge into obvious
sharp folds ; color a light olive, with darker zones,
and a marginal border of yellowish ; within bluish
or greenish ; teeth well developed. Length, one
fourth of an inch ; height, one fifth of an inch ; breadth, three
twentieths of an inch.

Found in streams in Bristol County, and in ditches in the Cam^
bridge meadows, in company with the last species QCijckis elegans'),
and probably in all parts of the State. Lakes about Halifax ( Wil-
lis) ; Ottawa, Montreal, Anticosti, and all Lower Canada {Bell} ;
Connecticut (^Linsley) ; Maryland (^Foreman) ; New York (^Neiv-
comb, Prime, Ingalls) ; Wisconsin (Anthony).

Here, again, we have a shell bearing a close
resemblance to a Transatlantic species, the C.
obliqna of Lamarck, C. amnica of some writers.
The foreign shell, however, is somewhat longer,
less inequipartite, and more oval, and the wrin-
kles are somewhat more conspicuous. The young shells of our
species have the beaks more removed towards the centre, and the

p. diibimn.
Enlarged.

Fig. 416.

P. dubium.

110 cycladidj:.

short side more rounded, so as to be scarcely distinguishable from
the European species. In general appearance it is very like Nucula
tenuis.

Pisidium Adamsii.*

Cjjdas nititla, Mighels, Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist. iv. 39, pi. 4, fig. 3 (1842); Pr. 1,48

(1841).
Pisidium Adamsii, Prime, in Stimpson's Shells of New England, 16 (1851) ; Bost. Journ.

Nat. Hist. vi. 352 ; Ann. of Lyceum, vii. 95.

Shell sulvovate, full, oblique, inequilateral ; anterior side a little
longer, narrower, slightly produced at end ; posterior side broader,
somewhat sub-truncate at end, basal margin rounded ;
Fig. 417. beaks small, a little raised, approximate at apex ; sur-
face smooth, strise very delicate ; color light gray, in-
terior whitish ; hinge margin curved ; cardinal teeth
very small ; lateral teeth very distinct. Length, three
^Eifia?ged.'' tenths of an inch ; breadth, twenty-four hundredths of
an inch ; width (height), two tentlis of an inch.
North America, at Norway in the State of Maine, and at Holly,
Oakland County, Michigan.

A rare species. I have never seen any specimens but those in
the collection of the Boston Society and those in my own, all of
which came from Professor Adams, who discovered it with Dr.

Mighels. The young is elliptical, ob-
liquely striate, and compressed. The so-
called Cijclas nitida, from Connecticut
and New Hampshire, is P. variabile.
Compared with P. variabile, this spe-

P. Adamsii. . . , , • i n t

cies IS larger, comparatively more deli-
cate, less oblique, less heavily striated, of a lighter color. It is
much more oblique and less elongated than P. abditum. It is more
oljlique, and more inflated than P. virginicmn ; it is also more del-
icate than that species (^Prime^.

Pisidiura compressum.*

Pisidium compressum, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 164 (1852) ; Ann. N. Y. Ly-
ceum, V. 219, pi. 6 ; vii. 97 ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 356.
Cydns altilis, Anthony, in litt. 1847.
Pisidium compressum. Prime, Bost. Proc. iv. 164 (1851).
Pisidium altile, Anthony, Prime, Bost Journ. vi. 353 (1852), pi. xi. figs. 10-12.

* See note, page 107.

PISIDIUM. Ill

Pwdinm cirer, Prime, Ann. N. Y. Lvc. vi. 65 (1853), pi. 1, fig. 1.
Pisum rompressum, Desha yes, Biv. Brit. Mus. 282 (1854).
Pisiiin altile, Deshayes, loc. sup. cit. 280 (1854).
Miiscidium compi-essuin, Adams, lice. Gen. ii. 451 (1858).
Miisculium altile, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 451 (1858).
Miisculium deer, Adams, loc sup. cit. ii. 451 (1858).
Pisum deer, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. GGO (1858).

Shell solid, very oljlique, trigonal, triangular, sub-equilateral,
very much drawn up in the region of the beaks,
inflated in adult ; anterior side a little longer,
narrower, produced at the end, posterior broader,
sub-truncate ; beaks placed a little posteriorly,
small, raised, with a wing-shaped appendage on
the summits, distant ; striae distinct, regular ;
epidermis very variable, yellow, gray or chest-
nut color ; valves solid, varying in inflation, in-
terior light blue ; hinge thick ; cardinal teeth ^ compressum.
small, rolnist, compressed, disposed in the shape
of the letter V reversed ; lateral teeth distinct, short, strong, placed
at an obtuse angle with the hinge proper. Length, sixteen hun-
dredths of an inch; breadth, fourteen hundredths of an inch; width,
nine hundredths of an inch.

North America, in New England, in the States of New York,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and California, and at Montreal and Quebec in
Canada.

This species, though perfectly distinct and well characterized, is
sulTiject to much variation ; its very oblique shape is constant ; in
fulness it is exposed to much change, some old specimens are re-
markably obese ; the young are generally more elongated and more
compressed.

One of the peculiarities of this species, wdiich, however, is at times
wanting from abrasion or from other causes, is the very singular
shape of the apex of the beaks, Avhich assume the appearance of
wings placed on the summit of the umbos.

^ ^ , . Fig. 420.

P. cicer^ from Greenwich, which I place with this
species, differs a little from the type of P. compres-
sum, in being larger, more inflated ; the beaks also are

' '^ '^ ' _ p. compressum.

larger, and do not exhibit the winged appendage.
P. altile^ a mere variety, is more oblique than the type, and does
not possess the appendage on the beaks. Both these varieties
are darker in color than the true P. compressum.

* See note, page 107.

112 CYCLADID^.

The foreign analogue, P. conicnm, from France, is so closely
allied to our species that it is with the greatest care only that they
may he separated.

P. compressum is more trigonal and less inflated than P. vari-
abile ; it is more equilateral than either P. virginicum, Adamsii,
or abditmn, and more oblique and less equilateral than P. ccqui-
laterale.

The animal is remarkable for its liveliness. It is found sparingly
during the spring and not at all in winter. It inhabits both still
and running water, and buries itself sometimes in the mud (^Prime').

Pisidium sequilaterale.*

Piddium aquilaterale, Prime, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 366, pi. 12, figs. 23-25 (1852) ;
Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. 98.

Shell small, stout, heavy, somewhat inflated, rhomboidal, sub-
equilateral ; posterior margin a little angular where it meets the
basal margin ; inferior and anterior margins slightly
rig.^21. rounded ; beaks central, large, prominent, rounded, not
approximate ; valves very solid, moderately convex, in-
terior light blue ; strise fine, surface glossy, epidermis
very variable in color, light yellow, greenish, or brown ;
p.cpqunnteraie. hinfje-marfrin curved, cardinal teeth small, lateral teeth

Enlarged. e & ? '

strong, distinct. Length, fifteen hundredths of an inch ;
breadth, fourteen hundredths of an inch ; width, one tenth of an
inch.

North America, in the States of Maine, Massachusetts, and New
York.

■ This species is remarkable for its solidity, and for its short and
quadrangular form ; the latter gives it somewhat the appearance
of a Splicer ill m ; it is the most equilateral Pisidium I know of.

Compared with P. variabiles to which at first sight
Fig^422. ^^ bears a general resemblance from the gloss and

color of its epidermis, it differs from it very materially
in not being at all oblique, and in being equilateral ; it
p. aquiiaterau. is also mucli Icss full. Somcwhat rare. I discovered
it in the spring of 1852, in a clay pit in the neighbor-
hood of Augusta, Maine, in company with P. compressum {Prime}.

* Sec note, page 107.

PISIDIUM. 113

Pisidium ferrugineum.*

Pisid'am ferrugineum, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 162 (1852); Bost. Joiirn.
Nat. Hist. vi. 362, pi. 12, figs. 8, 9, 10; Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii 98.

Shell small, rounded-oval, globose, slightly inequilateral ; anterior
side somewhat produced ; margins rounded ; beaks
tubercular at apex, very distant ; surface smooth ; ^'"" *"^'

epidermis light yellow ; hinge-margin rounded ; car-
dinal teeth large, separate, anterior tooth more prom-
inent ; lateral teeth distinct. Length, seventeen hun-
dredths of an inch ; breadth, thirteen hundredths
of an inch ; width, eleven hundredths of an inch. p. firrn^ineum.

' ' Enlarged.

North America, in the States of Maine and New
York. Pig 424.

Remarkable for the elevation of its beaks, which stand
forth on the upper portion of the shell in the shape of
large tubercles, which are generally coated with some P-fermgi-
dark ferruginous substance. It differs from P. ahditum
in being smaller, more inflated, not so elongated, and more equilat-
eral.

One of our most common species, found usually in company with
P. variabile and P. ventricosiun (^Prime^.

Pisidium abditum.*

Pisidium abditum, Haldeman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila i. 53 (1841).

Cydas minor, C. B. Adams, Bost. Proc. i. 48 (1841).

Pisidium teneJlum, Gould, Agassiz's Lake Superior 245, (1848).

Pisidium obscurum, Prime, Bost. Proc. iv. 161 (18.51).

Pisidium rubellum. Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv. 163 (1851).

Pisidium minus, Stimpsox, Moll. New England, 16 (1851).

Pisidium Kuifzi, Prime, Bost. Proc. iv. 162 (1851).

Pisidium zonatum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv. 162 (1851).

Pisidium rcrjulare, Prime, Bost. Journ. vi. 363 (1852), pi. 12, figs. 11, 12.

Pisidium notatum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. vi. 365 (1852), pi. 12, figs. 20-22.

Pisidium arcuatum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. vi. 364 (1852), pi. 12, figs. 14-16.

Pisum ahditum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. 282 (1854).

Pisitm minus, Deshayes, loc. sup. cit. 281 (1854).

Pisidium rcsartum, Ingalls, in litt. 1855.

Pisidium rubrum, Lewis, in litt. 1855.

Pisidium plenum, Lewis, in litt. 1855.

Musculium abditum, Adams, Rec. Gen. ii. 451 (1858).

Musculium minus, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 451 (1858).

Musculium rubellum, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 452 (1858).

* See note, page 107.
8

114

CYCLADID^,

Musrulium ohscurum, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 452 (1858).
Muscidium Kurtzi, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 4.51 (1858).
Musculiuin zonalum, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 452 (1858).
Pisum ohscurum, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858).
Pimm Kurtzi, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858).
Pisum ruhellum, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858).
Pisum zonalum, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858).
Pisidium rctusum, Prime, Proc. Zool. Soc. xxviii. 322 (1860).

Fig. 425.

P. abditum. Enlarged.

Shell rouiidcd-oval, elongated, very iueqiiilatcral, moderately con-
vex, margins well rounded, beaks placed nearer the posterior side,

small, slightly raised ; surface smooth, striae
not distinct, epidermis variable, generally light
straw-color ; hinge-margin very nearly straight ;
cardinal teeth small, separa<e, the anterior
tooth larger and more prominent ; lateral teeth
small, not much elongated. Length, fifteen
hundredths of an inch ; breadth, fourteen hun-
dredths of an inch ; width, nine hundredths
of an inch.

North America, in New England, in the States of New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, South Carolina, and Califor-
nia, in the Lake Superior region, at Montreal in Canada, and in
Honduras.

This species is distributed over such a vast area of country, and
varies so much according to the different localities in which it is
found, that it is hardly surprising that its numerous varieties should
have been mistaken for so many species. P. casertanum, its foreign
analogue, to which it bears the closest resemblance, and from which
it is very difficult to separate it, is likewise widely distributed and
subject to much variation.

P. abditum is our most common species, and occurs generally
in great numbers ; its epidermis, though usually light yellow, is at
times, according to the habitat of the shell, of a much darker color ;
the surface is at times also quite rough and the striae are coarse.
Compared with P. nov-eboracense, to which it is nearly allied,
it differs in being less heavy, more rounded, less
full, the beaks are less large, the hinge-margin is
straighter, the anterior extremity, which in the P.
nov-eboracense forms a declivity from the beaks, is
more regularly rounded, the distance from the
beaks to the basal margin is less great, the exterior surface is much
smoother, and the epidermis of a lighter color (^Prime').

Fig. 426.

P. abditum.

PISIDIUM.

115

p. variabile. Enlarged.

Pisidmm variabile.*

Cydas nitida, Mighels, Linsley, Amer. Jour, xlviii. 276 (1845).
Pisidiitm variabile, Pkime, Bost. Proc. iv. 163 (1851).
Pisidium (jraiide, Wiiittemoke, in litt. 1855.
Musculium variahile, Adams, Rec. Gen. ii. 452 (1858).
Pisum variabile, Adams, loc. sup. cit ii. 660 (1858).

Shell heavy, oblique, inequilateral, inflated ; anterior side longer,
narrower, somewhat angular at end ; poste-
rior subtruncate ; Ijeaks situated posteriorly,
full, prominent, not approximate at apex ;
valves solid, interior light blue ; striee regu-
lar, but very distinct ; epidermis glossy, very
variable, straw-color or greenish-brown with
a yellow zone on the basal margin ; hinge-
margin curved ; hinge rather slight ; cardi-
nal teeth united, small ; lateral teeth dis-
tinct, strong, short. Length, twenty-one
hundredths of an inch ; breadth, eighteen hundredths of an inch ;
width, seventeen hundredths of an inch.

North America, in New England, and in the States of New York,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

This species has hitherto always been looked upon by collectors
as the P. virginicum ; but having compared it with the original
shells, described as Cijclas dubia, Say, by Dr. Gould, in his Report,
and with some specimens of P. virginicum from Westfield, Mas-
sachusetts, sent to me by Professor C. B. Adams, as well as with
some others sent to me from Philadelphia, by Professor S. S. Hal-
deman, I have become convinced that it is different from Say's
shell. Compared with the young of P. virginicum, it is more ob-
lique, less elongated, more inflated, and of a different color. This
species is not so elongated as the P. virginicum ; it
is more inflated, the beaks are larger and more tu-
mid ; it is also a much smaller shell. Say describes
Cyclas dubia as being six twentieths of an inch in
length ; P. variabile is only four twentieths of an
inch in length, and that it is a full-grown shell I
am led to believe, not only from its heavy striations and mature ap-
pearance in general, but also from having found young in the shell.
The young is not so oblique as the adult ; it is more elongated, less

* See note, page 107.

Fig. 428.

P. variabile.

116 CYPPJNID^.

inflated, and of a light yellow color. As a general rule, the color-
ing of this species varies much in different localities. The speci-
mens collected from Rowley, Essex County, Massachusetts, are
larger than any 1 have seen from other places ; their color is also
lighter. The animal is remarkable for its want of activity. This is
one of our most common species, being found in nearly every
stream, and at all seasons of the year, though most plentifully
during the spring (Prme).

Pisidium ventricosnm.*

Pisidium ventricosum , Prime, Bost. Proc. iv. 68 (1851).
Musculium ventricosum, Adams, Rec. Gen. ii. 452 (1858).
Pisum ventricosum, Adams, loc. sup. cit. ii. 660 (1858).

Shell small, rounded-oval, globose, ventricose, somewhat oblique,
slightly inequilateral, anterior side produced, posterior
subtruncate ; beaks small, protuberant, distant, situ-
ated towards the posterior side ; surface smooth, yel-
low ; hinge-margin curved ; cardinal teeth separate ;
lateral teeth short. Length, eleven hundredths of an
inch ; breadth, ninety-five thousandths of an inch ;
' Enlarged. ' widtli, eighty-five thousandths of an inch.

North America, in the State of Massachusetts.

This small, globose species is not likely to be con-
founded with any other but P. rof.undatum, than which,
however, it is more oblique, the margins are more

p. ventricosum. i i i i , • i i i

abrupt, and the beaks more terminal and very much
smaller. It is very nearly allied to P. obtusale, of Europe (^Prime').

Family CYPEINID^E.

Shell equivalve, globose or rounded, with a triangular outline,
more or less equilateral, solid, concentrically striated. or furrowed,
beaks twisted spirally or turned to one side ; ligament mostly ex-
ternal, hinge short but strong, furnished with two or three cardinal
teeth, besides laterals in each valve ; pallial scar entire ; muscular
scars oval and usually very distinct. f

* See note, page 107.

t In this and other cases among the Cimrhifera, where I find no description of genus or
family in Dr. Gould's MSS., I copy from Jeffreys. — W. G. B.

AST ARTE. 117

Oeniis ASTARTE, Sowerby. 1816.

Shell rounded, sub-equipartite, compressed, thick ; hinge witli
two strong, diverging, cardinal teeth on one valv'e, and two very
unequal ones on the other, or only one large one ; pallial impression
simple ; ligament exterior.

Astarte castanea.

Fig. 44.

Shell sub-orbicular, with prominent and nearly central beaks; lunule deeply
excavated ; surfiice very slightly waved, covered with a chestnut-brown epider-
mis; margin crenulated witliin.

Vemis castanea. Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 27.3 (Aug 1822).

Astarte castanea, Say, Amer. Condi, pi. 1. — Totten, Silliman's Journ. xxviii. fig. 2. —

De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 220, pi. 28, fig. 280. — Piiilippi, Abbild. t. .5, fig.

2. — Conrad, Amor. Mar. Conch, t. 17, fig. 45. — Hanley, Hoc. Sh. Suppl. t 9,

fig. 27. — Philippi, Abbild. ii. 57 (Astarte), t. 1, fig. 2. — Forbes and Haxl. Br.

Moll. i. 470. —Gray, Cat. Br. Mas. (Br. Moll.) 162.
Crassina castanea. Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d cd. vi. 258. — Hanley, Recent Shells, i. 88.
Venus sulcata, Montagu, Test. Brit. L'Jl. — Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 81,

t. 2, fig. 2.
Crassina sulcata, Brown, 111. Conch. 96, t. 38, fig. 10.

Shell thick and ponderous, sub-orbicular, or sub-triangular, the
beaks nearly central, and much elevated, generally eroded ; the
areola in front of the beaks is ovate-lanceolate,
short, broad, deeply excavated, very smooth, and ^'°' * '

darker colored ; posterior slope nearly straight, a vfl^

with a long, narrow, lanceolate depression ; basal ^^^ ^Ik
margin regularly rounded, thick ; surface very ^^^K-" mmk
slightly undulated at the stages of growth, cov- ^^^— ':V^W
ered with a thick, chestnut-colored epidermis, ^^^^^^^^
wrinkled and stained with black posteriorly, with ^. castanea.

alternately paler and darker zones ; ligament small
and feeble. Hinge very strong, the hinge-margin very broad, bear-
ing on the right valve one stout tooth, with a pit on each side ; on
the left valve two teeth somewhat diverging, with a deep pit between
them for the reception of the opposite tooth ; cavity small ; muscu-
lar impressions deep, elongated, united liy a direct pallial impres-
sion ; margin in adult shells regularly crenulated. Length, one
inch ; height, one inch ; breadth, eleven twentieths of an inch.

118 CYPRIXID^.

Found abundantly in Provincetown Harbor, west and north of the
light-house, at low-water mark. [Forbes asserts that Astarte is
never a littoral shell.] Occasionally, specimens are picked up on
Chelsea Beach ; Nahant Beach, after storms (^Haskell) ; Vineyard
Sound, eight to twelve fathoms (^Desor} ; dredged in Boston Har-
bor (^Stimpson) ; Halifax Harbor and Sable Island {Willis}. It is
more abundant along the coast of the Middle States.

The foot of the animal is of a l)right vermilion color, and when
seen protruded, one would hardly persuade himself that a red wafer
was not embraced by the valves.

This shell appears to be a well-characterized species, quite dis-
tinct from any species inhabiting tlie British coast. The species
most nearly allied to it is Venus (^Astarte) compressa, of Montagu.

Its remarkable points are, its height being usually greater than
its length, its prominent central beaks curved so as to give the shell
a somewhat kidney-shaped appearance, the broad, excavated lunule
before them, and the smooth, chestnut-colored surface. The black-
ening of the posterior region of the shell is very peculiar. Some
specimens look as if this portion had been dipped in tar.

Tlic varieties in form and coloring are very numerous; one or
two of which may be designated.

Yar. A. picea is large and solid, surface with a few wrinkles
without waves, and the epidermis of a dark tar-color. All the speci-
mens I have found ui)on Chelsea Beach are of this variety. In speci-
mens found about Sandy Hook, New York Harbor, the epidermis
partakes of this dark appearance, about the color of Mr. Say's fig-
ure in the "American Conch ology," though the surface is undu-
lated. Hence I infer that the oceanic specimens are of the dark
variety, while those which lie in quiet, sandy localities, like Prov-
incetown Harbor, have rather a brownish-yellow color. In propor-
tions it agrees with the type specimens.

Yar. A. procera, inhalnts Provincetown Harbor, and is fully de-
scribed and figured by Colonel Totten in " Silliman's Journal," as
a probable variety of A. castanea, but as possibly a distinct species.
Its variation consists in its very light-colored epidermis, and the great
elevation of its beaks. The color of all the slielLs in that harbor is
remarkably light, as is noted of Mactra solidissinia and Mija arena-
ria, so that in regard to its color it is merely a local distinction.
The elevation of some of the specimens is remarkable ; l)ut these
arc found living intermingled with those of the normal form, and
of every intervening degree of elevation. The shell in all its varie-

ASTARTE. 119

ties, but in this variety particularly, strongly reminds one of the
termination of the recurved, round-pointed table or fruit knife. The
foot of the animal has the same vermilion color ; and, on the whole,
this must be regarded as merely a variety. The pro})ortions of the
most elevated specimen figured by Colonel Totten are : length, four
fifths of an inch ; height, one inch ; width, one fourth of an inch.

Astarte sulcata.

Fig. 46.

Shell ovate-triangular, the surface with deep, concentric furrows and ribs, van-
ishing at the extremities; beaks prominent; lunule and corselet long, narrow,
and deeply excavated.

Pectunculus sulcatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 192 (1778).

Venus sulcata, Montagu, Test. Brit. 131 (1803). —Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 203.—

Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 81, pi. 2, tig. 1. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 167.

— Turtox, Conch. Diet. 235.
Astarte sulcata, Flem. Brit. Anim. 439. — Reeve, Elcm. Conch, ii. 114, fig. 186. —

Adams, Gen. ii. 483, pL 115, fig. 6. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New Yoriv, 221, pL 28,
» fig. 281. — Forbes and Hanley, Brit. MolL i. 452, pi. 30, figs. 5, 6 ; pi. 133, fig. 4;

pi. M, fig. 5 (animal). — Sowerby, Thes. Conch, ii. 778, pi. 167, figs. 1,2,3. —

Philippi, Ahhild. ii. 56 {Astarte), t. 1, fig. 4. — Gray, Brit. Mns. Cat. (Mollnsca) 91.
Venus Danmonia, Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 45, t. 29, fig. 4 (1808). — Pennant, Brit.

Zool. iv. 212. — Wood, Index, pi. 7, fig. 21. — Dillwyn, Catal. 167.
Vemis Danmonlensis, Blainv. Malacol. 557, pi. 75, fig. 7.
Crassina sulcata, Turton, Brit. Biv. 131, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2.
Crassina Danraonlensis, Lam. An. sans Vert- 2d cd. vi. 257. — Deshayes, Encyc. Meth.

Vers, i. 77. — Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 1.30, fig. 616.
Astarte Danmoniensis, Sowerby, Genera, figs. 1-3; Conch. Man. fig. 110. — Totten,

Silliman's Journ. xxviii. 349, fig. 3. — Loven, Ind. Moll. 36, 272. — Flem. Br. An.

440. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 66, figs. 1 -3.
Venus Scotica, Montagu, Test. Brit. Snppl. 44 (the yonng). — Maton and Rackett,

Lin. Trans, viii. 81, pi. 2, fiy-. 3. — Turton, Conch. Diet. 236. — Wood, Lidex, pi.

7, fig. 20. —Lam. 2d ed. vi. 360.
Astarte Scotica, Flem. Br. An. 44. — Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 36. — Philippi, Abbild.

ii. 56 (Astarte), t. 1, fig. 3.
Crassina Scotica, Leach, in Ross's Voy. 175. — Turt. Br. Biv. 130, pi. 11, fitjs. 3, 4. —

Brown, 111. pi. 18, fig. 9 ; 2d ed. 95, pi. 38, fig. 9. — IIanley, Recent Shells, i. 87.

Shell sub-orbicular, in some specimens approaching to ovate, in
others to triangular, thick and strong, somewhat compressed ; iii-
equipartite, the anterior slope shortest and concave, bearing a long,
lanceolate, deeply excavated, smooth lunule ; posterior slope a
straight line, usually rounded, but sometimes a little truncated at
the hinder end, and including a very long, triangularly excavated
corselet ; beaks moderately elevated, pointed, and coming in con-
tact ; surface undulated with ten to twenty strongly developed con-

120

cypeinidj:.

Fig. 432.

A. sulcata.

centric furrows and ridges, the depressed portions wider than tlie
raised ones, vanishing at both ends, covered with a thick, greenish-
yellow or glossy, brownish-olive epidermis.
Hinge-margin strong, two teeth in the left
valve and one in the right ; interior pol-
ished, bluish-white ; muscular impressions
distinct. Length, one inch ; height, one and
one fourth inches ; breadth, three fifths of an
inch.

Dredged alive near Governor's Island, in
four fathoms ( Stimpsoti) ; Marblehead Plar-
bor, at half-tide (Haskell); Halifax {Willis); Eastport, numerous
and many varieties (Cooper). It is the most common species
throughout all the Northern seas. Fossil in Labrador and about
tlie Gulf of ^St. Lawrence (Daiuson, Bell).

Very small and half-grown shells are not uncommonly found in
the fish of Massachusetts Bay. It has been found by dredging in
Newport and Portland Harbors ; and occasionally a full-grown speci-
men is thrown up, with sea-weed attached, on our beaches. I have
no doubt it would l)e found in many places by dredging. Along the
coast of Maine it is common. At Augusta, Maine, Dr. C. T. Jack-
son found it plentifully in a partially fossilized state, and in com-
])any with other shells, such as are now common on the coast of
Maine, imbedded in the earth many feet above high-water mark,
showing conclusively that that region has, by some cause, been
recently elevated above its former level.

This shell seems to have caused much perplexity to all who have
undertaken to describe it. It is quite uncertain how many real
sj)ccies arc embraced in the above synonymes. The discrepancy of
authors, and the variety in the form and sculpture of the shells,
which must come under one or the other of the names, leaves us in
doubt. I have thought best to present them as one, and to include
them under the name which seems most a]^])ropriate of the three.
For, in the first place, the Venus Scotica and V. Danmonia of Mon-
tagu are clearly the immature and mature of the same shell; the
distinctive mark whicli he gives, viz. the smooth margin of the first,
and the cronulated one of the latter, being an insufiicicnt one. He
says: "The construction of the margin must be considered as invio-
lable ; no common shell whose character is to possess a plain margin
is ever found with a crenulated one, or vice versa.''^ Now, it is per-
fectly certain that no species of the genus is found with a crenulated

ASTARTE. 121

margin, until the shell lias arrived at its full dimensions, and the
margin of the valves begins to thicken, as it always does ; and then,
so far as my observation goes, there is always a crenulated margin ;
so that this is merely a mark of maturity.

In the next place, Turton and others, with apparently good rea-
sons, conclude that the sulcata and the Danmonia are the same.
It is certain that ]\Iontagu's figure of Danmonia, and Turton's of
sulcata, in his '' British Bivalves," represent precisely the same
shell. Turton, however, has fallen into Montagu's error of making-
two species, the Scotica and sulcata, which he says are precisely
alike in all respects except the margin. Both the figures accurately
represent one of the forms found on our coast, and that which might
be regarded as the intermediate form.

Two pretty well marked groups of this furrowed species may be
made out. One in which the shells arc somewhat elongated, and
pointed posteriorly, of an oval shape, undulations about fifteen, and
very strongly marked, epidermis very dark greenish-yellow. Some
of them are quite inequipartite, and occasionally the undulations
vanish not far below the summit, and the remainder of the surface
is merely wrinkled. These do not correspond with any British
shells or figures I have seen. They may possibly prove to be dis-
tinct ; and, if so, I would name them A. laidata.

In the other group the shell is rounded, the beaks nearly central,
broad posteriorly, and usually a little blunted or truncated at the
point ; the undulations are much more numerous, twenty and up-
wards, and of course more crowded ; the epidermis is dark yellow-
ish-!)rown, or piceous. These I regard as the true A. Danmonien-
sis. They agree with the figures of Montagu and Turton, and with
the outlines given by Colonel Totten.

Astarte semisulcata.

Fig. 47.

Shell sub-orbicular, compressed, concentrically wrinkled, epidermis yellowish-
brown ; an obsolete marginal tooth in each valve ; margin plain.

Crasslna semisulrafn, Leach, in Ross's Voy. Append. 175.

Astm-te arctica, Forbes, and IIanl. Br. Moll. i. 461, t. 30, fig. 7. — Sowerby, Thes.

Conch ii. 780, t. 67, fios. 17, 18, 20.
Astarte semisulcata, Gray, Cat. Br. M. (Br. Biv.) 92.

Crassina arrtirn, Gray, Append, to Parry's Voy. — Hanley, Recent Shells, i. 88.
Astarte horenlis, Philippi, Abbild. ii. 58 (Astarte), t. 1, fig. 11. — McAnd. and Forbes,

Ann. Nat. Hist. xix. 98 (1847). — Forbes, Mem. Geol. Survey, i. 412.

122 CYPEINIDiE.

Venus horeaUs, Chemx. Conch, vii. t. 39, fig. 412.

Vntssina borealis, Nills. Nov. Act. Holm. 188 (1822), t. 2, figs. 3, 4.

Aatarte cyprinoides, Duval, Rev. Zool. 278 (1841). — IIanley, Recent Shells, Suppl.

t. 14, fig-. 40.
Vtnus coiiipressa, Montagu, Test. Br. Suppl. t. 26, fig. 1.

Astarte coinjnessa, McGilliv. Moll. Aberd. 261. — Thorpe, Br. Mar. Conch. 247.
Cnissi)ia conipressa, Brown, III. Conch. G. Br. 96, pi. 38, figs. 4, 5.
Crassliia vorrii(/(it(i, Brown, ibid. 96, t 40. fig. 24.
Aslartc corntijata, Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 37.
Astarte luctnt, Gould, Inv. 1st. cd. 80, fig. 47.

Shell orbicular-elliptical, rather thin, much compressed ; surface
marked with rather remote, rounded, rib-like ridges, most conspic-
uous along the posterior slope of the disk ;
covered with a dark yellowish-brown epider-
mis ; beaks nearly central, elevated and in-
clined forwards, with a short, lanceolate lu-
nule in front, and a longer corselet behind,
both of them deeply excavated ; the anterior
slope from the beaks is concave for a very
short distance, the posterior is straight, and

A. semisulcata. . .

both extremities are broadly rounded, the an-
terior most so ; ligament broad ; hinge-margin narrow and rather
feeble, and cardinal teeth slightly elevated ; on one side is a tooth-
like ridge along the margin, and on the other a groove to receive
this ridge ; in the right valve the groove is before, and the ridge
behind tlie cardinal teeth ; cavity of the valves rather shallow ; mus-
cular and pallial impressions rather indistinct, except in old speci-
mens ; the margin is sharp and not crenulated. Length, one and
one tenth of an inch ; height, one inch ; breadth, two fifths of an
inch ; a large specimen, one and three fourths of an inch, one and
three eighths of an inch, five eighths of an inch.

This shell, from the cabinet of Colonel Totten, was brought from
the Grand Bank. Of the two specimens, one is about half the size
of the other. Nova Scotia (Wi/lis) ; Port Foulke (Hai/es Co//.).

The specimen from the Arctic Seas, figured in the " Api)endix to
Beechey's Voyage," is much larger than either of these.

It is distinguished from A. sulcata by its broadly rounded extrem-
ities, compressed form, delicate and short ridges, slender hinge,
shorter impressions each side of the beak, and its probably plain
margin.

[it differs from A. /actea, for which I mistook it in the former
edition, in having the outline of its internal face almost j^reciscly
egg-shaped, except in young specimens, where there is a short and

AST ARTE. 123

slitrlit anterior incurvation iiist in front of tlio beaks, so that the an-
terior end is broadly and uninterruptedly rounded ; the interior is
cretaceous, and the surface sometimes nearly smooth ; at others hav-
ino; more or less remote rather laro-c waves over some part of the
disk ; in A. lactea the shell is more solid, the anterior dorsal margin
excavated so as to make the anterior end much more acute than the
posterior; the beaks are elevated, the hinge very robust, the interior
ivory-like (though a little bluish), more uniformly covered with
• finer ridges. It is sometimes rather tumid and again very much
compressed. Very many forms occur, and, like Sowerby, one feels
compelled to admit each one as a species, or unite them in one.

Astarte quadrans.

Fig. 48.

Shell triancrular, slightly oblique, anterior part longest ; surface smooth ; epider-
mis yellowish-olive; hinge with a marginal tooth on the anterior margin.

Astarte quadrans, Gould, Invert. 1st eel. 81. — Sowerby, Thesaur. ii. 782, pi. 167, fig.
^. — Stimpsox, Shells of New England, 18.

Shell small, triangular, solid, nearly equipartite, dorsal margins
bounded by straight lines, the anterior somewhat longer and more
oblique than the posterior ; basal edge very sharp and
regularly rounded, so that the whole shell is nearly a ^'"- ^^'^•
quadrant ; beaks pointed, and not inclined to either side,
generally eroded ; lunide lance-shaped, slightly impressed,
and a broader and longer areola behind the beaks ; sur- ^ uadrans
face smooth, very slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth ;
epidermis light yellowish-olive ; interior glossy bluish-white ; hinge-
margin narrow, with a small lateral tooth on the left valve, about
half-way along the anterior margin, and a groove to receive it on
the right valve ; muscular impressions rather shallow ; inner mar-
gin not crenulated. Length, nine twentieths of an inch ; height,
eight twentieths of an inch ; breadth, two twentieths of an inch.

Several specimens of this small and very distinct species have
been furnished me for description by Dr. Prescott of Lynn, and by
Dr. D. H. Storer of Boston. They were taken from the stomachs
of fish caught in Massachusetts Bay. Laminarian and Coralline
Zone, from Stonington to Casco Bay ; on a stone, St. George's
Baiik ( Stimpson) ; Eastport, one dead ( Cooper^ ; Salem Harbor,
in f jur fathoms, white sand ( Wheatland and Stimpson} ; Grand
Maiian, rarely (^Stimpson).

124 CYPRINID.E.

Its triangular form, smooth, glossy surface, and more especially
the small marginal tooth, at once distinguish it. In all our other
species the anterior margin is shortest and concave, and the lunule
deeply excavated ; but in this the posterior and anterior slopes are
equally direct from the very summit.

It must be very closely assimilated to the Venus tnang-ularis of
Montagu, the Cijprina triangularis of Turton, in his " British Bi-
valves." But I cannot make out the requisite number of teeth to
bring it within the genus Cyprina^ or to correspond with their de-
scriptions. A hasty observer might confound it with the yomig of
Cijprina Islandica, which is more rounded and rough.

The existence of a marginal tooth would, literally, exclude the
shell from this genus. But the general characters will bring it nat-
urally into the same genus with A. castanca and sulcata. More-
over, a marginal tooth is more or less develojied in individuals of
all the species ; and tliis only shows the close alliance of the genus
to Venus, witli which, indeed, Blainvillc unites it.

Astarte elliptica.

Sliell elongated, elliptical, beaks moderately elevated, rather obtuse, sub-cen-
tral ; anterior margin excavated and forming a pretty distinct angle at its junc-
tion with the ventral margin, which is but gently curved ; ligament margin nearly
straight, descending very gently, end rounded ; coarsely waved, the waves often
disappearing below ; hinge-margin delicate ; interior a dead sub-livid color ; mar-
gin simple, epidermis dark.

Cms^inn ovaia, Brown (not Smith), Edinb. Nat and Geog. Sc. i. 12, pi. 1, figs. 8, 9. —

Biiow.v, 111. Conch. 96, pi. 38, fi.ii's. 12, 1.3.
Crassina siilcnia, Nils. Nov. Act. Holm. 187 (1822), pi. 2, fios. l, 2.
Crasslna el/iptica, Haxley, Recent Shells, Sup])l. pi. 14, fig. 36. — Thorpe, Br. Mar.

. Conch. 246, fi^-. 107. — Browx, Conch. 111. 96, pi. 38, fiff. 3.
Astarte elllplim, McGilliv. Moll. Aberd. 259. — Gray, Cat. Br. Mus. (Br. Moll.) 92. —

Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. i. 459, pi. 30, fig. 8.
Astarte semisulcata (not Leach), Moll. Ind. Moll. Grocnl. 19. — Piiilippi, Abbild. ii.

57 (Astarte], pi. 1, fig. 10 — Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 37.

Shell in most respects like A. sulcata. Its form is more elon-
gated, and of an elliptical rather tliaii triangular outline, though
somewhat angular on account of the bealvs and the slight excava-
tion of the anterior slope ; the beaks are a little in front of the
middle, and rather obtuse, being quite tumid and not compressed
near the apex ; the hinge slope is much less rapid, in fact nearly
horizontal ; the hinder end is well rounded, rarely acute or trun-
cate ; dorsal excavations deep ; epidermis yellowish-brown (young)

ASTARTE.

125

or pitchy; concentric waves not numerous (about twenty), large
except on the beaks, recurved, and often quite wanting near the ven-
tral margin, and along the posterior slope ; this absence of folds is

Fig. 435.

Fig. 43G.

A. elliptica.

A. elliptica.

Fig. 437.

A. elliptica.
Young.

often quite remarkable, even in young shells. Fine concentric lines
are generally found on both ribs and interspaces. The hinge-mar-
gin is quite narrow and delicate, as the beaks do not
rise to a point so as to form a large triangular area for
the hinge, and the teeth are by no means conspicuous
and robust; color of interior a dead livid or leaden
color ; muscular and pallia! impressions large and
deep ; inner margin always simple.

The elongated, elliptical form, usual disappearance of waves near
the ventral margin and rear, delicate hinge and hinge-margin,
dingy-white or livid interior, and simple inner margin at the most
antiquated stages, are quite enough to determine the specific value
of this shell.

Astarte Banksii.

Shell small, elevated, heart-shaped, tumid ; beaks acute, anterior margin exca-
vated, lunule deep and broad, surface with crowded, well-defined waves, inner
margin smooth.

Astarte Banksii, Leach, in Eoss's Voy. Appendix. — Gray, Zool. Bcechey's Voy. pi. 44,
fig. 10. — SowEKBY, Thes. Conch, ii. 782, pi. 167, fig. 8.

Shell quite small, ovate-triangular or obliquely heart-shaped, tu-
mid ; beaks nearly median, prominent, acute, pointing
forwards, the lunule broad and deeply excavated ; an-
terior dorsal slope concave, sometimes remarkably so,
rendering the anterior portion much less elevated and
smaller than the posterior, and forming an angle as it
joins the well-rounded end, which curve passes into
that of the gently curved base ; posterior dorsal margin
always very slightly swelling, though nearly direct, but rapidly de-

rig. 438.

A. Banksii.

126 CYPRINID^.

scending, so that the posterior end is rather acute, tliough often
slightly truncate, and sometimes very much so ; concentric waves
distinct, numerous (thirty to forty), sometimes wanting near the
base ; epidermis dark chestnut-brown, slightly mottled. Interior
disk chalky, the limbus greenish or livid ; impressions not strongly
marked ; hinge not greatly developed, though the lateral plaits are
quite conspicuous ; margin simple in all stages.

It may be somewhat difficult to define this species in such terms

as to enable us to decide whether any single specimen may be this

or its close ally A. comprcssa* By comparison it is darker (not

yellowish-green), has a less rounded outline on account

'^' " of tlie more deeply concave anterior liorder, and thus

more seemingly elevated beaks, and the more rounded

posterior and terminal margin ; the number of waves in

the same space is about as two to three ; the interior of

A. compressa.

A. co7npressa is by no means so chalky or so leaden, and
the cavity of the beaks is less profound. The more lenticular form
of A. compressa is best seen by inspecting the interior margin. In
fact, in this respect the two species stand in much the same relation
to each other as A. sulcata and A. eUiptica. I have seen no shells
from our coast which I should consider as A. compressa, though
some have received that name ; probably not being discriminated
from this species, or being the young of some of the other finely
waved forms. But as locality North or South evidently makes a
marked difference in the color, form, and undulations of all species,
we cannot be altogether positive on this point.

Astarte crebricostata.

Shell rounded, ovate-triangular, rather compressed, with numerous squared ribs
more or less obsolete behind and below ; margin finely crenulate.

Astartfi crehrirngfiifa, Forbes, Ann Nat. Hist. xix. 98, pi. 9, fiir- 4. — Forbes and Han-
ley, Br. Moll. i. 4o6, pi. 30, fig. 9. — Moller, Moll. Gra-nl. 19.

Shell rather large, moderately convex or compressed, l)eaks
slightly anterior, rather obtuse, ovate-triangular, anterior slope
faintly concave, posterior scarcely curved, the hinder end being
rather obtusely rounded, with every degree of truncation in other
specimens ; concentric ribs very numerous (thirty to forty), the in-
tervening grooves deep and squared, generally covering the shell,

* Fignre 439 was prepared by Dr. Gould, evidently for the sake of comparison. I do
not know from what loeality the shell came. — W. G. B.

ASTARTE.

127

Fig. 440.

A. crebric.ostata.

but sometimes fading out on the ventral half, with every interme-
diate degree, and rarely extending to the posterior end exeept about
the beaks, where they are very erowded and
complete ; epidermis rusty-brown. Interior
milk-white ; hinge moderately developed ; edge
in adults very finely crenate. Length, one and
one tenth inches ; breadth, one inch.

Found at Eastport, and at Anticosti Isl-
and (^Stimpson); Dauphin Harbor, Labrador
(Packard) ; young specimens in abundance,
Halifax (Wii/is).

In the way of form there is nothing to dis-
tinguish this species from others. It under-
goes all the variations of altitude and elongation, of acumination
and truncation, inflation and compression, that are observed in
others. Its leading character seems to be its very numerous waves,
always conspicuous about the beaks, but often disappearing in the
later stages of growth. A series of the young may be selected which
would satisfy any one as to specific value ; while intermediate speci-
mens would so connect it with A. sulcata, elliptica, Banksii, and
compressa as to be a complete puzzle. A large compressed form,
to which I notice that Dr. Stimpson has attached a label in his
collection with the name A. lens, I think would fall under this spe-
cies, though it merges almost as well into A. sulcata. The speci-
mens originally described were found in very deep water, only
single valves, and in an eroded, chalky, half-fossilized condition.
I have a single valve from Professor Mtirch, said to have come
from Iceland, which corresponds more with the lenticular form
last mentioned than the more rounded and tumid sent by Mr.
McAndrew. If it is to be regarded as a species it is evidently a
Cisatlantic shell, only found astray on the other side.

A. pulchella, Jonas, of which I have seen an authentic specimen
from Spitzbergen, appears to be an elongated, closely striated form,
such as I have seen mingled with young specimens of the shell under
consideration.

Astarte Portlandica.

Shell small, oA^ate-triangular, beaks elevated at the posterior third, ends rounded,
margins simple, surface nearlj" smooth, interior livid.

Astarte Portlandica, Mighels, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 320, 345, pi. 1 6, fig. 2. — Stimp-
son, Shells of New England, 18.

128 CYPRINID^.

Shell small, solid, ovate-triangular or broad kidney-shaped, the an-
terior portion being somewhat recurved ; beaks acute and elevated,
close upon each other, placed at the posterior third ; posterior mar-
gin convex and sweeping regularly into the ventral mar-
^'^' '^ ' gin, which is semicircular ; anterior margin concave, but,
passing into the ventral margin, forms a well-rounded end,
so that the anterior portion is considerably less elevated
^- ^"^^^'"^' than the posterior ; lunule narrow, elongated, shallow ;
surface smooth with the exception of fine incremental
strias, which under a magnifier appear rather coarse and broken ;
epidermis yellowish-brown ; interior smooth, dark-brown, inclining
to chocolate color. Hinge-margin thin, the posterior margin of the
left valve being sharp a little behind the beak, and received into a
corresponding groove in the right valve ; margins internally simjile.
Length, two fifths of an inch ; height, nine twentieths of an inch ;
breadth, one fifth of an inch.

A single specimen was found in the stomach of a haddock, by Dr.
Mighels, in 1842.

Genus GOULDIA, C. B. Adams. 1851.

Shell equivalve, trigonal or sub-trigonal, with concentric ridges
or plates ; lunule distinct ; two cardinal teeth on one valve and only
one on the other ; two anterior marginal teeth on each valve ; pal-
lial impression simple or very slightly sinuate.

Gouldia mactracea.

Shell small, quadrant-shaped, anterior margin excavated, surface with fine con-
centric waves, and minute radiating lines between them.

Astarte mactracea, Lii^SLET, Catal. Shells of Connecticut, in Sillim. Jouvn. xlviii. (name
only). — Gould, in Sillim. Journ. Sc. (Sept. 1848) 233.

Shell small and solid, nearly quadrant-shaped ; the apex acute,

somewhat behind the centre, with a divergence of the anterior

and posterior marginal slopes of nearly a right angle,

the posterior and ventral margins regularly curved, while

the anterior margin is nearly a right line (rather con-
Ct. mac- cave), so as to form an obtuse angle when it joins the ven-
tral margin ; lunule long and deeply excavated. The sur-
face is undulated with about fourteen concentric, rib-like waves, and
is marked between the ribs with very minute, regular, radiating

CYPRINA. 129

striae. Color pale yellowish-gTccn, with fine pencilliiigs of dusky
radiations. There is a, remote hiteral tooth on the antcri<n- margin.
Diameters, one fourth of an inch ; width, one tenth of an inch.

This shell was described from a single valve found by Kev. James
H. Linsley at Stonington, Connecticut, in the stomach of a haddock.
New Bedford Harbor, in four fathoms gravel (^Prime and Stunp-
sori) ; on the coast of South Carolina (^Kirrtz'), where it also occurs
in post-pleiocene deposits. Its peculiar form, and the fine radiating
stria? between the ribs, are peculiar.

Oeiius CYPRIXA, Lam. 1818.

Shell obliquely heart-shaped, beaks prominent ; hinge with three
unequal, diverging cardinal teeth, and a remote marginal one ; pal-
lial impression simple.

Cyprina Islandica.

Shell ponderous, ventricose, round-ovate, inequipartite, shortest and com-
pressed anteriorly ; lunule none ; epidermis chestnut-brown, thick, and coarsely
wrinkled ; edge simple.

Pectunculus mnxhnns. Lister, Couch, t. 272, fig. 108.

Pectuncidus crassiis, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 183, pi. 14, fig. 5.

Venus Islandica, Lin. Syst. Nut. 1131. — Gmelin, Syst. 3271. — Montagu, Test. Brit.
114. — Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 83. — Wood, in Lin. Trans, vi. t. 17,
figs. 1, 2; Index Test. pi. 7, fig. 41 ; Dorset Catal. 35, pi. 6, fig. 5. — Dillwyn,
Catal. i. 176. — Chemn. Conch, vi. 340, pi. 32, figs. 341, 342. — Donovan, Brit.
Shells, iii. i)l. 77. — Muller, Zool. Dan. i. 29, pi. 28, fig. 5. — Turton, Conch.
Diet. 238. — EoMER, Krit. Untersueh. 36.

Venus mercenaria, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 94, pi. 53, fig. 47.

Venus hucardium, Born, Mus. pi. 4, fig. 11.

Cyprina Islandica, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 290. — Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th. Vers,
1. 46, pi. 272, fig. 6. — Blainv. Malacol. pi. 70 bis, fig. 5. — Turton, Brit. Biv. 135.
— Fleming, Brit. Anim. 444. — Hanley, Recent Shells, i. 65. — Sowerby, Thes.
Conch, i. pi. 168, figs. 1, 2, 3. — Forbes and Hanley, Br. Moll. i. 441, pi. 29, pi. M.
fig. 4 (animal). — Lov^n, Ind. Moll. Sc. 38. — Crouch, Intr. Conch pi. 7, fig. 2. —
Gray, Cat. Br. Mus. (Br. Moll.) 9. —Adams, Gen. ii. 444, pi. 110, figs. 4, 4a.—
Ciienu, Man. Conch, ii. 103, figs. 458-460. — KiJSTER, in Chemn. 2d ed. {Venus)
pi. 5, figs. 1, 2. — Deshayes, Cat. Br. Mus. (Biv.) 200. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. pi.
65; Elem. Conch, ii. 114, fig. 190.

Cyprina vulgaris, Sowerby, Genera, pi. 38, fig. 11. — Brown, Conch. III. 93, pi. 31, fig.
1 ; Coneh. Man. fig. 116. —Reeve, Conch. Syst. pi. 65.

Arctica vulgaris, Schum. Nouv. Syst. 145, pi. 13, fig. 3.

Cyprina arctica, Bowd. El. Conch. 11, fig. 33:

Shell large, thick, and heavy, ovate-orbicular, tumid ; beaks ele-
vated, pointed, turned forwards and inwards so as to come nearly
9

130

CYPRINID^.

ill contact ; anterior part shorter, narrower, rounded and com-
pressed ; posterior part full and broad at the back, slightly angular
at the extremity ; a very superficial ridge passes from the beaks to
the lowest posterior point ; the space which they include is very
coarsely wrinkled ; there is a shallow oval pit l^efore the beaks, l)ut
no distinctly marked lunule ; the ligament is strong and protuber-
ant ; epidermis of a dark, shining, burntr-brown color, sometimes
almost black, coarse and strong, rough with crowded and loose

Fig. 443.

C. Islandica.

wrinkles ; hinge-margin broad and strong ; cardinal teeth diverging,
three in each valve, or rather one large double tooth and a small
one in the right valve; marginal tooth slightly developed, blunt; in-
side chalky-white, muscular and pallial impressions superficial, the
latter having no sinus ; margin at l>asc sharp and simple. Length,
three and a half inches ; height, three inches ; breadth, one and
three fourths ()f an inch.

This shell is an inhabitant of all the Northern Atlantic seas, es-
pecially near where some river empties into the ocean. It is some-
times thrown u]) from deep water upon our beaches in great num-
bers after storms. The young are found abundantly in the stomachs
of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. It appears not to be com-
mon, if it is found at all, to the southward of Massachusetts.

CYTHEREA. 131

It is one of our largest shells, and resembles no other shell of onr
coast except Venus mercenaria, with which it was confninded by
Pennant. From this it is easily distinguished by its epidermis, and
also l)y wanting the j>urple border along the interior margin of the
shell.

It is subject to very little variety. Sometimes the surface lias a
series of concentric ridges, and sometimes the beaks are unnaturally
elevated and curved. Old shells have a very dark epidermis, and
are generally much decorticated. The young are of a light fawn-
color, with darker and lighter zones, and the wrinkles, Ijeing much
raised and very regular, give the surface a very pretty appearance.
The rougher surface, greater proportionate length, rounded form,
and want of a lunule, distinguish them from Astarte quadrans, of a
similar size. From Astarte elliptica they differ little, externally.

They are obtained of every size, from one fourth of an inch to four
inches in lena'th.

'&'

Family VENERIDiE.

Shell equivalve, triangular, rhomboidal, or globular ; variously
sculptured or almost smooth ; beaks incurved, and turned towards
the anterior side ; ligament external, placed on the larger side of
the shell; hinge strong, furnished with three or four cardinal teeth-
in each valve (one genus having two only in the left valve), some
of which are cloven or do^lble, and an obscure and ridge-like lateral
tooth on the posterior side ; pallial scar deeply sinuous ; muscular
scars oval and distinct.

Ocnus CYTHJEREA, Lamarck. 1805.

Shell inequipartite, rounded ; hinge with four diverging teeth in
one valve, one of which is separate from the others, and three in
the other valve ; no lateral teeth.

Cytherea convexa.

Fig. 49.

Shell oval, tumid ; lunule heart-shaped ; beaks prominent and recurved ; color

chalky Avhite.

Cytherea convexa. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. iv. 149 (1824), pi. 12, fi<^. 3; vi. 261. —
SowERisy, Thes. Conch. (Cyth.) 6.38, pi. 132, tig. 119. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New
Yoi-k, 216, 1)1. 27, fio:. 279. — Han-ley, in Wood's Index, Suppl. pi. 15, fig. 34.—
RoMKH, Maine Rlntt. ix. 68.

132

VKNERIDyE.

C. convexa.

Dione convexa, Deshayes, Er. Mas. Cat. (Biv.) 71 (185.3). — Reeve, Condi. Icon. pi. 10,

fig. 40.
Cyt/ierea Sen/ana, Conrad, Sillini. Journ. xxiii. 345 (183.3).

Shell oval, rather thin, valves very convex, color a dead-white or
with a rusty tinge, usually chalky ; inequipartite, heaks elevated,

curving- forwards, in front of
which is a well-marked, heart-
shaped lunule ; anterior part
about half the length of the pos-
terior, coin])ressed and some-
what pointed ; regularly round-
ed behind and at base ; surface
marked with coarse lines of
growth, which are most regular
anteriorly ; ligament long, rather
sunken ; within milk-white, ])ol-
ished ; impressions superficial.
Length, one and three fourths
inches ; height, one and one half inches ; breadth, one inch nearly.
The animal has very long si})hons, united throughout, translucent,
with white blotches near the end, more opaque and brownish near
the shell.

A few specimens have been found on Chelsea Beach, but it is
rare. It has l)een found about Rhode Island l)y Colonel Totten ;
and it has also been taken with the dredge 1»y Drs. Mighels and
Wood of Portland, in the harbor of that place. Nahaiit Beach,
alive, sometimes abundant; Marblehead Harbor, dredged in seven
fathoms (^Haskell) ; Saltle Island and Halifax, rare (Willis).

Mr. Say knew it only as a fossil, in which state it occurs in the
tertiary formation of Maryland.

This is by no means an attractive shell, its dead-white surface
leading one to regard it as some beach-worn s])ecimen of Cz/prina,
or perhaps of Venus tnercenaria. Its form, however, is proportion-
ally longer than the former, and somewhat longer than the latter ;
and it never attains to anything like the size of either of them. It
belongs to the genus CalUsta of Poll.

Oeniis VERIUS, Lin. 1758.

Shell inequilatei-nl, sulM)vate ; hinge with three diverging car-
dinal teeth in each valve ; pallial imjoression with a sinus.

VENUS.

133

Venus mercenaria.

Fig. 52.

Shell solid, obliquely ovate, very inequipartite ; lunule heart-shaped ; surface
antiquated, bluish-white, with numerous, concentric laminated ridges; inner
margin broadly edged with violet.

Pectunculus, Lister, Conch, t. 271, fig. 107.

Vpmus mercenaria, Lin. Syst. Nat. 11.31. — Gjielix, Syst. .3271. — Ciiemn. Condi, x.
352, t. 171, figs. 1659, 1660. — Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th. Vers, iii. 1117, ])1. 26-3, figs.
1-3. — Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d I'd. vi. 346. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 176. — Wood,
Index, pi. 7, tig. 40. — Sowerby, Thcs. ii. 733, pi. 162, figs. 204-206. — Chenu,
111. Conch, pi. 8, fig. 5. -De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 217, pi. 27, fig. 276.—
IIanley, Descr. Cat. 115. — Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Venus) pi. 2, figs. 4a, b. —
Romer, Krit. Untersuch. 36. — Schum. Nouv. Syst. 135, pi. 10, fig. 3.

Mercenaria violacea, Schcm. (1817) Nouv. EI. 135, pi. 10, fig. 3. — Adams, Gen. ii. 419,
pi. 107, figs. 2, 2a. — Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. (Biv.) 113.

Mercenaria mercenaria, Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 82, figs. 356-358 (1862).

Shell large, thick, and solid, obli(|iiely ovate, or heart-shaped, tu-
mid ; exterior a dirty white and chalky ; the beaks are placed far
forwards, project-

7 ^T"?:.'

Fig. 445.

ing nearly to the
front of the shell ;
they are elevated,
and curved so as to
make nearly half a
turn forwards and
inwards ; in front
of them is a heart-
shaped, rough lu-
nule, bounded l)y
an impressed line ;
behind the beaks
the edge is very
broad and obtuse,
the ligament large
and protuberant, with a space around it somewhat excavated,
smoother than the rest, and bounded l)y an obtuse ridge ; anterior
end very short, round ; posterior end terminating in a l)luiit, occa-
sionally truncated point; looking at the side of the shell as it stands
on this point, it is accurately heart-shaped ; surface with concentric
grooves and ridges, the ridges being crowded and rising into thin,
sharp plates, most conspicuous at the ends ; the central portion is

V. mercenaria.

134 VENERID^.

nearly smooth. There are also minute lines, radiating- from the
beaks to the margin, most conspicuous on the beaks, where they
form a lattice-work with the concentric lines ; color a dirty white,
except the smooth portion of the disk, which is dark violet ; within
pure white ; muscular impressions deep, united by a well-marked
pallia! impression, which has an acute angled, not very deep sinus ;
the margin outside the impressions is more or less of a beautiful
deep violet hue ; basal and anterior margin crenulatcd. Length,
three inches ; height, two and a half inches ; breadth, two inches.

Brought from Wellfleet and other towns on Cape Cod in consider-
able quantities to Boston market. It is found more abundantly at the
South, and in New York and Philadcl])hia markets supersedes the
use of the Mija arenaria almost entirely, while it may be found in
greater or less abundance in all the region of Cape Cod, and scantily
in all parts of Massachusetts Bay. Coast of Maine, far to the east-
ward of Portland (Mighels') ; Halifax, Sable Island, Prince Edward's
Island, Fishing Banks (^Wi/Us^ ; Gulf of St. Lawrence (Log-ari).

The shell is easily known l)y its size and weight, and by its heart-
shaped form when resting upon its point. It is about the same size
as Cypriua Iskmdica, from which it is distinguished by the sharp
ridges on its surface, and l)y the want of an epidermis ; also l)y the
violet-colored border of the interior of the valves. This mark, how-
ever, is not constant. In young shells it is wanting, and also in
very old shells the color is often obscured by a thick white glazing.
Fishermen say that those found outside Cape Cod, in the region of
Chatham, are always devoid of it. The shell has become quite fa-
mous from the fact that, from its ])ur])le edge, the aborigines manu-
factured their ])urple wamjium ; while the white wampum was made
of various species of shells, but chiefly from the axis of Pyrula.

It is known in Massachusetts under the name of Qua/iog'.* It is
the clam of New York and Philadelphia. The upper outline of the
figure (in the first edition) represents this shell.

* The following items relative to the (lerivution of this word, and the connection of this
shell witli aboriginal history, may be a])pro])riately presented: —

"A piece of Poquahanges, a rare shell, and a dainty food with the Indians. The flesh
eats like veal ; the English make pyes thereof; and of tlic shells tlie Indians make money.

" Young Pocinahanges, Pectunculus fasciatus.

" It is called Wampampecge." — Governor Winthrop's Curiosities from New England,
Journal of the Royal Society, June 27, 1634.

"Called by some English /ten^i-jm/nahock ; thrcQ are equal to a j)enny ; a fathom is
worth five shillings." — liorjer \]'il/iains.

" The quahaug ( Venus mercetiaria), called by Roger Williams the po<juaa and the fien, is

VENUS.

135

Fig. 446.

Venus notata.

Fig. 5-2.

Shell ovate-orbicular, inequipartite, posterior end truncated ; surface with con-
centric sharp ridges, mostly wanting on the disk ; color yellowish or grayish-
white, and with fawn-colored zigzag markings ; interior wholly white.

Ve7ius notdta, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 271 (1822); Binney's reprint, 94. —
Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st cd. 87. — Philippi, Abbild. (Venus) 128, ])1. 2, tig. .'J. — I)e
Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 218, pi. 27, fig. 278.

Venus mercenaria, var. Sowerby, Thes. 733, j)!. 162, fig. 206. — Rkeve, Conch. Icon.
( Venus) pi. 2, fig. 4 a.

Mercenaria nofafa, Desiiayes, Br. Mas. Cat. Biv. Shells, 114 (18.53).

Venus obliqua, Anton, Wiegm. Arcliiv. 1837, and V. Ci/prinoiJes, Anton, Vcrzeieh. (fide
Philippi).

Venus prceparca, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. ii. 271 (1822) ; Binney's reprint, 95. — De Kay,
Nat. Hist. New York, 219. — Hanley ( V. notata, var.), Dcscr. Cat. 1 17 ; in Wood's
Suppl. pi. 13, fig. 41. — Deshayes {Mercenaria notata), Cat. Br. Mus. (Biv.) 11.5.

Shell very similar to the preceding, and perhaps merely a local
variety. The differences
which I shall mention
appear, however, to be
constant. The shell is
less heavy and coarse.
The hinge slope declines
less rapidly, so that the
posterior side is broader,
and its extremity Ijroad-
Iv trnncated ; the area
about the ligament is
much more smooth, and
usually colored brown or
purplish. The concen-
tric ridges are more reg-
ular in their distances, are somewhat undulated, and frequently are
lost in each other ; on the centre of the shell the ridges seem to

a round, thick shell-fish, or, to speak more properly, worm. It does not bury itself l>ut a
little way in the sand ; is generally found lying on it, in deep water ; and is gathered up
by rakes made for the purpose. After the tide ebbs away, a few are picked up on the
.shore below high-water mark. The quahaup: is not mucli inferior in relish to the oyster,
but is less digestible. It is not eaten raw ; but is cooked in various modes, beins roasted
in the shell, or opened and boiled, fried, or made into soups and pics. About half an
inch of the inside of the shell is of a ]nn-ple color. This the Indians broke otl" and con-
verted into beads, named by them suckauhork, or black money ; which was twice the value
of their wompom, or white money, made of the metaithock, or periwinkle (Pyrula).

" Poquahock, corrupted into qiiahnnrj or quauhor]. is the word with a plural termina-
tion."—i^istor?/ o/ Or/eaHS, in Collections of Mass. Hist. Society, VIII. 192 (1802).

V. iiotntn.

136 VENERIDj;.

have been worn off, leaving the surface nearly smooth ; there are no
conspicuous radiating lines upon the beaks forming a lattice-work
with the concentric ridges ; but between the ridges are fine lines of
growth. The surface is shining, not challiy, of a flesh-color, and with
zigzag blotches of fawn-color or brown ; these, however, are not always
present. The interior is wholly of a yellowish white. The lower
outline of the figure shows its form compared with F. mercenaria.

Venus prcBparca seems to me to be the same thing, in which merely
the zigzag lines are wanting. Lives along the shores of Cape Cod.

OCIlllS TAPES, MiJHLFELDT. 1811.

Shell triangular or rhomljoidal, rather solid, grooved concen-
trically but not deeply ; lunule lanceolate or indistinct ; teeth, three
cardinals, which are erect and slender, and an obscure lateral (as
in the other genera) in each valve ; inside margin plain. Body
oval or oblong ; mantle having its edges plain ; tubes more or less
united ; foot usually furnished with a byssal groove.

Tapes fluctuosa.

Fig. 50,

Shell transversely ovate, lenticular, white, with a yellowish epidermis ; sur-
face with recurved, concentric waves vanishing at the sides ; areola none, or in-
distinct in old specimens.

Venus fluctuosa, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st cd. 87. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 220. —
Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. (Biv.) 17G. — Keeve, Coiieli. Icon. ])1. 24, fig. 119 6.

Tapes fluctuosa, Deshayes, Cat. Br. Mus. (Biv.) 176; non T. f. — Sowerby, Thes. pi.
163, fig. 163.

Venus astartoides. Beck (1849), in Middend. Beitr. z. c. Mall. Ross. iii. 56; Siber.
Reise, 92 (1851), pi. 20, figs. 7 - 13. — Sowerby, Thes. ii. 737, pi. 138, fig. 157.

Shell oblong-ovate, lenticular, rather thin, nearly equipartite ;

white, Ijeneath a glossy, thin, straw-colored epidermis; anterior part

shortest and broadest ; both ends widely rounded ; Ijeaks

Fig. 447. . J y

slightly elevated, with a smooth, heart-shaped space before
them, not distinctly defined by any boundary ; surface with
from twenty to twenty-five concentric waves, not quite ex-
tending to the margin, especially anteriorly, so that the
marginal edges are plain ; when closely examined, these waves or
ridges are found to be compressed, thin, and inclined towards the
beaks ; cardinal teeth three in each valve, the middle one cleft in
both valves ; muscular and pallial impressions very superficial, the

GEMJIA. 137

latter with a small sinus. Length, four fifths of an inch ; height,
three fifths of an inch ; breadth, nine fortieths of an inch. 1 have
since seen a specimen one and one half by one and one eighth inches
in length and height.

Of this shell I have three specimens, brought from the Bank fish-
eries. Tlie largest is i)roportionally more convex than the others,
and the ridges are less dehnite. Halifax and Fishing Banks ( Wil-
lis); in the Copenhagen Museum, from Nahlsalik, Greenland (^Beck).

I know of no species very closely approaching this. Most of those
allied to it have the posterior extremity more or less angular ; this
is always accurately rounded. The ridges and grooves of the sur-
face are like those of V. papilionacea. Venus wnea of Turton, small
specimens of V. g-allimi, and of those Indian species allied to V.
papilionacea, may be mentioned as allied to it.

Oentis GEITIITIA, Deshayes. 1853.

Shell rounded, trigonal, beaks nearly central, three cardinal teeth
in the left valve, the median one conic triangular and a little curved,
in the right valve two diverging teeth with a wide interposed pit ;
pallial impression marginal, with a long, narrow, ascending sinus.
Animal with siphons connate, the lower one longer and fringed,
the upper one valvular ; foot semilunar.

Gemma gemma.

Fig. 51.

Shell minute, nearly round and nearly equipartite, concentrically furrowed,
violet and white, margin crenulate.

Venus gemma, Tottex, Sillim. Joiini. xxvi. 367, figs. 2, a-d (1834). — Gould, Inv. 88,

fig. 51. — SowERBY, Thcs. Conch, ii. 737, pi. 158, fig. 141. — Wood, Ind. Suppl. pi.

15, fig. 45. -De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 218, pi. 27, fig. 277. — Hanley, Descr.

Cat. 126. — Stimpson, Shells of New Eng. 19. — Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 25, fig. 128.
Gemma Totfeni, Stimpson, Check Lists (1860).
Gemma (jemma, Chenu, Man. do Conch, ii. 83 (1862), fig. 359. — Adams, Gen. ii. 419,

pi. 107, figs. 3, 3 a. — Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. (Biv.) 113 (1853).
Cyrena purpurea, H. C. Lea, Sillim. Journ. xlii. 106, pi. 1, fig. 1 (young).

Shell small, nearly orbicular, beaks nearly central, slightly ele-
vated ; generally eroded. No defined luiiule in front of them ; sur-
face shining, with minute, concentric, crowded furrows ; anterior
portion, and mostly the base, white or tinged with rose-color ; pos-
terior and upper portion reddish-purple ; within white, except poste-

138

VENERIDiE.

G. getnma
Enlarged.

riorly, wliere it has the purple color of the outside ; muscular and
pallial imi)ressions distinctly marked, the latter with an
acute sinus ; teeth divergent, the middle one in each valve
stout and triangular, the anterior tooth of the right, and
the posterior one of the left valve thin, and not easily dis-
tinguished ; inner margin crenulated. Length, three twen-
tieths of an inch ; height, one eighth of an inch ; breadth,
one sixteenth of an inch.

This beautiful little amethystine gem, as it has been appropriately
called, is found in great abundance on all the sandy shores of Mas-
sachusetts Bay. Colonel Totten also found it in Newport Harbor.
Beyond this its range is not known. [Fisliing Banks ( Willis} ;
Green Island (^Bell).~\ It was noticed by some of the early visitors
to New England, and specimens of it were sent home to England
among other curiosities. It is, therefore, not a little remarkable,
that a shell so long ago observed should have remained, until ver}^
lately, undescribed. But it is only recently that it has been recog-
nized as a distinct species and described by Colonel Totten. It is
commonly regarded as the fry of the quahog (^ Venus mercenaria),
on account of its purple tip. But on close examination it will be
found to l)e a fully developed, mature shell, different in every im-
portant particular from that species. It is a very interesting shell,
as being by far the least of any species of the genus known.

Gemma Manhattensis.

Shell small, trianp'ular, solid, sinning-, beaks nearly central, grooved with re-
mote, concentric furrows, iinier niarqin crenidated.

Venus [Gemma] Mmihattensis, Prime, Ann. New York Lye. vii. 482 (woodcut) (1852). —
Jay, Catal. 4th ed. Suppl. 400.

^'°- '^^- Shell quite small, elevated, nearly triangular,

with the apex nearly central and the ventral mar-
gin rounded, the posterior end more rounded than
the anterior ; valves rather solid, compressed, of
a straw color, shining, and very regularly fnr-
rowed with distinct concentric grooves. Interior
wliite, the siphonal sinus very small, and the
margin clearly crenulated ; muscidar im])ressions
quite distinct. Length and height one eighth
of an incli ; l)rcadth, one sixteenth of an inch.
Found in East River, New York, near Hell-Gate, by Mr. Prime,
and l)y Mr. Sanderson Smitli at Greenport, Long Island.

G. Manhattensis.
Enlarged.

CAUDIUM. 139

It is rather smaller, more triangular, more compressed, more
deeply and regularly gi'ooved, than G. gemma, and destitute of pur-
ple within and without.

Fa^iily CARDIAD^.

Shell somewhat heart-shaped ; cardinal teeth two or three ; lat-
eral teeth one or two ; radiately ribbed or furrowed. Mantle open,
siphons very short, foot very large and kneed.

Oeiius CARDIIJITI, Lin. 1758.

Shell somewhat heart-shaped ; beaks prominent ; margin gen-
erally toothed or folded within ; hinge with two oblique cardinal
and two marginal teeth in each valve ; pallial impression without a
sinus.

Cardium Islandicum.

Fig. 58.

Shell large, rounded-ovate, tumid, sub-equipartite, with about thirty-six sharp,
three-sided ribs ; epidermis lax, and rising into a fringe on the angle of the ribs.

Cardium Islandicwn, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1124. — Chemn. \i. 200, t 19, fig. 195. — Gmelin,
Syst. 3252. — Brug. Eiicyc. Meth. 222. — Wood, Gen. Conch. 225, pi. 55, figs. 2,
3; Index, pi. 5, fig. 27. — Lister, Couch, t. 329, fig. 166. — Gualt, Test. t. 71, fig.
M. — Knorr, Delices, &c. vi. t. 8, fig. 3. — Born, Mus. 49. — Sowerby, Conch.
111. No. 194. — MiDDEXD. Bcitr. z. Malac. Eoss, iii. 38. — Stimpsox, Shells of New
England, 19; Inv. Gr. Manau, 21.

Cardium arcticum, Sowerby, Conch. 111. fig. 26 (1841).

Cardium ciliatum, 0. Fabr. Fauna Grcenl. 410 (1780). — M5ller, Moll. Gi-a-nl. 20.

Cardium pubescens, Couthouy, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist. ii. 60, pi. 3, fig. 6 (young).

Shell large, rather thin, nearly equipartite, a little obliquely
rounded-ovate ; tumid ; anterior part shortest and narrowest, ends
regularly rounded ; beaks prominent, the points turned inwards,
and nearly in contact ; in front of them is a narrow, heart-shaped
depression ; on each valve are thirty-six, or more, three-sided, sharp-
edged, radiating ribs, the furrows between them rounded, and reg-
ularly wrinkled l)y the lines of growth ; ejjidermis yellowish-brown,
lax, and bristling into a stiff fringe on the sharp edge of the ribs ;
within straw colored, the portions covered by the mantle pearly ;
grooves, answering to the ribs without, are obvious within, and the
edges are strongly notched. Length, twd inches ; height, some-
what less ; breadth, one inch.

140

CARDIAD^.

Found plentifully in the stomachs of fish caught in Massachu-
setts Bay. Off Cape Cod in thirty-five fathoms (^Ativood) ; dredged
in Marblehead Harbor, seven fathoms {Haskell) ; young and dead
shells, Grand Manan, common ( Stimpson) ; Eastport ( Cooper, Stimp-
son) ; Bedford Basin, Halifax ( Willis') ; Bic and Ramonski, Gulf of
St. Lawrence {Bell) ; Cape Hope, James's Bay, 52° 10', dead {Drcx-
ler Coll.) ; Greenland {Mailer) ; Mingan Island, twenty feet {Pack-
ard) ; Beechey Island {Belcher).

This shell seems not to have been hitherto described, in all its
characters, by any one writer. English authors seem to have pos-
sessed superannuated
specimens, which had
lost the epidermis ; and
such we have long-
been in the hal)it of re-
ceiving from the Bank
fishing- grounds. On
the other hand, Mr.
Couthouy, having only
innnature specimens,
failed to trace their
pedigree. Through the
kindness of Dr. Storer,
I have had an opportu-
nity to examine speci-
mens of Mr. Couthouy's
C. pubescens of the size
above indicated, taken in our bay, covered with their peculiar
epidermis; under which disguise, however, it was not difficult to
detect the C. Islandicum. A few years since I examined a de-
nuded specimen, brought by Dr. C. T. Jackson from the coast of
Maine, where he says they are not uncommon, measuring two and
seven tenths inches in length, by two and four tenths in height.
Those taken in Massachusetts Bay seldom exceed half an inch in
diameter.

Destitute of an epidermis, it looks much like C. edule, l)ut is
easily distinguished by the nunil)er of ribs. In two of my speci-
mens there are thirty-eight ril>s ; in all the others there are thirty-
six ; C. edule has twenty-six. It is usually found in company with
C. pinmilatum, and small specimens would not be readily discrim-
inated from it. But, besides the greater number of ribs, its bristled

C. Islandicum.

CARDIUM. 141

fringe upon the ribs, instead of little tul)crcles, marks it. It closely
resembles C. exig-mim. also ; but, among other obvious differences,
that shell has au an<>'ulated form.

Cardium elegantulum.

Shell elongated ovcal, inequipartite, with twenty-six to twenty-eiglit ribs sep-
arated by deep, wide grooves and covered by arclied bars.

CarcUuin eleganlulnm, Beck, in Morch, Prod. Faun. Gr<>.'iil. 20 (1857).

Shell very small, elongated, ovate, rather compressed, anterior
end rather sharply rounded, posterior end slightly trun-
cated obliquely, posterior dorsal margin straight, a little ^'^°^'
sloping ; beaks at the anterior third, acute, moderately
elevated, inclined forwards, without a defined lunule in
front ; ribs twenty-six or twenty-eight, very strongly ^tuiwn""
marked, the interspaces very deep and nearly as wide as
the ribs, which are uniformly covered with closely imbricated arched
bars extending quite across each rib ; the two posterior ribs much
broader than the others. Length, one fourth of an inch ; height,
one fifth of an inch ; breadth, one eighth of an inch.

Inhabits Greenland.

Easily distinguished from the last by its elongated form, smaller
size, and ribs in high relief, covered with transverse bars.

Cardium pinnulatuin.

Fig. 57.

Shell small, sub-orbicular, with a slight angle posteriorly, sub-equipartite ; sur-
face with twenty-six ribs, with a single range of arched scales upon each.

CarcUwii pinnulatuin, Conrad, .Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. vi. 260, pi. 11, fig. 8 (1831). — De
Kay, Nut. Hist. New York 205, pi. 22, fig. 249. — Migiiels, Shells of Maine, 16 ;
Best. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. iv. .321. — S. Smith, Shells of Long Island, Ann. New York
Lye. vii.

Shell very small, fragile, dingy white, nearly orbicular, somewhat
oblong ; nearly equipartite ; beaks slightly elevated, inclined in-
wards ; an obtuse not very obvious ridge passes from the beaks to
the posterior point of the shell, rendering this side a little angular ;
the anterior area is shortest and regularly rounded ; surface with
about twenty-six slightly rounded ribs separated by a deep linear
groove, on each of which is a series of equidistant, arched scales.

142 CARDIAD^.

most conspicuous along the posterior slope, where they are some-
times folded so as to assume the form of spines ; interior white or
flesh-colored, sometimes with a brownish blotch at the

Fig. 452. .

posterior muscular impression ; furrowed to correspond
to the ribs without. Length, nine twentieths of an inch ;
height, f(un- tenths of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of
an inch.

C. piimiilatitm. . n i • •

ilns very small and pretty species is as common as
any other shell in the stomachs of fishes, and may be obtained from
them at almost any time. Mr. Conrad obtained his specimens from
Massachusetts, and I have never heard of it in any other locality.

Charles River, three to seven fathoms, gravelly l)ottom (^Sf imp-
son} ; Eastport, pretty common ( Cooper} ; Halifax and Fishing-
Banks (^Willis}; Casco Bay (Mi^rhels') ; Gardiner's Bay, Long
Island {S. Smith).

It is usually accompanied by the young of C. Islaudicum, from
which it is distinguished hy fewer ribs, and the scales crossing
them. It is at first difficult to say that it is not identical with one
of the small European species, which are scarcely distinguishaljle
from each other by mere size and form, but require a careful ex-
amination of the sculpture in order to separate them. From C.
exiguum it differs in not having a short, diminished anterior side,
elevated beaks, and a very prominent ridge posteriorly, and especially
in the absence of pits in the grooves. The whole aspect of that shell
is angular, while our shell is scarcely at all so. It is still nearer to
C. fasciatum and C. nodosum^ agreeing most with the former in out-
line, and with the latter in sculpture. C. fasciatum., however, has
mere points and not bars along the posterior ribs ; and while the
sculpture is almost precisely the same as that of C. nodosum^ it is
more broadly rounded anteriorly and less angular posteriorly, with
a less strongly marked oblique ridge, so that on the whole it has a
more rounded and lenticular form. In the young shell all the ribs
are traversed by the transverse bars ; but by age those on the disk
become worn off, and they are only found on a few ribs at each
end. The animal sometimes suspends itself by a thread, and can
leap by its foot to a considerable distance.

Ocniis LIOCARDIUM, Morch.

Shell longitudinally oval, inequilateral ; surface of valves simple,
neither ribbed nor spinous ; hinder gape small.

LIOGARDIUM. 143

Liocardium Mortoni.

Shell small, thin, sub-globose, smooth, pale fawn-color, sometimes blotched
with dark brown; within striated, bright yellow, with a purplish blotch pos-
teriorly.

Cardiiun Mortoni, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. vi. 259, pi. 11, figs. .5, 6, 7 (1831);

Sillim. Journ. xxiii. 346 (1833). — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 207, pi. 23, fig. 251.

— Stimpson, Shells of New England, 19. — Smith, Moll, of Long Island, 16, and

in Aim. New York Lye. vii., and Sillim. Journ. xxvii. 283.
Liocardium Mortoni, Stimpson, Cheek Lists, 2.

Shell small, thin, obliquely sub-ovate, sub-globose ; beaks large
and prominent, incurved, nearly central ; posterior part a little pro-
duced and directed ol)liquely downwards; sur-
face glossy, destitute of ribs or radiating lines, ^^^' ^^^'
with fine lines of growth, and an occasional
darker zone ; color very pale yellowish, cov-
ered with a very thin, darker epidermis,
thicker and more wrinkled behind ; in young
specimens are l)lotches or zigzag lines of dark
fawn-color ; teeth well devcloijcd ; inside with

' , ... -L- Mortoni.

very faint and minute radiating lines ; mar-
gin white, the remainder bright yellow ; there is always a dark pur-
plish blotch along the posterior margin, and it is sometimes mot-
tled with bands and stains of reddish-brown on other parts of the
interior; muscular impressions superficial. Length of largest spe-
cimens one inch ; height, nine tenths of an inch ; breadth, seven
tenths of an inch.

The animal is white, and has short, conical siphons, each marked
with a circle of brown spots, and fringed with numerous cirri
which extend far beyond the shell ( S. Smith').

Found plentifully about Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Rhode
Island, south of which I cannot learn that it has been found. Ex-
tremely abundant at the mouths of creeks and on shallow flats, from
low-water mark to two fathoms, Peconic and Gardiner's Bay, Long-
Island (^ Smith} ; Dartmouth Lakes, Halifax (^Willis).

This shell is very closely allied to the C. IcBvigatum of the West
Lidies, and has no other well-marked distinction than the purple
blotch on the posterior margin within, which, so far as I have ob-
served, is never wanting in our species, and never present in the
West India shell. In the angular markings of the young shells
they are similar, and also in their form and color ; but the exterior

144 CARDIAD^.

of our shell is less smooth and polished than C. lavig-atnm, a differ-
ence which might depend on climate. Mr. Sanderson Smith states
that he sometimes finds shells in the Long Island bays without the
purple blotch.

Cicnus APHRODITE, Lea. 1834.

Shell sul)-cordiibrm, compressed, rather thin, beaks nearly cen-
tral, rather prominent ; valves smooth or slightly radiated, scarcely
gaping ; obsolete cardinal teeth.

Aphrodite Groenlandica.

Shell large, sub-triangular, drab-colored, with very numerous, obsolete radi-
ating ridges ; slightly gaping posteriorly, beaks slightly prominent, incurved ;
margin within salmon-colored, centre opaline.

Cardium Graoiluudicuin, Chemn. Conch, vi. t. 19, fiij. 198. — Gmelin, Svst. 3:2.32, No. 22.
— Brug. Encyc. Moth. 222, No. 17, pi. 300, fig. 7. — Maton and Rackett, Lin.
Trans, viii. 69. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 129. — La.m. An. sans Vert. vi. 407. — Wood,
Gen. Conch. 227; Index, pi. 5, fig-. 28. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 92. — Haxley, Re-
cent Shells, i. 134. — Migiiels, Shells of Maine, 15, and in Bost. Journ. iv. 321. —
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 206, pi. 23, fig. 250. — Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 10,
fiff. 53. — Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. ii. 39. — Middend. Beitr. z. Malac. Koss.
iii. 41, ].l. 16, figs. 6-9. — Beck, in Gaimard Voy. en Island, Moll. pi. 15.

Mactra radiata, Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. pi. 161.

Cardium edentulum, MoNTACiu, Test. Br. Sup. 29. — Sowerby, Genera, fig. 2; Conchol.
Manual, fig. 123*. —Fleming, Brit. Anim. 425.

Aphrodite cohunha, Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. (new series), v. pi. 18, fig. 54 (1834).

Aphrodite Gruenlandica, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 19 (1851).

Serripes Granlandicum, Chenu, Man. de Concli. ii. 109, figs. 496-498 (1862).

Serripes Groenlandicus, Packard, Labrad. Mar. Anim. 23.

Shell large, not very thick, sub-triangular, elevated, rather com-
pressed ; beaks not very prominent, curved inwards and slightly
forwards, nearly central ; anterior margin regularly rounded ; pos-
terior part somewhat elongated, margin protuberant beyond the
ligament, bordered by a slight wave, Avhich gives the posterior ter-
mination a somewhat sinuous or truncated appearance, and leaves
the shell gaping at this point ; this region is also more coarsely
wrinkled than the rest ; surface marked with minute lines of growth,
divided into zones by darker indications of the stages of growth,
which successive increments appear very loosely attached posteriorly ;
these are crossed l)y numerous inconspicuous, radiating ridges;
epidermis thin, shining, of a dral) or very liglit fawn-color ; hinge
slender ; cardinal teeth nearly wanting ; marginal teeth distinct.

APHRODITE.

145

but small ; muscular and pallial impressions profound, within which
the shell is opalescent-white, the margin light salmon-color ; edge
slightly crenated. Length, two and three fourths inches ; height,
two and three twentieth inches ; l)readth, one and one quarter inch.

Fig 454.

A. Granlandica.

One from Awatska Bay measured four and one half by three and
three fourths inches ; another four by three and three fourths inches.

Brought from the Grand Banks, but not as yet found on the shores
of this State. Greenland (^Mollcr and Haijes Coll.^ ; Beechey Island
(^Belcher) ; Cape Cod Bay {Stimpson) ; Mingan Island (^Packard) ;
St. Margaret's Bay, and Bedford Basin ( Willis) ; Bic, St. Anne's
(^Beli) ; large, heavy specimens from Behring's Straits, Awatska
Bay ( Stimpson) .

This singular shell, from its triangular, compressed form, and its
smooth surface, has rather the aspect of a Mactra than a Cardium.
The not unfrequent entire want of cardinal teeth has misled one
distinguished conchologist as to its true relations, while its external
characters have so little point that another was not led to it by any
existing description, and made of it a new species. Dr. Loven in-
forms me that Beck has instituted a new genus for it, which he calls
Serripes, on account of the serrated margin of the foot.

The old shells, one of which measures in height three and one
fourth inches, in length three and three fourths inches, in breadth
10

146 CARDIADiE.

one and three fourths of an inch, become solid and strong, and also
more tumid, especially behind. The young shells often have the
surface variegated with stripes, or angular markings, of a rusty-
brown color. This species is also remarkable for gaping posteriorly
to a considerable extent.

Ocmis CAKDITA, Bruguieres. 1789.

Shell inequipartite, regular ; hinge with a short, strong, erect
tooth under the beaks, and an oblique one stretching along the
margin.

Cardita borealis.

Fig. 59.

Shell obliquely sub-cordate, beaks prominent and recurved, with about twenty
radiating ribs; margin crenate ; lunule small and deep.

Cardita borealis, Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch. 39, pi. 8, fig. 1 (18.31). — Reeve, Conch.
Icon. pi. 7, fig. .bS. -De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 204, pi. 22, fig. 247. — Mid-
DEND. Siber. Reise, Moll. ii. 87 ; Beitr. z. Mai. Ross. iii. 29. — Stimpson, Shells of
New England, 18. — Mighels, Shells of Maine, 16; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. —
Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 152, pi. 44, fig. 1.

Arcturus rudis, Humphrey, MSS.

Cardita vistita, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. pi. 17, fig. 10 (1852).

Shell rounded, obliquely heart-shaped, thick and strong ; inequi-
partite ; the beaks elevated and turned forwards, so as almost to be

even with the anterior extremity, which is
regularly rounded ; posterior margin regular-
ly rounded l)y a much larger curve, which,
meeting the base, forms an obtuse angle ;
surface raised into about twenty rounded,
radiating ribs, which are broader than the
grooves between them; these are rendered
rough by coarse lines of growth, and covered
by a strong, rusty-brown epidermis ; lunule
c. borealis. ^^^^^ stroug, and deeply imprinted, rhom-

boidal ; ligament small and sunken, nearly concealed ; hinge strong,
two teeth in each valve ; in the left valve a small triangular one
under the beak, and an oblique, grooved, or partially double one
along the posterior margin as long as the ligament ; on the right
valve a long, tapering, oblique tooth, fitting beneath the two teeth of
the opposite valve, and a more slender one on which the ligament
partially rests ; interior white, margin strongly crenate ; impressions

AECA. 147

distinct. Length, one inch ; height, one inch ; width, seven tenths
of an inch.

Found along the whole coast of Massachusetts, and is one of the
most common shells found in fishes. It is a more northern shell,
and is found along the coast of Maine, and in the Arctic seas, of
a very large size. Grand Manan, large and common (^Stimpson') ;
St. George's Banks, thirty fathoms ( Tufts^ ; at Eastport, plentiful
(^Cooper}; Labrador (^Packard); Fishing Banks, and Halifax,
common (^Willis) ; Gulf St. Lawrence (^Bell) ; Sandy Hook, one
specimen (^ Cooper^ ; Gardiner's Bay, Long Island (^ Smith).

The shape of the shell is much varied by age. In the young the
beaks are nearly central, very little elevated, and scarcely recurved ;
but the posterior portion, advancing in growth faster than the an-'
terior, produces the oV)liquity of the old shell. [C. veslita is an
elongated, middle-aged variety.] It is closely allied to C. tridentata,
Say, but it grows to a much larger size, is more inequipartite, and
has two teeth in the right valve, while that shell has but one.

Family ARCADE.

Teeth small, numerous, disposed in a line along the hinge-mar-
gin of each valve.

Genus ARC A, Lin. 1758.

Shell elongated, beaks separated by a diamond-shaped area for
the ligament ; series of teeth in a straight line.

Area pexata.

Fig. 60.

t-

Shell oblong ; beaks prominent, very oblique ; the ligamentary space very nar-
row ; surface with al^out thirty-two radiating ribs, covered with a shaggy brown
epidermis.

Area pexata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 268 (1822). — De Kay, Nat, Hist. New York,
176, pi. 12, fig. 211.— Philippi, Abbild. pi. 1, fig. 4. — Stimpsox, Shells of New
England, 8. — S. Smith, Shells of Long Island, 1.5, and in Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii.

Argina perata, Adams, Gen. ii. 540, pi. 125, figs. 7, 7 a. — Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 175,
fig. 873.

Shell thick and heavy, oblong, somewhat ovate ; very inequipar-
tite ; the beaks are ventricose and prominent, directed very obliquely
forwards, terminating in points which are nearly in contact over the

148

ARCADE.

A. pexata.

anterior termination of the series of cardinal teeth ; at -the other
extremity of the series, the outline of the shell, which is else-
where regularly rounded, has an obtuse angle ; the ligamentary

area, or space between the beaks,

Fig. 456. .

is very narrow, scarcely separat-
ing them. Surface with thii-ty-
two to thirty-six radiating ribs,
rather broader than the channels
between them ; these are trav-
ersed l)y minute lines of growth,
and interrupted hy the more dis-
tinct overlapping zones of in-
crease. The whole is covered
by a thick, shaggy, fibrous epi-
dermis of a dark-brown color,
sometimes protruding from the interstices of the ribs in a fringe-
like manner. Interior white, the margin polished, and profoundly
scalloped by the alternate terminations of the ribs and grooves. In
continuation of the regular series of teetli are a few irregular pits
and prominences which fit into each otlier. Length, two and one
fourth inches ; height, two and one tenth inches ; breadth, one and
one lialf inches.

The Area pexata has never been found to the north of Cape Cod.
I have it from Martha's Vineyard ; it is not rare in Buzzard's Bay,
and is common about Rhode Island. Osterville (^Haskell).

It is distinguished from other North American species by the po-
sition of its beaks, its epidermis, its narrow area between the beaks,
and by its being equi valve. Its height increases posteriorly, so tliat
the interior of a valve has an ovate shape.

Mr. Say remarks, tliat, when violently opened, an effusion of red
sanies issues ; and hence it has acquired the name of bloody clam.

Area transversa.

Shell rhoml)oidtil, with from thirty-two to thirty-five ribs; beaks at the ante-
rior third of the series of teeth.

Area transversa, Say, Jouiti. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 269 (1822). — Stimpson, Shells of New
England, 8. — S. Smith, Shells of Long Island, 15, and Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. — De
Kav, Nat. Hist. New York, 177, pi. 12, fig. 212.

" Shell transversely oblong, rhomljoidal, with from thirty-two to
thirty-five ribs placed at nearly the length of their own diameters

NUCULA. 149

distant from each other. Apices separated by a long narrow space,
and sitnated at the termination of the posterior (anterior) third of
the length of the hinge-margin ; extremities of the hinge-margin
angulated ; anterior (posterior) edge, the
snperior half rectilinear ; posterior (ante- ^'^' ^^^ "'

rior) edge rounded ; inferior edge nearly-
rectilinear, or very obtusely rounded ; on
the hinge space, one or two angulated lines
are drawn from the ajjcx diverging to the
hinge edge." {Sai/.') Length, one and a
half inches ; height, one inch ; breadth,
one and a half inches.

Found about the sands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, and
it is said to be not uncommon in Buzzard's Bay. Osterville (^Has-
kell) ; Gull Island (>S. Smith} ; from Artesian well, Provincetown,
one hundred and twentv to two hundred feet below surface.

I have quoted the description by Mr, Say, above, merely inter-
changing the terms anterior and posterior, to accord with the parts
of the shell to which those terms are applied in other parts of the
Report. The position of the beaks distinguishes it from the pre-
ceding species, as well as the form of the shell.

Ocnus IVUCULA, Lamarck. 1799.

Shell transverse, without an area for the ligament between the
beaks ; a straight series of teeth each side, forming an angle at a
spoon-shaped pit which separates them.

Nucula tenuis.

Fig. 64.

Shell trapezoidal, thin, smooth, without radiating lines; epidermis grass-green;
beaks prominent, placed posteriorly ; margin simple, teeth very few.

Area tenuis, Montagu, Test. Bi-it. Suppl. 56, pi. 29, fig. 1. — Dillwtn, Catal. i. 246. —
TuRTON, Conch. Diet. 11. — Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 10, fig. 45.

Nucula tenuis, Turton, Brit. Biv. 177. — Fleming, Brit. Anim. 402. — Brown, 111.
Conch. G. Br. 85, pi. 33, fig. 13. — Hanley, Recent Shells, i. 171, pi. 10 (Area), fig.
45. — McGiLLiv. Moll. Aberd. 244; Br. Mar. Conch. 105. — Forbes and Hanl.
Br. Moll. ii. 223, pi. 47, fig. 6, and pi. P. fig. 5 (animal). — Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand.
34 — MiGHELS, Shells of Maine; Bost. Journ. iv. 323. — Stimpson, Shells of New-
England, 8. — Packard, Labrad. Mar. Au. 13. — Sowerby, Conch. 111. No. 33,
figs. 140, 141.

150 arcadj:.

This shell is very similar to the following, and wonld not at once
be distinguished from it. The following are some of the essential
differences. The anterior margin, instead of running straight to the
anterior tip, runs ahout half the distance parallel with the
^'Ai^' base, then forms an angle, and, by a broadly rounded curve,
joins the curve of the base ; the tip is, therefore, not point-
ed as in N. proxima, and the angle of this end arives the

JV. tenuis. -r 7 o O

shell a four-sided, instead of a triangular figure, the greatest
height being somewhat before the beaks ; beaks prominent, curved
backwards, and having a deep pit behind them, not found in the
other species ; posterior margin forming as much as a right angle
with the anterior ; while in N. proxima we have rather less than a
right angle. The surface is smooth, glossy, grass-green, without any
radiating lines. Interior a silvery-white, but not pearly like the
other. The teeth are very long and slender, scarcely if at all folded,
and only about eight before and four or five behind the beaks. The
interior margin is always simple, but never so in the smallest
specimens of N. proxima. The shell is very thin, and its breadth
very small. Length, three tenths of an inch ; height, one quarter
of an inch ; breadth, three twentieths of an inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes, but much more sparingly than
the following. Casco Bay {Mig-hels^ ; Eastport, rare in fifteen to
twenty fathoms {Cooper); Halifax, Sambro Banks {Willis~) ; St.
Anne, Capuchin, &c. {BeW) ; Northumberland Sound and Port
Refuge (Belcher) ; Labrador (Packard) ; Northern coasts of Eng-
land ; Drontheim to North Cape (McAndreiu).

This shell, as far as I can recollect, is the one in the collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel])hia, marked " N.
lucida, Blanding." It corresponds precisely with a specimen of
Nucula tenuis sent me by Mr. Sowerby, and it is his opinion that
they are identical.

Nucula proxima.

Fig. 63.

Shell oblique, ovate-triangular, anterior end perpendicular to the base ; crossed
by minute, concentric, and radiating lines; epidermis olivaceous; within pearly,
margin crenulated ; teeth, twelve before and eighteen behind the beaks.

Arcatiucleus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1143 (in part, probably). — Donov. Br. Sh. ii. 03; Chenu ed.
Nucula margaritacea. Lam., Brown, 111. Conch. G. Br. 85, pi. 33, fig. 12.
Nucula nucleus, Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. ii. 215, pi. 47, figs. 7, 8. — Hanley, in
Thes. Conch, iii. 148, pi. 229, figs. 121, 122. — Lov^n, Ind. Moll. Scand. 34.

NUCULA. 151

Nucula proxvna. Say, Joiim. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 270 (1822). — Covrad, Amer. Mar.
Conch, pi. 6, fig. 2. — Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st cd. 103, lig. 63. — IIanley, Biv. Sli.
172, pi. 20, fig. 5; in Thcs. Conch, iii. 151, pi. 229, figs. 131, 132. -De Kay, Nat.
Hist. New York, 179, pi. 12, fig. 21.5. — SxniPSON, Shells of New England, 8; Inv.
Gr. Manan, 20. — S. Smith, Moll, of Long Island, 15. — Mighels, Shells of Maine,
17, and Journ. Bost. Soc. iv. 323.

Shell small, thick, and solid, very oblique, triangular, the outline
and angles a little rounded ; the anterior end nearly vertical, and
about two thirds the length of the posterior margin, forming some-
thing less than a right angle with it ; beaks somewhat elevated, in-
clined forwards ; anterior slope with a large, ovate area,

^ Fig. 458.

defined by an angular ridge ; posterior edge broad and
flattened ; surface crossed with somewhat coarse lines of
growth, and by very minute radiating lines ; epidermis N.prox-
light olive color, with darker zones ; interior pearly, the
margin very finely crenulated ; cartilage pit very small ; series of
teeth twelve before and eighteen behind the beaks, including the
very small ones near the pit, short and broad, the two series nearly
at rioht ano'les with each other. Lena-th nine twentieths of an
inch ; height, near anterior margin seven twentieths of an inch ;
breadth, five twentieths of an inch.

Found not uncommonly in the stomachs of fishes taken near
Naliant. Professor Adams found it abundantly at Dartmouth, in
mud taken up beyond low-water mark ; and Dr. Yale sent it to me
collected on the shores of Holmes's Hole. Marblehead Harbor,
seven fathoms (Haskell) ; Charles River below the bridges, Salem
Harbor, Grand Manan ( Stlmpson) ; Casco Bay (Mighels) ; Fishing
Banks (Willis) ; Long Island Sound (Smith); whole coast, from
South Carolina (Stimpson).

By many, this shell has been supposed identical with the N.
nucleus of English autliors, — the N. margaritacea of Lamarck.
But actual comparison shows a wide difference. The N. nucleus is
less triangular, the posterior tip broadly rounded ; its proportional
diameter is not more than half as great, the epidermis is firm and
darker, the teeth are ten and twenty, and the whole shell is double
the size of ours. It is much more closely allied to, if not identical
with, a shell sent me by Mr. Sowerby under the name of N. nitida.
The number and arrangement of teeth is the same ; and if there
be any difference, it is that the British shell is smoother, nar-
rower, the angle made hy the anterior and superior margins is
greater, and the shape less obliquely transverse. The striae are
very obvious under the epidermis. In young specimens a series

152 .' ARCADE.

of transvep^e indentations may be seen along each side of the pos-
terior hiiy^e-margin.

[The ' above comparisons were made with specimens sent from
England, none of which are now regarded as tlie true N. nucleus ;
and since two or three species have been eliminated (iV. radiata, de-
cussata, nitida, &c.) the remainder seem in no respect to differ from
the American shell.

Nucula expansa.

Shell large, ovate-triangular, tumid, duskj^, chestnut-colored surface, distinctly
waved, and with fine radiating strias on both dorsal areas.

Nucula Bellotii, Adams, Zool. Proc. (1856), p. h\. — Hanley, in Sowb. Thes. Conch.

ill. 162, pi. 229, fig. 128. —Packard, Labr. Mar. Sh. 13.
Nucula expansa, Reevk, in Belcher's last Arct. Voy. -397, pi. 33, fig. 2 (1855).

Shell large, thin, ovate triangular, tumid, without marked umbonal
ridges ; anterior dorsal margin nearly vertical and straight, the area
broad heart-shaped, depressed, bounded by an obtuse ridge and
marked by fine diverging striae, anterior end rounding
^'^^J^ into the decidedly arcuate ventral margin ; posterior dor-
sal margin much longer and more oblique than the an-
terior, gently curved, and with no angles ; dorsal face
broad, somewhat flattened, with the lips of the valves
scarcely pouting, and with a few delicate radiating lines ;
surface concentrically ridged, quite coarsely so at the
N. e^isa outer circles ; epidermis glossy, dark chestnut, with yel-
lowish zones. Interior leaden color, muscular impres-
sions deep, margin simple, covered by the inflected epidermis ; hinge
rather robust, the ligament spoon very oblique, with about ten teeth
in front and fifteen behind it. Length, eleven twentieths of an
inch ; height, seven twentieths of an inch ; breadth, six twentieths
of an inch.

Dredged by Dr. Packard in fifteen fathoms at Chataque Bay,
Lal)rador ; Arctic Seas {Hanleif) ; Beechey Island {Belcher).

One of the largest and finest of the genus, so remarkable for its
undulated surface and dark epidermis as to assimilate it to Corbicula.

Nucula inflata.

Shell trapeziform, oliliquely truncated, tumid, beaks prominent, anterior.

Nucula inflata, Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. (1846), .333, pi. 5, figs. 13, 14. — Hanley, in

Sown. Thes. Conch, iii. 162 (Nundn), pi. 4, figs. 115, 116.
Nucula tenuis, Moller, Moll. Grctinl. 17.
Nucula ohliquata, Beck (1847), teste Morch.

;'(ii«

NUCULA. 153

Shell trapeziform, inflated, l)eaks at anterior fourth, prominent,
rather obtuse, angle of dorsal margius at the beaks a right angle,
anterior slope nearly vertical, with a broad heart-shaped lunule de-
fined by a rather acute ridge, with the included edges of ^j„ ^^^^
the valves a little pouting, and marked by very faint di-
verging striae ; posterior dorsal margin for about half its
length nearly horizontal and then obliquely truncate, so as
to make the hinder end biangular, and so that the acutely j/.l^a-
rounded tip is near the ventral margin ; the posterior dor-
sal face is broad, lozenge shaped, defined by a pretty distinct umbo-
nal ridge, the valve edges compressed and the color paler ; epidermis
yellowish green, shining, rather coarsely striate concentrically. In-
terior silvery, margin simple, hinge with about five teeth before and
ten behind the large oblique ligament cavity. Length, three tenths
of an inch ; height, five twentieths of an inch ; breadth, three
twentieths of an inch.

Dredged by Dr. Packard at Henley Harbor, Lal)rador ; Greenland
(i¥o//er) ; Arctic Seas (^Hancock).

Generally resembling N. tenuis, but more hiflated, and angular in
all its outlines.

Nucula delphinodonta.

Sliell minute, triangular, oblique, very broad, beaks nearly terminal, three an-
terior and seven posterior teeth.

Nucula delphinodonta, Mighels, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 40, 324, pi. 4, fig. .5 (1842). —
Stimpsox, Shells of New England, 9 ; Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 13 ; Inv. Gr. Manan,
20. — MoRcn, Prod. Moll. Gntnl. 21.

Nucula corticata, Holboll and JNIoller, fide Morch.

Shell quite small, obliquely triangular, very broad, and tumid,
beaks nearly at the posterior point ; posterior marghi nearly vertical,
passhig by a rounded right angle uito the slightly curved
ventral margin ; anterior dorsal margin descending at an
angle of 45° and terminating in an acutely rounded point ;
dorsal face broad, beaks elevated and tumid, with a deep n. fhiphi-
heart-shaped excavation under the beaks bordered by a "° 2' "
delicate but acute ridge running to the basal angle ; a
smooth, flattened, lanceolate area in front of the beaks ; surface with
coarse unequal striae of growth ; epidermis olivaceous. Hinge with
three posterior and seven anterior sharp, elongated teeth. Length,
thirteen hundredths of an inch ; height, eleven hundredths of an
inch ; breadth, nine hundredths of an inch.

154 ARCADiE.

Found in the stomachs of codfish in Casco Bay, in great numbers
(^Mig-hels) ; whole coast, laminarian region {Stimpson). Abundant
on sandy and muddy bottoms. Cape Ann, thirty fathoms ; Race
Point, twenty-two fathoms ; Broad Sound, six fathoms ; Grand
Manan {Stiinpson) ; Greenland (^Morch).

The animal has the mantle freely open, forming no siphons ; the
foot large, hyaline, with a deep fissure and serrated edges, protruded
from the longer side. It is very active (^Stimpson).

Distinguishable from other species by its small size and tumid,
almost globose form, as well as by the number of teeth.

Ociius YOL.DIA, MGller. 1832.

Shell oblong-ovate, compressed, rostrate posteriorly ; with fine
concentric or oblique stria?, covered with a varnished epidermis ;
slightly pearly within. Pallia! impression with a small sinus. An-
imal with a large foot, mantle open and ciliate, siphons adnate, long,
and very slender.

Yoldia limatula.

Fig. 62.

Shell oblong-ovate, rostrated, very smooth and shining; beaks sub-central;
teeth twenty-two on the anterior, and eighteen on the rostrated side.

Nucula limatula, Say, Aracr. Conch, pi. 12 (1831). — Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 98, fig.

62. -De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 180, pi. 12, fip;. 218. — Conrau, Amer. Mar.

Conch. 30, pi. 6, fio-. i. — Hanley, Biv. 170, pi. 20, tig. 4. — SowEuiiY, Thesaur.

Conch. (Nucula), pi. 1, fig. 9. — Migiiels, Cat. Shells of Maine, 16, and in Best.

Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 322.
Yoldia limatulu, Adams, Gen. ii. 548, pi. 126, figs. 5, 5 6. — Chenu, Man. do Conch, ii.

180, fig. 905.
Leda limatula, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 10 (1851). — S. Smith, Moll, of Long

Island, 15, and in Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii.

Shell transversely ovate, very much elongated, thin, lines of
growth very minute, otherwise smooth and covered with a beauti-
fully glazed, light green epidermis, Avith an occasional darker zone,
and two or three lighter radiations ; beaks nearly central, not promi-
nent, inclined backwards ; hinge-margin behind rectilinear nearly
to the tip, compressed, the compression not reaching the tip, which
is a little recurved, pointed, and not truncated ; anterior and basal
margin almost regidarly rounded, entire ; interior bluish-white,

YOLDIA.

155

Fis. 4(32.

Y. limatula.

somewhat pearly ; cartilage-pit small ; the series of teeth, extending
more than two thirds the length of the shell, is slightly bent at the
pit ; teeth prominent, most
so at the middle of each
side, their summits forming
a regular arch, twenty-two
on the anterior, and eighteen
on the rostrated side, exca-
vated on their outer faces ;
impressions quite obvious.
Length, one and nine tenths
inches ; height, nine tenths of an inch ; breadth, five tenths of an
inch.

Found in various parts of Massachusetts Bay ; Boston Harbor, in
two to ten fathoms mud ; Eastport, in six fathoms ( Stimpsoyi) ;
Vineyard Sound (^Agassiz^ ; Long Island Sound (Prime^ ; Port-
land Harbor (^Mig-Jieh) ; Fishing Banks ( Willis) ; Capuchin, Mar-
couin, St. Anne (^Bell) ; Nordland {Mc Andrew).

Animal with siphons united, the anal one translucent, the branchial
opaque white, both fringed at openings ; edges of foot-lobes simple.

This beautiful shell may be distinguished from other species of
our coast by its length, which is more than twice as great as its
height. Its posterior portion is also more narrowed than in other
species. The dimensions given above are those of a specimen
larger than is ordinarily found. But I have a single valve sent me
by Dr. Mighels of Portland, which he dredged in the harbor of that
place, where he found them abundantly, measuring two and three
tenths inches in length, and one and one tenth inches in height.
He informs me that the animal is very active, and that it leaps to an
astonishing height, exceeding in this faculty the scallop-shells. (See
Catal. of the Shells of Maine, 16).

Yoldia obesa.

Shell very small, oval, smooth, beaks nearly central ; teeth small, ten in front
and twelve behind.

Leda obesn, Stimpsox, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 13 (1851) ; Shells of New England,

10, pi. 2, fig. 1 ; Check Lists.
Nuculu navicidaris, Migiiels (not Couthody), Shells of Maine, 17, according to Adams.

Shell quite small, thin and fragile, of an elongated oval form, the
posterior part, which is a little the longer, being obtusely rounded

156 ARCADE.

at the point, even more so than the anterior end ; the valves are
tumid, and only a very narrow portion of the posterior dorsal edge is
compressed ; apices obtuse ; ventral margin gently and
uniformly arched ; surface very delicately striated con-
centrically, and covered with a pale yellowish-green
epidermis ; hinge very delicate, with ten teeth in front
and twelve behind the apex. Length, three twelfths of
' 2 ' an inch; height, one eighth of an inch; breadth, one

tenth of an inch.
Taken in deep water in Massachusetts Bay.

It is narrower and more inflated than the young of Y. thracice-
formis, and is quite remarkable for its regularly oval, non-rostrate
form. It is very similar in size and general appearance to Yoldia
pyf^mcea^ Mlinst, but that shell is pretty distinctly pointed and
slightly upturned at the end.

Yoldia siliqua.

Shell oblong-ovate, emarginate under the posterior tip ; beaks nearly median,
prominent; posterior dorsal margin straight, compressed.

Nucula glacialis. Gray, in Index Test. Supp. pi. 2, fig. 6. — Hisinger, Icon. Petr. Suec.
pi. 30, fig. 13 (fossil) ; Lethiea Suec. 60.

Nucula truncala, Brown, Conch. Gr. Brit. 84, pi. 33, fig. 18.

Nucula Portlandica, Hitchcock, Best. Journ. i. 327 (woodcut 328). — Reeve, in Belch-
er's last Arct. Voy. 396, pi. 33, fig. 3.

Nucula siliqua, Reeve, in Belcher's last Arct. Voy. pi. 33, fig. 4 (1855) ; Proc. Zool. Soc.
48 (1856).

Nucularta (/lacialis, MoRCH, Prodr. Moll. Groenl. 21 (1857).

Lecla (suhg. Portlandia) glacialis, Hanley, in Thes. Conch, iv. 144, pi. 227, figs. 31, 32
(1860).

Yoldia glacialis. Gray, Catal. Br. Moll. 161 (1851).

Shell oblong-oval, ventricose, beaks large and unusually promi-
nent, a little in advance of the middle ; anterior end rounded, ratlier
acutely ; ventral margin very gently curved, a little
'^'^" ^' pouched opposite to the beaks and also at the ter-

mination of the umbonal rido-e, between which and
the posterior point the ascending margin is a little
concave ; the posterior dorsal edge is sharp and
straight, and meeting the ascending margin forms an
acute-angled point ; this caudal portion is very much
i.sutqua. compressed; the dorsal area is flattened and de-

fined by an obtuse ridge ; surface somewhat coarsely
waved, and marked also by delicate incremental undulating ridges of

YOLDIA. 157

growth, over which the epidermis rises like a very delicate fringe.
Hinge with the ligament spoon broad, deep, very slightly oblique,
and with twelve to fourteen stout teeth on each side of it. i?i})lional
sinus quite obvious. Length, eight tenths of an inch ; height, five
tenths of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch.

Found in a semi-fossil condition in the clays about Portland and
Montreal. It is found in a recent condition in the Arctic seas ;
Beechey Island (^Belcher}', Greenland {March). Mr. Hanley has
indicated a subgenus Portlandia, to receive this and a few other
species which are conspicuously emarginated below the tips, and
closed at both ends.

Yoldia thraciseformis.

Fig. 66.

Shell kidney-shaped, inequipartite, covered Avith a dark olive-green epidermis;
a rib-like wave passes from the beaks to the posterior-inferior angle ; gaping at
both ends.

Nucula thracio'formis, Storer, Best. Joiirn. Nat. Hist. ii. 122 (woodcut). — Gould, Inv.
Mass. 97, fig. 66. — De Kav, Nat. Hist. New York, 178, pi. 12, fig. 217. — Hanley,
Recent Shells, Biv. 169, pi. 20, fig. 1.5. — Sowerby, Thes. Conch, pi. 1, figs. 4, 1-3.

Leda thracio'formis, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 9 (IS.'il) ; Inv. Gr. Manan, 20.

Nucula naricularis, Couthouy, Journ. Bost. Soc. ii. 178, pi. 4, fig. 4 (young). — Gould,
Inv. Mass. 103.

Yoldia thracia^formis, MoRCH, Moll. Gra?nl. 21 (1857). — Moller, Prod. Moll. Groenl. 21.

Yoldia angularis, Moller, Moll. Grronl. 17, and in Mus. Amsterdam.

Nucula lalernaria, Valexc. Vny. of Venus, INIoll. j)!. 23, fis. 5.

Yoldia Miilleri, Gray, Voy. of Fly, Append, ii. 361, pi. 2, fig 4.

Shell oblong-ovate, or rather kidney-shaped, somewhat pointed
before, broadest and truncated

behind, thin ; gaping at both ^'

ends ; inequilateral ; the beaks
considerably elevated, pointed,
inclined backwards, and touch-
ing each other, are situated
near the anterior third of the
shell ; an obtuse, rib-like wave
passes obliquely over the shell

from the beaks to the posterior y thradaformis.

third of the basal margin, divid-
ing the surface of the shell into two unequal triangles ; the outline
of the anterior triangle is regularly curved, excepting a shallow,
leno'thened notch between the centre of the base and the wave ; the

"■s"

158 AECAD^.

upper margin of the other triangle is nearly direct, a little upturned
or beaked, and its edge is compressed into a sharp crest, the pos-
terior margin moderately rounded, joining above and below with an
abrupt curve of a truncated appearance ; the anterior portion is
inflated, and the epidermis of a dusky green ; the posterior portion
is compressed, has one or two faint waves or radiations, and the
epidermis is of a lighter yellowish-green, minutely wrinkled ; surface
coarsely marked with lines of growth, and covered with a sooty
powder, which easily rubs off and leaves a glossy black. Hinge
with a very large, spoon-shaped cavity, and on each side of it are
about twelve teeth, each one folded from the centre to an angle of
45° ; cavity of the beaks very capacious ; interior polished white,
impressions faint, the pallial one with a deep sinus. Length, two
and four fifths inches ; height, one and thirteen twentieths inches ;
breadth, one and one tenth inches.

Animal with the mantle thin edged, a large foot divided by a deep
groove, the edges when expanded simple ; the labial organs very
large and protruding from the ventral margin.

First taken by Dr. Storer from the stomachs of Pleuronectes
dentata, or sand-dab, caught off Race Point, in December, 1837. In
that winter a dozen or more specimens were taken from the same
species of fish, and from the same locality ; liut last winter they
were sought for without success. Fishery Banks ( Willis^ ; Duck
Island, Grand Manan {Stimpson') ; Greenland (^Moller^.

It is a very extraordinary shell, far exceeding in size any known
species of the genus. Indeed, its peculiar shape, very large spoon-
hinge, and the teeth folded like those of Area, entitle it to a generic
distinction so far as the shell is concerned ; and I believe that a
knowledge of the animal will establish its claims to one.

The young form was thus described as Nucula navicularis in the
first edition : —

Shell small, thin, fragile, of a crescentic or somewhat kidney-
shaped form, smooth, tumid at the beaks, and compressed at the
sides, slightly gaping at both ends ; beaks very nearly central,
prominent, and directed backwards ; anterior side elliptically round-
ed ; posterior side somewhat narrowed and compressed, and very
slightly truncated ; basal margin strongly curved ; surface smooth,
with very indistinct lines of growth ; epidermis a light pea-green,
thin, with many eroded spots. Ligamentary fosset broad, prom-
inent, and oblique ; teeth about eight before and ten Ijehind the
fosset. Interior glossy white ; margin simple. Length, eleven

YOLDIA. 159

twentieths of an inch ; height, five twentieths of an incli ; breadth,
three twentieths of an inch.

Found in the stomachs of fish caught off Nahant and Plymouth ;
not common.

This small shell might at first be regarded as the young of some
other species. But the central position of the beaks, the number of
teeth, and its crescentic or boat-shaped form, are good characteris-
tics. The size above indicated is about one third larger than that
of the specimens usually found.

Yoldia sapotilla.

Fig. 61.

Shell elongated-ovate, sub-equipartite, sub-rostrated, tumid at the beaks, with
a slight flexure under the posterior tip, pale yellowish-green, polished ; teeth
about sixteen on each side.

Nucula sapotilla, Gould, Inv. Mass. 100, fig. 61 (1841). — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New

York, 180, pi. 13, fig. 220. — Sowerby, Tlies. Conch. (Nucula) fig. 16. — PIanley,

Recent Shells, 170, pi. 20, fig. .3.
Leda sapotilla, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 10 (1851) ; Inv. Gr. Manan, 20. — S.

Smith, Moll, of Long Island, 15, and Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. — Reeve, in Belcher's

last Arct. Voy. ii. 397.
Yulilia sapotilla, Packard, Mar. An. of Labrador, 13 (1861). — Stimpson, Check Lists.

Shell ovate, prolonged, thin, fragile, translucent, the beaks a little
in advance of the centre, not elevated, but considerably inflated
laterally ; anterior half regularly semi-oval ; posterior portion nar-
rowed and compressed, the line running from the
beaks to the posterior tip straight, and rendered ^J!5l^^'

sharp by the compression of a very narrow portion
of the margin ; beneath the tip is a truncation or
shallow indentation of the margin, bounded by a „

a ' J Y. sapotilla.

wave-like swell passing from the beaks to its an-
terior termination ; surface marked only by exceedingly minute con-
centric lines, and covered by a very thin and glossy epidermis of a
light yellowish-green color, with an occasional narrow zone of a
darker color ; within pearly white ; cavity of the cartilage deep and
triangular ; teeth about sixteen or eighteen on each side, long and
pointed, very small and crowded at the centre. Length, nine tenths
of an inch ; height, four fifths of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of
an inch.

Inhabits the vicinity of Cape Cod, where it may be found in the
stomachs of fishes, and also by dredging. Many specimens have

160 ARCADE.

been kindlj furnished me by Colonel Totten, which he took by
dredging in Provincetown Harbor. Eastport, Grand Manan ( Stimp-
sori) ; Fishing Banks ( Willis) ; Labrador (^Packard) ; Long Island
Sound (>S. Smith) ; Northumberland Sound (^Belcher).

This is the living analogue of the fossil species described by Mr.
Say under the name of N. Icevis, in " American Conchology," pi. 12.
In size, shape, and the position of the beaks they accurately agree ;
but the fossil species wants the emargination or flexure under the
posterior tip. Y. myalis is greater in height, thicker, darker, and
has the beaks about as far removed towards the posterior as they
are towards the anterior extremity in this shell.

Eroded spots, filled witli a black substance, are frequently seen
externally, Avliich are marked by a corresponding challcy opacity
within.

In its shape, and the perfect polish of its surface, this shell resem-
bles the seed of the Sapotilla (^Achras sapota), a tropical fruit; and
I have substituted that name instead of N. Ifsvig-ata, under which I
gave the specific characters of the shell in the " American Journal
of Science," as I find that name preoccupied.

[Though the specific value of the shell here described has been
thus far unchallenged, upon an examination of many specimens I
am not fully satisfied that it is anything more than an abbreviated
variety of Y. limatula.

Yoldia myalis.

Shell ovate, smooth, olive colored ; anterior part longest and rounded ; poste-
riorly acuminated, and sub-rostrated ; teeth about twelve on each side.

Nucula myalis, CoTiTHOUY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 61, pi. 3, fig. 7 (1838). — Gould,
Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 99. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 180, pi. 12, fig. 219. — Sow-
ERBY, Thes. Conch. {Xticula) pi. 1, fig. 18. — Mighej.s, Shells of Maine, 17, and
Journ. Bost. Sec. iv.

Leda mi/(t/is, Stimpson', Shells of New England, 10 (18.51) ; Inv. Gr. Manan, 20.

Niicuki hijperborea, Loven.

Shell ovate, thin, slightly gaping at both extremities, moderately
convex ; surface somewhat undulated V)v distant

Fig. 467.

concentric ridges, and covered with an olive-
colored epidermis, arranged in alternate darker
and lighter zones ; beaks not elevated, a little
beliind the middle ; anterior part semi-elliptical ;
posterior part sub-triangular, upper margin 1)c-
hind the beaks straight, compressed and sharp to the very ti]), which

LKDA. IGl

is oljtuselj pointed as the regular curve of the base meets the dorsal
lino, though in many instances there is a slight flexure just below
the point. Interior ycllowisli-white, glossy, with greenish zones,
and minute radiating lines or stria) ; cartilage cavity deep, triangular;
series of teeth about twelve on each side, but sometimes increased
to sixteen or eighteen, increasing in size and distance towards the
outer extremities. Length, one and one tenth of an inch ; height,
seven tenths of an inch ; breadth, seven twentieths of an inch.

Taken from the stomachs of fish caught in various parts of Mas-
sachusetts Bay. Eastport to Cape Cod, Grand Manan (^Stimpsoii) ;
Gulf St. Lawrence (Mighels); Halifax {Willis).

The general aspect of this species is like that of Y. limatiila. It
is distinguished by the position of the beaks, and the smaller num-
ber of teeth ; the whole shell, and the posterior portion especially,
is less elongated, and the epidermis is of a darker, more strictly
olive color, and far less glossy. It never attains to so great a
size. It has almost precisely the shape and size, but none of the
oblique striee of N. arctica, Broderip and Sowerby. A shell from
Spitzbergen sent me by Dr. Loven, and named by him N. hi/perborea,
as to the exterior and the position of the beaks is like this ; but its
height is less, and there are eighteen teeth in the posterior range.
[Doubtless identical.

Genus LED A, ScnuMACHER. 1817.

Shell produced behind and rostrate, line of teeth interrupted by
the oblique, depressed deltoid pit for the ligament, most numerous
behind the pit ; pallial sinus very small. Mantle open, simple ;
foot large, club-shaped, divided below and dilatable into a disk ;
siphons formed by a coherence of the mantle at tliree jjoints.

Leda tenuisulcata.

Shell ovate-lanceolate, inequipartite, posteriori}^ much narrowed and rostrated ;
surface with numerous concentric ridges, covered with a light greenish-yellow
epidermis ; teeth twelve before and sixteen behind the beaks.

Nucula tenuisulcata, Couthooy, Bost. -Tourn. Nat. Hist. ii. 64, pi. ."5, fig. 8 (1838). —
Hanley, Biv. .377, pi. 20, fig. 17. — Philippi, in Menke's Zeitsch. 7.5 (1845).

Nucula minuta, Gould, Invert. 101. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 181. — Mighels,
Shells of Maine, 17, and Bost. Jourii. iv. 323.

Leda tenuisulcata, Hanley, in Tlies. Conch, iii. 112, pi. 228, fig. 87 (1860). — Stimpson,
Inv. Gr. Manan, 21 ; Shells of New England, 10 (1851).
11

162 ARCADE.

Shell ovate-lanceolate, thin, the posterior part doul^le the length
of the anterior, narrowed to a point, the tij) being a little upturned,
truncated and gaping, the upper margin straight and sharp ; an-
terior side ovally rounded ; surface wrought into

Fig. 468. -^ ' *=■

numerous and crowded concentric folds, the in-
terspaces rather jjroadest, excepting a com-
pressed, lanceolate area behind the Ijeaks reach-
ing nearly to the tips, which is smooth and
shining ; a delicate, sub-marginal angle runs
from the beaks to the lower angle of the trun-

L. ti iiiiiMilrata. Ill- 1*1 jl • n -I ^

cated tip, at which the concentric folds or rilis
are l)ent at nearly a right angle, so as to be parallel to the margin ;
epidermis light greenish-yellow, or sap-green color, within pearly
white ; an elevated ridge runs from within the cavity of the beaks
to the lower angle of the truncated tip, corresponding to the ex-
terior angle ; teeth twelve to fourteen l^efore the beaks, and sixteen
to eighteen behind them. Length, one inch ; height, nine twen-
tieths of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch.

Found, not very rarely, in the stomachs of fishes taken off Na-
hant. Provincetown Harbor ( Totten) ; off Isle of Shoals ( Wheat-
land) ; Casco Bay (Mighels') ; Eastport and Grand Manan (Stimp-
soti) ; Halifax { Willis).

This shell is readily distinguished from our other species by the
f^lds and grooves of its surface. It is much more pointed than the
other s})ecies, and does not attain to a large size, the above dimen-
sions being those of a shell one third longer than the usual size. I
have carefully compared our shell with a specimen of N. minuta,
from the coast of Norway, sent me l)y Dr. Lov^n, and can find no
difference in the number of teeth, or in any other respect. [This
comparison refers to the elongated and compressed form which is
still considered the typical form of N. minuta in the British Mol-
lusca, but which Mr. Hanley has since separated, rightly, as I think,
to represent the N. caudata of Donovan as a distinct species. Our
shell is somewhat more elongated and less recurved, and grows to a
much larger size ; still, the distinction is not jwsitively marked. In
size and form it is more like L. pernula, but the striation is much
coarser, and there is lacking the lustre and radiating corrugations
of the epidermis found on that shell.

LEDA. 163

Leda Jacksonii.

Fig. 65.

Shell ovate, convex, inequipartite, posteriorly diminishing to a narrow, as-
cending beak, truncated at tip, and Avith a flexure in the margin beneath it ; sur-
I'ace with conceiitric, elevated lines ; teeth fifteen before, and twenty behind the
beaks.

Nucula Jacksonii, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ccl. 102, fi":. 65 (1841).

Leda buccata, Steenstrup, in MiJller's Moll. GrtL'iil. 17. — Sowerby, Thes. Conch. No.

15, figs. 63, 64. — Packard, Labrad. Mar. Anim. 13.
Nuculana buccata, Mokch, Prodr. Moll. Gro^nl. 21 (1857).

Shell ovate, elongated, ventricose, rather solid ; beaks at the an-
terior tliird ; anteriorly rounded ; posteriorly rapidly attenuated so
as to form a somewhat ascending beak, truncated
at tip ; posterior hinge-margin straight and sharp, ^'^' ^

compressed at each side so as to form a broad
area defined l>y denticulated lines, and smooth ;
under the tip is a flexure or shallow indentation
of the basal margin, and an elevated ridge runs
from the beaks to the lower angle of the tip ; sur-
face covered with fine, crowded, elevated, concen- ^ jacksonu
trie lines ; within grooved and irregular, with ac-
cumulations of calcareous matter, the most remarkable of which are
one under the posterior series of teeth, and a rib going to the mid-
dle of the truncated tip ; cartilage pit a narrow cavit}'', which pene-
trates through the shell and forms a transverse fissure between the
beaks, which are widely separated ; series of teeth strongly curved,
fifteen before and twenty behind the l:)eaks, short, very broad, and
folded outwardly. Length, one inch ; height, eleven twentieths of
an inch ; breadth, two fifths of an inch.

Found at the land-slip at Pride's Bridge, Presumpscot River,
Westbrook, Maine, September, 1837 ; and also by Dr. C. T. Jackson
at Augusta, while engaged in the geological survey of Maine, in
honor of whom I have named it. Greenland (^Morch, Moller) ;
Labrador, al3undant (^Packard').

It is remarkable for its great width, which makes it almost cylin-
drical. The concentric lines are finer and closer than in N. minuta
of first edition. In general outline it resembles N. rostrata, Sow-
erby, " Conch. Illust." Fig. 12. The denticulated boundary line of
the beaks, both before and behind, is very peculiar. [Caused by
an erosion so as to show the origin of the hinge denticles.

164 ARCADE.

This shell, known to me as a fossil only, proves to be living aliun-
dantly in more northern seas, and has been described in Europe
under the specific name buccata. It varies considerably in its pro-
portions, so that Moller has designated two varieties, viz., — var,
brevis : ovate, ventricose, lower margin strongly arcuate ; var. Icevior:
moderately ventricose, greenish yellow, rather smootli. It is more
ventricose, less elongated and more finely sulcated than L. pcrnvla.

Leda miimta.

Shell pear-shaped, beaks tumid, rostrum very short, scarcely upturned, and
squarely truncate, epidermis dusky.

Area minuta, Fabr. Fauna Gr. 414. — Gmel. 3309.

Area miniita Groenlandica, Chemn. Conch, x. 351, figs. 1657, 1658.

Nucula purva, So-\vekby, Conch. 111. No. 12, fig. 7. — Reea-e, Conch. Syst. pi. 85, fig. 7,

— Hanley, Brit. Biv. 169, pi. 19, fig. 52.
Nucula minuta, Philippi, Zeits. f. Malac. 101 (1844).
Nuruhnia minuta, Morch, Prod. Moll. Gi-renl. 21.
Leda minuta, Moller, Ind. Moll. Granil. 17. — Hanley, in Sowb. Thcs. iii. 114, p). 228,

figs. 61, 62.

Shell oblong, pyriform, tumid, beaks at anterior third, slightly

elevated, obtuse, inclined inwards, anterior dorsal margin sloping so

as to bring the somewhat acutely rounded point al)out midway to

the base; posterior dorsal maroin with about the same

Fi". 470. ,

slope as the front, direct and slightly upturned very
near the tip, which is very small and squarely truncate ;
ventral margin full and well-rounded, witli a very slight
emarginatioii under the tip ; dorsal face very broad,
with a wide, flattened, or somewhat depressed space, des-

L. minuta.

titute of ri])lets, in front of the beaks, and a long lance-
olate one defined l)y a sharp ridge behind ; disks of the valves
very tumid, with a shallow sub-marginal channel behind ; surface
deeply grooved concentrically, so as to form conspicuous reflexcd
riblets, which terminate on reaching the dorsal areas ; epidermis
dusky chestnut. Interior slightly nacreous, showing the external
riblets, with a very distinct shar]) ridge running from under the
l)eaks to the middle of the tip ; hinge witli a very small, oblique lig-
ament pit, with about twelve teeth before and fourteen lichind it.
Length, one half inch ; heiglit, three tenths of an incli : breadth,
one fourth of an inch.

Sent to me in considei-able numbers from Halifax, by Mr. Willis.

No little confusion in the synonymy of this shell, in consequence

LEDA. 165

of regarding two very distinct forms as varieties of the same species.
They were so described in tlie British MoUusca l)y Forbes and Han-
ley. I think there is good reason to follow the subsequent deter-
mination of Mr. Hanley as given in Sowerby's Thesaurus, and des-
ignate two species. This Ibrm is the more northern one, which
I had not seen when the former edition was pujjlished. It cor-
responds with specimens sent me under this name by McAndrew
and Morch. It is distinguished by its swollen and abbreviated form,
pouched ventral margin, and dark epidermis. The younger ones
(var. complanatci) are more compressed and longer beaked.

Leda caudata.

Long and slender, eompressed, gradually tapering l3ackwards, and decidedly
falcate ; beaks acute ; epidermis wax yellow, concentrically furrowed.

Area nu'mita, Montagu, Test. Crit. 140; id. Ciieiiu od. (H.

Area eaudata, Donovax, Br. Sh. pi. 78 ; id. Chenu ed. 50, pi. 17, tigs. 8-12.

Nucida minuta, Turton, Brit. Biv. 178. — H.vnley, Recent fShcIls, i. 168, pi. 10, tig. 44.

Nucula rostruta, Sowerby, Gen. fig. 5. — McGilliv. ^loll. Aberd. 24.5.

Leinhulus sulcatus. Leach, Moll. Brit. pi. 12, figs. .3, 4.

Leda caudata, Loven, Ind. Moll. Seand. 34. — Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. ii. 226, pi.
47, figs. 11-13; pi. P. fig. 2 (animal). — Hanley, in Tlies. Conch, iii. 114, pi. 228,
fig. 60. — Gray, Cat. Br. Moll. 00 (part). — Alder, Cat. Moll. Northumb. 79.

Leda complanata, Moller, Ind. ;\Ioll. Grocid. 17.

Perhaps the best way to delineate this species is to say that it is
intermediate between L. teriuisulcata and L. minuta. Compared
with L. teriuisulcata^ which it most reseml)les, it is much smaller ;
the beaks are more acute, the umbonal region less tu-

, . Fig- 471.

mid, the posterior portion more recurved, being quite
falcate in consequence of concave outline of the dorsal
margin, while that of L. temnsulcata is nearly direct. 0^'
From L. minuta it differs in its want of obesity, its

. . , . L. caudata.

much longer rostrum and its wax yellow epidermis.

Length, three fifths of an inch ; height, one fourth of an inch ;

l)readth, three twentieths of an inch.

The only specimens I have seen were received from Mr. Willis of
Halifax ; Greenland (Md'rch and Moller^. It is a more southern
form than L. minuta.

Family UNIONID^.

Shells fluviatile ; liinge having a simple or divided, furrowed, car-
dinal tooth, with or witliout a long marginal tooth ; and sometimes
destitute of teetli ; muscular iinprossioiis compound.

166 UNIONID^.

Animal Avith the mantle adhering between the two openings, of
which the upper one is plain and the lower fringed ; foot very large ;
gills long, sub-equal, united posteriorly.

The shells embraced in this family are familiarly known by the
names oi fresh-water clams or mussels. They inhaliit most, if not
all, of our collections of fresh water, whether still or of rapid flow.
Their aspect is peculiar, and there is such a stamp of identity upon
them as forbids their being confounded with any other family of
shells. Exteriorly they seldom present anything very attractive ;
but no one can fail to admire the beautifully tinted pearl of their
interior. The few species inhabiting New England are simple and
unpretending in their appearance ; but our western waters furnish
species infinite in the variety of their shapes, colors, and marking ;
and no shells are more eagerly sought for by foreign collectors tlian
the American Naiades.

The teeth, when they exist, are strong, pyramidal, or compressed,
and appear as if they had been abruptly fractured at their tips.
The beaks of mature shells are almost always found to be eroded,
either by the gravel or other substances which are washed over
them, or by some chemical process. The foot of the animal is
tongue-shaped, and serves to perform no inconsiderable journeys.
In quiet water, where there is a layer of mud at the bottom, the
furrows, traced by dragging the shell along on its sharp edge, are
readily seen.

All the species are capable of producing pearls ; and occasionally
some of no inconsiderable beauty and value are found. Old and
deformed shells are most likely to contain them ; and in fact they
seem to be the products of injury or disease.

The animal, in all the genera included in this family, seems to
have the same organization ; and the teeth, on the arrangement of
which the genera are founded, are observed to dwindle from their
greatest number and fullest development in such a continued series,
until they wholly vanish, as to lead to the belief that all the Union-
idcB mio-ht be reduced to a sino-le o'cnus.

[The young are found to attach themselves by a byssal thread,
like the Mytilidw, which this family every way resembles. The fe-
males are distinguished by being much more full and somewhat
pouched at the posterior ventral margin ; and the embryonic young
are carried in the folds of the outer gills. Rafmesque and Swain-
son have proposed many generic divisions, and others founded on

uNio. 167

the hinge or the form of the shell ; and more recently Professor
Agassiz has proposed several genera, not yet published, founded on
the peculiarities of the animal, especially of the mantle and the
parts of the gills which carry the embryos.

OciiHS UNIO, Retzius. 1788.

Shell equi valve, inequipartite, multiform ; hinge with a stout,
irregular, striated, simple or divided cardinal tooth in each valve,
and an elongated, compressed, marginal tooth ; gills free from the
abdominal sac, their posterior extremity attached to the mantle ;
eggs filling the whole extent of the outer gill ; upper siphonal open-
ing somewhat fringed.

Ig, OWX^^^YY^lO-U XX^XXgv

Unio complanatus.

Figs. 68, 69, 70.

Shell elongated ovate, somewhat angular posteriorly, inequipartite ; beaks not
much elevated, epidermis dark brown ; interior purple or salmon-colored ; hinge-
teeth deeply striated, pyramidal.

Mya complanata, Solander, MSS., Portland Catal. 100. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. .51.
Unio purpureus, Say, Nich. Encye. (Amer. 1st ed.) iv. 3, fig. 1 (1816). — Deshayes,

Encyc. Me'th. Vers., ii. 581, pi. 249, fi<;-. 5. — Barnes, Silliman's .Jouni. vi. 264.
Unio purpurascens, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vi. 53.5.
Unio violaceus, Spengler, in Guerin's Mag. 26.
Unio rarisulcata, coarctata, rhombula, carinifera, Georgina, glabmta, and stdcidens of Laji.

(An. sans Vert, vi.) on the authority of Lea.
Uniofluviatilis, Green.
Unio complanatus, Lea, Naiades, i. 30; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (new series) iii. 416

(1830) ; vi. 130, not of De.shayes. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. 188, pi. 22, fig. 246.

Shell very variaiile in form, usually oblong-ovate, sometimes sub-
rhomboidal or sub-oval, very inequilateral, l)roadest behind, rather
compressed. Beaks about the anterior fourth of the shell, little
elevated, always much eroded, and exhibiting numerous layers of
greenish epidermal matter ; anterior extremity always regularly
rounded ; superior margin, behind the beaks, straight and some-
what ascending for one half its length, then, suddenly declining, it
forms an indefinite angle ; posterior end pointed, rounded or slightly
clipped ; inferior margin regularly curved, or sometimes a little
arched at the middle ; an obtuse ridge passes from the beaks to the
posterior tip. Surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth,
and covered by a dark, tar-colored, or very dark-green epidermis.

168

UNIONID^.

Interior usually of a beautiful dark peach-blossom color, and passes
from this through salmon-color to mother-of-pearl, tinged violet.
Hinge having a single erect, pyramidal, coarsely striated cardinal
tooth in the right valve, with the vestige of a tooth before, and a
pit behind it ; on the left valve are two nearly equal teeth of a tri-

Fig. 472.

V. complanatus.

angular, pyramidal form, the space between them corresponding to
the opposite tooth ; lateral teeth compressed, long, very slightly
curved. Ordinary length, three and one half inches ; height, two
inches ; breadth, one inch.

This is the most common fresh-water mussel we have. It is
found in every consideral)le brook or collection of water emj)tying
into the Atlantic ; and it is said never to l)e found in any of the
streams beyond the Atlantic slope.

It is perhaps the most varialjle of all species, as we may judge
by noticing the numerous species which, according to Mr. Lea, La-
marck made of its varieties. And it is to be feared that Mr. Lea
himself has not entirely avoided this error. Certain it is, that
shells answering well to his Roanoke nsis^jeju tins, and some others,
are not seldom found in Massachusetts, among the indisputable
complanatus.

The shell is always rounded before, somewhat widened and angu-
lar beliind, and slightly truncated at tip, especially if viewed inside.
Nor is it ever much inflated. Its true form is transversely oblong-
oval ; but is often nearly oval, and sometimes is much curved. In
one specimen before me the height is five eighths the length, and in
another it is only two fifths. In this latter the breadth is one fourth
the length, while in a third it is nearly one half. Tiie ej)idermis
is usually coarsely wrinkled, without lustre, and of a pitchy black

UNio. 169

color ; but I have a series of a strongly marked variety from the
Shawslieen River in Andover, where the color is dark chestnut with
considerable lustre, the young shells are radiated with dark lines
almost as much as U. radiatus, and some of the old shells are very
coarsely plaited from the beaks downwards into parallel folds.

Tlie only New England species with which this is lial)le to be
confounded are U. nasutus and U. radiatus. The first differs, ex-
ternally, in its more smooth, greenish, and somewhat radiated epi-
dermis ; the angular ridge running from the beaks backwards, pro-
duced l)y the strong compression of the hinge-margin ; and by a
contraction of the basal margin, near its posterior termination, so
as to form a sort of beak ; and internally hj the silvery, iridescent
nacre, and the slender, very oblique, cardinal teeth. U. radiatus has
the hinge very nearly the same as U. cotnplanatus ; 1 nit the nacre
is white, or somewhat livid, the shell never becomes so large, is
more regularly convex ; the epidermis is nearly smooth, shining,
and yellowish-green, with conspicuous rays of olive color.

Unio nasutus.

Fig. 71.

Shell transversely oblong-lanceolate, hinge-margin compressed, anteriorly
rounded, posteriorly somewhat beaked ; epidermis dusky-green, obscurely rayed ;
cardinal teeth compressed, oblique ; nacre very bright, bluish- white, iridescent.

Unio nasutus, Say, Nich. Encyc. (Anier. 1st ed.) iv. pi. 4, fiy. 1 (1816). — Conkad,
Unionidffi, 38, pi. 18, fig. l.— De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 191, pi. 20, fig. 2.39.
— Lea, Synops. .37. — Conrad, Synops. in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi. 252.

Mya nasiita. Wood, Index, Snppl. pi. 1, fi<x. 4.

Unio rosiratus, Valenc. Recueil d'Obs. de Zool., &c., par Humb. et Bonpl. ii. 233, pi. 53,
fig. 3.

Eurynea nasuta, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 13.

Lister, Conch, t. 151, fig. 6.

Shell slender, oblong-lanceolate, very inequilateral ; beaks small,
pointed, and slightly elevated ; hinge-margin straight to more than
lialf the distance from the beaks to the posterior end, when it sud-
denly declines and continues straight to the point ; lower margin
nearly parallel with the upper, though somewhat rounded at the
middle, and towards the end turns rapidly upward towards the
point, which is considerably produced, so as to form a sort of snout.
An angular ridge passes backwards from the beaks to the tip, above
which the shell is very much compressed ; two or more radiating
furrows are usually seen traversing this portion. Surface rather
smooth, not much wrinkled by the lines of growth. Epidermis

170

UNIONIDiE.

somewhat glossy, of a dark olive-green color, which in old shells
becomes quite dusky, with darker and lighter zones alternating, and
delicate, rather obscure rays ol" dusky. Within silvery-white, iri-
descent, and oftentimes with shades of bluish or salmon-color.
Hinge with the cardinal teeth rather delicate, compressed, and di-

Fig. 473.

U. nasutus.

rected obliquely forwards, so as to look to the middle of the front.
Cavity of the beaks small. Length, three inches ; height, one and
one fourth inches ; breadth, four fifths of an inch.

This species is rather rare. I have found it in Fresh Pond, Cam-
bridge, and have received it from the ponds in Plymouth. Mr. T.
J. Whittemore Ibund several good specimens in the jMiddlesex
Canal, not far IVom Charlestowu. It is more common in the Mid-
dle States.

It is not difficult to distinguish this from any of the species found
in Massachusetts. The prolongation of the posterior extremity,
which is made more conspicuous by a contraction of the basal mar-
gin just before the tij), and its comjiressed and oblique teeth, are
well-marked characteristics. But it is not so easy to distinguish
smaller specimens of this from those of U. rectus and U. g-ibbosiis,
as the general form is the same, and the prolongation of the tip is
not then very remarkable.

Unio radiatus.

Fig. 73.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, broadest and angular behind, inequilateral;
epidermis wrinkled, brownish-olive, zoned and rayed -with dusky-green; within
bluish- white ; cardinal tcetli strong, erect, pyramidal.

Myn rwliatn, Gmelin, Syst. .3220. — Dillavyn, Catal. i. .51. — Wood, Gen. Concli. 109.
Unio rudiata, Lamakck, An. sans Vert. vi. r).S5. — Deshayes, Encyc. Moth. Vers ii. 581.

UNIO.

171

Unio radiafus, Barnes, Sillini. Jonni. vi. 2()5 (younjj; cariosns). — Hildretii, Sillim.
Journ. xiv. — Lea, Trans. Ainer. Phil. Soc. iii. 41.'3 ; vi. 127, pi. If), ligs. 48, 49 (an-
imal) ; Synops. Naiad. 25. — Conrad, Unionidte, 24, pi. 10, lig. 2 ; Synops. Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sc. vi. 256. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. 189, pi. 18, fig. 236. —Gould, Invert.
110, fig. 72.

Unio Virginiana, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2(1 cd. vi. 544. — Deless. Recueil, pi. 13, fig. 4.

Mija oblongata. Wood, Suppl. pi. 5, fig. 2.

Lampsilis radiata, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 13.

Shell oblong-ovate, broadest and angular behind, beaks near the
front, little elevated ; epidermis loosely and delicately wrinkled con-
centrically, olivaceous, with numerous rays of dusky-green ; some-
times the wrinkles are also disposed in a radiated manner. Hinge-
margin a little an-
gular at the beaks ; '^^"' '^''*'
anterior extremity
narrow, about one
fourth the length of
the shell, regularly
rounded, but the
hinge-maririn turns
downwards with a
very abrupt curve ;
posterior side angu-
lar above, rounded
at tip ; hinge-margin

very little compressed ; basal margin regularly curved. Interior
white, iridescent posteriorly, with sometimes Iduish or flesh-colored
tints. Cardinal teeth erect, triangular, pyramidal, strengthened by
a stout rib behind the anterior muscular impression. Length, three
inches ; height, one and seven tenths inches ; breadth, one and one
fifth inches.

This is one of our common species, and is to be found in most of
the large streams and ponds. It is also one of the shells confined
to the eastern slope of the range of Alleghanies.

It exhibits but little variation in form, except the usual one,
that those inhabited by the female are broader behind than those
inhabited by the male. »

No species is now better estalilished than the one above described,
though there is good reason to believe that the U. radiatus of Barnes,
Dillwyn, Wood, and perhaps Say, was the young of either U. cario-
sns or U. ochraceiis^ or l)oth. It is most likely to be confounded
with U. sUlquoideus ; l)ut that shell has the epidermis lighter col-

U. radiatus.

172

UNIONID^.

orcd, very closely adhering, and perfectly smooth and glossy ; the
teeth also are more compressed and more oblique. Mr. Barnes olj-
serves of it that, " amidst a variety almost infinite, like that of the
human countenance, there is still a characteristic identity of this
species, which can scarcely be mistaken by an experienced observer.
One variety of radiatus approaches nearest to this species, but the
least appearance of rays forbids its association." This last remark
is far from being just.

Unio cariosus.

Fig. 72.

Shell ovate, inflated, not very tliick, inequilateral, beaks rather prominent; epi-
dermis yellowish-olive, usually radiated with dark-green ; Avithin usually bluish-
white ; teeth compressed, oblique.

Unio cariosus. Say, Nich. Encyc. (Amcr. ed. 181C) iv. pi. n, fiec. 2. — Barnes, Silliman's
Journ. vi. 271. — Lea, Trans. Amcr. Phil. Soc. (new series) vi. 126, pi. 15, fig. 45
(animal); Synops. Naiad. 27. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 193. — Gocld,
Invert. 1 1 1 , fig. 72.

Unio cariosa, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. 2d cd. vi. 54.5.

Unio ovata, Valenc. Recneil d'Obs. dc Zool. par Hiunb. et Bonpl. ii. 226, pi. 50, fig. 1.

Unio cariosus, Conrad, Unionida;, 40, pi. 19. — Kijster, Suppl. Chem. pi. 24, figs. 1-3.

Musculus latior suhfuscus, cnertileis lineis radiatus, Lister, Conch. 152, fig. 7.

Lampsilis cariosa, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 14.

Shell very variable in form, ovate or rounded, moderately thick,
inflated ; beaks placed at the anterior third, rather prominent, usu-

Fig. 475.

ally very much eroded ; hinge-margin straight, ascending from be-
fore liackwards ; anterior end narrow, regularly rounded ; posterior
end regularly curved above and below, and in the male terminating

UNio. 173

in a distinct angle, but in the female very broadly ronnded ; a sharp
ridge usually i)asses from the beaks towards the {posterior ti}).
Surface considerably undulated by the lines of growth ; epidermis
smooth, shining, and sometimes with rays of minute wrinkles ; color
dull greenish-yellow or light olive, usually with rays of bright, dark
green, es])ecially along the upper posterior margin. Interior bluish-
white, with sometimes a flesh-colored tint. Cardinal teeth com-
pressed and oblique ; lateral tooth rather short ; cavity of the l)eaks
rather large. Length, three inches ; height of male, one and three
fourths inches, of female, two and one fourth inches ; breadth, one
and one fourth inches.

Found in the Connecticut River and its tributaries, and in ponds
in Plymouth County.

It is very difficult to fix upon characters which shall indicate this
shell, its variation in shape is so great. When young, it is thin and
beautifully radiated, and not easily distinguished from the young
of U. ocliraceus ; and at maturity no species presents a greater con-
trast lietween the male and female than this. As found in this re-
gion it is quite thin, and radiated only along the posterior margin ;
but in the waters south of New England, it becomes larger and
more solid.

Unio ochraceus.

Fig. 74.

Shell oblong, sub-ovate, inflated, thin, inequilateral, angular behind ; epidermis
loosely wrinkled posteriorly, yellowish-green, finely radiated "with olive ; cardi-
nal teeth compressed, nearly parallel with the mai-gin ; Avithin salmon or rose-
colored.

Unio ochraceus, Say, Nich. Encvc. (Amor. ed. 1816) iv. pi. 2, fig. 8. — Lea, Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc. {new scries) vi. 126, pi. 15, fig. 44 (animal) ; Synops. Naiad. 23 ; 3d ed.
27. — Conrad, Unionida?, 37, pi. 17, fig. 2 ; Synops. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi. 254. —
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 193, pi 19, figs. 137, 138. — Gould, Inv. 112, fig. 74.

Sijmphijnota ochmcea, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (new series) ill. 69.

Pectunculus fluviatilis, Lister, Conch, pi. 157, fig. 12.

Lampsilis ochracea, Siimpson, Shells of New England, 14.

Shell transversely oblong, sub-ovate, thin, translucent, very much
inflated ; Ijeaks more than one third from the front, elevated, in-
clined forwards and touching at the points ; hinge-margin straight,
ending in an angle both anteriorly and posteriorly ; anterior end
narrowest, compressed, especially above, rounded, and widely gaping ;
posterior end having its point angular in consequence of a sharply
angular ridge which passes from the beaks and terminates there,

174

UNIONID^.

Fig. 476.

U. ochraceus.

and encloses a broad, depressed space, with the margins compressed
into a keel ; base regularly rounded. Surface toleral)ly regular ;
epidermis lying in fine loose folds about the posterior end, color

olivaceous, rather yellowish
in shells of the ordinary size,
and finely radiated and zoned
with dark olive over every
part of the shell. Interior a
very delicate rose-color, or
deep salmon-color, tinted with
rose-red. Cardinal teeth com-
pressed, striated, directed for-
wards, and nearly parallel with
the hinge-margin ; lateral teeth
short; cavity of the beaks capacious. Length, two and three fourths
inches ; height, two inches ; breadth, one and one fourth inches.

Some specimens are found much larger. I have one from Penn-
sylvania which measures four inches, two and two fifths inches,
one and three fourths inches. Such shells become quite thick and
proportionally elongated posteriorly ; they lose the radiations of the
epidermis, which is of a dark olive-color. I do not know that any
such shells have been found in Massachusetts.

This shell is very rare, and I do not know of its having been
found anywhere except in Plymouth ponds. When young it is
scarcely to be distinguished from U. ccmosiis ; but it is more in-
flated, and the radiations of the epidermis are finer, and cover more
of the shell ; nor is it so glossy, and its interior is more colored.

Ociiu«» MARGARITAIVA, Schumacher. 1817.

Shell transverse, inequilateral ; hinge like that of Unio, except
that it is destitute of a lateral tooth.

Margaritana arcuata.

Fig. 75.

Shell more or less kidney-shaped, very inequilateral, thick, beaks not promi-
nent; epidermis pitchy-black; Avithin bluish- white ; teeth erect, conical, grooved.

Alasmodonla arcuata, Barnks, Silliman's Journ. vi. 277, pi. 12, fig. 20 (1823). — ADAiMS,
Shells of Vermont, in Thomps. Hist. 165. — Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st ed. 113, tig. 75.
-De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 197, pi. 14, fig. 224.

MARGARITANA.

17;")

Mija margaritifera? Lin., Dillwyn, Wood, &c.

Manjaritaiui margaritifera, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vi. 1.35; Synops. 3(1. cd. 433,

where a full synonymy may be found.
Margarilana urcuata, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 1.') (1851). — Conrad, Synops.

m Proe. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi. 26-2.

Shell transversely much elongated, ovate or kidney-shaped, thick
and strong ; beaks within the anterior fourth, scarcely rising above
the line of the hinge, very nnich eroded; hinge and basal margins
usually curved, nearly parallel; nearly as broad before as behind the
hinge, and rounded ; more pointed behind, and the tip appears as if
slightly truncated ; surfoce somewhat waved by the lines of growth ;
epidermis close and smooth upon the disk, loosely wrinkled towards
the margin and posteriorly, color pitchy-black. Within smooth,
bluish-white, and sometimes tinted flesh-color at the centre ; nacre
not extending to the margin, leaving a greenish border. Cardinal

Fig. 477

M. arcuata.

teeth two in the left valve, erect, strong, pyramidal, the posterior
one deeply grooved in front so as to form four or five denticles along
its edge ; one on the right valve, long, erect, a little twisted, deeply
grooved along its front, and with a pit each side, at base ; cavity of
the beaks shallow. Length, four and one half inches ; height, two
inches ; breadth, one and one fourth inches.

Found in most running streams in the interior ; I have never
found it near the seaboard.

It is a very common shell, and is at once known hy its curved
form, dark color, and the want of a lateral tooth. It is the largest
fresh-water mussel we have.

176 UNIONID^.

Mr. Lea regards our shell as identical with the European Mya
margaritifera of the older authors, the Unio cJongata of Lamarck,
&c. ; but the shells which I have had an opportunity of examining
present some constant differences. The foreign shell is shorter, the
beaks more nearly central, and more elevated, and the portion of
the interior, within the pallial impression, is minutely granulated ;
and as my foreign specimens agree accurately with the figures of
Chemnitz and Turton, I am induced to think there may be a con-
stant difference. The intervention of an ocean would stren»'then
the supposition. I have, therefore, felt disposed to retain the very
appropriate name of Barnes, until more fully satisfied. The Euro-
pean shell is the famous river pearl-mussel, in which pearls of con-
siderable beauty arc occasionally found. But, as far as I have ob-
served, they are not oftener found in our Alasmodori than in other
species of fresh-water mussels.

Margaritana undulata.

Fig. 76.

Shell trausversely-ovate, inequilateral, angular behind ; beaks tumid, elevated,
undulated ; epidermis durk-green, obscurely rayed ; one cardinal tooth in each
valve, supported by a strong- internal rib.

Umo iindulatus, Say, Nicholson's Encyc. (Amer. cd.) iv. pi. 3, fig. 3 (1816). — Bixney's
reprint, 53, pi. 71, fig. 3.

Alasmodonta undulata, BARXsiS, Silliman's Journ. vi. 279 (1823). — Adams, Sliclls of Ver-
mont, in Thonips. Ilist. 16.5.

Mya undulata, Wood, Suppl. pi. 1, fig. 5.

Margaritana undulata, Lea, Trans. Anicr. Phil. Soc. (now series) vi. 135; Synops. Naiad.
44 ; 3d ed. 42.

Unio Mans, Valenc. Recncil d'Obs dc Zool. par Ilunih. et Bonpl. ii. 235, ]>!. 54, fig. 2.

Alasmodon undnlata, Swainsox, Lardncr's Cab. Cyclo]). cxxiii. 288, fig. 61.

iStrophitus scti/ptilis, Stimpsox, Shells of New England, 15 (1851). — The young. Lea.

Shell transversely-ovate, strong, much inflated, widely gapin
beaks at the anterior third, very prominent, tumid, with three or
four large, concentric, ol.)liquc undulations upon them ; anterior and
basal margins broadly and regularly curved, with a very slightly
lobed appearance in front of the beaks ; posterior margin angular
behind the ligament, and pointed at tip, rapidly narrowed ; liga-
mcntary area imperfectly marked by an ill-dclined ridge, which is
usually wrinkled in the direction of its course ; margin compressed.
Surface a good deal undulated l)y the stages of growth; epidermis
shining, of a dark olive-color, everywhere rayed with fine lines, al-

MARGARITANA.

177

Fig. 478.

tcrnately yellowish and dark, which are not very conspicuous unless
held up to transmitted lio'ht. Within, the anterior half is thick-
ened, opaque, and the color
wliite ; the posterior half is
translucent, thin, of a silvery
lustre, exhibiting the exterior
radiations. Hinge supported
on a very strong rib, tooth of
the right valve erect, conical,
striated above ; tooth of the
left valve erect, produced back-
wards in a triangular manner,
under the ligament, with a
pit in front of it; cavity of the beaks very deep and capacious.
Length, two inches ; height, one and two fifths inches ; breadth,
one inch.

Found in Blackstone River and its tributaries, and in Plymouth
County.

It is easily known by its short, tumid appearance, the undulations
on the beaks, and the peculiar hinge.

ill. unilulata.

Margaritana marginata.

Fig. 77.

Shell transversely-ovate, wedge-shaped, inequilateral ; beaks prominent ; um-
bonal ridge elevated ; surface wrinkled posteriorly ; epidermis olivaceous, imper-
fectly radiated with dark green ; tooth small, compressed, looking forwards ;
nacre bluish-white, with a chalky-white margin.

Alasmodonta marrjinafa, Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. So. i. 459. — Bar\es, Silliman's Journ.

vi. 279. — Conrad, Synops. in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi. 262. — Stimpson, Shells of

New England, 1.5. — Adams, Shells of Vermont, in Thomps. Hist. 165.
Unto vfiricosa. Lam. An. sans Vert. vi. 78 ; 2d ed. vi. 543.
Alasmodon marginata, De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 196, pi. 14, fig. 225. — Gould,

Inv. 116, fig. 77.
Margaritana marginata, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (new series) vi. 135; Sj-nops, 3d

eel. 42.
Mjja rugulosa, Index, pi. 1, fig. 7.

Shell ovate, thin, widely gaping behind, wedge-shaped from be-
fore backwards ; beaks at the anterior third, rather small, but ele-
vated, and having three or four small undulations ; anteriorly low
and rounded, but increases rapidly in height ; the posterior hinge-
margin suddenly declines to form a rounded tip ; ridge from the
12

178

UNIONID^.

Fig. 479.

M. marginata.

beaks elevated and well-defined, above which the shell exhibits
coarse, rounded wrinkles, running obliquely upwards and back-
wards ; eipdermis shining,
olive-green, somewhat mot-
tled with dark and light
shades, and with obscure,
broken, radiating lines ;
within bluish-white, witli
shades of green, the mar-
gin chalky-white. Hinge
delicate, the teeth, one in
each valve, small, com-
pressed, directed along the
hinge-margin so as almost to coincide with it ; sometimes the teeth
are only rudimentary ; cavity of the beaks rather deep, not very ca-
pacious. Length, two inches ; greatest height, one and one tenth
inches ; breadth, nine tenths of an inch.

Found in the Blackstone River and its triljutaries, and in Shaw-
shin River, Andover. I have also received very beautiful specimens
from a pond in West Brookfield.

It is not common, and may be readily distinguished from our other
species by its wedge-like form, when seen from above, by the re-
markable series of oblique wrinkles along the posterior slope, and
by its delicate teeth, which, in fact, sometimes wholly disappear.
In the character of its wrinkles it is much like M. rugosa. It is
more elongated than 31. vndttlata, and has its greatest height at the
posterior termination of the hinge, instead of opposite the beaks, as
in that shell.

Mr. Lea regards our shell as being the same as the western shell
named 31. trnncata by Say. Some of our specimens approach it
very closely, but ours is in general a less inflated, less angular shell.

Genus ANODOIV, (Brug.) Cuvier. 1798.
Shell transversely elongated, inequilateral, thin ; hinge toothless.

Anodon fluviatilis.

Fig. 80.

?ihell thin, inflated, tranRver.<?ely sub-oval, hinge-margin straight, crested be-
liind ; beaks moderately elevated, epidermis deep grass-green, obscurely rayed,
darker above the posterior ridge : within white, tinted lilac.

ANODON.

179

Anodonia cataracta, S.VT, Nicholson's Encyc. (Amcr. ed.) iv. pi. 3, fig. 4 (181G).
Anodoida fluvial His, Lea, Trans. Amer. Tliil. Soc. {new series) vi. 138; Synops. Naiad.

51. — Stimpson, Shells of New Engh^nd, l.'j.
Mi/tilas illitus, SoLANDER, Portland Calal. 163.
Lister, Conch, t. 112.

Shell transversely sub-oval, sub-cylindrical, thin, fragile, inflated ;
beaks at the anterior two filths of the shell, tumid, somewhat ele-
vated, and minutely undulated at tip. Hinge-margin straight ; an-
terior imperfectly angular above, nearly as high as behind the beaks ;
upper posterior margin forming an obtuse angle at the termination
of the ligament, and declining in a straight line to form a somewhat
produced, blunted point ; this margin is compressed into a sort of

Fis^ 4R0.

A. fluviatilis.

crest ; basal margin a good deal curved ; surface undulated some-
what irregularly by the lines of growth ; epidermis smooth and
close except at the upper and posterior portion, where it is loosely
wrinkled ; a few radiating series of wrinkles may also be seen ;
color a deep grass-green, becoming dusky behind and above, and
obscurely radiated. Nacre silvery, or tinged Avith bluish or yellow-
ish, margin greenish ; cavity of the beaks not deep, large ; hinge
edge very thin, rounded, scarcely curved. Length, four and one
half inches ; height, two and three fourth inches ; l)readth, one and
one half inches.

Inhabits ponds in the western and central parts of this State, and
is seldom found in any other part. Professor Adams, however,
assures me he has found it at Falmouth, and I have collected a few
specimens from clay-pits near Winter Hill, Chaiiestown.

180

UNIONID.E.

It greatly resembles the A. cygnea of Europe, and is chiefly distin-
guished by the latter having the beaks less central, and not at all
elevated. From the next species the most obvious distinctions are,
the bright green-color, together with the thinness of the shell. It
is very difficult, if not impossible, to draw the line between our shell
and some of the species of the western waters. They seem, most
of them, to be mere variations in size.

Anodon impUcata.

Fig. 78.

Shell transversely oblong, sub-oval, variable in proportions, thick and strong,
exterior coarse ; epidermis yellowish-olive ; nacre llesh-colored.

Anodonta impUcata, Say, New Harmony Disseminator, 340 (1829); Mrs. Say's reprint,
11; Binney's reprint, 138. — Conrad, Synops. in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi. 264. —
Lea, Synops. 3d ed. 50. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 1.5.

Anodonta Neu-tonlemis, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. See. (N. S.) vi 79, pi. 21, fig. 66 (1839).

Aiiodunta marr/inuta? Say (young), Nicholson's Encyc. Amer. ed. iv. pi. 3, fig. 5.

Anodon impUcata, Gould, Inv. 118, fig. 78. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 202.

Shell transversely-olilong, sub-oval, almost as broad as high, sub-
cylindrical, thick, opaque, strong and heavy ; beaks removed about

Fig. 481.

A impUcata.

two fifths of the length of the shell from the anterior end, rather
elevated, obtuse ; breadth of shell greatest behind the middle ;
hinge-margin a little curved, forming an angle at both its termina-
tions ; the backward slope from this angle is usually a little curved,

ANODON. 181

and the posterior tip is rather bhint and somewhat truncated ; the
ridge from the bealvs to this tip is very prominent, generally bluntly
rounded, but sometimes quite abrupt ; the space above it is rough,
but is little compressed, except in young specimens ; three or four
coarse lines often run along this space in the direction of the ridge ;
basal margin very gently curved in young specimens, nearly parallel
with the hinge-margin in the middle-aged, and deeply contracted or
arched in old shells. Surface rough, with coarse and irregular lines
of growth ; epidermis yellowish-olive, darker above and behind, and
with dusky-brown zones ; young shells are of a delicate grass-green,
slightly rayed. Interior silvery till after the middle age, when it
becomes of a delicate flesh-color or salmon-color. Length, four
inches ; height, two and one fourth inches ; breadth, one and seven
twentieth inches. Of another specimen, four and one half inches ;
two and four tenth inches ; one and nine tenth inches. Of an-
other, three inches ; one and six tenth inches ; one and one tenth
inches.

Inhabits ponds in Essex and Middlesex counties, and is also
found in Maine ; w^hether it occurs southward or not is uncertain.
A Pennsylvania shell, which Mr. Lea describes under the name of
A. Neu'toniensis, is so much like some varieties of this shell as to
render it probable that they are the same, and that it is found
throughout a w^ide southern range.

The above is the description of a characteristic specimen of a
shell which probably varies more in its form, color, and weight
than any other Anodoti. It is undoubtedly the A. implicata of Say,
for it accords well with his description, and was received from a
region where no other species is found. In their younger stages it
is difficult to distinguish them from A. fiuviatilis ; but the great
thickening near the margin which the adult undergoes, and its
light-yellowish epidermis, render them entirely dissimilar. I have
specimens in which portions of the valves are three tenths of an
inch thick. At the middle age, some specimens so much resemble
very old ones of Unio t-adiatiis, that it is impossible to name them
without examining the hinge. In the young, the beaks are delicately
undulated, the hinge-margin is compressed and connate, and the
angle at its posterior termination is very decided. Some specimens,
of a middle size, lose all their angles, and the upper and lower mar-
gins are similarly curved. Some have a dark, tar-colored epider-
mis ; these are generally very broad in proportion to their height.

182

UNIONID^.

Anodon undulata.

Fig. 79.

Shell transversely ovate, rather thick, beaks prominent, epidermis dark-brown,
radiated, coarsely wrinkled ; hinge-margin undulated, and with the vestige of a
tooth.

Anodonta undulata, Say, Nicholson's Encyc. Amcr. ed. iv. pi. 3, fig. 6. ■

Naiad 50.
Anodun rac/osus, Swainson, Zool. Illust. pi. 96.
Anodon undulata, Gould, Inv. 120, fig. 79.

-Lea, Synops,

Fig. 482.

A. undulata.

Shell oblong-ovate, thick and strong ; beaks sub-central, ele-
vated, the points in contact, and when not eroded they exhibit four

or five small undula-
tions upon them ; be-
fore them is a spear-
shaped pit or areola,

// ' (KVkN^^^£----^^^^^^w*- f ^\ ^^^^ covered by the ep-
idermis ; behind them
the margin is sliglitly
compressed, and has
two or three coarse,
sub-marginal furrows ;
no distinct angle at
the termination of the
ligament ; posterior end somewhat bluntly rounded ; anterior end
compressed, sharply rounded ; basal margin regularly curved ; epi-
dermis dark-brown, radiated in most specimens, smooth, and closely
adhering towards the beaks, but lying in numerous, rather loose
folds near the margin ; interior inclined to salmon-color, and gran-
ulated centrally, liluish-white outside of the pallial impression, with
a broad margin of olive-color. Hinge-margin waved under the
beaks, compressed on the right valve so as to form something like
an elongated cardinal tooth, which is received into a corresponding
recess in the left valve. Length, three and one half inches ; height,
two inches ; breadth, one and one half inches.

Found in the Blackstone River and its tributaries, of large size
and great perfection.

It is impossible to be certain that this is A. undulata of Say, on
account of the small size of the specimen he described ; but it
seems to be the shell which Mr. Lea regards as such. It seems to
be a different thing from the shell described by Hildreth under that

MYTILUS. 183

name. I apprehend that it is the same as A. edentula, Say, and
A. areolatus, Swainson. If there be any difference among them, it
is that our shell is less compressed, less radiated, and less fragile
than A. edentida. The hhige is the same, and the areole before the
beaks is produced by a wave-like digression of the right valve to
form a peculiar tooth. The young shells are thin, and much more
radiated than the old ones, and the size of adults is seldom more
than two thirds of the dimensions above given. It is one of the
connecting links between Alasmodon and Anodon.

Family MYTILIDtE.

Hinge with the ligament marginal, partly included, linear, ex-
tending along a great part of the posterior border. Shell rarely
foliated ; adheres by a byssus.

Oeniis IWYTILUS, Lin. 1758.

Shell elongated, sub-triangular ; beaks terminal, pointed, straight;
hinge generally toothless ; muscular impression elongated, club-
shaped.

Mytilus edulis.

Fig. 82.

Shell ovate-triangular, beaks terminal and pointed, basal margin straight, liga-
ment margin straight; posteriorly widened and rounded; hinge with a few den-

ticulations; epidermis dark-bluish, shell violet beneath.

»
Mytilus eduh's, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1157. — G.melin, Syst. 3353. — Turton ; Lin. iv. 291.

— Chemn. Conch, viii. 169, t. 84, fig. 750. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 236, t. 66,
fig. 2. — MoNT.\GU, Test. Brit. 159; Lin. Trans, vi. t. 18, figs. 13, 14. — Dillwyn,
Catal. 309. — Turton, Conch. Diet. 109; Brit. Biv. 199, pi. 15, fig. 1 (peUucidus) . —
Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th. Vers. iii. 562, pi. 218, fig. 2. — Knorr, Vergn. iv. pi. 15,
fig. 4. — Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 47. — Gualt, Test. t. 91, fig. E. — Donovan,
Brit. Shells, ii. t. 128. — Wood, Index, pi. 12, fig. 21. — Fleming, Brit. Anim. 411.

— Adams, Gen. ii. 510, pi. 121, fig. 1. — Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr. 19. — Gould,
Inv. 121, fig. 82.

Mijtilis vuhjaris, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 216, t. 15, fig. 5.

Miisculus subccerideus, Lister, Conch, t. 362, fig. 200.

Mijtilus horeah's, Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 46. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 182, pi. 13, fig. 222.

— Middend. Moll. Ross. 15, 27.

Shell triangular-ovate, solid, coarse, shining ; beaks pointed,
placed at one end, and slightly diverging ; basal or anterior mar-
gin generally straight, sometimes slightly convex, and sometimes
excavated ; hinge-margin rising in a straight line unites with the

184

MYTILID^.

upper or posterior margin by a somewhat abrupt curve ; this margin
takes a direction parallel to the base, for a short distance, and then
the two unite by a regular curve ; an aljrupt ridge passes from the
beaks to the lower and hinder angle, above which the shell gradu-
ally slopes to a sharp edge, and below which it bends so abruptly

Fig. 483.

M. eduUs.

as to present a broad, flattened space, in the centre of which is a
slight fissure for the passage of a byssus. The shell itself is of a
violet color ; the epidermis is usually of a dark, shining blue-black.
Within, the shell is white and silvery in the centre, but all the mar-
gin is a dark violet or blue-black. Under the beaks are about four
thin, oblique denticulations, quite distinct when the overlapping epi-
dermis is removed. Length, two and four tenths inches ; height,
one and three tenths inches; breadth, one inch.

Var. pellucidus.

Mytihs pelhndiis, Pknnant, Brit. Zool. iv. 2.'^7, pi. 66, fig. 3. —Montagu, Test. Brit.
160. — Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 107. — Dillwyn, Catal. 310.—
TuRTON, Conch. Diet. 110; Lin. Syst. iv. 292; Brit. Biv. 197, pi. 15, fig. 1.—
CiiEMX. Conch, viii. 84, fig. 751. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, 81. — Wood, Index, pi.
12, fig. 22. —Dk Kay, N. Y. Moll. 183, pi. 24, fig. 256. — Knore, Verg. pi. 4, t.
15** figs. 1, 2.

Shell smooth, thin, transparent, radiated with blue and horn-
color ; beaks with two or three teeth.

This beautiful variety has been regarded by many conchologists,
such as those named above, as a distinct species, while others, with
more apparent propriety, consider it as a variety, depending chiefly
on age, of the true M. edvlis. None of the specific marks given to
it seem to be constant. Radiations ai)pear in the solid old shell, as

Var pellucidus.

MODIOLA. 185

well as in the thin ones ; and, on the other hand, the thin ones are
often without radiations. Turton thinks it may always be distin-
guished " by having only two or three tubercular teeth under the
beaks." But this does not accord with my observations.

The shell is subject to many distortions from accident, and from
the form of the bodies on which it grows, or of cavities in which it
becomes wedged. Hence, probably, arises that curved form which
takes the name of M. incurvatus.

This mussel is one of the most common and best known of all
our shells. It is very extensively
distributed throughout all north-
ern seas. It is abundant on the
coasts of England, France, Nor-
way, and Russia, where it is ex-
tensively used as food, as its name
imports, and also for manure.
In this country it has, as yet,
been put to no economical use,
though I am assured by a friend of acknowledged good taste, that
when cooked it is more palatable than the common clam. Unlike
the Modiola modiolus, it appears to inhabit shallow waters, in posi-
tions where it is left uncovered at the recess of the tide. It attaches
itself by its byssus to rocks and timbers, and may be thus seen under
bridges and other submerged structures, in shallow inlets with a
pebbly Ijottom, and especially on rocks not far from high-water
mark, clinging in immense crowds of all sizes, colors, and figures ;
some beautifully radiated, some dark blue-black, and others light
horn-color ; some beautifully smooth, regular, and glistening, others
distorted, rough, and dingy ; the whole surface of tlie young shell
is beset with a bristly beard. While, like the Modiola plicatula,
it clusters about the shore, it does not, like that, bury itself in the
mud, but is always exposed and attached to some solid body. It is
common to find it wedged in among the rocks and crevices of such
shores as Nahant and Cape Ann.

Eastport, common ( Cooper) : Nova Scotia ( Willis) ; James Bay
{Drexhr^ ; Goodhaven (^Hai/es) ; fossil in the valley of the St.
Lawrence.

Genus MODIOLA, Lamarck. 1790.

Shell oblique, wedge-shaped ; beaks very near the anterior end ;
hinge as in Mytiliis ; impression of the mantle irregular.

186

MYTILID^.

Modiola modiolus.

Shell oblong-ovate, gradually widening from before backwards ; hinge-margin
ascending, straight for about half the length of the shell; beaks tumid, obtusely
angular ; epidermis dark chestnut-color.

Mijtilus modiolus, Tui^. Syst. Nat. 1158. — Penxant, Brit. Zool. iv. 239, t 69. — Mon-
tagu, Test. Brit. 163. — Chemn. Conch, viii. 178, t. 85, fig. 759. — Knorr, Vergn.
iv. t. 15, tig. 3. — Lister, Conch, t. 1057, fig. 5. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 314. — Wood,
Index, pi. 1-2, fig. 31; Lin. Trans, viii. 107. — Donovan, Brit. Siiclls, pi. 23. —
MiJLLER, Zool. Dan. iL t. 53. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 185, pi. 24, fig. 257.

Modiola modiolus, Turton, Brit. Biv. 199, pi. 15, fig. 3 (young); Conch. Diet. 111. —
Gould, Liv. 123.

Mi/lilm Papuanus, Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th. Vers, iii. 564, pi. 219, fig. 1.

Modiola Papuana, Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 17. — Blainv. Malacol. pi. 64, fig. 3. — Sat,
Am. Conch, pi. 45.

Modiola vulgaris, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 412.

Mijtilus barbntus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1156. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, pi. 70. — Montagu,
Test. Brit. 161. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 238, pi. 67, fig. 2.

Mijtilus umbilicutus, Donovan, Brit. Shells, fig. 40.

Shell large, thick, coarse and solid, ovate-oblong; beaks placed
at one side, points inclined outwards, and projecting nearly as far

Fig. 485.

Ǥf^^

M, modiolus.

as the anterior extremity, which is very short and narrow ; the up-
per edge is ascending, and straight about one half the length of the
shell, when it curves gently downwards to the posterior extremity,
which is obtusely rounded ; the basal margin is somewhat arclicd up-
wards, and at the arched portion the shell is gaping for the passage
of the byssus. From the beaks a very convex, broad ridge runs di-
agonally across the shell ; above this the shell is compressed, and
along its lower and anterior side is a l:)road depression or constric-
tion, terminating at the lower margin where the slicU gapes. Sur-
face rouglily marked by the lines of growth, and by a few faint, ra-

MODIOLA. 187

diating lines ; epidermis thick and leathery, folding over the margin,
of a chestnut or pitchy-hrown color, smooth, glossy, and with radiat-
mg wrinkles before the ridge, where it is generally darker colored,
while the ridge is lighter colored. The groove for the ligament is
long and deep, resting upon a prominent rib. Interior pearly, of a
somewhat livid color ; muscular impressions large and deep ; bys-
sus colored like the epidermis. Length, four and one half inches ;
height, two and one quarter inches ; breadth, two inches.

Inhabits deep water, and is thrown up on every shore exposed to
the open sea. It probably dwells upon a rocky or pebbly Ijottom, as
its byssus would find no attachment in mere sandy or muddy regions.

This shell is well known on account of its size and universal dis-
tribution along our coast. It often attains to a great size, and is
not unfrequently seen six inches in length. Specimens are rarely
found which are not in some way distorted. Hence the shells
assume a great variety of form. The distortion seems to depend
upon two causes : first, the body to which they are attached by the
byssus, which may modify the form of the basal margin, rendering
it more or less arched ; and second, the frequent injuries sustained
by being dashed about by storms among the rocks which they in-
habit. They are the more liable to accidents of this kind, in con-
sequence of their affording attachment to the Laminaria, and other
large sea-weeds, which, being acted upon by the violence of the
waves, tear the shells from their resting-places, and they are thus
dragged great distances. In fact, it is not usual to find a specimen
on the beach without some parasite attached. A common deform-
ity occurs at the posterior or broader end, by what would seem to
be an arrest of development. The growth does not go on in this
direction, the successive layers extending very little beyond each
other, and thus we have a broad, blunt termination.

The Mytilus umbilicatiis of Pennant can be nothing more than a
distorted variety from some injury to the lower margin, nearly under
the beaks, or from adhesion to some small convex body, causing
great contraction at this part, as may be frequently noticed.

In young and entire shells the hinge-margin rises in a straight
line to a considerable height, and then slopes downwards, suddenly
forming a conspicuous angle ; but in older shells the angle disap-
pears in a great measure, and the whole superior outline is regularly
curved. When young, the epidermis seems to be prolonged at the
lines of growth into fringe-like slireds. Specimens thus clothed
are generally allowed to be the Mytilus barbatus of Pennant. M,

188 MYTILID^.

Gibbsii is said to differ in having these shreds serrated or gashed
along one edge. I cannot but strongly suspect, though I cannot
demonstrate it, that this apparent extension of the epidermis is a
parasitic vegetable ; and that M. Gibbsii is not, in reality, a differ-
ent shell, but has a different vegetable growing upon it.

Old shells are also encrusted with various species of Madrepore^
Corallina, and Flustra.

In young shells there is usually a broad, waxen-yellow radiation
from the beak along the front side of the elevated ridge ; and this
region, in fact, always has a lighter color than other parts of the shell.

Deshayes thinks it is now impossible to say what was the true
Mijlilas modiolus of Linnaeus, and therefore approves the course of
Lamarck in dropping the name altogether and assuming a new one.
I cannot see any reason to doubt that the shell under consideration
was the M. modiolus of Linnceus, while there is ground to question
whether the shell which Lamarck had in view when he a])plicd the
name Papuana, the name now universally applied to our shell, was
in reality identical with our species. I have seen several specimens
of the East Indian shell, and, though very closely allied, it seems to
differ in many particulars when the two shells are placed side by
side. Dr. Loven has lately assured me that this is the true M.
modiolus, and repeats my conjectures as to the distinctness of the
real M. Papuana.

The animal is of a dark orange, or red-ochreous color, perhaps a
little tinted with brown. It is not used for food with us, though
there seems to be no reason why it should not be as palatable as
most of the shell-fish that are eaten.

Modiola pUcatula.

Fig. 81.

Shell oblong, falciform, widening posteriorly ; surface traversed by numerous
radiating ribs, occasionally branching ; epidermis glossy, green and yellow.

Mi/tllus demissw;, DiLiAWN, Catal. i. 314. — Wood, Index, pi. 12, fig -"lO.

Modiola jilicatula, Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 22. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 184, pi. 14, fig.

258. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 125, fig. 81.
Mijtihis plirutidus, Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th. Vers, iii. 568, pi. 220, fig. 5. — Sowerby,

Genera, fig. 7.
Modiola semi-costata, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. vii. 244, pi. 20, fig. 7.
Lister, Conch, pi. 353, fig. 196.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, much elongated, narrow before,
and widening backwards, somewhat falciform or arched ; beaks

MODIOLA. 189

moderately prominent, not curving ontwards, and nearly in con-
tact very near the anterior extremity, which is small and rounded,
and the shell is much compressed at this part ; the lower margin
is generally curved or arched upwards, and gaping before the
middle for the passage of the byssus ; hinge-margin straight, and
ascending for about two thirds the length of the shell, so as to give
it additional height, then, by a regular downward curve, it produces
an obliquely rounded termination to the shell; a broad, elevated
ridge crosses obliquely from the beaks to this termination, above

Fig. 486.

M. pUcaiula.

which the shell is compressed ; surface ornamented with numerous
radiating, somewhat undulating, occasionally branching ribs, most
conspicuous above and behind, very fine on the anterior third.
Shell silvery-white, rather brittle, covered with a thin, varnished
epidermis, variegated with yellow, green, and scorched colors,
usually arranged in zones ; stages of growth conspicuous ; within
silvery- white, the muscular impressions and margins 6f a livid
color ; margin of the posterior half and anterior side crenulated by
the ribs. Length, three inches ; height, one and three twentieths
inches ; breadth, nine tenths of an inch.

Inhabits the tide waters of small streams where there is some
admixture of fresh water ; and also the drains in salt marshes.
In these localities they are found crowded in among the stones of
tlie bed of the stream, or imbedded in the peat-like soil of the
banks, near high-water mark. In this position, with the upper pos-
terior portion slightly exposed, they crowd in such numbers as to
form a complete stratum from six to twelve inches in thickness. A
great portion of the time they are, of course, out of water ; but
they retain enough to serve the demands of their economy during
the recess of the tide, and eject it when any disturbance prompts
them to close their shell.

190 mytilidj:.

This species seems to be subject to little variety. Sometimes,
however, we find the lower margin nearly straight. In this case the
upper margin is nearly parallel to the lower, so that the shell in-
creases but little in height ; and in such shells the beaks appear
much more prominent than in ordinary specimens.

The principal variations seem to consist in the coloring, which is
made up of various shades, from bright yellow, passing through horn
color and chestnut to dark bronze-green, and arranged in various
modes and in various proportions. What Mr. Conrad regards as a
distinct species, under the name semi-costala, certainly can be noth-
ing more than a variety of this shell.

Ociiiis ITIODIOLARIA, Gray. 1842.

Shell rhomboidal, sculptured by two rows (one on each side) of
striee, which radiate from the beaks, leaving the middle portion
smooth ; beaks incurved ; hinge mostly toothless, but sometimes
crenulated ; hinge-plate finely notched.

Body sub-oval ; mantle folded in front into a wide, incurrent tube,
and behind into a conical, excurrent tube ; foot strap-shaped.

Modiolaria nigra.

Fig. 86.

Shell ovate, ferruginous, beaks prominent, and placed considerably behind the
anterior extremity; minutely reticulated with fine, corrugated, concentric, and
radiating lines.

Mytiluf! disrors (var.), Chemn. Conch, viii. 195, pi. 86, fig. 767. — Schuot. Einleit. iii. pi.

9, fisr. 15. — O. Fabr. (var. suecims), Danske Vidcnsk. 1788, 460.
Mytihis disci-ppans, Montagu, Test. Suppl. 65, pi. 26, fig. 4. — Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 12,

fiiX- 38. — Lkach, Zool. Misc. ii. 36; Append. Koss's Voy. 176. — ]\Iaton and

I{ackett, Lin. Trans, viii. Ill, pi. 3, fig. 9. — Turton, Conch. Diet. 112; Br.

Fauna, 164.
Modlola (Jisci-ppana, Flkm. Br. An. 413. — Broavn, 111. 78, pi. 27, fig. 8. — Soweruy,

Gen. Shells (Mod.), fig. 3. — Reeve, Coneh. Sys. pi. 100, fig. 3. — Phil. Zcitseh.

1844, 102.
Modlola nifjra, Gray, Append. Parry's Voy. 244 (adult) (18-24). — Thorpe, Mar. Conch.

240, fig 2 (jnn.). — Hanley, Recent Shells, i. 242, pi. 12, fig. 38.
Modioln dpjins^a, Hanlev, Recent Shells, i. 242, note.
Modiold tiexa, GouLD, Inv. 1st ed. 128, fig. 86. — Mighels, Shells of Maine, Journ.

Bost. Soc. iv. 327. — Reeve, Elem. Conch, ii. 73, fip. 173.
Crenelht m'ljm, King, Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. 239. — Forbes and IIanl. Br. Moll. ii. 202,

pi. 44, fig. 5 ; pi. Q (animal). — Gray, Cat. Br. M(,ll. pi. 7, 121.

MODIOLARIA.

191

Fig. 487.

ill. nexa.

Modiolarla nigra, Lov{:n, Ind. Moll. Scand. 33. — Morch, Prod. Moll. Gra'iil. 21. —

MiDDEND. Malac. Ross. 17.
^fijtilus pectinulm, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 11 (18.51).
Mocliolaria stridtu/a, Beck, in Gaim. Voy. in Isl. pi. 17, figs. o-f.
Modiolaria disrors, Middexd. Malac. Ross. iii. 15, pi. 12, figs. 11, 12 (young).

Shell small, thin, long-ovate, largest behind, slightly produced
at the posterior extremity ; basal edge less curved than
the superior edge, which is moderately compressed ;
beaks prominent, pointed, directed forwards, scarcely
touching each other, placed unusually far from the an-
terior extremity ; a rather sharp ridge passes from the
beaks diagonally across the shell, but loses itself about half-way
across. Surface very beautifully sculptured with a network of very
minute, crowded lines of growth, and very numerous, fine, indented
radiating lines or ridges, which are obsolete along two thirds of the
base, and most conspicuous behind, where a very fine line divides
into two each ridge, going to the extreme posterior portion ; while
above these, on the compressed portion, a beautiful lace-work of hex-
agonal indentations is formed. The portion in front of the beaks
is conspicuously radiated. Epidermis a rusty brown, with shades of
olive, glossy ; interior livid, with a pearly or silvery lustre, and with
minute, radiating lines ; cavity of the beaks large ; margin simple.
Length, seven tenths of an inch ; height, nine twentieths of an inch ;
breadth five twentieths of an inch.

This new and beautiful shell was taken by dredging in the harbor
of Provincetown, by

Colonel Totten, where ^== *^«-

he obtained several
living specimens.

It is allied to M.
d is cars and M. dis-
crepans by its outline,
and by the triangu-
lar portion across the
disk, nearly destitute
of radiating lines. But
it is more compressed
than either of those shells, less inequilateral, and its sculpture far
more beautiful. The radiating lines seem all to have indentations
or punctures like the wing-covers of many large beetles (Carabi).
The honeycomb arrangement near the hinge-margin is very beauti-
ful. Dr. Lovcn has sent me the shell, from Sweden, as the true M.

192 MYTILID^.

discrepans of JMontagu and Turton ; but in this he is at variance
with the opinions and figures of all other authors,*

Modiolaria discors.

Fig. 83.

Shell sub-oval, broadest behind; beaks nearly terminal; hinder extremity
somewhat lobed ; surface divided into three compartments, of which the ante-
rior is marked by about eight, and the posterior by numerous radiating lines;
ejiidermis olivaceous.

Mytilus discrepans, Moxtagu, Test Brit. 169. — Dillwtx, Catal. i. 319. — Turton,
Conch. Diet. 112; Brit. Faun. 164. — Fleming, Brit. Anim. 413.

Mytilus disrors, Lin. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1159. — Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 33. — Ma-
ton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. Ill, pi. 3, fig. 9. — Hanley, Ipsa Lin. Conch.
46.

Modio'a kevl(]ata (var.), Gray, Appendix to Parry's 2d Voyage, 24.'5.

Modiola discrepans, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d cd. vii. 23. — Turton, Brit. Biv. 202. —
Forbes, Mai. Monens. 44. — Thorpe, Br. Mar. Conch. 108. — Gould, Inv. 129, fig.
83. — Hanley, Ilecent Shells, i. 242. — Mighels, Shells of Maine, Journ. Bost.
See. iv. 327.— De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. 185.

Modiolaria discors, Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 33.

Crenella discors, Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. ii. 195, pi. 45, figs. 5, 6; pi. 48, fig. 5. —
Gray, Cat. Moll. 120. — Adams, Gen. ii. 514, pi. 121, fig. 3.

Mjitilns discors, Stimpson, Liv. Gr. Manan, 21 ; Shells of New England, 12 (1851).

Shell somewhat oval, rather ohlique, highest about the middle,
rounded before, base slightly curved, hinge-margin straight and then

curving obliquely downward ; beaks near the
^'"' ^^^' anterior end prominent, and rounded ; valves

moderately convex ; surface coarsely marked
by the lines of growth, and divided into
three fan-shaped compartments, of which the
foremost one is marked l)y about eight small,
M. discors. rounded, rib-like ridges, the spaces between

them being flat, the hinder one by numer-
ous similar ridges, and the central one is plain, or with very minute
radiating lines ; the limits between the posterior and middle com-
partments are designated l>y an elevated ridge passing from the
beaks, and here the basal margin of the posterior compartments
projects abruptly beyond that of the middle one, so that the rounded
point of the shell forms a projecting lobe. Epidermis olive-green,

* Dr. Gonld appears to have changed his opinion in regard to the identity of Modiola
nerrt with the European .1/. nifjra, as in his MSS. he places the former in the synonymy
of the latter. Fig. 487 represents the typical nexa, fig. 488 the nigra from north shore
fisheries. — W. G. B.

MODIOLARIA.

193

490.

with dark clicstnut-colorecl shades, folding over the edge. Interior
of a briUiant silvery lustre ; edge of the two extreme compartments
crenulated, and very strongly so near the ligament ; a few folds on
the edge, not corresponding
to the external ridges, are
found just in front of the lig-
ament. Length, one inch ;
height, thirteen twentieths of
an inch ; breadth, four tenths
of an inch.

Found on Chelsea Beach,
and in fishes' maws. Larger
specimens are brought from
the Newfoundland Banks.
Halifax ( Willis) ; Eastport ( Cooper} ; fossil at Montreal {Daw-
son). I have two specimens which measure one and one half
inches in length, and three fourths of an inch in breadth.

This species, with M. corrug-ata, is common to the northern
coasts of Europe and America, and they are distinguished from all
others by the three compartments into which their surface is divided.
The distinctive marks between them are particularly pointed out
under M. corrugata. The epidermis becomes nearly black by age.

M. discors (ilf. IcEvigata).

Modiolaria corrugata.

Fig. 84.

Shell oval, tumid, upper edge somewhat compressed and arching, posterior tip
somewhat produced and pointed; beaks large, nearly terminal; surface with
about sixteen ribs at the anterior third, and very numerous ones at the posterior
third.

Modiola dlscom, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1.30, fig. 84, not of English authors.
MijtUas corrugatus, Stimpsox, Shells of New England, 12.

Shell irregularly oval, tumid, heart-shaped when viewed in front,
bhmtly rounded before ; hinge-margin somewhat ascending and a
little compressed ; at the termination of the ligament the
margin gradually curves downwards, so that the shell is
terminated behind by a lobular, somewhat pointed tip on a
level with the base ; l)asal margin an undulating curve,
nearly parallel with the upper margin ; beaks large and
prominent, not in contact, overhanging the anterior extremity ; sur-
face as in M. discors; but there are sixteen or more ribs in the
13

Fis. 491.

194 'mytilid^.

anterior compartment : those in the posterior compartment are more
crowded, more distinct, the intervening spaces rounded ; and when
viewed under the microscope, the whole surface is found to he cov-
ered with minute wrinkles of the epidermis crossing the ribs and
the spaces between them, and also the middle compartment ; epider-
mis greenish-yellow with clouds of olive. Within silvery, margin
crenulated by the ribs, and with three or four teeth before the beaks.
Eastport to Cape Cod {Stimpson) ; Greenland (^Mollcr') ; Sambro
Bend and Sable Island (^Willis}.

Oeniis CREIVELL-A, Brown. 1827.

Shell oval or rhomboidal, cancellated by longitudinal ribs and
transverse plates ; beaks straight ; ligament small ; hinge of each
valve furnished with an upright tooth, which is crenulated as well
as the hinge-plate.

Body roundish=oval ; mantle open in front, and folded behind into
a sessile excurrent tube ; foot worm-shaped, the point being disk-
like and issuina; out of a sheath.

'to

Crenella glandula.

Fig. 87.

Shell obliquely rounded-oval, regularly convex ; beaks small, separate ; sur-
face with minute lines of growth, crossed by minute and crowded radiating lines ;
epidermis brownish-yellow ; margin crenulated.

Modiola glandula, Totten, Silliman's Journ. xxvi. 367, figs. 3, e, /, g. — Gould, Tnv.

131, fig. 87.
Mi/filus decussatus, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 11.

Crenella decmsata, Forbes and Hanl. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 186, pi. 22, fig. 248.
Crenella glandula, Stimpson, Smith. Inst. Check Lists (1860), 2.

Shell small, thin, rounded-oval; rather inflated, convexity regular ;

beaks small, rather prominent, curving, not in contact, placed at

about half the height of the shell ; anterior portion

^'^J^ slightly depending, base nearly straight, and the rest of

the margin regularly rounded ; surface with minute lines

of growth, crossed by very small, rounded, radiating

c.giandida ^'^'^^' ^^o^t cqual iu size on all parts of the shell, the

number increasing as the spaces between them widen ;

epidermis thin, brownish-yellow; within white, somewhat pearly;

edges sharp and minutely crenulated, except the short portion occu-

CRENELLA. 195

pied by the ligament. Length, five twentieths of an inch ; height,
nine twentieths of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch.

This very pretty and singularly shaped CrencUa was first found
by Colonel Totten, in Provincetown Harbor, It is one of the most
common shells found in the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachu-
setts Bay. The shell is not often so large as above mentioned.

Marblehead, seven fathoms mud {Haskell} ; Halifax ( Willis) ; East-
port {Cooper}; Stonington {Linsley}; Montreal, fossil (Daivson}.

Its rounded-oval and regularly convex form, with its radiating
lines, forbid that it should be confounded with any other shell ex-
cept an English species, the Crenella elliptica of Brown {Conch.
Illust. of Great Brit., SfC. pi. 31, f. 12 to 14), the Mytilus decussa-
tus of Montagu. For my own part, in comparing a small specimen
of this shell with one of ours of a similar size, I must confess I can
discover no difference, though Mr. Sowerby supposes they are dis-
tinct. In giving the dimensions, I have supposed the shell to be
placed in the ordinary position of other species, with the beaks
placed laterally.

Crenella pectinula.

Fig. 85.

Shell obovate, ventricose, with about forty equal, radiating ribs ; beaks promi-
nent, projecting as far as the anterior margin ; epidermis brownish yellow.

MocUola pectinula, Gould, Inv. Mass. 127, fig. 8.5. — Mighels, Catal. in Best. Journ.

iv. 326. — De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 18.5.
Mytilus pectinulus, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 11 (1851).
Crenella pectimda, Stimpson, Smith. Inst. Check Lists (1860), 2.

Shell small, strong, of a strictly ovate form, excepting that a very
short portion of the hinge-margin is straight ; broadly rounded at
both extremities, but most so behind ; valves convex, with-
out any marked ridge passing from the beaks, and very
little compression at the hinge-margin ; beaks rather
prominent, blunt, and in contact with each other, reach-
ing forward as far as the anterior extremity ; surface cov-
ered with about forty equal, rounded, radiating ribs ; epidermis a
dark gamboge-yellow ; lines of growth minute ; within pearly, of a
livid or leaden color ; entire margin crenulated by the ribs ; cavity
of the beaks considerable. Length, seven tenths of an incli ; height,
one half uich ; breadth, seven twentieths of an inch ; another speci-
men, nineteen twentieths by thirteen twentieths of an inch.

196 PECTENID^.

Inhabits St. George's Bank. Gulf St. Lawrence (^Mig-hels} ;
Northwest coast of Greenland {Hayes).

This very strongly-marked species seems to have been hitherto
undescribed. It is closely allied to Modiolaria discors, but is
smaller, stronger, lighter colored, and entirely covered with ribs.
Of five or six specimens which I have seen, all apparently mature
shells, the largest was of the size given above. Modiola arctica,
Leach, is a smaller and more rounded shell, and the ribs are much
more numerous.

Family PECTENID^, Lamarck.

Ligament interior or half interior. Shell in general regular, com-
pact, not foliated.

Oenus PECTEIV, Brug. 1789.

Shell rounded, inequivalve, eared;, superior margin straight;
beaks contiguous. Hinge toothless, with a triangular internal pit
for the cartilage.

Pecten tenuicostatus.

Shell orbicular, inequivalve, upper valve more convex than the lower ; exterior
surface everywhere marked with closely-arranged, radiating lines; interior sur-
face without ribs ; ears small and equal.

Pecten Marjellanlcus, Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch, pi. 1, fig. L — Gould, Inv. 132. —
De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 173, pi. 11, fig. 207. — Sti.mpson, Shells of New England, 8.

Pecten tenuicostatus, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 41, pi. 4, fig. 7;
Pr. i. 49 (1841). — Stimpson, Smith. Inst. Check Lists (1860), 2.

Shell orbicular, rather higher than long, thin and translucent
when young, thick, strong, and opaque when mature, equilateral,
inequivalve, the lower valve being nearly flat, and not attaining the
edge of the upjier valve by an eighth of an inch or more ; upper
valve moderately convex ; valves widely gaping near the hinge,
surface everywhere sculptured with radiating, punctured lines, or
grooves, about half as wide as the spaces between them, somewhat
zigzag in their course ; these lines are crossed by closely-arranged
lines of growth, which, on the convex valve, are scalloped or vaulted
over the radiating lines ; flattened valve white, convex valve dingy
reddish-brown or flesh-colored. Hinge-margin narrow, straight, ears
equal, the notcli in the lower valve rounded and shallow. Interior

PECTEN.

19T

white, smooth, glossy, with minute radiating lines not correspond-
ing to the exterior grooves. Length, five inches ; height, five and
one half inches ; breadth, one and one half inches.

This shellis not common on the Massachusetts shore; but single
valves, of a very large size and very solid, are occasionally thrown

Fig. 494.

P. teiiiiicostatus.

up, and smaller ones are found in the stomachs of fishes. Its proper
habitat is farther north, and along the eastern part of the coast of
Maine it is found abundantly in its greatest perfection. It does oc-
casionally pass to the south of Cape Cod (the usual terminus for
northern species), for I have a fine specimen which was drawn up
alive by a hook, off Block Island. Eastport {Cooper^; Nahant
Beach, alive (Haske/I) ; Sable Island (^Willis).

The general aspect of the lower valve is smooth ; nor do we see
anything like ribs on the upper surface.

198

pectenidj:.

Pecten Islandicus.

Fig. 87.

Shell sub-orbicular, reddish or orange-brown; ears unequal; surface covered
with small, crowded, irregularly disposed, scaly, radiating ribs, which reappear
within.

Ostrea hlandica, Muller, Zool. Dan. Prod. No. 2990. — Lix. Iter Westrogoth. 200, t. 5,

fig. 7. — Gmelin, 3326, No. 55. — Shaw, Zool. Misc. xxiii. t. 978, 987. — Wood,

Ind. pi. 7, fig. 21. — Faer. Fauna Grounl. 415. — Knorr, De'lices, &c. t. 1, pi. B, fi;;s.

3, 4. — Lister, Conch, t. 1057, fig. 4. — Gualt. Test. t. 73, fig. R. — Seba, Mus.

ii. t. 87, fig. 7.
Pecten Islandicus, Chemn. Conch, vii. 314, t. 65, figs. 615, 616. — Turtos, Conch. Diet

258; Brit. Biv. 216. — Desh. Encyc. Me'th Vers, iii. 724, pi. 212, fig. 1. — Flem. Brit.

Anim. 385, pi. 212, fig. 1. — Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 145. — Say, Anier. Conch, i.

pi. 56. — De Kay, N Y. Moll. 173, pi. 11, fig. 206 — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 133, fig. 87.
Oatrea ciiimibarina, Born, Mus. 103. — Dillwyn, Catal. 256, No. 20. — Schroet. EinL

iii. 326, No. 9.
Pecten Pealii, Conrad, Amor. Mar. Concli. 12, pi. 2, fig. 2.
Pe£ten rubidus, Martyn, Un. Conch. No 153, pi. 53, fig. 1 (1784).
Cftlamys Islandicus, Chenu, Man. ii. 184, fig. 928.

Shell sub-orbicular, or broadly obovate, equal, tlie upper v^lve

Fig. 495.

P. Islandicus.

slightly more couvex than the lower, covered with an indefinite
number, fifty to a hundred, of narrow, unequal, crowded, irregularly

PECTEN, 199

disposed, radiating ridges, bearing a multitude of erect, vaulted
scales ; their ridges are grouped so as to form a number of unequal
ribs, wliicli are better defined on the interior of the shell. Ears un-
equal ; posterior one shorter, and its angle slightly obtuse, alike in
both valves, and covered with scaly, radiating ridges ; the anterior
ear of the right valve is more deeply notched than that of the left,
and has five radiating ribs, occupying about two thirds of its sur-
face. Valves closed except at the notch ; color passing from light
orange to dark reddish-brown ; the upper valves usually zoned, or
blotched, with deeper colors, and the lower valve much the lightest.
The margin jagged by the elevated lines, all but the notch of the
right valve, which is plain, excepting that there are five or six
minute teeth in the angle. Interior white and glossy, the left valve
usually having a large roseate spot near the beaks. Length, three
inches ; height, three and one half inches ; breadth, one inch.

Occasionally found, of a small size, in the stomachs of fishes. Its
proper residence, however, seems to be the Newfoundland Banks,
where it is a favorite food of fishes. Eastport ( Cooper^ ; Halifax
( Willis^ ; W. C. of Greenland {Hayes} ; Cape Hope, James's Bay,
lat. 52^ 10', fossil {Drexler} ; Eastport to Connecticut {Stimpson}.

In a young state the vaulted scales do not appear ; but the inter-
stices between the ribs are filled with a beautiful lozenge-shaped or
tile- work sculpture, which may usually be seen near the beaks in
adult specimens. The colorhig varies greatly, and has given rise to
two or three synonymes.

Pecten irradians.

Fig. 88.

Shell orbicular, ears sub-equal, valves convex, nearly closed, with about twenty
rounded ribs.

Pecten irradians, Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vii. 143. — Stimpson, Shells of New Eng-
land, 8.

Pecten concentricus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 2.59 (1822). — Conrad, Amer. Mar.
Conch, pi. 1, fig. 2. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 172, pi. 9, fig. 205. —Gould, Invert.
1st cd. 134, fig. 88.

Shell nearly round, rather strong ; valves convex, the lower very
little less so than the upper one, with about twenty elevated, rounded
.ribs, the depressed spaces being similarly rounded, and about equal
to the ribs in width ; loosely wrinkled concentrically by fine lines
of growth. Usual color a dusky or blackish horn color, with alter-
nately darker and lighter zones. Ears two thirds of the length of the

200

pectenidj:.

p. irradians.

shell, nearly equal, and crossed with small, radiating ridges ; notch

in the convex valve deep,
and forming an acute an-
gle, or narrow slit. Inte-
rior shining, grooved to
correspond with the exte-
rior ribs, the intervening
spaces flat ; color white,
generally tinged with pur-
ple-brown about the hinge
and around the margin,
sometimes altogether of
that color. Ligamentary
pit small and shallow.
Length, two and three
fifths inches ; height, two
and one half inches ;
breadth, one inch.
Tlie scaUop-shell is found abundantly about the extremity of Cape
Cod, though it does not extend far along its iimer shore. It is
common along all its outer shore, at Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard,
&c., and, according to Mr. Say, is one of the most common shells
along the shores of New Jersey. Cape Ann, southward QStimp-
sori) ; Texas (^Roemer') ; Sable Island {Willis^.

It is subject to great variation in coloring. The flatter valve is
often white, and always of a lighter color than the other valve.
Sometimes both valves are white, orange, ochreous, reddish, or pur-
jjlish, and sometimes they are zoned or mottled with two or more of
these colors. In consequence of which they are very pleasing to the
eye, and are extensively employed in the manufacture of card-racks,
pincushions, &c.

Pecten fuscus.*

Pec/en fuscus, Linsley, Shells of Conn, in Sillim. Jonni. 1st series, xlviii. 278 (1845), no
descr. — Gould, in same, new scries, vi. 2.35, fig. 6 (1848). — Stimpsox, Shells of
New England, 8, in Errata under the name of P. bruitneus {1851) ; in Smith. Inst.
Check Lists, 2 (1860).

Shell small, thin, somewhat elongated, slightly convex, with about
twenty-four thread-like radiating ribs ; the whole surface, viewed

* This species was represented in Dr. Gould's MSS. hy a blank sheet only. I may men-
tion here that Lima sulculus, Leach, has been found at Sable Island ( Willis). — W. G. B.

OSTREA. 201

with a magnifier, is found to be sculptured with microscopic lines,
which curve from the centre towards the sides without reference to
the ribs, the posterior one slightly emarginate. Color, a dusky red.
I have seen only one valve, which differs from any shell hitherto
described, but the characters of the entire shell are of course in-
complete. Length, nine thirty-seconds of an inch ; breadth, seven
thirty-seconds of an inch. ( Gould in Sillim. Journal.)

Family OSTREIDyE.

Shell irregular, foliated, sometimes paper-like ; ligament inter-
nal or partly internal.

Genus OSTREA, Lin. 1758.

Shell very irregular, inequivalve, the larger one adhering, the
smaller moving forwards as the shell advances in age, and leaving
a lengthening groove for the ligament exposed along the beak of
the adhering valve.

The Oyster varies in surface and shape so much, according to
the position in wliich it lies during growth, that it is not only im-
possible to give any description which shall delineate the various
transformations it may undergo, but it is also very difficult to desig-
nate the limits of species. Lamarck indicates three species belong-
ing to this coast ; but it is very doubtful whether, in reality, there
are even two.

It is also a question on which there are various opinions, whether
the oyster was indigenous in Massachusetts Bay ; or whether all
which grow in the various oyster-beds owe their parentage to inhab-
itants of the Delaware, Chesapeake, and Oyster Bays, &c. That
they now grow spontaneously, and, for aught we can learn, always
have grown so, on the south shore, there is no reason to doubt.
And that they are occasionally found of patriarchal appearance, in
all parts of our bay, is certainly true. But the question is, whether
these places are their natural habitat, or whether they have been
accidentally dropped where they were found. Many incline to this
latter opinion, especially the younger oystermen, and some scien-
tific gentlemen. But the old settlers of Cape Cod are of a different
opinion. They say that Wellfleet, where the Southern oysters are
planted for Boston use, was originally called Billingsgate, on account

202 OSTREIDJl.

of the abundance of fish, and especially of oysters, found there ;
that they conthiued to be abundant until about the year 1780, when
from some cause they all died ; and, to this day, immense beds are
shown there of shells of native oysters which perished at that time.
They say that, before that time, no such thing was thought of as
bringing oysters from the South.

Ostrea Virginiana.*

Shell elongated, narrow ; beaks pointed, not much curved ; ligamentary emi-
nence of the upper valve extending back to the apex.

Ostrea Virginiana, Lister, Conch, t. 200, fig. 34. — Favanne, Conch, pi. 41, fig. C, 2. —
Klein, Tentam 1 22. — Sowerby, Genera of Shells, fig. 2. — Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 136.

Ostrea Virginica, Gmelin, Syst. 3336, No. 113. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 277. — Lam. An.
sans Vert. vii. 22b. — Wood, Index, pi. 11, fig. 68. — Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th.
Vers, iii. 296, pi. 179, 1 and 2.

Grand Huitre de la Virginie, Uavila, Catal. 290, No. 613.

Virginia Rock-oyster, Petiver, Gazophyl. t. IG.t, fig. 3.

Ostrea rostnita maxima, Ciiemn. Conch, viii. 38, t. 73, tig. 677.

Ostrea elunguta, Solander, MSS.

Ostrea Canadensis, Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 226.

Shell narrow, elongated, gradually widening, moderately curved,
for the most part with a long and pointed beak at the apex, and
rounded at the other extremity. Upper valve the smaller, flatter,
and smoother ; surface, when not worn, presenting everywhere leaf-
like scales, of a somewhat leaden-color. The hinge presents the
usual channel in the beak of the lower valve, longer or shorter ac-
cording to the age of the shell, and marked with lines exhibiting the
successive removes of the cartilage ; and in the upper valve we have
the corresponding elevation, which is also continued back to the
point of the shell. The muscular impression is nearly central, of a
dark chestnut, or sometimes dark violet color. It often measures
twelve or fifteen inches in length, but seldom more than three inches
in l)readth.

This is the common oyster of the Chesapeake Bay. It is occa-
sionally found in the vicinity of Boston, and also about Prince
Edward's Island, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Tatamagouche,
&c. {Willis). Its distinctive characters are its narrow, elongated
form, and the lengthened, pyramidal hinge ridge, alcng the beak of
the upper valve. The O. Canadensis is either a variety of this, or
the next species, most likely of this.

* It would be impossible to figure all the forms of this and the following vari.ible shells.
Had Dr. Gould lived to fiidsh his work, I believe he would have referred all the New
England oysters to one species. — W. G. B.

ANOMIA. 203

Ostrea borealis.

Shell somewhat rounded, curved, scaly, greenish ; beaks rather short, consid-
erably curved; hinge having the furrow in the lower valve from the apex, but
having in the opposite valve merely a transverse ridge, not extended back-
wards.

Ostrea borealis, Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 220. — Gould, Invert. 1st eel. 137. — De Kay,

N. Y. Moll. 169, pi. 10, fig. 203, 204. — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 8.
Odrea Canadensis, BuuG. Encyc. Me'th. pi. 180, figs. 1 -3. — Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 226.
Ostrea edulis, Lin., &c.

Shell somewhat obliquely rounded ovate, usually curved, upper
valve smaller, flatter ; the beaks are never greatly prolonged, more
curved than in O. Virginiana. The surface is very irregular, dis-
playing loosely arranged flakes of a greenish-color ; the margins are
generally more or less plaited or scalloped, entirely bony in the
lower valve, but membranous and somewhat flexible in the upper
one. The hinge differs from the preceding in having the beaks less
prolonged, and the upper valve, instead of having a lengthened,
pyramidal ridge extending backwards to the apex, has only a trans-
verse ridge, abrupt behind, and sloping into the shell, like a mere
partition, behind which the cartilage is attached. The muscular
impression is also dark violet. Interior, either chalky or greenish-
white.

This species also grows to a great size. A specimen before me
measures a foot in length, and six inches in breadth. A common
size is five and six inches in length.

This is the common New York oyster, and, although they are said
to have been once abundant in various parts of Massachusetts Bay,
especially within Cape Cod, yet the Boston market is now chiefly
dependent for its supply on the oyster-beds in the vicinity of New
York, and in the Chesapeake. In those parts of Buzzard's Bay
which border upon Sandwich the native oyster is still found in
great abundance.

The oystermen maintain that our shell is identical with the Eng-
lisli O. edulis ; and there are certainly forms in wliich the American
and European specimens could not be distinguished.

Oenus A^OITIIA, Lam 1767.

Shell irregular, inequivalve, one valve convex, the other flattened
or concave, perforated near the beak for the passage of a muscle,
by which it adheres.

204 ostreidj:.

Anomia ephippium.

Shell rounded, margin irregular ; surface scaly, variously wrinkled and undu-
lated ; beaks iDointed, not quite reaching the margin ; aperture ovate.

Ostreum parcum, Lister, Concli. t. 204, fig. 28.

Anomia epiiippiinn, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1150. — Gmelix, Syst. 3340, No. 3. — Gualt. Test
t. 97, fig. B. — D'Argenv. Conch, t. 19, fig. C. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. t. 62,
fig. 70. — CiiEAiN. Conch, viii. t. 76, figs. 692, 093. — Montagd, Test. Brit. 155.—
Wood, Lin. Trans, vi. pi. 18, figs. 11, 12 ; Liil. pi. 11, fig. 3. — Maton and Rackett,
Lin. Trans, viii. 102. —Donovan, Brit. Sh. t. 1, pi. 26. — Born, Mus. fig. 117.—
Schroet. Einl. iii. 383. — Poli, Test. ii. 186, pi. 30, figs. 9, 11. — Da Costa, Brit.
Conch. 165, pi. 11, fig. 3. — Pavanne, Conch, pi. 41, fig. B. — Dillwyn, Cat. i.
286, No. 3. — Blainv. Mai. pi. 59, fig. 3. — Sowerby, Gen. figs. 1, 2, 3. — Turton,
Brit. Biv. 227; Conch. Diet. 2. — Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 273; Encyc. Meth. pi.
170, figs. 6, 7. — Gould, Invert. 1st ed. 138. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 186, pi. 12,
fig. 209. — Plem. Brit. An. 395.

Shell generally rounded, but often produced at one side or at
base, so as to assume an oval form ; its marG;ins more or less iao-<>;ed,

and its surface scaly from the loose edges of
the lines of growth, and variously distorted,
undulated, and plaited, according to the ob-
jects to which it adheres. Lower valve flat,
^.epkippi^i^r^ its aperture ovate, reaching the margin by a
fissure. Upper valve slightly convex, little
elevated about the beak, which is small, acute, not quite reaching
the margin. Substance of the shell pearly, or like talc, of a green-
ish tinge, reflecting golden and silvery hues ; within smooth, the
muscular impressions opaque white. Usually about an inch in di-
ameter, but growing to three times that size.

It is found in abundance in oystcr-ljeds, adhering to oysters. At
New Bedford it has )»een found anchored by its muscle to pebbles.
Eastport {Cooper^ ; wreck of a frigate. Herring Cove {Willis").

This shell varies so much in its form that it is very difficult to
characterize it. The most constant trait is the rugged, scaly ex-
terior. It not unfrequently assumes a ribbed appearance, in con-
sequence of having adhered to valves of Peclen irradians.

Anomia aculeata.

Pig. 90.

Shell rounded, inclined to be straight at the hinge-margin ; color dingy white;
beaks obtuse, terminal; upper valve covered with fine, prickly, radiating lines;
lower valve smooth ; aperture circular.

ANOJIIA.

205

Anomia aculeata, Gmelin, Syst. 3346. — Turtov, Lin. Syst. iv. 285; Brit. Biv. 233;
Conch. Diet. 4. — Chemn. Conch, viii. 92, t. 77, fig. 702. — Montagu, Test. Brit.
157, t. 4, fij,^ 5. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 233.— Dillwyn, Catal. 288. — Maton
and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 1U3. — Wood, Lidcx, pi. 11, fig. 7. — Gould, Liv.
Isted. 139, fig. 90.

Fig. 498.

A aculeata.

Shell small, rounded, the hinge-margin more or less trmicated or
straight, color yellowish-white ; upper
valve convex, the beak obtuse and
marginal, the surface covered with mi-
nute, concave, or prickly scales, ar-
ranged in radiating, undulated lines ;
lower valve very thin, smooth, or with

a few prickles near the margin ; aperture nearly circular ; within
shining ; the convex valve exhibiting the exterior ribs near the
margin. Diameter about half an inch.

Found amid the roots of Fuci which are thrown up attached to
stones, shells, &c. Eastport (^Cooper^ ; Halifax (^ Willis^.

This shell is easily distinguished from its co-species by the scaly
or prickly radiating lines upon its upper valve. It seems never to
attain a large size.

Besides the two species before mentioned, there are probably two
others found in this State. But all species are so distorted as to
render it difficult to separate them definitely.

Anomia electrica,* Lm.

Distinguished by its sulphur or golden hue, defined edge, and

Fig. 499.

A. electrica.

* I am indebted to Mr. Samuel Powel, of Newport, R. I., for the specimen figured,
which was found with numerous others, living, at Stone Bridge, by T. N. Dale, Jr. The
species is very common at Newport. I suppose it to be the electrica. The figures are
the natural size. — W. G. B.

206 OSTREIDJE.

very convex upper valve. It is generally miicli distorted, trans-
parent, and not so fragile as most species, not scaly.

Found among oysters.

See remarks under the following species.

Anomia squamula, Lin.

A small, smooth, rounded, or oblong-oval shell, very thin and
regular, exhibiting regular concentric lines of growth ; color whit-
ish ; edges well defined ; aperture rounded.

Found attached within old bivalve shells.

This and the last species, however, are not positively made out.

BRACHIOPODA. 207

Class BRACHIOPODA.

*

Animal furnished with a pair of cirrated arms or oral append-
ages, which are free or united by membrane, sometimes supported
by calcareous processes. Mantle-lobes closely applied to the valves,
fringed with horny setcB, and supplied with branching veins, gills
none, respiration performed by the vessels of the mantle. Foot
none.

Shell inequivalve, attached to submarine bodies by a muscular
peduncle, or by the substance of its ventral valve ; valves dorsal and
ventral, united by muscles, and usually articulated by teeth. Ma-
rine.

The class takes its name from the long fringed organs which are
attached near the mouth, and are regarded as designed to bring
food to the mouth. The valves are generally considered as upper
and lower, instead of right and left, as in other bivalves, the larger
one, which often has a long curved beak out of which the pedicle
issues, being the lower one. By others, however, they are consid-
ered as anterior and posterior. There are but few species living at
the present day, but tliey are found in a fossil state in great abun-
dance throughout the rocks of many geological periods.

Family TEREBRATULIDyE.

Shell round or oval, lower valve with a prominent beak and two
curved hinge teeth ; upper valve with a hinge process, and a shelly
loop to which the arms are attached.

Ocniis TEREBRATULINA, D'Orb. 1847.

Shell punctured, oval, with a faint central depression and radiat-
ing ribs ; beak large with a large aperture bounded in part by the
end of the upper valve ; hinge of one oblique tooth in the upper

* All relating to the Brachiopods was prepared for the press by Dr. Gould. — W. G. B

208

TEREBRATULID^.

valve fitting between two in the lower, wliich has also slight earlike
prolongations ; a stem arises from each side of the hinge, miiting
with its opposite, and bearing a short, nearly circular loop for the
support of the arms.

Fig 500.

Terebratulina septentrionalis.

Shell obovate, whitish, upper valve truncated horizontally at the apex ; foramen
large, one side completed by the apex of the lower valve ; surface with minute,
radiating strii?e.

Terebratula septentrionalis, Couthody, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. ii. G5, pi. 3, fig. 18. —

Stimpsox, Mar. Invert. Gr. Manan, 20; Shells of New England, 7.
Tertbrutula capul-scrpentis, Gould, Inv. Mass. 1st cd. 141.

Shell rather thin, semi-transparent, yellowish or reddish-white,
broadly obovate ; upper valve slightly convex, narrow at the sum-
mit, and abruptly widening below ; beak slightly
projecting, truncated horizontally so as to form
a large, semi-elliptical orifice, completed below
by tlie apex of the lower valve, which valve is
rounded, flattish, slightly protuberant down the
middle ; both valves covered by minute, but dis-
tinct and well-rounded radiating ribs, wliich in-
crease in number with the width of the shell ;
these are crossed by a few irregular lines of
growth ; the whole covered hj a thin, silvery,
fibrous epidermis. From under each tooth in
the lower valve arises a thin process curving a
little inwards, whose extremities support an oval,
partially twisted ring of a similar ribband-like structure, about an
eighth of an inch in diameter. Margin of the shell minutely toothed
by the terminations of the ribs. Length, eleven twentieths of an
inch ; height, twelve twentieths of an inch ; breadth, five twentieths
of an inch.

Found in considerable numbers in the stomachs of fish, and occa-
sionally on the sea-beach. It has also been taken alive on the coast
of Maine. Its usual residence is in more northern seas.

Laminar ian to deep sea coral. Eastport at low water, common ;

oif Isle of Shoals, twenty fathoms to Cape Cod ; Grand ]\Ianan,

common (Packard, Stimpson) ; Halifax Harbor, common (Willis}.

An examination of the descriptions of T. caput-serpentis, given

T. septentrionalis.

EHYKCHONELLA. 209

by Linnaeus, Mtillcr, and Chemnitz, and a comparison of them
with our shell had well satisfied me of their correspondence. The
downy cj)idermis is a character too rare and singular to be over-
looked. This, however, is rubbed off very easily. The shell is
much thinner, in general more elongated, and the striae nearly
twice as numerous, being about thirty to forty in the European, and
fifty to sixty in the American specimens. No account of the in-
ternal bony processes is given in any description except that by
Mr. Couthouy. These would afford the best possible specific char-
acter, were it not that they are usually more or less broken. But
I have been relieved from all further speculation by the receipt of
specimens from Dr. Loven, which settle the identity of our species
with the European capiit-serpentis. Deshayes conjectures, probably
with justice, that the Anomia aurita of Gmelin is the same thing ;
and also, that Anomia pubcscens of the same author and others is
this shell in a young stage, when plentifully coated with pubescence.
T. costata, described and figured by Lowe, in the " Zoological
Journal," ii. 105, pi. 5, figs. 8, 9, is very closely allied ; but it is a
smaller, more solid shell, with fewer ribs, and entirely different
internal processes.

[I have retained the above remarks from the former edition, be-
cause our shell is so generally still regarded as identical with the
European species. But further examination of numerous specimens
has led me to coincide with Dr. Stimpson, who has dredged exten-
sively, both in the British and American seas, in his opinion that
" the species differs from the European cuput-serpentis sufficiently in
both shell and animal."

Fai^iily RHYNCHONELLIDyE, D'Orbigny.

Shell with radiating ribs, the arm supports long, slender, simple,
and gently curving towards each other ; no area ; the opening for
the pedicle usually completed by two small pieces ; animal with
elongated spiral arms.

Ocniis RHYNCIIONEL.L.A, FrscnER. 1809.

Shell triangular, acutely beaked ; usually plaited ; large valve

elevated in front, depressed at the sides ; small valve flattened or

hollowed along the centre hinge-plate with two slender curved

processes.

14

210 RHYNCHONELLID^.

RhyrLchonella psittacea.

Fig. 91.

Shell sub-triangular, contracted above, the beak produced mto a decurved
horn; surface striated, foramen triangular.

Anomia rostrum puittaci, Chemn. Conch, viii. 106, t. 78, fig. 713.

Anoinia psitiacea, Gmelin, Syst. 3348, No. 41. — Dillwyn, Catal. i. 290. — Wood, In-
dex, pi. 11, fig. 27. — TuKT. Conch. Diet. 5, fig. 42-44.

Terebrntu/a psittacea, Desha yes, Encyc. Metli. Vers. ill. 102, pi. 244, figs. 3, a, b, c. —
L.vM. An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vii. .333. — Turtox, Brit. Biv. 236. — Fleming, Brit.
An. 368. — Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 433 ; Brit. Mar. Conch. 127. — Brown,
111. Conch. Gr. Brit. 68, pi. 46, figs. 2-4. — Crouch, Introd. Lam. Conch, pi. 13,
fig. 4. — Sowerby, Genera, fig. 5 ; Thesaur. i. 342, ph 71, figs. 78-80. — Sowekby
(Junior), Conch. Man. fig. 202. — Gould, Inv. of Mass. 141, fig. 91. — Reeve, Conch.
Syst. pi. 126, fig. 5. — Middendorff, Malae. Ross, part 3, p. 1, t. 11, figs. 11-17.

Hi/pothi/ris psittacea, King, Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. 238 (1846). — Forbes and Hanley,
Brit. Moll. ii. 346, pi. 67, figs. 1-3 — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 7.

Rhjjnchonella psittacea, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. 145, pi. 22, figs. 12-14 (animal). —
Adams, Genera, ii. 582, pL 132, figs. 2, 2a, 2b. — Chenu, Man. de Conch, h. 219,
figs. 1126-1128.

Shell thin and fragile, brownish-hlack or sea-green, of an inflated,
triangular form, one of the valves produced into a long, pointed, and

strongly curved hoak, something like a parrot's

F's- f'Oi- beak ; along this runs a triangular channel, formed

by the inflected margins, the third side of which

is completed by the tip of the other valve ; the

smaller valve is obovate or fan-shaped, about two

thii'ds the length of the longer valve ; surface

marked with concentric lines of growth, and with

numerous, fine, diverging stria?, increasing in

number as the shell widens. The interior bony

processes consist of two slender, curved, parallel

prongs, arising from the base of the teeth of the

upper valve. Height, one half incli ; length,

R. psittacea. scveii twcutietlis of an inch; breadth, one fiftli

of an inch.

I have as yet mot with only one specimen of this shell of the

above dimensions, which w^as taken from the stomach of a codfish.

It appears to be everywhere rare, and is proliably an inliabitant of

more northern seas, especially the region of Newfoundland.

[Deep sea Coral Zone, Northern Coast (^Slimpson) ; Banks of St.
Margaret's Bay ( Willis^ ; Dronthcim to North Ca])c (dredged in
forty to one hundred and fifty fathoms) (^McAndreiv) ; Russian

WALDHEIMIA. 211

Lapland and Sitka (^Mlddendorff^. It has been found fossil at
Beauport {Daivson} ; and at Cape Hope, James's Bay, 52° 10' N.
(^Drexlcr Coll.}. Hence, though nowhere abundant, this species
seems to be circumpolar. The young specimens are fragile and
sea-green ; but the old ones become solid, globose, and tar-colored.

Ocniis WALDHEIMIA, King.

Shell smooth. The genus Waldhelmia has the internal append-
age composed of tvYO free slender branches arising from the hinge,
which advance about two thirds the distance across the shell, then
curve upwards and backwards, then inwards, and unite at the
centre.

Waldheimia cranium.

Surface smooth, whitish, minutely punctured.

Anomia cranium, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3347. — Turton, Conch. Diet. 5.

Terehratula cranium, Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 249, No. 300C. — MoxTAGD, Trans. Lin.
Soc. xi. 188, pi. 13, fig. 2. — Brown, 111 Conch. Gr. Brit. 68, pi. 22, figs. 10- 12. —
Forbes and Hanl. Brit Moll. ii. 357, pi. 57, tig. 10. — Lovix, Ind. Moll. Scand. 29.

A single specimen, obtained by Mr. Willis at St. Margaret's Bay,
seemed to me to come under this species. The specimen was small
and imperfectly examined. It was rounded-ovate, rather globose,
thin and translucent, the surface without grooves, but finely punc-
tured; color yellowish-white. The more mniutc characters were
not noted.

212 GASTEROPODA.

Class GASTEROPODA.

Head distinct, furnished with eyes and tentacles. Body usually
protected by a conical or spiral shell. Lower part of body formed
into a thickened, expanded, creeping disk or foot.

Sub-Class OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

Gills exposed, or only slightly covered hy a fold of the mantle
situated behind the heart, and never lodged in a distinct cervical
cavity. Sexes united in the same individual. Abdomen rudiment-
ary, not spirally developed in the adult, or protected by a shell.
Larva shell-bearing, and furnished with deciduous cephalic fins.

Okder TECTIBEA^s^CHIATA.*

Gills forming a tuft or plume on one side, towards the hind part
of the body, under a fold of the mantle, and usually protected by a
shell. Both the adult animal and larva shell-bearing. Foot elon-
gate, formed for walking. Marine.

Family BULLIDyE, D'Oebigny.

Shell thin, usually rolled up like a scroll ; animal destitute of
tentacula, and having the branchiae in a special cavity, at the pos-
terior part of the back, covered by the mantle.

* In Dr. Gould's MS. the only work done on this order was pasting on separate
sheets the descriptions of each species of the first edition, and adding a sheet for each ad-
ditional species which he wi>hed represented in the second edition. These additional
sheets I have filled up with a copy of the original description of each species. In case
of both new and old species, I have added the notes in Dr. Gould's interleaved copy of
the first edition. The only thing for which I am alone responsible is the synonymy
and the generic descriptions, which last are copied from the " Genera of Recent
Mollusca." — W. G. B.

PHILINE. 213

Oeiiiis PIIILIIVE, Aso. 1772.

Animal investing the slicll. Eyes, none. Foot, not produced
posteriorly, the side lobes large and fleshy. Shell concealed in the
mantle, loosely convolute, thin, fragile, sub-orbicular or ovate, stri-
ate, or punctate ; spire small, often concealed ; aperture very wide
and open ; outer lip patulous.

Philine sinuata.

PhiUne sinuata, Stimpsox, Proc. Bost. Soc. iii. 333 (1850) ; Shells of New England, 51,
pi. 1, fig. 7 (1851) ; Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell minute, ovate, white, pellucid, longitudinally striate ; spire
conspicuous ; aperture anteriorly dilated. Length,
seven one hundredths of an inch ; breadth, five one '^'

hundredths of an inch.

The animal is two tenths of an inch in length,
oblong, elongated, convex posteriorly, of a yellow-
ish color, darkest behind, with dots and patches of
white. The reflected pedal lobes are rather nar-
row, and terminate near the middle of the part oc- „ .

" ' p. sinuata.

cupied by the shell. At the posterior extremity
a cavity is formed by the mantle, which is digitated and arched ;
within this cavity the anus is situated, and its lower margin has a
notch at the centre.

The ova are deposited during the latter part of August. They
are minute, white, and enveloped in a gelatinous mass, which is
globular, hyaline, slightly tinged with yellowish, and somewhat
larger than the animal itself.

Several specimens of this species were obtained by dredging in
Broad Sound, Boston Bay, at the depth of from four to seven fathoms
on a sandy bottom (^Stimpson).

Philine quadrata.

Philine qmdrata, Searles Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. New Scries, iii. 461, pi. 7, fig. 1 (1839).

— Forbes and Hanlev, Brit. Moll. iii. 541, pi. 114, E, figs. 2, 3. — Stimpson,

Check Lists, 4 (1860).
Philine formosa, Stimpsox, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii 334 (1850); Shells of New

England, 51 (1851).

Shell minute, squarely globose, sub-truncated anteriorly, white,
shining, sub-opaque, thickened posteriorly, punctured with inequi-

214 BULLIDiE.

distant, revolving, sometimes undulating strise ; apex circularly
and deeplv excavated, columella sinuose, broadly

Fig. 503. ^ " . .

and lightly callous ; lip crenulated posteriorly ; ap-
erture very wide. Length, eighteen lumdrodths of
an inch ; breadth, fourteen hundredths of an inch
(^Slimpson).

Several specimens were taken from fishes caught
on the " Middle Bank," in seventeen fathoms ; in
p. qiiadrata. thirty fathouis off Cape Ann, and in deep water off
y e arge . ^^^ coast of Maiuc (^Stimpsori) ; Zetlands, &c. (^Forbes
and Hanley) ; Greenland {Morcli).

Philine lineolata.

Fig. 99.

Shell minute, ovate, ferruginous; whorls three, the last enveloping all the
others, and marked with numerous revolving lines; aperture dilated anteriorly.

BuVa Uneoluta, Couthout, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 179, pi. 3, fis:. 15 (1839) ; Am.

Journ. 8c. Istscr. xxxvi. 389 (1 839). — Gould, Inv. 169, tig. 99, (IS41). — De Kay,

N. Y. Moil. 16, pi. 3.1, fig. 334 (1843).
Philine lineolata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell very small, oblong-ovate, broadest anteriorly, very thin,

and fragile, covered with a thin, rust-colored epidermis ; whorls

three, forming a flattened spire, the outer one somewhat

Fig. 504. 5 o 1 '

inflated, and delicately marked with numerous, impressed,
revolving lines ; aperture extending the whole length of the
shell, very narrow behind, and rapidly widening forwards,
p. lineo- so that the lip is broadly rounded in front ; the pillar has a
faint oljlique fold near the middle. "Within glossy, yellow-
ish-white. Length, three twentieths of an inch ; breadth, three
fortieths of an inch.

Several specimens of this very delicate and very singular shell
have been taken from the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachu-
setts Bay ; Cape Cod northward to Grand Manan ( Stimpsuri) ; Fish-
ing Banks, rare ( Willis^.

It appears like a diminutive specimen of Bulla lig-naria, but its
somewhat elevated spire is one good distinctive mark. The revolv-
ing lines are rather distant, regularly disposed, and always conspic-
uous under a magnifier.

DIAPHANA. 215

Ocniis SCAPHANDER, :NroNTF. 1810.

Animal not investing the shell. Eyes, none. Foot ample, but
short, the side-lobes small.

Shell ovate-pyriform, convolute ; spire distinct, depressed, some-
what concealed ; aperture very wide, narrowed behind, entire and
dilated in front ; inner lip sjiirally convoluted as far as the com-
mencement of the spire ; outer lip simple, acute.

Scaphander puncto-striatus.

Shell white, solid, elegantly striated with inequidistant, numerous rows of
piuictures; spire hidden, aperture large.

Bnlla punrto-striata, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 4.3, pi. 4, fig. 10

(1842) ; Proc. of same, i. 49 (1841).
Sraphatidt'i- puiicto-stridta, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell Avhite, rather solid, ovate, with crowded inequidistant, dis-
tinctly punctate striae ; spire concealed, aperture very large,
contracted at the upper third l)y the intrusion of the body rig. 505.
whorl ; labrum rising above the apex, very sharp and regu-
larly arcuate ; labium with a very thin lamina extending
to the apex. Length, thirty-eight hundredths of an inch ;
breadth, twenty-four hundredths of an inch,

Casco Bay ; taken from the stomach of a haddock, in the
summer of 1841.

This remarkable and trulv beautiful shell resembles an enlarged
specimen of B. liiieolata, Couth., to which it is allied ; but it is
easily distinguished by its larger size, by the elevation of the labrum
above the apex, and, above all, by the punctate striae. Only a single
specimen has been found. It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels
{Mig-hels and Adams^.

Fishing Banks {Willis').

Oenus DIAPHANA, Brown. 1833.

Head disk broad and short ; tentacular lobes short, conical, lat-
eral, wide apart ; eyes immersed in their hind bases. Mantle
margin slightly thickened. Foot short, bi-lobed behind.

Shell thin, hyaline, sub-umbilicated, inflated, ovate or sub-globose ;
spire depressed, with a mammillatcd nucleus ; aperture expanded,
not extending beyond the body whorl ; columella reflexed and siim-
ose ; outer lip sinuose, produced anteriorly.

216 BULLION.

Diapliana hiemalis.

Fig. 100.

Shell minute, globular, very thin, dusky, no spire perceptible, with a small
umbilicus.

Bulla hiemalis, CouTHOur, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. ii. 180, pi. 4, fig. 5 (1839). — De Kat,

N. Y. Moll. 18, pi. 35, fig. 335. — Gould, Inv. 163, fig. 100.
Diapkana hiemalis, Stimpson, Chejk Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell globular, very thin and brittle, transparent, of a brownish
tinge, except near the tip, where it is whitish ; body whorl envelop-
ing all the rest, so as to leave no perceptible spire, and
Fig. 506. i-Qarked with the lines of growth ; the aperture is narrow be-
XJ hind, but greatly enlarged forwards ; the outer lip revolves,
wate' ^^'*^^^ ^^^ junction behind, nearly a third of a revolution be-
fore it turns forwards ; a thin plate of callus is spread over
the inner margin, and rises so as to form a small but distinct um-
bilicus. Length and breadth, about one tenth of an inch.

Procured from codfish taken off Provincetown, in about thirty
fathoms water ; Grand Manan {Stimpson) ; Bristol, Maine.

It is a remarkable shell, sufficiently distinguished by its globular
form and its peculiar lip.

Diaphana debilis.

Fig. 95.

Shell obliquely orate, small, transparent, inflated, smooth, partially umbilicated;
whorls Four, terminating on a level ; pillar lip terminating abruptly in front.

Bulla debilis, Gould, Silliman's Journ. Old Series, xxxviii. 196 (1840); Inv. 164, fig.

95. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 17, pi. 35, fig. 329.
Diapliana dtbilis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell small, obliquely ovate, tumid, thin and brittle, greenish-
white ; whorls four, all rising to about the same height, division
„. , r. distinct, each very convexly rounded ; last whorl the whole

Fig. 507. ' •' '' .

r~V\ length of the shell, including all the others, and partially
i iK^ detached from them above ; surface without apparent marks ;
^^7 aperture as long as the shell, widening from behind for-
wards ; outer lip attached behind, a little before the summit
of the shell it rises to a level with the spire, and then descends in
a regular though slightly waved curve to the front of the pillar,
where it terminates quite abruptly ; inner lip spread out in a thin

UTRICULUS. 217

enamel upon the body of the shell, partially coverino- an umbilical
indentation placed at about one fourth the length of the shell.
Length, one tenth of an inch ; breadth, one eighth of an inch.

Obtained from fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. Connecticut
{Linslei/} ; Grand Manan {Stimpson) ; Maine (^Mig-Iiels) ; Green-
land (iJfdrc/O-

This shell has no marked resemblance to any other with which I
am acquainted, unless it be to B. Gouldii, of which it may possibly
be the young. It is, however, much smaller and thinner, more
globular, and its greatest breadth is before, instead of behind, the
middle. The peculiarity of the base, also, is well marked. In many
respects it has a general resemblance to Montagu's B. diapliana
{Test. Brit. pi. 7, fig. 8), but that has an elevated spire, and is not
umbilicated. Brown figures a shell, which he calls Diapliana pel-
lucida (^ConrJi. of Great Brit. &c., pi. 38, figs. 10, 11), which bears
a still more striking resemblance.

These two last-named species would come under the sub-genus
Aplustra of Blainville ; in which the whorls are all visible, but the
spire not projecting ; and in which there is a thickened portion at
the anterior termination of the pillar.

Oeuus UTRICULUS, Brown. 1844.

Head disk very short; tentacular lobes lateral, rounded; eyes,
none.

Shell rather thin, sub-cylindrical, imperforate, covered with an
epidermis ; spire distinct ; apex obtuse, not mammillated, sutures
simple, not canaliculated ; aperture narrow behind, dilated and
entire in front, nearly as long as the body whorl ; columella sim-
ple, not plicate ; outer lip straight, acute.

Utriculus Gouldii.

Fig. 94.

Shell ovate, white, rather opaque, composed of four whorls, the last including
all the others, and covered with minute revolving lines ; spire nearly flat.

Bulla Gouldii, CocTHOUY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 181, pi. 4, fig. 6 (1839). — Gould,

Inv. 16.3, fig. 94. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 15, pi. 5, fig. 101.
Utriculus Gouldii, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell small, ovate, shining, of a dead white color, covered with a
yellowish epidermis ; whorls four, rounded at their upper edges,

218 BULLIDiE.

their dividing line well marked ; the last whorl is as long as the
shell, and includes all the others ; under the magnifier its surface

appears covered with revolving lines ;. the whorls all rise to
^'^' ^^' about the same level, so that the summit is nearly flat ; the

anterior extremity is rather narrower than the posterior ; the

aperture is narrow behind, and suddenly enlarged by the
^•j^?"^- curvature of the inner margin, which is a little thickened,

white, and polished. The outer lip, from its junction l)e-
hind, advances a little as it turns forward by a regular curve, and,
finally turning bacliward by a rather sharp turn, it joins the body
of the shell with a gentle twist ; umbilicus none. Length, three
tenths of an incli ; breadth, three twentieths of an inch.

Found by Mr. Couthouy, in the stomachs of fishes taken off Co-
hasset Rocks, and dredged by Colonel Totten in Provincetown Har-
bor. Cape Cod, northward {Stimpson).

In shape it somewhat resembles Bulla solitaria; but it is a smaller
and much more solid shell, and its fiat summit, with the display of
all its whorls there, plainly distinguishes it. The anterior extrem-
ity is also more pointed. It is much broader and less cylindrical
than U. canaliculatus, nor has it the conspicuous fold on the pillar,
as that shell has.

Utriculus pertenuis.

Shell minute, cylindrical, white, hyaline ; whorls four, spire elevated, lip straight
above, rounded below ; aperture narrow above, wide below.

Bulla pertenuis, Mighels, Best. Proc. i. 129 (1843) ; Bost. Journ. iv. 346, pi. 16, fig. 3

(1843).
Utriadus pertenuis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell very small, cylindrical, of a dingy white color, very thin and

fragile ; whorls four, rounded, all lying in the same plane ; suture

J,, g^g distinct, as seen under tlie microscope ; spire elevated ;

lal)rum nearly straight at the posterior part, rounded

^ anteriorly, returning into the shell it forms a delicate,

slightly elevated lamina, which, under the microscope, is

seen to occupy nearly the whole length of the columel-

. pertenuis. j^^, rcgiou ; apcrturc very narrow posteriorly, broad and

rounded anteriorly. Length, eight one hundredths of an inch ;

breadth, four one hundredths of an inch.

When greatly magnified this shell resembles Bt/l/a Govldii,
Couth., but besides being much smaller, it is proportionally longer;

UTRICULUS. 219

it is nlso entirely destitute of the revolving lines, which are seen
on that shell. It is the smallest species of the genus that has hith-
erto been found on the American coast. I first detected it in sift-
iair sand and mud taken from the stomachs of haddock in the
spring of 1842. It is scarce and difficult to obtain {Mig-Iiels}.
Casco Bay {^lig-hcls) ; Cape Cod to Grand Manan (^Slimpson).

Utriculus canaliculatus.

Fig. 97.

Shell nearly cylindrical, spire somewhat elevated, with a groove on the sum-
mit of the whorls.

Vohmria canaliculata, Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. v. 211 (1822) ; ed. Binvey, 121.
Bullina canaUciilata, Say, Amcr. Conch, pi. 19 (1832); ed. Bixney, 193, pi. 39.
Bulla canaliculata, Gould, Inv. 166, fig. 97. — De Kay, 19, pi. STi, fig. 328.
Bulla obsiricta, Gould, Sdlim. Joiirn. 1st series, xxxviii. 196 (1840) ; Inv. 167, fig. 96. —

De Kay, X. Y. Moll. 1.5, pi. 5, fig. 102.
Utficuhis canaUculatus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell cylindrical, white, and shining, with very faint lines of
growth ; spire a little elevated, crowned with a minute but promi-
nent tip ; whorls about five, the summit of each having a
shallow, rounded groove ; outer lip arching forwards ; inner
lip overspread with a thin plate of enamel, and having a sin-
gle oblique fold near the base.

I have found only one specimen of this shell from the wa- u. mna-
ters of Massachusetts. This was discovered, among other
minute shells, in sand lirought from Martha's Vineyard. Prof.
Adams found them in considerable numbers in New Bedford Har-
bor. Massachusetts Bay, southward (^Stitnpson) ; Connecticut (^Lins-
lei/) ; South Carolina (^Sa//^.

Bulla obstricta, now considered a synonyme, was thus described
in the first edition : —

Bulla obsti-icta. Shell oval-cylindrical, white, nearly smooth, spire somewhat elevated,
last whorl nearly as long as the shell, and slightly girted at the middle ; a fold on the
pillar. (Fig. 96.)

Shell small, cylindrical, with each extremity rounded, semi-transparent, opaque white,
or pale liorn-color ; whorls five, the last nearly involving the others, somewh it girt in at
the middle, nearly smooth, covered with a light-yellowish epidermis ; spire obtuse, rising
ahove the junction of the lip to about one fifth the length of the shell ; suture deep, ap-
parently double in old sjjccimcns, or rather, a narrow and deep line revolving on the
shoulder of each whorl, near the suture, forms a sort of channel ; aperture very narrow
behind, widening before ; outer lip sliarp, entire, joining the preceding whorl by a gradual
approach, and then turning down the inner border in the form of a thick, slightly at-
tached plate of enamel ; from the front, as it turns back, it becomes thicker and rounded.

220 BULLID^.

and at the umbilical region it enters the shell and forms a conspicuous fold. Length,
seven fortieths of an inch ; breadth, four fortieths of an inch.

Found on Chelsea Beach hy myself, at Provincetown by Colonel Totten, at New Bed-
ford by Professor Adams, and is not unfreqaently taken from fishes.

The same remarks which were made under the preceding species, as to its generic
place, apply to this species.

This shell closely resomhles the figures, and agrees in general with the description, of
Bulla obtnsa, of Mon'agu ; but in neither of them is any fold at the base of the pillar
noted, and our shell has a more elevated spire, and wants tlie consjncuous lines of growth
which peculiarly mark the British shell. B. canaliculuta differs in its more slender, cylin-
drical, and smooth appearance, the broad and shallow groove of the whorls, its very acute
summit, and its more slightly plaiied pillar-lip. In adult specimens it is easy to discrim-
inate the two species ; but the half-grown specimens are so ncarl_v alike as to render it
almost impossible to separate them. Mr. Lea describes and figures a fossil species in his
" Contributions to Geology " under the name of Aclceon WelherllU, which must very
closely agree with this shell.

Oeiiiis CYLICHIVA, Loven. 1846.

Tentacular lobes connate, indistinct; eyes sessile on their front
bases. Mantle with a tliick, posterior lobe, partially closing the
aperture of the shell.

Shell solid, cylindrical, involute ; spire none, apex obtuse, umbil-
icated ; aperture narrow and linear, as long as the body whorl ; in-
ner lip callous, with a single anterior fold ; outer lip straight, simple.

Cyliclina alba.

Fig. 98.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, whitish, of the size of a grain of rice, a pit in place
of the spire.

Volmria alba, Browx, Conch, iii. 3.

Bulla tritieea, CouTiiouY, Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist. ii. 88, pi. 2, fig. 8 (18.?8) ; Sillim.

Journ. Old Series, xxxiv. 217 (18.38).— Gould, Inv. 165, fig. 98. — Ue IUy, N. Y.

Moll. 17, pi. .35, fig. 326.
Bulla corticata, Moller, Ind. Gr. 6.
Cyliclina alba, Stimpsox, Check Lists, 4.

Shell cylindrical, polished, rather solid, of a dull white color, and
covered with a thin, rusty epidermis ; marks of growth very del-
icate, and numerous minute revolving lines may be seen un-
der a magnifier ; a circular pit occupies the region of the
spire, from the margin of which the outer lip takes its origin,
and, rising a little, passes forward in a direction nearly paral-
c.aiba. j^^ ^^^ ^^^^ j^^^ margin of the shell, forming a long, narrow

aperture, which suddenly becomes double this breadth, near the

CYLICHNA. 221

front, by the curvature of the inner lip ; occasionally the lip is a
little waved inwards at the middle, narrowing the aperture ; at the
region of the umbilicus is a flattened, white space, thickened by en-
amel, gradually disappearing within the aperture ; the whole inner
margin is sometimes slightly coated with enamel. Length, one
fourth of an inch ; Ijrcadth, one tenth of an inch.

Pound plentifully in the maws of fishes taken in Massachusetts
Bay. Connecticut (Linsle//); Grand Manan {Stwipson) ; Maine
(Mig-hels) ; Greenland (Morch) ; Fishing Banks (Willis).

This shell is analogous to the Bulla cylitidracea of Pennant (Brit.
Zool. pi. 70, fig. 85). But that is a much longer shell, and de-
cidedly umbilicated in the region of the spire. Brown figures a
shell under the name of Volvaria alba {Condi, of Great Brit.., &c.,
pi. 38, figs. 43, 44), which bears a striking resemblance to this
shell. [It is now considered identical.

Cylichna oryza.

Fig. 93.

Shell minute, white, glossy, sub-oval, last Avhorl enveloping all the others, and
marked with a few revolving lines ; summit depressed, imperforate.

Bulla oryza, Totten, Silliman's Journ. Old Scries, xxviii. 350, fig. 5 (1835). — Gould,

Inv. IGS, fig. 93. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 18, pi. 31, fig. 327.
Cijlichna oryza, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell not very small, not very thin, translucent, white, regularly
diminishing from the middle towards each end, the tip being de-
pressed into a shallow pit, and the front being rather pointed ;
last whorl enclosing all the others ; surface marked with mi-
nute lines of growth, a few revolving lines on the anterior
portion, and a few more obscure ones near the shoulder, none

. r- 4 1 ^" oryza.

of them perceptible without a magnifier. Aperture as long
as the shell, narrow behind, and widening forwards ; outer lip sim-
ple and sharp, commencing beyond the axis of the shell, and rising
a little, then turns, and passes forwards by a regular curve ; the
left margin is thickened and forms a smooth, glossy pillar, wdiich is
twisted so as to form an oldique fold ; at the base it terminates
abruptly, so as almost to form an obtuse tooth ; a thick callus, com-
mencing at the junction of the outer lip, runs round within the
whorl, giving strength to the region of the spire. There is no um-
bilical opening either at the tip or base. Length, three twentieths
of an inch ; breadth, one tenth of an inch.

222 BULLID^E.

Found by Professor Adams in the mud of New Bedford Harbor.
It was originally found by Colonel Totten in the harbor of New-
port.

Maine {Mig-hcls^ ; New Bedford (^Stimpson} ; Connecticut {Lins-
ley). Fossil, Montreal (^Daivson) ; Buzzard's Bay, southward
(^Stimpson).

In solidity, color, polish, and general shape, this is allied to Utric-
ulus Gouldli; but is much smaller, and is at once distinguished
by its exhibiting no spire.

Ocnus BULL. A, Lin. 1759.

Eyes conspicuous, sessile on the middle of the frontal disk. Man-
tle with the outer margin forming a thick, fleshy lobe. Foot with
the lateral lobes moderate, and the hind part not extending beyond
the shell.

Shell convolute, ovate or sub-globose, smooth, mottled ; spire in-
volute, sunken, causing the apex to be tuljular or perforate ; aper-
ture extending the entire length of the body whorl ; inner lip sim-
ple ; columella none ; outer lip acute.

Bulla incincta.

Bulla incincta, Migiiels, Proc. Bost. Soc. i. 188 (1844). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4
(18G0).

Shell small, cylindrical, opaque, white ; whorls three, the first
slightly depressed, the last distinctly girded above the middle ; epi-
dermis yellowish ; spire obtuse, elevated ; suture canaliculate ; aper-
ture narrow behind, wide and rounded before ; right lip sharp,
entire, advanced in the central region, with a fissure posteriorly.
Length, tliree twenty-fifths of an inch ; breadth, three fiftieths of
an inch. Casco Bay {Mighels).

Bulla solitaria.

Fig. 92.

Shell oval, bluish-white, fragile, the last whorl enveloping all the others, and
covered with minute, regular,, revolving lines, with an imperfect opening in the
region of the spire.

Bulla insculpta, Tottkn, Silliman's Jouvn. xxviii. 350, fig. 4. — Gould, Inv. 162, fig. 92.
-De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 14, pi. 5, fig. 100.

BULLA. 223

Bulla solllaria. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. ii 245 (1822); ed. Binney, 84.—
Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell oval, rather broadest before the middle, thin, pellucid, blu-
ish-white ; the last whorl enveloping all the others, wrinlcled length-
wise, and covered with minute, close, revolving lines ; the
region of the spire is depressed, and sometimes we find there
a very small opening ; aperture narrow behind, broad before ;
outer lip very sharp, rising in a regular curve backwards
above the summit of the shell ; as it ascends from below upon
the body of the shell it becomes a little thickened, and forms
a very slight fold at the umbilical region ; a very thin layer of en-
amel is found covering the inner margin; umbilicus none. Length,
one third of an inch ; breadth, one fourth of an inch.

Found at Martha's Vineyard, at New Bedford, and in the muddy
inlets in Roxbury ; Massachusetts Bay, southwards {Stimpson);
South Carolina (^Ravenel) ; Connecticut (^Lirisley).

The differences between B. soHtaria and B. insculpta, if there be
any, must be very slight. Nor do I see that the two descriptions
are at all inconsistent with each other. Still, it is true that the
shells from Martha's Vineyard are precisely like some from Charles-
ton, South Carolina, and accord with Mr. Say's solitaria; and those
from Roxbury are precisely like those found by Colonel Totten at
Newport, Rhode Island, and described by him. The observable
differences are, that the first are of a more dead white, are more
cylindrical, the summit has a more square appearance, the revolv-
ing lines are less distinct, and there is always a perceptible opening
in the region of the spire. These differences may be ascribed to
age or locality. I have used Colonel Totten's name, since I am not
sure that it is the shell intended by Mr. Say. [It is now acknowl-
edged to be identical.

*&^

Bulla occulta.

Shell small, ovate-cyUndrical ; spire hidden ; lip elevated above, straight in the
centre ; aperture rather narrow, wide below, rounded.

Bulla occulta, Mighels and Adams, Journ. Bust. Soc. iv. 54, pi. 4, fig. 11 (1842) ; Proc.

i. .50 (1841).
Bulla Rcinhardi, Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr. 6 (1842) ; teste Gould, in MSS.

Shell small, of a dingy white color, ovate-cylindrical, covered
with very minute, transverse strias, and with indistinct striae of

224 BULLION.

Fig. 514. growth ; spire concealed ; labrum extends a litllc below the
£S| spire, nearly straight above the centre, regularly rounded
^0 below and at base ; aperture narrow at the upper part, rather
E. occui- broad at the base. Length, one fifth of an inch ; breadth,
three twentieths of an inch. {Mig-hels and Adams.'}
Westbrook, Maine, fossil. Recent in New England and Green-
land.

Cieiius TOR]^ATEL,L..4, Lam. 1812.

Head depressed, with a quadrate disk, bi-lobed in front, with
broad, posterior, tentacular lobes ; eyes sessile on the middle of the
head ; mantle included within the shell ; foot oblong, truncate in
front, obtuse behind.

Shell oval, spirally grooved, whorls few ; aperture long, narrow,
rounded before ; outer lip thin, inner lip spirally twisted to form a
fold.

Tornatella puncto- striata.

Fig. 188.

Shell minute, white, sub-oval ; whorls four or five, the lowest one large, the
lower half marked with revolving, punctured hues; suture deep; fold of columella
distinct.

Tornatella puncto-slriatn , Adams, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 32.3, pi. 3, fig. 9 (1840). —

De Kav, N. Y. Moll. 127, pi 7, fig. 143. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).
Acto'on puncto-striata, Stimpsox, Shells of New England, 51.

Shell minute, white, elongated-oval, inclining to ovate ; whorls

four, perhaps five, the lowest one at least three fourths the length

of the sliell, distended, the portion above the aperture plain

Fig. 515. gj^j-j smooth, the remainder marked with ten to fifteen deep,

tratlicr distant revolving lines, which are indented with mi-
T nutc ])unctures ; the other whorls form a short, rapidly di-
minishing spire, and each of them is flattened so as to form
^stnTta."' ^ shoulder at the suture, which is deep and somewhat chair
nollcd. Aperture narrow, two thirds the length of the lower
whorl, widening downwards ; outer lip sharp and simple, regularly
curved, not very broadly rounded at base ; pillar thickened, exhibit-
ing a prominent fold ; uml)ilical region depressed, and in immature
specimens it is open. Length, one tenth of an inch ; breadth, three
fortieths of an inch ; divergence, sixty degrees.

NUDIBRANCHIATA. 225

Found by Professor Adams in mud dredged up from New Bed-
ford Harbor. Connecticut (^Linsleij).

This is the smallest species hitherto described, but it bears every
mark of maturity. It has a general resemblance to the T. turnatilis,
of Europe, but the spire is shorter and less acutely pointed. The
punctured revolving lines, which cover the anterior half of the lower
whorl, are constant and decisive marks of distinction, in addition to
its minute size.

Order NUDIBRANCHIATA.*

Gills exposed, or contractile into cavities on the surface of the
mantle. Adult animal without any shell. Larva shell-bearing.
Foot elongate, formed for walking. Sexes united.

While the numerous tribes of Mollusks furnished with testaceous
coverings offer us objects of contemplation, remarkal)lc alike for
their extreme beauty and the durability of their calcareous envel-
opes, the scarcely less extensive and certainly far less known fami-
lies of Naked-gilled Gasteropods exhibit an astonishing variety of
form, extreme delicacy of organization, and great diversity of color,
to captivate the eye and occupy the attention of those who wander
by the shore or explore the depths of ocean. Clinging to the stems
of floating sea-weeds, many, like the Anthobranchs, will be seen
extruding their flower-like gills of surpassing elegance, exploring
with their foliated tentacles or complex mantle-filaments the plants
around them, the brilliant hues of their striped or spotted bodies
glancing through the water ; some will be observed with bodies so
fragile and pellucid that you may see the color of their blood and
count the pulsations of their hearts ; some will be seen to have their
gills disposed in rows of papillary tubercles on the sides of their
bodies, like the jEolids, or tree-like, and branching, like the Trito-
nias ; the foreheads of some will be smooth and simple, while those
of others will be found adorned with various singular appendages ;
in others, again, all processes will disappear, all branchial arrange-
ments vanish, and we shall meet with forms almost as simple in

* The manuscript of the Nudibranchiata was left by Dr. Goiilil quite ready for the press.
I have inserted a few additional rcferenecs to American authors, and descriptions of fam-
ilies from the " Genera of Recent MoUusca."

The orifjinal drawings from which the figures in the plates were copied have also passed
through Dr. Gould's hands, and were selected by him for engraving. I am responsible
only for the grouping of the figures. — W. G. B.
15

226 DORIDID^.

their structure as the Nemertoid types among the Annelids. In
their embryonic state these lovely fragile Molliisks are supplied with
little, clear, spiral shells, and swim like Pteropods freely through
the water, being furnished, at this epoch of their lives, with two
head fins and a large frontal veil. As they grow, however, the shell
falls off, and the veil becomes modified, but is usually persistent in
the adult. They are universally distributed throughout all seas.

Family DORIDID^E.

Teeth, many in each cross series, sub-similar, inner often smaller.
Mantle-edge simple ; gills surrounding the vent, on the middle of
the hinder part of the back, in a common cavity.

The Dorididce form an assemblage of most attractive Nudibj'anchs,
wdiich may be easily studied liy placing them in glass reservoirs of
salt-water, as they are by no means shy, but extend their tentacles
and display their branchial plumes to great advantage. In this fam-
ily the gills are retractile into a common cavity, and the mantle is
very large, either entirely or almost covering and concealing the
foot.

Oeiitis POLYCERA, Cuvier. (1817.)

Animal smooth or tuberculated. Tentacles clubbed and pecti-
nated, not retractile and without sheaths. Frontal veil consisting
of a series of tentaculiform appendages variable in numl^er, often
extending along the borders of the mantle. BranchiEe forming part
of a circle around the vent, encased by membranous laminse which
protect them.

Polycera Lessonii.

Plate XVII. Figs. 242-248.

Animal yellowish-green, with tubercles tipped with sulphur yellow ; tentacles
short, obtuse, clubbed, with twelve to thirteen oblique laminoa ; veil small, about
twelve-lobed ; appendages to the branchiae spur-like, or obsoletely branched,
yellow.

Polycera Lessonii, D'Orb. in Mag. dc Zool. vii. .5, pi. 10.5 — Adams, Genera, pi. 62, fig.

9. — Alder and Hanc. Nudib. Moll, in Eay See. fam. 1, pi. 24. — Chenu, Man.de

Conch, i. 403, fig. 3040.
Polycera ciirina, Alder, in Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. 340, pi. 9, figs. 7-9 (young) (1841).
Polycera modesta, LoviiN, Index Moll. Scand. 6 (1846).

DORIS. 227

Doris Ulummata, Gould, Inv. Mass. (1st cil.) 4 (1841). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 8 (1843).
Pobjcera iUuminata, Stimpson, Chock Lists, 4 (1860).

Auiinal prismatic, sonicwhat four-sided, the back arched, some-
what contracted back of the tentacles, a little dilated around the
gill-tuft, then rapidly tapering to a point. Color pale yellowish,
thickly dotted with green so as to give a general greenish effect.
A sharp ridge or narrow fringe runs along the sides of the back,
bearing six tubercles on each side, and making the body quadrate
between the tentacles and gills ; another range of tubercles runs the
whole Icno-th of the animal on the median line ; also scattered tu-
bercles on the sides and tail, more or less in lines ; all these are
sulphur yellow. The head is nearly semicircular, and with a hood
having six projecting points on each side. Mouth strongly pursed.
Tentacles short, moderately clubbed, with twelve or thirteen oblique
crowded laminae. Eyes very minute. Branchial plumes three, with
a small supplementary one each side, doubly pinnate, having at the
base three elongated yellow tubercles. Foot pale, square in front,
slightly dilated at angles, advancing a little before the head in pro-
gression, sides parallel, rather blunt posteriorly. Spiculse of the
skin elongated, cylindrical, knobby. Length, three fourths of an
inch ; breadth, one fourth of an inch.

Found in the Bath-house, Craigie's Bridge, Boston, and at Aspin-
wall's Mast-yard, in considerable numbers. It is a very common
animal on the English coasts ; has been found in Sweden by Pro-
fessor Loven ; and was originally discovered l)y D'Orbigny, near
Rochelle, France.

It is a beautiful animal, rather sluggish in its movements. Alder
states that it inhabits the region of Corallines, and is found almost
exclusively on Gemellaria loricidata, which appears to be its favorite
food.

Ocniis DORIS, Linn^us. 1758.

Body elliptical. Cloak covering the head and foot. Dorsal ten-
tacles two, laminated, retractile within cavities. Oral tentacles two,
various or wanting. Branchiae on the median line of the back.

(Section 2. — Branchiae simply pinnate, set separately in an open
circle, non-retractile ; oral tentacles replaced by a veil. Lamel-

LIDORIS.)

228 DORIDID.E.

Doris bilamellata.

Plate XXI. Figs. 299, 305-309. Plate XX. Figs. 285, 286.

Body elliptical, covered with pestle-shaped papillte, whitish varied with rusty
brown or flesh color and opaque white ; branchiis twenty to twenty-five, long,
linear, simply pinnate, arranged transversely in an oval, including several tu-
bercles.

Dvris bllameUata, Lix. Syst Nat. (l'2th ed.) i. 1083. — Johnst. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 53,
pi. 2, fig. 8. — TiioMi'S. Ibid. V. Si). — McGilliv. Moll. An. Aberd. 198. — Forbes
and Hanl. Biit. Moll. iii. 567. — Alder and Hanck. Monog. Br. Nudib. Moll. 43,
Fam. I. pi. 11.

Don's fusca, Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 229, No. 2768? Zool. Dan. pi. 47, figs. 6-9.

Do)-is verrucosa, Pexnant, Brit. Zool. iv. 43, pi. 21, fig. 23. — Turton, Brit. Fauna, 133.
— Fle.ming, Brit. Aniin 282.

Doris vulgaris, Lkach, 8yn. .Moll. Gr. Brit. 19.

Doris Elfortiana, Leach, Jbid. 20, pi. 7, fig. 1. — Blainv. Bull, dcs Sc. 1806, p. 95 (sec.
Leach).

Doris Leachii, Blainv. Ibid. xiii. 450 (sec. Leach).

Doris affinis, Thoiips. in Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 85.

Doris litiirata, "Beck," Moll. Ind. Moll. Gro'ul. 5. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Doris ohrelala, Bouch. Ciiaxt. Cat. des Moll, du Boul. 42.

Doris coronata, Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 191 (no description).

Animal elliptical, the sides nearly parallel and the ends equally
rounded ; pale rusty, or flesh-color, or marbled with the two ; sur-
face covered with rather large, unequal, short pestle-shaped protu-
berances, the tips of the larger ones cream-colored. Tentacles short,
somewhat compressed, the upper three fourths obliquely laminated,
the laminse not fully meeting behind, tip knobbed, buff-colored.
Branchial plumes long and slender, simply foliated, about twenty-
two in number, arranged in an oval across the back, somewhat con-
cave and interrupted posteriorly, and enclosing several tul)ercles.
Edge of mantle serrated by the tubercles. Foot rather narrower
than the body, somewhat truncate behind. Head as broad as the
foot, crescentic ; tail pointed, much narrower than foot, on the mid-
dle of which it lies. Length, about an inch ; and about half as wide.

Found under a floating log at East Boston, May, 1849. Also by
Professor Agassiz at Beverly, in June ; also dredged by Mr. Stimp-
son in Boston Harbor, near Governor's Island, in four fathoms, May
24, 1853. It has been noticed from Greenland by Moller, and in
Iceland ; also abundantly throughout Northern Europe.

The eggs are excluded in a tape-like mass, which is attached by
one edge in a coil of one or two turns. (PI. XX. figs. 285, 286.)

The spicula3 are slightly elbowed, rounded at the ends, and some-
times having a small spine at the elbow.

DORIS. 229

This is widely distributed, and very variable in size and color, and
also in the number of the branchial plumes ; hence the great num-
ber of names which have been applied to it. Our specimens vary so
much from the figures given by Alder and Hancock that I should
hesitate to consider them the same, did not Dr. Stimpson assure me
that they arc identical with specimens dredged by him on the coast
of England.

Doris tenella.

Plate XX. Figs. 289, 290, 293.

Body ovate, covered with small, pointed tubercles, yellowish-white ; branchial
plumes six to seven, simple ; mantle extended anteriorly beyond the foot, head
dilated laterally.

Doris tenella, Agassiz, Proc. Best. See. iii. 191 (1850), no description.

Body ovate, broadest in front, of a yellowish-white, translucent
color, covered with very numerous small, pointed, opaque white tu-
bercles. Tentacles long and slender, with about fourteen oblique
lamintB occupying nearly their whole length. Branchial plumes sim-
ple, short, six or seven in number. Foot elliptical, bluntly rounded,
extending a little beyond the mantle, lemon-yellow, with a central
orange blotch. Head short, rather broader tlian foot, pointed at
angles, and somewhat bi-lobed in front, broadly shielded by the
mantle. Length, half an inch ; breadth, three eighths of an inch.

Found by Professor Agassiz at Beverly, February, 1848.

Tlie above characters are drawn from a figure made of a single
specimen, without any detailed description. The animal is delicate
and almost transparent, and quite remarkable for the broad expan-
sion of the anterior part of the mantle beyond the foot, and for the
lateral dilatation of the head itself, and its angular form. Were
the means at hand of examining the tongue, spiculoe, and other con-
ditions, it might be found identical with some European species. It
seems to approach most nearly to D. inconspicua, Alder and Han-
cock, and is not very different from D. pusilla.

Doris pallida.

Plate XX. Figs. 284, 287, 288, 291.

Body elongated, sides parallel, ends equally rounded, covered with large, mush-
room-like tubercles, cream-colored ; branchial plumes seven to eight, simple, re-
tractile.

230 DORIDIDiE.

Doris pallida, Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 191 (1849), no description. —

Stimpson, Gr. Man. 26.
? Doris fiisca, O. Fabk. Fauna Groenl .344, No. 335, fiJ,^ 10 (1780).
Proctaporia fuica, MoucH, Grounl. Cat. 78; Grunl. Bluddyr, 6 (1857). — Stimpson,

Check Lists, 4 (1860).
Doris aspira. Alder and Hancock, in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 32 ; Brit. Nudib. Moll., Fam.

1, pi. 9, tigs. 1-9 (1854). — Forbes and Hanl. Br. Moll. iii. 567.

Body elongated, elliptical, the sides parallel and the two ends
about equally rounded ; pale cream-color, with a dusky pear-shaped
spot at the central portion of the back; above furnished with un-
usually large mushroom-like tubercles, somewhat more white and
opaque than the general coloration, becoming smaller, more pointed
and more numerous towards the margin, so that the edge from be-
neath is finely toothed. Tentacles long, recurved, with about ten
very oblique laminas and a style at the tip. Branchial plumes seven
or eight, retractile into separate sheaths, each plume broad lanceo-
late, simply pinnate. Foot a little narrower than the mantle. Head
as broad as the foot, quite short, crescentic. Length, about half an
inch ; breadth, one fourth of an inch.

Found by Professor Agassiz at Beverly, February, 1848. Dredged
by Stimpson near Governor's Island, Boston Harbor, October, 1849.

This is a well-marked species, on account of its color and largo
tubercles, as well as its plumes. It is pretty certainly D. aspera,
Alder and Hancock, but if the exhil)ition of a colored drawing is a
valid claim, the name of Agassiz has precedence. It is a still fur-
ther question whether this is not D. fusca of Fabricius, with whose
figure and description it corresponds, though that species has been
considered as a synonyme to D. bUaniellata.

Doris diademata.

Plate XXI. Figs. 298, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304.

Body oblong-oval, .slightly broader anteriorly, maroon color, darkened on the
sides by numerous du.^ky points, dark gray below ; branchial plumes nine, sim-
ple ; head short, concentric, pointed.

Doris diademata, Agassiz, Bost. Soc. Pr. iii. 191 (1850), no description.

Body oblong-oval, slightly broadest in front, aliruptly rounded at
ends, moderately convex ; color maroon browni, lightest on the disk,
of a darker shade on the sides produced by numerous dusky ])oiiits ;
underneath dark gray. Tentacles emerging from a sheath, which
has four anterior and one posterior prominence from the margin,
laminated about half the length Avitli about fifteen crowded plaits.

DORIS. 231

Branchial star of nine plumes, simply pinnate, pale at edges and
partially folded, about half as wide as the body, the transverse diam-
eter a little the longer. Foot yellow, tinted roseate, about two thirds
as wide as the body in front, and projecting a little behind when in
motion, bluntly rounded at tip and at the front, whicli is quite in
the rear of the front of the body. Head very short, crescentic, about
the width of the foot, pointed at sides. Length, one and a half
inches ; breadth, nearly an inch.

Found in deep water, Boston and Beverly Harbors (^Ag-assiz^.

This is the largest species yet found on our shores, and is the
representative of D. tiiberculata of Europe, if indeed it is not iden-
tical. But if the drawings may be relied on, the branchial plumes
of our animal are much more simple, the tentacles more clubbed
and closely plaited, and the margins of the sheaths from which they
issue are not simple, as in D. luberculata.

Doris planulata.

Plate XX. Figs. 294, 296.

Body broad, mantle expanded beyond the foot, covered with white minute tu-
bercles ; white, with a row of irregular bright-yellow spots down each side ;
branchial plumes ten, small, pinnated.

1 Doris repandu, Aidkh antl IIakcock, in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. .32; Brit. Nudib. Moll.

Fam. 1, pi. 6 (1847).
Doris planulata, Stimpson, Mar. Invert. Gr. Manan, 26, fig. 14 (185.3) ; Check Lists, 4

(1860).

Body broad, depressed, mantle expanded widely beyond the foot,
covered aljove with minute tubercles, and wdiite with a row of irreg-
ular bright-yellow spots down each side just without the margin of
the foot. Dorsal tentacles elongated, slender ; branchia? very small,
consisting of about ten delicately pinnated plumes. Foot narrow,
truncated anteriorly, and extending posteriorly to the edge of the
mantle. Mouth very small, with a flat triangular lobe on each side.
Length, six tenths of an inch ; breadth, forty-five hundredths of an
inch.

Found at Grand Manan, and on stones at low water, Passama-
quoddy Bay, in July.

Differs but slightly from D. repanda^ Alder and Hancock.

The above description is copied from Stimpson. It corresponds
so nearly with figure and description of D. repanda. Aid. and Han.,
that I scarcely hesitate in regarding them as indicating the same
species.

232 DORIDID^.

Doris pilosa, Muller.

A specimen has been observed and imperfectly sketched by Dr.
Stimpson, which might well be referred to this species. It was
found at the Navy Yard, Charlestown, 1849.

Doris grisea.

Plate XX. Figs. 292, 295.

Body oblong-oval, covered with blunt processes tipped with stellate clusters
of spiculte ; branchial plumes short, yellowish, arranged in a circle around a dark
bristle ; head short, broad, angular.

Doris grisea, Stimpson, MSS.

Body above oval-oblong, quite convex, and semi-globose when
contracted, a little pointed behind when fully extended ; back cov-
ered with short, blunt processes tipped with stellate clusters of
spiculge, many of them tipped with reddish browni, and with minute
farinaceous golden dots at their bases, producing on the whole a
general roseate aspect ; the sides somcwliat darker than the back.
Tentacles yellowish, long, blunt, nearly linear, the lower half simple,
the upper with ten or twelve fine oblique folds. Branchial plumes
3^ellowish, short, the posterior ones much shorter than the anterior,
arranged in a circle, the enclosed area brown, having a dark stilet
or bristle protruding from the centre. Head very short and very
broad, somewhat angidar, seeming to be attached to the mantle
only at the median line. Foot much narrower than the mantle
and more pointed behind, cream-colored. Motions quite active.
Length, one half inch ; breadth, one third of an inch.

Found on floating Zostera in Charles River, November 9, 1842,
and on Fucus, Chelsea Beach, May, 1865 ; on the under side of a
fucus-covered stone at East Boston Point, in April {Simpson).

This species is very closely allied to D. inconspicua, Alder and
Hancock, which lias a larger number of lamina? on the tentacles cov-
ering a greater length, and has ten plumes. D. aspera has also a
close general reseml)lance, but the tentacles are less clubbed and
with fewer laminoe, and the papillae are larger; the branchial plumes
are also more numerous.

The figure is copied from an original drawing by Dr. Stimpson.

ANCULA. 233

Family TRIOPID^E.

Teeth, many in each cross series (rarely only four), the inner
lateral ones large, irregular shaped. Mantle small, edged with
tentacular appendages ; gills on the middle of the hinder part of
the back, in a common cavity, surrounding the vent ; vent dorsal.

In this family the body is somewhat angular, and the mantle is
distinct and furnished with tubercular appendages ; the species of
the genera comprising this group constitute some of the most deli-
cate and beautiful forms of Nadibrancldate Mollusks.

Oeiiiis Al^CULA, LovEN. 1846.

Body elongated, slender ; mantle adherent throughout and fur-
nished with styliform dorsal cirri ; labial veil produced on each
side into a short papilla ; tentacles perfoliate, armed with styles at
the base.

Ancula sulphurea.

Plate XXII. Figs. 310, 314.

Body long, slender, light brownish ; branchial plumes three, arranged in semi-
circle, anterior largest, doubly pinnate ; surrounding tentacular processes eight to
twelve, sulphur tipped ; oral tentacles long, the processes arising from their very
base.

Ancula sulphurea, SriMPSON, Mar. Invert. Gr. Manan, 26 (1853) ; Check Lists, 4 (I860).

Body slender, very light brownish, transparent ; dorsal tentacles
large, club-shaped, the upper third with al)out twelve laminae of a
sulphur-yellow color, the appendages arising from the very base,
almost as if from the body, and tipped with yellowish brown ; oral
expansions rather long and tipped yellow ; branchial plumes three,
arranged in a semicircle, the anterior the largest, doubly pinnate,
with a series of dots on tlie main branches, delicately transparent
and sulphur tipped ; the main branches surrounding tentaculiform
appendages eight to twelve, sulphur tipped. Foot narrow, rounded
at the sides, sometimes contracting to a mere line. Length, often
an inch and a quarter.

Very common under stones in the Laminarian Zone ; Grand
Manan, among corallines, on Zostera, and under stones in Boston
Harbor, June, 1850, and May, 1851 (^Stimpson).

234 tritoniidj:.

Very like to A. cristata, Loven, differing chiefly in its greater

Fig. 516.

size, longer oral tentacles, the lower ori-

gin of the tentacular processes, and the
greater number of branchial laminee.
Ova in a tape-like envelope, adhering to

Ova of A. sulphurea. , . ^ °

rocks by one edge, m a loose, serpen-
tine manner. Some specimens are tipped with brown instead of
yellow.

The figure referred to is from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson.

Family TRITONIID^.

Tongue broad, teeth many in each cross series ; jaws horny.
Tentacles retractile within sheaths. Gills superficial, fusiform, or
branched, on each side of the back. Vent lateral. Foot linear,
channelled.

Many of the genera of this family are pelagic, and are often found
crawling on the fronds of floating algae, or clinging to the narrow
stems of gulf-weed, which is frequently met with in large masses at
considerable distance from the land ; these mimic forests, tenanted
by their singular Molluscan inhabitants, thus serve in some meas-
ure to enliven the solitudes of the ocean.

Genus DENDRONOTUS, Alder and Hancock. 1845.

Tentacles clubbed, lamellar, with branched sheaths ; hood of the
head furnished with branched appendages. Branchiaa ramose, in a
single range along each side of the back.

Dendronotiis arborescens.

Plate XXII. Figs. 311, 312, 313.

Animal large, surface somewhat warty, pale reddish, marbled with brown,
cream-color and opaque white, occasionally Avhite; front with six branching-
fringes ; branchia} six or more pairs, elaborately ramose.

Doris arborescens, Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 229. — Fabr. Fauna Grocnl. 346 (1780). —

Gmelin, i. 3107, No. 25.
Doris crrina? Gmelin, i. .310.5, No. 12.
Tritonia arborescens, Cuvier, Ann. du Miis. vi. 434, pi. 61, fitjs. 8-10. — Lamarck, An.

sans Vert. 2d cd. vii. 454. — Fleming, Brit. An. 284. — Joiinst. Ann. Nat. Hist.

i. 115. — Gould, Invert. 5.

DEXDEONOTUS. - 235

Tn'fonia Reynolddi, Couthouy, Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist. ii. 74, pi. 2, figs. 1-4 (1838). —

De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 8, pi. .5, fig. 94 (184.3).
Tiitonia lactea, Thomp. Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 88, pi. 2, fig. 3.
Trilonia inilchella, Alder and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 33.
Dcndronotus arborescens, Alueu and Hancock, Nudib. Moll, in Ray See. Fam. 3, pi. 3

(1830). — Sti.mpson, Mar. Inv. Grand Manan, 26 (1853). — Loven, Index Moll.

Scand. 6 (1846) {Unci, denlic. pi. 3). — Ciienu, Man. de Conch, i. 407, fig. 3U59 (1860).

— AuAMS, Gen. ii. 65, pi. 64, fig. 7.
Dendronotus Rei/noldsii, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Body elongated, tapering, ronnded above, as high as broad ; color
very variable, reddish marbled with brown and opaque white, or
pale rose color, or white or dark mottled brown ; surface somewhat
warty ; head blunt witli a coronet of about six antler-like append-
ages directed forwards. Tentacular sheaths long, terminating in
five ragged fringes, with one at the posterior base also. Tentacles
club-shaped, pale yellow, with five or six transverse plates. Bran-
chise in six or more pairs, diminishing in size backwards, delicately
transparent, with a few opaque spots, contractile, beautifully and
intricately arborescent, the number of tufts and branchlets increas-
ing with age. Foot thin and delicate, showing the viscera beneath,
adapted for clasping. Heart forming a large swelling between the
four anterior branchia), pulsating about seventy-five per minute.
Eyes exceeding small, on the lateral base of the tentacular sheath.
Length, two and three inches or more.

Found on Tubiilaria and elsewhere about the Bath-house, Crai-
gie's Bridge, Boston ( Couthouy^ Gould) ; on rocks and Laminaria
in the Harbor (^Stimpson) ; Lynn (^Holder). Fine large specimens,
commonly colorless, in all parts of the Laminarian Zone ; on rocky
bottoms. Grand Manan (^Stimpson') ; in tide pools, Kennebunk (Rev.
J. Swan} ; quite common in the northern parts of the British Isles
(Alder and Hancock); Scandinavia (Loven} ; Greenland (O. Fa-
bricius).

This is a most curious and beautiful animal, both on account of
its graceful and at the same time fantastic form, and its brilliancy
and variety of coloration, which, with varied number and complica-
tion of its appendages, mostly from age, has given rise to a number
of names. Extended observation, however, has shown that all are
forms of the same animal. Its motions are slow, and its great plia-
bility enables it to grasp and make its way over minute stems of
plants and zoophytes with great ease. It also floats easily at the
surface in an inverted position. The spawn is issued in a small
bobbin-like thread looped into flounces and hung upon zoophytes, or,
when deposited on a plane surface, laid in a regular spiral.

236 • DOTONID^.

The figure referred to is copied from an original drawing by IMr.
B. F. Nutting, the same used by Captain Couthouy for the plate in
the Boston Journal.

Family DOTONIDiE.

Tongue narrow, teeth in a single central series. Tentacles
sheathed r.t the base, retractile. Gills superficial, fusiform on the
sides of the back.

The armature of the lingual membrane in this family differs from
that of the other groups, in having a single central series of teeth,
and the tentacles are retractile, and furnished with sheaths at their
bases. There are two genera, which inhabit the Laminarian Zone.

Oeiius DOTO, Oken. (1815.)

Body elongated, without a mantle. Tentacles elongated, cylin-
drical, retractile into broad, trumpet-shaped sheaths. Branchiae
numerous, ovate or club-shaped, tubercular, in a single range along
each side of the back ; a small simple frontal veil.

Doto coronata.

Plate XVI. Figs. 233-237.

Animal yellowish, dotted with red; veil sqiuare in front; branchiae five to
seven on each side, ovate club-shaped, bearing several circles of papillae with
dark red tips.

Doris coronata, Gmelin, i. 310.5, No. 19. *

Tritonia coronata, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. (2d ed.) vii. 454.

Tevfjipes coronata, D'Orb. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, v. pi. 103.

Sclllrea punctata, Boucii. CiiAXT. Moll, dc Boul.

Mellhma coronata, Johnst. Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 117, pi. 3, figs. 5-8.

Melihma ornata, Alder and Hancock, Ann. Nat Hist. ix. 34.

Melihan arhi(scitla, Agassiz, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 119 (without dcscr.).

Doto coronata, Lovex, Arch. Sknnd. Nat. 151 ; Ind. Moll. Scand. 7 ; from Ofvcr. af K.

Vet. Akad. Furh. 1846. — Stimpson, Mar. Inv. Gr. Manan, 2G ; Check Lists, 4 (1860).

— Alder and Hancock, Monog. Ntidih. Moll. Fam. 3, pi. 6 (Syn. D. pinnalifiJa,

cxcl.). — CiiExu, Man. de Conch, i. 409, fig. 3066. — Woodward, Man. of Mol-

lusca, pi. 13, fig. 11. — Adams, Gen. ii. 70, pi. 65, fig. 5.

Body slender, gradually tapering backwards, convex above, pale
rose-color thickly dotted with dark lirown ; foot as wide as the
body. Tentacles thread-lilce, the sheath simple trumpet-shaped and

DOTO. 237

ol)lIqiicly tnincatecl. Brancliice ovate clavatc, attached by a slender
base, arranged in a single line of five to eight on each side, tlie pos-
terior pairs quite small and short, encircled with tubercles whicli
arc capable of consideral)le contraction and elongation, each one
tipped with a dark-red spot, sometimes nearly black ; its pith is of
a similar dark color. Foot pale yellowish, transparent, somewhat
bi-lobed in front. Length, about half an inch.

Found at Craigie's Bridge Bath-house ; on the piles of the bridge
below low-water mark {Stimpson) ; dredged in Vineyard Sound
(^Ag:assiz') ; dredged in fifteen fathoms, near Duck Island ( Stimp-
son) ; Nahant (^Alcx. Agassiz) ; Gloucester (1865) {Mrs. Smith).

A beautiful animal, and readily recognized by its club-shaped
branchire, covered with more or less dark-red dots ar-
ranged in circles. It is very variable in color, varying
from almost colorless to deep brown, so that several
names have been attached to mere varieties. Profes-
sor Agassiz had proposed the name arbusctila* for a
specimen found by him ; and I myself had chosen the
name Ii/copodina, from the resemblance of the branchice
to the clubs of Lycopodinus. It differs from D. pin- ova of d. cow-
nafifida in not having a range of tubercles along the j^ '

outer margin of the animal, and in having the bran-
chial tubercles less elongated. In D. fragilis the clubs are cone-
like, the imbricating tubercles not dark pointed.

Spawn clings to small zoophytes in large, flattened, convoluted
strings, in the early part of June.

Family ^OLIDIDJE.

Tongue narrow, teeth in a single central series ; jaws horny.
Tentacles subulate, simple, rarely ringed, contractile. Gills super-
ficial, fusiform or branched, on the sides of the back. Vent lateral.

In the family of JEolids the curious tentacular sheaths, which are
present in many of the other tribes of Ntidibranchs, appear to be
altogether wanting ; the orifices of the generative system and vent
are situated at the right side, and the gills, usually papillose, are
arranged in rows along the sides of the back.

* A drawing of Professor Agassiz's original specimen left no doubt iu Dr. Gould's
mind of the identity of the two. — W. G. B.

238 j:olidid^.

Genus JEOL.IS,* Cuvier. 1798.

Four linear tentacles ; branchiae in transverse, crowded rows on
each side. Jaws horny ; tongue narrow, generally made up of sin-
gle transverse plates.

Section 1. — JEoIis proper. Branchias numerous, sub-compressed
and crowded ; angles of foot sharp. Spawn of several undulating
coils. Lingual plate broad, uniformly pectinated.

^olis papillosa.

Plate XVIII. Figs. 2ri7-2G3.

Animal ovate-oblong, depressed, dusky, or orange colored, dotted with brown,
ochreous or white ; branchiae numerous, somewhat compressed, crowded and im-
bricated, eighteen to twenty-four oblique ranges ; dorsal tentacles short, smooth,
conical, labial tentacles short and simple ; angles of foot slightly prolonged.

Doris spinis mollibiis hirsuta, Baster, Opnsc. Siibs. i. 81, pi. 10, fig. 1.

Limax papillosus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1082.

Doris Bodomsis, Gunn. Act. Harm, x 170, figs. 1-13?; copied in Encjc. Meth. pi. 82,

fig. 12 (sub. nom. E. Cuvieri).
Doris pnpillosa, !Mi;ller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 229. — 0. Fabr. Fauna Groenl. 3-15 (1780).

— Mont. Lin. Trans, xi. 16, pi. 4, fig. 3.
Doris vermigera, Turton, Brit. Faun. 133.

Eolis Cuvieri, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. 2d ed. vii. 450 (syn. excl.). — Bouch. Chant.

Cat. des Moll, du Boul. 33. — Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist. ii. 69.
Eoli da papillosa, Flem. Brit. An. 285.
Eolida Zetlandira, Forbes and Goodsir, Proc. Br. Assoc. 1839; Athenaeum, No. 618,

p. 647.
Eolidia paj)illosa, Johnst. in Loud. Mag. viii. 376, fig. 35; Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 118. —

Thomps. ibid. v. 89.
Eolidia Curieri, Leach, Syn. Moll. Gr. Brit. 23, pi. 7, fig. 3.
Eolidia Bodoensis, Moller, Ind. Moll. Grcenl. 5.

^olis papillosa, Lov±N, Ind. Moll. Scand. 7. — McGillivray, Moll. Anim. Aberd. 192.
yEolis Murreyana, McGillivray, Moll. Anim. Aberd. 193.
yEolis Lesliana, McGillivray, ibid. 194.
JEoHs rosea, H. and A. Adams, in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 34.
yEolis obtiisalis, H. and A. Adams, loc. cit.
JEolis papillosa, Forbes and IIanley, Br. Moll. iii. 590. — Dalyell, Pow. Great, ii.

314, pi. 45, figs. 23-27. — Adams, Genera, ii. 73, pi. 65, fig. 8.
Eolis papillosa, Alder and Hancock, Monog. Fam. 3, pi. 7, 8, 9; pi. 47, fig. 4 (tongue).

— Alder, Catal. Monog. Northumb. 20.

Eolis farinacea. Gov i.D, MS. — Stimpson, Grand Manan, 25 (1853).
JEolisfurinacta, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Body broad, depressed, truncate in front, rapidly tapering behind,
general color fawn, gray, or yellowish, thickly sprinkled with large

* ^olis is more correct than Eolis, the orthography adopted by Dr. Gould. — W. G. B.

^OLis. 239

dots of opaque white, olive, dark brown, purplish or yellowish (as if
sprinkled with Indian meal). Dorsal tentacles dark, of the same
length as the brancliia3, smooth, rapidly tapering, slightly retractile,
truncated at tip, which is yellowish or whitish and appears to be
hollow ; oral tentacles longer and more slender, brownish cream-
color, dotted near tip. Brancliia3 lanceolate, compressed, with
slight pedicle at insertion, arranged in numerous (twelve to twenty)
crowded, imbricated oblique series on each side, about ten to twelve
in each series, becoming shorter and paler downwards, somewhat
shorter and more crowded near the head, and reaching to the oral
tentacles, the exposed surface and edge mottled as before described,
the unexposed surface and edge pale flesh-color, tips pale ; central
portion of the back nearly naked, variously mottled and exhibiting
the large sac containing the heart, the pulsations of which (about
seventy-four per minute) are distinctly seen. Foot as broad as the
body, broad and gently curved in front, with the angles very slightly
prolonged, tapering gradually backwards to a very
fine point, extending a little beyond the branchiae ; '"'

color pale pinkish, transparent. Head large, sub-
circular, pale yellowish ; mouth pursed ; tongue
short, broad at base, tapering obtusely to a point. Lingual dentition of s
composed of entire, arched plates having their
edge simply pectinated with simple denticles.* (Plate XYIII.
Fig. 260.) Length, ordinarily, two to three inches (sometimes
four) ; breadth, one third the length.

Found among Actinia; and TubularicB in the Bath-house, Craigie's
Bridge, Boston, in April and May ; in the river between East Boston
and Charlestown, October to December (^Stimpson). It is doubtless
abundant elsewhere, as it is one of the most common species in
northern seas, certainly on the European side, where it is usually
found under stones between tide-marks.

Its very great variation in size and color, from dark olive or
brown to flesh-color, with every variety of mottling, has given rise
to many names for it. I had designated it under the name of EoHs
fariiiacea (Plate XYIII. Figs. 257, 259, 263), on account of the
mottling, as if with Indian meal, of the first specimens I examined.
But the general and particular characters of form and habits, and
the unique denticulation of the tongue, lead me to believe it identi-

* The figures pi-eparecl by Dr. Gould arc not satisfactory. Through the kindness of
Mr. Samuel Powel, of Newport, R. I., I am able to add Fig. 518, which correctly illus-
trates the denticles. — W. G. B.

240 ^OLTDID^.

cal with the Linnean species of Europe. Variations in the number
of papillse depending on age have also added to tlie confusion. It
is shiggisli in its movements, but very tenacious of life.

The eggs are excluded in a white, gelatinous, bobbin-like cord,
which is intricately festooned and deposited upon stones in a spiral
coil. (Plate XVIII. Fig. 258.) This and many other species,
probably all, seem to deposit eggs both spring and autumn. Under
the microscope they are very curious. At first the yolk, of which
there are generally two or three in each eg^, becomes partially di-
vided into two, four, eight lobes, and so on till its surface looks like
that of a blackberry ; then it begins to move by the vibration of little
fine hairs on the surface ; at length the two wing-like lobes are de-
veloped, and the motion becomes very rapid. The mouth and stom-
ach, as well as its contents, are distinctly visible. At this time it
inhabits a little glossy shell shaped like a Nautilus, which it carries
for a little time after it leaves the egg, but finally casts it off and
floats away to undergo a still further change, such as described
above.

Tlie centre of each branchial papilla is filled with clusters of little
glandular bodies considered to perform the office of the liver, among
which the fluids of the stomach are forced by a churning motion.
The papilla? are termed branchial because they are regarded as per-
forming the function of lungs, though this office is doubtless per-
formed by the action of the whole surface of the body.

iEolis salmonacea.

Plate XVIII. Figs. 264, 265.

Body broad and depressed, yellowish white ; branchife subulate, salmon-coU
ored, in crowded equidistant ranges ; dorsal tentacles minutely serrated.

Eoh's { Carolina, Bnig.) snJmonacca, Couthouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 68, pi. 1,

fig. 2.
Cavolina salmonacea, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 17, pi. 6, fig. 116 (1843).
Eolis salmonacea, Gould, Inv. 6.
^olis salmonacea, Stimpso??, Check Lists, 4 (1860).
Doris papulosa, Fabr. teste Mokch.
^olis Bodopmis, Moll., not Grun. teste Morch.

Body ol)long, broad, tapering backwards to an acute point, trans-
lucent, yellowish-white ; head large, lips tumid, mouth V-shaped ;
tentacles large and rather blunt, the dorsal ones minutely serrated
at the sides. Brancliite rather long, large, and pointed, deep sal-

^OLis. 241

mon-colored, a hundred or more arranged on each side in close-set,
regularly spaced series, somewhat flattened and apparently perfo-
rate at tip. Foot broad, the anterior angles prolonged into tenta-
cular appendages, the tail narrowing rather suddenly to an acute
point. Length, one and three fourths inches ; breadth, four fifths
of an inch.

In Cliarles River, near Craigie's Bridge.

It is a true JEolis, of large size, its form much the same as that
of JS'. papulosa, differing from it chiefly in its sharper and serrated
tentacles, and in the color of the branchige. From yE. Mananensis
it differs not so much in color as in its more flattened body, more
numerous and less clustered branchiae.

Section 2. — Flabellina. Body slender ; dorsal tentacles lam-
inated ; oral tentacles long. Branchiae linear, clustered ; angles of
the foot much produced. Spawn of many undulated coils. Lin-
gual plate with a strong central spine and marginal denticles, and
two separate plain lateral spines.

^olis Bostoniensis.

Plate XIX. Figs. 266, 273, 274, 275, 283.

Body elongated, lanceolate, delicate drab-color, with a silvery line on the tail
and on the back of the anterior tentacles, which are long, subulate; posterior
tentacles shorter, serrated at tips ; branchife curved lanceolate, nucleus drab-col-
ored, tips white, in four to six distant groups on each side ; angles of foot much
produced.

EoUs Bostoniensis, Couthouy, Jonrn. Bost. See. Nat. Hist. ii. 67, pi. 1, fig. 1. — Gould,

Inv. 6.
^olis Bostoniensis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).
Eolidia Bostoniensis, Dk Kay, N. Y. Moll. 9, pi. 5, fig. 96 (1843).

Body regularly attenuated, rounded above, of a bluish or roseate
tint, having a bright silvery line on the carina of the tail ; the pos-
t" terior face of the anterior tentacles is also often silvery. Branchiae
scymitar-shaped, nucleus drab or slightly russet, tips conical, silvery-
white ; they are arranged in five or more distant groups on each
side, the anterior range having sixteen filaments arranged in cubic
quincunx, the dorsal ones being longest, and in the succeeding
groups they are fewer and shorter ; these tufts curve backwards and
inwards, forming arches over the back. Tentacles about equal in
IG

242 MOUDIDM.

length, subulate, their superior halves silvery, the dorsals delicately-
ringed alternately larger and smaller, serrate at the edges. Foot
with the angles greatly protracted, tentaculiform, a muscular opaque
band passing along the anterior edge from one to the other, locks
like a portion wholly detached from the foot. Length, about one
inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch.

Found in September, accompanied by ova, in Charles River, at
the Bath-house, Craigie's Bridge. Rather common ; in various parts
of Boston Harbor by dredging, and at Lynn (^Stimpson).

In size and general characters this species approaches closely to
JE. coronata, Forl^es, differing mostly in coloration. I have regarded
it as the JE. Bostoniensis, though it will be seen, by comparison with
the original description and figure, that there is a variance in many
minor particulars ; but as there is no incompatibility in essential
characters, and as no other animal has been found in any way an-
swering to Mr. Couthouy's description, it seems better to ascribe the
differences to more accurate delineation and better opportunities for
observation. Mr. Couthouy is doubtless in error in representing the
tentaculiform dilatations of the angles of the foot as belonging to a
separate piece, as this would be contrary to all analogy. The ova
are expelled in a ])obbin-like string, which is looped and festooned
and attached to stones or logs in a loose coil. It is a very active
and beautiful species. It feeds on zoophytes.

^olis rufibranchialis.

Plate XIX. Figs. 269, 272,

Body slender, tapering, white ; oral and dorsal tentacles sub-equal ; branchiae
nearly linear, variable in length, disposed in six or seven clusters on each side,
interior of a bright vermilion, with an opaque-white rim near tip; anterior angles
of foot prolonged and folded transversely.

EoUdia rufiiiranrliinJis, Johnst. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 428 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 121.

EoUdia Emhletoni, Johnst. in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 79.

Eolis rufibrnnclilnlis, Alder and Hancock, Monog. Brit. Nudih., Fam. 3, pi. 14.

Enlis Mananerisis, Stimpsox, Mar. Invert. Gr. Mauan, 26 (1853).

jEoIIs Mananensix, Stimpsox, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Body slender, tapering to a fine point, watery white with an
opaque-white line along the middle of the back. Dorsal tentacles
moderately long, tapering, wrinkled, the wrinkles varying in depth
constantly, yellowish-white, sometimes tinted brownish, pale at tips
and having an opaque-white line on the posterior face. Oral tenta-

JE. Manan-
ensis.

Mous. 243

cles about llie size and form of the dorsals, though capable of con-
traction into a blunt knob, and with a central opaque-white line.
Branchia3 slender, nearly linear, variable in length, disposed in six
or seven clusters on each side, each cluster having from two to six
rows of four papillae each, interior a bright vermilion color with an
opaque-white ring near tip. Foot narrow, transparent, the anterior
angles prolonged and generally folded transversely. Usual length,
one inch.

Found by Dr. Stimpson at Grand Manan, on a gravelly bottom,
thirty-five fathoms ; by Rev. T. A. Swan, in tide pools at Kenne-
bunk, October.

This common European species has at last been found
on our shores, and an examination of the lingual denti-
cles renders us quite certain of its specific identity. At
first sight it would not be distinguished from jE. diversa,
but a comparison of the tentacles and angles of the foot
gives most obvious differences. The description of JE.
Mananensis * scarcely differs in terms, as to quite vari-
able features. Dr. Loven intimates that this is D. branch-
ialis, Miiller.

^olis pilata.t

Plate XIX. Figs. 270, 277, 279, 281.

Body elongated, a carmine line margined with silvery dots between the tenta-
cles and each tuft of branchiae, tail silvery ; tentacles subulate, simple, tipped with
silvery, branchite clavate, contracted at tip, which has two silvery zones, nucleus
pale chestnut, arranged in five or more distant groups of two transverse ranges.

Body elongated, rather narrow and gradually tapering to a point,
arched above, of a pale drab color, margined above with light fawn
color ; along the back, beginning between the tentacles and between
each tuft of tentacles, is an elongated stripe of carmine, margined

* I give Dr. Stimpson's de-cription and a figure from one of his original drawings, —
hardly considering l)r Gould's opinion currect. — W. G. B.
E. mananensl'i, Stimpsox.

Body pde white, tentacles rather thick ; dorsal ones brownish with pale tips, looking
as if hollow, wrinkled ; the oral blunt, curved, with a row of opaque-white specks along
the outer edge ; papillse slen<ler, irregular and variable in length, arranged in clusters
along the sides of the back, of a bright vermilion color, with a ring of opaque white at the
tips. Foot auricled, not very broad. Length, one and a half inches.

t All newly proposed specific names in this work are to be accredited to Dr. Gould.

W. G. B.

244 ^OLIDID^,

with silvery dots ; tail silvery above and below ; a russet line passes
back from the base of the anterior tentacles to the first branchial
tuft. Tentacles long, about equal, subulate, the terminal half sil-
very. Branchiae rather stout, gradually enlarging, but suddenly
contracted near tip, which is transparent, then an opaque-white zone,
then a transparent zone, then another white ring where the branchiae
enlarges, so that when viewed at the apex we have an apparently
open centre enclosed by a white ring, this by a transparent ring, and
outside of all another white ring ; granular nucleus varying between
light brown and chestnut. They are arranged in five or more groups
quite remote from each other. Ea(3h group is composed of two ap-
proximate transverse ranges ; the first group is situated at some
distance behind the tentacles, and has eight or ten cirri in each
range, which decrease in length from above downwards ; the next
two tufts have six in a range, then five. Angles of the foot trian-
gular, not much elongated. Length, an inch and a half; breadth,
one fourth of an inch.

Found rather abundantly in September, in Charles River, on tim-
bers. Dr. Stimpson found it spawning in October and also in June.

This animal has also a general resemblance to E. coronata and to
E. Bostoniensis in form, size, and color, but has still a well-decided
difference in the well-marked interrupted stripe on the back, the
form and arrangement of the branchiae, and the smooth posterior
tentacles. The ova found with them were expelled in a bobbin-like
string, which was looped and festooned and then attached in a loose
coil to the timbers, or sometimes left at the surface of the water.
These eggs, as well as those of other species, are beautiful objects
to observe under the microscope. At first the yolk is seen to par-
tially divide into halves, then into four, eight, sixteen, and so on,
till the whole surface becomes granulated ; then little fine hairs begin
to appear and vibrate, and the yolk begins to revolve ; then comes a
mouth, stomach, and intestine and two eye-like points, which, how-
ever, are the little grains which constitute the ear (otolithes^, and
so on until the animal assumes a well defined, symmetrical form
and very rapid motions. Some of these, which were laid September
27th, were watched in their development. October Gth a few were
found to have escaped from the egg ; on the next day about one
half had become free and congregated at the surface. The little
nautiloid shell, scarcely visible to the naked eye, was thinnest and
purest crystal, and minutely decussated near the aperture. The
stomach and intestine of the little embryo, and the movements of

^OLis. 245

their contents could be distinctly seen. Even on these a little para-
site with a circular body and a large quadrate head, fringed around
with vibrating cilia, was distinctly noticed. Another parasite was
quite abundant upon the branchiai, coursing up and down its sides
rajjidly, with ample room and verge enough. I have met with no
notice of anything of the kind, nor have I seen any figure like it.
The nearest approach is in Encijc. Meth. pi. 12, Jig-. 44-46 {Trich-
oda prceceps). It adhered by a small fringed disk, attached to which
by a short stem was an expansion somewhat like a Calla leaf, with
long incurved fringes at the edges.

.aEolis stellata.

Plate XIX. Figs. 271, 278.

Body slender, pale white ; dorsal tentacles wrinkled transversely, long, but
shorter than oral ; branchiae few, arranged in about five clusters on each side,
those of second and third being longest, giving a star-like appearance to the an-
imal when rolled up ; foot strongly auricled in front.

EoHs stellata, Stimpsox, Mar. Inv. Gr. Manan, 25 (1853).
toll's stellata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

" Body small, slender, elongated, pale white, pellucid ; head with
a flake-white patch above in front of the oral tentacles. Dorsal ten-
tacles long, but shorter than the orals, slender, wrinkled trans-
versely, especially in contraction. They arise very near together,
and bear the prominent black eyes at their bases behind. Oral ten-
tacles very long and slender, smooth and gracefully curved. Papil-
lae or branchiae rather few in number, long and slender, arranged
in about five clusters on each side, those in the second and third
clusters being longest. Foot narrow, pointed behind, and strongly
auricled in front. Colors : papillae bright crimson, tii)ped with a
ring of opaque white ; tentacles pale pink near their bases, with
their anterior halves wdiite." (^Stwipson.} Length, two fifths of
an inch.

Found at Grand Manan, under stones at low-water mark.

Resembles somewhat ^. ruftbranchialis., Johnst., but its foot is
not so long, nor its dorsal tentacles so tapering ; and its papillas
are fewer and longer. When disturbed, it rolls itself up so that its
branchiae project in all directions like the rays of a star.

246 JEOUDTDJE.

^olis purpurea.

EoUs purpurea, Stimpson, Mar. Invert. Gr. Manan, 23 (1853) ; Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Body large, full, robust ; tentacles rather short, thick, smooth ;
the dorsal ones with the eyes far behind their bases. Papillae large,
flattened, crowded, arranged in five or six clusters on each side,
leaving the middle third of the body bare. Foot broad, with short
auricles in front. Mouth-disk large, triangular. Colors : body pale
whitish, dark in the middle line from the viscera, showing through ;
papillee dark purplish, with the tips covered with intense white
specks. Length, one inch.

Found at Duck Island, under stones, at low water (^Slimpson).

Section 3. — Cavolma. Branchiae inflated ; angles of foot round-
ed ; spawn cup-formed.

^olis picta.

Plate XIX. Fig. 282.

Yellowish white, blotched with a brownish amber; oral tentacles short, stout;
dorsal tentacles twice as long, simple, with an amber ring at outer third; branchiae
like an olive-jar, arranged in six or eight series ; foot narrower than body, obtuse
posteriorly, anterior angles rounded.

EoUs pallida, Alder and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. .3.5.

Eolis picta, Alder and Hancock, Monog. Nudib. Moll Fam. 3, pi. 33 (1847).

Animal yellowish white, sparsely dotted with brownish amber
blotches which occasionally coalesce, and a few opaque-white dots.
Anterior tentacles quite short and stout ; dorsals twice as long, sim-
ple, with an amber ring at the outer third. Branchiae inflated, much
like an olive-jar, somewhat compressed, with a very small interior
darkish pith, the tip white, preceded by a ring of yellowish, and
punctate as above described ; they are arranged along each side in
six or eight series, the anterior one being somewhat clustered and
the remainder set upon oblique ridges, four or five on each, the up-
per ones large, those towards the abdomen growing gradually shorter
and smaller. Foot clear, narrower than the body, rather shortened
and obtuse posteriorly; anterior angles rounded. Length, one half
to thi-ee fourths of an inch ; breadth, one fourth the length.

Found in a timber dock in Boston, JNIay, 1842; dredged in five

^OLis. 247

ftithoms, near Governor's Island, Boston Harbor, June, 1850
(^Stii)ipson').

This small, but beautiful species agrees so well with the English
animal described by Alder and Hancock, that there can be but little
hesitation in pronouncing them the same. The small size, inflated
and brilliantly dotted branchia3, unequal and annulate tentacles, and
rounded angles of the foot are its principal characters. The dots
on the back are aggregated into a somewhat zigzag stripe. The
eggs are extruded in a ribbon, and attached in a coil by one edge.

.fflolis diversa.

Plate XIX. Figs. 267, 268, 276, 280.

Body lanceolate, acutely pointed, pale yellow ; oral tentacles long and delicate ;
dorsal tentacles shorter, linear ; branchiae lanceolate, externally transparent and
colorless, interior orange, thiclvly arranged along the sides in transverse series of
three or four ; foot with the angles slightly dilated.

Eolis diversa, Codthouy, Joiirn. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. 187, pi. 4, fig. 14 (Feb. 1839).

— GonLD, Inv. 6. — Stimpsox, Mar Invert. Grand Manan, 26.
EoUdia diversa, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 9, pi. 5, fig. 97 (1843).
JEolis diversa, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Body long and slender, gradually tapering to a fine point, of a
very pale straw color, tinted reddish by the viscera within ; oral
tentacles slender and long, of the same color as the body ; dorsal
tentacles shorter. Head rounded, pretty distinct from the body.
Branchiae slender at insertion, gradually dilating, and then narrow-
ing to an obtuse point, externally clear and colorless, internally
deep orange or lake red, arranged in a crowded, rather irregular
manner along the sides in transverse series of three or four, the
shortest nearest the foot. Foot colorless or slightly tinted by the
reddish viscera, the interior angles moderately dilated. Length, an
inch and a quarter ; breadth, one third of an inch.

Found among roots of Laminaria, Chelsea Beach ; Grand Ma-
nan (^Stimpson).

Resembles in color E. salmonacea, but is much more slender, the
angles of the foot less dilated, and the dorsal tentacles simple in-
stead of serrated.

Section 4. — Ters:;ipes^ Cuv. Body slender. Tentacles simple,
the oral pair very short. Branchiae fusiform, inflated, set in single

\

248 iEOLIDID^.

series on each side of the back ; foot narrow, anterior angles round-
ed. Spawn kidney-shaped. Tongue a single plate with a stout
central spine and delicate marginal tentacles.

^olis despecta.

Plate XVI. Figs. 222-22.5,

Animal colorless, with a zigzag olive-colored stripe along the back ; branchiae
large, ovate, in a single series along each side ; dorsal tentacles long ; angles of
foot not produced.

Eolis dtspecta, Johnst. in Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. .378, fig. 35 e; Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 123. —
Alder and Hancock, Nudib. Moll. Fam. III. pi. 36.

Animal slender, tapering gradually backwards to a point, faintly
greenish ; on the back is a conspicuous olive-colored stripe which
passes from side to side alternately to the bases of the papillas ; now
and then the stripe passes from one pa])illa to another on the same
side. Dorsal tentacles long, simple, rather Ijlunt, stretching for-
wards, dotted along the lower two thirds and having an orange ring
at that point; a roseate hue at their dorsal junction. Oral tentacles
quite short, linear, pellucid. Branchial papillge large, with a slen-
der pedicle, and much dilated near tip, which is clear and transpar-
ent, in some aspects seeming as if encircled by a white ring ; the
central portion is filled with the granular hepatic substance of an
olive-green, communicating with the zigzag vessel on the back ;
there are about four to seven on each side, alternating with each
other. Foot narrow, anterior angles rounded. Length, about one
fourth of an inch ; breadth, one twentieth of an inch.

Found in a timber dock, Charles River, September, 1842 ; at South
Boston, July ; on the piles of Warren Bridge, low tide, among Cam-
panularia, June and July (^Stimpsoti) ; Gloucester (^Mrs. Smith} ;
Scotland (Ju/t nstoii) .

This minute little species is easily recognized by the dark zigzag
vessel along the back, communicating first this side and then the
other with the interior of the branchial papillae. Tliese are large,
attached by a small pedicle, scattered along each side in a single
range. Their colors vary slightly, being more or less pale. The
ova are deposited in a small kidney-shaped mass upon zoiiphytes.
The lingual ribbon is composed of a single series of trefoil pieces
having a median hoolvcd point and about six lateral denticles.

CALLIOPiEA. 249

^olis gymnota.

Plate XVI. Figs. 238-241.

Animal small, tapering to a fine point, watery white ; tentacles short, the pos-
terior pair minutely serrated ; branchiie in seven lateral clusters of about five
each, slightly club-shaped, having a reddish-brown centre.

Eolis (Tergipes, Cuv.) fji/mnota, Couthouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 69, pi. 1, fig. 3.
IJo/idia (ifimnota, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 10, \A. 5, fig. 97 (1843).
^Eolis (/i/innota, Stimpsox, Check Lists, 4.(1860).

Body slender and tapering to a very fine point, of a pale, watery
drab color ; lioad small, rounded, with a distinct neck ; mouth
small ; dorsal tentacles short, linear, truncated, with very fine
wrinkles or serratures at the sides ; oral tentacles rather longer,
pointed. Foot transparent, as wide as the body, anterior angles
rounded. Branchife short, slightly enlarged towards the tip, pale
straw color, very trans[)arent, enclosing the reddish-brown or um-
ber-colored glandidar body, which gives the general color to the
whole ; they are arranged in seven pairs of clusters of al)out five
each, along the lateral margins, leaving a large portion of the back
exposed, the second and third pairs rather longer than the others ;
the branchias are usually carried spreading outwards rather than
folded over the back. Length, about an inch ; breadth, one tenth
of an inch.

Found in Charles River, near Craigie's Bridge, Boston ; at
Warren Bridge, about the roots of Tubularia, October and
November, 1847 (^Coiithoiiy^.

This species, which thus far seems to be rare, is nearly
allied to J^. concinna, Alder and Hancock. In that species
the branchiae are fusiform and white-tipped, and have a pe-
culiar satin lustre. The dorsal tentacles are longer than
the oral. It seems to be a sluggish species. The ova are ^luiJfa,
deposited about the roots of Tubularia in vermiform masses ; Couthouy.
four or five bunches are laid by an individual. They are laid in
November.

Genus CAL,L,I0P.I:A, D'Orbigny. 1837.

Head without tentacles ; labial feelers very long and tapering.
Gills pyriform, placed in longitudinal lines. Front of foot an-
gular.

250 MOUDIDJE.

Calliopaea (?) fuscata.*

Plate XVI. Figs. 218-221.

Animal semi-cylindrical, attenuated behind, dark slate-colored; head not distinct,
excavated in front, tentacles two, long, pointed ; branchiise long, club-shaped, slen-
der at base, alternating in two parallel rows on the two posterior thirds of each side,
the lower series much the smaller; foot bi-lobed in front, contracted posteriorly.

Animal semi-cylinclrical, gradually attenuated behind, dark slate-
colored above, nearly black, punctured, an area running backwards
from each tentacle, and the posterior aspect of the tentacles drab,
near the posterior part of which area is the distinct black ocular
spot; on the anterior face of the tentacles is a black line which
passes down the outer margin of the face. Head not distinct from
the body, a little excavated in front, and capable of protrusion con-
siderably beyond the foot. Tentacles two, near the vertex, long
and pointed. Branchiae long, club-shaped, quite slender at base,
black, white at tip and insertion ; an upper row of four on each side
begins about one third down the body, growing shorter towards the
tail, and a lower series of five or six very much smaller ones ar-
ranged alternately with the upper ones. Foot pale ochreous, bi-lobed
in front, contracted posteriorly. Length, three tenths of an inch ;
breadth, one thirtieth of an inch.

Found on logs in a mast-yard, Boston, July 22, 1842,
Tliis curious little animal bears no resemblance to any other in
the books, excejyt CalUopcea bellula, D'Orbigny, which has a broader
form, more robust and equal-sized branchiaj, which begin directly
behind the ocular spots, and are covered with large dots or tubercles.
It is even doubtful if they belong to the same genus, as D'Orbigny
describes Calliopcsa as having no tentacles, but two very long buccal
appendages. In our species the tentacles or vibracula are distinctly
u])on the head, and could not be mistaken for labial prolongations.
The white area enclosing the eyes and tentacles, in both instances,
is a remarkable coincidence, and one is inclined to think that D'Or-
bigny's animal was not well observed as to the want of tentacles,
and perhaps as to the part of the body occupied by tlie branchioe,
and that the two animals belong to the same genus and perhaps to
the same species. The transparent tip of the branchia) gives the
branchiae the appearance in certain lights of being hollow. The
motions of the animal are remarkably rapid, as Avell as the manner
in which the branchiae are tossed in all directions. The ova are de-
posited in little oval clusters.

* See second note to page 243.

EMBLETONIA. 251

Oeniis EIIIBLETOXIA, Aldek and Hancock. 1851.

Tentacles two, linear, dorsal ; the oral pair flattened into two
lateral lobes. Branchiae few, fusiform, set generally in single se-
ries down the sides of the back. Tongue a single plate bearing a
central spine and lateral denticles. Jaws corneous.

Embletonia fuscata.

Plate XVI. Figs. 229-232.

Animal sub-cylindrical, narrowing backwards ; tail short, pointed ; drab-col-
ored ; head larger than body, broad, angles rounded, slightly emarginate ; tenta-
cles short ; branchite club-shaped, arranged in five or six tufts on each side of
the posterior portion of the body ; angles of foot not dilated.

Animal minute, sub-cylindrical, narrowing backwards, tail short
and pointed. Color varying from pale drab with a few dusky points
to a smutty slate-color, made so by being completely covered by the
dusky points ; sometimes only the edges of the foot are dusky, and
again there are blotches made up of aggregated dots, and on the
whole the color may be called dusky. Head large, somewhat
broader than the body, angles rounded, convex in front, or slightly
emarginate. Tentacles short, linear, dotted, capal)le of corrugation.
Branchial papillas club-shaped, arcuate, dusky, tipped with light gray,
arranged in five or six tufts on each side, the two or three anterior
tufts containing three, and the others two papillse of very unequal
size ; the first tuft is quite remote from the head. Foot slate-col-
ored, as wide as the body, angles not dilated. Length, three twen-
tieths of an inch ; breadth, one fortieth of an inch.

Found in Charles River on logs in timber docks, and at South
Boston Bridge, on Laomedea g-eniculata, July, 1842 and 1865 ; in
Charles River, October (^ Si imp son').

This curious genus has been recognized but a short time, and
was first set apart (1844) by Alder and Hancock, under the name
of PlerochUus ; but as this name had been apjDlied to a genus of in-
sects, they substituted the name Embletonia. The species are all
quite minute, and only three have been hitherto noticed, all of which
seem quite different from those observed here. But as the species
are evidently sul)ject to wide variation in color, size, and number of
branchiae, the identity or number of species must be yet uncertain.
This species was found in great numbers on the long, floating tufts

252 ^OLIDID.E.

of Laomedea geniculala in the latter part of July, surrounded by
numerous clusters of ova. On visiting the locality a few days after-
wards the polype had died, and all the mollusks had disappeared
with them. This zoophyte seems to be their proper habitat. The
ova were deposited in small kidney-shaped masses. The plates of
the lingual ribbon are quite short, slightly curved anteriorly, with a
prominent central point and three lateral denticles each side.

Some specimens which resemble this species in form of the papil-
lae, and the following species in coloration, I had indicated under
the name of E. lanceolata, on account of its broad anterior tapering
backwards and ending in a delicate point extending some
Fig. 521. tliytance beyond the papilla?. It is thus described : —

Animal minute, cylindrical, light straw color, sparsely dot-
ted silvery. Head hooded, twice as wide as the body, slightly
emarginate in front and angular at the sides. Tentacles
E. lance- coulcal, sliglitly spreading at base, truncated at tip, watery
white. BranchifB in five tufts, two in each tuft, the lower
one shorter, arising very near and under each other, usually curved,
irregularly silver-dotted (or greenish), very slender at base.

The variations are evidently so numerous, and the specimens for
comparison thus far so few, that I prefer to notice it as a variety.

Embletonia remigata.*

Plate XVI. Figs. 214-217.

Animal long:, slender, uniform pale yellow ; head large, emarginate, angles
dilated into triangular lobes with blunt points ; tentacles long, linear ; branchite
removed from head, arranged on each side in distant tufts, the last pair at ex-
tremity of tail.

Animal uniform pale yellow, the branchia; wax-yellow, being dot-
ted with greenish and having a pale olive centre. Body long, slen-
der, cylindrical anteriorly, gradually contracted backwards. Head
large, emarginate in front, the angles dilated into triangular lobes,
with concave sides and blunt point. Tentacles long and linear,
gently curved. Branchige long, very slightly dilated, arranged on
each side in distant tufts, the first one placed at about the anterior
fourth of the animal and containing three papillae originating close
beneath each other, the lowest being much the shortest. The num-
ber in large specimens is 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, the last pair being at
the extremity of the tail causes it to appear bifurcate. Foot as

* Sec second note to p. 243.

HERME.EA. 253

wide as the body. Eye spots distinct behind and a little inside of
the tentacles. Length, one fonrth of an inch ; breadth, one twen-
tieth of an inch.

Found in Charles River and at South Boston Bridge, with E. fus-
cata, in July, upon Laomedea g-eniculata.

Well-developed specimens seem quite remote from the last spe-
cies on account of size, color, length, and form of papillge, and num-
ber of tufts. But they are found in company ; and there are speci-
mens of E. ftiscata, with only here and there a cluster or a line of
dusky dots which would lead to the suspicion that they might blend
with each other.

Family HERM/EID^.

Body elongated, not provided with a distinct mantle. Mouth
unarmed, or with corneous jaws ; tentacles sometimes wanting ;
when present two, dorsal, non-retractile. Gills papillose. Vent
usually central, on the posterior half of the back. Genital orifice at
the right side.

The dorsal position of the vent, and the indistinct mantle distin-
guish this family from the Elijsiidce ; perhaps those genera with
horny jaws belong to a distinct family.

Genus HERHI.EA, Loven. 1844.

Body elongated, attenuated, without a mantle. Head terminal.
Tentacles two, longitudinally folded ; jaws none. Branchise long,
swelled, arranged at the sides of the back. Anus on the body in
front of the heart.

Hermaea crueiata.

Plate XVII. Fig. 256
Hermcea crueiata, Alex. Agassiz, MS.

Body very slender, the tail much attenuated. Foot narrower than
the body, obtusely dilated at the anterior angles. Head small, semi-
circular. Mouth inferior. Tentacles dilated and obtusely pointed,
the superior face longer than the inferior. Branchise dilated, shaped
much like trefoil or the ace of clubs, the biliary organs within hav-
ing a rude cruciate form ; there are seven principal ones on each
side and eight or ten intermediate much smaller ones. Length, — ?

254 HERM^ID.E.

Found by Mr. Alexander Agassiz at Nauslion Island, September,
1863.

This is the only specimen of the genus yet found in American
waters. The description is drawn from an enlarged sketch of the
inferior face by Mr. Agassiz, no dimensions or colors being given.
Indeed, the tentacles are so imperfectly given as to render its place
in this genus a little douljtful. Its peculiarities leave no doubt as
to its being hitherto undescribed. The branchial organs are slender
at their insertion and curiously dilated at the middle, as well as the
internal dark biliary contents representing a quaquaversal cross.
These are supplied by two lateral longitudinal vessels instead of by
a single dorsal one, as in most other Nudibranchs.

Oeiius AL,1>ERIA, Allman. 1844.

Body ovate-oblong, without a cloak. Head terminal, distinct,
produced on either side into a lateral lobe. Tentacles none. Max-
illae none. Branchiae papillose, along each side of the back. Anus
posterior, on the median line of the back. Genital orifice anterior,
on the right side.

Alderia Harvardiensis.

Plate XVI. Figs. 226-228.

Animal broad lanceolate, ochreous brown ; foot yellow ; lateral prolongations of
head tentacular ; branchins short, curved, enlarging towards tip, in about six clus-
ters of two each, on either side, of which the lower one is much smaller.

Canthopsis Harvardiensis, Agassiz, Proc. Best. See. Nat. Hist. ill. 191 (1850), no de-
scription.— Stimpson, Mar. Invert. Gr. Manan, 25 (1853).

Animal small, about three times as long as broad, square in front,
broad lanceolate behind, and somewhat acuminated at point, a lit-
tle contracted at sides. Color of body ochreous brown, of the foot
ochreous yellow. The body is square or a little concave in front,
the lateral extensions of the head triangular, but capable of consid-
erable extension so as to resemble short tentacles ; a little contracted
behind the head, and back a little excavated, but sides generally
parallel, abruptly narrowing behind and terminating by a nipple-like
vent. Branchia? short, slender at origin, enlarging and quite blunt
at tips, somewhat curved, arranged two and two along each side,
beginning at some distance from head, in six or seven clusters, the

ELYSIA. 255

lower papilla very much smaller than the upper. Foot twice as
broad as the body, so that by rolling the margins upward the bran-
chice are partly covered, broad lanceolate, anterior angles a little
dilated, and tip acuminated; some arborescent vessels appear above.
Length, about half an inch ; breadth, one third as much.

Found in great numbers, in brackish water, at Cambridge, April,
1848 (^Agassiz^ ; very common in sheltered muddy bays, feeding on
filamentous chlorosperms. Grand Manan (Slimpson}.

Only one species of this curious genus (J., modesta, Loven) has
been described, which differs from ours more especially m the bran-
chiee, Avhich are much longer and grow longer towards the tail,
more uniform and slender, more numerous, having three or four in
each range, and seven or eight ranges. The coloration is much
paler. The European species seems to have similar habits, being
found in " shallow pools of salt or brackish water, on a muddy bot-
tom," sometimes crawling entirely out of water. As remarked by
Loven, it has the branchiae of uEolis, the vent of Doris, and the head
and foot of Akera.

Family ELYSIID^.

Body limaciform, clothed with cilia. Tongue narrow ; teeth in
a single, central series. Tentacles subulate or linear, folded ; eyes
sessile, near the bases of the tentacles. Gills in the form of plaits
or vessels, radiating on the surface of the back. Vent central, dor-
sal, on the hinder part of the back.

In this family the respiratory function appears to be performed
by the entire surface of the body, special organs for that purpose
being almost obsolete.

^o

Oemis ELYSIA, Risso. 1812.

Body with the lateral ridges dilated into wing-like natatory ap-
pendages. Head distinct, with two conspicuous auriform tentacles.

Elysia chlorotica.

Plate XVII. Figs. 251-255.

Animal emerald green, dotted with white and red spots ; slender, tapering be-
hind, with broad, lateral expansions, folded and overlapping each other on the
back when the animal is in motion ; tentacles two, lanceolate, folded beneath ;

256 ELYsnD^.

head distinct, obtuse, slightly emarginate ; anterior angles of foot widely pro-
duced, triangular.

Actceon , Agassiz, Proc. Best. See. Nat. Hist. iii. 191 (1850).

Actceon chloroticus, Agassiz, in MSS.

Animal emerald green, finely dotted witli opaque white inter-
spersed with red specks. Body slender, tapering backwards, with
very broad lateral expansions or wings, which, when folded as they
are when the animal is crawling, overlap each other on the back in
a roof-like manner, and the whole animal has then a lance-shaped
form generally acutely pointed behind, but in some attitudes obtuse ;
when expanded, they have a broad ovate form, like a leaf with the
border more or less undulating, and this resemblance is further car-
ried out by the vein-like folds or canals which ramify on its surface
from the heart which forms a globular or bulbous eminence in front ;
the expansion begins at the anterior part of this bulb. In front of
this is a well-marked neck and head, on which latter are two deli-
cately lanceolate tentacles, which are furrowed or folded beneath.
The eyes are placed a little behind the tentacles. The head is ob-
tuse and slightly emarginate. The organs of generation are just
behind the right tentacle, and the male organ is very often pro-
truded, of about the same form and nearly as large as the tentacle.
The anterior angles of the foot are widely produced, of a recurved
triangular form, as if another pair of tentacles. Length, about one
inch, sometimes an inch and a half; breadth, when folded, about
one fifth the length, and height equal to breadth, when fully ex-
panded, equal to three fourths tlie length.

Found in great numbers in brackish water, on the Cambridge
marshes, in the spring of IS-iS (^Agassiz^.

Genus PLACOBRANCHUS, V.\x Hasselt. 1824.

Body with two large, semi-circular, membranous expansions,
crossing on the back and forming a canal open at both ends. Ten-
tacles club-shaped, lobed at the end.

Placobranchus catulus.

Plate XVII. Figs. 249, 250.

Animal sea-green with whitish spots ; body ovate-lanceolate ; lateral expansions
two thirds its length, not meeting when reflected over the back ; head large,
rounded, globose; tentacles short, blunt, broad; foot wide as body, square in
front, pointed behind.

LIMAPONTIA. 257

Placohranchus , Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 19 (1850).

Placobranchus citulus, Agassiz, MSS.

t. Placohranchus simplex, Girakd, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 89.(18.54), no description.*

Animal of a brownish sea-gTccn color, with a whitish spot between
the tentacles, another running obliquely inwards and backwards
from the outer base of each tentacle half-way to the median line, a
small one at the tip of the alar expansion, and a larger one near the
margin of the expansion near its middle ; foot much paler, yellow-
ish green. Body ovate lanceolate, the lateral expansions about two
thirds its length and not quite meeting when reflected upon the
back. Head large, rounded in front, globose. Tentacles short,
broad, blunt, like cats' ears, so that the whole has a curious resem-
blance to the head of a kitten when viewed from above. Along the
back, as far as covered by the expansions, are hue longitudinal
folds. Foot nearly as wide as the body, squared in front, obtusely
pointed behind. Length, one fourth of an inch ; breadth, one tenth
of an inch.

Found in the channel near East Boston, January, 1848 (^Agassiz').

Family LIMAPONTIID^.

Body depressed. Tongue narrow ; teeth in a single central se-
ries. Tentacles none, or simple, contractile. Gills none external.

In this group of slug-like forms the branchial appendages arc
altogether absent, or represented only by simple lobes or ridges on
the sides of the body ; the tentacles are linear, and not longitudi-
nally folded as in El/jsiidce, and the body is depressed. In the genus
Rlwdope of Kolliker the Molluscan type appears to lie at the low-
est stage of development, and to represent the Planarice among the
Annelids.

Oeiuis LIiTIAPONTIA, Forbes. 1832.

Body depressed without lateral ridges. Head elevated at the
sides into crestlike ridges ; eyes large, sessile on the back of the
head, in the centre of pale circular spaces. Mantle distinct.

* About a quarter of an inch lonp, rather stout, blunt anteriorly, and tapering poste-
riorly, of a deep greenish hue ( Girard).
17

258 CHITONID^.

Limapontia zonata.

Niohe zonata, Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 211 (1852),
Limapontia zonata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860), no description.

Less than a line in length, its body and head not quite so much
separated as in L. liniacina. It has a pale reddish hue, with trans-
verse bands of white, which have suggested the specific name of
zonata. Boston Harbor (GiVari/).

Sub-Class PROSOBRANCHIATA *

Gills pectinate or plumose, placed in a mantle-cavity above the
neck, or under the mantle on the left side. Heart situated behind
the gills. Sexes distinct. Abdomen well developed, usually spiral
and protected by a shell. Adult and larva shell-bearing ; larva fur-
nished with deciduous ciliated fins springing from the sides of the
head.

Family CHITONID^, Guilding.

Shell not spiral, shield-shaped, composed of numerous pieces ;
aperture very large.

Genus CHITON, Lin. 1758.

Shell oval, consisting of eight arched pieces, arranged across the
body of the animal in a series overlapping each other, their ends
set in the skin which forms a rim around them.

Chiton apiculatus.

Fig. 20.

Dorsal triangles with series of elevated points ; lateral triangles with scattered,
elevated dots.

Chiton apiculatus. Say, Amer. Conch. No. 7 ; Binnet's ed. 231. — Sowekby, Conch. III.
140. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 164, pi. 10, figs. 201, 202. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4
(1860).

* This portion of the work was not completely arrnnpocl for the press by Dr. Gould. I
have worked it up from his interleaved copy of the first edition, containing his rough notes
of corrections, additions, references, &c.

The classification is that adopted by Dr. Gould. — W. G. B.

CHITON. 259

Shell oval-oMoag, convex, siib-cariiiated ; color grayisli or light-
chestnut ; valves eight ; anterior valve crescentic, with three or four
concentric lines, and numerous separate, elevated, equal, sub-equi-
distant dots, arranged somewhat in regular lines along
tlie margin ; the six following valves have, on their dor- ^'^1^*
sal triangles, from twenty to thirty longitudinal series
of elevated points, like beads, somewhat converging to-
wards the summit ; on the lateral triangles, which are
distinctly elevated above the dorsal triangles, are scat-
tered points like those on the anterior valve ; posterior ^ apiZiatus.
valve with the series of dots like the dorsal trianalcs, a
central tubercle, and the remainder with scattered dots like those
on the anterior valve. Margin coriaceous, with alternate stripes
of white and dusky pubescence. Length, one inch ; breadth, three
fifths of an inch.

Inhabits the southeastern waters of this State, after passing Cape
Cod. I have received it from Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard.
It is found more abundantly along the coast of New York and New
Jersey. Dr. Jay found it in great numbers at Gardiner's Island.
South Carolina (^Ravenel, Say).

This species, so accurately described by Mr. Say from a single
specimen sent him by Dr. Ravenel of Charleston, South Carolina,
cannot be confounded with any other. The beautiful and conspicu-
ous bead-like series of dots are not found on any other described
species, though they partially and inconspicuously appear on C. cin-
ereiis. On account of their arrangement, I had formerly indicated
the shell under the name of C. pectinatus. The recent publication
of Mr. Say's manuscript has established his name. The lines of
dots are not all of equal length, and sometimes they become so
blended as to form merely an elevated line, but they are generally
very definite. I have seen some British shells labelled C. ruber ^
which have precisely the same sculpture ; but they are much more
elegant in marking, and are of a bright reddish brown or rose color.
They cannot be C. ruber, however, according to any description I
have seen under that name.

Chiton cinereus.

Fig. 22.

Shell ovate, the valves oarinated across the middle, and pointed behind ; of a
dead cinereous or greenish color, and minutely shagreened; margin pulverulent.

260 CHITONID.E.

Chiton marginatus, Pexnant, Brit. Zool. iv. 61, t. 36, fig. 2. — Lin.; Gmelin, Syst.

3206, No. 26. — Moxtagu, Test. Brit. 1. — Pulteney, Dorset Catal. 25, pi. I, fig.

2. — Matox and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 21, pi. 1, fig. 2. — Wood, Gen. Conch.

21, pi. 3, fig. 4. — ScHROET. Einl. in Conch, iii. 508. — D'Argenv. Conchyl. t. 25,

fig. M. — Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 492. — Sowerby, Conch, lllust. figs. 106-112.

— Fleming, Edin. Encyc. vi. 102; Brit. Anim. 2S9. — Gould, Inv. 147, fig. 22.
Chiton cinereits, Lin. Syst. Nat. 12th cd. p. 1107. — Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 99, pi. 5, fig.

5. — Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii. 402. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Shell small, ovate, moderately convex, with an elevated ridge
along the centre, where each of the valves projects backwards in a
minute beak, ending at the centre of the posterior valve ; valves
faintly divided into triangles; surface otherwise apparently smooth,
but under the magnifier it is fjund to be beautifully shagrcened, the
granules behig arranged in diamonds on every part. Color a dead,
dull ashen or greenish color, sometimes mottled. Margin narrow,
membranous, coated with a dusty pigment, which is alternately
hoary and brownish. Length, half an inch ; breadth, three tenths
of an inch.

A single specimen of this shell was found living, a few years
since, by Dr. Charles Pickering, at Philli})s's Beach, and is now in
the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia.
It is a common British species.

It is an inelegant shell at first sight, its dingy, dull surface pre-
senting nothing attractive. But no one can fail to admire its beau-
tiful sculpture when viewed under the magnifier. The serrated,
reflected margin usually mentioned in descriptions, is merely a con-
traction of the margin about the ends of the valves, such as we see
in many other species.

It is allied to C. apicidatns ; but we find the lateral triangles as
much sculptured as the dorsal in this ; the dots are diamond-shaped,
and arranged in quincunx, and not bead-like, and arranged in series.
From our other species it is distinguished by its dead surface.

Chiton ruber.

Fig. 24.

Shell small, oval, elevated, cariiiated; valves marked bylines of growth; other-
wise smooth, strongly beaked ; margin pulverulent, red and white.

Chiton ruhcr,l.c\yv., Zool. Jonrn. ii. 101, ])1. 5, fig. 2. — Sowerby, Conch. Illnst. figs.
103, 104, lower fig. — Fleming, Edin. Encyc. vi. 102 ; Brit. Anini. 289. —Dk Kay,
N. Y. Moll. 165. — Stimpson, Check Lists', 4 (1860).

CHITON. 261

Shell small, strong, nearly oval, being but slightly narrowed be-
fore, convexly elevated and traversed by an elevated ridge or keel
along the back ; valves without any appearance of granulations or
punctures under the magnifier, but marked with conspic-
uous grooves, indicating the stages of growth, most marked ^'s- 523.
near the border ; otherwise perfectly smooth, shining, and
polished ; posterior margin strongly beaked. Color, light
brick-red or flesh-color, with occasional dashes of dark
crimson across one or more valves, sometimes arranged ^ ^^^^^^
in stripes ; such a stripe will usually be found at a little
distance on each side of the keel, while the keel itself has a stripe
of crimson spots, occasionally replaced by a yellow spot. It is fre-
quently incrusted with a black foreign substance. Margin coria-
ceous, coated with a red and white dust arranged in alternate
stripes. Triangular areas generally well marked. Interior bright
rose-red, becoming fainter at the margins of the valves. Length,
half an inch; breadth, three tenths of an inch.

Found adhering to stones dragged from the deep by kelp ; also in
the maws of fishes. Eastport ( Cooper) ; on stones, Halifax Harbor
( IVUlis) ; Greenland (^M^'ller^ ; Cape Cod, northward (^Stimpsori) ;
Connecticut ( Linsle//} .

It is not difficult to distinguish at sight well-marked individuals
of this species from those of C. fulminatus. But there are inter-
mediate specimens which it is not easy to pronounce upon. In gen-
eral, this species is smaller, more solid, more convex, the valves
more beaked, lines of growth more deep, the zigzag lines never
appearing, though the posterior margin of the valve is sometimes
dotted with wdiite and red. The impunctured or ungranulated sur-
face, however, is the best, as it is a constant characteristic.

That this is the C. ruber of Lowe and Sowerby I think there can
be no question, though it may not be C. ruber of other authors. The
figure in Pennant, " Brit. Zool.," pi. 36, fig. 3, also represents ac-
curately most of the adult specimens, though it is quoted by authors
as C. IcBvis, which is distinguished by its finely reticulated margin.

Chiton marmoreus.

Shell ovate-oblong, browni.sii or yellowish red, variegated with angular, whit-
ish lines, and a series of whitish points along the posterior margin of the valves ;
surface minutely granulated ; margin pubescent.

Chiton mnrmornis, O. Fabricids, &c. ; Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.
Chiton liBcir/atus, Flejiing, &c.

262 CHITONIDiE.

Chiton fulminatiis, Col'thouy, Am. Journ. Sc, o. s. xxxiv. 217 (1838) ; Bost. Jonrn.
Nat. Hist. ii. 80, pi. 3, tig. 19.— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 1C5, pi. 10, fig. 199. — Gould,
Inv. 1st ed. 148.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather flat ; color varying from bright red to
yellowish or dark reddish brown, with numerous, fine, zigzag, whit-
ish lines arranged over the whole surface, and a line of six or eight
whitish spots alternating with dark red along the pos-
^^^' terior edge of each valve ; valves carinated and slightly

beaked, their surface covered with microscopic granu-
lations arranged in quincunx ; to the naked eye smooth
and shining ; division into triangular areas very indis-
tinct ; lines of growth very faint. Margin narrow,
coriaceous, coated with a close, short down, alter-
nately red and white. Within white at the edges of
the valves, deepening towards the centre to a rose

C. )nannoreus. _

color. Length, seven tenths of an inch ; breadth,
nine twentieths of an inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes caught off Egg Rock, Cohasset,
&c. Eastport ( Cooper} ; Halifax Harbor, on stones ( Willis) ; St.
Anne's Gaspe (^Bell) ; Cape Cod, northwards (^Stimpson) ; Green-
land (^MoUcr) ; Grand Manaii (^Slimpson) ; Gaspe {Daivson} ; Con-
necticut (^Linsley).

This very beautifully marked species varies considerably in outline,
size, marking, and color. Some have the sides nearly parallel, and
others are decidedly ovate ; some exceed an inch in length ; some have
the lines of growth deeply marked, while others are nearly smooth ;
some have a dead, ashen color, but such are apparently very old. In
some the zigzag lines and white dots are very distinct, in others not.

This may very probably prove identical .with some species of the
north of Europe ; Init as it is utterly impossiljle to say which one, I
will not run the risk of adding further confusion to the already in-
extricable synonymy of the Chitons, by offering any conjectures.
Dr. Loven says, " It is a very common species with us [in Sweden].
I think it is the <S. Icevig-alns, Fleming." Mr. Sowerby thinks "it
would be impossible to find a distinguishing character " between
this and C. cinereiis. In this he is certainly mistaken. It comes
much nearer to his red variety of C. marg-inaliis ; but the granula-
tions of the surface of our shell are not half so distinct as in either
C. marg-inatiis or C. cinerevs. It is, therefore, best to use Mr.
Couthouy's name for the present, as it is the only one to which the
shell can now, or perhaj)s ever, be referred with certainty.*

* Now recognized as C marmoreus. — W. G. B.

CHITON. 263

Chiton albus.

Fig, 21.

Shell small, elliptical, valves cariuated and partially beaked, minutely granu-
lated ; margin beaded.

Chiton albus, Montagu, Test. Brit. 4. — Sowerby, Conch. Illust. 99, 99 u, 100.—
Brown, Concli. of Great Brit. &c. pi. 35, fig. 2. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 150, fig.
21. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 16.3, pi. 10, fig. 200. — Stimpson, Cheek Lists, 4.

Chiton aselloides, Lowe, Zool. Jourii. ii. 103, t. 5, fig. 3. — Woou, Siippl. pi. 1, fig. 9.

Chiton sagrinatus, Codthouy, Am. Journ. Sc., o. s. xxxiv. 217 (1838); Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. ii. 82.

Shell small, elongated-oval ; covered with a bluish black pigment,
which easily rubs off, and leaves the ground yellowish or ash col-
ored ; surface beautifully granuhxted, under the microscope,

, Fig. 525.

so as to resemble the finest shagreen. Valves moderately
carinated, and with a minute beak ; distinctly marked with
lines of growth, and a feeble diagonal ridge often divides
each side into two triangles ; anterior valve cresceiitic, with ^ ^^^^^
about twelve marginal teeth. Margin membranous, yellow-
ish, covered with beaded granules. Length, nine twentieths of an
inch ; breadth, five twentieths of an inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes in considerable numbers. Isle
of Shoals to Cape Cod (^Stimpson) ; Eastport (^Cooper); Plalifax
{Wi/lis}.

This shell was first discovered on this side the Atlantic by Mr.
Joseph P. Couthouy, and supposed by him to be new. But it agrees
in all respects with Mr. Lowe's figure and description of C. asel-
loides ; and Mr. Sowerby, on an examination of our shell, accords
with me in opinion that it is that shell. Mr. Lowe subsequently
states (Zool. Journ. iii. 79) that his species " is clearly identified
with C. albus of Montagu." But, as it is only white when divested
of its pigment, the name aselloides is much more descriptive.

The ridges, edges, and interstices of the valves usually have the
pigment worn off, so as to present a yellowish color. The beaded
margin distinguishes it from all our other species ; but it is rare to
find the margin unimpaired.

Chiton raendicarius.

Shell elongate in its centre towards its margin, granulated longitudinally and
irregularly ; clouded ; areas scarcely conspicuous ; margin coriaceous, red.

Chiton mendicariiis, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. iv. 42, pi. 4, fig. 8 (1842) ; Proc. i.
49 (2841). — Stimpson, Cheek Lists, 4.

264 CHITONID.E.

Fig. 526. Shell cinereous, with dark clouds, long-oval with obtuse
dorsal ridges, surface with elevated dots or granules, dis-
posed in longitudinal lines, except towards the margin,
where they arc irregular and larger ; no visible concentric
strige ; triangular areas very indistinct, outer whorls small,
margin coriaceous, red. Length, one inch ; breadth, four
inches ; width of margin, six hundredths of an inch.

Casco Bay. This very distinct species was taken from

the stomach of a haddock in June, 1841. Only a single s])ecimen

has been found, which is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels. (^3Iig-hels

and Adams.y

Grand Manan (^Stimpson).

Oeiiiis AlfllCULA, Grav. 1842.

Mantle covered with scattered fascicles of hairs, and having two
series of setigerous pores ; gills posterior.

Shell with the valves externally scarcely conspicuous, the exposed
parts small, sub-cordate, as broad as long.

Amicula Emersonii.

Fig. 19.

Shell ovate-oblong, white; valves reniform, each with a central cordiform, sculp-
tured area, the remainder covered with a dirty membrane, with two rows of
hairy tufts at the margin ; anterior valve emarginate.

Chiton Emei-sonii, Couthouy, Sillim. Jonrn. o. s. xxxiv. 217 (18.38) ; Best. Journ. Nat.

Hist. ii. 83, pi. 3, fig. 10 (1838). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 16.5, pi. 10, fig. 198.
Chiton vfstitiis, SowERnv, Zool. Journ. iv. 368 ; Conch. 111. fig. 128.
Amicula Emersonii, Smipsox, Check Lists, 4.
Chiton Emersonianus, Gould, Inv. 151, fig. 19.

Shell ovatc-ol)long, Ijroadest ])chind ; of a light drab color ; valves
eight, kidney-shaped, the extremities Ijeing rounded and the poste-
rior margin deeply arched ; posterior valve narrowed and excavated
at the tip ; on the centre of each valve is a small, lieart-shaped area,
beautifully sculptured with bead-like granules, three or four series
of which are parallel to its border, and the central ones on each
side are arranged in a somewhat concentric manner ; the l)cak is
elevated and pointed, and smooth or slightly striated ; the area on
the anterior valve is shaped like the valve. The remaining portion

DENTALIUM. 265

of the valves is smooth, with three radiating- lines passing from the
beaks to the middle of each base, encloshig two ronnded, thread-like
ribs. It is also covered with a thin meml)rane, coated

Fig. 527.

with a dirty, scurfy epidermis which is easily rubbed
otf. Margin broad and thick, resembling macerated
calf-skin, coated like the rest of the surface, and hav-
ing two ranges of small tufts of yellowish hair, two
on each of the intermediate, and six or eight around
the terminal valves. Length, four fifths of an inch ;
breadth, six tenths of an' inch. ^- ^— «"•

Found in stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. Bed-
ford Basin, N. S,, common ( Willis) ; Cape Cod, northward (^Stimp-
son) ; fossil, Montreal (^Daivso^i).

This is a very curious shell, and, with three or four other de-
scribed species, might constitute a sub-genus. It is so rough and
unseemly that it is very likely to be rejected as some decayed speci-
men ; or the discoverer would begin to clear off, as some extraneous
substance, the coating which belongs to it, and gives it a character.

The shape of the valves, the sculptured areas, and the emarginate
anterior valve, will not allow it to be confounded with any other
species. Could it be presumed that so remarkable characters as the
central areas and the anterior valve were overlooked, we might sup-
pose this to be the C. vesiiius, Broderip and Sowerby (Zool. Journ.
iii. 368). The areas, however, are easily defaced, and might not
have attracted notice in their specimens. In other respects their
description would apply well to our shell. The figure recently given
of it in the Appendix to Beechey's Voyage, tab. 41, fig. 14, repre-
sents a shell proportionally much narrower than ours.

Family DENTALIID^.

Animal with the branchiae in the form of numerous long fila-
ments, arising from two radical lol:)es placed above the neck, and
enveloped, with the head, by the mantle. Shell tubular, not spiral.

Oentis DENTAHUWI, Li^. 1740.

Shell tulmlar, elongated-conical, slightly curved, opening at each
end by a rounded orifice, that of the apex entire, without fissure or
emargination.

266 DENTALIDiE.

Dentalium dent ale.

Fig. 5.

Shell polished, slightly curved, with eighteen or twenty faint, unequal ribs.

Dentalium dentalis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 126-3. — Born, Mus. t. 18, fig. 13. — Maton and Rack-
ETT, Lin. Trans, viii. 237. — Deshayes, Mem. de la See. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 3.53, pi. 16,
figs. 9, 10. — Lam. An. sans Vert. v. .595. —De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 160, pi. 10, fig. 197.
— GoLLD, luv. 1st ed. 155, fig. 5.

DentuliuiH striatum, Montagu, Test. Brit. 495.

Dentalium attenuatum, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. iv. 154, pi. 8, fig. 3.

Dentalium occidentale, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 28 (1851).

Shell slender and tapering, curved like an elephant's tusk, the tip
cut off, leaving a very small opening. Surface rather glossy, yel-
lowish white, marked with about twenty closely arranged, unequal,
rib-like strise, running the whole length of the shell. Length, about
an inch ; diameter at the larger end, about one eightli of an inch.

I am enabled to add this shell to our list through the khidness of
my friend W. W. Wheildon, of Charlestown, who sent me the speci-
mens, accompanied by the following memoranda : —

Two specimens of Dentalium were taken from the stomachs of
codfish, in the spring of 1839. They were both found to have pen-
etrated the entrail of the fish, and were firmly fixed there. They
had probably been in the fish for some length of time. Both speci-
mens were unfortunately eroded, one of them so much so that it is
quite impossible to determine any of its characters, except its size, its
markings being entirely obliterated. In the other s]:)ecimen the stride
are distinct, and seem to conform to the D. dentalis of the coast of
England. Twenty to twenty-two stride may be counted on its surface."

Eastport, ten to twenty fathoms ( Cooper^ ; deep water, on the
coast of Maine and Massachusetts Bay {Stimpson).

Ociiiis ENTALIS, Sowerby. 1842.

Differs from Dentalium by having the perforation at the apex
with a notch-like fissure on the dorsal or posterior margin.

Entalis striolata.

Entalis striolata, Stimpson, Proc. Best. Sue. iv. 114 (1851) ; Check Lists, 4.
Dentalium entalis, Mighels not Lin.

This species I obtained in great numbers l)y dredging in from ten
to sixty fathoms on muddy bottoms at the mouth of the Bay of

TECTURA. 2G7

Fundj. It is that referred to as D. entale by Dr. Mighels. Having
had the opportunity of comparing nu- ^..^ ^gs.

mcrous specimens of the Euro})ean spe-
cies with ours, I am convinced they are
distinct. It differs from D. Tarenti-

num in being larger, tapering more gradually to a point, in being
more rugose with the lines of growth and in being almost always
destitute of longitudinal striae.

The length of one specimen is an inch and one half ; the diameter
at the aperture, one hundred and seventy-five thousandths of an
inch. Imperfect specimens indicate a length of two inches. (Stimp-
son.)

Family PATELLIDyE, D'Orb.

Shell depressed, conical or cap-shaped ; aperture wide, with a
crescentic, muscular impression, interrupted in the region of the
head.

Ociius TECTURA, Aud. and Milne-Ed. 1830.

Shell basin-shaped, apex obtuse, usually more depressed and
thinner than Patella, and distinguished from it chiefly by its in-
habitant.

Tectura testudinalis.

Fig. 12.

Shell oblong-oval, greenish white, for the most part with brownish sub-divid-
ing radiations ; centre within, dark brown.

Patella testudinalis, Muller, Prodr. p. 237. — Fabr. Fauna Gra?nl. 385. — Lam. An.

sans Vert. vii. .'J43. — Dillwyn, Catal. 1045. — Wood, Catal. No. 63, pi. 37.
Patella testudinaria, Kaemerer, Rudolst. Conch. 12, pi. 2, fi^^s. 4, 5.
Patella trstudinaria (ircenlandica, Chemn. Conch, x. 325, pi. 168, fii^s. 1614, 1615.
Patella tessellata, Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. iii. 2868 ; Z. D. t. 12, figs. 6-8.
Patella Clealandi, Sowerby, Records of Lin. See. viii. 621. — Fleming, Brit. Anim.

287.
Patella vin/inea, Muller, Prodr. iii. 2867 ; Zool. Dnn. t. 12, figs. 4, 5.
Patella vircjinea? Gmelin, 3711. — Dillwyn, Catal. 1052.

Patella amaum, Say, Jourii. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 223 (June, 1822) ; ed. Binney, 73.
PateUoidea amcena, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 171.
Patelloida testudinalis, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (New Series), vii. 73. — Dk Kay,

N. Y. Moll. 162, pi. 9, fig. 196.
Patella cbjpeus, Brown, Conch, of Great Brit. &c. pi. 37, figs. 9, 10.

268 PATELLID.E.

Lottia Antillarum, Sowerby, Conchol. Manual, fig. 231.
Tjjttia testudinalis, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 153, fig. 12.
Tectum testudinalis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell oblong-oval, moderately elevated, thin, apex behind the mid-
dle, pointed, and turning forwards ; surface finely checkered with

minute radiating lines crossed by encirclino-
Fig. 529. ,. 11 • 1 , •. ..f

lines ; general color a greenish white, witli

dark brown stripes radiating from the sum-
mit, and frequently dividing, before they reach
the margin, which is sharp and entire ; within,
the central portion is dark brown, and the
margin is more or less bordered or checkered
with the same color, by the exterior markings
showing through. Ordinary length, four fifths
of an inch ; breadth, thirteen twentieths of an
inch ; height, one fourth of an inch.

Found along our whole coast, adhering to the
. ,. rocks, and is common on the northernmost shores

T. testudinalis.

of Europe and America. Gull Island QSi)iUh}.

This shell varies infinitely in its markings. Tlie general appear-
ance is as above described. Sometimes all exterior coloring is
wanting ; and commonly, the lines are so delicate, and arranged in
such a manner as to exhibit a kind of network. The largest S]:)eci-
mens I have seen were brought from Castinc^, Maine. These were
one and one fourth inches in length. There can no longer be any
doubt that this is the shell long known in the north of Europe as
P. lestudhialis. Specimens sent me from Ireland, Scotland, and
Norway agree in every particular with ours. Probably the P. A}i-
tillarum is the same, though Mr. Sowerby does not intimate this in
his correspondence.

Mr. Couthouy was the first to determine the generic place of this
shell, by an inspection of the animal.

I have employed the generic term Lottia., of Gray, as it has the
right of priority, is not an objectional)le derivative, and is in general
use among all conchologists except the French. Puteltoidea was
also given, as the name of a family, by Blainville. The arrange-
ment of the branchiffi of the animal would, strictly, remove the
genus from this family.

[The name Tectura has precedence.

TECTURA. . 269

I

Tectura alveus.

Fig. 13.

Shell oblong-oval, compi'essed at the sides, thin, colored with a network of
white and brown.

Patella alveus, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. vi. 267, pi. H, fig. 20 (1831).

PattUoidea alvem, CouTiiouv, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 177. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll.

1G2, pi. 9, fig. 194.
Lotiin alreiis, Gould, Inv. 1st ctl. 154, fig. 13.
Tectura alveus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell small, thin, and fragile, elevated, compressed at the sides,
so that the margins are nearly parallel, the ends of eqnal
breadth, and obtusely rounded ; apex at the posterior
third, pointing forwards ; outer surface beautifully
checked with the lines of growth, and fine, but dis-
tinct, radiating lines ; color a reddish brown, with oval
or circular yellowish white spots, arranged in a some-
what regular manner, so that the whole resembles a net-
work. The thinness of the shell allows the external
coloring to appear on the inside ; edge entire. Length, five tenths
of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch.

Found abundantly on the eel-grass (^Zostcra marina'), to whose
narrow leaves its form is exactly adapted. Whole coast of New Eng-
land QStimpson).

In old specimens a lateral compression is very obvious, and the
sides are at least parallel, and sometimes incurved for one half the
length of the shell. The apex, when not -worn off, is acute, and
projects distinctly forwards. The markings usually give the shell a
checkered appearance ; but occasionally we have stripes, as in the
preceding species.

This shell is the very miniature of Patella comprcssa. Mr. Sow-
erby suggests that it bears the same relation to P. testudinalis as
Patella compressa does to P. miniata; in other words, it is the same
species, changed in form from having adhered to a narrow sea-weed
instead of a stone. The general marking of the shell, and the cir-
cumstance of its seldom, if ever, being noticed living anywhere ex-
cept upon the narrow leaves before mentioned, render this opinion
not at all improbable.

270 calyptrj:id^.

Oeims L.EPETA, Gray. 1840.

Shell obovate, depressly conical, surface with radiating striae ;
apex eccentric, posterior ; aperture oval, muscular impression liorse-
shoe-shaped, open anteriorly. Animal blind.

Lepeta caeca.

Shell small, white, with numerous diverging ribs, checked by revolving lines,
apex central.

Leppta caca (PatpUa), Muller, &c. ; Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Puttlla Candida, Couthouy, Sillim. Journ. o. s. xxxiv. 217 (18.38) ; Bost. Journ. Nat.

Hist. ii. 86, pi. 3, fig. 17. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 152. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 61.
Pilidiiim candidum, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 29.

Shell small, conical, white, oval, having numerous minute radi-
ating ribs, traversed by equally fine concentric lines, which give the
surface, when viewed under a magnifier, the appearance of
F'E.53i. j^gi^^Qj^ij; . summit nearly central, margin slightly scalloped
by the termination of the ribs ; interior white. Length,
seven twentieths of an inch ; height, one tenth of an incli ;
_ breadth, one fifth of an inch.

Only three specimens of this shell are yet known. The
first one found was taken by Mr. Couthouy from the stomach of a
fish caught off Barnstal)le, and was described by him. A second
has since been found l:)y Mr. W. W. Whieldon, of Charlestown. It
is at once distinguished by its checkered or granulated surface, no
other species, yet described, having that character.
Greenland (^Mailer').

Family CALYPTR^ID^E, Beod.

Shell basin-shaped, serving as a cover to the animal ; distin-
guished from the preceding family by the branchiEe being situated
in a peculiar cavity upon the back.

Genus CREPIDULA, Lam. 1799.

Shell oval, arched, somewhat boat-shaped, with an imperfect
spire pressed against the margin ; cavity partially divided within by
a horizontal partition.

CREl'IDULA. 271

Crepidula fornicata.

Fig. 17.

Shell ovai, apex turned to one side, and terminating in the margin ; partition
appressed to one side.

Patella fornicata, Lix. Syst. Nat. 12.'J7. — Martini, Conch, i. 160, t. 13, figs. 129, 130.—
Lister, Conch, t. 545, figs. 33, 35. — Knorr, Vergn. vi. t. 21, fig. 3.

Crepidula fornicata, Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 641. — Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. ii. 225
(July, 1822) ; ed. Binney, 73. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 157, pi. 7, figs. 1.52, 154.—
Stimpson, Cheek Lists, 4.

Shell obliqiicly-oval, one side more oblique than the other, apex a
little prominent, turned to one side, not separate from the body of
the shell, and generally united with the margin
of the aperture ; convexity moderate, but vary- ^'^1^^

ing according to the object on which it is seated ; ^^^^^^
surface wrinkled by the lines of growth, of a ^^B^r ^^R\
dirty white color, and figured with interrupted, jH^^^^^
waved, longitudinal lines, of a light chestnut col- H^M0^^|
or, and covered with a yellowish epidermis ; ap- ^^^H^^B
erture obliquely sub-oval, the edge entire and 1B|^^MB|
sharp, color light brown, with darker dots and ^^^^^^
blotches ; a ray from the apex along the middle c./omicata.

of the shell generally lighter than the rest ; dia-
phragm white, occupying about one half the aperture, one side of it
defined by a distinct line, the other, for a consideral)le space, com-
pressed against the side of the shell, and firmly united to it, the free
edge waving, one half advancing considerably beyond the other, and
leaving a conspicuous notch at the side, outside the boundary line,
surface in general concave, but a narroAv, arched portion traverses
the middle. Length, one and one half inches ; breadth, one and
one fifth inches.

Found adhering to other shells and to each other.

This is probably, what Mr. Say supposed it to be, a variety of C.
fornicata, as originally described, and is a species found in various
seas. It is found occasionally thrown upon the beaches near Boston
after a storm, but is not uncommon about Cape Cod, and the islands
to the southeastward. The best specimens I have seen were brought
on oysters from Prince Edward's Island, off the mouth of the St.
Lawrence. Its shape varies according to the body on which it rests.
Four or five of different ages are frequently found riding upon each
other. When growing upon Peclen irradians it is found to have

272 CALYPTR^ID^.

ribs corresponding to those of the Pccten. It is a solid shell, and
the diaphragm is situated near the mouth, leaving no cavity extend-
ing under the beak. The manner in which one edge is pressed
against the side of the shell is quite characteristic. The margin of
the aperture is generally wliite, dotted with chestnut ; the remainder
of the interior is more or less brown. Sometimes the attachment
of the diaphragm is bordered with reddish brown.

Whole coast of New England ( Stimpson) ; St. Simon's Isle, Ga.
(^Cooper^ ; mouth of Rio Grande (^Schoti).

Crepidula plana.

Fig. 16.

Shell ovate, flat, white ; apex acute, terminal ; diaphragm convex.

Crepidula plana, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 226 (1822); Amer. Conch, pi. 44 ; ed.

BiNNEY, 74. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 159, fig. 16. — De Kav, N. Y. Moll. 158, pi. 7,

fig. 153.
Crepidula uugui/ormis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell ovate, flat, or as often a little concave or convex, thin, trans-
parent, wdiite, wrinkled with concentric lines of growth ; apex mi-
nute, pointed, turning a little to one side, and con-
stituting the extreme termination of the shell ; the
other extremity broader, and regularly rounded ; in-
terior white, of a brilliant polish, and irridescent ;
diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, con-
vex, rising to a level with the margin, free edge for
the most part straight, but having a projecting angle
near one side. Length, one and one fourth inches ;
■ ^'"'^' breadth, nine tenths of an inch.

Found in the aperture of other shells.

This species has also been observed through a wide region, ^fr.
Say noted it as far south as Florida. It does not, however, frequent
localities north of us. It is still regarded by some as a variety of
the C. fornicata modified by its position. But the peculiarity of
form, coloration, diaphragm, and habit of living seem to render it
sufficiently distinct. When young, it is of a more rounded form,
but becomes elongated by age. It is otherwise very variable in
shape, conforming to the position it occupies in the throat of some
other shell.

This is very likely to prove to be the C. mig-info?'mis, Lam. (Pa-
tella crepidula, Lin.) In this opinion I have the concurrence of Mr.

CREPIDULA. 273

Sowerby. Deshayes observes that he can hardly think that the
shell figured as Cahjptnca unp^iiiformis by Broderip, in " Trans.
Zool. Soc." i. pi. 29, fig. 4, is the shell of Linniieus. He says the
shell of Linngeus is distinguished by a profound notch at one extrem-
ity of the partition, and a feebler one at the other ; that the shell
described by Mr. Say as CrepicMa plana wants this notch, and is
the shell figured by Broderip. Now it so happens, that the only
specimen which I am certain is entire has this notch precisely as
described, and the tooth-like process which separates the large notch
from the rest of the margin is such as would be likely to be broken
in almost every instance. This fact leads me to suppose, that all
three of the shells in question are of the same species, and should
be called C. tuiguiformis. If so, its habitat is as wide as that of C.
foniicata. But as I have not yet the means of confirming my sup-
position, I give Mr. Say's name.*

Whole Atlantic coast of the United States.

Crepidula convexa.

Fig. 15.

Shell elevated, apex terminal, separated from the body of the shell; diaphragm
convex, less than half the aperture, edge simple.

Crepidula convexa, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 227 (1822) ; ed. Binney, 75. — Gould,
Inv. 1st ed. 160, fig. 15. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 158, pi. 7, tig. 131. — Stimpson,
Clieck Lists, 4.

Shell small, opaque, very convex, obliquely-ovate, (me side nearly
vertical, the other sloping ; surface wrinkled, color ashen-brown,
with bands, stripes, or dots of dark reddish-brown ; apex
acute, separate from the body of the shell, turning very
little to one side, and downwards as far as the tip of the
shell ; within shining, of a uniform dark reddish-brown
color ; aperture oval ; diaphragm deeply situated, leaving
a cavity extending into the beak, convex, brown, the free
edge white and simply curved. Length, nine twentieths of
an inch ; breadth, six twentieths of an inch ; height, four twenti-
eths of an inch.

Found on sea-weed, and on stones among the roots of sea-weed.
Massachusetts Bay, southward (^Stimpsoii) ; Sable Island (^Willis}.

It is seldom found entire. Mr. Say described from dead shells,
and had not seen its true colors. In most instances one side is

* It is now acknowledged to be the unguiformis. — W. G. B.
18

274 CALYPTR^ID^.

nearly upright, while the other is sloping ; but sometimes the two
sides are nearly similar. The diaphragm is regularly arched, the
arch terminating at a regularly curved, depressed line, on one side,
and here the free edge makes a slight projection.

This shell is easily distinguished from all our other species by its
convexity and by the color of its deeply seated diaphragm.

[Animal black, except bottom of foot, which is gray of various
shades, edged with dark ; tentacles white, edged with black ; lobes
of mantle white ; tentacles short, lilunt, but capable of elongation
and tapering ; eyes black, on the exterior sides of the tentacles,
near their bases.

Crepidula glauca.

Fig. 14.

Shell oval, smooth, apex separate, slightly turned to one side ; diaphragm less
than half the length of the shell, edge waved.

Crepidula rjlaiica, Sat, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 226 (1822) ; ed. Binney, 72. — Gould,
Inv. 1st ed. 151, fig. 14. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 159.

Shell obliquely oval, thin, moderately convex, of a glaucous or
grayish-green color, faintly freckled with dots of darker and lighter
color ; surface nearly smooth ; the apex is pointed, project-
ing considerably beyond the outline of the aperture, and,
turning downwards and a little to one side, does not quite
reach the plane of the aperture ; aperture rounded oval,
the margin usually expanded ; interior a uniform, dark
reddish-brown, or occasionally mottled ; the edge is mar-
gined with yellowish-white, and dotted with brown ; diaphragm
white, running within the beak so as to exhibit a considerable re-
cess ; it is waved, two thirds being convex, and the remainder con-
cave ; the free margin has a concave curve in proportion as the dia-
phragm is arched. Length, eleven twentieths of an inch; breadth,
nine twentieths of an inch ; height, one tenth of an inch.

I have taken only one specimen of this shell, wliich I found on a
stone dragged upon Chelsea Beach by a Laminaria attached to it.
It is, however, common on the ocean shore of Rhode Island, and is
doubtless to be found at the Elizabeth Islands, and along the South
Shore. The specimens I have received from Colonel Totten have a
peculiar figure, and from their undulated edges I should conjec-
ture they were taken from off the Pecten irradians, whicli is found
abundantly about Cape Cod.

CEMORIA. 275

It is readily distinguishod from C. convexa by its depressed and
broader figure, and wbite diaphragm. From small specimens of C.
foraicata it is distinguished by its projecting and central apex, and
by the constant recess under the beak. In some specimens the arch-
ing of the diaphragm is greater than in others, and then its free
maro-in is more or less curved also. There is no decided notch at
either extremity.

Vineyard Sound (Desor') ; Nova Scotia (WiUis).

[Considered by Dr. Stimpson as a synonyme of C. fornicata.

Oenus CRUCIBULUJII, Schumacher. 1817.

Shell sub-conic ; apex sub-central ; aperture wide, with the in-
ternal appendage entire and cup-shaped, attached by one of its
sides,

Crucibulum striatum.

Calyptrcvn (Dispotcea) striata. Say, Jonvn. Pliil.a. A. N. S V 216, 1826 ; eel. Binney, 124.
— Stimpson, Shells of New Eiifflaud, 39. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 1.55, ]i\. 7, fig. 155.
Crucibulum striatum, Stimpson, Clicck Lists, 4.

Shell oval, prominently convex, with numerous slightly rig. 536.
elevated, equal, equidistant radiating lines ; summit gla-
brous, wax-yellow, sub-acute, inclining toward the left
side and the posterior end ; inner valve patelliform, di-
lated, attached by one side to the shorter side of the
shell ; acutely angulated at the anterior line of junc-
tion, and rounded behind, and rapidly attenuated to an ^1^^;^
acute tip, which nearly corresponds with the inner apex ^' '"■'""""•
of the shell. Length, less than nine tenths of an inch. (^Say.}

Whole coast of New England {Stimpson) ; New Jersey (>S(27/).

Family FISSURELLIDiE, Risso.

Shell in the adult conical, symmetrical, not spiral, either pierced
at the apex, or more or less grooved or fissured anteriorly ; aperture
wide, not pearly within ; muscular impression crescentic, open in
front.

Genus CEl^IORIA, Leach. 1820.

Shell small, like Patella, with the apex elevated and curved for-
wards, and with a fissure just behind the apex.

276 FISSURELLTDiE.

Cemoria Noachina.

Fig. 18.

Shell small, white, conical, covered with unequal, radiating ribs ; apex curved
forwards, and perforated obliquely backwards.

Patella Noachina, Lin. Mantissa, 551. — Chemn. Conch, xi. 186, pi. 197, figs. 1927,

1928.
Patella apertura, Montagu, Test. Brit. 491, pi. 13, fig. 10. — Wood, Index, pi. 38, fig. 89.
Patella Jissurtlla, Muller, Zool. Dan. i. t. 24, figs. 4-6. — Gmelin, Syst. 3728, No. 193.
Fissurella Noachina, Lyell, Obs. sin- le Soulevemcnt dc la Snodc, No. 16, pi. 2, figs. 13,

14_. — Lam. An. sans Vert. vii. 604. — Sowekuy, Couch. lUiistr. [Fissurella),

fig. 15.
Puncturella Noachina, Lowe, Zool. Journ. iii. 77.
Cemoria Flemingii, Leach; Sowerby, Conch. Man. fig. 244.
Sipho striata, Brown, Conch, of Great Brit. &c. pi. 36, figs. 14- 16.
Diodora Noachina, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 30.

Cemoria Noachina, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 156, fig. 18. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.
Cemoria princeps, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. iv. 42, pi. 4, fig. 3.

Shell bluisli-wliite, conical, its summit pointed and turned back-
wards, and the surface covered with about twenty-t\vo ribs, with
intervening smaller ones, and wrinkled by the lines of
growth. A narrow, diamond-shaped slit is presented at
the summit, wdiich opens in the interior by a circular aper-
ture, towards the margin, the course of this canal being
tXi M\^ as it were arched over by a thin plate of the shell, when
viewed within ; edge oval and scalloped by the ribs.
c.Noachi- Length, one fifth of an inch; breadth, one eighth of an

na. o ^ 7 7 o

inch ; height, one tenth of an inch.

This curious little shell, the only recent species of its genus
known, is frequently taken from the stomachs of fishes. It is also
an inhabitant of the northern seas of Europe, and is found in a
fossil state also.

Cape Cod, northward {Stimpson').

It has been arranged under different genera, but undoul)tedly has
claims to be the type of a distinct genus. Besides those mentioned
above, the genus Rimula of Defrance, would also probably embrace
it. But Cemoria has the priority over all those Avhich have been
constructed, though any one of the others would seem to have been
better chosen names. Lowe remarks, that the P. apertura of Mon-
tagu has been ascertained, almost beyond a doubt, to be nothing
more than the young of Fissurella Grccca. But liis figure repre-
sents this shell.

JANTHINA. -> 277

Family JANTHINID^E.

Shell thin, translucent, spiral, more or less turbinate, with a sin-
istral nucleus.

Oeniis JANTIIIIVA, Lam. 180L

Shell sulj-globose, thin, fragile, spire short ; aperture angular at
the anterior junction of the inner and outer lips ; pillar twisted ; lip
thin, with a sinus at the middle.

Janthina fragilis.

Shell thin, brittle, conical, ventricose, violaceous beneath, whiter on the spire.

Helix Janthina, Lm. ; Gmelin, Syst. 3645, No. 103. — Lister, Conch, t. 572, fig. 24.—
RuMi'Hius, Mus. t. 20, fig. 2. — GiiALT. Test. t. 64, fig. O. — Sloane, Jamaica,
t. 1, fig. 4. — Browx, Jamaica, t. 39, fig. 2. — D'Argenv. Conch, pi. 6, fig. 5. —
CiiEMX. Conch. V. t. 166, figs. 1577, 1578. —Wood, Lidex, pi. 34, t. 116.

Janthina frar/ilis, Desh Encyc. Mc'th. iii. 324, pi. 456, fig. 1 ; Ann. du Mus. xi. 123 (an-
imal).— Blainv. Malacol. pi. 37 bis. fig. la. — Sowerby, Conch. Man. fig. 333. —
De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 125, pi. 36, fig. 360. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Janthina cummunis, Lam. An. sans Vert. 1st ed. vi. 206; 2d cd. ix. 4.
Lister, 572, fig. 23.

Shell globose-conic, thin, lirittle, transparent ; whorls three or
four, forming a short spire, the last one very large and angular at
the middle ; beneath the angle the color is deep violet, lighter about
the axis, and above it the color is merely tinted with violet, a little
darker at the suture ; surface shining, wrinkled by the lines of
growth, and witli short, oblique Avrinkles above the angle of the last
whorl, and marked with revolving lines beneath that angle ; aper-
ture large, seini-oval, outer lip very thin, retiring as it passes the
angle of the whorl, so as to produce a shallow recess ; inner lip
cylindrical, straight, corresponding with the axis of the shell.
Length, eight tenths of an inch ; breadth, one inch.

The Janthina floats, by means of a mass of vesicles, at the sur-
face, throughout the wide ocean, and is not unfrequently driven upon
the ocean shores by storms. After a severe gale, in the autumn of
1839, great numbers of them were collected on the shores of Nan-
tucket, some specimens of which were furnished me liy T. A. Greene,
Esq., of New Bedford. Sable Island, fragment {Willis^.

278 TROCHID^.

Family TROCHID^.

Shell turreted or conoid ; aperture rounded or oblong, not spread-
ing ; lips disunited posteriorly.

Oeiius ADEORBIS, Searles Wood. 1842.

Shell dcpressly conical, orbicular, deeply umbilicatcd ; whorls
few, not nacreous, flattened, smooth or striated, the last more or
less angulated at the periphery ; aperture transversely oval, peris-
tome interrupted ; inner lip sinuatcd, outer lip arcuate, simple,
acute.

Adeorbis costulata.

Margarita costulata, Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr. 8.

Adeorbis costulata, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv, 14 (1851) ; Shells of New England, 32;
Check Lists, 4.

It is minute, about one tenth of an inch in diameter, white, some-
what thick and rugged near the apex, the sculpture ajjpearing to
advantage only on the thinner and more delicate outer
whorl, which is convex, rounded, and covered with
prominent, crowded ribs. On the side of the wliorl
many of these ribs divide into two, thus occupying the
A. costulata. increased space ; and beneath, the ribs flow into each
other and gradually disappear without interrupting the live distant,
elevated, spiral striae on the umbilical half of the base. The umbil-
icus is deep. The aperture is rounded, with the peristome contin-
uous. The operculum is multispiral, of about eight volutions, of
which the outermost are testaceous, presenting a frosted appear-
ance ; the central volutions, occu])ying about one fourth of the diam-
eter, are corneous. In deep water off Cape Ann, Grand Manan
(IT. SlimpsoTi).

Ocniis MARGARITA, Leacii. 1819.

Shell conical, moderately elevated ; whorls few, sub-inflated ;
aperture rounded, imperfect posteriorly ; lip sharp ; umbilicus deep ;
operculum multi-spiral ; the nucleus central.

MARGARITA. 279

Margarita cinerea.

Shell low-conical, thin, ash colored, umbilicated, with four to six elevated and
numerous smaller revolving ridges, and regular, eroded, elevated lines of growth.

Turbo cincreus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 99, pi. 3, fig. 9.

Trochns costalis, LovEX, in letters.

ManjurUa cinerea, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 252. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 108, pi. 6, fig. 113.

— Stimpson, Clieck Lists, 4.
Margarita striata, Buoukkip and SoWERBY.
Marrjnrita sordida, Hancock.

Shell small, thin, of a low conical or pyramidal shape ; color a
dull ashy-white, sometimes tinted with green ; whorls five to seven,
convex, and rendered angular by prominent, irregularly
disposed revolving ridges, of which from four to six are '"' "^
more elevated, with less conspicuous intervening ones ; and
the lowest of these elevated ridges forms a limit, at which
the whorl slopes abruptly, and presents a broad, slightly ^^ ^.^^^^^^
convex base, marked with fine, equal, and equidistant re-
volving lines ; the whole surface is also covered with crowded, very
fine, and distinctly prominent lines of growth ; the umbilicus is broad
and deep, and bounded by the last revolving line, which forms an
angle terminating at the most anterior point of the otherwise circu-
lar aperture, and here causes an angular prolongation ; outer lip
regularly curved, sharp, finely scalloped ; it rises on the left margin,
and terminates just behind the umbilicus, slightly expanding and
partially covering it ; a very thin stratum of enamel sometimes ex-
tends across tlic body of the shell ; throat within with lines corre-
sponding to the external marking ; operculum circular, multi-spiral.
Height, four fifths of an inch ; base a little less.

Found in a very fresh and beautiful condition, but rather rare as
yet, ill the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay. Grand
Manaii to Cape Cod {Stimpson) ; Halifax ( Willis) ; N. W. of Green-
land {Hai/es) ; St. Anno, &c. {Bell).

It is distinguished by the beautiful, sharp lines of growth, which
are not interrupted by the spiral ridges, and by these ridges cover-
ing all the base ; also, by the sliglit projecting angle of the aper-
ture. It is very closely allied to M. striata, Broderip and Sowerby,
" Zool. Journ." iv. 371, and figured in Sowcrby's " Conch. Illust."
(^Margarita), fig. 3. By the kindness of Mr. Sowerby, liowever, I
have been enabled to compare tlie two. In M. striata the whorls
are not angulated by the revolving lines, the largest of which are

280 TROCHID.E.

not larger than those on the base of our shell, while its base is
nearly smootli ; its umbilicus is much smaller. In color, size, and
general shape, the shells are alike.

Margarita minutissima.

Shell very minute, sub-ovately globose ; whorls three, convex, longitudinally
furrowed; spire short, obtuse; suture strongly impressed; aperture orbicular,
umbilicus large, deep.

Margarita minutisnimn , Mighels, Best. Journ. iv. 349, pi. 16, fig. 5 (1843). — Stimp-
SON, Check Lists, 4.

Shell very minute, sub-discoiclal, globular-ovate, of a dull ash
color ; whorls three, convex, with distinct longitudinal, approximate
Fig. 540. s^iltji^ running obliquely, and disappearing as they ap-
proach the umbilical region ; spire very low and obtuse
I at the apex ; suture deep, aperture circular ; lip sharp
and nearly continuous posteriorly ; umbilicus large and
profound. Length, about one fifth of an inch; breadth,
about equal to the length.
Casco Bay.

I have never found but a single specimen of this shell, which I
took from the stomach of a haddock. It is not very nearly allied
to any of the other species found on the coast. Under a magnifier,
it somewhat resembles M. varicosa, Nob., in the ultimate whorl.
It is, however, readily distinguished by its very depressed and ob-
tuse spire (^Mighels).

Margarita tindulata.

Fig. 172*.

Shell orbicular, low-conical, dark flesh-color, encircled with regularly disposed
spiral lines, alternately larger and smaller, coarsely plaited at the sutures.

Margarita unduhta, Sowerby, Malacol. and Conchol. Mag. i. 26; roncliol Illust. (]\lar-
garita), fig. 4. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 254, fig. 172*. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 109. —
Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Margarita striata, var. Gro'iildiidica, Moi.ler, Ind. Moll. Gr.

Turho incarnates, Coutiiouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 98, pi. 3, fig. 13.

Trochiis tuiiiiilus, Montagu, Leth. Suev. pi. 30, fig. 3.

Shell thin, orbicular, depressed-conical, usually of a bright brown-
ish-red color; sometimes rose-red, at others pale flesh-colored ; whorls
four, convex, somewhat flattened above, undulated near the suture
by short folds or wrinkles, and encircled by numerous, elevated.

MARGARITA. 281

smooth spiral lines at uiiiforni distances, and for the most part
alternately larger and smaller ; base considerably flattened, of a
lighter color, and with finer strice ; imibilicus broad, fun- ^.^^ ^^^
ncl-shaped, distinctly bounded by a spiral line, and par-
tially covered by the reflected inner lip ; aperture nearly
circular, very oblique ; lip sharp, slightly jagged ; throat jv^. «^-
pcarly, with greenish and golden reflections ; operculum ^"'"'
thin, horny, multi-spiral. Height, three tenths of an inch ; base,
four tenths of an inch.

Found in great numbers in the stomachs of fishes, and also alive
on Phillips's Beach. Mr. Sowerby received it from the Arctic Ocean.
Halifax {Willis^ ; Eastport (^Cooper') ; Cape Cod, northward {Stimp-

SOil^.

This beautiful shell cannot be mistaken for any other species on
the American Atlantic coast. Its color, its regular spiral lines, un-
dulated sutural region, and pearly aperture render it a very beauti-
ful shell, having more of the aspect of a tropical than of a northern
shell. Mr. Sowerby's description and figure were published in the
same month in which Mr. Couthouy read his description to the
Boston Society of Natural History ; and we must, therefore, allow
his name the right of priority.

There is considerable variety in the coloring ; the freshest young
shells are of a rose-red, and of a more depressed form ; the majority
are of a brownish-red ; the undulations are seldom, but sometimes
wanting,

Margarita helicina.

Fig. 173*

Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth and shining, translucent, of a light horn
color, with very fine revolving lines on the base ; aperture circular.

Margarita arctica, Leach, in Ross's Voyage of Discovery, 8vo. 1819 ; Appcnrlix. — Sow-
erby, Malacol. and Conchol. Mag. part i. 2.5 ; Conchol. Illust. {Martjarita), fig. 6. —
Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 255, fig. 173*. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 108, pi. 6, fig. 107.

Marf/arita helicoklcs, Beck, MS.

Turbo injlatus, Totten, Sillim. Journ. xxvi. 3G8, figs. 5, a, b, c.

Pahidina infjuta, MenKE.

Turbo heliciniis, O. Fabricius.

Margarita helicina, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell small, orl)icular, depressed, thin, and translucent, smooth
and shining, of a light yellowish horn color or light olive ; whorls
four or five, very convex, the last very large and tumid, a little flat-

Fig. 543.

M. campanulata.f

282 TROCHID.E.

tencd above ; minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth, and at its

base marked with very fine spiral lines ; suture well impressed ;

aperture large, circular, somewhat expanded ; edge

Fig. 542. sharp and simple, a little reflected at the uml^ilicus,

•[ which is large and profound, not bounded by an an-

i gular ridge ; operculum horny, multi-spiral. Length,

M. heiicina. ouc fifth of an lucli ; breadth, nearly three tenths of

an inch.

Found abundantly on all our sandy beaches. In
some seasons, however, I have looked for them al-
most in vain. Their proper habitat is the deep sea,
as they are thrown up alive, on the large leaves of
Laminaria. Tliey were received by Leach and Beck from Green-
land, Baffin's Bay, and the Arctic Seas. I have obtained them of a
much larger size than is given by any other observer.

It is a very pretty shell, generally iridescent, or reflecting a me-
tallic, bronze lustre. It has more the aspect of a land or fresh-water
shell than that of a sea-shell. It is not likely to be confounded
with any other species except the following.

I have given this species as the M. arctica, Leach, in accordance
with the opinion of Mr. Sowerby, who compared our shells with the
authentic specimens in the British Museum.

I must confess, also, that in comparing the descriptions of M. vvl-
g-aris and 31. arctica in the " Malac. and Conch. Magazine," and
specimens of M. vulgaris, sent me by Mr. Sowerby with small speci-
mens of the above-described shell, I can perceive no essential dis-
tinction, excepthig in size ; the first is said to be palish, the second
olivaceous.

[It is now referred to the Turbo helicinus of Fabricius.

Margarita argentata.

Fig. 174*.

Shell depressed, conical, of a pearly-white color, covered with microscopic, re-
volving lines; umbilicated.

Margarita argentata, Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 256, fig. 174*. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell minute, conical, with an olituse tip, of a dead pearly-white
color ; composed of four convex whorls, the last of Avhich is very

t rifr. .543 represents the allied species i\f. campaiuilotn, Morse, nsuallv confounded wi;h
M. arctica. It appears not to have been recognized by Dr. Gould. — W. G. B.

MARGARITA. 283

slightly angular; the next above is elevated, but the uppermost, and
frequently the two uppermost, are not elevated above the succeed-
ing whorl, so that the apex is obtuse ; everywhere covered
with crowded and very fine revolving lines ; suture deep ; ^ '^
aperture circular ; lip sharp, simple ; interior pearly and ^p^ ^-^
iridescent ; umbilicus moderately large. Length, one ^j. argentata.
tenth of an inch ; breadth, one eighth of an inch.

Found in fishes caught off Cape Ann and Cohasset, in consider-
able numbers. Fishing Banks ( IVillis) ; Grand Manan to Cape
Cod (^Stimpson).

It is the smallest of the species of this genus that we find. It is
most obviously distinguished from small specimens of the last spe-
cies by its dead surface, which may w^ell be compared to chased
silver ; and, on a more intimate examination, it is found to have
more uniform and decided revolving lines, and its spire is more
elevated.

I was at first disposed to regard it as the M. carnea^ Lowe (Zool.
Journ. ii. 107, pi. 5, figs. 12, 13, 132). But, in the following essen-
tial characters belonging to that, it differs from our shell, viz., an
acutely pointed spire, an angular aperture, and a uniform yellowish
flesh-color. The revolving lines, too, are said to be elevated and
sub-distant, terms which allow of much latitude of meaning, but
which we should not be likely to apply to the crowded, microscopic
lines on our shell. They appear cpiite conspicuous on the figure
quoted. The young of M. undulata would answer better to that
description. If it is not M. carnea, it has not been described ; Mr.
Sowcrby hesitates to call it so.

Margarita obscura.

Fig. 171*.

Shell depressed-conical, solid ; spire obscure, reddish-brown, base ash-colored ;
whorls angulated by two or -three revolving ridges; lines of growth coarse; aper-
ture circular, pearly within.

Ttirho ohscurus, CouTiiouY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 100, pi. 3, fiir. 2.

Margarita obscura, Gould, Inv. 1st etl. 253, fig. 171*. — StiiMpsox, Clieck Lists, 4.

Shell small, solid, orbicular, low-conical, of a dull reddish-brown
above, and of a light ash color at base ; whorls five, convex, and
rendered angular about the middle by a prominent revolving ridge ;
on the lower whorl are often one or two less conspicuous ridges,

284 TROCHID.E.

and numerous very fine lines ; on the base these are so faint as to

be usually imperceptible without a magnifier ; these, with rather

coarse lines of growth, somewhat prominent at intervals,

often produce an indented or cellular appearance on the sur-

face ; umbilicus large and deep, bounded by a sharp, angu-
M.obscu- lar ridge ; aperture circular ; lip simple and sharp ; within iri-
descent ; operculum horny, multi-spiral. Height, five tenths
of an inch ; diameter of base, seven twentieths of an inch.

Found rather plentifully in fishes caught off Nahant. All of New
England coast (^Stunpson) ; Fishing Banks (^Willis).

It has a general resemblance to M. cinerea, but it is more solid,
less elevated, less angular, revolving lines fewer and less elevated,
the base smoother, the aperture more simple and circular, and the
color very different.

It may perhaps be identical with M. costellata, Sowerby, described
in the " Malacological and Conchological Journal," No. 1, and fig-
ured hi his " Conchological Illustrations " {Margaritci) , fig. 15. On
inspection, Mr. Sowerby, though not having his shell at hand for
comparison, regards it as distinct from M. costellata.

When the exterior is worn off, the shell beneath is found to be of
a brilliant silvery lustre, with crimson reflections, rendering it one
of the most attractive shells found in our waters.

Margarita acuminata.

Shell small, orbicular, thin, whitish ; spire pointed ; whorls four, rounded,
smooth; suture strongly impressed; aperture orbicular, iridescent within; um-
bilicus small.

Marr/arifa acuminata, Mighels and Adams, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 46, pi. 4, fig. 1.5
(1842). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell, small, orbicular, sub-conical, thin, of a grayish-white or
russet color ; spire acuminate ; whorls four, well rounded, smooth,
Fi 546 covered with a thin, semi-transparent epidermis ; striae of
growth very fine and compact; suture well im])ressed ; aper-
ture orbicular, considerably oblique, beautifully iridescent
M. aru- within ; operculum horny, spiral. Height, twenty-five hun-
mmata. ^Y(n\.t\\'f^ of au iuch ; diamctcr, twenty-six hundredths of an
inch ; divergence, eighty degrees.

Gulf of St. Lawrence, taken from the stomach of a codfisli, by
Mr. Foster, in the summer of 1841. Only a single specimen was
found, which is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels.

TROCHUS. 285

Identical with the species described by Mr. Sowcrby, " Conch.
Ilhistr.," fig. 7, under the above name. Altliough Mr. Sowerby's
figure agrees well with our shell, his description does not in all
respects. For instance, " anfractibus quinque.'" Our shell has but
four turns. Again, " Long. 0.55, lat. 0.5 poll." Thus we see that
Mr. Sowerby's shell is not only twice as large as our specimen, but
proportionally higher. Tlie breadth of our shell in its longest basal
diameter is greater than the height. But as we have only a single
specimen, we prefer to publish it with the assumption that it is iden-
tical with M. acuminata, rather than produce confusion by hazard-
ing a new name for an old shell. (^Migheh and Adams.')

Margarita varicosa.

Shell small, thin, conic ; whorls four, convex, longitudinally ribbed, transversely
striate ; sutui-e sub-canaliculated ; umbilicus large, deep.

Margarita varicosa, Mighels and Adams, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 46, pi. 4, fig. 14
(1842). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell small, thin, low, conical, of a dingy white or drab color ;
whorls four, convex, covered with numerous longitudinal,
oblique ribs, intersected by a great number of transverse, ^'^-547.
revolving striae, which are most conspicuous on the lower
part and base of the lower whorl. The stri^ on the upper
part of the whorls can only be seen with a magnifier. Sut-
ure distinct, sub-canaliculate ; umbilicus rather large and
deep, bounded by two rather rugged varices, intersected by the ribs
which are continued to the verge of the umbilicus ; aperture circu-
lar ; labrum simple, sharp ; within perlaceous. Height, twenty-five
hundredths of an inch ; diameter of base equal to the height ; di-
vergence, ninety degrees. {Mighels and Adams.')

Bay Chaleur, taken from the stomach of a codfish {Mig-hels and
Adams) ; Fishing Banks ( Willis) .

Oenus TROCHUS, Lin. 1758.

Shell conical, axis imperforate, last whorl angulated at the
periphery ; columella superiorly spirally twisted, forming a canal,
anteriorly simple, straight, ending in a point.

286 PALUDINID.E.

Troclius occidentalis.

Shell pale, imperforate ; Avhorls seven, convex ; carinte light brown, smooth
above ; suture impressed ; columella callous.

Trochus occidentalis, Mighels and Adams, Best. Journ. iv. 47, pi. 4, fig. 16 (1842). —

Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.
Margarita alabastrum, Beck, &c.

Shell rather small, somewhat solid, sub-translucent, pale horn
color, with light brown revolving caringe, of which there are three
on the upper whorls, and four to six on the lower one ;
Fiff. 548. ^yiiorls seven, convex ; suture distinct ; spire three fifths
the length of the shell ; apex acute ; last whorl with a
smooth space between the cariiia3 and two or three coarse
revolving strise around the umbilical region ; aperture mod-
erately depressed, transversely ovate ; labrum crenulated
by the carinas ; columella callous ; umbilical region in-
dented. Height, five tenths of an inch ; greatest basal diameter,
forty-three hundredths of an inch ; divergence, sixty degrees.

Casco Bay, taken from stomachs of haddock, in the summer of
1840, and subsequently (^Mighels and Adams').

T. occident-
alis.

Family PALUDINID^, Kisso

*

Shell conical or sub-discoidal, the margins of the aperture united
posteriorly ; operculated ; inhabiting fresh water.

Oeiius VALVATA, Muller. 1774.

Shell conical, whorls cylindrical, loosely cohering ; aperture cir-
cular, its margin entire ; operculum orbicular.

Valvata tricarinata.

Fig. 156.

Shell sub-discoidal, thin, pale pea-green ; whorls three, the last tri-carinate ;
umbilicus large.

Ci/clostoma tricarinata, Say, J. Acad. N. S. Pliil. i. 13, 1817; Nich. Encyc. ed. 3; Bin-
net's cd. 68, 59, 56.

* In prcparinfr this family I have ]arp:ely borrowed from the "Land and Fresh-water
Shells of North America," Part III. Professor Henry has allowed the use of some of the
woodcuts prepared for that work. — W. G. B.

VALVATA. 287

Valcatatrknriimta, Say, Jonrn. Acad. ii. 17.3; Bixney's cd. G8. — Desiiayes, in Lam.
viii. 507 ; Tr. El. dc Coiicli. pi. 7-2, figs. 4 -G. — Mexke, Zeit. f. Mai. 1845, 121. —
Halueman, Moa. iii. pi. 1, figs. 1-4. — Gould, Inv. 225, fig. 156. -De Kay, N.
Y. Moll. 118, pi. 6, fig. 130. — Anonymous, Can. Nat. ii. 213, fig. — Adams, Thomp-
son's Vt. 152. — W. G. Binney, L. and Fr. Shells, iii. 9, figs. 12-16 (1865).

Vnlvata carinata, Sowekby, Gen. Shells, xli. fig. 2.

Valrnta unirarinata, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 118, pi. G, fig. 129.

Vali.Hita birarinata, Lea ? Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. 21 ; Obs. iv. 21 ; Proc. ii. 81, 83 ; Arch,
f. Nat. 1845, ii. 129.

Tmpidina carinata, Ciiexu, Man. dc Conch, ii. 312, fig. 2232.

Shell small, depressed, thin, transparent, and shhiing, of an em-
erald or lio-ht pea-G'reen color ; whorls three or four, flattened

° ^ ~ Fig. 549.

at the summit, faintly marked by lines of growth, and sepa-
rated by a distinct suture ; each of the interior whorls has
one or two prominently raised, rounded, revolving lines or
keels, and the exterior one has three, one of which issues
from the lower junction of the lip and borders the umbilicus ; a
second originates from the upper jimction of the lip, and circum-
scribes the whorl ; the third midway between this and the
suture, thus giving the whorls a prismatic or quadrangular
instead of a cylindrical appearance ; aperture circular, mod-
ified by the keels ; lip simple, surrounding the aperture,
except a small space between the two lower keels ; umbil- of^v-T/^T-
icus broad, deep, funnel-shaped. Height, one tenth of an EniTr^ed.
inch ; breadth, seven fortieths of an inch.

Yar. simplex^ without the keels. Professors Benedict and Adams
have found this species in Vermont ; and in very many instances it
is perfectly simple and cylindrical, individuals occurring with every
degree of carination, showing that it is still the same species. In
this State, the large, funnel-shaped umbilicus is the best charac-
teristic.

It is found in most of our small lakes, usually under stones, or
sheltered by the deserted shells of some of the fresh-water mussels.
It has also been found from Pennsylvania to Council Bluff and
Methy Lake (lat. 57°).

The shell is usually rendered somewhat opaque by an earthy coat-
ing, which seems to answer the purpose of an epidermis ; but, when
this is removed, the surface is shining and pearly, of an emerald-
green color, lighter on the keels. It is one of our most curious
shells.

288 PALUDINIDiE.

Valvata pupoidea.*

Fig. 155.

Shell minute, elevated, chestnut colored ; whorla four or five, the last nearly
disjoined.

Valvata pupoidea, Gould, Am. Journ. Sc. 1st ser. xxxviii. 196, 1840; Inv. Mass. 226,
fig-. 155; Otia, 180. — Haldemax, Mon. 10, pi. 1, fips. 11 - 13. — De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 119. — Chexu, Man. de Conch, ii. 311, «<?• 2230. — Anonymous, Can. Nat.
ii. 214, fig. — W. G. BiNNEY, L. and Fr. Shells, iii. 13, fig. 19 (1865).

Shell small, elongated-ovate, opaque, chestnut colored, when di-
vested of the rough, dirty pigment which usually adheres closely to
it ; whorls four or five, minutely wrinkled, the posterior one
^'^ifi ^^ small and flattened so as to form an obtuse apex ; the others
^ cylindrical, and so partially in contact as to expose about
V. pupoi- 0116 half of the cylinder ; the last entirely disjoined from the
Enilrged pi"Gceding one for at least the half of a revolution ; aperture
circular, lip simple and sharp ; on looking at the shell from
below, no umbilical opening is found ; operculum horny, apex cen-
tral, elements concentric. Length, one tenth of an inch ; breadth,
three fortieths of an inch.

Found at Fresh Pond and other ponds, on stones and submerged
sticks ; and has been for many years in our cabinets marked as a
Pahidina.

Animal very active ; head proboscidiform, half as long as the ten-
tacles, bi-lobed in front, dark, terminated with light ; tentacles
rather stout, light drab colored, with a line of silvery dots on the
upper side, over the large, black eyes ; foot tongue-shaped, as long
as the first whorl, dilated into two acute angles in front, light drab
color ; respiratory organ occasionally protruded to half the length
of a tentacle on the right side.

This species is widely distinguished from all other described ones
by its minuteness, its color, its elongated form, and its want of an
umbilicus ; of which characters the last two seem to arise from the
loose manner in which the whorls are united.

Found also in Connecticut (Linsley) ; District of Columbia {Gi-
rard) ; Maine {Mig-hels') ; and Canada (^Can. Nat.}.

* This species is made tlic tvpe of a new genus, Ljjo(ji/riis, by Professor Gill (Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Pliil. 1863). It does not appear to me that there are sufficient grounds for be-
lieving it distinct. — W. G. B.

MELANTHO. 289

Oenus MELANTHO, Bowditch. 1822.

Shell thick, solid, ovate, imperforate, spire produced ; whorls
rounded, smooth, covered with an olivaceous epidermis ; peristome
simple, continuous.

Melantho decisa.

Figure (see woodcut, p. 144 of 1st cd.).

Shell sub-conic, thick and strong, olivaceous ; whorls five, convex, covered
with minute, revolving lines, eroded at tip ; aperture ovate, half the length of
the shell, bluish within ; umbilicus none.

Limncva decisa, Say, Nich. Encycl. ed. 1, 1817 ; 2d cd. 1818, pi. 3, fig. 6.

Paludtna decisa, Say, 1817, Nich Enc3'cl. pi. 3, fig. 6 (Limna'a of earlier editions) ; Amer.
Conch, i. pi. 10 (1830) ; ed. Binney, 49, 159, pi. 10, fig. 1 ; pi. 70, fig. 6 ; ed. Chen0,
le, pi. 2, fig. 5. — Philippi, Conch, iii. 3, pi. 1, fig. 8 (1848). — Haldeman, Men. 4,
pi. 1 (1840). — Gould, Inv. of Mass. 1st ed. 227, woodcut, p. 144 (1841). — Ada.ms,
in Thompson's Hist, of Vermont, 151, fig. (1842). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 84, pi. 6,
fig. 131 ; pL 7, 134 (1843). — Chenu, 111. Conch, i. figs. 1-.5. — Mrs. Gray, Fig.
Moll. An. pi. 310, fig. 10. — PoTiEZ et Michaud, Gall, des Moll. i. 247, pi. 25, figs.
13^ 14. — KusTER in Chemn. 2d ed. 13, pi. 2, figs. 14 - 19. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 45,
a, c, d, excl. 45 6 (P. ponderosa). Mar. 1863.

Melanin ocularis, Menke, Syn. Meth. 134, teste Kuster.

Puludlna llmosa, Valenciennes, Rec. d'Obs. ii. 253, 1833, teste KiJSTER and Halde-
man.

Paludlna ponderosa, jun., Deshayes in Lam. viii. 516 (1838) ; ed. 3, iii. 455.

Paludlna heterostropha, Kiutland, Ohio Rep. 175 (1838). — Tappan, Am. Joui-n. Sc. [i.]
XXXV. 269, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1839.

Paludlna microstoma, Kirtland, Ohio Rep. 175 (ISIS).

Paludlna riifa, Haldeman, Mon. iii. p. 3 of wrapper, pi. 3, fig 1 (1841), 15.

Paludlna cornea, Valenciennes ? Rcc. d'Obs. ii. 255, 18.?3.

Paludlna Integra, Say, 1821 ; Binney's ed 69; Journ A. N Sc. ii. 174 (1821). — Hal-
deman, Mon. 10, pi. 3 (1840). — Adams, in Thompson's Vermont, 15-2 (1842). —
De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 84, pi. 7, fig. 132 (1843). — Koster, Chemn. 2d ed. 17, t. 3,
figs 11 -13. — CiiENU, 111. Conch, pi. 1, figs. 9-13. — Philippi, Conch, iii. 4, pi.
l,fig. 7 (1848).

Paludlna e/cnlcula, Conrad, N Fr. ^Y. Shells, 48, pi. 8, fig. 3, 1834 ; ed. Chenu, 23, pi.
4, fig. 20. — Kuster in Chemn. 2d cd. 14, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6 (1852). — Mijller, Syn.
Test, in 1834 prom. p. 39. — Haldeman, Mon. 15, pi. 5 (1840). — De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 86 (1843). — Chenu, lUust. Conch, pi. I, figs. 18, 19.

Paludlna he.ros, De Kay, olim, N. Y. Prel. Rep. 1839, p. 32 ; Moll. 85 (1843).

Paludlna decapltata, Anthony, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1860, p. 71. — Reeve, Con. Icon,
pi. 11, fig. 75 (1863).

Paludlna mllesll. Lea, Proc Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1863, 156.

Helix disslmllls. Wood, Ind. Suppl. pi. 7, fig. 18 (1828) ; Hanley's ed. 226 (1856).

Helix decisa, Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 196 (1826).

Lymrula rentrlcosa, Rafinesque, MSS.

Ambloxls (Aniblostoma) major, Rafinesque, MSS.
19

290

PALUDINID^.

Cochlea Virginiana, S^-c. Lister, Conch, t. 127, fig. 27 (1770).
Petiver, Gazophyl. t. 116, fig. 18.

Metantho decisa, W. G. Binney, L. and Fr. Shells, iii. figs. 79-82 (1862), excl. syn. sub-
solida.

FiK. 552.

M. flecisn.

Fig. 553.

Operculum
of M. de-
cisa.

Shell ovate-elongate, thick and strong, color varying from yellow-
ish-green to dark olive-green ; whorls five, regularly convex, inclin-
ing rather abruptly towards the suture, so as to form a
moderate shoulder ; surface marked with fine wrinkles
of growth, and occasional stripes of dark purplish, in-
dicating the position of preceding apertures ; also with
minute, revolving lines, which, in young specimens,
when viewed in the water, are seen to be garnished
with fine, pubescent hairs ; two or three of the whorls
at the apex are usually broken off, leaving an irregular,
eroded surface ; aperture oval, not exceeding half the
length of the entire shell, forming an angle above ; lip simple, very
sharp, until, as it rises towards the columella, it becomes
thickened, and, turning outwards, forms a smooth, rounded
margin, leaving no umbilicus ; a tliick enamel spreads
across the preceding whorl, margined with purplish ; in-
terior bluish. Operculum thin, ovate, beaked, with a
groove from the centre to the tip of the beak. Length,
one and one tenth inches ; breadth, seven tenths of an
inch ; divergence, fifty-six degrees.

Animal with a broad, tongue-shaped foot, drawn out into angles
each side in front, of a livid olive color varied with dark, vivid,
orange, transverse spots above, and minutely dotted with the same
beneath ; tentacula olive above, spotted with orange, lighter below.
Eyes on a niche at the exterior base of the tentacula.

Found in ponds and muddy streams, usually concealed under
shelving banks, or imbedded an inch or two among loose mud and
roots.

This is the only large species inhabiting the waters of New Eng-
land. It is less massive than M. ponderosa, its whorls more convex,
and its aperture less elongated. It is less globular when young
than Vivipara sub-purpurca^ and the spire in the adult more sym-
metrical. The young are excluded in a living state with a shell of
three complete whorls. It is peculiar for the almost constant loss
of its tip.

Found in all eastern North America, from the Rio Grande to
Nova Scotia and the Canadas.

MELANTHO.

291

[*The form known as M. integ-ra has not been found in New
England, but for the sake of comparison I give tlie following de-
scriptions and figures : —

Melantho decisa.

MeJantho decisa. Shell imperforate, elongate- Fig 554.

ovate, rather thick, smouth, siirtace hardly broken
by lines of growth, with microscopic revolving
striiE ; greenish, with irregularly disposed bi-own
streaks marking the edge of former peristomes,
uniformly chalky-white under the epidermis ; spire
truncated, one or two whorls of it alone remaining,
apex entirely removed ; remaining whorls three
and a half, convex, the last equalling two thirds
of the shell's length, imperforate; aperture oval,
oblique, more than one half the length of the last
whirl, bluish-white within ; peristome externally
of a darker color, simple, acute, somewhat sinu-
ous, its terminations joined hy a thin callus on
the parietal wall, entering within the aperture. Length of axis, thirty-seven ; greatest
breadth of body whorl, seventeen ; length of aperture sixteen ; breadth, eleven mill.

Operculum arcuated, convex, horny, concentric, nucleus nearer the columellar margin.

MelanfJio decisa, var. integra. Shell imper- Fig 555-

forate, elongate-ovate, quite thick, smooth,
surface hardly broken by lines or wrinkles
of growth, marked with delicate revolving
stria; ; greenish, with darker streak'^, mark-
ing the edge of former peristomes, uniformly
chalky-white under the epidermis ; spire
elongated-conic, apex perfect, acute ; whorls
five, convex, the last equalling two thirds
the shell's length, imperforate ; aperture
oval, narrowed above, oblique, more than
half the length of the body whorl, milky-
white within ; peristome externally of a
darker color, simple, acute, somewhat sinu-
ous, its terminations joined by a thin, transparent callus on the parietal wall of the aper-
ture, more heavily thickened and white above and below. Length of axis, twenty-four ;
greatest breadth of body whorl, fifteen ; length of aperture, fifteen ; breadth, eleven mill.

Operculum as in M. decisa.

Female of M. decisa,
var. integra.

Male of Tlf decisa,
var. Integra.

In general terms it may be said that the form . Fig. 556.

known as M. integra differs from M. decisa hy being
more elongated, having a perfect apex, a smaller and
Avhiter aperture, and more prominent revolving striae.
These characters are only comparative. The two
forms are not distinguished by any decided, constant, "^°"°^ "^ ^^ "'"^''■
specific characters. Fig. 556 represents young shells, which are more
globose, comparatively, than the more mature ones.

* The remarks in the brackets are hy me. — W. G. B.

292 PALUDINID^.

All the shells figured are from western localities, excepting Fig.
554, which are from the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers, and
Fig. 552, which is from Massachusetts.]

Oeiiiis AMIVICOliA, Gould and Haldeman. 1841.

Shell ovate-conic, thin ; spire acute, composed of a few rounded
whorls ; aperture small, oblique, rounded-ovate ; lips continuous,
simple ; operculum horny, spiral, with a few volutions.

Animal havhig an elongated foot, rounded posteriorly, with each
anterior angle produced laterally; head 'half the breadth of the foot,
and protruding beyond it ;' tentacula short, filiform, unequal ? the
eyes seated at the side of the external base ; oviparous. Inhabits
fresh water.

That this group of small shells should be separated from Paludina

and also from Cyclostoma^ in which genus they were included by

Cuvier, is clear from the structure of the operculum, but

Fig. 557. . ^

more especially from the structure and habits of the animal.
Among the differences the following are the most obvious : in
this genus the head precedes the foot in progression ; in Pal-
lum'^of udina it is the contrary ; in this tlie tentacula are all the way
'"ia'°' of a size, and without any enlargement for the reception of
Enlarged. ^|^^ cycs, lustcad of being taj^ering, with a niche for the
eyes ; they are also frequently, if not always, unequal in length ;
perhaps this is a sexual difference. The animal has the power of
rising and swimming in an inverted posture at the surface of the
water, which the true Paludina never does. So far as observation
has yet gone the Amnicola is oviparous, while the true Paludina is
ovo-viviparous. It is found crawling upon stones, sticks, and aquatic
plants, while Paludina remains upon the mud, and is usually ob-
served partly, or entirely, imbedded in it. On these grounds Mr.
Haldeman concurs with me in instituting the genus Amnicola. Its
position seems to be intermediate between Paludina and Mclania.

Amnicola pallida.

Shell thin, conical, whorls four and a half, convex, suture distinct ; umbilicus
narrow ; aperture ovate-orbicular, angular posteriorly.

Amnicola pallida, Haldeman, Mon. part 4, pp. 3 and 4 of wrapper (1842) ; Men. 12, pi.

1, fig. 7 (1844?). — W. G. BiNXEY, L. and Fr. W. Shells, ill. 83, fig. 105 (18G5).
Amnicola lustrica, Adams, Thompson's Vermont, 169, 152 (1842), teste Haldkman.

AMNICOLA. 293

Shell thin in texture, conical, rather robust, composed of four
and a half convex whorls, separated by a well-marked suture ; spire
obtuse, rather longer than the aperture ; umbilicus narrow ;
aperture Ovate-orbicular, forming an angle posteriorly ; a '° '
small portion of the labium continent with the body whorl
posteriorly. Color pale ochraceous, translucent.

Inhabits Lake Champlain {Adams). ^'da!''

Intermediate between lustrica and porata. It is not as
short and transverse as the former, which, moreover, is widely um-
bilicate, and has the aperture regularly rounded posteriorly. Ac-
cording to the description of Professor Adams, the labium some-
times scarcely touches the body of the shell. The spire is compar-
atively longer than in porata, the outline less transverse, and the
aperture not orbicular (^Haldemari).

Hartford ( Linslei/} .

Amnicola limosa.

Fig. 157.

Shell small, sub-globose, thin, smooth ; whorls four, very convex, suture deep;
aperture nearly circular ; inner lip barely touching the preceding whorl ; umbili-
cus large.

Paludina limom. Say, Journ. Ac. Nit. Sc. Phila. i. 125 (1817); Nich. Encyc. 3d ed.

(1819) ; Binney's ed. 61. — De K.\v, N. Y. Moll. 88.
Paludina porata, Adams, in Thompson's Hist, of Vt. 152 (1812) (teste Hald.). — Phi-

LiPPi, Z. fiir Mai. ii. 77 (1845).
Amnico/a porata, Gould, Inv. of Mass. 1st ed. 229, fig. 157 (1841).
Amnicola limosa, Haldeman, Mon. 10, pi. 1, figs. 5, 6 (1844''). — Anonymous, Can. Nat.

ii. 214, fig. (1857). — W. G. Binney, L. and Fr. W. Shells, iii. 84, fig. 166 (1865).

Shell minute, conic-globose, thin, translucent, smooth, or with
most delicate lines of growth ; varying from a bronze-green

Fiff. 559.

to a light olive-green color, but usually invested with mud ;
whorls four or less, very convex, and flattened near the
suture, so as to present a conspicuous shoulder ; the last a. umo-
whorl rather more than two thirds the length of the shell,
and as broad as long ; suture deeply impressed, almost chan-
nelled ; aperture nearly circular, both lips being about equally
curved, and uniting posteriorly at a broad angle ; lips sharp, in
some instances a little everted ; inner lip at maturity, barely touch-
ing the preceding whorl just before it joins the outer lip, leaving a
very large, deep umbilicus. Length, three twentieths of an inch;
breadth, five tenths of an inch ; divergence, sixty-eight degrees.

294 PALUDINID^.

Found in ditches and brooks, clinging to stones and submerged
plants, oftentimes in great numbers.

Animal a light drab color tinted pink, the head a little flesh-
colored above ; tentacula silverv, with a dark line runnino- alono- the
outside from the eyes, which are at the external base ; foot not
reaching beyond the first whorl, broadly rounded behind, dilated
into angles at each side in front ; head half the width of the foot,
and projecting beyond it, motions very slow. In delicate and clean
specimens, a dark mark parallel to the outer lip, and another Iji-
sccting it, and belonging to the animal, appear through the shell.

Under this species I include many small shells, hitherto regarded
as Paludincc, which are collected in this region, ascribing the very
great differences they present in color and size to differences of
locality and age. The shoulder of the whorls, the conspicuous um-
bilicus, and the rounded aperture, almost like Valvata or Cydos-
toma, are the most obvious characters. It is less solid, less elon-
gated, the aperture more circular, and the inner lip much less
closely appressed to the preceding whorl than A. limosa, Say. A.
Instrica, Say, is described as much smaller, much more elongated,
and more cylindrical. This I strongly suspect to be identical with
Valvata pnpoidea in an immature state. It approaches nearest to
A. Cmcinnaliensis, Anthony, which is larger and more conical and
elongated.

Fi'om Hudson's Bay and Wisconsin to Virginia ; Nova Scotia
{Willis).

Amnicola granum.

Pnludina rjrana. Say, Jonrn. A. N. Sc. ii. 378 (1822) ; Binney's ed. 110.
Amnicola (/ranmn, Hardeman, Mon. 17 (1844?). — Dk Kay, N. Y. Moll. 88 (1843).—
W. G. BiNNEY, Land and Fr. W. Shells, iii. 86, fig. 170.

Shell conic-ovate ; whorls not perceptibly wrinkled, convex ; sut-
ure deeply impressed ; aperture orljicular, hardly angulated above ;
labium with the superior edge appressed to the surface of
Fig^eo. ^1^^ penultimate volution ; umbilicus rather small, profound.
^^ Length, less than one tenth of an inch.
A- (c-a- Inhabits Pennsylvania.

num. m • • • • • 1 /• 1

3 This very small species is found in plenty in the fish-ponds

at Harrowgate, crawling on the dead leaves which have

fallen to the bottom of the water. It resembles P. histrica, l)ut is

a smaller, less elongated shell, and the superior portion of the la-

roMATiopsis. 295

biura is not an nnaltcrcd continnation of the lips as in that shell,
but is appressed to the surface of the penultimate whorl in the usual
manner of calcareous deposition upon that part (>Sa//).

Ranges from Lake Superior to Virginia. New Haven (^Linsleij^.

Fig. 560 is drawn from an authentic specimen given by Mr. Say
to the Philadelphia Academy.

Genus POilIATIOPSIS, Tryon. 1SG2.

Shell small, thin, smooth, long, sub-umbilicate. Spire turreted.
Aperture ovate, peritreme reflected. Operculum corneous.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria.

Shell turreted, sub-umbilicate ; whorls six, indistinctly wrinkled ; suture im-
pressed ; aperture long, ovate-orbicular.

Cijclostoma lapidaria, Say, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. i. 13 (1817) ; Binney's ed. 59.
Amnicola lapidaria, Haldeman, Men. 18, pi. 1, fig. 10 (1844 ?] ; Journ. A. N. S. Phila.

viii. 200 (1842).
Paladina lapidaria. Say, Nich. Encyc. 3d ed. (1819); Binney's ed. 56. — KiJSTER, in

Che.m.v. 2d ed .54, pi. 10, figs. 21, 22. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 86 (1843).
Mtlania lapidaria, Lewis, Best. Proc. viii. 255 ; Phila. Pr. 1862, 290 (no descr.).
Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Tryon, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862,452 (no descr.). — W. G. BiN-

NEY, L. and Pr. W. Shells, iii. 93, figs. 186-188.

Shell turreted, sub-umbilicate, with six volutions, which are obso-
letely wrinkled across ; suture impressed ; aperture longi-
tudinally ovate-orbicular, operculated, rather more than one a
third of the length of the shell. Length, about one fifth of ^
an inch. p. lapi-

Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Inhabitant not so long as the shell, pale ; head elongated into a
rostrum as long as the tentacula, and emarginate at
tip ; tentacula two, filiform, acuminated at tip, short ; ^'°' ^^^'
eyes prominent, situated at the external or posterior
base of the tentacula ; base or foot of the animal di-
lated, oval, obtuse before and behind.

Found under stones, &c., in moist situations, on the
margins of rivers. Like those of the genera Limncsa
and Planorbis, this animal possesses the faculty of AnimaiofP.
crawling on the surface of the water in a reversed posi- Enlarged.
tion, the shell downward (/Sa/y).

Tliis is a widely distributed species, ranging at least from Georgia

296 littorinidj:.

to New York, and from Missouri to Michigan. It is also found in
the postpleiocene of the Mississippi River bluffs.
Housatonic River {himleif).

Family LITTORINIDiE, Gkay.

Shell spiral, turbinated or depressed ; aperture simple in front,
never pearly within.

Ociiiis SKEIVEA, Fleming. 1828.

Shell minute, discoidal ; whorls few, and destitute of spines ;
aperture dilated ; operculum horny.

Skenea planorbis.

Fig. 189.

Shell minute, discoidal, concavely umbilicatod beneath, horn colored, whorls
three, mouth expanded.

Turbo planorbis, 0. Fabricius, F.iiina Gr. 394.

Skenea jilanorbis, Forbks and IIanley, &e. ; Stimpson, Shells of New England, 35 ;

Check Lists, 4.
Skenea serpidouhs, of American not European authors, Gould, Inv. Istcd. p. 247, fig. 189.

Shell minute, flat, slightly convex above, and broadly concave be-
low, forming a deep umbilicus, which displays all the whorls within ;
whorls three, smooth, a little depressed, light horn color ;
Fig 563. jjpg^ scarcely elevated ; suture channelled ; aperture turn-
ing downwards, circular, somewhat trumpet-shaped, in con-
tact with, but not embracing any part of, the preceding
whorl ; lip sharp, and receding so as to form an acute gap
^ofb?J^' ^^ ^^ joins the preceding whorl ; operculum horny, multi-
spiral, the apex central. Breadth, one twentieth of an inch ;
height, one thirtieth of an inch.

Clings to stones lying about low-water mark. I have found it
occasionally, but Professor Adams lias found it in great numl)ers
along iha southwestern shore of East Boston. Nova Scotia ( Wil-
lis^ ; Cape Cod, northward (^Stimpson).

Genus RISSOELLA, Gray. 1847.

Shell thin, spiral, conical, or sub-globose, transparent ; aperture
ovate, rounded and simple in front, peristome thin, entire.

RissoA. 297

Rissoella? eburnea.

Rissoa eburnea, StimpsOxV, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 14 (1851) ; Shells of New England, 34, pi.

l,fig. 1.
Rissoella ? eburnea, Stimpsom, Check Lists, 4.

Shell small, ovate-conoid, white, shining, smooth ; whorls Fig. 564.
four, rather convex, sub-angulated at suture ; aperture ovate-
elliptic ; peristome thin, simple, acute, effuse anteriorly.
Length, sixteen hundredths of an inch ; breadth, nine hun-
dredths of an inch.

This species resembles some varieties of R. ventrosa, but
is much more angular. Two specimens were taken in thirty
fathoms, off Cape Ann (^Slimpsoii').

Rissoella sulcosa.

Shell minute, ovate-conic, smooth ; whorls four, sub-convex, transversely fur-
rowed ; suture impressed ; aperture ovate-oblong, transversely banded within.

Phasianella sulcosa, Mighels, Bost. Journ. iv. 348, pi. 16, fig. 4 (1843).
Rissoella ? sulcosa, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell very small, ovate-conical, smooth and white ; whorls four,
slightly convex, with six or seven transverse grooves on
the body whorl, and three on each of the two next above, ^'"'
spire smooth and pointed ; aperture ovate-oblong, with
three slightly apparent transverse bands within, as seen 1
under a strong magnifying power. Length, one tenth
of an inch ; breadth, about one twentieth of an inch. „ ,

' ' R. sulcosa,

Casco Bav.

Examined with the unassisted eye, this shell would be likely to
be mistaken for some species of Citm-ida, but its true character is
revealed with even a moderate magnifying power, the lip being in-
conlinuous posteriorly. I have never discovered but one specimen
of this curious little shell ; this I found in the stomach of a had-
dock, in the summer of 1842. I presume it is the only representa-
tive of the genus that has been hitherto discovered on our Atlantic
coast (^Mighels').

Oenus RISSOA, Fremenville. 1814.
Shell usually white, solid, conical; spire pointed, many wliorled,
whorls convex and smooth, or longitudinally ribbed ; aperture ovate ;
outer lip more or less dilated and thickened externally.

298 LITTORINID^.

Rissoa minuta.

Tig. 171,

Shell minute, elevated, conic, thin, smooth, yellowish-green ; whorls five, con-
vex ; suture distinct.

Turbo m'umtus, Totten, SiUim. Journ. xxvi. 369, fij^. 7.

Cimjala minuta, Gould, Inv. 1 st ed. 265, fig. 1 71 . — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 1 10, pi. 4, fig. 117.

Rissoa minuta, Stimpson, Cheek Lists, 4.

Paludina staijnulis [forma ventr.), Middendorf, Reise, 34.

Shell minute, ovate-conic, elevated, obtuse at apex, thin, yellow-
ish-brown, or dark horn color when containing the animal ; usually
coated with a dark green pigment, or some minute vegeta-
Fig. 566. j^i^ . ^y.|jQj.ig fjy(3^ convex, faintly wrinkled by the lines of

growth, the two upper ones forming an obtuse apex, and
the lowest less than two thirds the whole length of the
shell ; suture distinct, with a slight shoulder to the whorl
jR minuta ^^^ar it ; aperture about one third the length of the shell,
oval, the lips united in mature shells by a loosely attached
enamel, which rises before an umbilical pit ; operculum horny, sub-
spiral. Length of large specimens, three twentieths of an inch ;
breadth, one tenth of an inch ; divergence, twenty-eight degrees.

Animal ; head proboscidiform, dusky-brown or blackish, half as
long as the black-tipped tentacula ; eyes on a partial peduncle or
dilatation on the exterior base of the tentacula ; region of the
mouth, the tentacula, and a stripe each side of the neck, leaving a
pyramidal dark line between, of a light drab color ; foot oval, bifid,
and dilated into wings before, rounded behind, dusky above and
pale beneath. Motions very active.

Pound plentifully on sea-weed, and on moist banks, about high-
water mark, especially on the thread-like plants which grow in
ditches and brackish pools about marshes, in company Avith Litto-
rina tenebrosa.

Whole coast of New England (Stwipson) ; Halifax (Willis};
Green Island (Bell} ; fossil, Montreal (Dawsoii).

It is closely allied to several species received from Europe, and
perhaps identical with some one of them; as the Liltorina BaU/iiea,
from Copenhagen ; the Turbo k/l-cc, from England ; and the Palu-
dina thermalis, from France. But, as the shell has been submitted
to Mr. Sowerby, and he did not pronounce it a European species,
but sent the last-named shell as the nearest allied to it of all the
species with which he is acquainted, and as it certainly is not iden-

RissoA. 299

tical with that, I shall not venture to claim for it any more remote
history than that i^iven by Colonel Totten.

This slicll is so plain as to present no striking mark of distinc-
tion, and it is conse([uently not easy to describe it. The only shell
liable to be confounded with it are the Odostomia fusca and O. bi-
suturalis ; a slight examination of the aperture readily solves any
doubt on this point.

Rissoa latior.

Cingula latior, Migiiels and Adams, Bost. Journ. N. H. iv. 48, pi. 4, fig. 22 (1842).
Rissoa latior, Stimpson, Sliells of New England, 34 ; Check Lists, 4.

Shell minute, ovate-conic, smooth, pale horn color ; whorls more
than four, convex ; suture much impressed ; last whorl

' ' ^ Fig. 56/.

broad, larger than the rest of the shell ; aperture ovate-
orbicular, left margin with a lamina ; operculum horny.
Leno-th, ciaht hundredths of an inch ; breadth, five hun-

^ ^ ^ K. latwr.

dredths of an inch ; divergence, sixty degrees,

Casco Bay ; taken from the stomach of a haddock in the spring
of 1841.

It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels.

This species has a slight resemblance to R. minnta, Totten, in
the absence of sculpture ; but the spire is shorter, more pointed,
and its divergence is much greater, giving a very different form to
the shell. It is, moreover, a much smaller shell. It appears also
to be allied to Turbo reticulatus, Montagu, but is distinct from that
species in not having as many turns by one and a half ; it differs,
also, in not being " strong"!// striate, both longitudinally and trans-
versely," and in not having the " aperture thickened by a rib." It
has been found very rarely, usually in company with R. carinata
and Cingula arenarius, Montagu (^Mighels and Adams).

Rissoa aculeus.

Fig. 172.

Shell minute, sub-cylindrical ; whorls convex, covered with regular, micro-
scopic revolving lines ; aperture ovate ; umbilicus partial.

Cingula aculeus, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 266, fig. 172. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. Ill, pi. 6, fig.

11.5.
Rissoa aculeus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell minute, ovate-cylindrical, elongated, light yellowish horn
color ; whorls six, convex and separated by a deep sutural region ;

300 LITTORINID^.

the two upper forming a blunt apex, the lowest rather more than
lialf the length of the shell ; the whole covered with regular,
crowded, microscopic revolving lines ; aperture one third the length
of the shell, oval, oblique, angular behind, the margin simple and
entire, barely touching the preceding whorl, somewhat ex-
panded, and on the left side elevated, and slightly turned
over an umbilical depression or chink ; operculum horny.
Length, three twentieths of an inch ; breadth, one fifteenth
of an inch ; divergence, twenty-three degrees.

i ound sparmgly on the partially decayed timbers of an
old wharf; and plentifully on stones, about low-water mark, at East
Boston. Gull Island (^Si)iith) ; whole New England coast {Stimp-
son).

It is a small, but well-characterized shell, distinguished by its
elongated form, its entire aperture, and the minute spiral lines with
which it is covered. It is nearly as long as, and much more slen-
der than, R. miiiuta. Brown figures two or three species which
closely resemble this.

[Animal white throughout, head moderately produced, deeply
bifid ; foot very little dilated at anterior angles ; eyes black ; mo-
tions very moderate ; swims inverted at surface.

Rissoa multilineata.

Rissoa nmltilineata, Stimpson, Bost. Proc. iv. 14 (1851) ; Check Lists, 4.

Shell minute, oblong-ovate, blunt, white ; whorls five, convex,
marked with about twenty minute, transverse strise ; aperture or-
bicularly ovate, peristome not thickened, effuse. Length,
Fig 569. ^^^^ tenth of an inch ; breadth, forty-five thousandths of an
inch.

This shell differs from R. aculeus in being shorter ; its
, . whorls are much more compactly coiled, and its revolving

R. multi- I ^ o

imeata. sfriffi ai'c strouger and more evident. The liij is also more

Enlarged. '^ ^

thickened. From R. Mighelsii it differs in having much
more numerous and crowded transverse strite.

It was dredged in five fathoms, off Great Misery Island, and also
near Nahant, on sandy and gravelly bottoms {Stimpson) ; Halifax
(^Willis).

EISSOA. 301

Rissoa Mighelsi.

Cingnla arenaria, Migiiels and Adams, Bost. Journ. iv. 49, pi. 4, fig. 24 (1842), not

Turbo arenarius, Montagu.
Rissoa Miijhehi, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 15 ; Check Lists, 4.

Shell minute, white, sub-cylindrical, sub-plicate longitudinally,
and minutely striate transversely ; spire elongated, conical ;
whorls six, convex ; suture impressed ; aperture sub-orbicu-
lar, half the length of the spire ; operculum horny. Length,
ten hundredths of an inch ; breadth, five hundredths of an
mch ; divergence, thirty degrees.

Casco Bay, taken from the stomach of a haddock in the ^.f^^''-
summer of 1841.

But few specimens have been found, which are in the cabinet of
J. W. Mighels {Mig-hels and Adams}.

Fig. 570.

R. e.rn ra-
ta.
Enlarged.

Rissoa exarata.

Rissoa exarata, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 15 (1851) ; Shells of Ncav England, 34, pi.
1, fig. 3 ; Check Lists, 4.

Shell small, ovate, fuscous, rather solid, imperforate ; whorls
five, rather convex, sub-plicate posteriorly and bound by in-
equidistant, elevated, transverse ribs, three on upper whorls;
aperture small, ovate, peristome thickened. Length, eleven
hundredths of an inch ; breadth, five hundredths of an inch.

A single specimen of this very distinct species was
dredged in three fathoms, on a shelly bottom in Boston
Harbor. It is distinguished by its very prominent, distant,
transverse ribs, which are three on the upper whorls and eight on
the lower. Its aperture is very small (^Stimpson}.

Rissoa carinata.

Shell very small, ovate ; whorls five, convex, carinated beloAV, plicated above ;
spire conical ; suture strongly impressed ; aperture sub-orbicular ; operculum horny.

Cinr/ula carinata, Migiiels and Adams, 1. c, in remarks.

Cimjula ssmicostata, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. N. H. iv. 49, pi. 4, fig. 23 (1842),

not Turbo ssmicosiattis, Montagu.
Rissoa pelajica, Stimpson, Bost. Proc. iv. 15 ; Shells of New England, 34.
Rissoa carinata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell very small, ovate-conical, of a ferruginous red color, very
thin, whorls for the most part five, convex j with longitudinal ribs

302 LITTORINIDiE.

on the upper half, and revolving impressed striee on the lower half;

last whorl carinate ; spire conical, obtuse, suture well impressed ;

aperture nearly orljicular ; labrum thin, sharp : labium

Fig. 572. ' 1 '

smooth, operculum horny. Length, eleven hundredths of
an inch ; breadth, seven tenths of an inch ; divergence, forty-
five degrees.

nai'a'' Casco Bay ; taken from the stomachs of haddock in the
'^"'"^^'- summer of 1841.

We offer this with some hesitation as identical with Turbo semi-
cosiatiis, Montagu. If it should finally prove to be distinct, we
would propose to call it Cmg-ula carinata (^Mi^hels and Adams').
Grand Manan (^Stimpsoti).

Oenus LiACiri^A, Turton. 1827.

Shell globose or conical, thin ; spire consisting of a few rapidly
enlarging whorls ; aperture semi-lunar ; inner lip oblique, flattened ;
umbilicus forming a lengthened groove along the pillar.

Lacuna vincta.

Figs. 169, 178*.

Shell small, ovate-conical, with five rounded volutions, encircled by four or
five purplish-brown bands, and very numerous, minute, undulating lines.

Turbo vinctiis, Montagu, Test. Brit. 307, pi. 20, fig. 3. — Turton, Conch. Diet 195,
figs. 92, 93. — Wood, Index, pi. 31, fig. 69. — Dillwyn, Catal. ii. 844. — Maton
nnd TJackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 167.

Turbo quadrlfusciatm, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 299.

Lacima pertus'i, Conrad. Journ. i\cad. Nat. Sc. vi. 266, pi. 11, fig. 19.

Lacuna vincta, Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 262, figs. 169, 178*. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. Ill, pi.
6, fig. 119. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4.

Shell small, thin, ovate-conic ; spire pointed, composed of five
very convex whorls, separated by a fine and deep suture, of a dingy
white or purplish horn color ; the lower one encircled by
four darker chestnut colored bands, two of which revolve
upon the posterior whorls also ; the surface is also marked
by faint lines of growth, and numerous, flexuous, revolving
marks, which require a magnifier to render them conspicu-

L vmcta. i , • i t i i • i

ous ; aperture nearly orbicular ; outer lip sharp, thin, and
simple , pillar lip white, flattened, and excavated by a smooth,
crescent-shaped groove, terminating in an umbilicus ; as the two
margins join each other at the base, they form a slight projecting

LACUNA. 303

angle. A slight angular ridge revolves from the upper angle of the
aperture, on some specimens quite perceptible. Operculum horny,
sulj-spiral. Length, one half inch ; breadth, three tenths of an
inch ; divergence, fifty-eight degrees.

Var. fusca. Fig. 178*. Shell proportionally shorter, more solid
and opaque, of a darker, generally uniform color, sometimes yellow-
ish, and sometimes purplish horn color, occasionally with one or
two bands, or banded shades ; the mouth more angular, and the
angular revolving ridge more frequently conspicuous.

Found, driven up, on all our beaches, and alive among the roots
of Laminar ia and other marine plants, attached to stones and shells,
and dragged by storms from deep water. Eastport ( Cooper^ ; Fish-
ing Banks (^Willis} ; whole coast of New England (^Stimpsori).

It is easily distinguished from all our shells hj its peculiar umbil-
icus, and its elongated form, by which it is distinguished from the
next species. The size above given is larger than in most speci-
mens, but not so large as in many. It is undoubtedly the L. vincta
of the British shores, as settled by actual comparison and the opin-
ion of Mr. Sowerby. Mr. Conrad seems not to have been acquainted
Avith the L. vincta, when he described his L. pertusa, distinguishing
it from L. qnadrifasciata. The variety is found in about equal
numbers with the type. It does not depend on age ; for small
young specimens are proportionally short, dark, and solid. But
the approaches to each other are so insensible, that I do not ven-
ture to make a species of it ; but attach to it, as a variety, a name
some years since proposed for it by Dr. Binney. It may prove to
be a technical species, and perhaps is actually the Turbo canalis,
Montagu.

Lacuna neritoidea.

Fig. 170.

Shell globular-ovate, with three whorls and a half, the last very large, smooth,
yellowish-green ; aperture semi-lunar, oblique ; umbilicus large and deep.

Lacuna neritoidea, Gould, Sillim. Journ. xxxviii. 197; Inv. 1st ed. 26.3, fiff. 170. —
Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, thin, hemispherical, or obliquely-ovate ; whorls three
and a half, regularly convex, minutely wrinkled near the suture, and
with an occasional transverse scratch ; otherwise smooth, and cov-
ered with a rough, greenish-yellow epidermis ; the sutural region is
depressed and sub-channelled ; the spire is scarcely prominent above
the very large lower whorl, and is placed a little to one side ; aper-

L. neritoi-
dea.

304 LITTORINIDj;.

ture oblique, semi-circular, angles a little rounded; outer lip sharp;
inner lip straight, like a rounded white rib, broadest and twisted
behind ; at the side of it is a narrow, crescentic, white
Fig. 574. gpace, bounded externally by the continuation of the sharp
lip, along which a groove runs, terminating in a deep um-
bilicus ; operculum horny, sul>spiral. Length, one fifth of
an inch ; greatest breadth, one fourth of an inch ; diver-
gence, ninety-five degrees.
A few specimens of this shell have been collected at different
times on Chelsea Beach. It is probably floated ashore on sea-weed.
Ocean House, Swampscott (^Haskell) ; fossil, Montreal (^Daivson) ;
whole New England coast (^Stimpsori).

It is sufficiently distinct from specimens of Turbo palHdulus, sent
me from Europe for comparison, by its narrower channelled space,
and its smaller umbilicus ; and more especially by the aperture not
being at all trumpet-shaped, or angular, as in that shell. They are
so nearly alike, however, that it is very difficult to delineate, either
by description or figures, distinctions which are very obvious on in-
spection. I have received it from Dr. Loveii, labelled, doubtfully,
L. Montagui, Turton.

Genus LITTORINA, Ferussac. 1821.

Shell thick, top-shaped, spire of a few rounded whorls ; aperture
entire, rounded-ovate, large ; outer lip sharp, inner lip somewhat
flattened ; lips not continuous posteriorly ; operculum horny, spiral,

Littorina rudis.

Fig. Ifi5.

Shell strong and coarse, volutions convex and well defined, with revolving
ridges; pillar flattened, prolonged so as to form an angle in front; color yel-
lowish.

Turbo nidi's, Donovan, Brit. Shells, i. t. 31, fig 3 (1800). —Montagu, Test. Brit. 304.

— Turton's Lin. iv. 480 ; Conch. Diet 197. — Chemn. Conch, v. t. 18.^, fig. 18.5.5.

— Maton and IUckett, Lin. Trans, viii. 1.59, t. 4, figs. 12, 13. — Wood, Index, pi.
30, fig. 7. — Lam. An. sans Vert. 1st ed. vii. 49. — Fleming, Brit. Aniin. 298.

Turho obli(/atus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. ii. 241.

Littorina rucJis, Godld, Inv. 1st ed. 257, fig. 165.— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 104, pi. 5, fig.
103. — Stimpson, Check List-i, 5.

Shell broad-ovate, strong and coarse, generally yellowish or ash
colored, sometimes orange or olive, for the most part of one uniform

LITTORINA. 305

color, but occasionally banded with white, or blotched with some
lighter color ; surface marked with very perceptible and sometimes
conspicuous revolving lines and grooves ; whorls four or five, con-
vex, well defined by the suture, forming a moderately ele- ^..^ ^.^
vated spire, rather obtuse at its apex ; last whorl three
fourths the length of the shell ; aperture one half the same,
obliquely broad-ovate ; outer lip bevelled within to a sharp
edge ; the pillar margin is broadly flattened, and, widening
forwards, projects so as to form an angle ; within colored,
generally brown, except the bevelled edge, which is yellowish-white ;
operculum horny, sul>spiral ; sometimes a small umljilical indenta-
tion is found. Length, one half inch ; breadth, two fifths of an
inch ; divergence, sixty-eight degrees.

Found on rocks of the ocean shore. Prince Edward's Island,
Labrador, Newfoundland (^Willis); Gull Island (^Smith^ ; whole
New England coast (^Slimpson).

It is usuall}^ of a much smaller size than above mentioned. In-
deed, had it not been for a few large specimens sent me by Dr. L.
M. Yale, from Martha's Vineyard, which correspond in every re-
spect with specimens of L. rudis received from Mr. Sowerby, I
should not have recognized the species. The small specimens, such
as we usually find on the ocean rocks, answer well to Mr. Say's de-
scription of Turbo ob/ig-atiis, and were doubtless the shells intended
by him. They are usually darker colored, and more mottled, than
adult specimens. Mr. Say thought his specimens might be mere va-
rieties of his T. pal/iaius, with obtuse, elevated, revolving lines. He
must have inadvertently associated them with that species, to which
they have no affinity, instead of with his T. vesiitus, to which they
are closely allied, and from which they would not be distinguished
by the unpractised eye. The conviction that they are the L. rudis
has greatly diminished the number of what I had regarded as varie-
ties of L. tenebrosa.

The variations consist in the greater or less prominence of the
revolving lines ; sometimes these are almost imperceptible, and at
others they would bear the name of ribs. The coloring is princi-
pally yellow, of various shades ; some small specimens are quite
white ; many are olive and gray. Dr. Loven has named a flesh-
colored variety L. incarnata.

From L. paUiata it is distinguished by its more elevated spire,
and distinctly defined whorls, its striated surface, and the compres-
sion of the lip in front, so as to form an angle ; from L. tenebrosa,
20

306 LITTORINID^.

it differs in its less elongated spire, its larger aperture, encircled as
it were by a broad, tliick, flattened rim.

I have not seen tlie animal., but Montagu says it is yellowish,
without stripes or spots ; the tentacula of the same color, marked
with a dusky streak on the outside. If so, we should have another
decisive distinguishing mark.

After long and careful observation and study of the myriads of
specimens on our shores, so infinitely varied in proportions, color-
ing, and sculpture, I have become satisfied in my own mind to what
species they sliould be referred. The limits of the species too, in
adult specimens, are decidedly marked both by the shells themselves
and by the animals. But, as to the young, to use the language of
Montagu, " the shades and gradations are so intimately blended,
that it is scarce possiijle to determine what marks a characteristic
line of division." The anule of the front 1 reoard as the most con-
slant character of the last species.

It seems almost incredil)lo that Mr. Say should have drawn upon
the State of Maine for specimens of shells which are so extensively
distributed and so innumeral)le with us ; and still more incredible
that, from the few specimens which he probably received, he shoidd
have discriminated and described the three species so accurately,
though, if my conclusions are correct, some of them were previously
described.

Littorina tenebrosa.

Fig. 166.

Shell ovate-conical ; spire elevated, whorls tumid, with numerous revolving
lines, dark green or dusky brown, with interrupted cream-colored lines ; aper-
ture circular; purplish-chocolate within.

Ticrbo tembrosiis, Montagu, Test. Brit. 303, t. 20, fig, 4. — Wood, Ind. pi. 30, fig. 6. —

Maton and Rackktt, Lin. Trans, viii. 160, pi. 4, fig. 12. — Dillnvyn, Catal. ii.

818. — TuRTON, Condi. Diet. 197, figs. 3G, 37. — Brown, Couch, of Great Brit. &c.

— Fleming, Brit. Aniin. 298.
Turbo rcstittis, Sav, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. ii. 241 ; cd. Binnev, 82.
Litlorlmi tenebrosa, Gould, Inv. l,st ed. 259, fig. 166. --De Kav, N. Y. Moll. 10.'), pi. 6,

fif?. 106.
Littorina rudis, part, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 33

Shell small, ovate-conical, rather thin, dark olive or dusky brown,
usually prettily checkered with buff-colored broken lines, generally
oljscured by a gray or rusty coating ; spire elevated and pointed,
of five or six rounded, tumid whorls, marked with obscure revolv-
ing lines ; suture well defined ; lower whorl two thirds the length

LITTORINA. 307

of the shell ; aperture less than one half, nearly circular ; outer lip
thin and sharp, yellowish, thickening a little as it meets the flat-
tened and slightly everted pillar lip, forming a slightly per-
ceptible angle at base ; throat deep chocolate or ])urplisli- *'^" ^'^'
brown ; operculum thin, shining, horny, brown. Length,
one half inch ; breadth, seven twentieths of an inch ; diver-
gence sixty-five degrees.

This species is found about sluggish waters, wharves,
bridges, ditches, and ])ools upon marshes, on the mud,
and climbing culms of grass. It is often found on the marshes at
a considerable distance from any water, but I do not recollect that
I have ever found it at the open sea, where it was liable to sustain
any violence from currents or the surf.

Tlie animal has a dark olive head, and an olive strii)e on the ten-
tacula, from the eye ; the sides of the foot are beautil'ully lined with
the same, and it is very sluggish in its movements. It lives a week
or more after being removed from the water.

Actual comparison of our shell with the British Turbo tenebro-
sus, the authority of Mr. Sowerby, its correspondence with the de-
scriptions and figures above cited, and the similarity of habit, ren-
der their identity quite certain

Its distinctive points arc, the elevation of the spire, formed of
very tumid whorls, abrupt and not sloping at the suture ; the short,
nearly circular mouth, with its thin, yellow lip, the very partial flat-
tening of the inner lip producing a very slight angular curve in
front ; the dark purplish-brown interior ; and above all, the olive-
colored head and markings of the animal.

Its varieties of form are not great, consisting in the greater or less
elevation of the spire. In coloring it is not so variable as L. palli-
ala. It is generally very dark green, interrupted with dashes of
buff; but sometimes it is dark chocolate color, or light gray, and
the widest variety I have seen is a dark brown, with one, two, or
three bands of white. In sculpture there is considerable variation,
consisting in the deeper or more superficial revolving grooves. In
most cases, however, there are none distinctly visible to the naked
eye.

The limits of the species are not very readily declared ; but I now
suppose it to be a less variable species than I liad at first thought.
Some further remarks on it may be found under L. rudis.

Halifax ( Willis) ; whole Canadian coast {Bell) ; James's Bay,
fifty-two degrees, ten minutes {Drexler).

308 LITTORINIDiE.

Littorina litorea.

Turbo Uttoreus, Lix. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 1232, &c.

Turbo ustulatus, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. (ed. Desh.), ix. 214.

Littorina vulgaris, Soweeby, Genera Shells, Litt. fig. 1. /

Littorina littorea, Johnston, Berwick Club, i. 2G7.

Littorina litorea, Menke, Zeitsch. Malakozool. 1845, 49. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Solid, not smooth, yet rarely ridged ; whorls not rounded, but
more or less flattened ; base and pillar not so produced, and aper-
ture not so filled up anteriorly as in rudis ; outer liij

Fig. 577. ... ^

joining- the body at an acute angle, and more arched
below than above ; pillar lip not peculiarly broad,
usually white, its inner edge for the most part well
arcuated.

Like most littoral shells, the species of this genus
arc liable to great changes of shape and color ; the
former arises chiefly from the amount of elevation
displayed by the spire. Hence, the form ranges from sub-globose
to ovate-acute, which last we regard as the most ordinary and char-
acteristic appearance. The shell is solid, a little glossy, and its
coloring is either of a uniform tint, or disposed in rings. Impure
scarlet, black, fulvous, or brown, are the usual tints ; the two latter
are often zoned with numerous narrow fillets of red, or smoke color.
There are six or seven volutions divided l)y a fine and simple sut-
ure, and terminating in a more or less acute apex. They are spi-
rally girt with densely disposed raised striae, which, however, are,
for the most part, much more manifest in the young than i»n the
aged specimens, where the surface, from alirasion, exhibits merely
the intervening striae. The shelve of the whorls is considerable,
that is to say, they are much broader below than above ; they are
flattish, or ])lano-convex, and never much rounded. The propor-
tion of body to spire is very varialjlo ; occasionally they are almost
equal ; in the produced form the dorsal length is in general as two
to one ; in the globular form the spire hardly occupies more than a
fourth of the entire length. There is very often, especially in the
more elongated specimens, a slight disposition to retusion beneath
the suture of the body whorl. The aperture is large, ovate, dis-
posed to oV)liquity, and more or less contracted posteriorly. The
outer lip runs at a very acute angle to the body, and typically (in
the adult) is more arcuated anteriorly than posteriorly, the base of
the shell being broad in the more characteristic examples. The

LITTORINA. ' 309

pillar lip is broad, plano-convex, or flattened (not retuse), and
white ; it is not particularly thickened at its union with the outer
lip ; its free edge is moderately concave, its inner, or attached mar-
gin is greatly arcuated. The throat is smooth, and usually of a
chocolate-brown ; more rarely the entire mouth is white. The
larger of the specimens we have delineated is fully the average
size of fine individuals. As a general rule, it may be remarked
that in the banded varieties of this and rudis, the coloring matter
is usually disposed in narrow rings in the former, in broad zones in
the latter. The outer lip, in the present species, is more frequently
margined internally with the darker external coloring ; in rudis it
is more apt to be pallid, or tinged with orange-yellow.

The animal above is of a general dark hue, arising from close-set
brownish-black linear markings on a yellowish or tawny ground.
The lanceolate tentacula are irregularly ringed with these mark-
ings, as is the muzzle also. The operculigerous lobe is rounded,
pale, and tawny, with few markings. The sole of the foot is yellow-
ish white. Loven describes the tongue as having broad and quad-
rate central teeth, with strongly inflexed apices, consisting of a cor-
date central lobule, flanked by obtuse denticulations on each side ;
the uncini are nearly all alike, thick, and have unequally lobed and
toothed apices. (^Forbes and Hanlei/.^)

Halifax {Willis).

Littorina palliata.

Fig. 167.

Shell small, globular-ovate, thick, smooth; spire small and depressed, generally
of one color, or variegated with bands and spots ; aperture rounded, outer lip
sharp, pillar widely flattened.

Turbo palliatus, Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 240 ; ed. Binnet, 82.

Turbo neritoides? Lin. Syst. 1232. — Chemn. Conch, v. 234, t. 185, fig. 1854.

Littorina neritoides, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 105, pi 6, figs. 109-111.

Littorina littoralis, Forbes and Ham>ey. — Stimpsox, Shells of New England, 33.

Littorina palliata, Godld, Inv. 1st ed. 260, fig. 167. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell semi-giolDular, solid, smooth, and shining, with very faint
revolving lines, and lines of growth ; color variable, white, yellow,
orange, olive, slate, and brown ; usually of a single color, but often
striped, banded, or spotted in various ways with darker and lighter
colors ; whorls four, the last very large, and the others scarcely
rising above it ; suture faintly marked, scarcely denoting the limits

L. jtaUiata

310 ' LITTORINIDiE.

of the whorls ; aperture nearly circular, tlie lip bevelled within to a
sharp edge ; the pillar margin broadly flattened and white, contin-
uous witli the outer lip ; color of the interior correspond-
Fig^5<8. -jjg ^Q ^i^Q exterior color ; operculum horny, semi-heart-
shaped, smooth, sub-spiral. Length, eight tenths of an
inch ; breadth, nine tenths of an inch ; divergence, eighty-
five degrees.

Found along the whole coast. Their resorts are usually
exposed to the open sea. They are found on rocky shores in great
abundance, and at low tide are easily obtained from the rocks and
rock-weed, to which they cling, and on which they are seen in raj)id
motion.

The animal has the head orange, darlier above, and the foot of a
drab or cream color.

The varieties of coloring are innumerable ; combining the colors
above-mentioned in every possible manner. They consist princi-
pally, however, in bands of different widths, from hair lines, up to
a third of the width of the body whorl ; but the surface is sometimes
reticulated, or marked with triangular spots.

The great points of distinction are the smooth surface, short,
depressed spire, broadly flattened pillar, and, above all, the orange-
colored head of the animal.

Its proportions vary with its age. While young the aperture is
not much longer than the spire, but at maturity it is seven eighths
of the length of the shell.

This shell would by many be considered the same as the Turbo
neritoides of authors. It may Ije the T. ncritoides of Linnsus, but
not of Fdrussac and Lamarck. I have sent our shells to Mr. Sow-
erby and Dr. Loven, who are of the opinion that they are distinct.
To some of the small European specimens parallels might be pro-
duced from our largest ones ; but in general the spire of our shell
is less depressed, has no decided angle bounding the flattened spire,
and it is less narrowed forwards. Mr. Sowcrliy sent a shell labelled
Litt. expansa. Brown, from the Frith of Forth, which much more
closely resembles our shell. Dr. Loven has given to a dirty olive-
colored shell from the coast of Norway the name of L. squalida ;
but it is precisely the same as similarly colored shells of this spe-
cies. As there is still so much cause for doubt, it seems better, for
the present at least, to retain Mr. Say's specific name.

Halifax to Labrador Q Willis) ; Beauport, fossil {Daiuson).

SCALARIA. 311

Littorina irrorata.

Turho irroratm, Say, Binney's ed. 81 ; Joiiru. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 239 (1821).

PhasiuHi'lla sulcata, Lamarck i

Littorina irrorata, Stimpson, Clicck Lists, 5.

Shell thick, greenish, or pale cinereous, with numerous revolving,
elevated, obtuse, equal lines, which are spotted with
abbreviated brownish lines ; suture not indented ; fig- 579.

spire acute ; lal)ium incrassated, yellowish-brown ; la-
bium Avithin white and thick, at the edge thin, and
lineated with dark brownish ; throat white ; columella
with an indentation ; operculum coriaceous. Length,
four fifths of an inch.

This has the general appearance of Turbo liUoreus,
but is sufficiently distinct by the above characters ; l. inorata.
the calcareous deposit on the labium is obvious.

An inhabitant of our estuaries of the Middle and Southern States.
I have found them on the eastern shore of Maryland, and on the
coast of Carolina, Georgia, and Florida; and my brother obtained
a specimen on the coast of New Jersey, of the length of one inch
and one tenth nearly. Mr. Cuvier would place this shell in the
genus Pallidum. (Sai/.}

Connecticut (^Stimpson).

Family SCALARIID.E, Brod.

Shell without plaits on the pillar ; margins of the aperture cir-
cularly united.

Genus SCALARIA, Lam. 180L

Shell turreted, spire long, composed of rounded, sometimes sep-
arated whorls, crossed by elevated ribs ; aperture oval ; lip contin-
uous, reflected.

Scalaria Nov-Anglise.

Shell white, whorls convex, and barely in contact ; ribs numerous, slender, un-
equal, and with numerous, fine, revolving lines in the intervening spaces ; umbil-
icated.

Scalaria Nov-An^llo^, Couthouy, Bost Jonrn. Nat. Hist. ii. 96. pi. 3, fi^. 5. — Gould,
Inv. 1st ed. 248. — Soaverby, Thes. pi. 3.5, fig. 112. — Sti.mx^son, Check Lists, 5.

312 SCALARIID.E.

Shell turreted, elongated, thin, of a glossy white color, with here
and there an irregular rusty blotch ; whorls ten, cylindrical, barely
touching each other, crossed by eleven somewhat oblique, delicate
bars, of a pure white color, three or four of which, on tlie lower
whorls, are more robust than the rest ; the bars do not cross the
sutures, and each has a little spine at its posterior termination.
The space between the ribs is thickly marlccd w^ith very fine revolv-
ing lines, which are also crossed by still finer ones ; aperture nearly
circular, bordered by a robust rib, with a spine lilie the others, flat-
tened so as to form a blunt angle at its anterior portion, and par-
tially concealing a small umbilicus. Length, seven tenths of an
inch ; greatest breadth, one fourth of an inch.

Only one specimen has as yet been found, and this was taken
from the stomach of a fish caught off Cape Ann, by Mr. Couthouy.

It very much resembles S. multislriata, Say, but that shell is de-
scribed as imperforate, whereas this has a small umbilical opening ;
and no mention is made of the ribs being crowned by a spine. In
general form it is also like S. clathrus, but that is imperforate, and
is smooth between the ribs. To the S. mucronata, Risso, it is also
closely allied.

Scalaria lineata.

Shell conical, white, with eight whorls, traversed by sixteen to eighteen deli-
cate ribs, and the loAver one by a revolving, raised line and one or more brown-
ish bands; aperture oval ; lip strong ; umbilicus none.

Scalaria lineata, Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 242; Amer. Conch, pi. 27; ed. Binnet,
83, 180. - Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 2.50. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 126, pi. 6, fig. 125. —
SoWEUBY, Thcs. Condi. 101, pi. 23, figs. 19-21. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

SlicU elongated-conical, pointed, white or tinged with brownish ;
whorls eight, rounded, not disjoined, but defined by a well-
impressed suture ; about sixteen to eighteen very delicate
and slightly raised longitudinal ribs, not crossing the sut-
ure, traverse each one ; intervening spaces smooth ; a
raised line or rather step, originating from the junction
of the lips, revolves on the lower whorl, and defines the
upper edge of a reel dish-brown revolving band ; another
fainter band is usually seen just below the suture. Aper-
ture sub-oval, bordered by a strong, rounded lip, which is
a little expanded at the anterior angle. Umbilicus none.
Length, about half an inch; breadth, one fifth of an inch ; diver-
gence, thirty-six degrees.

SCALARIA. 313

Found by Mr. C. F. Sliiverick, at New Bedford and vicinity.
Buzzard's Bay, southwards (Stimpson').

It differs from S. Nov-Atigli(B in its more robust and firm struc-
ture, its more numerous ribs, raised shoulder, and bands on the
lower whorl, its absence of umbilicus and revolving lines, &c. It
belongs to the South, and is not uncommon there. Mr. Say speaks
of it as subject to considerable variety in the size of the ribs, the
breadth of the colored bands, &c.

Scalaria multistriata.

Shell white; spire acute; whorls eight; ribs numerous, the spaces between
them marked with fine revolving hnes ; umbilicus none.

Scalaria multistriata, Say, Amcr. Conch, pi. 27. — Soweuby, Thcs. 108. — De Kay, N.
y. Moll. 126. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell rather small, solid, white, acutely conic ; whorls eight, very
convex, in firm contact, but well defined by the suture ; ^.^ ^^^
ribs numerous, varying in number from fourteen to
twenty, equidistant, and moderately elevated, simple,
erect, rounded at edges ; spaces between them marked
with numerous fine revolving lines. Aperture rounded-
ovate, more than one fourth the length of shell, mar-
gined by a rib ; pillar lip thick and rounded ; umbilical
opening none. Length, half an inch ; breadth, eight
twentieths of an inch ; divergence, thirty degrees.

Two small specimens, which I think must be regarded as of this
species, were found by Mr. Sliiverick, outside of Dartmouth Har-
bor. Buzzard's Bay.

They vary in some respects from the description of Mr. Say. The
number of whorls is only seven, and of ribs thirteen. But ours are
small specimens, less than one fourth of an inch in length ; and Mr.
Say gives only sixteen ribs in his description, whereas an undoubted
specimen before me has as many as twenty. The specific charac-
ter seems to consist in the revolving lines between the ribs, and the
destitution of an umbilicus. In this last respect it differs from S.
Nov-Anglice, while it corresponds with that shell in the first charac-
ter, and in its general outline. Other and probably larger speci-
mens will be found, and all doubts may thereby be removed. Should
it prove a distinct species. Professor Adams has proposed for it the
name of S. puichella.

314 SCALAEIID^.

Scalaria Groenlandica.

Fig. 170*.

Shell elongated, regularly tapering to a point, of a livid color ; whorls ten, in
close contact, moderately convex, and traversed by flattened white ribs, the in-
tervening spaces with distant, coarse, revolving lines ; no umbilicus.

Turbo d'lthrus Granlandicns, Chemx. Conch, xi. t. 1878, 1879.

Scalaria planicosta, Kiener, Iconog. {Scalaria), pi. 7, fig. 21.

Scalaria suhulata, Cocthouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 93, pi. 3, fig. 4. — De Kay, N.

Y. Moll. 125, pi. 6, fig. 124.
Scalaria Granlandica, Soweuby, Thes. 101, pi 34, figs. 105, 106. — Gould, Inv. 1st

ed. 249, fig. 170*. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell tiirreted, long, and regularly tapering to a fine point, of a
dead bluish-white or livid-brown color ; whorls ten, rather flattened,
barred with eight to fifteen stout, flattened, oblique white
ribs, some of which are apparently double ; ribs not ter-
minating abruptly, but bending and flowing along the sut-
ural space to the preceding ones ; the intervening space
is marked by six or eight coarse, rounded, equidistant
ridges and revolving lines ; a single one, nearly as ele-
vated as the ribs, revolves from the upper angle of the
aperture ; aperture nearly round, bordered by a rib ; left
s. Grcfnian- lip a little cxpauded, and projecting into a perceptible an-
gle in front. Length, one inch ; greatest breadth, seven
twentieths of an inch ; divergence, thirty-four degrees.

Found thrown upon Nahant Beach, and taken from fishes caught
in Massachusetts Bay, and at the Grand Banks, abundantly. East-
port, dead ( Cooper) ; off Egg Rock, seventeen fathoms (Haskell) ;
Nova Scotia (Willis); fossil, Beauport (Daivson). Mr. Couthouy
found one alive at Phillips's Beach, the animal of which he describes
nearly as follows : —

Animal yellowish-gray, thickly and irregularly marked with dull
whitish spots, most conspicuous on the sides of the neck ; foot
short, thick, and nearly quadrangular ; head elongated, rounded
superiorly, not separated from the neck by any distinct line ; tenta-
cula two, about an eighth of an inch long ; eyes small, black and
shining, at the outer base of the tentacula ; mouth rather large,
rounded, corrugated ; operculum horny, strong, opaque, of few
turns. It was sluggish in its movements, and fed eagerly upon
fresh ])eef, especially if somewhat macerated.

Two imperfect shells in my possession, which I had supposed to

ciECUivi. 315

1)0 S. Tarfonis, I am now satisfied belong to this species. They
arc three or four times as large as the shells observed by Mr. Cou-
thouy, and ordinarily found. But by comparison with specimens of
S. Turtoms sent me by Mr. S(.)werby I find the color different, and the
brown bands entirely wantino: in our shell. In S. Turtonis the whorls
are more numerous, and more convex ; the ribs are more delicate,
and the intervening revolving lines are more numerous and far more
delicate. Moreover, Mr. Sowerby, in indicating it to be the Turbo
clnthrus GroRnIandicus of Chemnitz, and hence called Scalaria Grcsn-
landica, observes, that it sometimes attains the length of two inches
and a half. On account of the flatness of the whorls, and the suture
being partially filled by the ribs, this shell has the outline of a Terebra.

Family TURRITELLID^E, Clark.
Shell spiral, many-whorled, or tubular ; aperture simple in front.

Oentis CECUilI, Flemixg. 1824.

Shell when young discoidal, when adult decollated, tubular,
cylindrical, arcuated ; aperture round, entire ; apex closed by a
mammillated septure, marking the point at which the original spire
has been cast off.

Csecum pulchellum.

CcBcum pnlcMhm, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. 112 (1851) ; Shells of New England,
36, pi. 2, fig. 3 ; Check Lists, 5.

Shell in its adult state clavate, one tenth of an inch in length and
twenty-five thousandths of an inch in breadth at its broadest part,
arcuated, contracted at both extremities, and having a somewhat
angular appearance at its outer or dorsal outline, which is much
longer than the inner. It is somewhat thick and strong, of a pale
yellowish-brown color, and sculptured with about twenty-five strong
rounded ribs, broader anteriorly, but narrower posteriorly, than
their interspaces, not projecting sharply beyond the outline of the
shell, but giving it a waved appearance. Operculum multi-spiral,
of about eight volutions, corneous and concave on the outer surface.

The animal agrees nearly with the English species, C. trachea^
as described by ]Mr. Clark. The head projects but little in advance
of the foot, which is short. The muzzle is cleft and transversely
wrinkled, and has two black spots above just in front of the tentac-

316

TURRITELLID^.

nice wliicli are thick, curved, and covered with large cilia. The
Fi 583 ^y^^ ^^*® conspicuous, black, oval, and situated at nearly
the middle of the bases of the tentaculae, a little toward
the inner sides. The operculigerous lobe projects a lit-
tle beyond the operculum.

In keeping alive several individuals of this species
from April to Novemlier, I observed the following stages
of growth : First. A slender, thin, arcuated form with few distinct
ribs. Second. The anterior half of this form, left by the decadence
of its posterior half, with a part of the growing adult shell. Third.
The adult form. Thus septa would appear to be thrice formed.

This species inhabits the laminarian zone in New Bedford Har-
bor, where it was dredged adhering to groups of Vermeti QStimpsori).

C. pulchellum.

Genus VERITIETUS, Adanson. 1757.

Shell tubular, spiral at the apex, irregularly and loosely twisted
towards the aperture ; operculum horny.

Vermetus radicula.

Shell conic-tubular ; usually many tubes are intertwined into a group ; un-
equal strife run the whole length of the tube.

Vermetus lumhricalis, Gould, Inv. 1st ed., not of Lam.

Vermetus radicula, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 37 ; Check Lists, 5.

Fig. 584.

V. radicula.*

Shell consisting of a long, rough, ash-colored,
conical tube, marked with numerous, unequal,
raised lines along its whole length. At the
pointed end is a spire of eight or ten closely
connected whorls, upon each of which are two
sharp, elevated ridges. This portion usually
lies in a horizontal direction, and is attached
by one side to some foreign body. The coil
then becomes ascending and lax until it can
barely be called tortuous. The aperture is cir-
cular, with a sharp, simple edge, and is closed
by a horny operculum, having a central nu-
cleus, and concentric elements.

The length of the closely spiral portion is
from half an inch to an inch ; it is then con-
tinued indefinitely. Some of my specimens

* I am indebted to E. R. Mayo, Esq. for the opportunity of figuring a fine specimen
from Buzzard's Bay. — W. G. B.

TURRITELLA. 317

must be eight or ten inches in length. Diameter of aperture about
one fourth of an inch. It is very seklom that one specimen is found
by itself ; numbers are usually grouped and intertwined with each
other.

A very fine group was hooked up by a friend in New Bedford
Plarbor, containing not less than fifty individuals, inseparably inter-
twined. The living animals then occupied them. Professor Adams
has also found small ones in the same region. Several specimens
of Cumingia telUnoldes were entangled within the folds, and in one
of the tubes was a Crepidula plana. In the case of this shell we
liave the paradox of the apex or commencement of the shell being
situated beneath the base.

Ociiiis TURRITELLA, Lamarck. 1799.

Shell turreted, elongated, spirally grooved, pointed ; aperture
entire, rounded; lips disjoined posteriorly ; operculum horny.

Turritella erosa.

Shell elongate-turreted, pale brown, composed of about ten smooth, flattish
whorls, sloping above to the suture, and grooved with from three to five obtuse,
revolving furrows.

Turritella erosa, Couthotty, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 103, pi. 3, fig. 1. — Gould, Inv.
1st ed. 267. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 113, pi. 6, fig. 122.

Shell elongated-conical, turreted, pale horn colored, with a light
reddish-brown epidermis ; whorls about ten, flattish, smooth, ^. ^^
sloping towards the suture, so that each whorl seems a little
shelving over the succeeding one, and furrowed with from
three to five abrupt, revolving grooves, nearly as wide as the
spaces between them. From five on the largest whorl, the
number goes on diminishing above ; the whorls at the apex
are usually broken off, and much of the summit is a good
deal eroded. Lines of growth are quite conspicuous in the grooves,
but scarcely perceptible elsewdiere ; aperture nearly circular ; lip
sharp, meeting the prolonged pillar, so as to produce a partial an-
gle ; operculum horny, multi-spiral. Length four fifths of an inch ;
breadth, three tenths of an inch.

Found in the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay.
It is usually found either incomplete, or much defaced and broken.

T. erosa.

318 TURRITELLID^.

I have seen but one specimen containing the animal. Eastport
(^Cooper} ; Banks (^Willis) ; fossil, Beauport (^Daivson).

It is quite different from any described species, unless it be T.
Vir^iriiaria of Lamarclv. His description is not sufficiently definite
to identify his shell with ours, and the character " basi annulo
griseo-violacescentc notata^'' I have never found upon it. It bears
a distant resemblance to the old Tarbo terebra of English authors,
but it does not slope to a point so rapidly, and the sculj)ture seems
to be from grooves, and not from raised lines as in T. terebra.

Turritella reticulata.

Shell turreted-subulate ; whorls twelve, convex, with longitudinal folds and
transverse strife ; suture strongly impressed ; aperture sub-orbicular.

Turritella reticulata, Mighels and Adams, Best. Journ. iv. 50, pi. 4, fig. 19 (1842). —
Stimpson, Check Lists, .').

Shell turreted, very slender, of a dingy white or ash color ; whorls
eleven to twelve, convex, distinctly, though somewhat irreg-
ularly plicate longitudinally, with from three to five deli-
cate, impressed, revolving striae on the five lower whorls ;
from and above the fifth whorl the transverse striae gradu-
ally diminish in number, until they wholly disappear on the
upper two or three whorls. The whole surface of the shell
T. rHicu- has a reticulated appearance. Suture well impressed ; aper-
ture orbicular ; labrum thin ; operculum horny. Length,
seven tenths of an inch ; breadth, two tenths of an inch ; diver-
gence, twenty degrees.

Bay Chaleur, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; taken from the stom-
achs of codfishes by Mr. Foster, fisherman, in the summer of 1841,
to whom we are indebted for specimens.

This species is allied to T. erosa, Couthouy, but is easily recog-
nized by the longitudinal ribs, and by its more slender form.
(^Mig-heh and Adams.')
Fishing Banks {Willis^.

Turritella costulata.

Shell wliitish, with delicate transverse stripe ; whorls ten, the upper ones sub-
plicate, the last two rather smooth ; body whorl sub-carinated ; aperture sub-
ovate, produced anteriorly.

Turritella costulata, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 50, pi. 4, fig. 20
(1842). — Stimpso.v, Check Lists, 5.

APORRHAIS. 319

Shell whitish, transliieciit ; whorls nine or ten, nearly flat, or very
slio-htly convex ; suture well inii)rcssed ; last two whorls
nearly smooth ; the others louoitudiually })licate, with mi-
croscopic transverse striae ; last whorl sub-carinate ; aper-
ture rather less than one fourth the length of the shell, sub-
ovate, produced anteriorly. Length, seven tenths of an inch ;
breadth, twenty-three hundredths of an inch ; divergence,

. T. costu-

twenty-two degrees. una.

Casco Bay ; taken from the stomach of a haddock in the ^"''"•^'^'^•
summer of 1841.

Although only a single specimen has been obtained, its charac-
ters are so obvious that we have not hesitated to describe it. It
has no analogue on our coast, to our knowledge ; it, however, re-
sembles a very much enlarged T. interrupta, Totten. It is in the
cabinet of J. W. Mighels. (Mig-hcls and Adams.)

Turritella acicula.

Turritella aa'cula, Stimpsox, Bost. Pr. iv. 15 (1851) ; Shells of New England, 35, pi. 1,
fig. 5 ; Cheek Lists, 5.

Shell small, turreted, subulate, white, thin ; whorls ten, very con-
vex, longitudinally striate and bound with transverse ribs,
of which three are stoutest ; aperture rounded, eftuso ante- '^' ^
riorly ; peristome acute. Length, twenty-two hundredths of
an inch ; breadth, eight hundredths of an inch.

This species is distinguished from the young of T. erosa
by its much more convex whorls and prominent ribs. The
operculum appears not to be fimbriated at its edges. r. acku-

Tliis species has been taken from fishes caught off Lynn Enu-ged.
(^Tuffs), also off Cape Ann ; and 1 have taken several from
the stomachs of haddock caught in about twenty fathoms, off Marsh-
field. Cape Cod to Grand Manan (^Slimpson).

Family CERITHIID^, Flem.

Shell spiral, many-whorled ; aperture more or less channelled in
front ; outer lip often expanded in the adult.

Oeniis APOKRHAIS, Aldrovandus.

Shell turreted, spire long ; aperture long and narrow, termi-
nating in a straight canal in front, and in a channel running up the
spire posteriorly ; outer lip thickened and widely dilated.

320

CERITHIID.E.

Fig. 589.

Aporrhais occidentalis.

Fig. 205.

Shell spindle-shaped, the outer lip expanded into a broad, thick wing ; whorls
convex, with numerous waving, longitudinal folds, and regular, conspicuous, re-
volvnig lines.

Rostellaria (Aponhais) occidentalis. Beck, Lyell's Catal. of Fossils of St. Lawrence Bay,
in Geolog. Trans. — Guerin, Mag. de Zool. May, 1836, pi. 72. — De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 155, pi. 8, tig. 177. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 298, fig. 205.

Aporrluiis occidtntulis, .Soweruy, Thes. 21, pi. 5, fig. 2. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. 202,
pi. 246, tig. 3. — Stimpsox, Check Lists, 5.

Chenopus occidentalis, Ciienu, Man. i. 262, fig. 1647. — Lamarck, An. sans Vert. iv. 658.

Shell thick but light, of a livid or bluish-white color ; excluding
the wing, it is spindle-shaped, composed of eight or nine moderately

convex whorls, witli numerous smooth,
rounded, crescent-shaped folds, which
scarcely reach the well-marked sutures ;
on the largest whorl there are about
twentj^-five folds, and on the last but
one they become closer and fainter, till
they finally disappear on the back ; two
or three whorls at the pointed apex are
also destitute of folds ; beautiful revolv-
ing lines, of uniform size and distance,
also ornament the shell ; aperture cres-
cent-shaped, independent of the wing ;
this arises a little above the suture of
the preceding whorl, and passes off from
the spire at an angle of aljout one hun-
dred and twenty degrees, to a distance
equal to the breadth of the lower whorl ;
after forming somewhat of a spur at the posterior and outer angle,
it advances, smooth, and very thick, at nearly a right angle, in a
straight line nearly an inch, then, forming an ol:)tuse angle, passes
obliquely forward to the pointed termination of the columella, form-
ing with it a short, shallow, and oblique canal ; ])illar lip smooth
and rounded, convex above, and concave below ; tliroat livid ; a
thick, dusky epidermis. Length, two and one fourth inches ; breadth,
one and a half inches ; divergence, forty degrees.

Tips of this shell, some of them, liowevcr, wanting nothing but the
expansion of the lip, are all that have yet been found in our Bay,

A. occidentalis.

BITTIUM. 321

and along the coast of Maine. Complete shells are found in fishes
taken at the Newfoundland Banks. Sable Island (^Willis). Imper-
fect specimens occasionally on Nahant Beach (^Haskell) ; Eastport,
twenty fathoms, alive ( Cooper') ; Portland, Labrador, Sable Island
(^Dawsoii) ; Bay of Fundy ( Willis) ; St. Anne {Bell) ; fossil of
Tertiary Bay, Labrador.

It is a very extraordinary shell, resembling, in its expansion
without digitations, the fossil species macroplera, of which the ge-
nus Hippocrene has been formed. The animal is not known, but
from the alliance of the shell to the Aporrhais pes-pelecani it prob-
ably belongs to the same genus. As this cannot now be settled, it
is better to leave it still in the genus Rostellaria, from which the
pes-pelecani has been separated, on account of a difference in the
animal.*

The lip is very remarkable, and very much resembles the lip of
Stroinbus tricornis.

Oeiius BITTIUItt", (Leach) Gray. 1847.

Shell turreted, many whorled, granular, often with irregular
varices ; aperture with a slight canal in front, not produced or re-
curved ; inner lip simple ; outer lip acute, not reflexed or expanded.

Bittium nigrum.

Fig. 183.

Shell small, ashy or slate-colored, covered with a fine network of elevated
lines ; aperture rounded ; canal merely an oblique fissure.

Ceritkium relicidatum, Tottex, Sillim. Journ. xxviil. 352, fi<;. 8.

Pa-iithea nijra, Tottex (the young), Sillim. Journ. xxvi. 369, pi. 1, fi<r. 7.

Cerithium Saiji, Mexke ; Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 278, fig. 183. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll.

128, pi. 8, fig. 107. — Stimpsox, Shells of New England, 37.
Bitlium niijrum, Stimpsox, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, elongated-conical, somewhat turreted, the upper
whorls of a blue-black or slate color, and two or three of the lower
ones usually much lighter, wdiite, or ash gray ; whorls six or eight,
forming an elevated conical spire ; surface covered with a granular
network from the crossing of slightly elevated, rounded folds or
ribs, and elevated spiral lines ; of the ribs there are about twenty,
which vanish on the lower half of the anterior whorl ; of the spiral

* It is now universally removed from Rostellaria. — W. G. B.
21

322 CERITHIID^.

lines there are about six on the lower whorl but one, five on the
next above, and so on ; besides these, on the anterior whorl are
about six raised revolving lines about the base, partially
Fig. 590. gi-aiiiilated ; suture distinct, with the series of granules next
below it rather largest, so as to form a slight shoulder ; ap-
erture oblique, rounded, and flaring, about one quarter the
length of the shell, broad anteriorly ; outer lip sharp, mod-
£ ni nm, ^^^^ ^'7 ^^^^ revolvlug lines ; inner margin angular-concave,
with a plate of enamel, not pressed close upon the body
whorl, uniting the two lips above, and forming an umbilical fissure
Ijelow ; canal a mere oblique fissure or notch, not prolonged for-
ward so far as the lip ; operculum horny, ovate, apex at the centre
of the broader part concave outwardly, with four or five spiral
turns. Length, three tenths of an inch ; breadth, one tenth of an
inch ; divergence, twenty-eight degrees.

Foimd very abundantly at Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, New
Bedford, &c. It has not been found to my knowledge wnthin or to
the north of Cape Cod. Pictou {Dawson} ; Halifax (^Willis}. Its
proper station is on sea-weed, stones, and marine bodies, about low-
water mark. The young are sometimes seen in such numbers as
to conceal the sand l^eneath them. These are always reddish-black,
with a very different aperture. It seems not to attain its groAvth
the first season, and the second year's growth is usually distinctly
indicated by its much lighter color.

The name given by Colonel Totten, at my suggestion " ---'>-
cupied by an English species.* Its wide expanded nv
scarcely anything like a canal, renders its claim to a puiv^x. -_
genus Cerithium rather equivocal. These characters, with its sculp-
ture, distinguish the species.

Bittium Greenii.

Fig. 184.

Shell small, reddish-black, tumido-conic, elongated, with longitudinal ridges
and revolving lines ; canal very deep and very short, slightly curved.

Cerithium Greenii, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 11. 287, pi. 4, fig. 12. — Gould, Inv.

1st ed. 279, fig. 184.
Bittium Greenii, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, elevated-conic, sloping somewhat abruptly above the
middle, to a prolonged, pointed apex ; whorls ten or twelve, flat-

* In the genus Cerithium. — W. G. B.

TRIFORIS. 823

tencd, traversed by mimeroiis folds or ridges, of which there are
from twenty to twenty-five on the lower whorl, crossed l)y three
revolving impressed lines, prodncing three series of gran- ^.^^ ^^^
ules, of which the lower one is largest, so that the base of
each whorl seems to jut over the one below it ; the upper
series is nearer to the middle one than that is to the lower
one, and soon disappears on the upper whorls ; then the
middle one vanishes, and finally the lower one, so that the
whorls at the apex are either smooth or merely wrinkled ; ^ ^'■«««"-
two black threads, emerging from the aperture, revolve around the
base of the shell ; suture distinctly marked ; aperture about one
eighth the length of the shell, nearly circular, terminating in a deep,
very short canal, partly closed over by the lips ; outer lip sharp,
notched, and a little everted ; pillar twisted, regularly arched above.
Length, one fifth of an inch ; breadth, one twentieth of an inch ;
divergence, thirty-five degrees.

Found by Professor Adams in Dartmouth Harbor, clinging to
marine plants, a few feet below low water, Avith other species. Bos-
ton Harbor, southwards (^Stunpson) .

This little shell would hardly be distinguished when mixed with
the young of B. 7iigrum. Its color is the same, and it is not unlike
it in marking. From the full-grown shell it is readily distinguished
by its bulging shape, the apparent jutting of one whorl over an-
other, its smaller size, and by its deeply notched canal.

Genus TRIFORIS, Desii. 1825.

Shell turreted, sinistral ; aperture round, produced anteriorly
into a closed, tubular canal, sometimes with a posterior, closed
canal.

Triforis nigrocinctus.

Fig. 182.

Shell small, reddish-black, granulated; whorls twelve, reversed; aperture
small ; beak short and recurved.

Cerithiitm nigwclnrtum, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 286, pi. 4, fig. H. — Gould,

Inv. Lst cd. 277, fig. 182.
Triforis 7}igrocinctus, Stimpson, Check Lists, .5.

Shell small, conico-cylindrical, blackish-red, with three revolving
series of rounded, bead-like granules, formed by numerous ribs or

324 pyramidellidjE.

folds, which are cut by two deep, revolving lines into equal parts;

the middle series is wanting on the posterior tifth of the shell, and
the upper series is smaller than the lower, at last disappear-
ing also ; whorls twelve or more, reversed, convex, forming
an elongated, acutely pointed spire, somewhat swelling in
its outline ; suture broad, divided by a somewhat granular,
black ridge, which, in the progress of growth, changes its

r. n/^ro- place, and forms the lower edge of the last whorls; this

cinctus

ridge retains its color when the rest of the shell fades, and
then becomes a conspicuous belt ; an impressed line each side of
the sutural ridge, and two others emerging from the aperture, re-
volve about the base of the anterior whorl ; aperture oval, about one
fifth the length of the shell, ending in a twisted canal about one
third as long as the aperture ; outer lip sharp, notched by the re-
volving lines ; inner lip deeply arched, the pillar twisted, black, and
projecting. Length, three tenths of an inch ; lu'cadth, three forti-
eths of an inch ; divergence, twenty-three degrees.

Found by Professor Adams, in Dartmouth Harbor, clinging to
sea-weed, a few feet below low-water mark.

It is at once distinguished by its black color, slightly tinged red,
and its reversed whorls. It is closely allied to the Murex advei'sus,
Montagu, but is probably different, as that shell has the middle se-
ries smaller, and the canal straight. It is also of a lighter color.

The whole shell, when fresh, is of a uniform color, so that the
dark revolving line at the suture is scarcely distinguishable, instead
of something evident, as we should expect from the name. The
specific appellation, on this account, is not well chosen. In some
lighter colored individuals, however, the zone is very apparent.

Family PYRAMID ELLID.^, Cieay.

Shell turreted ; aperture entire or not produced into a canal in
front ; columella plaited.

Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming. 1828.

Shell conical, elongated ; aperture ovate ; lips disunited poste-
riorly, and sometimes produced anteriorly ; pillar with a tooth-like
fold ; operculum horny, sub-spiral.

ODOSTOMIA. 325

Odostomia producta.

Fig. 173.

Shell small, conic-cylindrical; whorls eight, nearly flat; epidermis light brown;
columeUa ilexuous.

Jaminia pwlurln, Adajis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. pi. 3, fig. 8.

Chemnitzia pwdiuia, Smipsox, Shells of Now England, 41.

Odostomia producta, Gould, Inv. Isted. 270, fig. 175. — IStimpson, Check Lists, 5.

SlicU small, elongated, conic-cylindrical, very slender, composed
of eight or more flattish whorls, separated by a well-impressed sut-
ure ; tip blunted, as if one or more whorls were removed ;
surface faintly marked by lines of growth, and covered ^'°' ^ '
with a dusky, horn-colored epidermis ; occasionally an in-
distinct revolving line may be seen on two or three of the
lowest whorls ; aperture about one fourth the length of the
shell, ovate, regularly rounded in front, the pillar margin ^■p[^^'"^-
modified by the rising and revolving of the outer lip around
it, so as to produce a partial fold. Umbilicus none. Operculum
thin, horny, spiral, apex at one side. Length, one fourth of an
inch ; breadth, one fifteenth of an inch ; divergence, twelve degrees.

Found by Professor Adams, in September, 1839, near high-water
mark, in a cove on the east side of Fairhaveii.

It is distinguished from O. bisuturalis by the same characters as
O.fusca is. To this last it is very closely allied ; and, as neither of
them has any very prominent peculiarities, it may not be possible
to make apparent in words distinctions which are quite obvious to
the eye. This is, however, a much more slender shell than O. fus-
ca, has one or more additional whorls, a much lighter colored epi-
dermis, less convex whorls, and no approach to an umbilicus.
While the two shells are about equal in length, the lower whorl of
O. producta is not more than two thirds as large as that of O, fusca,
so that it has a very much more slender and cylindrical form ; and
this it is which most readily strikes the eye on comparison.

This does not belong to the genus Jaminia of Leach ; and Brown
has given us no characters for the genus, as he employs it.

Odostomia fusca.

Fig. 176.

Shell small, elevated-conical, rather blunt at tip, and sub-umbilicated ; color
dark brown; aperture broadly ovate.

326 PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

Pyramis fusca, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 282, pi. 4, fig. 9.

Jaminia fusai, Adams, Ibid. iii. 337

Odostoiiiia fitsca, Gould, Iiiv. 1st ed. 270, fig. 176. — Stimpsok, Check Lists, 5. — De

Kav, N. Y. Moll. 116, pi. 36, fig. 342.
Chemnitzia fusca, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 41.

Shell small, thin, elongated-conical, rather blunt, or worn off at
apex, a smooth and glossy violet-brown epidermis covering it,
through which the lines of growth are perceptible ; whorls
six, probably eight when the tip is entire ; slightly convex,
regularly tapering, and separated by a well-defined suture,
' and sometimes by a revolving line just IjcIow it, so that the
suture seems double ; aperture ovate, widened at the middle

O. fusca. . -n T i

by a twist of the pillar lip, acutely angular behind ; simple
and sharp, widely and regularly rounded in front ; it ascends upon
the columella, and forms an oblique, nearly transverse ridge, as it
revolves within the aperture, and so deep as to be neai»ly concealed ;
space between this fold and the posterior angle of the aperture
joined by a thin plate of enamel ; an iimljilical indentation about
the middle of the left lip. Length, five twentieths of an inch ;
breadth, three fortieths of an inch ; divergence, twenty-six degrees.

This sliell was first found by Professor C. B. Adams, at New Bed-
ford, clinging to planks, not far al)0vc low-water mark, and from
him I received my specimens. They have since been found at
Dartmouth and Tiverton.

Compared with O. bisuturalis, Avitli which shell it is most likely to
be confounded, it is shorter and more blunt-pointed ; the whorls
are more flat, and the lowest in exact keeping with the rest ; the
color very much darker ; the aperture is broader and modified by a
twist of the left margin, without any prolongation at base. The
turning of the lip into the aperture forms a fold, which, in some
specimens, is not seen without looking far witliin ; in others it is
quite conspicuous, and in others it is even divided by a furrow into
two folds. The figure and description in the " Boston Journal of Nat-
ural History" were drawn from specimens much smaller and less per-
fect than some since found ; so that they arc both imperfect. The
spiral ridge or fold on the columella is there said not to exist at all.

These last two shells differ in some characters from the follow-
ing, and perhaps belong to a different genus. The shell is thin and
horny, the aperture regularly rounded in front, and tlie fold on tlie
pillar inconspicuous. In the true Odostomicc the shells are of a
solid, ivory structure, and the lip somewhat produced in front, form-
ing the connecting link with CerUhium and the Canalifera.

OUOSTOMIA.

327

Fig. 695.

Odostomia dealbata.

Chemnitzia dealbata, Stimpson, Proc. Boit. Soc. iv. lU (1851); Shells of New Eng-
land, 41.
Odostomia dealbata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell ovate-conic, white, smooth, pellucid ; whorls six,
rather convex ; aperture ovate, hardly effuse ; furnished
with a small inconspicuous fold. Length, seventeen
hundredths of an inch ; breadth, six and a half hun-
dredths of an inch.

It is broader than O. bisuturalis, but has not so
sharp an apex, and wants the revolving line ; dredged
in Boston Harbor, three fathoms, on a shelly bottom
(^Stimpson).

Odostomia modesta.

Chemnitzia modesta, Stimpson, Proc. Bo=;t. Soc. iv. IG ; Shells of New England, 41.
Odostomia modesta, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

O. dealbata.

Shell small, conic, white, smooth ; whorls four, flattened,
the last medially sub-angulated ; suture impressed ; aper-
ture uniplicate, sub-rhomboid. Length, fourteen hundredths
of an inch; breadth, six hundredths of an inch.

This species is more angular than O. bisuturalis, and
has no revolving line just below the suture, as in that
shell. It is very like the British O. iinidcntata. It in-
habits the Coralline Zone, at St. George's Banks (^Stimpson).

596.

Odostomia bisuturalis.

EiG. 177.

Shell small, ovate-conical, smooth, whitish ; with a single revolving line below
the suture; aperture oval, sub-umbilieated.

Jaminia e.rigua, Coutiiouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 92, pi. 2, fig. 7 (18.38). — Kijs-

TER, 59, pi. 10, figs. 25, 26.
Odostomia exir/ua, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 272, fig. 77. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.
Risson rupesfris, Forises, Ann. of Nat. Hist. ii. 107, pi. 2, fig. 13.
Turritella bisuturalis. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 244 (1821).
Chemnitzia bisuturalis, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 42.

Shell small, ovate-conical, somewhat turreted, rather obtuse at
apex, surface smooth, light green, under a brownish epidermis,

328 PYEAMIDELLID^.

lines of growth scarcely perceptible ; whorls five or six, separated
by a well-defined suture ; and, in most specimens, a distinct line
revolves just before the suture, giving the appearance of a
doul )le suture ; the lowest whorl is proportionally larger than
the others, and constitutes about half the length of the shell ;
aperture oval, outer lip sharp and simple ; pillar lip bluish-
white, smooth and rounded ; a transverse, white fold is formed
by the turning of the lip within the shell, before which it is
a little raised and turned outwards, producing an umbilical
chink, and is extended so as to form a considerable project-
ing angle at the lower extremity ; operculum horny. Length, one
fifth of an inch ; breadth, one tenth of an inch ; divergence, twenty-
eight degrees.

First found by Mr. Couthouy, at Chelsea, near the ferry landing,
adhering to decaying wood. It has since been found in various sim-
ilar situations, and under the damp portions of loose stones left on
the shore at low tide.

It is distinguished from O. frijida, with Avhich it would be con-
founded without intimate examination, by its being a less slender
and pointed shell, the disproportion of the last whorl, and the
greater convexity of all the whorls, and the want of two or three
revolving lines so characteristic of O. trifida. In the latter shell the
fold of the columella is oblique, and in O. bisiiturcdis it is nearly
transverse. It will also be necessary to compare it with the next
species. I should be disposed to regard it as the same with Turbo
nnidentatus, Montagu (Test. Brit. 324) ; but as it is impossible to
decide on such minute species with no obvious characteristics, from
description only, I must leave it unsettled.

It is almost certainly the Turritella bisuluralis of Say ; at least,
I know of no other shell which will at all answer to his description.
The figure and description of Rissoa rvpestris, Forbes, also corre-
spond with it.

Odostomia trifida.

Fig. 179.

Shell small, acnte-conic, glossy white, with numerous impressed revolving
lines, of wliich the two uppermost, and those about the base of the last whorl,
are most distinct ; aperture narrow.

Artn'on trifidiis, Totten, Sillim. Jonrn. xxvi. 3G8, pi. 1, figs. 4, a, b.
Odostomia tri/iild, Gould, Iiiv. 1st cd. 274, fi<,^ 179. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 114, pi. 8,
fig. 170. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

ODOSTOMIA. 329

Shell elevated, pointed, smooth, and glossy, of an ivory-white
color ; Avhorls about eight, flat, separated by a sharp, slightly de-
pressed suture, on which are from three to five revolving

Fif". 598.

lines, of which the two next below, and the one immediately
above the suture are most deeply sculptured ; about the front
of the lower whorl are usually ten or twelve very fine lines
also ; aperture narrow, about one third the length of the
shell, acutely angular above ; outer lip sharp and thin, some- ^" "g-^''"'
times showing Avithin, and on its sharp edge, the impressed
lines ; the inner margin regularly curved ; the pillar, widening and
expanding a little, is produced so that an acute angle is formed by
the junction of the two lips in front ; about the middle of the inner
margin is a single, sharp, oblique fold, formed by the revolution of
the outer lip within the shell ; operculum horny ; apex nearly ter-
minal, sub-spiral. Length, one fourth of an inch; breadth, one
tenth of an inch ; divergence, twenty-three degrees.

First found by Colonel Totten on the shores of Rhode Island,
adhering to Pecten irradiatis. Since then it has been found by
Professor Adams among sand from New Bedford Harbor.

Lynn tiarbor (^Haskell) ; Buzzard's Bay to New York (^Stimpson).

Odostomia ssminuda.

Fig. 178.

Shell acute-conic, white, with coarse revolving lines, crossed on the upper
whorls, and on the upper half of the lower whorl, by longitudinal lines.

Jamiuia scminuda, Ada3IS, Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist. ii. 280, pi. 4, fig. 13.
Odostomia semlnuda, Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 273, fig. 178. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 115, pi. 8,
fig. 175. — Stimpsox, Check Lists, 5.

Shell acute-conic, glossy white, translucent ; whorls six or seven,
convex, the upper ones and one half the lower wdiorl w^tli numer-
ous ridges or folds, crossed by three equidistant revolving
lines, giving the surface a granulated appearance ; at the ^'°' °
base of the lower whorl are four more revolving lines, be-
ginning on the middle, where the folds terminate aln'uptly ;
suture distinct, divided by an indistinct spiral ridge ; aper-
ture oval, one third the length of the shell; the outer lip o.se7m-

■1. -, n 111 1 • ^• • nulla.

very thin, and scalloped by the revolving lines ; the base is .3

prolonged into a concave angle, and rising, revolves Avithin

the shell, forming a single inconspicuous fold on the pillar. Length,

330 PYRAJIIDELLID^.

fifteen hundredths of an inch ; breadth, seven hundredtlis of an
inch ; divergence, thirty degrees.

First found by Professor Adams, at Dartmoutli, on valves of
Pecten irradians, taken up beyond low-water mark. Massachusetts
Bay, northwards {Stimpson).

This shell is readily distinguished from all others found in our
waters of a similar size and outline, by the sculpture of the lower
whorl, the upper half of which is granulated by the decussating
lines, and the lower half marked by revolving lines only. It is
smaller, and less elevated proportionally than O. trifida. Making
allowance for variations in magnifying two shells so small, this
seems not to differ much from Turbo spiralis of Montagu (Test.
Brit. 323, pi. 12, fig. 9). He neither represents nor describes any
revolving lines crossing the folds ; but they might possibly have
been overlooked, for Fleming distinctly mentions them.

[Animal, eyes large, black ; when in the water it often hangs by
a mucous thread from the surface, which is attached to the posterior
part of the foot ; gregarious.

Odostomia impressa.

Turritella impressa, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. ii. 244 (1822) ; cd. Binney, 84.

Odostomia impressa, Stimpson, Check Lists, .5.

Odostomia insculpta, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 115, pi. 31, fig-. 297.

Fig. 600. Shell dusky, acute at the apex ; volutions six, with about
four acute, impressed, revolving lines; labrum not thickened,
a slight indentation at its base, and a projecting angle within
its middle.

Inhabits the coast of Maryland. Length, more than an
o. im- eighth of an inch.

jtressa. ~

I liave seen but two specimens of this species. The aper-
ture is precisely similar to that of the preceding species, T. alter-
nata. (^Say~).

Connecticut {Stimpsuii).

Ocuiis TITRBOIVILLA, Leaco. 1825.

Shell slender, elongated, many whorled, longitudinally ribbed ;
apex of spire with persistent, embryonic, sinistral nucleus ; aperture
oblong or sub-quadrate, peristome incomplete ; columella straight,
simple, edentulate, and without a plait.

TURBONILLA. 331

Turbonilla interrupta.

Fig. 173.

Shell small, subulate, brownish-white, reticulated with numerous ribs and re-
volving lines, which arc interrupted by the ribs, and the faintly colored bands.

Tuirltella interrupta, Totten, Sillim. Journ. xxviii. 3.52, fig. 7. — Adams, Bost. Journ.

Nat. Hist. ii. 275. — Gould, Iuv. 1st eel. 2G8, %. 173. -De Kav, N. Y. Moll. 112,

pi. 6, fig. 123.
Turbonilla interrupta, StimpSON, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, very slender and pointed, pale brownish-white, glossy;
whorls eioht or ten, slightly convex, the suture well-defined,

, . . . Fig. 601.

on which are from twenty-five to thirty straight, blunt ribs,
crossed by about fourteen revolving lines, which are inter-
rupted by the ribs ; these lines are arranged in pairs, but
so close to each other as not always to be distinguished, and
would usually be regarded as one ; on the anterior half of t. inter-
the lower whorl the ribs vanish, and the fine revolving lines ^"^''""
are uninterrupted. In fresh specimens may be seen a purj)lish band
just below the suture, and on the anterior whorl two faint yellow
ones; aperture about one sixth the length of the shell, ovate, sharply
angular behind ; outer lip sharp and simple, inner lip slightly everted.
Length, one fourth of an inch ; breadth, one tenth of an inch ; di-
vergence, twelve degrees.

First found by Colonel Totten in the harbor of Newport, Rhode
Island ; and since found by Professor C. B. Adams, in Dartmouth
Harbor, by dredging below low-water mark. He has also found it
in New Bedford Harbor. Four fathoms near East Boston.

It is readily recognized by its slender, pointed, glossy appearance,
and its reticulated surface. Several recent and fossil species re-
semble it in shape and size, among which are Turbo elegantissimus,
Montagu, Turritella csqualis, Say, and T. laqueata, Conrad.

Til is species does not belong to the genus TurrUella, but will
probably come under the genus Eulima of Risso.

Turbonilla nivea.

Chemniizia nirea, Stimpsox, Proc. Bost. See. iv. lU (1851); Shells of New England, 40.
lurbonilla nivea, Stimpson, Check Lists. 5.

Shell aciculated, sul)-cylindrical, white, shining ; whorls eleven,
flattened, longitudinally plicate ; folds straight, interstices perfectly

332 pyramidellidj:.

Fig. 602. smooth. Length, twenty-eight liundredths of an inch ;

breadth, four hundredths of an inch.

Animal white ; head short ; tentacles triangular, very

broad, with the eyes at nearly the middle of their bases ;

foot elongated with an arcuated indentation at its anterior

terminus.

T.Mvea. rpj^jg spccics dlffcrs from T. internipta in being more
slender, in wanting revolving lines, and also totally in its station,
the deeper parts of the Coralline Zone. It was taken in forty fath-
oms, on a muddy and gravelly bottom off Grand Manan, a large
island lying off Eastport, Maine, at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy
(^Stimpson).

Ocmis EULIITIA, Risso. 182G.

Shell elongated, white, smooth, polished; spire produced, many-
whorlcd, frequently with an interrupted varix on one side, apex
acute ; aperture oval, pointed behind ; inner lip reflected over the
pillar ; axis imperforate ; outer lip thickened internally.

Eulima oleacea.

EuUma oleacea, Kdrtz and Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. iv. US (1851). — Stimpson,
Shells of New England, 39 ; Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, subulate, solid, very shining, white, marked with
light brown transverse bands ; whorls twelve, flattened, closely

coiled; suture inconspicuous ; aperture small, ovate. Length,
Fig. 603. ^^ygj^^y.fjye ijuii(jj^-Q(jtlig of an inch ; breadth, six hundredths

of an inch.

The animal is white, hyaline ; tentacles almost joining

each other at their bases, where, on the external sides, arc
^'cfa'^' the eyes, which may be seen through the shell, when, as is

usually the case, the head does not project beyond it. Foot
short, broad, sliglitly produced at the anterior angles ; the lobe
above projecting a little beyond it.

Tliis is a very variable species, especially as regards the form and
length of the aperture. Conrad has described two species from tlic
Miocene of Virginia which closely resemble this. It Avas dredged
in Buzzard's Bay, several miles from land, at the dci)tli of eight
fathoms, where the bottom is composed of a soft gray mud. (^Stimp-
son.y

MENESTHO. 833

Ocsiiis MENESTHO, Moller. 1842.

Shell elongated, of numerous whorls ; aperture short, ovate, en-
tire in front ; lip sharp, disunited behind ; pillar without a fold.

Menestlio albula.

Fig. 174.

Shell turreted, dingy-white ; whorls eight, nearly flat, with numerous fine re-
volving lines; upper whorls tapering rapidly; suture distinct.

Pijramis slrialula, CouTHOUY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 101, pi. 1, fig. 6. — Gould,

Inv. 1st cd. 269, fig. 174. — De Kay. N. Y. Moll. 114, pi. 8, fig. 169.
Menestho uRmla, Mollbk, Ind. Gr. 1842. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.
Maipstho siriata, Chenu, Man. i. 229, fig. 1.311.
Twho albulus, 0. Fabricius, Fauna Gr. 394.

Shell elevated, obelisk-shaped, thick, bluish-white, usually having
a dead, unpolished appearance ; whorls seven to nine, nearly flat,
distinctly separated by the suture, a few of the upper ones
tapering rather suddenly to an acute point, thus giving it ^'°'^ "
an obelisk shape ; marked with obvious lines of growth,
sometimes approaching to varices, and with from twelve to
fifteen fine, regular revolving lines, diminishing in number
towards the apex ; aperture ovate, acute-angular behind ; m. nihii-
outer lip sharp and simple, without any sinus behind ;
slightly turned outwards at base, as it joins the regularly arched
pillar margin. Length, twelve twentieths of an incli ; breadth,
seven forty-sixths of an inch ; divergence, twenty-three degrees.

First found by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes caught off
Cape Ann. Several specimens have since been found, but it is by
no means common. Banks, very rare (^ Willis^ ; Halifax (swims') ;
fossil, Montreal (^Daivson).

The characters of the aperture are like those of Ttirbonilla in-
terrvpta; but the exterior has a different character. Its aspect is
precisely that of a shell sent me as Monotigma^ Gray ; but I cannot
find the plait on the inner lip, from whence that genus derives its
name.

Family VELUTINID^E, Gkat.

Shell ear-shaped, the aperture much dilated, margins disunited
posteriorly ; operculum none.

334 VELUTINIDiE.

Oenus VELUTINA, Blaixv. 1819.

Shell small, thin, sub-globose, composed of two rapidly enlarging
volutions ; aperture large, sub-ovate, lip thin, not joined behind ;
usually covered with a velvety or powdery epidermis.

Velutina haliotoidea.

Fig. 159.

Shell obliquely ovate, very fragile, consisting principally of the last of three
whorls; epidermis brown, rising into regular, equidistant, spiral folds.

Helix lavigata, Lin. and English authors. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, ii. t. 105. — jMoN-

TAGU, Test. Brit. 382.
Helix haliotoidea, Fabr. (non Lin.) Fauna Groenl. No. .387.
Bulla velutina, MtJLLEK, Zool. Dan. ill. t. 101, figs. 1 -4.
Velutina capuloidea, Blainv. Malacol. pi. 42, fig. 4.

Velutina rupicola, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. vi. 2G6, pi. 11, figs. 17, 18.
Galericulum Icevigatum, Brown, Conch, of Great Brit. &c. pi. 38, figs. 35, 38.
Velutina la'vifjata, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 241, fig. 159. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 154, pi. 23,

fig. 254. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. ii. 17, fig. 124.
Velutina haliotoides, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell obliquely-ovate or ear-shaped, very thin and fragile, trans-
parent, flesh-colored, or reddish-white ; whorls three, the last ex-
tremely large and distended, the others very small, turned
Fig. 605. ^Q Q^Q side, and partly sunken within the last; suture
distinct ; surface faintly marked with the lines of growth,
and covered with a thick brownish epidermis, which is
raised at close and regular intervals into fringe-like ridges
revolving round the shell ; aperture ample, rounded-oval ;
lip extremely thin, but thickening a little as it rises upon
the body of the shell ; the two lips uniting behind by a plate of enamel
crossing the body of the shell, which, in mature shells, renders the
aperture nearly circular ; interior smooth and shining. Diameter
about four tenths of an inch ; length a little more.

Found among the sea-weed on the sea-beach, and in the stomachs
of fishes. Mr. Conrad states, on the authority of Dr. Pickering,
that it dwells on rocks, with habits like the Patella. But the fact
of so fragile a shell being usually found entire in the stomachs of
fishes rather forbids this idea. It could not he detached by them
without being fractured.

This shell, as hitherto found, is extremely fragile, seeming to

V. ha'lotoi-
des.

VELUTINA. 335

consist almost entirely of epidermis, with a small deposition of cal-
careous matter within. The ordinary English specimens are said
to be of about the size of a pea, or perhaps twice as large ; but it
sometimes becomes three fourths of an inch in diameter. I sent
our ordinary specimens to Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who sent larger
ones in return, assuring me of their identity. These differ from
the shell as we find it, in being more solid, the epidermis more
wrinkled lengthwise, the surface shining where this is removed,
and the lowest whorl is disunited from the preceding one at the ap-
erture. These changes may all be attributed to age. We may an-
ticipate finding specimens of equal size here, since we have already
found them four times as large as the one described by Mr. Conrad,
who allows the very close affinity of his minute one to the Icevigata
of Europe.

The quoting of Bulla veliitina by Lamarck, as a synonyme to his
Sigaretiis haliotoideus, is plainly erroneous. The Helix haliotoidea
of Fabricius, which is the Bulla velutina of Miiller, is not the H.
haliotoidea of Linnteus and others ; and hence the probable mis-
quotation.

The figure in Pennant's "British Zoology " is poor; that of Blain-
ville represents the common appearance when arrived at that size,
the transverse wrinkles becoming more conspicuous than the revolv-
ing ones, which evidently become obsolete with age. The white
zone, which he represents, however, I have never seen. Brown's
figure is very good for a shell of the size, and Conrad's is sufficiently
characteristic for specimens as we usually find them.

St. Anne {Bell} ; Halifax, Banks ( Willis) ; Eastport, twenty
fathoms ( Cooper) ; Marblehead (^Haskell) ; Cape Cod, northwards
(^Slimpson).

Velutina zonata.

Fio. 160.

Shell oval-orbicular, compressed, pellucid, covered with a striped, calcareous
incrustation ; inner lip flattened and channelled.

Velutina zonata, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 242, fip. 160. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 1,54, pi. 23, fig.
253. — Reeve, Conch. Syst. i. pi. 147, figs. 3, 4. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell thin, opaque, white, and in some places pellucid, minutely
striated both ways ; whorls less than three, the first two minute,
and not seen when the shell is viewed in front ; the last, widening
with great rapidity, becomes large, though it is not tumid, but ap-

336 VELUTINID^.

pears rather depressed as it lies upon tlie aperture ; the surface is
covered witli a clialky incrustation, deposited by the animal, appar-
ently instead of an epidermis ; it is white, or flesh-colored, and gen-
erally with numerous zones of brown, of various widths ;
^^' when this is removed, the shell is left pellucid ; aperture
ovate, ample, nearly the whole length of the shell, more
than double the size of the body of the shell ; outer lip
V. -onata ^^^^^^ ^^^^ Spreading ; inner lip sharp-edged, but margined
by a flattened, crescent-shaped, white, channelled space ;
the sharp edge is lost as it revolves within the shell, and a thin
plate of enamel covers the space between it and the junction of
the outer lip. Length, nine twentieths of an inch ; breadth, thir-
teen fortieths of an inch.

Specimens have been found on Chelsea Beach, but are most eas-
ily obtained from fishes. Davis Straits, 66^ 30' ; Halifax Harbor,
Banks ( Willis) ; Eastport, twenty fathoms ( Cooper) ; fossil, Mon-
treal (^Dawson').

It is readily distinguished from the preceding by its more solid
structure, its flattened form, its expanded aperture, the flattening
of the left lip, and the peculiarity of the surface. Mr. Sowerby sent
a specimen from a raised beach on the Frith of Clyde, labelled
" Galericnlum undatum, Brown," which is partly fossilized, but
bears a very close resemblance to our shell. The most marked dif-
ferences in the shell I received are, the greater breadth and excava-
tion of the flattened lip, and a more irregular exterior, which, from
the name it bears, I suppose to be constant. It may also be the
shell figured in Brown's " Conchology of Great Britain," as Galeri-
cnlum ovatian, but nowhere described. The peculiar coating of the
shell adheres very closely, and might not be detected except by ac-
cident. Perhaps it does not always exist ; but in the striped speci-
mens it will always be found. I should think that specimens e
tircly white, or flesh-colored, are as often found as the zoned ou'
In one fish, caught off Cape Ann, I found about a dozen very large
and beautiful specimens.

Genus L.ATUELLARIA, Montagtt. 1815.

Shell ear-shaped, aperture ample, spire small and depressed,
pillar spiral.

LAMELLARIA. 337

Lamellaria perspicua.

Fig. 158.

Shell obliquely-ovate, pellucid, white, compressed ; aperture very large ; spire
minute and lateral.

Helix perspicua, Lin. Syst. Nat. 12th cd. p. 12.50.

ILlix haliotoidcn, LiN. Syst. Nat. 1250. — Martini, Conch, i. t. 16, fig. 151.

Bulla hnliotoidea, MoNTAGU, Test. Brit. 211, pL 7, fig. 6, and vign. 2, fig. 6. — Maton
and Rackktt, Lin. Trans, viii. 123. — Brown, Encyc. Brit. vi. 462. — Wood, In-
dex, pi. 18, fig. 61.

Sigaretus haliotoideus, Lam. An. sans Vert. 1st ed. vi. 208. — Fleming, Ediii. Encyc. vii.
66; Bi-it. Anim. .360. — BiiowN, Conch, of Great Brit. &c. pi. 44, figs. 1, 2. —
Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 244, fig. 158.

Orijnoeglahra, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 90, pi. 3, fig. 16.

Lamellaria perspicua, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 44.

Marsenina Groenlandica, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, obliquely-ovate, thin, pellucid, white, smooth and
shining ; lines of growth very faint ; whorls two, the first, situated
towards one side, is a mere nucleus for the last, which

pjcr 607-

otherwise constitutes the whole shell ; aperture nearly
the whole area of the shell ; outer lip sharp, entire, and
somewhat expanded ; inner lip sharp, with the edge a ^
little turned, regularly curved in conformity to the left
outline of the shell, and, entering the cavity of the spire, is seen to
terminate there ; in the other direction, the curvature suddenly
ceases, and, forming a slight angle, goes onward to join the outer
lip ; a thin plate of enamel connects the two lips above. Length,
half an inch ; breadth, two fifths of an inch.

Several specimens of this shell have been found, all of them in
the stomachs of fishes. They are about equal in size, l)ut vary
somewhat in shape and convexity. The shell is precisely the same
as the European one bearing the above name.

As it is not certain that its entire animal has yet been seen, its
genus remains undetermined. Mr. Couthouy rejects the genus Sig-
aretus, because, from what he saw of the animal, he judged the shell
to be external, and adopted the genus Oxynoe of Rafinesque, with
which no one has any acquaintance except its author, and no char-
acters are given of its shell except that it is exterior and buUa-form.
It seems better, therefore, to leave it where the conformation of the
shell would place it, and where others have arranged it, until its
animal is fully known, and its place determined. It will most prob-
ably be found to belong to the genus Coriocella.
22

838

NATICID^.

Family NATICID^, Swainson.

Shell spiral, usually smooth or polished, more or less globular ;
aperture semi-lunar, sometimes very large.

Ocnus LUNATIA, Gray. 1847.

Operculum simple, cartilaginous.

Shell oval sub-globose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture semi-lunar ;
inner lip thin, or with a moderate callus ; umbilicus wide ; pervious,
not fuuiculate.

Lunatia heros.

Fi.s^ 608.

Fig. 160.

Shell sub-globose, ash colored, whorls five, a daik, chestnut colored band re-
volving about the three upper ones; umbilicus large and simple.

Natica heros, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 248, 1822. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 231. — Dk

Kay, N. Y. Moll. 120, pi. 7, fig. 148. — Piiilippi, Ahbild. pi. 1, fig. 4.
Ampiil/an'a borrulis, Valenc. in HuMU. and Bonpl. ii. Rcccuil d'Obs. 260.
? Natica ampullaria, Lam. An. sans Vert. viii. 633.
Lunatia heros, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell globose-ovate, thick, ash colored, or sometimes brownish,
shining when divested of its thin, yellowish epidermis ; distinct lines

of growth, and very minute revolv-
ing lines cover the surface ; whorls
five, very convex, slightly flattened
near the top, so as to present a slight
angular appearance ; the three pos-
terior whorls have the lower half of
a dark chestnut color, and the other
half rather lighter than the rest of
the shell ; suture well marked ; ap-
erture ovate ; the lip, sharp aljovc, l)C-
comcs thicker and smoothly round-
ed, and as it rises l)y the side of the
uml)ilicus it expands to a consider-
able breadth ; a very thin layer of
enamel is spread over the portion
of the whorl which completes the aperture ; throat of a delicate,
somewhat clouded chestnut color, with a margin sometimes bright

L. heros.

LUNATIA.

339

yellow ; umbilicus large, rounded, displaying the whorls nearly to
the summit, coarsely wrinkled, the callus covering only a very small
segment of it. Operculum horny. Ordinary length, two and a half
inches ; breadth, two inches.

It is found on sandy or muddy beaches along the whole coast ;
but much more seldom to the south than to the north of Cape Cod.
Eastport ( Cooper^ ; Nova Scotia ( Willis^ ; Gaspe (^Bell) ; Gull
Island (^ Smith).

This shell is distinguished from all others by its inflated, globu-
lar appearance, and its simple, deep umbilicus. It very much re-
sembles an Ampullaria, and is most probably the Natica ampuUaria
of Lamarck. It also grows to a larger size than any other known
species. I have one specimen the greatest length of which is four
and a half inches, and greatest breadth three and a half inches ;
and I have seen one five inches by three and three fourths inches.
The shell is light for its size, and its whole structure and appear-
ance are very simple.

This, in common with other species of Naticid(E^ is very voracious,
and plays a conspicuous part in devouring the dead fish and other
animals which are thrown up by the tide. Many of the shells
thrown upon the shore are found to be perforated with a small
round hole. This is done principally by the different species of
Lunatia. They have the power of perforating shells, it is generally
supposed, by discharg-
ing an acid which de-
composes the shell ; and
through the aperture
they extract the juices,
and destroy the lives of
the otherwise secure in-
habitants. Their foot is
very large, so as com-
pletely to envelop the ob-
jects on which they prey. In moving, they liurrow in the sand, so
as to be almost entirely concealed by it, and their place is gen-
erally indicated by a small heap of sand.

The singular nidus, in which the animal of Lunatia deposits its
eggs, has been an object of much curiosity and speculation. It is a
mass of sand glued together into the shape of a broad bowl, open at
the bottom, and l)roken at one side. Its thickness is about that of
an orange-peel, easily bent without breaking when damp, and when

609.

Animal of L. heros.

340 NATICID.E.

held up to the light will be found to be filled with little cells ar-
ranged in quincunx order. Each of these cells contains a gelatinous
egg, having a yellow nucleus, which is the eml^ryo shell. It is found
plentifully at midsummer, on every sandy flat where any species of
Naticidce resorts. It has passed under many names, and its true
nature seems to have been first suspected by Mr. Boys, who gave
a description and plate of it in the " LinnoBan Transactions," Vol. V.
230, pi. 10. In the fourteenth volume of the same work Mr. Hogg
fully demonstrated its character, by hatching, from those found on
the English coast, the young of Natica glavcina.

To show what a puzzle it has been, I will add some of its names
found in books.

Flustra arenosa, Ellis, Zoopli. and also his Corallines, pi. 25, fig. e.

Fliistre areneuse, Lamouroux, Pohp. flex. Ill, No. 220.

Flustre armacee, Blainv. Diet, des Sc. Nat., and Man. d'Actinol. 446.

EscIluici lutosa, Pallas, El. Zooph. 37, No. 5.

Eschara millepora arenosa Anylica, Ray, Syn. 31.

Alcijoniiim arenosuin, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. iv. 6.54. — Shaw, Nat. Miscell. t. 272.

Discopora cribrum, Lam. An. sans Vert. ii. 250.

Lunatia triseriata.

EiG. 165.

Shell ovate-globose, whorls five, usually checkered with three series of dark
spots on the lower whorl, and one on the upper whorls ; umbilicus small, nearly
free.

Natica triseriata, Say, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sc. v. 209. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 233. — De
Kay, N. Y. Moll. 121, pi. 7, fig. 144. — Philippi, pi. 1, fig. 6.

Shell ovate, approaching to globular, of a yellowish-white or ash
color ; whorls five, convex, lines of growth distinct, and usually cov-
ered with a thin, yellowish epidermis ; lower whorl
has three revolving series of twelve to fourteen
bluish or dark chestnut colored, oblique spots,
usually of a square or oblong form, and some-
times crescent-shaped ; the upper one just below
the suture ; the middle one is divided by the junc-

L. triseriata. . • -i • ^ ^ n i

tion of the lip, and the tlnrd is half-way between
it and tlie umbilicus ; the upper one is continued on all the whorls,
but the next one disappears soon ; the spaces Ijetwecn the spots
often appear like whitish bands, and the sutural region is of the
same color; spire considerably elevated, sutural line delicate; aper-
ture ovate, lip sharp and white within ; a thick Avhitc callus covers

LUNATIA. 341

the inner margin, very slightly modifying the umbilicus, where it
has a fissure at the posterior margin of the umbilicus ; a dense mass
of callus, within the aperture, at its upper angle, strengthens the
lip ; throat colored witli darlc chestnut, or transmitting the exterior
markings ; umbilicus rather small and simple, not much wrinkled
Avithin ; operculum horny. Length, seven tenths of an inch ; breadth,
half an inch.

Found along the whole coast to the north of Cape Cod, on fiats
which are left by the tide at low water ; but it is as yet doubtful
whether it passes to the south of this limit.

This has been thought by some to be the young of the preceding
species. In general aspect there is a resemblance ; but the propor-
tionate length of this is greater ; the thick, white callus indicates a
mature shell, and the dark portion of the upper whorls is at tlie
upper instead of at the lower portion of the whorl, as in N. heros,
and the umbilicus is proportionally smaller instead of larger, as is
the case in young sliells. Besides, I have never seen a large shell
in the localities wliere this species is abundant. The largest speci-
men I have seen, which I could distinctly refer to this species, is
less than an inch in length. It is evidently analogous to N. can-
rena of Europe.

It varies in marking greatly. Some specimens are of a pale yel-
low color, and destitute of marking ; on some, the spots blend so as
to present alternate bands of light and dark color ; again, some of
the series are blended, and some are not. The spots may l^e square,
oblong, or crescentic, and are usually oblique. The ivory-white cal-
lus seems to be the most constant character.

Whole of New England coast, rare south of Cape Cod (Siimp-
son) ; Banks ( Willis) ; Magdalen Bay {Bell) ; Vineyard Sound,
six to twelve fathoms.

Lunatia Grcenlandica.

Fig. 166.
Shell small, sub-oval, ash colored ; umbilicus imperfect ; operculum horny.

Natica pmiJIa, not of Say. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 237, fio;. 166.

Natica Grcenlandica, Moller, Fauna Groenl. 7 — Stimpson, Shells of New England, 43.

Lunatia Groznlandica , Stimpson, Check Lists, 5,

Shell sub-oval, bluish-white, with a light ash colored epidermis ;
surface glossy, smooth, or with merely microscopic revolving lines,

842 NATICID^.

and lines of growth ; whorls four, regularly convex ; spire mod-
erately elevated, l)lunt ; suture fine and deep, the edge of the whorl
rising a little by the side of it ; sometimes one or two faint,
brownish bands may be seen on the lower whorl ; aperture
ovate, more than half the length of the shell ; outer lip thin
and sharp ; inner margin thick, the callus white, abundant,
L. Grctn- aud prcsscd into the umbilicus so as to leave only a narrow,
curved chmk Ity the side ot the lip ; throat white ; opercu-
lum horny. Length, half an inch ; breadth, four fifths of an inch.

Taken from fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay, in company with
Natica clausa and Mamma immaculata.

Most of the specimens have about half the dimensions above
given.

I was not a little gratified, in looking over a parcel of the Natica
clausa^ to find several specimens differing from them in having a
horny instead of a bony operculum, a partial umbilicus, and no flat-
tening of the top of the whorls. In color, size, and general aspect
they Avere the same. On finding that this shell corresponds to Mr.
Say's* Natica pusilla, I was still more gratified, inasmuch as it is
represented in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at
Philadelphia, by a species of Margarita {Turbo injiatus, Totten),
and I had despaired of finding any representative elsewhere. Mr.
Say remarks, that it is generally mistaken for the young of N du-
plicata. But the evidences of maturity in its callus, the umbilicus,
and the color of the throat, sufficiently distinguish it from both
Neverita difplicata and Lvnatia licros.
Grand Manan to Cape Cod (^Stimpsori).

Oeiius ]VATICA, Adanson. 1757.

Operculum horny, with a calcareous outer layer.

Shell sub-globose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture semi-lunar ;
columella adherent to, and spirally contorted in, the umbilicus ;
apex more or less dilated and truncate, more rarely convex or
rounded.

Natica clausa.

Fig. 167.

Shell sub-oflobose, more or less tinged with brown; umbilicus closed; opercu-
lum calcareous.

* This is not Say's species. See Stinipson, Shells of New England, 1, c. — W. G. B.

NATICA. 343

Natica claitsa, Broderip and Sowerhy, Zool. Joiirn. iv. 360 (1829). — Gould, Inv.
1st ed. 238, fig. 167. — Gray, Zool. of Beechcy's Voy. 136, pi. 37, fig. 6, and pi. 34,
fig. 3. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 122, pi. 7, fig. 150. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Natica consolidata, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 89, pi. 3, fig. 14. — Puilippi,
Abbild. pi. 1, fig. 11.

Natica boreahs. Beck (not Gr.vy), teste Lovi;v.

Shell small, sub-globular, surface of a dim lustre, marked by striae
of growth only ; color from a livid-white to dark reddish-brown,
those of the latter tint exhibiting conspicuously a zone of
the former color at the base ; epidermis thin, bony, brown- '"'
isli horn color ; whorls four or five, tumid, but a portion
near the sutures is slightly depressed ; spire slightly ele-
vated, obtuse ; suture well-defined ; aperture oval, un-
usually wide behind ; outer lip sharp, thickened and ^ ^^^^^^
rounded as it ascends to the umbilicus, which is com-
pletely consolidated by an ivory-white, shining callus ; on the whorl
the callus is thin, but a free deposit of it withhi the angle firmly sup-
ports the junction of the lip to the whorl, a zone of which calcareous
deposit also surrounds the umbilical region ; throat white ; opercu-
lum calcareous, bluish-white. Length, twelve twentieths of an inch ;
breadth, eleven twentieths of an inch.

Taken alive from the stomachs of fishes, plentifully. Cape Cod to
Grand Manan ( Stimpsoii) ; fossil at Beauport and Montreal (Daw-
son) ; Halifax ( Willis) ; northwest coast of Greenland (Hayes) ;
Canada (Bell).

This species is readily distinguished from all others of our coast
by its bony operculum, and by its small umbilicus, into which just
enough of white callus seems to have been crowded to fill it ac-
curatelv.

Mr. Sowerby, on actual comparison, declares this to be his N.
vlausa; and, as his description was published several years prior to
that given by Mr. Couthouy, his name must take precedence. Mr.
Sowerby states it to be nearly an inch in diameter ; whereas the
dimensions above given exceed those of the specimens usually found
with us. But, as it is evidently an Arctic shell, Mr. Sowerby's
specimens having been brought from Melville's Island, and I have
seen one from the Banks quite as large as those he mentions, I
insert also the name given to it by Beck, on the authority of Dr.
Loven. ,

344 naticidj:,

Natica pusilla.

Natica pusilla, Sat, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. ii. 2.57 (1822) ; 1st ed. Biknet, 87. —
Stimpson, Shells of New England, 43 ; Check Lists, 5 ; not of Gould, Inv. 1st ed.

Fig. 613. Shell thin, sub-oval, cinereous or rufous, with sometimes
T one or two obsolete, dilated, revolving bands ; columella

callous ; callus pressed laterally into the umbilicus, whitish ;
N.pusiiia. ^ii^^i3iij(3us nearly closed and consisting only of an arcuated,
linear, vertical aperture. Length, about one fourth of an inch.
Inhabits the southern coast. ( Say.^
Buzzard's Bay, three to eight fathoms {Stimpson).

Oenns MA]WI?IA, Klein. 1753.

Operculum large, horny, simple.

Shell ovate or sub-ovate, solid, smooth, usually without epidermis ;
spire small, acute, whorls simple ; aperture semicircular ; inner lip
oblique, thickened, callous ; uml)ilicus funiculate ; columella adherent
to, and spirally contorted in, the umbilicus ; the apex more or less
dilated, convex, and rounded.

Mamma? immaculata.

Fig. 168.

Shell small, sub-ovate, solid, bluish-white, spotless, glossy, umbilicus free.

Natica immaculata, Totten, Sillim. Journ. xxviii. 351, fig. 6. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 234,

fig. 168 — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 122, pi. 7, fig. 146.
Mamma? immaculata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell sul>ovate, extremities rather pointed, solid, milk-white, and
glossy when deprived of its thin, greenish-yellow epidermis ; spot-
y. j,^^ less, lines of growth faintly perceptible ; whoj-ls about five,
the spire very short and pointed, and the suture not im-
pressed ; the lower whorl convex and rounded, prolonged at
tlie base ; aperture narrow oval, rather acutely curved at
mnn'Z- basc ; outer lip sharp, inner margin coated Avitli ivory-white
callus, not modifying the umbilicus, but extending along the
margin to its posterior limit ; at the posterior angle of the aperture
it is much thickened, and, running along under the junction of the
whorls, causes a white spiral line to appear externally, just below

NEVERITA. 345

the suture ; the region before the umbilicus, too, is very white ; um-
bilicus rounded and deep ; operculum horny. Length, thirteen for-
tieths of an inch ; breadth, nine fortieths of an inch.

First found by Colonel Totten in Newport Harbor, and afterwards
in Provincetown Harbor. It is found plentifully in the stomachs of
fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. Halifax, Banks ( Willis} ; East-
port (^Cooper} ; whole coast of New England (^Stimpson).

I know of no species resembling this, except it be Natica Ang-Iica,
of which some specimens are said to be immaculate. But that shell
has a more elongated spire, a broader aperture and base, and its
greatest breadth is rather below instead of rather above the middle,
as in this species. It is the smallest species with which I am ac-
quainted, though I have seen one specimen two fifths of an inch in
length ; and, for so small a shell, it is remarkable for its solidity.

Oenus NEVERITA, Risso. 1826.

Operculum simple, cartilaginous.

Shell orbicular, depressed ; spire flattened ; aperture wide, semi-
lunar ; inner lip straight, callous ; columella adherent to, and spi-
rally contorted in, the umbilicus, the apex more or less dilated and
truncate.

Neverita duplicata.

Pig. 164.

Shell conical-ovate, usually with a dark band above the suture on the upper
whorls ; umbilicus deeply grooved, and partially or entirely covered with a chest-
nut colored callus.

Natica duplicata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Re. ii. 247. — Gould, Inv. 1st. ed. 236. fig. 164.

-De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 121, pi. 7, fig. 147. — Philippi, Abbild. pi. 1, fig. 9, not

of Reeve [Lnnatia hews).
Natica Recluziana, Desh. Mag. Zool. 1841, pi. 37. — Reeve, Con. Icon.
Neverita duplicata, Stimpsox, Check Lists, 5.

Shell solid, ovate, the upper portion of the whorls compressed so
as to give it a pyramidal outline ; surface marked with very faint
revolving lines, and more conspicuous lines of growth ; color light
chestnut-brown above a line marking its greatest circumference,
whitish or ash colored below it ; usually having a dark brown band
on the lower portion of the posterior whorls, and the upper portion
whitish ; whorls five or more, spire rather prominent ; aperture
ovate, very oblique ; outer lip very thin and sharp, joining the whorl

846

NATICID^.

JV. duplkata.

beliind by a very small angle, but this angle is so filled up within
with callus, that the real aperture is rounded, and at a considerable

distance from the junction of the
'^' ' lip ; throat chestnut-brown, or

livid, lower portion white, gen-
erally of a pearly lustre ; umbilicus
irregular, having a deep groove
revolving within it, and covered
wholly or partly with a very thick,
chestnut-brown callus ; opercu-
lum horny. Length, two inches ;
breadth, rather more.

Inhabits the same localities as
Lnnatia hews ; is less common in
the vicinity of Boston, but com-
mon at Nantucket. Charleston, "
South Carolina (^Stimpsori) ; mouth of Rio Grande (^ScIioW).

This species is subject to considerable variation in shape, some
individuals having the spire much more elevated than others. It is
easily distinguished by its conical figure, and by the great amount
of callus, which renders it a remarkably heavy shell. Specimens
along the Southern coast are generally less elevated, more smooth
and brown than those found in Massachusetts. I have a specimen
from the Grecian island, Syra, which corresponds with these, ex-
cept that the colors are brighter, and the shell more smooth, as
miglit be expected if modified by a milder climate. A figure in
Lister (pi. 562, fig. 3), represents this shell.

Natica conica, of Lamarck, is a much more elevated shell, though
his description might be applied to our shell in every particular.
Its ordinary length is half an inch less than is given above.
[Foot sub-rhomboidal, rounded before as behind, where it is
broader than before ; broadest about the middle, across the shell ;
anteriorly light-fawn, posteriorly dark gray, especially at margins ;
mentum dark gray anteriorly, becoming ligliter posteriorly, forming
a prominent dark-edged siphon at left side, reflection nearly cover-
ing shell ; beneath wine-yellow ; scissure across foot just in front of
broadest part extending forward to a point at middle ; tentacles
vertically compressed, pyramidal, with maculations on a pale ground,
with a narrow black margin each side to point; a flattened lobe at
base outside; no eyes. (^Stimj)son.^

BULBUS, • 347

Genus BULBUS, Brown. 1839.

Shell ventricose, imperforate ; spire with the apex acute ; whorls
smooth, Avithout epidermis ; aperture very wide ; inner lip with a
large, smooth callus covering part of the body whorl and concealing
the umbilicus.

Bulbus flavus.

Fig. 162.

Shell thin, sub-globose ; aperture large ; inner margin sinuous ; umbihcus none.

Natica Jfara, Gould, Sillim. Journ. xxxviii. 196 ; Inv. 1st ed. 239, fig. 162. — De Kay,

N. Y. Moll. 123.
Bulbus flavus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell of an inflated, globular form, light and thin, white, with a
bright straw colored or golden epidermis ; surface very minutely
checkered witli very faint, revolving lines, and
lines of growth ; spire very little elevated, com- ^'^ ^^^•

posed of four rounded whorls, a little compressed
behind, near the suture, which is faintly im-
pressed ; aperture occupying one half the infe-
rior aspect of tlie shell, broad oval, modified by a
curve which looks as though it might be caused
by a contraction and obliteration of the 'umbili-
cus ; outer margin very sharp ; umbilical region ^ fla«i«"
about the middle of the left margin much retreat-
ing, and deeply indented in most specimens, though evidently
never open ; a thin callus, commencing at the upper angle, expands
and thickens over this region, then, narrowing, forms a tliick,
rounded, ivory, vertical margin to the front of the shell. Length,
about one inch; breadth, a little less.

From the collection of Colonel Totten, who obtained it from the
Bank fishing grounds. Rimouski {Bell) ; Halifax, Banks ( Willis) ;
Eastport (^Cooper).

. The aspect of this shell immediately suggests the Helix aperta,
Born {H. naticoides, Drap.), to which it bears a very striking re-
semblance in shape. If the existence of an umbilicus is an essen-
tial characteristic of the genus Natica, and so it is laid down by
Lamarck, this shell cannot come under it. There is no approach
to an umbilicus, even in the youngest specimens, the space intended

348 NATICIDiE.

to be occupied by one having been apparently thrown into the aper-
ture. There is one other described species conforming to the same
type, the Nctica Jiuctuata, Sowerby (Tankerville CataL p. 12), and
figured by Dr. Jay in his " Catalogue, 1836," under the provisional
name of N. imperforata. Tlicir form is so peculiar that Mr. Sow-
erby has recently grouped them with several others in a new genus,
which he calls Globulus. Swainson employs the word Globularia
as having a better termination.

Of the five specimens I have examined, three were mature, and
two young. In the oldest, the width of the shell is proportionally
greater, and there is a tendency to angularity at about the upper
fourth of the last whorl.

Oenus AMAUROPSIS, Morch.

Operculum pauci-spiral, horny, thin.

Shell longitudinally oval, thin, smooth, white, not umbilicated,
covered with a light brown epidermis ; spire elevated, suture cana-
liculated ; aperture oval, produced in front.

Amauropsis helicoides.

Fig. 161.

Shell ovate, smooth, covered Avith a dusky yellow colored epidermis ; whorls
four, spire channelled at the suture ; umbilicus a mere hne.

Natica canaUcuhta, Gould, Sillim. Joiirn. xxxviii. 197 (1840) ; Inv. 1st ed. 235, fig. 161.
Natica helicoides, Johnston, 1835, Tr. N. H. B. — Reeve, figs. 4, 5, 6.
Amauropsis helicoides, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell ovate-globose, rather ponderous, dingy-white, nearly smooth,
and somewhat glossy, covered with a dark gamboge colored epider-
mis ; wdiorls four, the upper portion of each turning
'^' '■ before it joins the preceding whorl, so as to form a

broad, shallow canal at the suture, and giving the
spire a turreted appearance ; aperture about two
thirds the length of the shell, nearly semi-circular,
lip sharp, a little spreading in front, the inner mar-
gin nearly a straight line, and overspread with a
thick callus ; interior white ; umbilical opening a
A. heuZides. nicrc slit, generally none, one side of which is
formed by the callus, sometimes altogether con-
cealed ; operculum horny, sub-spiral. Length, one and one tenth
inches ; breadth, seven tenths of an inch.

PLEUROTOMA. 349

Taken from fishes caught at the Banks, and one fine specimen
from a fisli caught in Massachusetts Bay. I liave a specimen also
from the coast of Norway. Halifax ( Willis') ; Marcouin {Bell) ;
fossil, Montreal {Dawson).

The aspect of this shell is such that I was at first led to refer it,
doubtfully, to the genus Paluduia. It very greatly resembles Pal-
udiiia ponclerosa, Say. All doubt, however, on that point, has been
since happily removed through the kindness of Colonel Totten, who
furnished me with several specimens containing the sub-spiral oper-
culum.

The remark of Deshayes, that Nalica is without an epidermis,
will not hold good in regard to this species, nor, indeed, to any of
the species found on our coast. He, however, was aware of the
small value of this characteristic, and alludes to a species then
under his eye, which I take to be N. heros, having the shape and
epidermis of Ampullaria, but the operculum of Natica. A specimen
sent to me by Dr. Lovcn was regarded by him as new, and he had
applied to it the name of N. exularis.

Family TURRITID^, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, sub-fusiform ; aperture with the fore part chan-
nelled, straight, and often much produced ; outer lip detached at
the hind part from the body whorl, forming a sinus, or with the
marain fissured near the last whorl.

'&'

Genus PLEUROTOxlIA, Lamarck. 1799.

Shell turreted, generally ribbed ; aperture terminating in a
straight, more on less elongated canal ; outer lip, at its posterior
junction, having a fissure or notch.

Pleurotoma bicarinata.

Fig. 186.

Shell ovate-fusiform, turreted, dusky-white ; whorls convex, with two revolv-
ing ribs, and other less conspicuous lines and grooves ; notch of the lip shallow.

Pleurotoma bicarinata, Couthouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 104, pi. 1, fi<;. 11. — Gould,
Inv. 1st ed. 281, fig. 186. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 149, pi. 7, fig. 1 13. — StiiMPSON,
Check Lists, 5.

Manjelia bicarinata, StimpsoNj Shells of New England, 49.

350 TURRITIDiE.

Shell small, tapering at both ends, turreted, of a dusky-white or

slate color ; whorls six, convex, the lowest being half the length of

the shell, and marked with numerous, slightly elevated, re-

Fig. 618. yQiyjjjg. lilies, and smaller intervening ones ; about the mid-

A die is a deep groove, on each side of which is a prominent

^ revolving ridge or keel, continued upon the upper Avhorls ;
p.bkari. lines of growth very minute; aperture elliptical, narrow,
ending m a very short canal, inclining a little to the left ;
outer lip sharp, toothed by the revolving ribs, with a slight recess
or notch at its posterior junction ; pillar lip arched posteriorly.
Length, three tenths of an inch ; breadth, three twentieths of an
inch ; divergence, forty-eight degrees.

First found by Mr. Couthouy in a fish caught off Nahant ; since
this single specimen, three or four others have been found by Dr.
Prescott, of Lynn, and Mr. W. W. Wheildon, of Charlestown.

This is not likely to be confounded with any other of our shells.
Its two revolving ridges mark it well. It is interesting as being the
first species of the genus found in our northern Atlantic waters.
Neither of our three species belongs, unequivocally, to this genus ;
they approach very near to Fksus. Still, the direction of the lines
of growth indicate the sinus in the lip to be constant ; and on this
their claim to the genus Pleurotoma rests.

Pleurotoma plicata.

Fig. 187.

Shell small, cinereous, ovate; whorls six, reticulated with prominent, longitu-
dinal ribs, and elevated, revolving lines ; sinus of the lip distinct.

Pleurotoma plirata, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. pi. 3, fig. 6. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed.
282, fig. 187, — Dk Kay, N. Y. Moll. 150, pi. 6, fig. 120. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, elongated-ovate, somewhat turreted, of an ashy-white
color ; whorls six, the lowest one about two thirds the length
of the whole shell, and bearing a1)0ut twelve prominent,
somewhat oldique, rib-like folds, which are crossed by ten or
more elevated, revolving threads, rendering the ribs a little
„ , nodulous ; the other whorls form a very pointed, somewhat
turreted spire, on which the ribs and revolving lines are con-
tinued. Aperture narrow, less than half the length of the shell ;
outer lip greatly thickened by one of the ribs, the notch at its pos-
terior part being deep, distinct, and smooth. Length, one fourth

BELA. 351

of an inch, nearly ; breadth, five fortieths of an inch ; divergence,
forty-five degrees.

Found in mud from New Bedford Harbor, by Professor C. B.
Adams. Banks (^Willis}.

This species is of about the same size and shape as Bela decus-
sata, but is distinguished by the much more conspicuous folds, which
run the entire length of the whorl ; and the revolving lines also are
much more distinct, and fewer in number. The canal is very short.

Ocmis BELA, Leach. 1847.

Shell ovate, fusiform ; surface dull, smooth, or longitudinally
ribbed ; spire elevated, shorter than the body whorl ; columella flat-
tened ; canal short ; outer lip with a small sinus at its junction
with the body whorl.

Bela turricula.

Fig. 193.

Shell white, thin, whorls very conspicuously angulated and turreted, with
twelve or fourteen prominent ribs, and numerous distinct, revolving lines.

Murex turricula, Montagu, Test. Brit. 262, pi. 9, fig. 1. — Tdrton, Conch. Diet. 93. —
DiLLWYN, Catal. 744. — Maton and Rackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 144; Dorset
Catal. pi. 14, fig. 15. — Wood, Index, pi. 27, fig. 133.

Fusiis tiirrlciilus, Bkown, Conch, of Great Brit. pi. 48, figs. 51, 52.

Fusus turricula, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 349. — Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 292, fig. 193.

Murer anyiilatus, Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. 156.

Bela turricula, Stimpson, Cheek Lists, 5.

Shell thin, pure white, sometimes yellowish or brownish-white ;
with seven or eight whorls, rising nearly perpendicularly
from each other to an acute apex, and having an abrupt, ^'^' ^^°'
broad, nearly flat slope at their summits ; surface with
twelve or fourteen somewhat oblique, rather compressed
ribs, which vanish before attaining the front, traversed by
numerous distinct, elevated lines, of which one at the angle
of the whorls is most prominent, these obsolete at the edge ^JJ^''
of the ribs ; beak short, open, and nearly sharp, or thickened
by a rib ; inner lip smooth, slightly arched. Length, two thirds of
an inch ; breadth, one fourth of an inch ; divergence, forty-two de-
grees.

Found in considerable numbers, and in a very fresh state, in the

352 TURRITID^.

stomachs of fish. It is one of the shells common to both Atlantic
shores. Halifax (^Willis) ; Eastport (^ Cooper^.

This is a very pretty shell, and is not likely to be confounded with
any other except B. harpularia. From this it is distinguished by
being a more delicate shell, by its color, by the smaller number of
ribs, and by the remarkably turreted appearance of the whorls.
The raised line, revolving at their angle, is so great as to produce
a small tubercle there, on each of the ribs. The aperture is usually
about half the length of the shell ; but there is a variety in which
the aperture is about one third the length of the shell, and the ribs
are more numerous. Mr. Sowerby intimates that our shell may
not be identical with the European type ; but, on the whole, I can-
not persuade myself to regard them as different. The variety is
like the Murex angulatus, figured by Donovan.

Bela harpularia.

Fig. 191.

Shell long-ovate, pointed, turreted, flesh-colored ; whorls angular above, with
about sixteen oblique, rounded folds and numerous revolving lines.

Fusus harpularius, Couthouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 106, pi. 1, fig. 10. — Gould,

Inv. 1st ed. 291, fig. 191. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 146, pi. 9, fig. 187.
Tritonium harpuluriuin, Loven, Moll. Sc. 12.
Bela harpularia, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell ovate-oblong, turreted, of a brownish flesh-color, composed
of six or eight angulated whorls, flattened above the angle, so as to
form a slightly sloping shoulder ; lower whorl more than
Fig. 621. |_^^^^ ^1^^ length of the shell, having about eighteen oblique,
rounded plaits or ribs, vanishing before they reach the beak,
and crossed by fine revolving lines, most conspicuous in the
interstices ; the upper whorls are marked in the same man-
ner; beak white, short, somewhat curved, and pointed; ap-
^'laria'' crturc iiarrow, broadest and angular behind ; the outer lip
sharp ; inner lip white, smooth, and moderately arched,
twisting outwards at the commencement of the beak. Length, half
an inch ; breadth, one fourth of an inch ; divergence, forty-eight
degrees.

First found by Mr. Couthouy, in fish taken near Nahant, and fre-
quently ol)tained since from the same locality. Banks ( Willis) ;
Eastport (^Cooper') ; fossil, Montreal (^Dawson).

It bears a close resemblance to B. turricula; and Mr. Sowerby

BELA. 353

seems rather disposed to regard it as such. But the marks of dis-
tinction arc constant. The flesh color is invariable ; the length of
the body whorl proportionally greater, and it is more convex, and
less angular ; the folds are more oblique, more rounded, and the
beak is shorter, but more curved.

From B. pleiirotomaria it is distinguished by a less dark color,
less prominent but closer ribs, more conspicuous shoulder, and by
its less elono;ated and slender form, and the absence of a notch at
the posterior junction of the outer lip.

It has a general resemblance to pi. 48, figs. 48, 44, of " Brown's
Conch, of Great Brit. &c.," which he calls Fusus castaneus.

Bela violacea.

Shell purplish-black, longitudinally sub-plicate, transversely striate ; whorls six,
the last carinated above and Avith evanescent median folds, the other whorls me-
dially carinated; spire acute; apertui-e narrow ; canal short.

Pleurotoma violacea, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Jourii. Nat. Hist. iv. 51, pi. 4, fig. 21

(1842).
Bela violacea, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, of a blackish-purple color, ovate, with a pale brown
epidermis, irregularly sub-plicate, with numerous faint, revolving
striae decussated by the incremental striae ; whorls six ; whorls

Fio* 622

of the spire carinate in the middle ; last whorl shouldered
by a continuation of the same carina, with the plications ter-
minating on its convexity ; spire acute, conic ; suture dis-
tinct ; aperture narrow, rather less than half the length of ^- '■'"'''-
the shell ; labrum simple, sharp, regularly curved, with the
sinus at the extremity ; canal short, wide. Length, three tentlis
of an inch ; breadth, fifteen hundredths of an inch ; divergence,
forty degrees.

Casco Bay ; found without the animal, at low-water mark, in the
summer of 1840, and subsequently in the stomachs of haddock.

This species is remotely allied to B. decussata, Couthouy ; our
shell, however, is always longer, aperture narrower, and the sculp-
ture less regular and distinct ; but it is especially characterized by
having the spiral carina far below the suture. (^Mighels and Adains.^

Banks (Willis) ; Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson}.

[Animal, siphon yellowish, one twentieth of an inch ; tentacula
short and thick ; eyes black, on exterior side, about two thirds the
length of tentacula ; a sinus in the middle of posterior part of disk.
23

354 TURRITIDiE.

Bela decussata.

Fig. 185.

Shell oval, ash or flesh-colored, with twenty-five minute folds, and close re-
volving lines ; notch of the outer lip shallow.

Pleurotoma decussata, Couthocy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 183, pi. 4, fig. 8. — Gould,

Inv. 1st cd. 280, fig. 185. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. ,150, pi. 36, fig. 344.
Bela decussata, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, ovate, of an ash-white, or flesh-color, covered with

remnants of an olive colored epidermis ; whorls five or six, convex,

the lowest beinjy two thirds the length of the shell, covered

Fie. 623. o 7

with twenty-five to thirty inconspicuous folds or riljs, undu-
lated and oblique in conformity to the outer lip, and vanish-
ing on the convexity of the whorl ; lines of growth regular
B. decus. and disthict, and these, with numerous, elevated, revolving
threads, make a fine network over the whole shell ; spire
regularly sloping to an acute point ; suture well-marked, with a
slight shoulder near it on the whorls ; aperture half as long as the
shell, narrow, oval, terminating in a broad and very brief channel ;
outer lip sharp, with a shallow recess or notch, as it joins the whorl ;
pillar arched, flattened, and smooth ; operculum pear-shaped, with
the apex below, and the elements concentric. Length, seven twen-
tieths of an inch ; breadth, three twentieths of an inch ; divergence,
forty-eight degrees.

Found in the stomachs of fishes, not unfrequcntly. Marblehead
{Haskell) ; Eastport {Cooper') ; Banks {Willis).

This is not liable to be confounded w4th any shell of our coast,
except B. harpularia, to which it has a miniature resemblance.
But, besides being so much smaller, it is distinguished by the notch
at the posterior angle of the aperture, and by the network formed
by the more numerous and fainter folds, and revolving lines. The
color, which Mr. Couthouy makes a distinctive mark, is very nearly
the same. His specimens were less perfect and white. In my
freshest specimen there is a broad, lighter-colored band near the
top of the lower whorl, Pleurotoma reticulata, Brown (" Concliol-
ogy of Great Britain," &c., pi. 48, figs. 29, 30), may, j)erliaps, be
intended to represent the same.

BELA. 355

Bela cancellata.

Shell subulate, longitudinally plicate, transversely striate ; whorls seven, con-
vex ; suture strongly impressed; spire acuminate; apex acute; aperture sub-
ovate ; lip crenated.

Fusus cancellatus, Migiiels and Adams. Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 52, pi. 4, fig. 18 (1842).
Bela cancellata, Sti.mpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell rather slender, turreted, with about twenty longitudmal
ribs, running a little obliquely to the left, crossed by nuincr-

Fi^^. 624.

ous transverse, revolving, raised lines, giving the shell a
cancellated appearance ; whorls seven, convex ; suture well
impressed ; spire gracefully tapering ; apex acute ; columella
slightly arched at the upper part ; aperture rather narrow, b. cancel-
sub-ovate ; canal short, straight, rather wider at the base ;
labrum thin, delicately crenated by the transverse striae. Length,
thirteen twentieths of an inch; breadth, one fourth of an inch ; di-
vergence, twenty-two degrees.

Casco Bay ; taken from the stomachs of haddock in the summer
of 1840. It must be regarded as very rare.

This species is very nearly allied to Murex purpureus^ Montagu
(" Turton Conch. Diet." 95), but is distinct in having a less num-
ber of volutions by three or four, by the direction of the ribs, which
are "obliquely to the right" in M. purpureus ; Montagu's shell is
also described as " rugged," " very rough," etc., terms which will
not, apply to our shell ; it is also said to be " purple," which color
is regarded by the author as characteristic ; our shell is variously
colored, some specimens being tinged with purple, others are white.
(^Mig-hels and Adams.)

Bela pleurotomaria.

Fig. 192.

Shell slender and tapering, fawn-colored; whorls eight, having eighteen or
twenty obhque, rounded folds, and minute revolving hnes.

Fusus rufus, Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 290, fig. 192, not of English authors. — De Kay, N.

Y. Moll. 146, pi. 9, fig. 189.
Bela pleurotomaria, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.
Fusus pleurotomarius, Coutiiody, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 107, pi. 1, fig. 9.

Shell elongated, tapering to an acute point, reddish-fawn colored ;
whorls eight, slightly convex, with numerous obliquely undulating
folds or ribs, amounting sometimes to eigliteeu or twenty ; these are

356 COLUMBELLID^.

quite regular and prominent, the interstices or excavations between
them being of equal width with the folds ; they are most
Fig- 625. ppQji^ii^gj^^ Qn the upper whorls, and vanish about the middle
of the lower whorl ; there are numerous inconspicuous re-
volving lines, most distinct at the base ; larger whorl rather
more than half the length of the shell, with a slight shoulder
at the suture ; aperture short and narrow, having a slight
notch at its posterior angle, and terminating abruptly in
front, without an elongated canal ; outer lip sharp ; pillar smooth,
moderately arched. Length, three fourths of an inch ; breadth,
one fifth of an inch ; divergence, forty degrees.

Found not unfrequently in the stomachs of fishes, though rarely
in a fresh state. Banks ( Willis) ; Eastport ( Cooper) ; Cape Cod,
northward {Stimpson).

On comparison with specimens sent from England, I coincide with
Mr. Sowerby in opinion, that this shell, first found in our waters by
JVIr. Couthouy, and described by him as new, is the Marex rufus of
Montagu. It is, however, generally much larger than those known
to Montagu, his specimens being less than half an inch in length.

It is a well-marked species, though varying much in its depth of
color, and in the distinctions of the spiral lines. Tlie spaces be-
tween the ribs are deep, as if grooved out. The canal is almost too
short for the genus Fusus, while the notch of the lip approximates
it to Pleurotoma.

[Now considered distinct from Fusiis rufus.

Family COLUMBELLID^.

No canal at the base of the aperture, but a more or less distinct
notch ; pillar plaited.

Genus COLUillBELLA, Lamarck. 1799.

Shell oval, spire short, pillar plaited ; outer lip thickened inter-
nally, narrowing the aperture.

Columbella a vara.

Fig. 197.

Shell small, elongated-ovate, pointed, of various shades of brown reticulated
with white, with numerous smooth ribs lengthwise, and revolving lines between
them.

COLUMBELLA. 357

Colamhclkt avara, Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 230 (1822). — Gould, Tnv. 1st cd. 313,
fig. 197. —Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 363. — Dk Kay, N. Y. Moll. 139, pi.
8, fig. 179. — SowERBY, Thes. 128, pi. 38, fig. 110. — Sti.mpsox, Chock Lists, 5.

Shell small, ovate-conic, elevated, strong, of a light straw color,
finely reticulated or blotched Avith various shades of reddish-brown ;
surface covered with equal and regular revolving lines, in-
terrupted by as many as fifteen smooth, obtuse folds or ribs '^ " '
running lengthwise of the shell ; and as the folds extend
only half the length of the lowest whorl, the remaining half
is marked by the revolving lines only ; whorls six, nearly
flat, forming an elevated, pointed spire ; suture distinct, ^ ^^. ^
and somewhat scalloped by the folds ; aperture narrow-oval,
about one third the length of the shell ; very little contracted by the
thickening of the middle of the outer lip ; this lip is simple, some-
what thicl^ened externally, and having a series of lengthened teeth
just witliin the margin ; inner lip invested with a plate of callus,
which is also toothed in a similar manner, in mature shells ; oper-
culum horny. Length, three fifths of an inch ; breadth, one fourth
of an inch ; divergence, thirty-tliree degrees.

Sent me from Martha's Vineyard by Dr. L. M. Yale. Professor
Adams says it is common at New Bedford and vicinity, also at Fal-
mouth and Nantucket. Cape Cod, however, seems to be its north-
ern limit, though a solitary, worn specimen is occasionally found
within tlic Capes. It lives below low-water mark. It is abundant
on the shores of the Southern States. Gull Island (^ Smith).

Mr. Say referred this shell, somewhat doubtfully, to the genus
Colambella ; and as it still remains equivocal between Columbella
and Buccinum, it is best to let it remain where he placed it. It
varies much in its length and coloring, being in general longer than
described by Say. It is usually covered with a dirty-brownish pig-
ment. The middle of the last whorl is frequently angular, espe-
cially in immature shells ; in these too, and indeed in a majority of
the shells I have seen, the denticulations of the aperture are want-
ing. Tliere is, however, no other shell resembling it on our coast,
and it is easily recognized.

Columbella rosacea.

Fig. 19.5.

Shell small, acutely conic, white, tinged with rose color ; whorls six, covered
with spiral lines ; aperture ovate, shorter than the spire, pillar arched and flat-
tened, lip sharp, and without teeth within.

358 COLUMBELLID^.

Buccinum rosaceum, Gould, Sillim, Journ. xxxviii. 197 ; Inv. 1st ed. 311, fig 195,
Columbella rosacea, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, elongated, acutely conic, white, tinged with rose

color, closely covered with minute revolving lines, most conspicuous

near the base of the shell, in most parts microscopic ; lower

Fig. 627. -^rhorl as long or longer than the rest of the spire ; suture

faintly impressed, but distinct; aperture about two fifths

the length of the shell, narrow-ovate ; outer lip sharp, a

little everted, smooth within, gently curving to its junction

„ with the spire ; pillar arcuated, a little flattened, smooth,

C rosacea. i ' l 7 t ^

and white. Length, three tenths of an inch ; breadth,
three twentieths of an inch ; divergence, forty degrees.

This little shell I took from fish caught off Cohasset. It has
since been frequently found in fishes taken in various parts of Mas-
sachusetts Bay. Eastport, white variety ( Cooper^ ; Banks, Sable
Island (^Willis).

It belongs to Kiener's section of Co lumbella-f ovmed Buccinum^
and greatly resembles his B. lacteum in size and general appear-
ance, but is different in color, wants the peculiar spots, and is not
toothed within the lip. It is not plaited like B. pulchellum and B.
dermestoidcum. Some specimens are beautifully tinted with rose-
red, but others are of a dingy-white, or tinged only around the apex.
In one specimen there is something like a dark band just above the
suture, and emerging from the posterior angle of the aperture.
The revolving lines are very minute, and in old specimens are
scarcely discerned on the spire. To the naked eye the shell ap-
pears smooth and shining.

It is probable that both this species and Buccinum lunatum actu-
ally belong to the genus Columbella. [There is now no doubt of it.

Columbella dissimills.

Shell small,- ovate-conical, solid, longitudinally substriate, fuscous, often with
three white zones ; whorls five, flattened ; aperture sub-equalling the half of the
spire.

CoIuwbeUa diasimilis, Stimpsox, Proc. Bost. Soc N. H. iv. 114 (1851) ; Shells of New

England, 47 ; Check Lists, 5.
Buccinum zonule, Linsley, Shells of Connecticut, Sillim. Journ. o. s. xlviii. 285.

This species differs from the C. lunata in its want of revolving
lines on the rostrum, and in its color. Buccinum zonalc, Linsley,

COLUMBELLA. 359

Connecticut, is probably the young of this species, but the rig. 628.
name is preoccupied. The animal resembles that of C.
liinata, except in its color, which is white. Length, twenty-
three thousandths of an inch ; breadth, one hundredth of
an inch. Laminarian and Coralline Zones. Eastport Har- a dissim-
bor and Grand Manan (^Stimpsoii).

Columbella lunata.

Fig. 196.

Shell small, ovate-conic, surface smooth ; color reddish-brown, with two series
of crescent-shaped, whitish spots; aperture oval, its outer lip dark brown, and
toothed Avithin. '

Nassa lunata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. v. 21.3. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 131, pi. 7,.fig. 1 62*.
Baccinum. lunatum, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 2G6. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 312, fig.

196.
Columbella lunaia, Sovverby, Thes. 141, pi. 140, fig. 164. — Stimpson, Check Lists, .5.

Shell small, ovate-conic ; whorls six, slightly convex, separated
by a shallow suture ; surface altogether smooth, excepting a single
revolving line below the suture, and a few around the
base ; color reddish-brown or fawn color, with two, and
sometimes three, series of crescent-shaped, yellowish spots
on the lower whorl ; the light color often predominating
over the dark ; aperture oval, narrow, with a small sinus
or recess at the posterior angle, and endhig in a very short
canal in front; outer lip simple, and dark brown, toothed along its
inner margin ; pillar covered with brown callus, the outer edge of
which is somewhat elevated. Length, one fifth of an inch ; breadth,
one tenth of an inch ; divergence, forty-three degrees.

Found abundantly to the south of Cape Cod, as far north as
Provincetown, about Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Buzzard's
Bay. Swampscott and Nahant Beaches, alive (Haskell}. Profes-
sor Adams remarks that they are found associated, almost without
exception, with Bittium nigrum., but much less abundant. In spring
they are found upon the surface of the sand. Their station, how-
ever, is a few feet below low-water mark, clinging to stones, sea-
weed, and other shells.

The principal variations arise from the greater or less elongation
of the spire, and from the different proportions of the brown and
white coloring; sometimes the shell is almost entirely brown, and
at others there is scarcely enough brown to define the crescentic
spots.

360 PURPURID^.

Mr. Say describes the animal as follows: " pale- whitish, foot
linear, nearly as long as the shell, acute behind, hardly larger than
the respiratory trunk, truncate before ; trunk more than half as
long as the shell, obtuse at tip, with a brown annnlation near the
tip, and another near the base ; tentacula short, cylindrical, annu-
late with blackish on the middle ; eyes black, placed on the base of
the tentacula."

This species also has proved to be a Columbella.

Family PURPURID.^, Brod.

Shell with a short, ascending canal, or an oblique notch, or
semi-canal, directed upwards.

Oeiius PURPURA, Brug. 1789.

Shell oblong-oval ; last whorl large ; spire short ; aperture ovate,
large, with an oblique channel or groove at the fore part ; columella
flattened ; outer lip simple.

Purpura lapillus.

Shell ovate, pointed, solid, variegated in color, Avliite, yellow, chocolate, and
often banded with white; surface with numerous coarse, revolving ridges; aper-
ture oval, outer lip thickened, and toothed within.

Buccinum lapillus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1202. — Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 218, t. 72, fig. 89. —
Martini, Conch, iii. 429, t. 121, figs. 1111, 1112, and iv. 22, t. 122, figs. 1124, 112.5,
&c. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, pi. 11. — Wood, Index, pi. 23, fig. 62. — Montagu,
Test. Brit. 2.39

Tritoniuin lapi/lus, Mui.ler, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 244.

Piirpnrn-Burrinum, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 125.

Purpura lapillus. Lam. An. s.ins Vert. (1st ed ) vi. ; 2d cd. x. 79. — Goui.D, Inv. 1st
ed. 301. — KiK.NER, Jconog. (Pourpr,') 101, pi. 29, 30, 31, figs. 77 -77s. —Flem-
ing, Brit. Anini. 3-41. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 135, pi. 8, fig. 175. — Stimpson,
Check Lists, 5.

Shell ovate, acutely pointed at both extremities, thick and solid,
varying in color, from white through yellow to a dark chocolate,
and often with bands of white or yellow, of different widths ; sur-
face more or less wrinkled and encircled with numerous coarse, un-
equal ridges. Some are nearly smooth, and others, at the lines of
growth, have series of raised, concave scales, which render the
whole shell rough and prickly to the touch ; whorls five or six, in
some convex, so that the spire appears turrctcd, in others flattened

PURPURA.

361

below tlic sutures, so as to be pyramidal ; aperture oval, the outer
lip regularly curved, sharp, but thickened, and armed with blunt
teeth at a little distance within, so that the aperture appears sprcad-

Fig. 630.

p. lapillus.

ing ; the pillar lip moderately flattened, smooth, its lower portion a
little twisted, so as to form a moderate projection within the shell,
and a crescent-shaped umbilical depression outside ; canal short,
turning: a little to the right ; throat generally light i^eddish-brown,
with a lighter border to the lip. Operculum horny, elliptical. Com-
mon length, one and one fourth inches ; breadth, seven tenths of an
inch.

Inhabits the ocean rocks everywhere, from Greenland through
all New England.

While there is an individuality about this shell, by which it is
easily recognized, yet it is infinitely varied in its details. All speci-
mens have the coarse, revolving ridges, and the peculiar twist of
the flattened pillar, characteristic of the genus. They may be di-
vided into two groups, those with a smooth, and those with a rasp-
like surface. The smooth shells are the most solid, and are usually
flattened near the suture, so as to give the shell a rhomboidal,
rather than an ovate outline. This smoothness is not the effect of
age, as lias been generally stated, for the young shells, in both
groups, are like the old. In these there is nothing like an umbili-
cus. These are the true P. lapillus.

In the other group, the whorls are more convex, the suture deep,
and the surface is rendered rasp-like by the sharp, scalloped edges
of the successive lines of growth, which are most conspicuous in the
youngest specimens. In these the callus is abundant upon the pil-
lar, and rises in such a manner as to seem to cover an umbilicus.
In some specimens it is so abundant at the posterior angle of the
aperture, that the two lips are continuous, and their junction round-
ed. The canal in this variety is more decided and longer. This

362 purpupjdj:.

variety is Lamarck's species P. imhricata. (See De Kay, 1. c. pi.
viii. fig. 172.)

As to coloration, both varieties pass from white through yellow
to a dark chocolate or slate-color ; but specimens of the first group
are both lighter and darker than those of the second group. It is
in the first group only that I have met with the banded varieties.
These have the portion next the suture, the base, and a central zone
dark, and the remainder white ; and they constitute Lamarck's spe-
cies bizonalis (v. De Kay, 136, pi. viii. fig. 171). Kiener has fig-
ured many varieties, but it would be impossible to represent every
aspect of a shell, in which no two individuals may be found exactly
alike,

Kiener states that the animal, which is perfectly white, is very
carnivorous, and that by it are produced, principally, the perfora-
tions so frequently observed in bivalve shells on the shore. This
remark might apply to many of the perforated univalve shells ; but
it would hardly be expected that this animal, whose residence is
confined to the rocks, should feed upon the animals of bivalve shells,
which reside only in sand or mud. The Naticidce are the more
probable depredators in this case.

Oenus IVASSA, Lamarck. 1799.

Shell ovate, ventricose, body whorl variously sculptured ; aper-
ture ovate, with a short, reflected, truncated anterior canal ; inner
lip smooth, often widely spread over with enamel, with a posterior
callosity or blunt dentiform plait; outer lip dentated, internally
crenulated.

Nassa obsoleta.

Fig. 210.

Shell ovate, dark reddish -brown, covered with a network of lines, and often-
times folded; aperture ovate, dark violet, right lip simple and sharp, with ele-
vated lines within.

Nnssa ohaohta, Sat, Journ Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 232. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.
Bnccinum Nov-Eboracensis, Wood, Index, Suppl. pi. 4, fig. 26.

Bnccinnm oIlriforme,Kiii.TiB'R, Iconog. {Buccinj.pl. 2.5, fig. 99. — Lam. An. sans Vert. x. 201.
Burcinum obsoletum, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 267. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 308,
fig. 210.

Shell ovular, inelegant, dark reddish-brown or olive colored,
somewhat shining ; whorls six, convex, composing a moderately

NASSA. 863

elevated spire, rather blunt at the apex, which, however, is gen-
erally much eroded ; suture distinctly marked ; surface marked with
numerous unequal, revolving lines, which are crossed by
minute lines of growth, and larger or smaller, more or less ^'s-^31.
numerous oblique folds ; these always exist on the smaller
whorls, but are often entirely wanting on the lower whorl,
the whole giving the shell a graimlar appearance ; aper-
ture oval, outer lip simple and sharp, not thickened with-
in, but marked with elevated lines not reaching the mar- ,r ^ , .

' o JV. obsoleta.

gin, in adult specimens ; pillar deeply arched, overspread
with enamel, having a protuberance or fold at its front, turning into
the interior ; canal a mere notch ; throat purplish-black, fading
within, and, in almost every instance, with a bluish-white band at
its posterior third ; something similar is found on the opposite lip ;
operculum horny, not serrated. Length, one inch ; breadth, one
half inch ; divergence, fifty degrees.

The animal is variously mottled with slate color ; the foot is as
long as the shell, its anterior angles prolonged and turned back-
wards ; head not extending beyond the shell ; eyes black, on the ex-
terior side of the tentacula, and above the base ; above the eyes the
tentacula are suddenly diminished, and bristle-shaped ; trunk cylin-
drical, channelled beneath, half as long as the shell, and very con-
spicuous.

Its movements are very active, and it collects in numbers about
dead crabs and other marine animals, on which it feeds.

Inhabits all our muddy shores, preferring situations not exposed
to the surf of the open sea ; such as inlets and extended flats which
are drained at low tide. It is found abundantly at the confluence
of fresh and salt water, where the taste is merely brackish. Profes-
sor Adams remarks, that the finest specimens he had found " were
growing at Nantucket, where they are as abundant as in any of our
continental harbors."

No shell of equal size is so abundant on the whole Atlantic shore.
Specimens from Florida vary only in being smaller, more oliva-
ceous, and by having a thick, broad callus over the pillar.

The younger shells are most likely to be collected, because the
old ones become very much eroded and defaced, and a greenish,
mould-like plant vegetates abundantly upon them. Yery few, there-
fore, of the shells usually collected have the lines on the interior
of the outer lip. Kiener's figure represents an immature shell.

364 PURPURIDJE.

Nassa trivittata.

Fig. 211.

Shell ovate-conic, turretecl, greenish-white, surface wrought into a network by-
elevated, decussating lines ; sometimes with three dark bands on the lower whorl ;
raised lines within the lip.

Nassa tricitlata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. ii. 231. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.
Buccinum trivittatum, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 265. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 309,
fig. 211.

Shell ovate-conic, turreted, apex acute, greenish or yellowish-
white, cross-barred, so as to appear graiudated, by means of promi-
nent, equidistant, longitudinal lines, and ten, equally reg-
Fig^ 632. ular, revolving impressed lines on the larger whorl, and
a somewhat more conspicuous groove near the summit of
each volution ; whorls seven, flattened above, so as to pre-
sent a conspicuous shoulder at the suture ; in the best speci-
mens there is a dark band at the top, on the middle, and
N. trivittata. ^^ ^^^^ frout of tlic body whorl, each occupying two series
of granules ; the lower line of granules on each whorl is
also colored, aperture oval, terminating behind in a canal formed by
a dilatation of the right lip, and a fold on the left, and before in a
short, ascending beak which is divided from the body of the shell
by a deep groove ; outer lip sharp, and scalloped by the revolving
lines ; pillar regularly arched, with a distinct revolving ridge bor-
dering the canal, and covered, to a considerable extent, with green-
ish enamel ; throat white, or with brown bands corresponding to
those on the outside ; a few elevated lines within, not reaching the
margin ; operculum horny, of an irregular, three-sided shape, one
half its edge sharply serrated. Length, seven tenths of an inch ;
breadth, three tenths of an inch ; divergence, forty-five degrees.

Found in a worn state on most of our sea-beaches, and occasion-
ally alive at Chelsea. Dr. William Prescott of Lynn found it alive,
in abundance, at low-water mark, on Phillips's Beach ; Professor
C. B. Adams found it at New Bedford, and says it is abundant at
Nantucket, on the inner side of Brant Point, and also on the south
shore, less abundant but larger. Halifax ( Willis^ ; Eastport (Coop-
e)-^ ; Gaspe (Bell) ; Gull Island {Smith') ; Vineyard Sound {De-
sor) ; Geovgln (^Caliper).

No other shell inhabiting our coast bears any near resemblance
to this. Its sculpture is like that of B. marginulatum from \\\q In-
dian Seas, and its whole appearance is very much like that of Kien-

NASSA. 365

er's B. Roissyi from the Australian Seas. It undergoes consider-
able variation. The three lines of" rufous color wliicli suggested its
specific name are very rarely seen on shells in this latitude ; and
then, again, we find all the revolving lines more or less colored.
In some, the two sets of lines are prcciisely alike in size and dis-
tance ; in others, the longitudinal lines are much the most distant,
and become more like undulating folds. These last may be re-
garded as a well-marked variety ; they are also more acutely
pointed, and the shoulder at the suture is more rounded. Speci-
mens from Nantucket have the inner margin thickly coated to a
considerable extent with enamel, while those found near Boston
have none. I have a specimen nine tenths of an inch long.

[Animal whitish, sparsely dotted with pale lilac ; foot slightly
bifid behind with two erect subulate processes. Very active. Comes
out of the sand towards low-water mark in a minute or two after
the water passes over them.

Nassa vibex.

Fig. 212.

Shell thick, short, ovate-conic ; surfiice checked with waving folds and revolv-
ing lines ; and alternately zoned witli light and darlv color ; lip thickened and
toothed within ; pillar with a broad and tliick callus, granulated at base.

Nassa vibex, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 231 (1822) ; Amer. Conch pi. 57, fig. 2 (1834).

— SriJiPSON, Check Lists, 5.
Buccinum vibex, Adams, Best. Joui'u. Nat. Hist. ii. 264.

Shell solid, short, ovate-conic, of an ashy-white color ; whorls six,
suture very fine ; body whorl with about twelve undulating folds
or ribs, crossed by about ten elevated lines, most distinct ^,. ^^,

, '' ' Fir. 633.

on the ribs ; the space between the two upper lines is more
deeply indented, forming pits between the ribs ; a pale-red-
dish zone encircles the top, the middle, and generally the
base of this whorl, the upper one and the ribs being con-
tinued to the apex ; aperture oval, outer lip thickened with- ^' ^"**'^'
out and within, with four or five teeth within ; pillar very concave,
callus abundant, with a few granules at its termination ; canal very
short, separated from the body by a furrow. Length, half an inch ;
breadth, three tenths of an inch ; divergence, sixty-seven degrees.

Specimens of this shell are rare, and usually have a chalky as-
pect. They have been found only to the south of Cape Cod. Mr.

366 purpuridj:.

Say had it from South Carolina ; and I have specimens of a shell
from the Spanish Main which differ only in the greater develop-
ment of callus and brighter colors.

[Animal : foot large, auriculate at anterior angles, narrowed be-
hind, with short terminal ch-ri, broadest before middle ; about one
and a half times the length of the shell ; above matted with flake-
white punctate blotches on a dark gray ground ; a broad whitish
middle line on top ; head broad ; eyes at posterior fourth ; points of
vibracula very slender ; head with dark gray maculations. Siphon
nearly as long as shell, constantly vibrating. Below white, grayish
along middle, with longitudinal clouds. (^Stimpson.')

Oenus BUCCII^rUM, Lin. 1767.

Shell ovate-conic ; aperture having a notch without a canal, in
front; pillar not flattened, somewhat twisted.

Buccinum undatum.

Shell ovate-conical, ventricose, with broad folds and coarse, revolving lines;
whorls six, convex ; epidermis grayish ; aperture yellowish, lip slightly notched ;
pillar twisted, canal a mere notch.

Biirriiiiim c)-(tssiim rufescens. Lister, Conch t. 962, fig. 14*.

Buccinum undatum, Lin. Fauna Suec. No. 2163 ; Syst. Nat. No. 475. — Gmelin, 3492. —
Knorr, Vergn. iv. t. 19, fig. 1. —Martini, Conch, iv. t. 126, figs. 1206- 1209.—
Pennant, Brit. Zool. t. 73, fig. 9. — Hutch. Dorset Catal. 42, t. 17, fig. G. — Mon-
tagu, Test. Brit. 237. — Kiener, Iconog. pi. 2, fig. 5. — Drummond, Letters to a
Young Niituralist. — Blainv. Malacol. pi. 22, fig. 4. — Sowekbv, Concli. Man.
fig. 421. — Donovan, Brit. Shells, iii. 104. — Wood, Index, pi. 23, figv 107.—
Brug. Encyc. Me'th. pi. '^99, fig. 1. — Gould, Liv. 1st ed. 303. -De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 130, pi. 7, fig. 161. — Lam. An. sans Vert. x. 154. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Burchmm vuh/nre, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 122, t. 6, fig. 6.

Trhonium undatum, Muller, Zool. Dan. ii. 12, t. 50. — Fabr. Fauna Gnjenl. 394.

Biicciinnn striatum. Pennant, Brit. Zool. t. 74, fig. 91. — Lister, Conch, t. 962, fig. 15;
An. Angl. t. 3, fig. 3.

Shell thick, ovate-conic, ventricose, grayish or brownish M^hite,
encircled with prominent, raised lines, from one fifth to one tenth
of an inch apart, with minute, intervening striae ; with twelve or
thirteen longitudinal, oljliquely waved, elevated ribs or plaits, trav-
ersing the upper whorls, fading away on the convexity of the lower
whorl, and generally disappearing entirely a short distance from the
lip ; a yellowish-brown, velvety epidermis covers the shell wholly,
or near the lip ; whorls six, regularly convex ; aperture oval, about

BUCCINUM.

3G7

Fig. 631.

B. undatum.

one half the length of the shell, white within, or more frequently of
a brilliant golden-yellow ; minute striae, corresponding to the prom-
inent lines without, extend some distance within the mouth, and
produce faint crenulations of the outer
lip ; this is somewhat everted, and arched
so as often to produce a conspicuous
notch at about its posterior third ; colu-
mella broadly overlaid with callus, some-
what flattened, and twisted at its lower
portion ; not extending so far as the lip
on the opposite side of the canal. Usual
length, three inches ; breadth, one and
nine tenths inches.

It is occasionally found on some of the
rocky bars in Boston Harbor, particularly
Faun Bar, of good size and beauty. On
the sandy beaches it is thrown up, in a
worn state. Still farther eastward it be-
comes abundant ; and the finest I have
ever seen were sent to me by Dr. Mighels,
from the vicinity of Portland. I am not aware that it is found south
of Cape Cod. Gull Island (^SmWi) ; whole coast of New England
and Canada.

I have given a description of our B. undatum, as it most com-
monly appears with us. It differs, however, in several points from
the English shells, as figured and described by Pennant and others.
It is more ventricose, the whorls are one or two less in number ; it
is not found of so large a size, British specimens being mentioned
four or five inches long, while the largest I have seen is only three
inches and a half; the striation is far more conspicuous, and the
remarkable projection of the columella beyond the rest of the shell,
shown in foreign specimens, is not found in ours ; the aperture is
proportionally broader, and the ribs or folds less distinct. Its gol-
den mouth, too, which is not found in foreign shells, renders it a
beautiful shell. In truth, it much more nearly resembles Pennant's
B. striatum (" Brit. Zool." pi. 74) ; but Turton states that, in the
B. striatum (which is now regarded as a variety of B. unflatum'),
the shell is much thinner than the true B. undatum, which is not
the case in our shell.

Kiener observes that this species is very varial)le in size ; also in
its form, which is more or less inflated, sometimes the folds, then

368

PURPURID^.

the striae, and then both disappearing. And were specific names to
be given to every considerable variety, the nomenclature would be
most unscientifically burdened.

The figure of Kiener, and the wood-cut in " Drummond's Let-
ters." &c., are accurate representations of our shell.

Fig. 635.

Buccinum ciliatum.

Fig. 209.

Shell ovate-conic, ventricose, thin ; whorls six or eight, sometimes folded at the
suture ; spirally striated, ash colored, or clouded with brown ; epidermis hispid.

Tritoniam ciliatum, O. Fabr. Fauna Groenl. 401.

Buccinum veiifricosum, Kiener, Species (Buccinum), pi. 3, fig. 7.

Buccinum ciliatum, Gould, In v. 1st ed. 307, fig. 209. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell similar to B. iindatum, ])ut thin, paper-like, and destitute
of folds, except short ones near the suture, so as to give that part

a crenated appearance. The whorls are
more convexly rounded, so as to be
nearly cylindrical ; surface with minute
and close revolving lines, color yellowish,
or livid, most specimens with blotches,
or dashes of brown ; epidermis fawn col-
ored, and hispid, with short hairs, ar-
ranged for the most part along the lines
of increase. Aperture short, rounded,
lip very thin ; throat pure white, or yel-
lowish. The pillar has a very oblique,
obscure fold. Length, two inches ;
breadth, one and three tenths inches;
divergence, fifty-eight degrees.

Taken from fishes caught, for the
most part, at the Banks ; fossil, Mon-
treal (^Daivsori).
The thill structure, inflated form, and
want of undulations, distinguish this species from the preceding.
It agrees very accurately with the description of Fabricius ; and Dr.
Loven assures me that there can be no doubt of its being his T. cil-
iatum. As the epidermis is often removed, or rubbed, however, we
do not always find it fringed with short hairs, " ciliatus pills hrrvi-
bus,^^ as he describes it. Nor is it less doubtfully the B. veritri-
cosum of Kiener, although we do not often find it clouded v.itli
blotches, or zigzag stripes, as he figures it.

B. ciliatum.

BUCCINUM.

369

Bucciniim Donovani.

Fig. 208.

Fig. 636.

Shell ovate-conic, elevated and pointed ; whorls folded lenojthwise, and marked
-with revolving lines; the lowest whorl is encircled by a rounded carina; aperture
rounded, lip spreading.

Bucciniim (flacia/p, Doxov.w, Brit. Shells, v. pi. 1.54. — Brown, Conch, of Great Brit.

&c. pi. 49. figs. 12, 13.
Bucciniim Donovani, Gray, in Znol. to Beechey's Voyage, 128. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed.

304, tig. 208. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell ovate-conic, spire elevated and pointed, solid, of a livid
brownish color, folded obliquely lengthwise, the lower whorl being
merely plaited at the suture, and covered
with rather coarse revolving lines ; whorls
seven or eight, moderately convex, and
gradually tapering ; on the lower one a fiat-
tisli rib or keel commences at the junction
of the lip, and, revolving, terminates about
the lower third of the lip ; suture deep and
undulating ; aperture less than one half the
length of the shell, rounded, outer lip white,
rather thick, and spreading, with a wave at
its posterior portion ; inner margin nearly
destitute of callus ; throat livid ; canal short,
very slightly recurved. Length, two inches ;
breadth, one and one tenth inches ; diver-
gence, forty-two degrees.

Inhabits the Bank fishing-grounds. St.
Flavie, Canada (^Bell).

Distinguished from B. undatum by its
more slender form, greater polish, its round-
ed aperture, and spreading lip, and by the ribs encircling the larger
whorl. None of the specimens exhibit more than one well-devel-
oped rib, and some of them are destitute of any. It has also a more
elongated, and more acute spire, than B. g-laciale, and Dr. Gray
seems to have done well in separating it from that species, as
it is commonly received. I have seen a few perfect specimens
taken from fishes, which correspond accurately with Donovan's

B. Dnnnvani.

figure.

24

370 PURPURID^.

Buccinum cinereum.

Fig. 213,

Shell oval, tapering at both ends, ash colored, or reddish-brown, with ten or
twelve undulations on the lower whorl, crossed by numerous revolving lines.

Fiisits cinereiis, Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 236 (1821) ; Amer. Conch, pi. 29. De

Kay, N. Y. Moll. 145, pi. 8, fig. 184— Phil. Abbild. pi. I, figs. 7, 8.
Buccinum plicosum, Menke, Syn. 2d ed. 59 (1830). — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 303, fi"-. 213.
Rapana ? cinerea, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Shell long-oval, taperingr at both ends, coarse, solid, of a reddish-
brown color, more or less dark, covered with an ashy-gray pigment ;
on some specimens are two faint brown bands on the
larger whorl ; whorls five or six, convex, compressed
about the suture, with ten or twelve rib-like undulations
along each, crossed by numerous, somewhat regular,
elevated, revolving lines ; aperture ovate, and, with the
beak, about equals the spire ; outer lip sharp, scalloped by
the termination of the revolving lines, with one or more
series of elevated, whiter lines within, corresponding to
the external grooves ; pillar margin sliditly arched, cov-
ered with enamel, which rises up by the side of an um-
bilical depression ; beak short, slightly curved ; throat of various
hues from light violet to dark chocolate ; operculum horny, rounded
ovate, elements concentric ; the nucleus near one edge. Length,
one inch ; breadth, three fifths of an inch ; divergence, fifty de-
grees.

Found on rocks in bays and inlets, about Nantucket, New Bed-
ford, &c., and occasionally sheltered under the edges of stones in
Boston Harbor. I am not aware that it is found to the north of
Cape Ann, while it is common at the South, and grows to a much
larger size. Vineyard Sound (Desor) ; Lynn Harbor (^Haskell) ;
St. Simon's Isle, Georgia (Covper}.

Animal small, foot scarcely covering the aperture, very little di-
lated at the front angles, cream colored, margined with lemon color
beneath, punctured with light drab above ; siphon merely surpass-
ing the tip of the canal ; head scarcely protruded ; tentacula nearly
united at origin ; eyes black, at the outer upper third of tentacula,
which third is a mere filament, contractile. Motions sluggish.

Mr. Say noticed that its habits were those of Purpura ; but it is
removed from both Fusus and Purpura by its operculum, and will

Fusus. 871

probably prove to belong to the genus Pallia of Gray. Mr. Say's
specific name is preoccupied by another species of Bucciimm.

Family MURICID.E, Flem.

Shell with a canal, more or less extended, in front of the aper-
ture, the outer lip of which docs not alter its form by age.

Oesiiis rUSUS, Lamarck. 1799.

Shell elongated, tapering to both ends, without varices ; aper-
ture oval, terminating in a straight or slightly curved canal ; opercu-
lum horny, pear-shaped, with the nucleus at the small end.

Fusus Islandicus.

Shell elongated, bluish-wliite, covered with a horn colored epidermis ; whorb
eight, marked with equidistant, revolving lines ; aperture as long as the spire.

Murex corneus, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 124, t. 76, fig. 99. — Montagu, Test. Brit. 2.58.
— Donovan, Brit. Shells, ii. pi. 38. — Tukton, Conch. Diet. 89. — Dillwyn,
Catal. ii. 733. — Wood, Index, pi. 27, fig. 107.

Murex Islandicus, Gmelin, Syst. 3.5.5.i.

Fusus Idaudicus, Maiitini, Conch, iv. 1.59, t. 141, figs. 1312, 1313. — Lam. An. sans
Vert. 1st ed. vii. 12G ; 2d ed. ix. 4.50. — Brug. Encyc Me'th. Vers. iii. 101, pi. 429,
fig. 2. — KiKNER, Species {Fusus), pi. 7, fig. 2. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 284 — De
Kay, N. Y. Moll. 144, pi. 8, fig. 185. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Fusus corneus. Say, Amer. Couch, pi. 29. — Fleming, Brit. Anira. 348. — Brown,
Conch of Great Brit. &c. pi. 47, figs. 7, 9 ; Encyc. Brit. vi. 448.

Buccinum rjracile, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 124, t. 6, fig. 5.

Buccinum angustius, Lister, Conch, t. 913, fig. 5.

Shell ovate, elongated, bluish-white, ponderous, semi-transpar-
ent, covered with a horn colored, somewhat velvety epidermis ;
whorls eight or nine, moderately convex, somewhat compressed
before the suture, the anterior whorl equalling two thirds the length
of the shell ; the whorls covered with equidistant, sub-equal raised
revolving lines, quite apparent through the epidermis ; lines of
growth faint ; suture distinct, somewhat channelled. Aperture ob-
long oval, half as long as the shell, polished, porcelain-white within ;
outer lip sharp, and minutely crenulated by the revolving lines ; pil-
lar smooth, and overspread with enamel ; canal moderately pro-
duced, and gently curved backwards. Length, two and three fourths
inches ; breadth, one and one tenth inches ; divergence, forty-five
degrees.

872

MURICID^.

Fig- 638. A deep-water shell. Very large

specimens, much worn, are occa-
sionally found upon Chelsea and
Phillips's Beaches ; along the coast
of Maine, and farther eastward, they
are not infrequent. The small va-
riety is found abundantly in fishes
caught in our harbor, though I have
never found it washed ashore. Nova
Scotia ( Willis) ; Eastport ( Coop-
er) ; St. Anne (Bell).

1 formerly regarded the small
shells as the young, or a dwarf va-
riety of the tyjje, though Mr. Sow-
erby is rather disposed to regard
them as a good species. And I had
also regarded the Fusus ventricosus
as a variety abbreviatus of the same ;
but as I find it accurately described
by Dr. Gray, I have concluded to
follow him, since I can do it without
imposing any new name. The true
Murex cornens of Linnseus is said
to be the Fusus lig-narius of La-
marck.

[Animal white, with small irreg-
ular specks of black ; eyes black ; foot rectangular, angles rounded.

F. Islandlcus.

Fusus pygmseus.

Fig. 199.

Shell not exceeding four fifths of an inch in length; whorls six, and preserving
the proportions of F. Mandicus.

Fusus Tslandicus, var. pj/f/mcevs, Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 284, fig. 199.
Fusus pi/r/nuens, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Both Dr. Mighels and Prescott having assured me that F. pyg-
mcBus is distinct from F. Islandiciis, and having sent me specimens
of the latter of equal length with those of the former, I find their
opinion quite correct. F. p//sf-mfcus has at least two more whorls
than the young of F. Mandicus of equal length. The comparative

FUSUS.

373

Fig. 639.

length of the aperture is less ; the epidermis is drab and strongly
corrugated longitudinally, hirsute along the stria3, while that of F.
Islandicus is horny, close, with the shell flesh-colored be-
neath, while that of F. pygmceus is always white. The
stride are more numerous and more rounded in F. pijg-
mccus, those of F. Islandicus being more grooved as it
were. In F. pijgmceus the apex is regularly and acutely
pointed, while in F. Islandicus we have the distorted ]jut-
ton usually found in the young of large convoluted shells.

Animal purest white, the red buccal mass showing
through ; foot large, broadly truncate before, but not at
all auriclcd ; broadly rounded behind, and its sides tending to fold
over slightly. (Stimpson.')

Halifax (^Willis) ; Eastport, and Grand Manan {Stimpson).

F.pygmeBus.

Fusus ventricosus.

Fig. 200.

Shell ovate-g-lobo?e, bhiish-white, covered with a thick epidermis; whorls five,
marked with revolving lines ; aperture longer than the spire.

Fusus Islandicus (van), Kiener, Species, pi. 15, fig. 2.

Fusus ventricosus, Gray, in Zoul. to Beechey's Voyage, 117. — Godld, Inv. l.st ed. 285,

fig. 200. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 144, pi. 8, fig. 183. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.
Fusus corneus (var.) 1 Brown, Conch, of Great Brit. &c. pi. 47, figs. 11,12.
Fusus siriatus, of Paris collections, on authority of Mr. Sowerby. — Eeeve, Con. Icon.

pi. 11, figs. 42 a, 6.

This species is closely allied to F. islandi- ^'" ^^^'

cus in color, marking, and texture. It is,
however, much more ventricose, the last
whorl composing nearly the whole shell.
It maintains its proportions through all the
sizes and ages I have seen. It is also short-
er and finer lined than F. Sabini, Gray,
found in the Arctic seas, to which Brown's
figure perhaps applies more properly than
to this species.

I have never seen it from any other local-
ity than the Bank fishing-grounds, and this
may add to its claims to be regarded as a
distinct species. Length, one and seven
tenths inches ; breadth, one and one tenth inches ; divergence,
seventy-eight degrees. Sable Island (^Willis^.

F. ventricosus.

374

MURICID^.

The aperture is nearly twice as long as the spire, and the revolv-
ing lines are closer and more regular than in F. Islandicus.

The above name, applied to it by Dr. Gray, is perhaps not objec-
tionable, though it was formerly applied to Rostellaria curvirostris.

Pusus tornatns.

Fig. 201.

Fis. 641.

Shell turreted, coarse, pale-brownish ; whorls eight, convex, encircled by elevated
bands of a pale chestnut color ; aperture rounded, canal short, and strongly recurved.

Fusus tornatus, Gould, Sillim. Jonrn. xxxviii. 197 ; Iiiv. 2d ed. 286, fig. 201. — De Kay,
N. Y. Moll. 148. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Shell turreted, rough, inelegant, antiquated, dingy white, or faint

brownish horn color ; whorls
eight, very convex, rather ven-
tricose, encircled by distant,
elevated, light chestnut col-
ored bands or ribs ; on the up-
per whorls two of these lines,
more prominent than the rest,
give them a bicarinatcd appear-
ance ; on the last but one there
are usually three lines, and on
the lowest are several others,
gradually diminishing in prom-
inence, and never reaching
the front, except in immature
shells ; sutural division abrupt ;
striffi of growth quite apparent,
but, with these exceptions, the
shell has a smooth and worn
appearance ; aperture rather
less than half the length of the
shell, broad oval, and some-
what dilated ; outer lip sharp
and somewhat angulated by
the most prominent revolving
bands ; inner margin covered
canal short, and very much re-

F. tornatus.*

with a callus in mature shells ;

* The specimen figured is in the collection of E. R. Mayo, Esq. — W. G. B

Fusus. 375

curved. Length, two and a half inches; breadth, one and one fourth
inclics ; divergence, fifty degrees

From the Bank Fisheries. Taken from codfish. Several good
specimens of various ages arc now before me, for most of wliich I
am indebted to the kindness of Colonel Totten. St. Anne (^Bell) ;
fossil, Montreal (Daivson).

This shell is undcscribed, unless it be the much debated and
equivocal Murex despcctus of Linnaeus, about which British writers
seem to have been so much puzzled. It differs from the early state
of the Fusus antiquus of Linnasus, the F. dcspectus of most British
conchologists, in the more rounded form of the whorls, and in being
destitute of the network formed by the close revolving and longitu-
dinal striffi, and it would evidently never assume the appearance of
a mature F. antiquus.

The oidy figures I have seen at all resembling this are figure
1295 of Martini, which he regards as a variety of Murex antiquus,
as indeed he does the M. despectus of Linneeus also ; and the
figure of Donovan in his " British Shells," Vol. V. pi. 180, under
the name of Murex despectus. I have very little doubt that it
is the genuine M. despectus of Linnaeus ; but as another shell is
now universally received under that name, it seems the most ju-
dicious way to apply a new name to this, with the above explana-
tion.

This shell probably never becomes three inches in length. It is
inelegant and coarse, in general smooth and somewhat shining,
though seeming to be made up of small, plane surfaces, rather than
curved ones. The elevated lines are broad, and smoothly rounded,
of a darker color than the rest of the shell, and give it an appear-
ance as though it might have been turned in a lathe, but left in an
unfinished state. In general outline it very strongly resembles the
fossil F. contrarius of the English crag formation.

Fusus decemcostatus.

Fig. 202.

Shell oval, turreted, ash colored, with ten elevated, rounded, horn colored ribs
on the lower whorl, and two on the upper ones.

Fusus decemcostatus, Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. v. 214. — GoULn, Inv. 1st cd. 287, fif^.

202. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 14.5, pi. 9, fig. 196. —Phil. Abbild. pi. 1, fig. 12. —

Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.
Fasus carinatus, Kiener, Species (Fusus), pi. 19, fig. 1.

0-5

Oi

muricidj:.

Shell obliquely oval, narrowed at both ends, solid, coarse, spire
elevated and turreted, ash colored, composed of about six convex

whorls, coarsely wrinkled by the
lines of growth ; lower whorl tur-
gid, and girdled by about ten broad,
elevated, rounded ribs or keels, of
a light reddish horn color ; they
are about equidistant, the poste-
rior one is the largest, and the suc-
cessive ones go on diminishing,
till, about the beak, they become
nearly extinct ; between the poste-
rior rib and the suture is a broad,
excavated shoulder, giving the
shell a turreted apjjearance ; the
two largest ribs revolve also on
all the upper whoi'ls; the space
between the ribs is marked by fine
revolving lines ; aperture ovate ;
outer lip sharp, and modified by
the termination of the ribs ; inner
margin regularly arched, and thin-
ly spread with white enamel ; the pillar, at its lower third, twists
outwards to form a short, curved beak, and has, at this part, an im-
perfect umbilicus, liounded externally by a rough, obtuse spiral
ridge ; throat white, having shallow grooves of a chestnut color at
the margin, answering to the external ribs ; operculum horny.
Length, three inches ; breadth, one and three fourths inches ; di-
vergence, sixty-eight degrees.

Thrown up after violent storms on the shores of Massachusetts
Bay, and along more northerly coasts. It is seldom found with the
mouth entire, though it may contain the living animal ; showing
that it probably inhaliits rocks in deep water. Eastport ( Cooper^ ;
fossil, Portland ; Sal)le Island, &c. ( Willis).

It resembles no other shell of the genus, unless, perhaps, it be
F. carinatus, which is a more ventricose shell, with fewer and nar-
rower ribs. But Kicner must be mistaken in regarding it as the F.
carinatus of Lamarck. There is no reason to suppose that his F.
carinatus was different from that of other authors, who give figures
varying widely from our shell. Kiener's figure is taken from a
small, slender specimen. It is still more like Purpura succincta, in

F. ilccemcostatus.

TROPHON. 377

general aspect. It is subject to but little variation ; the most im-
portant one is, that a third rib is found upon one or more of the
up{)cr whorls.

[Reeve has figured an undoubted specimen of this species, from
Mr. Cuming's Cabinet, as the Buccimim Iijratuni^ Martyn (Marex
Gm.~), and the Murex glomus cercvs of Cliemnitz, which the latter
author gives as coming from King George's Sound, New Holland.
His figure is much larger and more ventricose, and is beyond ques-
tion a different species.

OCllllS TROPIION, MONTFORT. 1810.

Shell fusiform, varices numerous, lamelliform, or laciniated ;
spire prominent ; aperture ovate ; canal open, usually turning to
the left ; columella smooth, arcuated.

Trophon clathratus.

Fig. 198.

Shell small, brownish ; whorls six, ventricose, ribbed lengthwise with numer-
ous sharp raised plaits ; aperture rounded ; canal curved.

Murex cinthmtiis, Lin. &c.

Murex Bamffiiis, Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. pi. 169, fig. 2. — Maton and Rackett, Lin.

Trans, viii. 149. —Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. 117.
Fusus Bainffitis, Flemivg, Brit. Anim 351. — Brown, Cnnch. of Great Brit. &c. pi. 47,

fig. 1. — Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 289, fig. 198. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 148, pi. 36, fig.

339.
Trophon clathratus, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Shell small, light brownish, composed of six rounded whorls,
forming an elevated spire ; suture deeply defined. Tlie
stages of growth are distinctly marked by an expansion ^'s-^*^-
of the lip, so as to cover the surface of the shell, length-
wise, with from fifteen to twenty sharp, raised folds, of a
whitish color, which become rounded into brownish ribs by
age ; aperture less than half the length of the shell, rounded-
ovate, terminating in a curved canal, about half as long as
the aperture ; lip sharp, direct, or rcflexed, according to the stage
of growth ; aperture brown. Length, half an inch ; breadth, nine
fortieths of an inch ; divergence, thirty-three degrees.

Occasionally found in the stomachs of fishes. Eastport ( Coop-
er^ ; Nova Scotia ( WUlis) .

378

muricidj:.

This is undoubtedly the F. Bamffius of English authors, as de-
termined by actual comparison. But tlie similarity of this and
the following species is such as to raise the question whether they
are not the same. Their shape, color, number of whorls, and char-
acter of the surface is the same, and they scarcely differ in anything
but size, this species being a miniature of the other. And yet there
is a constancy in both, and none of those intermediate specimens
of what mark the connection of distant varieties. I have no doubt
that the large figure of Donovan, which represents what he regarded
as a very large growth of his M. Bamffius ^ was taken from a speci-
men of what I have described as a new species. Brown seems to
have copied that figure, but in such a way as to render it doubtful
to which species his figure would best apply. I have never seen
this species exceed three fourths of an inch in length; while my
smallest specimen of T. scalariformis, an immature specimen, is
more than an inch in length. It generally appears covered with an
ash colored mouldiness, which disappears when moistened.

Trophon scalariformis.

Fig. 203.

Shell fusiform, white or reddish-brown, with fifteen or twenty longitudinal,
compressed ribs; aperture of the length of the spire.

Fusm scalariformis, Gottld, Sillim. Journ. xxxviii. 197; Inv. 1st ed. 2S8, fig. 203. —

De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 143, pi. 8, fig. 182.
Trophon scalariformis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Fig. 644. Shell tapering at both extremities, reddish-brown

in the younger stages, white when old, whorls seven,
turgid, covered at close intervals with fifteen to
twenty compressed, white ribs, or arching plates,
laying over each other like tiles ; they are generally
a little flexuous, the edges sharp and jagged when
young, and more erect, smooth, and blunt on old
specimens ; they are usually somewhat more elevated
at the posterior part of the whorls, so as to produce
an angular or coronated appearance; the interstices,
in adult shells, are smooth, somewhat wrinkled at
the sutures, with numerous faint, revolving lines,
which are not visible on younger shells ; aperture
half the length of the shell, produced into a moderately long,

T. scalariformis.

TUOPHON. 379

slightly recurved beak, irregularly wriukled by the transverse ter-
minations of the ribs ; right lip thickened or sharp, according as
it is or is not terminated by a rib ; throat light chestnut-brown,
like the exterior of young shells. Length, one and three fourths
inches; breadth, four fifths of an inch; divergence, forty-five de-
grees.

Of six specimens in my possession, four belong to Colonel Tot-
ten, who kindly sent them to me for description, one was from Dr.
J. B. Forsyth of Sandwich, all of which were from the Bank
Fisheries ; and one was taken from a fish caught in Massachu-
setts Bay by Mr. Coutliouy. Halifax ( Wil/is} ; fossil, Montreal
(^Dawson} ; whole coast of Greenland (^Hai/es) ; Belfast Bay.

This shell is remarkable for its sharp elevated ribs, as if the sur-
face were raised by flakes arranged like the ribs on most species of
Scalaria. It is very much like the Fusus Bamffius^ but, on the
whole, I think it is different, inasmuch as we have that species with
its undou!)ted characters, and the two never seem to run into each
other. The large figure of Donovan ('' Brit. Shells," pi. 169, fig. 1),
given as Marex Bamffiiis^ represents our shell.

It is allied to M. Magellariicus ; and the figure in " Encyc.
Meth." pi. 438, fig. 4, referred to as M. Ij/ratus, Lamarck, bears
a distant resemblance to it.

Trophon muricatus.

Shell slender, yellowish ; whorls very tumid, with about ten conspicuous folds
and elevated revolving lines; beak long and straight.

Murex muricatus, Montagp, Test. Brit. 262, pi. 9, fig. 2. — Turtox, Concb. Diet. 9.5. —
Maton ami Kackett, Lin. Trans, viii. 149. — Dillwyn, Catal. 746. — Wood, In-
dex, pi. 27, fisj. 1.38. — Fleming, Brit. Anini. 3.t1.

Fusus muricatus, Brown, Conch, of Great Brit. &e. 48, fig. 28. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed.
293.

Shell elongated, slender, yellowish-white, or orange, composed of
seven very convex whorls, the suture deeply defined, forming an
elevated, pointed spire ; these are traversed by about ten broad,
rounded folds or undulations which are crossed by coarse, elevated,
revolving, glossy lines, producing a rough, granulated, almost tuber-
cular surface ; aperture broad oval, terminating in a long, straight
canal, which together equal half the length of the shell ; outer lip
rendered jagged by the revolving lines, and sometimes greatly thick-

380 muricidj:.

ened ; inner margin smooth and simple. Length, seven tenths of
an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch ; divergence, forty-five
degrees.

Two shells answering to the preceding description were furnished
me from the cabinet of Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, as taken from fish
brought to Phillips's Beach. I had some little hesitation in admit-
ting them as native shells, supposing they must have been acciden-
tally mingled with Massachusetts shells. But I am now disposed
to regard it as another of the shells belonging to both Atlantic
shores. I take it to be the M. muricatus of Montagu, from whose
figure our specimens differ only in wanting the thickened outer lip,
a character which age would probably })roduce. I may, however,
be deceived on both these points. It is readily distinguished by
its long, straight beak, which brings it among the true Fasi.

Oeuus BUSYCOIV, Bolten. 1798.

Shell pear-shaped, without varices, broad at the spire, and taper-
ing forwards to form a long, straight beak ; aperture longer than
the spire, broad behind ; pillar twisted.

Busycon canaliculatum.

Fig. 206.

Shell larcfe, pear-shaped, covered witli revolvinj:^ lines, and a hispid epidermis;
lower whorl tumid, ending- in a long canal, a nodular keel crowns the flattened
summit of each whorl, and there is a deep and broad channel at the suture.

Murex canal icnht us, Ltn. Syst. Nat. (12th ed ) 1222, No. 555. — Gmelin, .3544, No. 65.
— GuAi.T. Test. t. 47, fig. A. — Martini, Conch, iii. t. 67, figs. 742, 743. — Lis-
ter, Conch, t. 878, fig. 2. — Knorr, Vergn. i. t. B. 6, fig. 4.

Pyrula cumilirtihila, Brug. Encyc. Me'th. Vere. iii. 866, 436, fig. 3. — Lam. An. snns
Vert. viii. 138 ; 2d ed. ix 504. — Adams, Bo.st. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 269. — Gould,
Inv. 1st cd. 294, fig. 206. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 140, pi. ix. fig. 190. — Reeve,
Icon. No. 27.

Pi/rula spirata, Kiener, Species, pi. 10, fig. 1.

Busycon canaliculatum, Stimpson, Clieck Lists, 6.

Shell large, rather thin, pear-shaped ; pale fawn color, coarsely
marked with revolving lines ; composed of about six turrctcd whorls,
the last very large and tumid above, gradually diminishing down-
ward, and terminating rather abruptly in a long, nearly straight
canal or beak ; a nodulous, beaded cord or keel surrounds the most

BUSYCON.

381

prominent part of each whorl, behind which it is a])ruptly flattened ;
at the suture is a broad and deep channel, so that the upi)er whorls

Fig. 645.

-B. eanaliculatum

are composed of an upright portion, and a nearly horizontal one,
all terminating in a pointed apex, and forming a winding terrace

382 MURICID.E.

up the spire ; covered with a dense yellowish-brown epidermis,
bristlhig with stiff, curved hairs along the lines of growth, and at
regular intervals corresponding with the revolving lines of the
shell ; aperture ovate, three fourths the length of the shell, the
outer lip simple, sharp, and arched ; the inner margin concave and
twisted as it turns out to form the canal, smooth and enamelled ;
within, briglitly polished, variously shaded with chestnut and fawn
color ; operculum small for the shell, oval, the apex at the lower
extremity, its elements coarse, strengthened on the inner side by
a varnished deposit. Ordinary length, six inches ; breadth, three
inches.

Found about Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Buzzard's and Nar-
ragansctt Bays. It is set down, in all the works I have seen, as an
inhabitant of the arctic seas and Canada. But Cape Cod is proba-
bly its northernmost limit ; at least, I have never heard of it farther
north. I believe, too, that it does not extend far south. Alive at
Oysterville (^Haskell) ; Fort Macon, Georgia (^Couper).

It seems superfluous to be minute in the description of a shell
which would at once be recognized, when we have said that it is a
large, pear-shaped shell, with its peculiar channel at the suture, and
each whorl crowned with a beaded circlet. It is subject, however,
to considerable variations. It varies in color from light orange to
livid-brown. In thickness, also, there is great diversity. In the
old shells, the nodules, which are so regular in the young, are worn
off, and they seldom exhibit more than vestiges of the bristled epi-
dermis. The largest specimen I have seen is seven inches in length.
Kiener, lilce his predecessors, has associated two shells under the
same name, which are certainly distinct, and probably come from
different quarters of the globe. Which should be held as the
M. canaliculatus of Linnaeus, must remain uncertain, since the es-
sential character of his species is, a canal intervening between
the whorls at the suture (" quod anfractus in spira non coniiffui
sunt^ sed canali distantes"}, a character which belongs to both
species. Gualter and Davila evidently had reference to oiu* shell
alone.

Tlie ova are contained in membranous cases, about the size and
thickness of a cent (of 1841). Great numbers of these are united
together in a parallel position, about one fourth of an inch aj)art, by
a ligamentous thong attached to their edge, so as often to form
strings a yard in length, gradually diminishing in size from one
end to the other. They are represented in " Ellis's Corallines,"

BUSYCON. 883

t. 33, fig. b. When the embryo is sufficiently mature, the young
escape through an opening in the edge, opposite to tliat where the
liuanicnt is attached.

[Animal : foot very broad, rounded, obtuse behind, convexly trun-
cate in front ; sole orange color ; above gray with dark gray and
black spots and blotches. Mantle pale white with gray spots ex-
cept at extremity above, which is deep black shading off to light
gray tow^ards posterior extremity. Head short, wider than neck.
Tentacles vertically compressed, large, almost black, triangular-
elongate ; eyes very small, on offsets one third from head. Pro-
boscis very long and large, white with gray maculas ; margin of
mantle crenulate, pale ; teeth yellow. Operculum, apex to poste-
rior left corner of foot. In eating, applies end of proboscis to clam's
foot, and with sudden jerk of lingual ribbon inward and sidelong,
takes a strip of flesh. {Stimpsou.}

Busycon carica.

Shell large, solid, pear-shaped, spire not turreted, suture not channelled, having
a series of the triangular, compressed tubercles just above it, and encircling the
most prominent part of the body whorl; canal long and flexuous.

ifurex carica, Gmelin, 3545, No. 67 — Lister, Conch. 880, fig. 36. — Gualt. Test. t.

47, B.— Martini, Conch. 3, t. 69, figs. 744, 756. — Knorr, Vcrgn. vi. t. 27,

fig. 1.
Pijruhi carica, Dbshates, Encyc Mcth. Vers. iii. 866, pi. 433, fig. 5. — Lam. An. sans

Vert. (1st ed.) vii. 138 ; 2d cd ix. 508. — Adams, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 269. —

Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 296. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 141, pi. 9, figs. 192, 193.
Bitsjcon carica, Stimpsox, Check Lists, 6.

Shell large and thick, ovate pear-shaped, ash colored ; wdiorls six,
the lowest large and capacious, broadest at its posterior fifth where
it is crowned by a series of compressed, triangular nodules, one at
each stage of growth ; the spire suddenly slopes backwards from
these to the suture, which is well-defined, but not channelled ; the
spire is a low cone, pointed, the series of nodules encircling the
base of each whorl ; below the nodules the lower whorl gradually
diminishes and extends into a long, conical beak ; surface distinctly
marked by an elevated ridge of a darker color at each stage of
growth, and by revolving lines alternately larger and smaller ; a]v
erture long ovate, angular at its junction behind, where a canal is
formed by a protuberance of the opposite margin ; outer lip simple,
sharp, regularly curved to the extremity of the beak, or slightly
arched at the middle, not otherwise contracted at the commence-

384

muricidj:.

ment of the canal ; pillar lip fiexiious, concave above, and to the be-
ginning of the canal where it twists outwards, causing a bluntly
rounded projection, and forming the inner margin of the canal,

Fig. 646.

which is gently curved upwards, and to the right ; interior briglit
brick-red or light fawn color; operculum unguiform, apex at one

FASCIOLAEIA. 385

end, inner side of a wax-lilvc texture, strengthened by an entire rim
of a dark vitreous substance. Lengtli, seven inches; breadth, four
inclics.

Found in company with the preceding, but less abundant. It is
a sliell belonging to a more sontlicrn latitude, and is found of great
size, and deep color, on the southern coast of the United States.

This is the largest convoluted shell on this Atlantic coast, and is
recognized without difficulty. Still it exhibits great variety in ap-
pearance, particularly in the length of the spinous tubercles. Some-
times they are half an inch in length, and at others, mere traces of
them are all that is found on the larger volutions ; sometimes they
are close at the suture, even encroaching upon the whorl below ; and
at others, they are removed to a considerable distance above it. In
the old shells the surface is a nearly uniform dead, ashy-gray color ;
while in the young there are stripes at each stage of growth, and
imperfect bands of a violaceous-brown color. Southern specimens
are more luxuriant, with more brilliant colors, as might be expected
from a warmer climate.

Oenus FASCIOIiARIA, Lamarck. 1799.

Shell fusiform ; spire acuminated ; aperture oval, elongated, as
long as the spire; siphonal canal straight; columella smooth, with
a few oblique plaits at the fore part ; outer lip internally crenate.

Fasciolaria ligata.

Shell elongate, fusiform, thick, reddish-fuscous, transversely ribbed ; whorls
six, convex; spire acuminate, suture strongly impressed ; aperture ovate-elongate;
lip crenate ; columella Avith two folds.

Fasciolaria ligata, Mighels and Adams, Best. Journ. N. H. iv. 51, pi. 4, fig. 17 (1842).
— Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Shell elongated, fusiform, rather thick, of a reddish-
brown color, when fresh, covered with a thin and almost
perfectly transparent epidermis ; whorls six, well-rounded,
and covered with six or seven equidistant, revolving, thread-
like ribs, with grooves alternating ; suture well-impressed ;
spire regularly tapering, pointed ; aperture oblong-oval, pol-
ished ; within of a bright reddish-brown color ; canal rather ^' ^'^"'^""
narrow, nearly straight ; labrum rather thin, crcnulated by the ribs
and grooves ; columella arcuated above the middle, two distinct,
25

386 MURICID^.

oblique, delicate folds above the commencement of the canal.
Length, seven tenths of an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an incli ;
divergence, forty-five degrees.

Mingan, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, taken from the stomachs
of codfish, by Mr. Foster, fisherman, in summer of 1841.

This remarkable and truly beautiful shell is not very nearly al-
lied to any species with which we are acquainted, unless it be to that
of F. fusiformis, Valenciennes, from New Holland. That species,
however, is much larger than our shell, is much less regularly and
strongly ribbed, and has a tooth-like process on the laliium, of which
our shell is destitute. We suppose this to be the first and only spe-
cies of the genus that has ever been found on our coast. (^Mighels
and Adams.}

Halifax (mv/w).

Oenus RA1VELI.A, Lamarck. 1812.

Shell oblong-oval, thick, nodulous, having a line of varices on
each side, formed at each half revolution ; aperture oval, terminat-
ing in a straight canal in front, and in a notch posteriorly ; lip
thickened.

Ranella caudata.

Fig. 204.

Shell rhomboidal, thick, cinereous brown, checkered with longitudinal ribs and
revolving lines, canal long and straight.

Ranella caudata, Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. So. ii. 236 (1822); Amer. Conch, pi. 48.—
Gould, Tnv. Isted. 297, fig. 204. — Adams, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 269. — De
Kay, N. Y. Moll. 1.39, pi. 8, fig. 176, — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Shell rhomboidal, solid, of a dark, mahogany color, obscured by

a substance like bluish mould ; there are five angular whorls,

^A,^* traversed lengthwise by eleven elevated ribs, of which one

at the left side of the largest whorl, and the one bordering

the aperture, are enlarged into strong, wing-like varices ;

these are crossed by equidistant, revolving threads, which

together form a network over the shell ; aperture inversely

ovate, rounded behind, and pointed before ; outer lip thick,

margined within by thick granules which alternate with tlie

external lines; pillar lip curved, flattened, and smooth, and, with

the throat, is bluish-white ; canal about the length of the spire,

CERITHIOPSIS. 387

straight, or a little recurved, narrow, deep, and partly closed over
by the continued lips. Length, one inch ; breadtli, three fifths of
an inch ; divergence, sixty degrees.

Found sparingly on the shores of Buzzard's Bay, Nantucket, and
Martha's Vineyard. According to Mr. Say, it is abundant on the
Southern coast. It is the only species known on the coast of the
United States, and, as a species, is peculiar on account of the pro-
longation of its canal.

Mr. Sowerby regards it as identical with R. muriciformis, Brod.,
from Western Columl)ia. The alliance is very close, but ours is a
much more delicate shell. At any rate, Mr. Say's description was
published ten years before that of Mr. Broderip.

[Animal : tube extends beyond the canal ; foot light yellow ;
head and tentacles nearly white, siphon also ; the whorls with
white dots and mottlings ; same at all ages ; operculum chestnut.

Oemis CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes. 1849.

Shell elongated, turreted ; aperture short, oblong, oblique, ter-
minating in front by a short, recurved canal.

Cerithiopsis Emersonii.

Fig. 180.

Shell long-conical, chestnut colored ; whorls seventeen, flat, each encircled with
three series of granules ; canal less than half the length of the aperture.

Ceritklum Emersonii, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 284, pi. 4, fig. 10. — Gould, Inv.

Isted. 27.'j, fig. 180.
Cerithiopsis Emersonii, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, conical, elongated, glossy, reddish-brown, with a reg-
ularly granulated surface ; whorls sixteen or seventeen,
flattened, with a revolving series of bead-like granules at ^'s-^^-
the upper and lower margins of each, and another interven-
ing one, but nearer to the upper than to the lower series,
and less prominent, commencing at ten or twelve whorls
from the summit, and becoming more distinct as it ap-
proaches the base ; in each series the granules are con-
nected by a rather narrow, but elevated revolving line,
nearly as high as the granules ; they are also connected
in a similar manner in a longitudinal direction ; posterior edge of

388 MURICID^.

the whorls margined by a sharp ridge, of a darker color; suture
profoundly impressed ; the ridge terminates abruptly before, in a
very short, twisted, wrinkled beak; aperture small, about one sixth
the length of the shell ; outer lip scalloped when perfect. Length,
half an inch ; breadth, one eighth of an inch ; divergence, tvventy-
two degrees.

01)tained by Professor C. B. Adams, at Nantucket and in New
Bedford Harbor, by whom it was described and named in honor of
G. B. Emerson, Esq., President of the Boston Society of Natural
History.

This prettily sculptured shell is distinguished hj its short aper-
ture and beak, its broad base, from which the flattened whorls reg-
ularly taper to an acute apex ; and by the pretty strings of bead-
like granules encircling it. These beads are sometimes so worn
down as to present the appearance of a continuous line dilating at
regular intervals.

This shell is unequivocally pronounced by Mr. Sowerby to be the
Murex tubercularis of Montagu. But, after a careful examination
of all the descriptions of that shell, I am led to conclude, either that
I sent Mr. Sowerby a poor representation of our shell, or that he
would decide differently on a second, more careful inspection. No
author ascribes to M. tubercularis more than eight or ten volutions,
and one fourth of an inch for its length ; while ours has commonly
twice that length, with sixteen or eighteen volutions. Montagu
says, in his " Supplement," " It has as an invariable character, three
scries of tubercles of equal size, on each volution." But at the or-
dinary length of M. tubercularis, our shell has but two series of
granules ; and when the third appears, it is very perceptibly smaller
than the other two series. On account of so decided a variation in
size and sculpture, I think it proper still to regard our shell as a
distinct species, trusting to future observations to settle the point
definitely.

[Animal : foot somewhat long, truncate in front, palish with white
maculations ; neck flesh color in middle with white spots, a line of
white on each side continued from tentacles inside of eyes. Head
broad, truncate-rounded, dark flesh-color in front edge. Sole with
white lilotch in middle. Foot very small, notched posteriorly.
(^Stimpson.')

CERITHIOPSIS. 389

Cerithiopsis terebrans.

Fig. 181.

Shell conic-turretcd; whorLs ten, fliitteued, having three sharp, elevated, revolv-
ing ridges on each, with numerous tine, longitudinal lines between the ridges ;
canal very short.

Cerit/iiiun terebmle. Ad XMS, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. pi. 3, fig. 7. — Gould, In v. 1st

ed. 276, fig. 181
Cerilhiopsis terebrulis, Stimpson, Check Lists, 5.

Shell small, elongated-conic, composed of ten or twelve flattened
whorls, separated by a slightly excavated siitural region ; color red-
dish-brown, with occasionally a whitish revolving band at
the lower part of each whorl. On each whorl are three
elevated, compressed, revolving ridges, at about equal dis-
tances from each other, and perhaps we may reckon a
fourth, very small and bordering on the suture. The
spaces between the ridges are regularly rounded out, and
checked with crowded, minute, longitudinal lines, none of
which cross the summits of the ridocs. On the lower c. terebra-
whorl are two additional ridges. The base of the shell is
abrupt ; the canal very short and small ; the aperture oval, aljout
one eighth the length of the shell. Length, half an inch ; breadth,
one eighth of an inch ; divergence, twenty degrees.

Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, at New Bedford, and in its vicin-
ity, below low-water mark.

This species is closely allied to C. Emersonii. Its size and pro-
portions are the same ; but it can scarcely be regarded as a variety.
It is at once known by the prominent ridges, which resemble the
threads of a screw. There is nothing like the nodulous surface of
C. Emersonii, and the minute barring between the ridges is a strik-
ing arrangement, to which there is no approach in that shell.

[Animal whitish, front with broad white patches ; tentacles whit-
ish maculate ; a white line continued from back on each side of
neck. {Stimpson.^

Family CANCELLARIIDyE.

Shell with a short, ascending canal, or an oblique notch, or semi-
canal, directed upwards.

390 cancellaeiidj:.

Oemis TRICHOTROPIS, Brod. and Sowerby. 1826.

Shell thin, ventricose, keeled, umbilicated ; aperture longer than
the spire, compressed into a partial canal in front; epidermis horny,
rising into hairs at the angles of the shell ; operculum horny,
nucleus at one side.

The genus Trichotropis was instituted by Mr. Sowerby to include
this and one other shell, which have unequivocal generic traits, but
whose place in the series has not yet been determined. Lesson re-
gards it as allied to Jariihiiia; and the species which he knew might
well lead him to such an opinion. Mr, Sower! )y at first compared
it with Turbo, Buccimim, and Cancellaria. But in his late work,
the " Conchological Manual," he places it among the Purpuriferce,
where its aspect would lead us to place it. It is very peculiar in
having its axis fall considerably to the left of the canal.

Tricliotropis borealis.

Fig. 207.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal ; whorls four, the last very broad, and encircled by four
or five, and the others by two prominent^ fringed ribs, and crossed by minute and
regular elevated lines ; umbilicated.

Trichotropis borealis, Sowerby, Zool. Jouni. iv. 373, pi. 9, figs. 6, 7. — Gould, Inv. 1st cd.
300, fig. 207. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 137, pi 8, fig. 178. — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.
Trichotropis costellalus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 108, pi. 3, fig. 2.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal, turreted, spire pointed ; color ashy or
yellowish-white ; whorls four, separated by a deeply channelled sut-
ure ; the last whorl very large, and encircled by two prom-
Fig. 651. jj^ent, and two or three less conspicuous, rounded ribs or
keels, and several still smaller intervening and adjacent
ones ; the two large ribs only are continued upon the up-
per whorls, which are thereby rendered angular ; very nu-
merous, minute, and regular threads traverse the Icngtli
of the shell, not being interrupted by the ribs ; the whole
is covered by a yellowish horn colored epidermis, which rises like a
bristly fringe along the keels, and along those lines which mark the
stages of growth ; aperture ovate, broad and rounded behind, nar-
rowed and somewhat pointed in front ; outer liji thin and sliarj),
festooned by the projecting ribs ; inner lip arched and flattened,
with a slight inward projection at the lower third, rising before the

ADMETE. 391

ninl)iliciis, wliich is also bounded externally by a revolving ridge ;
llie two lips meet in front at an acute angle, forming a sliort, slightly
excavated canal, turning a little to the right. Length, seven tenths
of an inch ; breadth, four tenths of an inch ; divergence, forty-eight
degrees.

Found in considerable numbers, though rarely entire, in fishes
taken in Massachusetts Bay. St. Anne (^Bell) ; Eastport, twenty
fathoms (^Cooper) ; Halifax (^Willis) ; fossil, Montreal (^Davjson).

Mr. Couthouy makes the principal points of difference between
his shell and the borcalis of Sowerby to be, a greater number of
keels on the lower whorl, the less breadth of that whorl, and the
shorter fringe upon it. But these detailed portions are by no means
constant. 1 have sent specimens to Mr. Sowerby, who assures me
they are the same as his borealis received from Melville's Island,
many years ago. He also sent another imperfect shell, dredged at
Oban, in Argyleshire, by Mr. Jeffreys, and named by him T. acu-
minatus, which I cannot perceive to differ at all from our shell.
This is probably its southern limit.

Ociius ADMETE, Moller. 1842.

Shell ovate, turrcted, cancellated ; canal partial, very short or
wanting ; pillar plaited, the folds nearly transverse.

Admete viridula.

Fig. 190.

Shell ovate-conic, white, reticulated with coarse revolving lines, and lines of
growth ; three folds upon the pillar.

Tritonium virkhdum, 0. Fabricids, Fauna Grcenl.

Cancellaria buccinoides, Couthouy, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 10.5, pi. 3, fig. 3.

Cancellaria Couthouyi, Jay, Catal. of his Cabinet, 1839. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 283. —

De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 188, pi. 7, fig. 160.
Admete viridula, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6.

Shell ovate-conical, somewhat turreted, milky-wdiite, approaching
to horn color ; whorls five or six, convex, flattened at the ^. ^^„

' ' Fig. 652.

top ; suture well-defined, and sometimes profound ; apex
acute, the anterior whorl composing two thirds the length
of the shell ; surface marked with distinct lines of growth,
and sometimes rising into folds near the suture ; coarse re- ^.r,wrfu-
volving lines surround it, which, with the folds form a net- '"'
work ; aperture half the length of the shell, oval ; outer lip sharp,

392 PULMONIFERA.

slightly creniilated by the revolving lines ; inner lip arched with
three incons])icuoiis, oblique folds, of which the middle one is
largest ; a thin coating of enamel spreads upon the anterior whorl
in mature specimens ; base sub-channelled. Length, eleven twenti-
eths of an inch ; breadth, seven twentieths of an inch ; divergence,
fifty-eight degrees.

Found in fishes taken in various parts of Massachusetts Bay, and
usually occupied by a hermit crab. It is somewhat abundant. Cape
Hope, James's Bay, 32° 10', dead (^Drexler) ; Eastport {Cooper) ;
Banks {Willis).

It was first described by Mr. Couthouy* under the name of C.
buccinoides, a name previously given to a species from the Pacific
by Mr. Sowerby ; on which account Dr. Jay has since applied to it
the name of its first describer, — a merited compliment, but in con-
formity to what seems to me a very Ixid custom. It is not at first
obvious to what genus this shell belongs ; Mr. Sowerby coincides in
the opinion that it is correctly referred to Cancellaria. He states,
moreover, that he has for several years possessed it, brought from
the Arctic seas. Hence, it is probably more abundant to the north
of us. It varies considerably in its external appearance, from the
greater or less prominence of the folds and striae. A specimen be-
longing to Dr. Prescott, of Lynn, measures seven tenths of an inch
in length, and four tenths of an inch in breadth. It somewhat re-
sembles C. australis, Sowerby. This is the only species of the genus
found in the Northern Atlantic, so far as I am aware.

Sub-Class PULMONIFERA.t

Breathing organ in the form of an air-sac or dorsal cavity, lined
by a vascular network. Heart situated before the lung ; abdomen
rudimentary, or spiral and well-developed, usually protected by a
shell. Sexes separate, or united in the same individual. Adult
and larva shell-bearing ; larva shaped like the parent, not furnished
with cephalic fins.

Terrestrial or aquatic, respiring free air.

* It is now considered synonymous with Tn'foniiim vmdnhim of Fabriciiis. — W. G. B.

t Dr. Gould had prepared nothing on this sub-class. 1 have introduced descrij)tions of
additional species and adiled to the descriptions of the species included in the former edi-
tion by copying from tlie " Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America," Part I. and
I'art II., prc])ared for the Smithsonian Institution. Professor Henry has authorized the
use of woodcuts intended for those works, and Mr. E. S. Morse has furnished many used
by him in the "American Naturu.ist." — W. G. B.

VITRTNA. 393

Order GEOPHILA.

Eyes at the tips of elongated, cylindrical peduncles ; tentacles
retractile or contractile, cylindrical, shorter than and placed under
the eye-peduncles, sometimes very small or wanting ; operculum
never present in the adult. Animal usually terrestrial.

Family HELICID.E.

Lingual membrane with numerous similar, transverse rows of
teeth. Jaws smooth, striated or ribbed, with or without a central
projection on its concave margin ; single, or composed of numerous
separate plates. Body elongate, attached its whole lengtli to the
upper surface of the foot, or more or less spiral and prominent on
the middle of the upper surface of the foot. Eyes at the end of long,
cylindrical, retractile peduncles ; tentacles shorter, retractile, some-
times wanting. Mantle thin, small, discal or spiral, on the middle
of the back ; respiratory orifice sub-central, on the right side. Foot
narrow, elongate, without a distinct locomotive disk, simple posteri-
orly. Vent near the respiratory orifice, central. Orifice of repro-
ductive organs usually below the respiratory orifice or behind the
right eye-peduncle.

Shell very variable in form, sometimes rudimentary and internal.

Ociitis VITRINA, Drap. 1801.

Shell imperforate, pellucid, glassy, depressed ; spire short, whorls
two to three, rapidly increasing, the last dilated ; aperture ample,
peristome thin, often membraneous.

Animal, body elongated, limaciform ; mantle covering the back
and neck, and extending to the base of the eye-peduncles, with one
or more processes or prolongations of its margin, wliich are re-
flected upon the shell ; tentacles very short. Respiratory orifice in
the mantle, behind its usual position in the Limaces. Generative
orifice behind and below the eye-peduncle. Jaw arcuate, concave
margin witli a median beak-lilve projection. Lingual membrane
with long slender teeth, centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, in

394 HELICID^.

straight transverse series ; unciiii long, curved, thorn-shaped, biden-
tate, in a curved transverse series, and diminishing in size as they
pass off laterally.

Vitrina limpida.

Shell globose-discoid, thin, fragile, transparent, shining ; whorls two and a half
to three ; aperture large, sub-ovate ; lip thin, acute ; imperforate.

Vitrina pelhtcida, Adams, Shells of Vermont, 162 (1842).— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 2.5, pi.

3, fig 42 (1843),not of MiJLLER. —BiNNKY, Terr. Moll. ii. 5.5, pi 67 o, fig. 1 (1851).
Vitrina Americana, Pfeiffer (Dec. 1852), Froc. Zool. Soc. 156; in Chemnitz, 2d ed.

9, pi. 1, figs. 22-25 (1854).
Vitrina limpida, Gould, in Agassiz, Lake Superior, 243 (1850); Ten-. Moll. 1. c. — •

Pfeiffer, Malac. Blatt. ii. 10 (1856) ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 798. — W. G. Binney,

Terr. Moll. iv. 33. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 62. — Morse, Jonrn. Portl. Soc. i. 11, pi.

5, fig. 17 (1864) ; in Amer. Nat. i. 314, fig. 20 (1867).— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.

ii. 243, pi. 3, fig. 1 (1866).

Shell globose-discoid, thin, fragile, transparent, shining; whorls
two and a half to three, scarcely convex, with very minute lines of
increase, the last whorl large and much expanded ;
suture not much impressed, sometimes with an im-
pressed line revolving near it ; aperture large, sub-
ovate, somewhat diminished by the intrusion of the
penultimate whorl ; peristome thin and acute, the
columella margin a little reflected ; axis imperforate. Greatest
transverse diameter nearly six millimetres.

Animal whitish, grayish, or blackish, large compared with the
shell. Head, eye-peduncles, and eyes black ; tentacles very short.
The prolongation of the mantle extends from under the shell, over
the back and neck to the base of the eye-peduncles, but is unat-
tached and free ; from the right side of the mantle posteriorly, there
arises a tongue-shaped process, which is reflected back upon the
shell, and reaches to the spire. Respiratory foramen in the poste-
rior part of the mantle.

Found in Maine, Vermont, New Brunswick, and to the northwest
of Lake Superior. An accidentally introduced colony has lately
been found by Dr. Lewis at Mohawk, New York.

Ociius IIYALINA, (Ferussac) Gray. 1840.

Animal as in Helix.

Shell generally umbilicated, thin, shining, greenish or reddish horn
color ; whorls five to seven, regularly increasing, the last not de-

HYALINA. 395

sceiidiiig, generally anteriorly dilated ; spire depressed, very rarely
orbicularly-conic, aperture roundly lunate ; peristome thin, acute,
straight. Jaw simple (neither furrowed nor dentate), arcuate, its
lower edge acute, with a rostriform projection in the middle. Lin-
gual membrane with central tricuspid teeth, a few bicuspid laterals
in a straight row, and numerous thorn-shaped, curved unchii in a
curving transverse scries, modified greatly in size as they pass off
laterally.

Hyalina cellaria.

Tig. 104.

Shell orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, glistening, smooth; whorls five, flat-
tened ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus deep.

Helix cellaria, Muller, Hist. Venn. ii. 28. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 111. — BiN-
NEY, Bost. Journ. iii. 421 ; Terr. Moll. ii. 230, pi. 29, fig. 4. — Godld, Inv. 180, fig.
104, excl. syn. T (1841). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 37, pi. 3, fig. 3.5 (184.3). —Leidy,
in Terr. Moll. U. 8. i. 2.33, pi. 7, fig. 1 (1851), Anat. — W. G. Binney, Tor. Moll,
iv. 111.

Hyalina cellaria, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 12, figs. 18, 19 ; pi. 5, fig. 20 (1864) ; Amer.
Nat. i. 541, fig. 29 (1SC7). — Tryov, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 249, pi. 3, fig. 19 (1866).

Helix glaphyra, S.\y, Nich. Encycl. Am. ed. pi. 1, fig. 3 : Binney's ed. 7, pi. 69, fig. 3.
— Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 194. — Bland, N. Y. Lye. Ann. vi. 352, not of Pfeif-
fer, Reeve, Deshayes.

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, concave beneath, thin, pellucid,
smooth, and glistening ; whorls five, slightly convex, with minute,
almost imperceptible lines of growth, otherwise highly-pol-
ished ; color light greenish, horn colored above, drab colored ^'"' ^■^*"
beneath, or milky-white. Aperture rounded, but broader
than high ; lip simple, very thin and sharp ; base elegantly
rounding into a rather large and deep umbilicus. Diam-
eter rather less than half an inch.

Animal has its upper surface light indigo-blue, darkest ^ ceiiana
on the head, neck, and eye-peduncles, collar greenish, eyes
black ; foot narrow and slender, not much exceeding in length the
diameter of the shell, and terminating acutely.

Found in gardens, damp cellars, about cisterns, and similar moist
and fertile localities.

This species is common in damp cellars in Boston, and was no-
ticed during 1862 in Providence, Salem, Lynn, Marblchead, Port-
land, and Halifax. Linsley includes it in his list of Connecticut
shells. Li 1864 it was fomid at Astoria, Long Island, New York.

396 HELICID.E.

There can be no doubt that the H. glaphjra of Say is identical
witli tlie H. cellaria of Miiller ; a comparison of shells of the same
size and growth showing them to be absolutely similar in every
respect. It was probably imported from Europe, as it may have
easily been, about water-casks, greenhouse plants, &c.

The shell which is very commonly found marked as H. g^laphyra
is the H. iiiornata, Say, in an immature state. This is a less deli-
cate shell, but in its earlier stages, when there is but a small umbil-
icus, there is no inconsiderable resemblance between the two, and
it would accord well with the description ; but no one familiar with
the present species would ever mistake one for the other.

Hyalina arborea.

Fig. 110.

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, shining; brownish horn colored;
whorls four, minutely wrinkled ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus open.

Helix arJiwea, Say, Nich Encyc. pi. 4, fig. 4. — Binney's ed. .5, pi. 72, fig. 5 (1817, 1818,
1819). — Eatox, Zoo). Text Book, 19.3 (1826).— Bixney, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist,
iii. 422, pi. 22, fig. 1 (1840) ; Terr. IMoll. ii. 23.5, pi. 29, fig. 3. — De Kay, N. Y,
Moll. 30, pi. 2, fig. 10 (1843). — Gould, Inv. 182, fig. 110 (1841). — Adams, Vit-
mont Moll. 160 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv. i. 9.5. — Chemnitz, 2d cd. ii.
114, t. 5, figs. 33-35. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 7.33. — \V. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv.
116. —Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 542, fig. 30 (1867).

Helix Ottonis, Pfeiffer, oliin, Wiegm. Arch. 1840, i. 251. — Binney', Terr. Moll. ii.
238, pi. 29a, fig. 3. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 117.

HijaJina arJiorca, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 14, fig. 28; pi. 6, fig. 29 (1SG4). — Tryox
Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 251, pi. 3, fig. 17 (1866).

Hyalina Ottonis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 251, pi. 4, fig. 26 (186G).

Shell small, orbicular, slightly elevated, the apex a little de-
pressed, concave beneath, brownish horn colored, smooth, thin,
fragile, pellucid, shining ; whorls five, slightly rounded
Fig. 655. ai)Qyg^ separated by a well-impressed suture, marked with
very fine lines of growth, more decidedly wrinkled at the
suture ; beneath very smooth, regularly rounding into a
moderately large, deej), and well-developed umbilicus ; ap-
erture rounded ; lip simple and thin. Diameter commonly
„ , one fifth of an inch, sometimes one fourth.

H. arborea. "

Animal has the liead and eye-peduncles Idaekish, upper
parts bluish, posterior parts whitish, transparent. Foot thin and
narrow.

A very common species, always to be found about decaying
stumps, old logs, &c. It is found from Labrador to Texas, and on

HYALINA. 397

the Rio Cliama in New Mexico ; from Florida to Great Slave Lake ;
also in Washoe Connty, Nevada ; in Montana and California. It is
also said to occur in Cuba, and in Guadaloupe.

This shell has very little to distinguish it expept its very simple
structure. It is like H. cellaria except in its smaller size. Helix
indentata has also a similar size and external appearance ; but is
known by its distant, impressed, radiating lines. Ferussac sup-
posed it to be a variety of H. lucida, Drap. ; but our shell has the
umbilical region more excavated, and the umbilicus larger ; there
is also one whorl less in shells of the same size, so that the surface
appears less crowded. The aspect of the two shells, on comparison,
is sufficiently diverse. H. clectrina has also one whorl less, and has
a much more polished appearance.

Occasionally a thickening of the shell seems to take place at in-
tervals, so as to produce an opaque appearance.

Hyalina electrina.

Fig. hi.

Shell small, depressed, pellucid, fragile, amber colored ; whorls four, conspicu-
ous;ly wrinkled by the lines of growth ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbili-
cated.

Helix electrina, Gould, Inv. 183, fig. Ill (1841). — Bixney, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii.

423, pi. 22, fig. 2 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 286, pi. 29, fig. 1. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll.

30 (1843).— Ad.\ms, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842).— W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll. iv.

117. — Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 542, fig. 31 (1867).
ILlix piim, Aldek, teste Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv. iv. 83.
Helix Jamis, Adams, (olim) Shells Vt. Am. Journ. Sc. [1] xl. 273 (1841).
Zonites radialulus, Reeve, Br. Land and Fr. Sh .^o, fig. (1863).
Zonites striaiula, Moquix-Tandox, Moll. Fr. teste Reeve.
Helix viridula, Menke, Syn. Meth. 2d ed. 127 ; see also Mai. Blatt. viii. 92.
Hyalina electrina, Morse, Journ. Portl. See. i. 13, fig. 23 ; pi. 6, fig. 24 (1864). — Tryon,

Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 251, pi. 4, fig. 25 (1866).

In the size, depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the
number of whorls, and,, the rapid enlargement of the lowest
wdiorl, this shell corresponds with H. indentata. It differs
in its darker, smoky horn color, its constant umbilicus, its
rather thick and shining lip, and its whitish wrinkles,
which, instead of being remote, are crowded as in other
species. From H. arhorea it differs in having one whorl

'■ . ^ H. electrina.

less, the last one dilating ; its apex not being depressed,
its thinner, more shining structure, and its somewhat smaller um-
bilicus. In H. arborea the outer lip has a flexuous curve, but is

398 HELICID^.

nearly a direct section of the whorl in this. Though all of the same
size and general appearance, the three may be readily separated,
when seen in company. Indeed, its claims as a distinct species are
not very obvious without viewing the three together. It may be
briefly described by saying that it resembles H. indentata above,
and H. arbor ea beneath.

This shell was first discovered by Mr. T. J. Whittemore, about
the borders of Fresh Pond, in Caml)ridge, where it has since been
found abundantly by him and by myself, under fragments of board
in damp places, near the water's edge, in company with H. chcrsina
and Pupa modesta. I have never seen it in company with either
H. indodata or H. arborea; and it seems to differ widely from them
in its habits, in thus preferring the vicinity, and even the intrusion,
of water. Professor Adams informs me that he has selected numer-
ous specimens of this species from among small snails collected by
him in Missouri.

It occurs from Great Slave Lake to the Gulf of Mexico. Also in
Europe, as is now generally believed, having been referred to H.
viridula, Menke.

Hyalina indentata.

Fig. 109.

Shell orbicular, depressed, very thin and shining; whorls four, the external one
marked with rather distant impressed lines radiating frona the closed umbilicus;
lip simple.

Helix indentata, Say, Joiu'ii. Acad. ii. 372 (1822) ; Binnet's cd. 24. — Binney, Best.
Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 415, pi. 22, fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 242 ; pi. 29, fig. 2. —
De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 31, pi. 3, fig. 26 (1843). — Gould, Inv. 181, fig. 109 (1841).

— Adams, Vermont Moll. 160 (1842). — Chemnitz, 2d ed. i. 21, pi. 34, figs. 12-15.

— Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 59. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 730 (1852). — W. G Bin-
ney, Terr. Moll. iv. 119. — Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 413, fig. 28 (1867).

Hyalina imkntata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 12, fig. 21 ; pi. 2, fig. 11 ; pi. 5, fig. 22
(1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 246, pi. 3, fig. 11 (1866).

^I^^"- Shell small, orbicular, very low conical, thin, pellucid,

very light horn color, highly polished and shining ; whorls
four, slightly convex, the whole spire having a conical
slope from the apex to the edge ; the outer one rapidly
increasing, marked with somewhat remote, sub-equidistant
impressed lines, in the direction of the lines of growth,
the intervening spaces very smooth ; suture moderately
deep ; aperture large, well-rounded ; lip simple ; base having the

HYALINA. 399

umbilical region deeply excavated, but not perforated, with very-
few exceptions, the lip usually terminating at the central point.
Diameter one fifth of an inch, sometimes more.

Animal bluish-black upon the upper parts ; margin and posterior
extremity lighter.

Found in company with H. arborea and H. striateUa, about de-
caying stumps and logs. At Oak Island, in Chelsea, I have found
it abundantly. It inhabits all of Eastern North America, having
been found from Canada to Texas and from Dacotah to Florida.
It is also said to occur in St. Domingo.

This species is of about the same size as H. arborea. Its color
is much lighter, its apex less depressed, its whorls less in number
l)y one, the outer whorl increases much more rapidly, its umljilicus
is usually closed ; and, moreover, the impressed lines, which look
like water lines, or the lines on a gooseberry, apparently radiating
from the umbilicus, are entirely characteristic, and distinguish it
from every other species. They are not readily discerned without
a mao-nifier.

*^D"

Hyalina minuscula.

Shell depressed-convex, whitish; whorls four; aperture nearly circular; lip
simple; umbilicated.

Hdix minuscula, Binney, Best. Joiim. Nat. Hist. iii. 435, pi. 22, fig. 4 (1840) ; Terr.

Moll. ii. 221, pi. 17a, fig. 2, excl. syn. — Adams, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842). —

Chemnitz, 2d cd. ii. 112, t. 85, figs. 20-23.' — Pfeiffer, Symbol, ii. 33 ; Mon.

Hel. Viv. i. 114. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 731 (1852). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv.

102. — Morse, Anier. Nat. i. 543, fig. 35 (1867).
Helix minulalis, Moeelet nee Fer. Test. Nov. ii. 7.
HeUx apex, Adams, Cont. Conch. 36. — Reeve, 1. c. 339.
Helix Lavelleana, D'Orbigny, Moil. Cuba, in text, 161, excl. pi. (1853).
Helix Mauriniana, D'Orbigny, 1. c. in pi. 8, figs. 20-22, excl. text.
Pseiido hi/Lilina minuscula, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc i. 16, fig. 34 ; pi. 7, fig. 35 (1864). —

Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 264, pi. 4, fig. 62 (1866).

Fig. 658.

Shell umbilicated, minute, depressed-convex ; epidermis
whitish ; whorls four, convex, not increasing rapidly in di-
ameter, with microscopic wrinkles ; suture very distinctly
impressed ; aperture nearly circular, peristome thin, acute ;
umbilicus large, not spread, deep, and exhibiting the volu-
tions ; base rounded, columella with a thin callus. Greater
diameter two and a half, lesser two and one third, height "scZa."'
one millimetres.

From the Red River of the North to Texas and Florida. It may

400 HELICID^E.

thus be said to inhabit all Eastern North America ; lias been lately
found in California, and is quoted from Bermuda, Culm, Jamaica,
and Porto Rico.

Hyalina Binneyana.

Shell sub-globose, transparent, shining; whorls about four; aperture sub-cir-
cular ; lip simple ; umbilicated.

Hyalina Binnei/ana, Morse, Journ. Portl. N. H. Soc. i. 13, figs. 25, 26; pi. 6, fig. 27;

pi. 2, ti<,^. 9 (1864). — Tkyon, Am. Jouni. Conch, ii. 252, pi. 4, fig. 31 (1866).*
Helix Binneyana, Mouse, Amcr. Nat. i. 542, fig. 32 (1867).

Shell umbilicated, suli-jxlobose, transparent, almost colorless, shin-
ing, smooth, with microscopic wrinkles of growth
'"■ ■ and still more delicate oblique wrinkles ; spire

not much elevated ; whorls about four, rounded,
gradually enlarging, the last globose, broadly um-
H Binneyar^^T^ billcated below ; aperture oblique, sub-circular,
large ; peristome simple, acute, extremities not
approaching, that of the columella sub-reflected. Greatest diameter
four, height two millimetres.

Southern part of Maine ; also Tawas Bay, Michigan.

Hyalina exigua.

Shell depressed, greenish horn colored; -whorls three and a half; aperture
tran.sversely rounded; lip simple; umbilicated.

Helix exigna, Stimpson, Proc. Eost. Soo. iii. 175 (1850). — Gould, Terr. Moll. iii. 16.

— W. G. BiXNEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 102, pi. 77, fig. 19. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.
iii. 102. — Morse, Amor. Nat. i. 543, fig. 34 (1867).

Helix annulata, Case, in Sillim. Journ. [2] 1847, iii. 101, fig. 13; Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist. 1847, 338, preoccupied. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 103.
Helix striatella, junior, teste Gould, Sillim. Journ. iii. 276 (1847).
Pseudo-hynlina exigua, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 16, pi. 2, fig. 8 ; pi. 7, fig. 33 (1864).

— Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 265, pi. 4, fig. 57 (1866).

Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, pellucid, greenish horn
color, marked with delicate revolving lines, and distant longitudi-
nal ribs obliquely decussating the incremental striae ; spire scarcely

*In"Am. Journ. Conch." i. 188, Mr. Tryon proposes for this species the specific
name Morsei, on account o^ Helix Binneyana, Pfcififcr. I have retained Morse's name, as
it is not preoccupied in the genus Hyalina. In his first catalogue of Maine Shells Mr.
Morse uses the name Binnryi, which can be employed if necessary to distinguish the shell
from Pfeiffcr's. - W. G. B.

HYALINA.

401

Fis. 001.

H. exigua.
Knlarged.

Surface of H. exigua.
Enlarged.

elevated, apex free from strise ; whorls Yxg eoo.

three and a half, convex, the last
rounded, widely iimbilicated below ;
aperture oblique, transversely round-
ed, remote from its axis ; peristome
simple, acute, its columellar extremity
not reflected. Greater diameter two
and a half, height one half, millimetres.

Canada, New York, and New England ; also Tawas Bay, Michi-
gan.

Hyalina milium.

Shell depressed, transparent, shining; whorls three; aperture sub-circular; lip
simple ; widely umbilicated.

Hdix milium, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc. vii. 28 (1859). — W. G. Binnet, Terr. Moll. iv.

101, pi. 79, figs. 4, 5. — Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 54-3, fig. 36 (1867).
Striahira milium, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 18, figs. 41, 42; pi. 7, fig. 43 (1864).
Pseuclo-hyalina milium, Tryon, Am. Jouni. Conch, ii. 265, pi. 4, fig. 56 (1866).

Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, transparent, shining white,
with a greenish tinge, marked with distinct and regular
strise of growth and microscopic revolving lines, the lat-
ter more conspicuous below ; spire but slightly elevated ;
whorls three, rounded, rapidly increasing, the last plan-
ulate above, widely umbilicated below ; aperture very ob-
lique, sub-circular, remote from the axis ; peristome
simple, acute, its terminations somewhat approached,
that of the columella not reflected. Greater diameter
one and a half, height one half millimetres.

The surface of the shell is raised in numerous folds,
frequently anastomosing; longitudinal ribs reticulate the surface
and render the folds so crenulated that in certain lights the shell
appears as if ornamented with strings of beads. This peculiar char-
acter disappears at the base of the shell, and is replaced by revolv-
ing lines and regular lines of accretion.

Massachusetts and Maine. It is quoted doubtfully from Califor-
nia by Cooper.

Hyalina ferrea.

Shell depressed-globose, transparent, not shining ; whorls three ; aperture large ;
peristome simple ; umbilicated.

Striatura ferrea, Morse, Proc. Portl. Soc. i. 17, figs. 36-40; also pi. 2, fig. 10 (1864).
26

H. milium.
Enlarged.

402 HELICIDiE.

HyaJina firrea, Trton, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 253, pi. 4, fig. 32 (1866).
Hdixferrea, Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 544, fig. 37 (1867).

Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, transparent, of a very light
steel gray color, not shining, marked with very del-

Fig. 663. . , ? •" ' , • , , 1 . . ,

icate incrementai wnnkles and microscopic revolv-
ing lines ; spire slightly elevated ; whorls three,
rounded, the last raijidly enlargino-, ololjose : aper-

H-ferrea. l ^ o a i a ' r

ture large, transversely sub-circular ; peristome sim-
ple, acute, its extremities not approaching, that of the columella
scarcely sub-reflected. Greatest diameter two and a half, height
one and one fourth millimetres.
Maine.

Hyalina chersina.

Fig. 105.

Shell minute globose-conic, pellucid, very smooth and shining; whorls six, sut-
ure deep ; aperture narrow ; lip simple ; umbilicus closed.

Helix chersina, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 156 (1821) ; Binney's ed. 18, 81. — Binney,

Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 416, pi. 26, fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 243, pi. 17, fig.

4. — Gould, Inv. 1st ed. 185, fig. 105 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 162 (1842);

Sillim. Journ. [1] xl. 273. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 44. pi. 35, fig. 338 (1843). — W.

G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 119. — Morse, Amer. Nat. i. 544, fig. 38 (1867).
Helix cfjena, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. v. 120 (1825) ; Binney's ed. 30. — De Kay, N.

Y. Moll. 45 (1843). — Chemnitz, 2d ed. i. 237, pi. 25, figs. 19-21? (1846).—

Keeve, Con. Icon. No. 1263 (1854). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 31; not of

Gould in Terr. Moll.
Helix fidca, Draparnand teste Mighels (Bost. Journ. iv. 333) ; Chemnitz ; Pfeiffer,

Mon. i. 30; Reeve, Forbes and Hanley.
Conulus chersinus, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 19, figs. 44-46; pi. 2, fig. 4 ; pi. 7, fig.

45 (1854).
Conulus chersina, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 256, pi. 4, fig. 37 (1866).

Shell minute, sub-globose-conic, thin, pellucid, very smooth and

shining, of a smoky horn color ; whorls separated by a deep suture,

and so crowded that they appear much higher than

Fig. 664. broad, and present an elevated, somewhat turreted

spire, with a rounded apex ; they are so smooth that

scarcely any traces of the lines of growth are visible ;

aperture semi-lunar, narrow, much higher than broad,

'h. chersina ^^ about au cqual width above and below; lip simple;

base convex, umbilical region indented, but closed.

Diameter about one tenth of an inch ; height somewhat less.

Found abundantly about the margin of Fresh Pond, under frag-
ments of wood, in company with Succinea ovalis, Pupa modesta,

HYALINA. 403

&c., and also in moist beds of leaves in forests. It is not rare in
Vermont, and Mr. Say originally found it in Georgia. Common to
the boreal regions of the three continents. It appears to inhabit all
of Eastern North America, having been found from Great Slave
Lake to Texas and Florida. Dr. Newcomb catalogues it among the
species found at Lake Tahoe, California.

This is a very well-marked shell, not liable to be confounded with
any other species except H. labj/ritithica, which is of about the same
size and shape. But the coarsely wrinkled surface of the one, and
the polished, highly reflecting surface of the other, are distinctions
which strike the eye at once ; if anything further is needed, the par-
allel ridges within the mouth of H. labijririthica will put the ques-
tion beyond a doubt. When viewed from above, its numerous, nar-
row, accurately adjusted volutions render it a very beautiful object.

Hyalina minutissima.

Shell sub-globose, reddish horn color, shining; whorls four, convex; aperture
sub-circular ; peristome simple ; umbilicated.

Helix minutissima, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. See. ix. 17 ; Proc. ii. 82 (1841) ; Obs. iv. 17 (1844).

— Troschel, Ar. f. Nat. 1843, 124. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 87. — W. G.

BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 100, pi. 77, figs. 6, 7. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 546, fig. 45

(1867).
Helix minuscula, teste Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 221.

Puncttim mimitissiimun, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 27, figs. 69, 70; pi. 8, fig. 71 (1864).
Conulus minutissima, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 257, pi. 4, fig. 63 (1866).

Shell umbilicated, sub-globose, reddish horn color, shining,
marked with strong transverse striae and microscopic
revolving lines, both most prominent near the umbili- '"'

cus ; whorls four, convex, gradually increasing, the e
last broadly umbilicated ; aperture sub-circular, ol> „ .. .
lique ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar extrem-
ity sub-reflected. Greater diameter one and a half mill. ; height,
one millimetre.

Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio.

Jaw* composed of sixteen long, slender corneous laminae, re-
curved at their cutting edges, these plates partially lapping over
each other.

Lingual membrane with fifty-one arched rows of 13 - 1 - 13

* The character of the jaw would place the species in the sub-family Orthalicino'., as a
distinct genus, for which Mr. Morse's name Punctum might be retained, otherwise the
species would be placed in Hyalina.

404 HELICID.E.

teeth. Plates long and narrow, becoming narrower as they ap-
proach the sides of the membrane. Plates transparent. Denti-
cles light horn color, central plate largest with one small rounded
denticle, laterals with two equally short rounded denticles, those on
the verge of the membrane having three minute denticles.

Hyalina multidentata.

Shell depressed, pellucid ; whorls six, narrow, slightly convex ; aperture semi-
lunate, narrow; peristome acute; two or more rows of minute teeth within;
uniliiiicus very small.

IMix vmhidentata, Binnet, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 425, pi. 22, fig. 5 (1840) ; Terr.
Moll. ii. 258, pi. 48, fig. 3. —Adams, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842). — Chemnitz, 2d
ed. ii. 202, pi. 101, figs. 9- 12. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 184. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll. iv. 123. — Keeve, Con. Icon. No. 729. — Mouse, Amer. Nat. i. 543, fig.
33 (1867).

Hi/alina multidentata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 15, fig. 31 ; p. 61, fig. 30 ; pi. 6, fig. 32
(1864).

Gastrodonta multidentata, Trton, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 258, pi. 4, fig. 43 (1866).

Shell umbilicated, depressed, sub-planulate above, very thin, pel-
lucid ; epidermis smooth ; shining ; whorls six, nar-
'^' ' row, slightly convex, increasing l)ut slowly in diam-
eter, delicately striated, beneath smoother ; suture
impressed ; aperture semi-lunate, narrow ; peristome
acute ; umbilicus very small, rounded, pervious, base
convex, indented around the umbilicus ; two or more
rows of very minute white teeth, radiating from the
umbilicus, are seen through the shell, within the base
of the last whorl. Greater diameter, three and one
H. multidentata. fourtli mill. ; Icsscr, three mill. ; height, one and a half

Enlarged. ..-.

milumetres.

Maine, Vermont, New York, Ohio ; also Lower Canada.

There are from two to four rows of very minute delicate white
teeth, on the lower side of the interior of the last whorl, radiating
from the centre. One row is usually so near the aperture as to be
seen within it with the aid of a microscope ; the others are more or
less remote ; each row contains from five to six distinct teeth.
They are visible through the shell.

Hyalina line at a.

Fig. 103.

Shell small, discoidal, green ; whorls four, with fine, elevated, parallel revolv-
ing lines ; aperture narrow, semi-lunar ; lip simple ; throat with two or more
pairs of teeth ; umbilicus broad and deep.

MACROCYCLIS. 40o

HeUxlineata, Say, Journ. Phila Acad. i. 18 (1817) ; ii. 273 (1824) ; Nich. Encyc. 3d cd.
iv. (1819) ; Binney's ed. 7, 24. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nut. Hist. iii. 436, pi. 22,
fig, 6 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 261, pi. 48, fig. 1. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 44 (1843).
— GouLU, luv. 179, fig. 103 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 161 (184-2).—
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 44 ; Hist. pi. 79, fig. 1. — Desha yes in Fer. i. 80. — Chem-
nitz, 2d cd. ii. 203, t. 101, figs. 13-1.5. -Pfeiffer, Mon. Hcl. Viv. i. 184.—
Keeve, Con. Icon. 724 (1852) — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 123. — Morse,
Anicr. Nat. i. 546, fig. 44 (1867).

Pluuorhis paralleUis, Say"? Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 164 (1821) ; ed. Binney, 63.

Ilelicodlscus lineata, Morse, Journ. Portl. See. i. 25, figs. 61, 62; pi. 2, fig. 3; pi. 8, fig.
63 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 264, pi. 4, fig. 60 (1866).

Shell minute, discoidal, flat above, concave beneath, greenish ;
whorls about four, fiat above, higher than broad, sep-
arated by a distinctly impressed suture, covered with Fig. 667.
numerous, parallel, raised, revolving lines ; otherwise
smooth ; aperture narrow, semi-lunar ; lip simple and
thin ; umbilicus wide and deep, exhibiting each volu-
tion to the apex. Within the aperture, on the exter-
nal wall, arc placed two pairs of white conical teeth,
the first pair in sight on looking into the aperture,
the other more remote, and seen only through the
semi-transparent shell. Diameter, one eighth of an Eni'i^ged"
inch, usually less.

Animal whitish, transparent, thread-like.

It has been noticed, for the most part, under the bark, or in the
interstices, of rotten wood ; sometimes under stones and leaves in
damp places. Inhabits all of Eastern North America, having been
found from Gaspe to Texas ; also on the Rio Chama, New Mexico.

At first sight one would be disposed to call this shell a Planorhis
rather than a Helix. Perhaps it is the P. parallelus of Say. Its
wheel-shaped form, greenish color, revolving raised lines, and sin-
gular teeth, are characters which cannot be mistaken. One pair of
these teeth may always be found and seen ; and in one instance Dr.
Binney noticed even a third pair still farther within the whoii.

Oentis M.4CROCYCI.IS, Beck. 1837.

Shell thin, widely uml)ilicated, depressed, striate or wrinkled,
color uniform ; whorls four and a half to five, the last broad, de-
pressed, moderately deflexed in front, aperture obliquely ovate ;
peristome somewhat thickened or expanded, the margins approx-
imating, the basal shortly reflexed.

406 HELICIDiE.

Animal (of 31. concava}, upper surface grayish ; eye-peduncles
long, slender, bluish, base dirty white, color reddish-orange, poste-
rior extremity slightly tinged with the same ; foot narrow, twice as
long as the diameter of the shell, tail pointed, scarcely reaching be-
hind the shell ; other characters as in Helix. Carnivorous.

Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed, anterior surface striated ;
concave margin smooth, with a median projection.

Lingual membrane with numerous arched rows of aculeate, re-
curved, thorn-like uncini ; centrals simple, conical, pointed ; laterals
w^anting; 23-1-23 teeth in each transverse row.

Macrocyclis concava.

Shell depressed, whitish or greenish horn colored; whorls five, finely striate;
aperture rounded; peristome sub-reflected; umbilicus wide and deep.

Ildix concava, Sat, Joiini. Acad. ii. 159 (1821); Binney's, ed. 20. — Binnet, Bost.

Journ. Nat. Hist. ill. 372 (1840), excl. pi.; Terr. Moll. ii. 163, pi. 21. — Adams,

Vermont Moll. 159 (1842), excl. Syn. Vaiicouverensls. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 33,

pi. 2, fig. 15 (1843).— Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 159. — W. G. Bixnet, Terr.

Moll. iv. 65. — Leidt, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 258, pi. 12, figs. 9-11 (1851), anat. —

Morse, Am. Nat. i. 412, figs. 26, 27 (1867).
Helix planorboides, Ferussac, Hist. t. 82, fig. 4. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 200;

SymboliB, ii. 37 ; Chemnitz, 2d ed. ii. 164, pi. 95, figs. 17 - 19 ; pi. 154, fig. 45 (1851).

— Reeve, Con. Icon. 674 (1852). — Deshayes in Per. i. 87.
llelix dissidens, Deshayes in Per. Hist. i. 97, pi. 84, figs. 1, 2.
Macrocjiclis concava, Morse, Joum. Portl. Soc. i. 12, pi. 5, fig. (1864). — Tryon, Am.

Journ. Conch, ii. 245, pi. 3, fig. 8 (1866).

Shell depressed, very slightly convex on the upper surface ; epi-
dermis whitish horn color, sometimes with a tinge of
'^' ' green ; whorls five, above flattened, below rounded,

finely striate obliquely, and sometimes with micro-
scopic revolving lines, the outer whorl spreading a
little towards the aperture ; suture rather deeply im-
pressed ; umbilicus wide, deep, exhibiting all the
volutions to the apex ; aperture rounded, somewhat
flattened above, its edge frequently tinged with red-
dish-brown ; peristome sub-reflected at its columellar
extremity, simple above, and in some specimens con-
isiderably depressed near its junction with the outer whorl ; col-
umella with a thin callus, the edge of which connects the upper and
lower extremities of the peristome. Greater diameter, twenty-one
mill. ; lesser, sixteen mill. ; height, seven millimetres.

LIMAX. 407

Canada to Georgia, Michigan to Missouri ; also the post-pleio-
cene of the Mississippi Valley.

Oenus LIinAX, Lm. 1740.

Body lessening towards the posterior extremity, which terminates
in a point. Back with a carina or keel when contracted, convex
when extended. Integuments with longitudhial elongated glands,
and anastomosing furrows arranged in the same manner upon both
sides. Mantle anterior, oval, marked with fine concentric strias, or
prominent wrinkles, unattached and free at the front and sides, but
connected with the body at its posterior part, and containing in this
part a testaceous rudiment or shell. Locomotive disk not expanded
at margin, having a narrow band running longitudinally along its
centre, and separated from the sides by a well-defined line or fur-
row. Respiratory orifice near the posterior margin of the mantle,
large. Anal orifice immediately adjacent to, but a little above and
anterior to the respiratory orifice, with a cleft or fissure through the
mantle from the orifice to its edge. Orifice of organs of generation
near and immediately behind the right superior eye-peduncle.

Testaceous rudiment thin, concentrical, not spiral, covered above
with a thin and transparent periostraca, below smooth.

Jaw without ribs or marginal denticulations, its concave margin
with a median projection.

Lingual membrane very broad, teeth long, central tricuspid, lat-
erals of the same shape, but bicuspid ; uncini aculeate.

Limax maximns.

Liviax maximus, LiK. Syst. Nat.

Limax anliquorum, Ferussac, Podr. 20; Hist. 68, pi. 4, pi. 8 A, fig. 1.

Color light brown or ashen with alternate longitudinal rows
of round spots, and uninterrupted stripes of black along the back
and sides, replaced by irregular blotches on the mantle ; lighter
on the sides, dirty white below ; eye-peduncles and tentacles short,
blackish. Body elongated, terminating in a well-marked dorsal
carina ; covered with coarse, elongated, longitudinal tubercles ; con-
stantly exuding mucus from its whole surface, giving a vermicular,
glistening effect. Mantle large, bluntly oval, with tuberosities more

408

HELICID^.

delicate and arranged concentrically ; orifice of respiration very-
large at its hinder lateral portion. Foot with a narrow locomotive
disk. Length about four inches.

L. maximus.

A specimen of this common European slug was found in Newport,
R. I., in a garden, by Mr. Samuel Powel (1868). It is figured
above. This species has also been recently noticed in Philadelphia
by Mr. Tryon (" Am. Journ. Conch," iii. 315), and in Brooklyn, N.
Y., by Messrs. Sanderson Smith, and Prime. It is an introduced
species. Its rich brown or black stripes giving it a leopard-like ap-
pearance, and its great size at once distinguish it from any species
hitherto known to inhabit Eastern North America.

Limax agrestis.

Color varying from whitish to blaclv and yellowish to rather brown, sometimes
Irregularly spotted with black; body cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely;
mantle oblong-oval, rounded at both extremities; foot narrow, base sallow-
white.

Limax aqrestis, Li?rN.¥:ns, Syst. Nat. [x.] 1758, i. 652. — Moquin-Tandon, Reeve, &c.
— RiNNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 166 (1842) ; Turr. Moll. ii. 37, pi. 64, fig. 2
(1851). — Leidy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 2.50, pi. 2, figs. 7-9 (1851), anat. — De Kay,
N. Y. Moll. 20, pi. 1, fig. 4 (1843). — Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 7, pi. 3, fig. 2
(1864).

Limax tunicata, Gould, olim, Inv. 3 (1841).

Color varying from wliitish through every shade of cinereous and
gray to black, and through various shades of yellowish, or amber

color, to brownish, and some-

Fiff 670. . .

times irregularly spotted with
small, black points or dots ; eye-
peduncles darker than the gen-
eral surface, sometimes black ;
mantle sometimes mottled with a lighter color ; base of foot sallow-
white ; sheath of eye-peduncles indicated by black lines extending

:s^^

L. agrestis.

LIMAX. 409

backwards from their base under the edge of the mantle. Body
wlien in motion cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely, the
sides towards its posterior extremity compressed upwards, so as
to form a short carina or keel ; foot very narrow. Mantle oblong-
oval, fleshy, convex, and prominent, rounded at both extremities ;
equalling in length one third of the length of the body, its surface
marked by prominent, irregularly waved, concentrical lines and fur-
rows, having their centre on the posterior part, and its edges free
throughout the whole circumference. Upper surface of the body
marked with longitudinal lines, or shallow furrows, darker than the
general surface, sometimes black, anastomosing with each other, and
forming a sort of network ; between the reticulated lines are nar-
row, irregular oblong plates, or smooth flattened tubercles, giving
the surface the appearance of mosaic work, with lines of dark ce-
ment ; reticulations less distinct on the sides, and disappearing
towards the base ; a prominent tubercular ridge extends from be-
tween the eye-peduncles backward to the mantle, with a furrow on
each side. Eye-peduncles cylindrical, about one eighth of the length
of the body, with small, black, ocular points on the superior part of
the terminal bulb ; tentacles immediately below, very short. Res-
piratory foramen near the posterior lateral edge of the mantle, large,
surrounded with a whitish border. Orifice of rectum immediately
adjacent, but a little above and anterior to the respiratory foramen.
Foot narrow ; locomotive band bounded by two distinct longitudinal
furrows. Generally about twenty-five mill, in length, but when fully
grown nearly fifty millimetres.

It is undoubtedly of European origin, inhabiting Boston, New
York, Philadelphia, and other maritime cities of the Atlantic coast.
Also in Greenland. It is common in the neighborhood of Boston,
under stones at roadsides, and about stables and farm-yards, and
in other moist situations, under wet and decaying pieces of wood.
It is also found in cellars and gardens, and causes some mischief by
its depredations. A considerable number of individuals often con-
gregate in the same retreat. Their food appears to be the green
leaves of succulent plants, and sometimes ripe fruits ; they feed
during the night, and are rarely found out of their retreat in the
daytime.

Limax campestris.

Color of various shades of amber, sometimes blackish, without spots; body
cylindrical, elongated, terminating in a short carina; mantle oval, fleshy; foot
narrow, whitish.

410 helicidj:.

Limax campestris, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc. 1841, 52; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 169
(1842); Terr. Moll. ii. 41,pl. 64, fig. 3. — Adams, Vermont Moll. 163 (1842). — De
Kay, N. Y. Moll. 22 (1843). — Leidy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 250, pi. 2, fig. 56 (1851)
anat.

Color usually of various shades of amber, without spots or mark-
ings, sometimes blackish ; head and eye-peduncles smoky ; body

cylindrical, elono-ated, terminating: in a very

Fig. 671. 1 J • . -7 •

short carina at its posterior extremity ; mantle
oval, fleshy, but little prominent, with fine, con-
centrical lines ; back covered with prominent

L. cainpestrts. i i i

elongated tubercles and furrows ; foot narrow,
wliitish ; respiratory foramen on the posterior dextral margin of the
mantle ; body covered with a thin, watery mucus. Length about
twenty-five millimetres.

Inhabits all the New England, Middle, and Western States, and
is probably widely diffused through the country.

The resemblances between some of the species of this genus are
so great that it is difficult to provide them with distinctive charac-
ters, and it is only by close comparison that their differences can be
seen. Tlie present species, although considerably smaller, is nearly
allied to Limax agrestis. Its differential characters are as follows :
It is always much smaller, and at all ages possesses a peculiar gelat-
inous or semi-transparent consistency. The tuberosities of the sur-
face are more prominent in proportion to their size, are not flattened
or plate-like, and are not separated by darker colored anastomosing
lines, the intervening furrows being of the same color as the gen-
eral surface. It does not secrete a milky mucus at every part of
the surface when touched. Like that species, it is active in its mo-
tions, and suspends itself by a thread of mucus.

This species appears to be common to all the northern parts of
the United States. It is found under decaying wood in the forests
and in open pastures, and under stones at roadsides. From its
wide distribution, it would seem to be indigenous.

Its testaceous rudiment is minute and delicate in proportion to the
small size of the animal.

Limax flavus.

Color brownish, with oblong-oval uncolored spots ; body cylindrical, elongated,
terminating witli a short prominent keel ; mantle oval, rounded at both ends, with
rounded spots ; base of foot sallow-white.

Limax flnvHs, LinNvEUS, Syst. Nat. [x.] 1758, i. 652 (not MiJLLEn, 1774). — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 164 (1842). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 21, pi. 1, fig. 5
(1843). — Gray, Pfeifeek, Keeve, &c.

HELIX. 411

Limnx variegatns, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 103 (1801). — Ferussac, Moquin-Tandon.
— BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. ii. 34, pi. 65, fij,'. 1 (1851). — Leidy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i.
248, pi. 1 (1851), anat.

Color brownish, yellowish-brown, or ashy-brown, with oblong-
oval, uncolored spots, which

have a longitudinal disposi- ^'"' ^'^'

tioii ; mantle with rounded
spots ; head, neck, and eye-
peduncles blue, semi-trans-
parent ; tentacles white ;

base of foot sallow-white. '"^^I^^^^PP^iIaZ
Body when extended cylin-

. L.Jlamis.

drical, elongated, terminat- '

ing acutely with a short but prominent keel ; upper part covered
with long and narrow prominent tubercles. Mantle ample, oval,
rounded at both ends, with numerous very fine concentrical striae.
Sides paler, and witliout spots. Respiratory foramen large, placed
near the posterior lateral margin of the mantle and cleft to the
edge. Generative orifice indicated by a white spot a little behind
the eye-peduncle of the right side. Length, when fully extended,
usually about seventy-five mill. ; an individual kept in confinement
with abundance of food attained the length of nearly one hundred
and twenty-five mill., and several others that of two hundred milli-
metres.

An introduced species, noticed hitherto in Massachusetts at Bos-
ton and Cambridge ; in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore ; in Virginia at Richmond, and at the University of Vir-
ginia, and at other cities. It is also found in Europe, Syria, and
Madeira.

Genus HELIX, Lm. 1758.

Body elongated, semi-cylindrical, tapering to a point posteriorly,
convex above, plane beneath, the whole area forming a locomotive
disk ; integument reticulated by furrows ; mantle simple, not ex-
tending beyond, and accurately fitting to the peristome of the shell,
into which the whole animal may retire ; head obtuse, eyes at the
end of long, cylindrical, retractile peduncles ; tentacles short, re-
tractile ; generative orifice on the side of the head, behind the right
eye-peduncle ; respiratory orifice in the collar, at the angle of the
aperture of the shell, anal orifice immediately adjoining.

412 helicidj:.

Shell discoidal, globose, or conoid, aperture transverse, oblique,
lunate, or rounded, margins distinct.

Jaw arcuate, vertically ribbed, margins crenulated.

Lingual membrane broad, teeth numerous, centrals tricuspid, lat-
erals bicuspid, uncini denticulated or serrated, centrals and laterals
sometimes simply conical with an acute tip.

Helix alternata.

Fig. 114.

Shell orbicular, depressed, fawn colored, barred with oblique, zigzag lines of
dusky ; whorls five or six, with prominent wrinkles at the lines of growth ; lip
simple ; umbilicus large and deep.

Helix alternata, Say, Nich. Encyc. iv. pi. 1, fig. 2, 1817, 1818, 1819 ; Journ. Acad. ii. 161,
1821 ; Binnky's ed. 6, 21, pi. 69, fig. 2. — Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 19-3 (1826). —
BiNNEY, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 428, pi. 25 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 212, pi. 24.

— Gould, Inv. 177, fig. 114 (1841). — Leidy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 2.5.3, pi. 7, figs.
2-5 (1851), anat. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 29, pi. 2, fig. 9 (1843). — Adams, Ver-
mont Moll. 162, figure (1842). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 44; Hist. pi. 79, figs. 8, 9,
10. — PoTiEZ and Micuaud, Galerie, 104. — Chemnitz, i. 2d ed. 181, t. 24, figs. 17,
18. — Peeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 102. — Deshayes, in Fer. Hist. i. 89. — Reeve,
Con. Icon. 670 (1852). —Billings, Canad. Nat. ii. 99, figs. 4, 5 (1857). — W. G.
BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 98. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. —Morse, Am. Nat.
i. 187, figs. 17, 18 (1867).

Angulapira alternata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 11, fig. 15; pi. 4, fig. 16 (1864). — Try-
on, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 261, pi. 4, fig. 47 (1866).

Helix scabra, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. vi. part 2, 88. — Deshayes, Encyc. Me'th. ii.
219 (18.30) ; in Lam. viii. 66; 3d ed. iii. 292. — Chenu, 111. pi. 6, fig. 11.

Helix infecta, Parreys MS. — Pfeiffer, Mai. Bl. 1857, 86 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 91, non
Keeve.

Helix strornvflodes, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, 53 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 91. — Reeve,
Con. Icon. 1296 (18.54).— Vide W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. pi. 77, fig. 8.

Helix mordax, Siiuttleworth, Bern. Mitt. 1852, 195. — Gould, in Terr. Moll. iii. 19.

— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 99. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 635. —
Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. (and va.v.ferf/uso7ii).

Helix diihiu, Sheppard, Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, i. 194. — McCullocii, (where?)
teste Binney, Terr. Moll. i. 192.

Shell orbicular, depressed, slightly convex above and below ; gen-
eral tint a light fawn color, which, on the upper surface, alternates
in about equal proportions, with oblique, zigzag bars of dark-brown ;
these bars grow narrower and lighter on the lower surface as they
converge to the umbilicus ; they are generally interrupted by a light
colored zone which issues from the middle of the inner margin of
the aperture ; whorls five to six, flattened above, cons])icuously
plaited at the lines of growth so as to produce a rough surface

HELIX. 413

above, but nearly smooth beneath ; the shell has a sharp dividing
line between the upper and lower surfaces in all its
earlier stages, which disappears only at maturity,
forming a circular aperture, slightly modified by
the preceding whorl ; lip simple and delicate ; um-
bilicus large and deep, exhibiting all the volutions.
Greater diameter, twenty-one mill. ; lesser, nineteen
mill. ; height, ten millimetres.

Animal with the head and eye-peduncles of a
light slate color, back brown, remainder of the up-
per surface brownish-orange ; eyes black ; base of
foot drab colored ; collar saffron. Eye-peduncle one
third of an inch long, blackish at tip. Foot not much exceeding
the diameter of the shell, terminating in a broad, flat, obtuse tip ;
a light marginal line runs along the foot from the head to the pos-
terior tip.

Found everywhere in old forests and in moist situations under
decaying logs and stumps. In this State it is not often found near
the sea-coast. Dr. Yale, however, has observed numerous dead
specimens on Martha's Vineyard. Also over the whole of Eastern
North America as far north as Labrador. It occurs commonly in
the post-pleiocene beds of the Mississippi Valley.

The shell varies in being more or less depressed, and the wrinkles
more or less obvious ; sometimes no bars are observable on the
lower surface.

The animal and its eye-peduncles are proportionally shorter than
in our other species. Its habits are gregarious, so that several are
usually found in company.

Helix striatella.

Fig. 112.

Shell small. orbicuLar, depressed, rufous; whorls six, with prominent lines
of growth; aperture declining, rounded; lip simple; base widely and deeply
umbilicated.

Helix striatella, Anthony, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 278, pi. 3, fig. 2 (1840). — Binnet,
Bost. Journ. iii. 432, pi. 21, fig. 5 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 217, pi. 30, fig. 2. — Gould,
Inv. 178, fig. 112 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 162 (1842).— De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 43, pi. 3, fig. 40 (1843). — Chemnitz, 2d ed. ii. Uh, t. 8.5, figs. 36-38.—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 104. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 727 (1853). — W. G. Bm-
NEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 99. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 545, fig. 40 (18G7).

Rthx ruclerata, Adams, Sillira. Journ. [1] 40, 408, not Studer.

414 HELICID^.

Helix Cronhheitei* Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Ac. N. S. iii. 180 (1865).

Patnla Cronlcheitci, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 263 (1866).

Patula striatella, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 21, fig. 48; pi. 2, fig. 6; pi. 8, fig. 49

(1864).
Anguispira striatella, Trvox, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 262, pi. 4, fig. 51 (1866).

Shell small, orbicular, very much depressed, almost discoidal, of
a uniform reddish horn color ; whorls four, flattened above and
rounded below, separated by a well-defined suture, deli-
^'^■^'*' cately wrinkled l)y the elevated and sharp lines of growth,
and in all immature stages presenting a sharpened or car-
inated edge at the circumference ; aperture rounded, de-
clining, somewhat broader than high ; lip simple and thin ;
lower surface rendered cup-shaped l)y a broad and deep um-
H. stria- jjilicus, wliosc diameter is nearlv that of the outer volution.
Diameter about one fourth of an inch.
The animal has the tcntacula bluish-black ; margin and posterior
part of foot white. Foot transparent, less than twice the diameter
of the shell in length ; terminating acutely.

This is a northern species, Ijeing found through British America,
at Great Slave Lake, &c., Canada, and New England, and extends
to Virginia and Kansas. Also on the Pacific side of the Rocky
Mountains, near Hell Gate River. Found abundantly in all parts
of this State, about old stumps, and under the bark of decaying
logs.

The cup-shaped base, and beautifully raised lines of growth, suf-
ficiently designate this shell. Its form is like that of H. rotundata
of Europe, which, however, is checkered by darker bars, like our H.
alternata.

This is the shell, which, till recently, has been regarded as the
H. perspectiva of Say. Several gentlemen in Ohio, where both spe-
cies are found, have for some years discriminated the two shells ;
and in January, 1839, Mr. J. G. Anthony communicated to the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History a description of this species. After
mature examination, conchologists have become satisfied that the
Massachusetts shell is the H. striatella, and that H. perspectiva is
not found in this region. The differences are, that H. striatella is
altogether a more delicate shell in structure and marking, the num-
ber of whorls is one less, the color is lighter and the shell smaller ;
the sharp external edge is also more conspicuous, and, looking into

* My opinion of this species is formed from the description alone. I have seen no
authentic example. — W. G. B.

HELIX. 415

the throat, we do not find the tooth-hke thickening which exists
within the lower margin of H. perspectiva. Mr. Anthony also ob-
serves, that it is found in low lauds, near running streams, and
never about rotten logs, the common residence of H. perspectiva.
This, however, does not accord with its habits in Massachusetts.

Helix asteriscus.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, Avith thin promment ribs; whorls four; aperture
sub-circular ; peristome simple, acute.

Helix asteriscus, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc. vi. 128 (1857). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.

iv. 10.3, pi. 77, fig. 9. — Bl.\nd, Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii. 163, fig. 8. — Morse, Amer.

Nat. i. .546, fig. 43 (1867).
Pkinot/i/m asterisrus, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 24, figs. 50-52; pi. 2, fig. 5; pi. 8, fig.

53 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, il. 263, pi. 4, fig. 55 (1866).

Shell widely umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, rig- 675.

light brown, decussated by delicate incremental and
revolving strise, and with from twenty-five to thirty
delicate, thin, transparent, prominent ribs, with wav-
ing edges, and inclined backwards, more like the
epidermis than the texture of the shell ; whorls four,
the upper ones flattened, the last globose ; suture
deeply impressed ; aperture sub-circular ; peristome
simple, acute, its columellar extremity sub-reflected.
Greater diameter, one and a half mill. ; height, one Enlarged

half millimetre.

The animal is described by Morse as bluish-white, with head,
neck, and eye-peduncles mottled by streaks and dots.

From Gaspe to the North of Lake Superior, and through New
England.

Helix labyrintliica.

Fig. 106.

Shell minute, conic-globose ; whorls six, with conspicuous obhque lines; lip
reflected ; aperture with one or two teeth prolonged within it ; umbilicus minute.

Helix lahi/rinthica, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 124 (1817) ; Nich. Encyc. iv. 3d ed. (1819) ;
ed. BiNNEY, 10. — BiN\EY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ill. 393, pi. 26, fig. I (1837) ; Terr
Moll. ii. 202, pi. 17, fig. 3. — Gould, Inv. 184, fig. 106 (1841). — Adams, Vermont
Moll. 160 (1842).— Ferussac, Tab Syst. 38; Hist. pi. 51, (?, fig. 1.— Pfeiffer,
Symbolse, ii. 31 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 416. — Chemnitz, 2d ed. i. 382, t. 66, figs. 17-20.

— Reeve, Con. Icon. 728 (18.52). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 39, pi. 3, fig. 31 (1843).

— Deshayes, in Fer. i. 210. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 95. — Morse,
Amer. Nat. i. 545, figs. 41, 42 (1867).

416 HELICID^.

Strohila lahijrinthica, Morse, Jonrn. Portl. Soc. i. 26, fiijs. 64-67 ; pi. 2, figs, a, b ; pi. 8,
fig. 68 (1864). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 259, pi. 4, fig. 44 (1866).

Shell small, rounded-conical, apex obtuse ; spire elevated, whorls
six, separated by a well-marked suture, with conspicuous, oblique
lines or ridges at regular distances ; epidermis dark
Fig. 6.6. brownish horn color ; aperture small ; outer lip thick-

ened, and somewhat reflected, often rose colored ;
inner lip with a long, raised line or tooth, which ap-
pears to revolve within the shell parallel to the sut-
ure, and sometimes a second nearer to the base, less
conspicuous, and terminating farther within the aper-
ture ; l)eneath flat, umbilical region impressed, and
„ , , . „ . the umbilicus minute. Greatest diameter one tenth

H. laoynntluca.

of an inch, height nearly as much.

Animal has the head slate colored above, the tentacula quite
dark ; foot white as printing-paper, linear ; space between the four
tentacula and neck lighter colored.

Found in various parts of this State, usually in the fissures of de-
caying wood, or under fragments of wood in moist places, or in beds
of decaying leaves. It inhabits a wide range of territory, having
been found as far distant as Missouri. It is not frequently found,
however, on account of its minuteness, and its dusky color.

It inhabits all of Eastern North America.* Also occurs in the
post-pleiocene of the Mississippi Valley.

It is readily distinguished from other species by the remarkable
raised lines revolving within the aperture. Usually, but one of
them exists ; but when both are present their parallel position gives
them a close resemblance to the track of a railroad. The oblique
plaiting of the whorls is very conspicuous, and renders the exterior
quite beautiful. The outer lip in fresh specimens has a rose colored
tint. The shell varies considerably in the elevation of the spire,
being sometimes much flattened, and again it has a pointed apex.

Mr. Morse has lately given the following description of the inter-
nal laminae which characterize this species : —

The shell has been described as having one revolving tooth within
the aperture, and sometimes a second one terminating farther within
the aperture. I have always found this second one constant, and also

* Woodward (Man. 384) refers an extinct English Eocene IleUx to this species. I have
seen no specimens of it, but cannot believe it identical. Mr. Bland writes me that he has
received from France a fossil shell under the nanae oi Helix labjrinthicula, apparently iden-
tical with our species. — W. G. B.

HELIX. 417

a third one but slightly raised between these two. At the base of
the shell and far within the aperture arc two more revolving ribs,
running about a third of one volution. These arc plainly visible
through the sul)stance of the shell. A heavy coluniellar tooth or
rib extends from a slight distance within the aperture, nearly one
volution back. This coluniellar tooth thickens the substance of the
shell in the umbilical region and causes a distinct fold without the
shell. A most singular feature is revealed in the structure of the
parietal laminae. With an ordinary magnifying power small swell-
ings are seen at close intervals along these lamina?, which when
mao-nified four hundred diameters are seen to be surmounted with
from five to ten sharp spines pointing toward the aperture ; these
swellings appear to coincide in number and position with the raised
ribs without the sliell, though they are not formed at the same
time ; for as these laminjB approach the aperture they become at-
tenuated and disappear. The surface upon which these laminas
rest is granulated, and not smooth as is generally the case with the
interior of shells. It is difficult to imagine the use of these spiny
projections, unless they may act in some way as points of resistance
to the animal for the support of a very heavy shell.

Helix hirsuta.

Fig. 116.

Shell globular, hairy, chestnut colored; aperture very narrow; outer lip re-
flexed, having a fissure on its inner margin ; pillar lip with a long compressed
tooth; umbilicus closed.

HeUx hirsuta, Sat, Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 17 (1817) ; ii. 161 ; ed. Binney, 8. — Bikney,
Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 365, pi. 10, fio;. .3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 150, pi. 42, fig.
3, exel. stenotrema. — 'Dis. Kay, N. Y. Moll. 36, pi. 3, fiff. 27. — Gould, Inv. 175,
fig. 116 (1841). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 38; Hist. pi. 50(f, fis'. 1. — Deshayes, in
Lamarck, viii. 113; 3d ed. iii. 308; Encyc. Me'th. ii. 253 (1830) ; in Fer. i. 140. —
Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An. pi. 193, fig 8, ex Bo<t. Journ. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv. excl. var. ^ i. 421 ; in Chemnitz, 2d ed. excl. var. i. 374 (1846) ; pi. 65,
figs. 9-11 (1849). — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 714 (1852). — Leidy, Terr. Moll. U.
S. i. 257, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6 (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 62. —
Bland, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 327. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 151, figs. 14, 15 (1867).

H'-lit simtata, Gmelin (teste Pfeiffer).

Helix isognomostomn, Gmeliv (teste Pfeiffer).

Trictopsis liiisuta, Woodward, Man. pi. 12, fig. 7, no descr.

Helix fmterna. Wood, Index, Suppl. 21, viii. fig. 16 (1828) ; ed. Hanley, 226. fig. 16.

Helix porcinn, Say, Long's Exped. (1824) ii. 257, pi. 15, fii?. 2 (younir) ; Binney's ed.
30, pi. 74, fig. 2. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 45 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii.
97. — Bland, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 344, with figure (1858).
27

418 HELICID.E.

Shell nearly globular ; wliorls five, rounded ; suture distinct ;
epidermis brownisli, covered with numerous sharp, rigid hairs ; ap-
erture very narrow, almost closed by an elongated, lamelli-
Fig^7. fQY^^ tooth, situated on the pillar lip, and extending from
the centre of the base nearly to the junction of the lip with
the outer whorl ; lip narrow, very much depressed and re-
flected against the body whorl, with a deep cleft or fissure
H-fiir- near the centre of the inner margin; base convex; umbili-
cus wholly closed. Greatest diameter, one third of an inch ;
ordinary size less than one fourth of an inch diameter.

Animal whitish, head and tentacula slate colored ; foot slender,
semi-transparent, length less than twice the breadth of the shell ;
cavity of the tentacula apparent when they are drawn in, by two
dark lines, with a whiter space between.

Found from New England to Kansas and Virginia. Also in the
post-pleiocene beds of the Mississippi Valley. Nova Scotia ( Willis}.
This very peculiar snail is at once distinguished from every other
New England species by the singular fissure on the inner edge of
the lip. There is sometimes a minute, tooth-like process on the
inner and upper part of the lip, which is visible only on looking into
the aperture. Sometimes its hairy vesture covers it at every part ;
at other times it is quite smooth. Dr. Binney has once or twice
noticed a white band on the body whorl.

Helix monodon.

Tig. 113.

Shell rather depressed, dusky horn color, hispid ; aperture semi-lunar ; lip white,
reflexed; with a single elongated tooth fixed obliquely to the pillar; umbilical
region excavated.

Helix monodon, Rackett, Lin. Trans, xiii 42, pi. 5, fig. 2 (1822) ; ed. Chenu, 269, pi.
27, fig. 5. - Wood, Index, Snppl. pi. 7, fig. 15 (1828) ; ed. Hanley, 226, fig. 15. —
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. .360, pi. 10, fig. 1 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 147,
pi. 41, lower figures. — Gould, Inv. 174, fig. 113 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Moll.
159 (1842). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 60. — De Kay, N Y. Moll. 35, part,
excl. syn., pi. 3, fig. 19 ; not fig. 21, a, b (1843). —Mbs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pi.
193, fig. 11, ex Bost. Journ. no descr. — Billings, Canadian Nat. ii. 100, fig. 6
(1857). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 320. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 151, figs. 12,
13 (1867).

Helix convexn, Chemnitz, part (excl. syn. et tab. 66, figs. 24, 27), pi. 10, figs. 17, 18. —
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 268 (excl. <? ct y). — Deshayes, in Lam. viii. 112 ;
Encyc. Me'th. ii. 253 (1830) ; 3d ed. iii. 308; in Per. 1. c. i. 144. — Reeve, Con.
Icon. No. 696 (1852), excl. syn. ; No. 717 (1854).

Helicodonta hirsuta, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. 101, no dcscr.

HELIX. 419

Stenotrema monodon, Morsk, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 10, fig. 13 ; pi. 2, fiif. 2 ; pi. 4, fig. It
(1864). — TuYON, Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 56, pi. 9, figs. 18-20 (1867).

Var. FRATERNA.

Helix fraU-rna, Say, Long's Exped. ii. 257, pi. 15, fig. 3 ; Binney's ed. 30, pi. 74, fig. 3.

— Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pt. 193, fig. 5, no descr. — Binney, Bost. Journ. iii.

363, pi. 10, fig. 2, not of Wood.
Helix monodon, De Kay, 1. c. part, pi. 3. fig. 21, a, 6 (1843). — Wood, Index, Suppl. pi.

7, fig. 15.
Helix conivxn, Chemnitz, cd. 2, i. 86, part; — var. Reeve, Con. Icon. 1. c. — ^ ; Ffeif-

FER, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 420.
Hdix moncdon /*, Pfeiffer, 1. c. iv. 320.

Var. LEAH.

Helix convexa y, Pfetffer, 1. c. ; var. Chemnitz, 1. c. pi. 66, figs. 24, 25.

Helix monodon y, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 320. — part Binney, Terr. Moll. pi. 41,

central figures.
Helix Lcaii, Ward, MS. teste Binney.
Lister, Syn. Conch, pi. 93, fig. 94.

Shell slightly convex ; whorls five or six, narrow, diminishing
very gradually in breadth from the outer whorl to the apex,
marked with very fine lines of growth, and covered with a ^'^^' "
dark russet or chestnut colored epidermis, which is beset
with very minute, hair-like projections ; aperture contracted
by a deep groove behind the lip; lip white, narrow, reflexcd,
a little grooved on its face, extending on the base to the
umbilicus and slightly contracting it, and its outer edge
not projecting beyond the surface of the whorl ; umbilicus ^/i","""'
deep, not exhibiting all the volutions, partially covered by
the lip ; base rounded, very much excavated at the umbilical region,
with a compressed, elongated white tooth at the edge of the aper-
ture. Greatest diameter nearl}^ half an inch.

Animal yellowish-brown, darker on the head and tentacula. Foot
narrow, cylindrical, half as long again as the diameter of the shell,
terminating in a point. Eyes black.

Found in the middle and western parts of this State, sometimes
in forests with other species, but more commonly on the hill-side
pastures under stones, where other species rarely occur. Two indi-
viduals are commonly found together. It is also found in the North-
ern and Northwestern States ; indeed, through all of Eastern North
America, and through Canada. Also in the post-pleiocene of the
Mississippi Valley.

The varieties of this shell present remarkable differences in size,
coloring, and in the form of the umbilicus. The transverse diam-

420 HELICID^.

eter varies from one sixth to three sixths of an inch, and the form
from sub-globular in small specimens to a very flattened shape in
the larger. The coloring exhibits every shade, from light amber to
dark chestnut. The whorls of some revolve about the axis at such
a distance as to leave a deep and wide umbilicus (inonodori) ; while
in others they are in such near approximation as to permit only a
small perforation, which the narrow, reflected peristome is suf-
ficiently wnde to cover (^fratcrna). The hairy projections of the
epidermis are most distinct upon the young shells, but are often
wanting at every stage of growth. The oblique strise are so fine as
hardly to be visible ; and in some instances the shell appears to be
glabrous. Very beautiful specimens, about one fourth of an inch in
diameter, with a dark, shining epidermis and open umbilicus, occur
in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and Michigan. They are more convex, and,
as the same number of volutions is contained in half the space, they
appear to have more whorls than the common variety. Some per-
sons have considered these to form a distinct species QH. Leaii,
Ward, MS.) ; but I do not see that they can, with propriety, be
separated.

Helix palliata.

Shell depressed, thin, hairy ; aperture three-lobed, contracted, two teeth on in-
ner marjjin of peristome, and curved tooth on parietal wall ; Avhorls five; peris-
tome reflected ; umbilicus closed.

Helix palUala, Say, Journ. Pliila. Acad. ii. 152 (1821) ; Binxey's ed. 10. — Binney,
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 353, pi. 7 (1840); Terr. Moll. ii. 136, part, pi. 14.—
Adams, Vermont Moll. 159 (1842). — Leidy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 2.53, pi. 7, fig. 8,
anat. (1851 ). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 33, pi. 3, fig. 36 (cxcl. o, l>) (1843), excl. syn.
part. — Pfeiffek, Mon. IIol. Viv. i. 316 ; in Chemnitz, 2d ed. i. 359, pi. 62, figs.
15, 16 (1849). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 193, fig. 8, ex Bost. Journ. (no
dcscr.). — Desuaves, in Fer. i. 144 (excl. var.). — Beeve, Con. Icon. No. 678. —
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 56. — Bland, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 441. — Morse,
Am. Nat. i. 150, figs. 10, 11 (1867).

Helix denotata, Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 38 (1822), no deser. ; Hist. pi. 11 a, fig. 5; pi. 50 a,
fig. 7. — Deshayes, in Lamarck, viii. 115 ; 3d ed. iii. 309.

Hfilix notnta, Deshayes, Encyc. Mcth. ii. 224 (18.30).

Xolotrcma jialiiata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 49, pi. 9, fig. 4 (1867).

Shell with the umbilicus closed, thin, depressed ; epidermis dark
brown or chestnut color, and rough with minute, acute projections
and stiff hairs ; whorls five, flattened above and rounded below, with
numerous very fine, oblique stria? ; aperture three-lobed, much con-
tracted by the peristome and teeth ; peristome white, sometimes

HELIX. 421

edged with brown, widely reflected, with two projecting teeth on
the inner margin, the one near its junction with the body whorl
acute and prominent, the other on the basal portion, long, lamellar,
and but little prominent ; parietal wall with a very

-, , . . , -, Fig. 6(9.

prominent, white, curved tooth, projectmg nearly
perpendicularly from the shell, and forming one
boundary of the aperture ; umbilicus covered with
a white callus, the continuation of the reflected
peristome ; base convex. Greater diameter twenty-
one, lesser, eighteen, height ten millimetres.

From Canada to Georgia, through Eastern North
America. Also in the post-pleiocene of the Missis-
sippi Valley.

Animal of a uniform, blackish, slate color over

H. palliata.

the wdiole surface ; foot narrow, in length double
the diameter of the shell, and terminating in an acute point ; eye-
peduncles one third of an inch long ; eyes not distinguishable from
the general color.

The nature of the epidermis and sculpturing are the only con-
stant specific characters which distinguish H. palliata from H.
obstricla. In the former the epidermis has " numerous minute tu-
berculous acute prominences"; the striae are close together, and
somewhat irregular in development. In the typical form the whorls
are convex, with a well-impressed suture ; the last whorl is obtusely
angulated in front of, but not behind the aperture.

The species varies, in the form of the whorls and extent of the
angulation of the periphery, as follows : —

Var. jS. — Whorls flattened above, slightly exserted, the last more
sharply angulated in front of the aperture, with the striae, especially
behind the aperture, more distinctly defined. Greater diameter
twenty-two, lesser nineteen and a half, height eight and a half mill-
imetres (five whorls). Kentucky and Tennessee.

Var. y. — Whorls planulate above, and so exserted as to show
the carinated edges of all excepting the apical whorls, the last
whorl with an acute projecting carina continued to the back of the
aperture ; the umbilicus not always entirely covered by the reflected
lip. Greater diameter twenty-one and a half, lesser eighteen and
a half, height seven millimetres (five whorls). Tennessee.

422 HELICID^.

Helix tridentata.

Fig. 115.

Shell depressed, yellowish horn colored ; whorls obliquely wrinkled ; aperture
contracted, three-lobed, two teeth on the outer lip, and a curved one on the pil-
lar ; lip reflexed, white ; umbilicus deep.

Helix tridentata, Say, Nicli. Encyc. pi. 2, %. 1 (1817, 1818, 1819) ; Binney's ed. 6, pi.
70, fig. 1. — Eaton, Zool. T. B. 193 (1826). — Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 38 ; Hist pi. 1,
fig. 3. — Wood, Index, Suppl. 21, pi. 7, fig. 2 (1828) ; ed. Hanley, 226, fig. 11. —
Deshayes, Encyc. Meth. ii. 213 (1830) ; in Lamarck, viii. 115; 3d cd. 309; in
Feu. 1. c. i. 72. — Eisney, Best. Joiirn. Nat. Hist. iii. 382, pi. 17 (1840), part; in
Terr. Moll. ii. 183, pi. 27. —Adams, Vermont Moll, 160 (1842). — Gould, Inv. 173,
fig. 115 (1841). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 412; in Chemnitz, 2d ed. i. 84, pi.
10, figs. 7, 8. — PoTiEz et Michaud, Gul. i. 114. — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An.
pi. 291, fig. 3 (ex Best. Journ. no descr.). —Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 690 (1852). —
"W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 70. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. 423. — Morse,
Am. Nat. i. 150, figs. 8, 9 (1867).

Triodopsis lunula, Kafinesque, En. and Ace. 3; ed. Binney and Tryon, 68.

Triodopsis tridentata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 50, pi. 9, figs. 6, 13 (1867).
Lister, pi. 92, fig. 92.

Shell flattened, slightly convex above and below, yellowish horn
colored ; whorls four and a half to six, slightly convex, crossed
obliquely with numerous fine and regular lines of
Fi.£:-680. growth; aperture contracted, rendered trilobate by

the presence of two small, pointed teeth on the outer
lip ; opposite the middle lobe, placed obliquely on the
inner lip, is a thin, somewhat curved, white tooth ;
lip broad, white, partially reflected, with a constric-
tion behind it ; umbilicus not large, deep, and partly
covered by the extremity of the reflected lip. Diam-
„ . . , , , eter about half an inch.

H. tridentata.

Animal dark bluish-slate color, deeper on the head,
back, and tentacula ; foot nearly twice as long as the diameter of
the shell.

This well-marked species is not found near the sea-coast, and but
rarely in the forests, at the western part of this State. From Can-
ada through all Eastern North America.

It varies much in size and other respects, in diflerent localities.
Specimens from this region have the lip narrow, the teeth small,
the aperture but slightly contracted, the spire depressed, and are of
a medium size. In Ohio it is larger, in Florida much smaller.

Dr. Binney regards the H. fallax of Say as a variety of this spe-
cies, in which the spire is more elevated, and the parts about the

HELIX. 423

aperture greatly developed, so that the aperture is nearly closed by
the teeth and the stricture behind the lip ; the upper lip-tooth has
often two or three points, and the tooth on the inner lip extends
quite to the base of the shell, so as to unite with the extremity of
the lip.

The middle one of the three lobes is smallest, and their outline
regularly arched, so as to resemble somewhat the ace of clubs.

Helix albolabris.

Fig. 101.

Shell orbicular-conical, yellowish horn color ; whorls five or six, convex, marked
with the lines of growth, and minute revolving lines; lip white, broadly reflected ;
umbilicus closed.

Helix albolabris, Say, Nich. Encyc. pi. 1, fig. 1 (1817, 1818, 1819) ; J. A. N. S. ii. 161
(1823); Amer. Conch. No. 2, pi. 13 (1831); Binney's ed. 21, pi. 69, fig. 1.—
Che\u, Bibl. Conch. 3, 21, pi. 3, fig. 3«. — Eaton, Zoo). Text Book, 193 (1826).

— Adams, in Thompson's Vermont, i. 1.58, with woodcut. — Ferussac, Tab. Syst.
36 ; Hist. pi. 43, figs. 1, 2, 3. — Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 475, pi. 13 (1837) ;
Terr. Moll. ii. 99, pi. 2. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 26, pi. 2, fig. 12 (1843). — Gould,
Inv. 170, fig. 101 (1841).— Leidy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 252, pi. 6, anat. (1851).—
Pfeiffer, Symb. ii. 22, cxcl. •/ and &; Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 290, excl. ^ and y; in
Chemnitz, 2d ed. i. 81, pi. 15, figs. 7, 8 (1847), excl. var. C. and D. pi. 10, figs. 4, 5.

— Potiez et Michaud, Gal. i. 69. — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 624. — Deshayes, in
Fer. i. 137, pi. 43, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5. ^Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol. ii. 98, figs.
2. 3. — Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vi. 358 (1858). —W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv.
4.3. —Morse, Am. Nat. i. 6, pi. 1, figs. 1-11 ; p. 96, fig. 2 (1867).

Helix riifa, De Kav ? N. Y. Moll. 44, pi. 3, fig. 30 (1843).

Mesodon albulabris, Morse, Journ. Port! Soc. i. 8, fig. 7; pi. 3, fig. 8 (1864). — Tryon,
Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 39, 44, pi. 7, figs. 5-7 (1867).

Shell orbicular, depressed-conical, thin, shining, of a yellowish-
brown or russet-color ; whorls five to six,
rounded, separated by a well-defined suture, '^'

and forming a moderately elevated spire, reg-
ularly and distinctly wrinkled by the lines of
growth which are crossed by very numerous,
delicate, revolving hair lines, scarcely visible
without a magnifier ; aperture semi-elliptical, ^ aiboiabris.

contracted by the lip, which is white, and very

broadly reflected ; outer edge sharp, somewhat waved, and colored
orange on the back ; umbilicus covered by the extremity of the lip.
Diameter generally over one inch.

The animal varies in color, sometimes being pure white, cream-
color, or grayish ; head brownish above ; tentacula dusky at tip ;

424 HELICID^.

eyes black ; back shagreeiied with glandular tubercles ; foot rather
more than twice the diameter of the shell, pointed behind.

Found in large numbers in all the partially cleared forests of
New England, sheltered in the moist mould under decajing logs
and rotten stumps ; and sometimes about stone-walls and rocks in
the open fields. It is found in all the States, from Canada to Ar-
kansas, Georgia to Minnesota. Also in the post-pleiocene of the
Mississippi Valley.

This is our largest snail, and, though so simple in its structure
and coloring, is a pleasing shell. Its delicately striated surface,
and broad, Avhite lip, cannot fail to gain admiration. It is subject
to very little variety, the principal variations being its want of the
white reflected lip, and an open umbilicus in its immature stages.
It has no tooth on the pillar, like H. thyroides and //. exolela, is
smaller than the. former and less globular than the latter.

The economy of these animals may be briefly stated as follows.
They subsist upon decaying leaves and vegetable fibre, under which
they usually shelter themselves. In moist weather, and after show-
ers, they issue from their retreats, and crawl over the leaves or up
the trunks of trees, until driven back by a change of weather. In
early spring they are often seen collected in groups on the sunny
side of rocks. In June they deposit their eggs, to the number of
thirty to eighty, in the light mould by the side of rocks and logs.
These are white, opaque, and elastic ; and in about twenty to thirty
days the young animal issues from them with a shell consisting of
one whorl and a half. In October they cease to feed, and select a
place under some log or stone where they may be sheltered for the
winter, and there they fix themselves, with the mouth upwards.
This they close by secreting a thin, transparent membrane, and as
the weather becomes cold they grow torpid, and remain in that state
until the warmth of spring excites them to break down the barrier,
and enter upon a new campaign of duty and pleasure.

Helix dentifera.

Shell convex, yellowish horn color; whorls five; aperture contracted; peris-
tome white, broadly reflected; parietal wall with a single white tooth; imper-
forate.

Helix dentifera, Bixney, Eost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 494, pi. 21 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 134,
pi. 12. — Adams, Molliisca, &c. 159 (1842). — rFP:iFFF.rv, Mon. Ilel. Viv. i..317. —
W. G. BiNNKV, Terr. Moll. iv. 55. — Dk Kay, N. Y. Moll. 34, pi. 2, fig. 17 (1843).

HELIX.

425

— Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An. pi. 191, fig. 11, no dcscr. from Bost. Joiirn. —
Morse, Am. Nat. i. 99, figs. 6, 7 (1SG7). — Not of Tfeiffer, Mon. Ilel. Viv iii.
and iv. ; not of Chemnitz, ed. 2 (rotinerl).

Shell imperforate, flattened, convex on the upper surface, convex
below ; epidermis yellowish horn color, immacu-
late ; spire depressed ; whorls five, with delicate,
parallel oblique strias ; suture distinct, not deeply
impressed ; aperture contracted by the peristome,
flattened towards the plane of the base ; peristome
thickened, white, broadly and abruptly reflected;
parietal wall with a prominent, white, tooth-like
process nearly parallel with the lower margin of
the aperture, not projecting towards the umbilicus;
base convex. Greater diameter twenty-three, les-
ser eighteen, height ten millimetres.

From Maine to Virginia and to Ohio. It prefers
mountainous country.

Readily distinguished from the allied species by the very angular
and broad reflection of the peristome.

H. dentifera.

Helix thyroides.

Fig. 108.

Shell convex, yellowish horn color ; whorls five, delicately wrinkled ; aperture
rounded; lip white, widely reflected; pillar with a single white tooth; umbilicus
partial.

Helix thijroidtts. Say, Nich. Encyc. (Amer. cd.) 1817, 1818, 1819; Journ. Acad. i. 123
(1817); Amer. Conch. (18.31) No. 2, pi. 1,3; ed. Binnet, 33, pi. 13; ed. Chenu,
Bibl. 3, 22, pi. 3, fig. 3. — Eatox, Zool. T. B. 193 (1826). — Ferussac, Hist. pi.
49 a, fig. 4 ; pi. 50 a, fig. 6 ? — Deshayks, Encyc. Meth. ii. 230 (1830) ; in Lamarck,
An. sans Vert. viii. 114; 3d ed. iii. 309 ; in Fer. i. 209. — Bixxey, Bost. Jonrn.
Nat. Hist. i. 438, pi. 18 (1837) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 129, pi. 11. — Leidy, Terr. Moll.
U. S. i. 2.57, pi. 11, fig. 7-9 (18.51 ) anat. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 29, pi. 2, fig. 8.—
Gould, Inv. 171, fig. 108 (1841). —Adams, Vermont Moll. 1.59 (1842). — Mrs.
Gray', Fig. Moll. An. pi. 291, fig. 6, from Bost. Journ., no descr.

Helix tlii/roid'S, Ffeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 345; in Cfiemnitz, 2d ed. i. 331, pi. 58,
figs. 8, 9 (18.50). —Beeve, Con. Icon. No. 677. — W. G. Binney, Ter. Moll. iv. 53.
— Morse, Am. Nat. i. 98, fig. 3 (1867).

Anchistoma tJujroidcx, H. and A. Adams, Gen. pi. 78, fig. 3, no descr.

Mesodon thyroides, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 41, pi. 8, fig. 1 (1867).

Shell rounded, convex, of a uniform yellowish-brown or russet
color ; whorls about five, convex, marked with delicate and parallel
lines of growth; suture distinct; aperture broad, semi-lunar, con-

426 HELICIDiE.

tracted by the lip ; lip white, widely reflected, and sometimes
grooved, its exterior yellowish ; at the inner side,
^'^' ^^^' on the last whorl, is a white, tooth-like tubercle,

placed obliquely ; umbilicus exhibiting only one
volution, and partially covered by the reflected
lip. Diameter about three fourths of an inch.

Animal of a dirty yellowish color, with a gray-
ish hue in some individuals ; tentacula darker ;
eyes black ; base of the foot dirty white ; length equal to twice the
diameter of the shell.

Found in nearly all parts of this State, but by no means common.
It is numerous from Canada through all Eastern North America,
and in the post-pleiocene of the Mississippi Valley.

This is a plain but pretty shell, bearing a great resemblance to
H. albolabris, yet readily distinguished from it. It is a smaller
shell, more globose ; its aperture is more oblique, and the partially
closed umbilicus and tooth on the inner lip are specially character-
istic. It varies considerably in its size, and in the degree of its
convexity. The umljilicus is sometimes entirely closed ; and in
immature shells the tooth is generally wanting. It is occasionally
found reversed.

Helix Sayii.*

Shell depressed, light russet; whorls between five and six; aperture lunately
sub-circular ; peristome Avhite, reflected, with tooth on inner edge ; white tooth on
parietal wall ; umbilicus open.

Helix clioclonta. Say, Long's Exped. (1824) ii. 257, pi. 15, fig. 4 ; ed. Binnet, 39, pi. 74,
fig. 4. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 34, pi. 2, fig. 18. — Deshayes, in Ferussac, pi. 69,
i. fig. 2.

Helix Sai/i, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ill. 379, pi. 16 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 180,
pi. 23. — Adams, Vermont Moll. 160 (1842). — W. G. Btnney, Terr. Moll. iv. 70.
— Leidy, Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 256, ]>\. 11, fips. 1 -4 (1851), anat. — Pfeiffer,
Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 382; in Chemnitz, 2d ed. iii. 419, t. 148, figs. 13, 14. — Mrs.
Gray, Fiir. Moll. An. pi. 193, fis;. 10, from Bost. Journ., no deser. — Deshayes,
in Fer. i. 79. — Reeve, Con. Icon. No. 679 (1852). —Morse, Am. Nat. i. 98, figs.
4, 5 (1867).

Mrsodon Sai/ii, Morse, Joiirn. Portl. Soc. i. 9, fig 9 ; pi. 4, fig. 10 (1864).

Ulostoma Sayii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 38, pi. 7, fig. 4 (1867).

Shell umbilicated, orbicularly-depressed, thin ; epidermis light
russet, shining ; whorls between five and six, with numerous fine,

* The name //. Saijii is preoccupied, but Wood cives no description, and even if he did
I should not reject the well-established use of the name for this species. — W. G. B.

HELIX.

427

oblique striee ; suture impressed ; aperture lunatcly
sub-circular, not dilated ; peristome white, narrow,
thickened, reflected, with a slightly projecting
tooth on the inner edge of the basal portion near
the umbilicus ; parietal wall with a sub-prominent,
white tooth ; umbilicus open, deep, not wide, ex-
hibiting all the volutions, slightly contracted by
the reflected peristome ; base rounded with the
striae distinct, converging into the umbilicus.
Greater diameter twenty-seven, lesser twenty-
three, height seventeen millimetres.

From Canada East to Michigan and Maryland.

Fig. G84.

Helix? harpa.

Shell ovately-conic, light horn color ; whorls four, convex ; aperture lunately
oval ; peristome simple ; sub-perforate.

Helix? harpa, Sat, Long's Exped. ii. 256, pi. 15, fig. 1 (1824) ; Binney's ed. 29, pi. 74,

fig. 1.
Pupacostulata, Mighels, Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. 187 (1844).
Bullmus harpa, Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1847, 147; Mon. Hel Viv. ii. 150; in

Chemsitz, 2d ed. No. 305, pi. 60, figs. 17 - 19. — Reeve, Con. Ifon. No. 596 (1849).

— BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. ii. 290, pi. 52, fig. 3. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv.

135.
Zoogenltes harpa, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 32, pi. 1, figs. 1-14 (1864) ; Am. Nat. i.

608, figs. 50, 51 (1868}.

Shell sub-perforate, ovately conic, transparent, very thin, with
coarse, irregular lines of growth, pellucid, light horn ^. ^^^
color; spire conical, rather obtuse ; whorls four, con-
vex, the upper ones smooth, the last two with promi-
nent, distant, thin, colorless, fold-lilce ribs, slightly in-
clined backwards, the last whorl rounded, somewhat
longer than the spire ; columella sub-receding ; aperture
lunately oval ; peristome simple, straight, the columcl-
lar termination briefly reflected above. Greater diam-
eter, two mill. ; length, three and a half mill. ; aperture one and
two thirds long, one and one fourth millimetres wide.

Gaspe, Maine, New Hampshire. Originally found by Say on the
Expedition to St. Peter's River, &c. Also in British America and
Sweden (Mai. Blat. 1867, p. 200).

Animal small compared to the size of the shell, body and head
slate color, eye-peduncles darker, short, thick, bulbous ; eyes large,

H. ? harpa.
Enlarged.

428 helicidj:.

distinct ; foot but two thirds length of shell, whitish ; the body,
disk, and mantle are marked with white dots, the edge of the man-
tle is of the same color as the head and eye-pedun-
Fis. 686. ^j^g^ rj^ijjg j-gl^ lg rounded posteriorly, and broad

and truncated anteriorly, the lateral borders are
deeply crenulated. The head is separate from the
^___^._^.^.,*o disk as in the Papinm^ bearing two minutely crenu-
Animai of H.? harpa. latcd lappcts, which liaug dowu on either side of the
mouth like a visor, reminding one of the oblique
folds on the head of Glandina truncata, which we believe to be ho-
mologous to them, A longitudinal furrow extends from the mouth
downward. The body is so translucent that when extended the
ganglionic centres can be plainly seen. In motion they are exceed-
ingly graceful, at times poising their beautiful shell high above their
body, and twirling it around not unlike the Pliysa^ again hugging
their pretty harp close to their body, the shell when in this last
position continually oscillates as if the animal could not balance
it ; it rarely ever moves in a straight line, but is always turning
and whisking about, and this is done at times very quickly and
abruptly. {Morse.)

Helix pnlchella.

Fig. 102.

Shell minute, white, depressed; whorls four, suture deep; aperture circular, lip
reflexed, thickened ; umbilicus large.

Helix pukhella, Muller, Verm 30. — Pfeiffer, Mon. IIcl. Viv. i. 365. — Binney,

Bost. Journ. Nat Hist. iii. 375, pi. 9, fig. 2 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 175, pi. 17, f^f,^ 1.

— Leidv, Terr. jNIoll. U. S. i. 256, pi. 9, figs. 7-9 (1851) anat. — Gould, Inv. 176,

fig. 102 (1841). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 159 (1842).
Helix mimita. Say, Journ. Acad. i. 123 (1817); Nicli. Encyc. 3d cd. (1819); Binney's

ed. .3. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll, 40, pi. 3, fig. 33 (1843).
Helix costata, Muli.er, )•/(/'' Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. 366.
Vallonia miniita, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 21, figs. 54, 56; pi. 8, fig. 57 (1864). —

TiiYON, Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 36, pi. 7, fig. 26 (1867).

Shell minute, semi-transparent, white, or very light horn color,
thin, depressed ; whorls four, very minutely marked with lines of
growth, the last spreading at the mouth like a trumpet ; suture
deeply impressed ; aperture circular, the lip very nearly surround-
ing it, much thickened, white, and reflected ; umbilicus large, ex-
hibiting all the volutions within. Diameter one tenth of an inch.

Animal pale, semi-transparent.

HELIX.

429

Fig. 637.

Rather common in tlic vicinity of Boston, under stones in rich
soil, and about decaying stumps. It is probably abun-
dant in all parts of this State, and has been noticed
from Canada East to Nebraska and Florida. Also
throughout Europe, Siberia, Thibet, Madeira, Azores,
&c.

This very minute snail is a very beautiful shell
when examined by a magnifier. It has rather the
external characters of Cydostoma than of Helix. It
agrees with the H. pulchella of Miiller in all respects,
except that it is never supplied with the sharp, paral-
lel ribs which are frequently found on the foreign specimens, though
by no means constantly. It is thought by some to have been intro-
duced from Europe. But, as Dr. Binney remarks, " it does not
seem possible that so small an animal, if naturalized since the ar-
rival of Europeans, could have been able to penetrate to the remote
points in the interior of the continent where it is now found."

H. pulchella.
Enlarged.

Helix hortensis.

Shell sub-g-lobose, thin, smooth, greenish-yellow, or variously banded with
brown; lip reflexed, white, thickened within; umbilicus closed.

Helix hor/ensix, MiJLLER, &c. — Pfktffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iii. 195. — Mrs. Sheppard,

Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, i. 193 (18»J). — Gould, Inv. 172. — Bixxey, Terr.

Moll. ii. Ill, pi. 8. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 51. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 186,

fill. 16 (1867).
Helix sub-fjhbnsa, Binney (formerly), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 485, pi. 16 (1837). -De

K.\Y, N. Y. Moll 33, pi. 2, fig. 14 ; pi 3, fig. 39.
Tachea hortensis, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 321, pi. 6, figs. 14, 15 (1866).

Shell sub-glolnilar, thin, smooth, and shining ; whorls four or
five, convex, with apparent lines of growth ; suture ^.^^ ggg

distinct ; termination of the outer whorl declining ;
aperture rounded, slightly contracted at the base by
the thickening and inflection of the lip ; lip slightly
reflected, white, thickened within ; base somewhat
convex, umbilicus covered ; general color greenish-
yellow, more or less dark ; sometimes plain, but gen-
erally variously banded with dark reddish-brown.
Diameter about three fourths of an inch.

The animal has the head and neck blackish, with
a slight tinge of brown ; tentacula smoky ; eyes ^' ^'"■''"^'^•
black ; base of foot inky, tip dirty flesh-color ; respiratory orifice

430 HELiciDj;.

surrounded by a dark circle ; length about twice the diameter of the
shell.

Inhabits the sea-coast, and is common on the lower parts of Cape
Cod and Cape Ann. It is very abundant on Salt Island, near Glou-
cester. An European species, introduced by commerce (?) to tlie
Northeastern portion of North America. It is found on islands
along the coast from Newfoundland to Cape Cod, and on the main-
land plentifully, in Gaspe, C. E. ; also along the St. Lawrence ;
Vermont (?), Connecticut (?), &c. It also inhabits Greenland.

This species, so abundant in Europe, and so well known in every
cabinet, has been undoubtedly imported to this continent, and has
not as yet made great advances into the interior. The specimens
first discovered by Dr. Binney were all of the plain, greenish-yellow
variety; and, though he could not fail to perceive their affinity to
the H. horteusis, he thought he discovered differences enough to
entitle them to a specific distinction, and therefore described them
under the name li. sub-globosa. But numerous specimens have
since been brought from the same vicinity, bearing all the various
zones of the European specimens. His remarks on the manner in
which the epiphragm, which closes up the orifice in winter, is formed,
are curious. Unlike other American species, they are not found bur-
rowing under stones and decayed leaves, but on the ground, and
crawling up the stems of plants.

The best authorities now regard the H. hortensis
Fig 689. Qf authors as merely a variety of H. nemoralis, Lin.,

with a white instead of a dark lip.

The Helix nemoralis of Europe, distinguished read-
ily from H. hortensis by its black peristome, but by
many considered identical, does not appear to have
been introduced from Europe into the New England
States or British Provinces. In 1857 I imported
some hundred specimens from near Sheffield, Eng-
land, and freed them in my garden at Burlington,
New Jersey. They have thriven well and increased
with great rapidity, so that now (1869) the whole
town is full of them. They retain the habit of the species of
climl)ing hedges and trees, not remaining concealed under decay-
ing leaves, logs, &c., like the American Helices. Fig. 689 is drawn
from Burlington specimens. The experiment of introducing the
Helix nemoralis is interesting, as showing the adaptability of the
species to a new climate. Other species, among them H lapicida

CIONELLA. 431

from England and Stenogyra decollata from Charleston, S. C,
placed in my garden at the same time, disappeared at once.

Ociiiis CIONELLA, Jeffreys. 1829.

Shell oblong-acuminate or ovate-oblong, striated or smooth, shin-
ing ; whorls six to seven, the last rounded ; aperture oval, equalling
about one half to one third the shell's length, columella short, arcu-
ate, more or less truncated, peristome straight, often thickened.

Jaw slightly arched, slender, furrowed with delicate, vertical
strise, its concave margin scarcely denticulated.

Lingual teeth arranged in transverse series, central tricuspid,
laterals bicuspid, uncini serrated.

Cionella sub-cylindrica.

Fig. 124.

Shell small, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth and polished, transparent, brownish
horn color ; whorls six, rounded ; aperture small, ovate ; lip simple, thickened
within.

n>-lix snhajlindrica. Linn^us, Syst. ed. 12, ii. 1248 (1767), not Mont.

Helix lubrica, Muller, Verm. liist. i. 104 (1774).

BaHmus lubricus, Draparnaud, Moll. 75, pi. 4, fig. 24. — Gould, Inv. 193, fig. 124

(1841). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 157 (1842). — De Kav, N. Y. Moll. 55, pi. 3, fig.

43 (1843). — BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. ii. 283, pi. 42, fig. 4.
Achatina lubrica, Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv. ii 272. — VV. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv.

138.
Ziia lubrica, Gray, Man. 188. —Leach, Moll. 114. — Reeve, Brit. L. and F. W. Shells,

93 (1863).
Cionella lubrica, Jeffreys, Lin. Trans, xvi. 327.
Bnhnms lubncoides, Stimpsov, Shells of New England, 54.
Bvlimus sub-cijlimlriru'i, Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr. ii. 304, pi. 22, figs. 15-19.
Zua hibricoides, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. 1. 30, figs. 79, 81, 84; pi. 10, fig. 82 (1864) ;

Am. Nat. i. 607, fig. 49 (1868).

Shell small, rather larger than a grain of wheat, elon- rig. eoo.
gated-oval, obtuse at apex, of a smoky horn color, exceed-
ingly thin and transparent, exhibiting the pillar through-
out its whole length ; surface very bright and polished ;
whorls five or six, rounded ; suture distinct; lower half A ^ ,
of the last volution somewhat tapering towards the base ;
aperture small, ovate, not broadly rounded at base ; lip ^ ^dnca!"^'
simple, thickened within, and of a claret tint, inner lip a
little thickened so as to give the appearance of a slight notch at

432 HELICIDiE.

base ; umbilicus none. Lengtb, three tenths of an inch ; breadth,
one tenth of an inch.

Found in woods and groves under leaves and the bark of decay-
ing stumps. On visiting Oak Island, Chelsea, after a warm rain in
October, I foujid the surface of the ground covered with these shells
in incalculable numbers. Hundreds might be taken up clinging to
a single fallen leaf ; as the moisture evaporated they all disappeared
beneath the leaves. Mr. Say found this shell in the Northwest Ter-
ritory.

From Canada to the Red River of the North and Enolish River,
In Nebraska. In New England and the States bordering the Great
Lakes. Also in Europe.

The above description applies to the shell in its most perfect liv-
ing state. After death it soon becomes opaque and whitish, and
the lip loses its reddish color. In some aspects the peculiar termi-
nation of the pillar gives the aperture the look of an Achatina; and
this is evidently one of the connecting links between the two genera.
Indeed, this shell, with a few others, has been set apart by Jeffreys
in a new genus, which he calls Cionella, characterized by being
sub-effuse at base, with the columella partially interrupted.

Genus PUPA, Draparxaud. 1805.

Shell cylindrical, ovate or buliform, rimate or perforate ; last
whorl proportionally small ; aperture semi-oval or sub-rotund, gen-
erally furnished with entering, foldlike denticles ; peristome ex-
panded, or sub-simple, margins equal, sub-parallel, distant, usually
connected with a callous lamina.

Jaw somewhat arcuate, furrowed with delicate strite, its concave
edge unbroken, generally somewhat prominent in the middle.

Lingual band narrow, central teeth tricuspid, laterals bicuspid,
uncini serrated.

Most of tbe species are so small that it requires much care and
no little skill to find them. Some are found in forests, under de-
caying leaves, or fragments of dead branches, lying on the ground,
or in the crevices of bark, or al)out decaying stumps and logs;
some are found in plats of moss, others under stones, sticks, etc.,
in the open fields ; and many at the margins of brooks, pools, and
ponds, under chips, or crawling up the stems of plants, and seem to

PUPA. 433

be incapable of existing unless abundantly supplied with moisture,
seeming- to be aquatic rather than terrestrial in their habits. They
feed on decaying vegetable matter, keeping themselves in the shade,
and adhering closely to the objects on which they rest when in re-
pose. In the winter they bury themselves under the leaves or in
the earth.

Pupa muscorum.

Shell cylindrical, sub-fusiform ; whorls six to seven ; aperture lateral, nearly
circular, with tubercle on the parietal wall; lip slightly reflected; perforate.

Pupa hadla, Adams, Bost. Journ. iii. 331, pi. 3, fii,^ 18; Shells of Vermont, 1.57. —
Gould, Bost. Journ. iii. 404; iv. 360. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 49, pi. 4, fig. 45. —
Chk-MNITZ, 2d ed. 117, pi. 15, figs. 25 -29. — Binney, Terr. Moll. 323, pi. 70, fig.
3. _ w. G. Bin-ney, Terr. Moll. iv. 142.

Pujyi muscorum, LiNS^us, part. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 666, &c.

Pupllla hadia, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 37, figs. 89, 91 ; pi. 10, fig. 92 (1864) ; Am.
Nat. i. 609, fig. 52 (1868).

Shell perforate, cylindrical, sub-fusiform, obtuse at both extremi-
ties ; epidermis darl<: chestnut-color, or bay ; whorls six to

Fig. 691. ggyeji^ rounded, the anterior four of about equal diameter;
suture deep ; aperture lateral, nearly circular, small, its
diameter equal to two thirds of the diameter of the last
whorl, a thin, testaceous deposit forming a thickened mar-
gin internally, sometimes bearing an obtuse tubercle ; upon
the parietal wall is a single tubercle ; transverse margin
sub-reflected ; lip slightly reflected. Length four, breadth

one and a half millimetres.

Found in the islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in Maine,

Vermont, and New York. Its range in Europe is very great, being

found from Siberia to Sicily, England, Iceland, &c.

Pupa Hoppii.

Shell oylinchncally ovate, delicately striated, shininj^ ; whorls five ; aperture ver-
tical, sub-semi-circular; parietal wall with one tooth; peristome scarcely ex-
panded, sub-perforate.

Pupa Uoppil, MoLT-ER, Ind. Moll. Gr. 4 (1845). — Troschel, Ar. fur Nat. 1843, ii. 126.

— Ceiemnitz, 2d cd. 163, pi. 19, figs. 29, 30. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 328;

iii. .536 ; iv. 666. — W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll. iv. 147, pi. 78, fig. 20.
Pupa Stcenhuchii, Beck teste Morch, Nat. Bidrag. Gr. 75.

Shell sub-perforate, cylindrically ovate, thin, very delicately stri-
ated, horn colored, shining, pellucid ; spire terminating in an obtuse

28

434

HELICID^.

Fig. 692.

cone ; whorls five, rather convex, the last scarcely equalling two
fifths the shell's length, ascending above, somewhat nar-
rowed towards the base ; columella deeply sub-plicate,
parietal wall of the aperture furnished with one tooth-
like callus ; aperture vertical, sub-semi-circular ; peris-
tome thin, scarcely expanded, its right termination quite
arched. Length two and three fourths, diameter one
millimetres.

Inhabits Greenland, and has also been found at Anti-
costi Island.
The description given aliove is translated from Pfeiffer. The

specimen figured, which I refer to this species, has another denticle

on the columella, and a lamina-like process within the aperture at

the base of the last whorl.

p. Hoppii.

Pupa pentodon.

Fig. 120.

Shell elongated-ovate, obtuse at apex, smooth ; whorls five ; aperture sub-tri-
angular, armed with nine teeth, the two largest of which are curved; lip white,
broadly everted ; umbilicated.

Vertigo pentodon, Say, Jouni. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 376 (1822) ; ed. Binnet, 27.

Pupa pentodon, Gould, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 353, pi. 16, figs. 10, 11 (1843). — De

Kay, N. Y. Moll. 50, pi. 4, fig. 48 ; pi. 35, fig. 337 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.

Viv. ii. 359; in Chemn. ed. 2, 125, pi. 16, figs. 24-26. — Binney, Terr. Moll. ii.

328, pi. 12, fig. 1. — W. G. Binnky, Terr. Moll. iv. 143.
Pupa cunndens, Goold, Inv. 189, fig. 120 (1841).
Pupa Tappaniana, Adams, Sillim. Journ. [1] xl. Siippl. ; Vermont Shells, 158 (1842). —

Pfeiffer, Symbola;, ii. 55.
Leucochila pentodon, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 36, fig. 85 ; pi. 10, fig. 86 (1864) ; Am.

Nat. i. 667, fig. 56 (1868).

Shell minute, ovate, but much elongated ; of a spermaceti-white
color ; whorls five, convex, smooth, gradually diminishing to an
obtuse apex ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture sub-tri-
angular, with the front and outer angles rounded, and
the outer lip curved inwards, so as almost to make the
aperture heart-shaped ; the transverse margin is straight,
and slightly oblique ; the inner lip is also nearly straight,
so that these two form a right angle at their junction ; lip
widely reflected, flattened, white ; throat armed witli nine
teeth ; the longest, somewhat curving to tlie left, com-
pressed and pointed, is situated on the middle of the transverse lip,
and has a small one seated at its left side ; at the front, nearly op-

Fig. 693.

P. pentodon.

PUPA.

435

Fig. 694.

posite the largo tooth, almost as large and incrincd to the loft also,
is a quadrangular blunt to:)th, m^re slightly curved; on the left
margin are three teeth, of which the upper one is largest, and about
half the size of the basal tooth, of a blunt quadrangular figure ; the
other two are minute ; on the outer lip are also three
teeth, of which the two upper are very small and
pyramidal ; umbilicus open. Length, one fifteenth
of an inch ; breadth, one fourth of an inch.

This minute species I first found under a loose
stone on the ledges at Phillips's Point, Lynn, near
the Ocean House. It was somewhat broken, so as to
give an excellent view of the teeth. Since then I have
met with it not unfrequently in damp places, under
leaves and boards, in company with P. modesta.

From Georgia and Mississippi to the British Pos-
sessions.

The shell goes on regularly narrowing both downwards and up-
wards from the middle of the lower whorl. Four of the teeth are
very small, and would scarcely be discerned without being highly
magnified, and they seem to be seated farther within the aperture ;
the small one on the transverse lip, the basal one, and the upper
one on the right lip are liable to be wanting.

Teeth of/", pentodon.

Pupa decora.

Shell cylindrical, thin, translucent, striated ; whorls five or six, rounded ; aper-
ture nearly round or semi-oval, with four denticles ; peristome slightly refiexed ;
perforated.

Pupa decora. Could, Proc. Best. See. Nat. Hist. ii. 263 (Dec. 1P47), with a woodcut; in
Terr. Mo;i. ii. 327, pi. 71, fig. 2. — Pfeiffer, Mon. liel. Viv. iii. 555. — \V. G.
BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 143.

Shell minute, cylindrical, rounded at apex, thin, shin- ^'"- ^^^•
ing, translucent, of a wine-yellow color, regularly striated
by lines of growth ; spire of five or six closely revolving,
rounded whorls, deeply separated at the sutures ; aper-
ture nearly round or semi-oval, obliquely limited by the
penultimate whorl, armed with four slender denticles, the
largest of them on the parietal wall, one on the columcl-
lar portion of the peristome, and two on the outer portion,
all disposed so as to form the arms of a cross ; the peristome is
slightly reflexed, and indented opposite the base of the two labial

p. decora.
Enlarged.

436 HELICIDiE.

denticles ; at the columella it rises against a distinct umbilical per-
foration. Length two and one half, diameter one and a half milli-
metres.

Near Lake Superior, Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake (Ken-
nicott). New England?

Pupa fallax.

Fig. 123.

Shell turreted, dusky ; whorls six, smooth, convex ; suture distinct ; aperture
sub-oval; lip widely reflected; umbilicus distinct.

Ci/dostoma marginata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 172 (1821); Binnet's ed. 22.
Bidimus marginatus, Pfeiffer, Malac. Blatt. ii. 94; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 414. — W. G.

BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 136.
BuUmus fallax, Gould, in Terr. Moll. ii. 288, pi. 52.
Papa fallax. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. v. 121 (1825); Binney's ed. 28. — Gould,

Inv. 192, fi<,^ 123 (1841), excl. syn. placida ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 357, pi. 16,

fig. 15 (1843). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 51, pi. 35, fig. 331 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon.

Hel. Viv. ii. 309 ; iii. 533 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2 (1844), 58, pi. 12, figs. 20, 21.
Pupa Parraiana, Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, 181, pi. 12, figs. 9-11 (1853).
Pnpa albilahris, Adams, Vermont Moll. 158 (1842) ; Sillim. Journ. [1] xl. 271.
Papilla fiillax, Morse, Am. Nat. i. 609, fig. 53 (1868).
Pahidina turrita, Menke ? Syn. Meth. 40.

Shell small, turreted, regularly and not rapidly tapering to a

somewhat pointed apex ; color dusky or light horn color ; whorls

six, shining, moderately convex, very slightly and finely

Fig. 693. .111 II- 1 1 ,1

wrinkled ; suture well-impressed ; aperture less than one
third the length of the shell, rounded oval, somewhat
irregular ; the preceding whorl forms a nearly transverse
boundary above, and is usually enamelled ; the pillar lip
is nearly straight, and turns abruptly at the front, so as
to form nearly a right angle ; front broadly curved ; outer
lip white, widely and equally reflected and thickened ;
nmbilicus distinct. Length, one fifth of an inch ; breadth,
one fifteenth of an inch.

I have seen l)ut two or three specimens of this shell which have
been found in Massachusetts, one of which was sent me liy Dr. L.
M. Yale, from Martha's Vineyard ; I have seen others from Rhode
Island. It is found abundantly from Nebraska to Texas, and from
New England to South Carolina ; also in several of the West India
Islands.

I

PUPA.

437

Pupa armifera.

Shell cylindrical, smooth ; whorls six to seven, convex ; aperture nCcarly oval ;
teeth commonly four; slightly perforate.

Pupa armifera. Say, Jniirn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 162 (1821) ; Binney's eil. 21. — Gould,

Bust. Jouni. iii. 403, \)\. 3, fig. 10 (1840) ; iv. 359 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Moll.

1.57 (1842); Sillim. Journ. [Ij xl. 271. — Pfeiffer, Symb. ii. 53 ; Men. Hel. Viv.

ii. 3,57. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 52 (1843). — Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 320, pi. 70, fi;^:.

4. — KusTER, in Chemnitz, cd. 2, 57, pi. 7, figs. 17 - 19. — W. G. Binney, Terr.

Moll iv. 142.
Pupa rupicola, Pfeiffer, Symb. ii. 55, teste Pfeiffer in Men.
Pupa (iriiilijcra, Potiez and Michaud, Galcrie, i. 159, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2.
Leucochila armifera, Morse, Am. Nat. i. 6G7, fig. 55 (1868).

Fig. 697.

P. armifera.
Enlarged.

Shell cylindrical, sub-fusiform, smooth ; whorls six to seven, con-
vex, the three next the aperture of about equal di-
ameter, the posterior three diminishing and form-
ing a rather obtuse apex ; suture impressed ; peris-
tome white, thin, sub-reflected, forming the whole
outline of the aperture except a small portion of
the body whorl, where a thin, testaceous deposit
connects its two extremities ; aperture lateral,
nearly oval, deep, cup-shaped, and narrowing to-
wards the throat, which is almost filled up by pro-
jecting teeth ; white within ; teeth commonly four,
one of which, affixed to the body whorl, commences
at the superior margin of the aperture, near the
junction of the peristome and ultimate whorl, and
runs backward and downward into the aperture ; it is promi-
nent, lamelliform, irregular, has one or more sharp, projecting
points, and is sometimes bifid ; another, thick and massive, is
situated deep in the throat, and marks internally the place of
the umbilicus ; and two others, projecting and tooth-lilvc, are
placed on the peristome at the base of the aperture, and point
towards the centre of the aperture ; base of the shell, from the
umbilicus to the edge of the aperture compressed, forming a short
and obtuse keel ; umbilicus a little expanded, and slightly per-
forate. Length, four and two thirds mill. ; diameter, two and
two thirds mill. ; length of aperture, one and two thirds milli-
metres.

Probably inhabits every State east of the Rocky Mountains.

438 HELICIDiE.

Pupa contracta.

Fig. 117.

Shell ovate-conical, whitish ; whorls five, convex ; aperture sub-ovate, lip
spreading; throat armed with three teeth, and contracted, by a large concave
tooth on the transverse lip, into the form of a horseshoe.

Pupa contracta, Say, Journ. Aoad. ji. 374 (1822); Binnkt's ed. 25 { Carychium ?) . —
Gould, Best. Journ. iii. .399, pi. 3, fig. 22 (1840); iv. 3.59 (1843); Inv. 186, fig.
117 (1841). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 49, pi. 4, fig. 47 (1843). — Adams, Vermont
Moll. 1.57. — Pfeiffer, Symb. ii. .54 ; Men. Hel. Viv. ii. 356. — Ku.stkr. in Chem-
nitz, 2ded. 96, t. 13, figs. 16- 18. — Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 324, pi. 70, fig. 2. —
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 143.

Pupa coiiicaria, Pfeiffer, Synib. ii. 54 (an var. (if Pfr. 1. c).

Pupa dtltodoiiin, Charpkntiek, in Chemnitz, 2d ed. 181, pi. 21, figs. 17-19. — Pfeif-
fer, Mon. iiel. Viv. iv. 683.

Leucochila contracta, Morse, Am. Nat. i. 666, fig. 54 (1868).

Shell ovate-conical, of a waxen-white color ; whorls five, convex,
faintly marked by Hnes of growth, separated by a well-impressed
suture, and gradually tapering to a somewhat pointed
apex. Aperture irregularly ovate, al)Out half the width
of the lower whorl, broadest above, and somewhat point-
ed in front ; lip widely reflected, not flattened, so as to
give a bell-shai)ed form ; throat with three, and perhaps
four teeth ; a large spoon-shaped one, concave to the
right side, seated on the transverse lip, and greatly con-
tracting the throat into something of a horseshoe sha})e ;
a very slight undulation near the top of the left lip ; an
oblong, thin tooth, seated at the front of the pillar, so far within
as scarcely to be discerned without breaking the shell ; and a mi-
nute tooth about the middle of the right lip ; umbilicus large and
distinct ; last whorl indented at some distance behind the outer lip.
Length, one tenth of an inch ; breadth, one twentieth of an inch.

Found about old stumps and decaying logs, usually under the
bark, and near the earth. It has been observed in most parts of
Eastern North America.

It is readily known by its whitish, translucent appearance, by its
bell-shaped aperture, and especially by its large, spoon-shaped tooth,
which gives such a peculiar form to the throat. The teeth at the
sides may rather be regarded as inward protuberances of the mar-
gin. It appears to be covered with a hairy or glutinous coating,
which causes dirt to adhere to it.

PUPA. 439

Pupa rupicola.

Shell cylindrical, elongated ; wlioils six ; suture deep; aperture semi-circular;
teeth five ; umbilicus minute.

Pupa rupicola, Say, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 163 (1821) ; Binney's ed. 22 {Caryrhium?).

— Gould, Bost. Jom-n. iv. 355, pi. 16, fi<:. 13 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv.

ii. 358. — Chemnitz, 2d ed. 123, pi. 16, fifrs. 17-19. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. .'52

(1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hcl. Viv. iii 557; not Symb. ii. 55. — Binney, Terr.

Moll. ii. 341, pi. 70, %. 1.— W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 145.
Pupa proccra, Kuster, in Chemnitz, 58, pi. 7, figs. 20, 21. — Gould, Bost. Journ. iii.

401, pi. 3, fi.;,^ 12 ( 1840). — Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 3G0.
Pupa carinata, Gould (olini), 1842, Bost. Journ. iv. 1, cover, p. 3; see also iv. 359

(1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 359; iii. 557.
Pupa (jibhosa, Kuster, in Chemnitz, 2d ed 123, pi. 16, figs. 13-16.
Pupa minufa (Say), Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 356; iii. 355; Symb. ii. 54.
Verti[/o rupicola, Binney, 1. c.

Shell cylindrical, elongated ; epidermis brownish horn color ;
whorls six, convex, the three anterior ones of nearly

, , . ,...,. Fig. 699.

equal diameter, the three posterior diminishing very
slightly and forming an obtuse apex ; suture deep ; peris-
tome brownish, thicivened Avithiii, widely reflected ; aper-
ture lateral, semi-circular, truncated above by the body
whorl ; teeth five, one on the middle of the columella,
prominent, compressed, emarginate in the middle, and
often bicuspid ; another at the termination of the axis,
marking internally the situation of the umbilicus, conical,
and often composed, of two or more tubercles ; a third in the base
of the aperture, a fourth upon the peristome, and a fifth, often mas-
sive and prominent, deep in the fauces behind the columellar tooth;
umbilicus minute. Length two and a half, diameter one mill.
From Key West to Arkansas and New England.

Pupa corticaria.

Shell cylindrical; whorls rather more than five; aperture sub-orbicular, with
one or two teeth ; umbilicus minutely perforated.

Odostomia corticaria. Say, Nich. Encyc. iv. pi. 4, fig. 5, 1st ed. 1817, 2d ed. 1818; Bin-
ney's ed. 7, pi. 72, fig. 5.

Pupa corticaria. Say, Nich. Encyc. iv. 3d ed. (1819), pi. 4, fig. 5. — Gould, Bost. Journ.
iii. 397, pi. 3, fig. 19 (1840) ; iv. 3.58 (1843). —De Kay, N. Y. Moll. .50, pi. 4, fig.
49 (1843). —Kuster, in Chemn. 2d ed. 27, t. 13, figs. 19, 20. — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Hel. Viv. ii. 328. — Binney, Terr. Moll, ii. 339, pi. 72, fig. 4. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll. iv. 146.

Cari/chium corticaria, Ferussac, Podr. No. 3, no descr.

Leucochila corticaria, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 36, fig. 87; pi. 10, fig. 88 (1864).

440

HELICID^.

Fig. 700.

P. corlica-
ria.

Shell wliitisli, shining, cylindrical, obtuse at the apex ;
whorls rather more than five, convex ; suture well-im-
pressed ; aperture lateral, two thirds as wide as the last
whorl, sub-orbicular, with a single tooth (sometimes two)
on the parietal wall near the centre, and a tooth-like en-
largement near the umbilical termination of the peristome,
which is white, reflected ; umbilicus very minutely perfo-
rated. Length two and a half, diameter one mill.

From Maine and Wisconsin to South Carolina and Mis-
sissippi.

Oeiius VERTIGO, Muller. 1774.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate, apex acuminate, obtuse ; whorls five
to six, the last rounded ; aperture semi-oval, with from four to seven
folds ; peristome scarcely expanded, white-lipped.

Lower tentacles wanting.

Jaw smooth, or with longitudinal wrinkles, substriate.

Lingual membrane broad, central teeth tricuspid, laterals bicus-
pid or serrate, uncini serrate.

Vertigo Gouldii.

Shell cylindrical ovate; whorls rather more than four; aperture lateral, with
five teeth ; umbilicus a little open.

Pupa GonkUi, BiNNEY, Proc. Best. Soc. i. 105 (1843) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 332, pi. 61, fi<r. 2.

— Gould, Best. Journ. iv. 3.52, pi. 16, fig. 9, (1843). — Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv.

ii. 3.58. — KiJSTER, in Chemxitz, 2c1 ed. 124, pi. 16, figs. 20-23.
Vertiijo Gouldii, Stimpson, Shells of New England, .53, no descr. — W. G. Binney, Terr.

Moll. iv. 148. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 669, fig. 60 (1868).
Isthmia Gouldii, Morse, Journ. Port!. Soc. i. 38, fig. 95 ; pi. 10, fig. 96 (1864).

Fig. 701. Shell light chestnut, cylindrical-ovate ;

whorls rather more than four, vcntricose,
the last occupying nearly one half the
length of the axis ; aperture lateral, com-
posed of two unequal curves meeting in
the centre of the peristome, with five prom-
inent white teeth, namely, one upon the
transverse margin, two upon the umbilical
margin, and two upon tlie labial margin ;

peristome thickened, not reflected ; umbilicus a little open. Length

two, diameter one mill. ; aperture two thirds long.
From Maryland through New England.

V. Gouldii.

VERTIGO. 441

Vertigo milium.

Fig. 118.

Shell gub-ovfil, wrinkled, light chestnut colored ; whorls four ; suture moder-
ate ; aperture heart-shaped, armed with six teeth ; umbilicus li'ce.

Pupa milium, Gould, Best. Journ. ill. 402, pi. 3, fig. 23 (1840) ; iv. 359 (1843) ; Inv.
187, fig. 181 (1841). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 48, pi. 4, fig. 44 (1843). — Ad.v.ms, Ver-
mont Moll. 153 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv. ii. 362. — Binney, Terr. Moll,
ii. 337, pi. 71, fig. 1. — KilsTER, in Che.mn. 2d ed. 119, pi. l.=i, figs. 39-42.

Veiticp milium, W. G. Binn. T. M. iv. 148. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. 069, figs. 65, 66 (1868).

Shell minute, of a nearly oval form, color a light chestnut ; Avhorls
four, or somewhat more, obviously wrinkled,

Yin 70*^

rather convex, arranged so as to form a bluntly
rounded apex ; suture deep ; aperture half the
width of the last whorl, heart-shaped, the apex
being its right upper angle ; the transverse mar-
gin is nearly direct, the outer margin is scal-
loped by an indentation of the lip ; the remain-
der of the margin is regidarly rounded ; lip
white, slightly everted ; throat with six teeth, two of which are on
the transverse lip, equidistant ; one with a tubercle at its base, on
the middle of the left lii), and nearly at right angles Avith the for-
mer is the largest ; a fourth is on the indenture of the outer lip,
directed between the two on the transverse lip ; and two smaller
ones, more retired within the shell, are equidistant between the two
last mentioned ; umbilicus large and deep. Length, less than one
thirtieth of an inch ; breadth, one fortieth of an inch.

This shell I first found in November, 1839, at Oak Island, Chel-
sea, after a warm rain. Professor Adams has found it in Vermont.
It was crawling on the damp leaves, in company with Cionella sub-
c/jlindrica. From New England to Texas.

Not finding any description answering to it, I have proposed a
name. It is even more minute than Carychium exifrmim, and is not
readily detected. In size and outline it resembles P. vertif^o, Drap.,
V. pusilla of other authors ; but that shell is reversed, and has a
different armature. The teeth are all distinct, long, compressed, and
very sharp.

I have labored to make this out to be the P. ovata of Say ; but
on the whole I think the discrepancies are too important to be rec-
onciled. That shell is described as larger, with a semi-oval aper-
ture, and with seven teeth, differently arranged from those of our.
shell.

442 helicidj:.

Vertigo Bollesiana.

Shell C3dindriccal ovate ; whorls four, sub-convex ; aperture sub-orbicular ; teeth
five; minutely perfoi-ate.

Islhmia Bollesiana, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii. 209, figs. 4-6 (Nov. 1865).
Vertigo Bollesiana, Mokse, Am. Nat. i. 669, figs. 63, 64 (1868).

^'"- ™^- Shell minutely perforate, cylindrical-ovate,

delicately striated, sub-translucent ; apex ob-
tuse ; suture well-defined ; whorls four, sub-
convex ; aperture sub-orbicular, somewhat
flattened on its outer edge ; with five teeth,
one prominent and rather curved on the

V. Bollesiana. . . . ., . „

parietal margin, two similar in form, the
lower one the smaller, on the columellar margin, and two slightly
elevated lamelliform teeth within and at the base ; peristome sub-
reflected and thickened. Length, sixty-five thousandths of an inch;
breadth, thirty-five thousandths of an inch. (^Murse.')
New England ; New York ; Virginia.

Vertigo ovata.

Fig. 119.

Shell ovate-conic, amber colored ; whorls five or six, convex, wrinkled ; aper-
ture semi-oval, broader than long; teeth five; umbilicus distinct.

Vertli/o ovata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 375 (1822); cd. Binney, 26. — Binney,

Terr. Moll. ii. 334, pi. 71, fig. 4. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 148. — Morse,

Am. Nat. i. 668, figs. 57, 58 (1868).
Pupa ovata, Gould, Best. Journ. N. H. iv. 350, pi. 16, figs. 7, 8 (1843).— De Kay,

N. Y. Moll. .50, pi. 4, fig. .50 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 157 (1842); Sillim.

Journ. [1] xl. 271. — Kuster, in Chemv. ed. 2, 118, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2; pi. 15, figs.

35-38. — Pfeiffeu, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 360; Symb. ii. 54.
Pupa morlesta, Say, Lonj^'s Ex. ii 25, pi. 15, fig. 5 (1824) ; ed. Binney, 32, pi. 74, fig. 5.

— Gould, Inv. 188, fig. 119 (1841).
Pupa ovulnm, Pfeiffer, olim, Symb. 46.
Islhmia ovata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 38, fig. 93 ; pi. 10, fig. 94 (1864).

Shell minute, ovate-conic, thin, amber colored, whorls five ; some-
times six, minutely wrinkled, well-rounded, and defined by a deep
suture, gradually diminishing to a rather acute apex ; aperture about
half the breadth of the last whorl, slightly oblique; rather broader
than long ; semi-oval, but modified by an inflection of tlie outer lip ;
lip simple, not reflected, joining the preceding whorl behind, by a
curve ; teeth five, slender, sharp and direct, like the teeth of a

VKRTIGO.

443

Fig. 704.

V. ovata.

comb ; one on the middle of the transverse lip, a still larger one at
riglit angles on the middle of the pil-
lar lip, a minnte one at the front of
the pillar, and two farther within the
shell, one opposite the tooth on the
transverse lip, the other on the in-
dentation of the enter lip ; nmbilicus
small, distinct. Length, three for-
tieths of an inch ; breadth, one twen-
ty-fifth of an inch.

Iidiabits damp, rich places near
water, or in fertile fields under bits

of board, chips, sticks, &c. It was first noticed in this region by
Mr. T. J. Whittemore, at Cambridge. From Maine to Texas. Also
quoted from Mexico and Cuba.

It is a very small, but interesting shell ; double the size, how-
ever, of V. mUiiim, and of a much more conical shape. Their color
is similar. In their armature the two are very different. The pil-
lar lip is somewhat broad and flattened.

Mr. Say describes only four teeth, but the small one at the base
of the pillar probably escaped his observation, as it would only be
seen under a higli magnifier. One of the teeth on the right lip is
often wanting. I have occasionally noticed a specimen with two,
and even three, teeth upon the transverse lip.

Vertigo ventricosa.

Shell ovate-conic, smooth; whorls four; aperture semi-circular, with five
teeth; umbilicated.

Isthmia ventricosa, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii. 1, fiffs. 1-3 (Nov. 1865).
Vertigo ventricosa, Morse, Am. Nat. i. 669, figs. 61, 62 (1868).

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, smooth, pol-
ished ; apex obtuse ; suture deep ; whorls
four, convex ; aperture semi-circular, with
five teeth, one prominent on the parietal
margin, two smaller on the columellar mar-
gin, and two prominent within, contract-
ing the aperture at the base ; peristome
widely reflected, the right margin flexu-
ose, within thickened and colored. Length, seven hundredths of
an inch; breadth, forty-five hundredths of an inch. (Jforse).

V. ventricosa.

444 HELICIDiE,

Maine, New Hampshire, and New York.

I have not seen this species. Mr. Morse says it has been con-
founded with F. ovata, but is one fourth smaller, has one whorl
less, and a more circular columellar margin to the aperture, &c.

Vertigo simplex.

Pig. 121.

Shell minute, cylindrical-ovate, smooth; whorls five; aperture circular, tooth-
less; umbilicated.

Pupa simplex, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 40.3, pi. 3, fig. 21 (1840) ; iv. 3.59 (1843) ;

Inv. 190, fi- 121 (1841). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hcl. Viv. ii.302. — De Kay, N. Y.

Moll. 52, pi. 36, fio-. 347 (1843). — Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 343, pi. 72, fig. 3.
VertKjo simpler, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 53 (no descr. ). — W. G. Binney,

Terr. Moll. iv. 148. — Morse, Am. Nat. i. G70, figs. G7, 68 (1868).

Shell minute, two thirds of the shell cylindrical, surmounted
by a rapidly formed, blunt apex, smooth, light chestnut colored.

Whorls five, moderately convex, separated
by a distinct suture, quite smooth ; aper-
ture circular, except for a small section
from the posterior portion, which is cut
off by the encroachment of the preced-
ing whorl ; lip simple and sharp, sliglitly
everted on the left side, and partially
hidino: a small umbilicus. No trace of
a tooth has been detected in any of' the specimens examined.
Length, one fifteenth of an inch ; breadth, one thirtieth of an inch.
The locality where this was first found is a small grove, a little
northward of Fresh Pond in Cambridge. In this place it has been
found among the moist leaves, on three successive visits in the
months of JMay and June, in company with Helix /iticata, labyrin-
thica, chersina, and indentata, and Pupa modcsta. None of the
shells exliibit any trace of a tooth, although their aspect, and the
season of the year, indicate that they can be none other than adult
shells. Indeed, were it not for the infringement of the last whorl
but one on the aperture, we might rather refer the shell to C//clos-
toma than to Pttpa. It occurs in Canada and New England.

It is rather smaller than P. 7nodesta, and about the size of P.
pentodon; luit the simplicity of the unarmed, circular aperture dis-
tinguislics it from every American species. The aperture of P. mo-
desta, before the development of the teeth, is broader than long.
It is the analogue of the Vertigo edentula of Europe.

succixEA. 445

Ocmis SUCCIXEA, Draparnaud. 1801.

Shell imperforate, thin, ovate or oblong ; aperture large, ob-
liquely oval ; columella simple, acute ; peristome simple, straight.

Jaw with a sub-quadrate plate attached to its convex margin ;
strongly arcuate, ends pointed ; anterior surface smooth ; concave
margin simple, with a rostriform median projection.

Lingual membrane with curving transverse series of teeth ; cen-
trals tricuspid ; laterals bicuspid ; uncini serrate.

Succinea ovalis.

Fig. 125.

Shell sub-oval, pellucid, straw colored ; whorls three, oblique ; aperture large,
ovate.

Succinea ovaJi.t, Gould, Inv. 194, fig. 125 (1841). —Adams, Vermont Moll. 270. —Bin-
key, Terr. Moll. ii. 78, pi. 67 o, iig. 3. — W. G. Binney, Tcit. Moll. iv. 37.—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. 814. — Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 30, fig. 77; pi.
9, fig. 78 (1864); Am. Nat. i. 607, fig. 48 (1SG8). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch,
ii. 237, pi. 2, fig. 22 (1866). — Not of Say.

Succinea Dennnpii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 237, ])\. 2, fig. 23 (1866).

Shell ovate, somewhat conic, very thin, pellucid, watery horn
color, sometuiies tinted roseate ; peristome shining, very
minutely striate ; whorls three, the last compressed and ^'" '^'^'
elongate when viewed above ; spire short but acute ; suture
impressed ; aperture produced by a deep truncation of the
shell, elono-ated, more than three fourths the leno-th of the „
shell, patulous, expanding anteriorly, exhibiting the interior
of the volutions ; when viewed on the side of the aperture, the con-
ical shape of the shell appears, the broadest part of the cone is
below the centre of the aperture, and it tapers gradually to the
apex. Extreme length, fifteen mill. ; of aperture, ten millimetres.

Canada and the Northern and Middle States.

This is not the S. ovalis of Say. That shell having been found
identical with S. obliqua, Dr. Gould proposed retaining the name
ovalis for this species.

This species is found about the margins of ponds, and low, damp
places, where the surface is always moist. It crawls over the mud,
or up the stalks of plants ; and altliough it seems to be but little
incommoded by water, it cannot endure being entirely submerged,

446 ' helicidj:.

and seems not to have the power of directing its way in the water,
thongh it will generally float.

The animal is larger than the shell ; its color pale, with minute
black points, which are assembled into stripes upon the neck, and
into squares, or bands, upon the sides ; the neck is granulate above ;
a black line passes each side on the neck, from the tip of the tentac-
ula, disappearing under the shell. The shell is so vitreous, that
all the markings of the animal and colors of the viscera are seen
through it, as are also the circulating vessels branching across the
back, and the heart pulsating, and sending the fluids through them.

Further particulars will be stated under S. obliqua.

Succinea avara.

Fig. 127.

Shell very thin, wrinkled, yellowish, whorls three, rounded ; suture deep ; ap-
erture rounded, ovate, more than half as long as the shell.

Succinea avara, Sat, Long's Exped. ii. 260, pi. 15, fig. 6 (1822) ; Binney's ed. 32, pi.
74, fig. 6. — Gould, Inv. 196, fig. 127 (1841 ). —Adams, Vermont Moll. 156 (1842).
-De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 54, pi. 4, fig. 55 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Symb. ii. 56; Men.
Hel. Viv. ii. 525; in Chemvitz, 2d ed. 51, pi. 5, figs. 18-20 (18.54). — Binxey,
Terr. Moll. ii. 74, pi. 67 c, fig. 4. — W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll. iv. 35. — Morse,
Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 29, fig. 75 ; pi. 9, fig. 76 (18G4) ; Am. Nat. i. 607, fig. 47 (1868).

— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 2.33, pi. 2, figs. 11, 12 (1866).

Succinea Wardiana, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1841, ii. 31 ; Tr. ix. 3; Obs. iv. 3 (1844).

— Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 525.

Succinea vermeta, Say, teste Gould (see doubtful species). — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.
ii. 233, pi. 2, fig. 10 (1866).

Shell rather small, very thin and fragile, of a deep straw color ;
surface irregularly wrinkled ; whorls about three and a half, well
rounded, and separated by a deep suture, the last Avhorl
composing the greater part of the shell, but not very broad ;
aperture in adult and elongated shells, about half as long as
the shell, but generally proportionally shorter, of a rounded
s. avara. fomi, tlic curvc of tlic outcr lip, where it joins the preccd-
Enarge . ^^^^ -^horl, bciug SO gi'cat as to render the aperture nearly
as broadly rounded behind as in front. Length, seven twentieths
of an inch ; breadth, five twentieths of an inch ; divergence, fifty-
six deojrees.

A larger form is also found.

Found about the margins of muddy streams, or sheltered under
loose olvjects lying about moist places. From Fort Simpson on

SUCCINEA. 447

Mackenzie River to the Gulf of Mexico, over all Eastern North
America.

I have much hesitation in deciding upon a name for this shell.
It is quite different from any other species I am acquainted with.
The spire is longer, and acutely pointed, the body whorl less de-
veloped, and the aperture is shorter and more rounded ; but, al-
though the suture is deep, it is not so much so as to " give the
whorls the appearance of being almost separated from resting on
each other," as Mr. Say remarks of S. vermcta. In this character,
individuals differ very greatly. Some specimens with unusually lax
spires may have been used by Mr. Say in drawing up his descrip-
tion. But the young shells present no prominent spire, and a large,
rounded aperture, agreeing precisely with Mr. Say's description and
figure of S. avara; and they are also always coated with earth ad-
hering to a glutinous matter on the surface. It seems probable that
the two should form one species ; unless they do, I am at a loss un-
der which name to place our shell, as, considering specimens of all
ages and forms, it will come under one as well as the other. The
name I have chosen is to be preferred, because it is a legitimate
Latin word, while the other is not.

The animal has a dark head, and gives a dark color to the shell ;
the foot is very narrow, with a flesh-colored tint.

Succinea obliqua.

Fig. 126.

Shell ovate, thin, transparent, pale yellow; whorls three, not very oblique,
very convex ; the last very large and turgid ; suture deep ; aperture sub-oval.

Succinea obliqua, Say, Long's Exped. ii. 260, pi. 1.5, fig. 7 (1824) ; Binney's ed. 32, pi.
74, fig. 7. — Adams, Vermont Moll. 156, with %. (1842). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll.
53, pi. 4, fig. 53 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. ill. 15; in Chemnitz, 2d ed.

47, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2 (1854). — BiNNEY, Terr. Moll. ii. 69, pi. 67 6, fig. 3, excl. syn.
Totleniana. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 35 ; Terr. Moll. U. S. i. 258, pi. 13, figs.
1 -3 (1851), anat. — Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 232 pi. 2, fig. 7 (1866).

Succinea oralis, Say, J. Ac. N. S. i. 15 (1817) ; Nich. ICncyc. 3d cd. (1819): Binney's
ed. 8. — Adams, Vermont Moll. 156 (1842). — Deshayes, in Encyc. Me'th. ii. 20
(1830); Fer. Hist. 1. c. ii. 139 (excl. syn. Gould); in Lam. 2d ed. viii. 319.—
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. 524 ; iii. 15 (excl. syn. Gould) ; in Chemnitz, 2d ed,

48, pi. 5, figs. 3, 4.

Succinea lin'ala, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 53, pi. 4, fig. 51 (olim), 1843.

Succinea cnmpestris, of all American authors except Say. — Gould, Inv. 195, fig. 126

(1841).— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 54, pi. 4, fig. .54 (1843).
Succinea Greerii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 232, pi. 2, fig. 18 (1866),

448 HELICID^.

The general resemblance between this species and 5. oralis is
very great. It ditfers, however, in some well-marked particulars.
It attains a much larger size, is thicker and less fragile ; its color
is darker, having a somewhat smoky tinge. Its form is
Fig. 709. i^^iich more robust, the breadth being proportionally
greater ; the whorls are much more convex and tumid,
being regularly inflated, while the upper portion of the
large whorl of S. ovaUs is compressed, so that its broad-
est portion is somewhat below the middle. Tlie whorls
s obu ua ^^'^ ^^^^ oblique. The aperture is more oval, being nearly
as broadly rounded above as below. Common length,
three fifths of an inch ; breadth, two fifths of an. inch; divergence,
eiglity degrees to ninety degrees.

It is more commonly found in moist places, but spreads itself
over rich or cultivated ground, whether lowland or upland, and
may be found in dry weather partially sheltered by sods, or lying
along by the side of stones, where it may enjoy the benefit of the
moisture condensed by these bodies.

Tlie animal is very similar to that of S. ovalis, but in general the
markings are darker, and the marbled appearance which its viscera
exhibit through the transparent shell combines yellow instead of
whitish colors. Radiating lines of furrows also are quite conspicu-
ous on the posterior part of the foot.

From Gaspc to Georgia, and from the Red River of the North to
Arkansas. It is also found fossil in the post-pleiocene bluffs on the
Mississippi River.

It is extremely probable that this is, after all, the S. amphibia of
Europe. No distinct and constant difference can be pointed out
between them. In specimens of the foreign shell which I have
seen, the surface may perhaps be a little more glossy, and the shell
may have somewhat more of an appearance of solidity. Like
that shell, too, it varies considerably in the prominence of its
spire.

Succinea Totteniana.

Shell obliquely-ovate, greenish color, thin ; whorls three, convex, the last very
large and globose; suture impressed; aperture oval.

Snccinm Tnttenhna, L'^A, Proc. Thil. Soc. ii. 32 (1841); Proc. Am. Phil. See. ix. 4
(1844) ; Obs. iv. 4. — Pfeiffer, j\Ion. Hcl. Viv. ii. r)26 ; iii. 15. — Gotii.D, in Terr.
Moll. ii. Cj, 72, pi. 67 6, fig. 2. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 35. — Mouse,

succixKA. 449

Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 29, fij:. 7.3 ; pi. 9, fi:;. 74 (1SG4) ; Am. Nat. i. 606, fig. 46 (18G8).
■- Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch, ii. 230, pi. 2, fig. 1 (iSGG).
Succinea obliqua, teste Bixney, 1. c.

Shell obliqucly-ovatc, of a greenish color, thin, shining, some-
what diaphanons, obsolctely striated ; whorls three, con-
vex, the last very large and globose ; spire very short ;
suture impressed ; aperture large, oval, oblique ; peris-
tome thin, acute. Greatest length, sixteen millimetres.

New Eno'land and New York.

Generally considered a variety of S. obliqua. It is a
thinner and more fragile shell, proportionally more vcn-
tricose in form, with a shorter spire and larger aperture ; it has a
decided green color, almost unshaded with yellow, while in S. ob-
liqua the amber yellow predominates.

Family ARIONID^.

Lingual membrane with numerous similar transverse rows of
teeth.

Jaw smooth, with a central projection, or ribbed and having no
central projection.

Body elongate, attached its whole length to the upper surface of
the foot, or more or less spiral and prominent on the middle of the
upper surface of the foot. Eyes at the end of long, cylindrical, re-
tractile peduncles ; tentacles shorter, retractile. Mantle thin, small,
discal or spiral, on the middle of the back ; respiratory orifice sub-
central, on the right side. Foot narrow, elongate, usually with a
distinct locomotive disk, with a posterior distinct gland. Tent
near the respiratory orifice. Orifice of reproductive organs usually
behind the right peduncle, or below the respiratory orifice.

Shell thin, shining, peritreme acute, simple or sometimes inter-
nal and rudimentarv.

This family contains numerous genera and species found in every
quarter of the globe. In North America it is represented by only
two genera, Arion and Zonites. Their habits are respectively the
same as those of Limax and Hijalina.

The shell exists in various stages of development in the Arionidcs,
some containing a portion of the animal in spiral, in others being
29

450 ARIONID^.

internal, and the body attached to the foot in its whole Icnglh,
This and the characteristics of the mucus-pore have suggested the
two sub-families, Arionince and Zonitincs.

Oemis ARIOIV, Fe'russac. 1819.

Posterior termination of body obtuse. Integuments crowded
with elongated tuberosities on the back, and on the sides with
elongated tubercular plates having furrows between. Mantle an-
terior, oval, small, covered with granulations, free at the front and
on the sides, attached posteriorly, containing in its posterior part
numerous fine, calcareous sandy grains. Locomotive disk not ex-
panded at the margin, when the animal is fully extended very nar-
row, having in some species a narrow median band, and in others
not. Respiratory orifice at the anterior margin of the mantle,
small. Anal orifice contiguous to the former. Orifice of organs
of generation under the two last. On the upper part of the poste-
rior extremity of the body is a triangular pore or sinus, with the
point directed forwards, a process or projection of the integument
serving as a cover to the sinus.

Jaw with anterior ribs and marginal denticulations, broad,
crowded.

The lingual ribbon is broad, composed of a median row of tricus-
pid denticles, the central toothlct of each being long and acutely
pointed, the side toothlets short and blunt. The lateral teeth are
modifications of the central, thirty-one in number, but bicuspid, the
inside toothlet of the central being omitted in the laterals on the
side nearest the central line, and the teeth gradually changing as
they pass off laterally.

The genus Arion was separated from Limax by M. Fcrussac, to
contain those species of the latter genus having a terminal pore or
sinus. It is universally recognized and has been fortunate in es-
caping any confusion of synonymy.

The internal calcareous grains which represent the shell arc in
some species isolated, in others aggregated into a nearer resem-
blance to the internal plate of Limax. On this distinction arc based
the sub-genera Lodiea and Prolepis.

ARION. 451

Arion fuscus.

Color whitish or hght ashy, sometimes with a tinge of brown, or dark grayish;
body cylindrical, narrow, ex[)anding a little towards its extremity, ending in a
flat and rounded termination ; head darker than the body, projecting very little
beyond the mantle ; mantle small, oval, narrow ; disk of the foot whitish. A
triangular mucus-pore on the upper surface of the posterior extremity.

Li max fuscus, IMuller, Hist. Vcim. ii. 11 (1774).

Arion hoiteiisis, Feuussac, Hist. 65, pi. 2, tiys. 4, G; Suppl. pi. 96 a (1819). — Binney,
Bost. Jouru. N. II. iv. 170 (1842) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 27, pi. 64, tig. 1 ; pi. 65, fig. 2
(18.-,!). — Leidv, Terr. Moll. U. S. 249, pi. 2, figs. 1-4, aiiat. (1851).— De Kav,
N. Y. Moll. 2;3 (1843).— IliiEVE, Brit. L. and Fr. W. Moll. 11, tigs.

Arion fuscus, Moquin-Tandon (which see fur furtJier foreign synonymcs).

Color wliitish or light ashy, sometimes with a tinge of brown, or
dark grayish ; an obscure, iil-dcfined, dark colored line or band
rises where the mantle

Fig. 711.

meets the bases of the
tentacles on both sides,
and, extending along
the whole length of the
mantle to its posterior

A. fuscus.

extremity, converges

towards the line of the opposite side ; another band, proceeding from
under the posterior edge of the mantle, not quite continuous with
the above described line, runs along the sides of the body to its ex-
tremity. Body cylindrical, narrow, when extended very much elon-
gated ; expanding a little towards its extremity, and ending in a
flat and rounded termination ; its upper surface is covered Avith nar-
row, oblong, prominent glands, appearing sometimes as if carinated,
and arranged in parallel rows, the flanks with elongated tubercu-
latcd ])lates and finer granulations. Head darker than the body,
projecting very little beyond the mantle. Eye-peduncles blackish,
one eighth the length of the body, stout, bullis translucent, ocular
spot at the superior part, black. Tentacles immediately under the
eye-peduncles, very short, conical. Mantle small, oval, narrow,
commencing just behind the insertion of the eye-peduncles, less
than one third of the length of the animal ; covered with granula-
tions tending to a vermiform shape. Disk of the foot whitish, witii-
out a separate locomotive band, the marginal boundary between it
and the l)ody marked by a furrow, projecting beyond the body pos-
teriorly. Respiratory foramen small, with a cleft to the margin of
the mantle. Between the eye-peduncles is a tubercular ridge with

452 ARIONID^.

furrows on each side. The triangular mucus-pore is on the upper
surface of the posterior extremity, is very apparent, and has a pro-
cess of the skin which seems to cover it, and sometimes to project
above it. Wlien fully grown the extreme length is more than fifty
mill., its usual length about twenty-five millimetres.

Internal granulations coarsely united or aggregated into a some-
what ovular, semi-transparent, very granular plate.

When the animal is fully extended, the mantle occupies less than
a fourth part of its whole length, and the dark lines on the mantle
and back are continuous with each other. The head only projects
from the mantle, the neck not being visible. Its surface is con-
stantly covered with a watery mucus, and it suspends itself with a
thread of mucus like the other species. The mucous secretion from
the terminal pore is transparent and very viscid.

It is not distinguished by any considerable variety of color or
markings. It occurs in small numbers in the vicinity of Boston,
under stones, at roadsides, in company with Limax ag-reslis, and
more plentifully in gardens within the city. In the remarks on this
species, formerly pul)lished by Dr. Binney, he hesitated in consider-
ing it to be identical with the foreign species of the same name.
Having since found it somewhat numerous in a locality in Boston,
he procured specimens agreeing very well with foreign descriptions
and figures, especially with that variety described by M. Feruiisac
as "g-mews, nnicolor, fasciis nigris,'" and had no longer any doubt
on the subject. The specimens found in gardens are, however,
much larger than the size indicated by tlie descriptions. It is called
a small species by both M. Ferussac and M. Lamarck, and so it is,
as it exists in the country ; but in the city it is sometimes two
inches in length, when not fully extended, and of a corresponding
bulk. The dark lines are most strongly marked in the large vari-
ety. The small variety is more delicate in its markings, and has a
tinge of yellow on the foot. It is still restricted in its distribution,
so far as known, to the neighborhood of Boston alone.

Ocntis ZONITES, Montfort. 1810.

Shell broadly umbilicated, orl)iculate, convex or discoidal, stri-
ated or decussated, beneath smooth and shining ; whorls six or
seven, gradually increasing in size ; aperture oblique and lunate ;
peristome straight, acute, and slightly thickened internally.

Animal with a caudal mucus-pore.

ZONITES. 453

Jaw arcuate, largo, simple, concave margin with a strong median
projection.

Lingual membrane broad, teeth long and slender, central tricus-
pid, lateral bicuspid, uncini aculeate, curved. The central and lat-
eral teeth are arranged in straight, transverse rows, the uncini in
somewhat diagonal rows, thus dividing the lingual membrane into
three distinct transverse sections.

The species of this genus are allied to the Hijalince by the char-
acter of the shell, jaw, and lingual dentition, but differ from tliein
hi the presence of the caudal mucus-pore.

Zonites inornata.

Shell depressed, smooth, sliinuig; whorls five; aperture transverse, obliquely
lunar; peristome thui, acute ; umbilicus small.

Helix inornata, Say, Journ. Aoiul. ii. 371 (1821); Binney's cd. 24. — Binney, Bost,
Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 419, pi. 21, fig. 3 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. ii. 227, pi. 34. — De Kay,
N. Y. Moll. 39 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 161 (1842). — Pfeiffer, Men.
Hel. Viv. i. 84 ; iv. 48. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moil. iv. 109. — Morse, Am. Nat.
i. 314, figs. 19, 21, 22 (18G7).

Helix (jhijihi/ra, Pfeiffer, olim, Symb. ii. 29, excl. syn. fuliginosa ; Mon. Hel. Viv. i.
.')7, not Say. — Reeve, Con. Icon. 067.

Helix inornata, Bixxev, not Say ; Bland. Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. 127.

Hyalina inornula, Trvon, Am. Journ. Condi, ii. 249, pi. 4, fig. 22 (1866).

Shell depressed ; epidermis yellowish horn color, smooth, shin-
ing, with very minute lines not breaking the smoothness
of the surface ; whorls five ; suture not much impressed ;
aperture transverse, scarcely oblique, obliiiuely lunar,
with a thick, white, testaceous deposit around its whole
inner surface, a little distant from the margin ; peris-
tome thin, acute, fragile, its ends somewhat converging,
the columellar margin reaching to the centre of the base,
sub-dilated above ; umbilicus small ; base rather flat- ^ inomata
tened, indented in the centre. Greater diameter, six-
teen mill. ; lesser, twelve and a half mill. ; height, six millimetres.

From North Carolina to Kentucky through the States bordering
on the great lakes. In the western parts of New England it is
found, but very rarely. Berkshire County, Massachusetts (^Buiney^.

Animal with head, neck, and eye-peduncles bluish-black ; foot
whitish. Eye-peduncles long and slender. A marginal furrow ex-
tending along the edges of the foot, and uniting above and before

454 ARIONID^.

its posterior termination. Behind the junction is a prominent, sub-
conical, bluish white gland, on the extremity of the loot.

The shell which is described above is well known in collections,
and not easily confounded with any other. It has been unfortunate
in its synonymy, whose history is treated at length and explained
in the fourth volume of the " Terrestrial MoUusks " and " Annals of
the New York Lyceum," quoted above.

I have in my collection a curious specimen from the Pennsyl-
vania mountains, in which are three well-developed, sharp, tooth-
like processes on the internal thickened margin of the peristome.

Zonites suppressa.

Shell convex-depressed, thin; whorls six ; aperture transverse; peristome sim-
ple, one or two lamelliform teeth within ; uniliilicus small.

Helix siippres<;a, Say, New Harm. Diss. ii. 229 (1829) ; Dcscr. 14 ; Binnet's cd. 36. —
BiXNKV, Best. Journ. ill. 410, pi. 11, fi,!,'. 3 ; Terr. Moll. ii. 253, pi. 37, fi-,^ I. -De
Kay, N. Y. iNIoll. 38, \)\. 3, i\<x. 24 (1843). — Ri:evi:, Con. Icon. 723. — W. G. Bin-
key, Terr. Moll. iv. 122. — Pfeiffek, Mon. Ikl. Viv. iv. 153. — Morse, Am. Nat.
i. 411, tig. 25 (1867).

Helix gitlarls, var. fi, Pfeiffer, Chemnitz, 2d ed. &c.

Gustiodonta suppressa, Tryon, Am. Jourii. Conch, ii. 258, pi. 4, fig. 41 (18C6).

Shell convex-depressed, thin, pellucid ; epidermis polished, yel-
lowish horn color ; spire flat ; whorls six, with crowded, minute,
oblique stria? ; suture impressed, distinct ; aperture
transverse, not expanded ; peristome simple, thin
at its edge, thickened within ; base rather convex,
near the aperture opaque, yellowish-white ; umbili-
z supr^ssa. ^.^^ Small, but rounded and distinct in young shells,

Enlarged. ' ...

obsolete or hardly apparent in older ones ; within
the peristome are one or two lamelliform, elongated, oblique teeth.
Greater diameter, five mill. ; lesser, four mill. ; height, two milli-
metres.

From Florida to Pennsylvania. New England {3Iorse}.

Zonites fuliginosa.

Shell thin, depressed ; whorls four and a lialf ; aperture very oblique, lunate-
ovate ; peristome simph; ; umbilieus deep.

Helix fill tfjinosn, Griffith in letter.-;. — Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 222, pi. 31 ; Bost. Journ.
iii. 417, pi. 24, excl. syn. (1840). — Leioy, in Terr. Moll. U. S. i. pi. 9, fig. 4, anat.
— Adams, Vermont Moll. ICI, cxel. syn. (1842). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 37, pi. 3,
fig. 22 (1843). — Pfeiffer, Mon. liel. Viv. i. 88; in Chemn. 2d cd. ii. 104, pi. 84,

ZONITES.

455

f5gs. 1-3. — "Reeve, Con. Icon. G7.') (1852) — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 105.

— Mousio, Ain. Nut. I. 31;}, %*. 23, 24 (1867).
Helix oi/jti/area, Pfkiffku, Syiiib. ii. 24, not Fek. teste Pfr.
Omphidinit cnprM, Rafinesque, Enuni. and Ace. 3; ed. Binney and Tryon, 67
Hijalina faliyiiiosa, Tryon, Am. Jouni. Conch, ii. 248, pi. 3, fig. 16 (1866).

Shell thin, depressed on the upper surface ; ep-
idermis dark, approaching to chestnut color, shin-
ing- and smooth, wrinliled ; Avhorls four and a half,
rapidly increasing, with irregular oblique wrinkles,
the last whorl very voluminous, and expanding
transversely towards the aperture ; suture very
little impressed ; aperture very oblique, ample,
lunate-ovate, within pearly or iridescent ; peris-
tome simple, thin, brittle, with a light, testaceous
deposit within, the two terminations approaching
each other very nearly, that of the columella some-
what reflected ; umbilicus deep, not much expand-
ed. Greater diameter, twenty-six mill. ; lesser, twenty-two mill. ;
height, thirteen millimetres.

Has been found in nearly all the Northern, Western, Middle, and
some of the Southern States. In one case I have known of its being
found at the northern side of Lake Superior.

Z. fuUginosa.

Family PHILOMYCID^.

Lingual membrane very broad, teeth uniform, in numerous close,
straight, transverse rows, the central large, obtusely conical, broad,
laterals the same, the inner ones surmounted by a pointed apex.

Jaw horny, arcuate, strongly striated, its extremities blunt, con-
cave margin irregular, scarcely bluntly projecting in the centre, ver-
tically convex in the middle.

Animal liraaciform, elongated, tapering behind. Eyes at the end
of retractile cylindrical peduncles ; tentacles short. Mantle thin,
large, entirely covering the back. Respiratory orifice on the right
side near the head, above the edge of the mantle. Foot narrow,
elongate, simple, posteriorly extending beyond the mantle, no loco-
motive disk. Vent a little above and before the respiratory orifice.
Male and female organs with the same orifice behind and below the
right eye-peduncle.

No internal shell.

456 PHILOMYCIDJS.

Oeniis TEBENRfOPHORUS, Binney. 1842.

Body somewhat flattened, terminating obtusely, or in a somewhat
truncated form. Back convex, more flat when fully extended. In-
teguments with irregular vermiform glands, anastomosing with each
other, and having a general longitudinal direction. Mantle covering

Tehennophorus Carolinensis.

the whole body. Locomotive disk expanded at its margin, and vis-
ible beyond the sides of the mantle ; no median band. Respiratory
orifice near the head. Anal orifice contiguous to, and a little above
and in advance of, the pulmonary orifice. Orifice of organs of
generation behind and below the eye-peduncle. Without terminal
mucus-pore.

Jaw horn colored, arcuate, with a slightly denticulated or irregular
concave margin, bearing a blunt slightly projecting beak ; termina-
tions blunt ; the anterior face is convex, without a decided median
carina, and strongly striate.

The lingual membrane is very broad, composed of teeth of a short,
conical form, the central symmetrical and smaller, the laterals in-
clined towards the central, apex of each sharp ; or as in T. dorsalis,
the centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, uncini serrated.

Tbe internal rudimentary, nail-like shell described by Dr. Gray
has not been noticed by any American author.

The habits of the genus are similar to those of the native species
of Limax.

This genus was first described in 1842 ])y Binney (Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. iv. 163), under the name of Tebeimophorus. No other
descriptions of it have been published. The three species of it have
been referred by various authors to other genera, such as Limax,
which differs in having a small, shield-like mantle, a different shaped
jaw, &c., and to Philomjjcus, a genus distinguished by the absence
of a mantle. Tbe latter genus probably existed only in the fertile

TEBENNOPHORUS. 457

imagination of Rafincsque, the same " habitat " where flourished
Tremesia and Deroccras*

Ferussac repeats (1823) the description of Rafinesque, hut never
had seen an individual of the genus. He suggests that Limax Car-
oli/iiensis, Bosc, may belong to it, judging from the figure alone.
Gray, H. and A. Adams, and Morch adopt the name of PhUoiuijcus,
on the supposition that Rafinesque had before him a Tebcnnophorus
when describing Philomycus (in 1820). It may be he had, but as
he did not make it so appear I have preferred adopting the first
name evidently applying to it.

Tebennophorus Carolinensis.

Body elongated, sub-cylindrical, posterior extremity obtuse; mantle fleshy,
covering the whole body ; foot extending a little beyond the mantle posteriorly.

Limax Carolinensis, Bosc, Vers dc Buffox, de Deterville, 80, pi. .3, fii,'. — Ferussac,
Hist. 77, pi. 6, fig. 3. — Deshayes, in Lam.^rck, 2d ed. vi. 719; 3d ed. iii. 264
(1839). — Mrs. Gk.vy, Fig. Moll. An.

Limax Carolinianus, De Koissy, Buffon de , v. 18.^ (An xiii.).

LJmax tognta, Gould, Inv. 3 (1841).

Philomi/cus Carolinmsis, Ferussac, Tab Syst. 15. — Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1.58 —
h! and A. Adams, Gen. ii. 220. — Cuemx. Man. de Conch, i. 469, fig. 3479 (1859).

Tehennoplwrus Carolinensis, Binxey, Best. Juurn. Nat. Hist. iv. 171 (1842) ; Tcir. Moll,
ii. 20, pi. 63, figs. 1, 2. —Adams, Veimont Moll. 163 (1842).— De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 24, pi. 3, fig. 1 (1843). — Wyman, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. iv. 410, anat. pi. 22
(1844). — Leidy, TciT. Moll. U. S. i. 250, pi. 3 (1851), anat. — W. G. Binney,
Terr. Moll. iv. 30. — Morse, Journ. Portl. See. i. 7, fig. 3 ; pi. 3, fig. 4 (1864).

Limax marmoratus, De Kay, Cat. N. Y. An. 31, no descr. (1839). — Linsley', Shidls of
Connecticut, Sillira. Journ. [l] xlviii. 279, no descr.

Color of upper surface whitish, or yellowish-white, variegated with
clouds and spots of brownish and blackish, so arranged as to form
three ill-defined longitudinal bands, one on the centre of the back,
and one on each flank, extending from the head to the posterior ex-
tremity, anastomosing more or less with each other, and having
smaller spots of the same color between them ; inferior margin
white, or yellowish ; foot whitish. Mouth surrounded with a cir-
cular row of papillae. Body elongated, sub-cylindrical, flattened
towards its posterior extremity, which is obtuse ; eye-peduncles one
fourth of an inch long, brownish or blackish, stout, terminating in

* See descriptions of these singular animals in the new edition of Ratinesque's " Com-
plete Conchological Writings," Bailliere, New York, 1864. Sec also "Terr. Moll." i.
51, 52. — W. G. B.

458

PHILOMYCID^.

a bull) ; ocular points on the superior part of the bulb ; tentacles
immediately below the eye-peduncles, white, very short, nearly con-
ical. Mantle tleshy, covering the whole body, its anterior edge
tinged with brownish, and falling in a slight curve between the two
eye-peduncles, reaching on the sides to the margin of the foot ; pos-

Fig 716.

T. Carolinensis.

terior extremity rounded ; cuticle covered with irregular vermiform
glands, anastomosing with each other, and having a general ten-
dency to a longitudinal direction, with shallow furrows between,
lubricated with a watery mucus, and susceptible of contractions
which produce a slow, undulatory motion, like the flowing of water,
over the whole surface. Foot whitish, extending a little beyond the
mantle posteriorly, showing a whitish, flattened border. Orifice of
the organs of generation on the right side, at a little distance be-
hind and below the eye-peduncles. Respiratory orifice large, on
the right side, one fourth of an inch behind the origin of the eye-
peduncle ; anal orifice in close contact, a little above and in front
of it ; above the respiratory orifice, on the back, is a deep curved
furrow, running upwards and backwards. Locomotive band not
distinguished from the lower surface of the foot. Greatest length,
when fully extended, one hundred mill. ; ordinary length, seventy-
five millimetres.

From Canada to Texas.

In this species the head never projects beyond the mantle. The
tentacles and eye-peduncles are contractile and retractile, as in
the other slugs. When handled it secretes from the skin a thick,
milky, adhesive mucus. Small individuals suspend themselves by
a thread. We have noticed its posterior extremity curved upwards
when the animal was in motion ; at other times flattened and ex-
panded, and again very much corrugated, and apparently truncated ;
sometimes there appear to be one or more mucous glands at this
part, and the secretion of mucus from it is more plentiful than
from other parts of the body. The mantle is not cleft from the
respiratory foramen to the margin, as in most of the slugs, but is

TEBENNOPIIORUS. 459

provided with a deep furrow or canal running from the orifice to
the ed<>e of tlie mantle below it.

It is very inactive and sluggish in all its motions. It inliabits for-
ests, under the baric, and in the interior of the decayed trunks of
fallen trees, among which it is particularly partial to the basswood,
Tilia Americana.

The variations from the common coloring arc numerous. Wo
have already observed the following varieties : —

a. Whitisli, without clouded spots, tending to grayish.

b. Whitish, slightly clouded longitudinally.

c. Irregularly clouded with brownish, Avithout any tendency to
lono-itudinal arranaement.

d. With tiiree distinct rows of large clouded spots.

e. With great numbers of fmc black spots.

/. Gray, with a line of minute black dots along each side.

g;. Blackish-gray, with black lines along each side, and an indis-
tinct line down the middle of the back.

The appearance of the surface of the mantle is constantly chang-
ing, from the play of light on its lubricated eye-peduncles, tentacles,
and furrows, which are in almost ceaseless motion.

There can be no doubt that this is the animal originally described
by Bosc under the name of Limax CaroUnensis^ though his descrip-
tion is so imperfect that it can only be recognized by the arrangement
of colors which belongs to it. Ilis original drawing, engraved in
Fcrussac's work, is a tolerably accurate representation of one of its
varieties. He makes no mention of the mantle, and it does not ap-
pear in the figure.

An individual of this species kept in confinement, deposited about
thirty eggs, June 20, 1843 ; on the 10th July the young made their
way out of tlic shell. The eggs were semi-transparent, oval, about
one fifth of an inch in the greatest diameter. The young when ex-
cluded were more than a fourth of an inch long, semi-transparent and
gelatinous ; eye-peduncles and tentacles bluish-black at base, black
at tip, the latter very minute and hardly visible. Body broad ; back
whitish, with two distinct rows of minute black dots down the mid-
dle, and other scattering spots on the sides. No perceptible furrow
between the mantle and body. They increased very rapidly in size,
and in a few davs were four times as laro-e as wlicn hatched.

Jaw short, Ijroad, arched, liglit horn colored, anterior surface con-
vex, but having no distinct vertical carina on the centre, its most
anterior point. Concave margin irregular, without a distinct, acuto

460 PHILOMYCID^.

median projection, though sometimes bhmtlj prominent. Extremi-
ties attennated. The whole anterior surface covered with converg-
ing vertical stria3 and arched strise.

Lingual membrane with one hundred and fifteen rows of one
hundred and thirteen teeth each (56 - 1 - 56) ; centrals conical, sur-
mounted by a sharper point ; laterals of the same shape, but nar-
rower, becoming modified into bicuspid and papillce-like uncini.

Of the synonymes 1 have quoted, Limax togata is said by Gould
(Otia, 182) to be identical ; and Limax inarmoratus of De Kay I
have ascertained to be the same from the correspondence of my
father with Dr. Nevvcomb.

Tebennopliorus dorsalis.

Body cylindrical and narrow, terminating- posteriorly in an acute point; mantle
closely connectetl with the body ; base of loot very narrow, its separation from
the body not well defuied.

Plidomijcits dorsalis, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 174 (1842) ; Proo. Bost. Soc. N.

H. 1841, 52. — Adams, VennoiU Moll. 163 (1842). — Gray and Pfeiffer, Brit.

Mas. Cat. 1.59.
Limax dorsalis, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 22 (184-5).
Teliennophoriis dorsalis, Bi^t;EY,Tiivr. Mull. ii. 24, pi. 63, fig. 3 (1851). — W. G. Binney,

Terr. Moll. iv. 31.
Pallifera dorsalis, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. i. 8, fig. 5 ; pi. 3, fig. G (1864).

Color of upper surface ashy, with a shade of blue, an interrupted

black line extending down the centre of the back ; eye-peduncles

black, al)0ut one eighth of the length of the body ;

^^^^ - tentacles blackish, very short. Body cylindrical

•^ and narrow, terminating posteriorly in an acute

T. dorsalis. , .

point ; base of foot white, very narrow, its separa-
tion from the body not well defined. Upper surface covered with
elongated and slightly prominent glandular projections, the furrows
between indistinct. Respiratory orifice very minute, situated on
the right side, about one eighth of an inch behind the insertion of
the eye-peduncle. The mantle is closely connected with the body.
Length, eighteen millimetres.

Vermont and Massachusetts.

This animal is found in woods and forests, in the soil under de-
caying trunks and logs. It is lul)ricated by a watery mucus, which
is not secreted in quantity sufficient to preserve its life wlicn re-
moved from its native haunts and exposed to tlic air. It is even
difficult to preserve it long enough for examination, as it becomes

TEBENNOPIIORUS. 461

dry, diiniuislies in bulk more than one half, and dies. We have
seen but three specimens. They were very active in their move-
ments, and one of them suspended itself by a thread of mucus, in
the manner of the Limaccs. Our specimens were found in Ver-
mont. Dr. Gould has recognized this or a similar species near
Boston.

It is quite possible that this is one of the species described by
Ralincsque, but from the poverty of his descriptions Ave are unable
to identify it with either of them.

When Dr. Binney for the first time procured this animal, not
being aljlc to distinguish the separation of the margin of the mantle
from the edge of the foot, he felt assured that it must be a species
of Rafiiiesque's genus Philomijcus, and he accordingly described it
as sucli. Having an opportunity since that time of examining sev-
eral of them, he noticed, on throwing some of them into alcohol
for preservation, that the contraction caused by the liquor revealed
and detached the mantle from its adhesion. Its characters, there-
fore, correspond with those of the present genus. It is by no means
certain, however, that it may not prove to be the young of the pre-
ceding species.

Since tlie above was written Morse has published (Journ. Portl.
Soc. i. 8) a figure of the jaw and lingual membrane of this species
which he believes to differ sufficiently from those of T. Carolinensis
to warrant its generic distinction. I have hesitated to adopt his
name PaUlfera until his observations shall be conlirmed by others.*
He describes the jaw as arcuate, ends rounded, blunt, anterior sur-
face with stout costee, strongly denticulating the concave margin.
The lingual membrane he describes as composed of one hundred
and fifteen rows of one hundred and thirteen teeth each (56-1-56) ;
centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, uncini with three or four cusps
or serrate.

Ordeu LIMNOPHILA.

Eyes sessile ; tentacles sub-cylindrical or flattened, simply con-
tractile. Operculum wanting. Animal usually lacustrine or fluvia-
tile, sometimes marine or littoral, rarely terrestrial.

All the known families of Limnophila are represented in this
country. Their habits are described under each.

* The more so as he figures the jaw and tongue of an Arion for tliosc of Lhnar orjreatifi.
I have dctoctcd errors of my own of this kind, arising from incorrectly labelling extracted
jaws and tongues. — W. G. B.

462 AURICULID^.

Family AURICULIDiE.

Lingual membrane broad and elongated ; teeth nnmerous, in
slightly bent, cross series ; central tooth equilateral ; lateral teeth
rather inequilateral, diminishing in size towards the outer edge.
Head ending in a snout ; mouth with a horny lunate upper jaw,
and witli two dilated buccal lobes, united above, separated below ;
tentacles sub-cylindrical, contractile ; eyes sessile at the inner sides
of the bases. Mantle closed, with a thickened margin ; foot long,
posteriorly blunt ; respiratory orifice posterior, on the right side,
excretory orifice near it. Sexes united, orifices of generative or-
gans distant, on the right side.

Shell spiral, covered with a horny epidermis ; aperture elongate,
with strong folds on the inner lip ; outer lip often dentate.

Animal usually frequenting salt marshes.

The AnricuUda; are easily distinguished from the other inopercu-
lated air-breatlnng Mollusks. They are furnished with but one pair
of non-retractile tentacles, on the inner base of which are situated
the sessile eyes. The head is extended beyond the tentacles into
an obtuse, rounded, bilobed snout. The mantle is thin, thickened
on its margin. The foot is elongated and pointed. The sexes are
united in each individual.

The shell is spiral, extremely variable, and in the American spe-
cies conic, generally with a flattened spire, and furnished with nu-
merous tooth-like lamince, which contract the narrow aperture. The
internal septa are usually removed.

The Auriculidce are amphibious Mollusks, breathing free air, but
apparently dependent for existence on a great deal of moisture, if
not on the actual vicinity of tlie sea. Some species pass their whole
life under circumstances which seem to preclude the possibility of
their respiring air. Tiius Alexia myosotis is often found on isolated
stones in salt marshes, which are entirely covered by the tide four
hours out of twelve. Tliis species, when immersed in fresh water,
becomes benumbed and soon dies.

CarycMum exigmim, on the other hand, though found under sim-
ilar circumstances, does not depend on the proximity to salt water,
being widely distributed far beyond its influence over the interior
of the country. Blauneria pellucida, also, has been detected living

\

ALEXIA. 463

far from any water in a garden in the District of Coluniljia, whither
it was introduced on phmts from Cliarleston, S, 0. With the ex-
ception of tlie two last mentioned, the American species are found
on salt marshes and in brackish water near the sea.

Of the o-cographical distribution of our species but little is yet
known. Melampus bidentatus is found from Maine to Texas.

Genus ALEXIA, (Leach,) Gray. 1847.

Foot simple beneath, without a transverse groove. ^'° ™-

Jaw narrow, slightly arcuate, extremities but little at-
tenuated, strii^ obsolete, scarcely any median projection.
Shell oblong-ovate, thin, spire pointed ; last whorl large,
rounded at base ; aperture rather broad, oval, acuminating ;
parietal wall furnished with from one to five tuberculous
lamina) ; columellar fold oblique ; peristome expanded, /";";,"^„°^,.
armed with teeth, or thickened within. ^"'"'S'"^-

But one species is known to inhabit North America. Most of the
few foreign species inhabit the coasts of the Mediterranean, though
the genus is represented in South America and the West Indies.

Alexia myosotis.

Fig. 129.

Shell ovate-conical, smooth, reddish horn-color; spire elevated and pointed;
inner lip with three teeth; lip reflexed.

Anricula mijosofis, Draparxaud, &c.

Auricula detiticidata, Gould, Inv. of Mass. 199, fig. 129 (excl. Volutn denfirulata, MoxT. et

syn. suis.) (1841), not of Mostfort. -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. .58, pi. 5, figs. 91, 93

(excl. Voliita deiiticniata, Mo\T. ct syn.), ncc Montfort.
Mehimpns borealis, CoNRAD, Am. Journ. Sc. [1], xxiii. .34.5 (18.33).
Alexia mi/osntis, I'fkiffer, Men. Auric. Viv. 148 ; Brit. Miis. Auric 114. — W. G. Bin-

NEY, Terr. Moll. iv. 172, pi. 7.5, fig. .33; pi. 79, fig. 16; L. and Fr. W. Shells, iii.

4, fig. 4 (1865).
Cari/chvtm (Phi/tia) myosolis, Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr. ii. 417, pi. 29, figs. 33-39; pi.

30, figs. 1 -4.
C'onovulas mpsotis, Reeve, Br. L. and Fr. W. Shells, 130 (1864).

Shell of an elongated oval form, slightly opaque, shining, horn
color, often tinted with reddish or violet ; lines of growth very faint ;
spire elevated and painted, composed of seven or eight slightly con-
vex whorls, separated by a well-defined suture, which often has a

464 AURicuLiDj;.

marginal line revolving near it ; the lowest whorl much larger than
all the others together ; aperture ovate, broadest below ; outer lip thin
and sharp, reflexed and white, joining the preceding whorl
^'^A ^-y ^ ^^^y ^^^^^^ angle ; on the inner lip the adult shell has
O three white folds or teeth ; the lower one formed by the
^ turning of the lip within the ai^erture ; the second tooth-like
sous, and nearly transverse, thin and prominent, a little below the
middle of the inner margin ; and a third, minute one, a little
above ; the lower portion of the left margin expands a little, and
conceals a very minute umbilicus ; two or three teeth are also some-
times found within the outer lip. Length, three tenths of an inch ;
breadth, five fortieths of an inch ; divergence, thirty-five degrees.

Found in the crevices of decaying wooden wharves, about and
below high-water mark, in shaded situations. From Nova Scotia to
Rhode Island. It is an European species, inhabiting England,
France, Spain, <fcc.

Animal very light drab color, head and tentacula darker and
wrinkled ; tentacula about one tenth of an inch in length, globose
at tip, the eyes kidney-shaped, and seated on a slight enlargement
at the inner base of the tentacula ; foot about half the length and
width of the shell, rounded behind, two-lobed in front, and trans-
versely divided at the anterior third. Respiratory orifice far back,
on the right side.

This little shell is very readily distinguished from any other found
on our coast, and seems to be another of the connecting links be-
tween the land and water shells, or rather between those which
breathe air and those which breathe water. It has, accordingly,
been frequently transferred from one genus to another, according
to the conjectures of different writers. Guilding placed it rather
doubtfully, after a series of experiments as to the nature of its res-
piration. Its habits certainly associate it with the Mclampus biden-
tatus. It is widely distributed over the seas, and is doubtless con-
veyed to great distances on floating pieces of decaying timber.

It varies much in its characters according to its age. Its color
varies from light horn color to deep violet, and sometimes it be-
comes opaque-white. There is usually a single revolving line of
rigid hairs just before the suture. When young, it is proportionally
broader, and the lower whorl proportionally longer, has but two
teeth, and the margin of the lip is not rcfiexed. A third, and some-
times a fourth, tooth appears at maturity, and also some teeth or
tubercles within the right lip. This is, indeed, made a part of its

CARYCHIUM. 465

character by European writers ; but, of several specimens sent me
by Mr, Sowerby, only one bad them. In fact, it must be very doubt-
ful Avliether the species described under the names of bidcntata, trip-
licata, pusi/lus, alba, ring-ens, rejiexa, and perhaps Finnini, arc
anything more than modifications by age, accident, and locality, of
this same species.

[I have placed this sliell in tliis genus on the authority of Pfeiffer
and of Adams's Genera. It has been placed in many different gen-
era by European authors. In America it has been considered an
Auricula by Gould and others, until Stimpson classed it among the
Melampi. From the exterior of the animal there appears no differ-
ence between it and Melampus bidentatus. It does not even agree
with the animal of Alexia, given by Adams in the " Genera of Re-
cent Mollusca," which I have copied on pi. 75, fig. 22, of " The Ter-
restrial Mollusks." Tliis figure represents the true Alexia denticu-
lata, Montfort, Avith which Gould confounds this species. The shell
is also quite distinct. It is, liowever, united to Alexia myosotis, by
Forbes and Hanley, in their work on " British Mollusca," and by
Moquin-Tandon. Pfeiffer considers them distinct, as does also
Reeve.

It is probably an imported species, as Stimpson remarks (" Shells
of New England"), being found only in the Atlantic seaports. At
Boston it is common on old wooden wharves in the harbor. It is
also found on isolated stones wliicli are immersed by the rising tide
at least four hours out of tlie twelve. When placed in fresh water
it becomes benumbed and dies ; it will live without water in captiv-
ity several days.

aeniis CARYCHIUill, Muller. 1774.

Foot not transversely divided beneath.

Sliell pupa-shaped, very thin, transparent, with but few whorls ;
aperture sub-oval, with one dentiform columellar fold, sometimes
obsolete ; parietal wall with one or two teeth ; peristome expanded,
terminations not approximating, the right hand one with one inter-
nal tooth.

Jaw slightly arched, without ribs or marginal denticulations,
hardly striated towards the margin.

Teeth in slightly bent cross series, central equilateral, narrow,

laterals broad, short, denticulated.
30

466 AURICULID^.

But very few species of this genus have been described, most of
which are from Europe. Animal terrestrial.

Carychium exiguum.

Fig. 122.

Shell minute, whitish, oblong-ovate, rather pointed ; whorls five ; the transverse
lip very oblique, with a small fold near its internal angle ; outer lip widely re-
flexed.

Pupa erir/ua, Say, Journ. Acad. ii. ST.'i (1822) ; ed. Bixxet, 26. — Gould, Bost. Journ.

iii. .398, pi. 3, tig. 20 (1841) ; iv. 358 (1843); Inv. 191, %. 122 (1841 ). — De Kay,

New York Fauna, 49, pi. 4, fig. 46 (1843). — Adams, Vermont Moll. 158, figure

(1842).
Bnlimus exiguus, Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. 286, pi. 53, fig. 1.
Carychium exiguum, Gould, in Terr. Moll. ii. 286. — Chemnitz, 2d ed. 61, pi. 1, figs. 13,

14. — Pfeiffer, Mon. Auric. 165; Brit. Mus. Auric. 127; Wiegm. Arch. 1841, i.

224. — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 178. — Frauenfeld (1847), Akad. der Wiss.

xix 79; Zool. Bot. VVien. iv. 10, pi. 1, fig. 1 (1854). — Bourguignat, Mag. Zool.

1857, 209.— W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. VV. Shells, ii. 6, figs. 7, 8

(1865).
Cari/clnum exile, H. C. Lea, Am Journ. Sc. [i], xlii. 109, pi. 1, fig. 5 (1841). — Tros-

CHEL, Ar. f. Nat. ii. 128 (1843).
Carychium existelium, Bourguignat, 1. c. 220.
Carychium euphmm, Bourguignat, 1. c. 221.

Shell elongated, pellucid, tapering somewhat to both ends, apex
not very blunt; color watery-white ; whorls five, rather convex, very
oblique ; suture very distinct ; aperture obliquely oval ;
'^ ' ■ transverse lip very oblique, and having near its inner ter-
mination a small, tooth-like fold ; another very small,
tubercular tooth is found at the middle of the pillar ; out-
er lip white, widely reflected, but not flattened. Length,
one fifteenth of an inch ; breadth, one fortieth of an inch.
Has been found in the New England, Northern, and
Middle States, in South Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas.
Animal colorless ; tentacles stout, hyaline, one third the length
of the foot. The foot is short, thick, distinctly divided into two
segments, the anterior of which is bilobed, and projects, when the
animal is in motion, considerably in advance of the head. Eyes
oval, situated on the back, near the base of the tentacles. Its mo-
tions are very sluggish. It carries the shell directed horizontally ;
the shell is so transparent that the viscera of the animal may be
seen through it.

It has been said to resemble Carychium minimum, of MUller, but

i

MELAMPUS. 467

neither tlie figure nor description, as given by Draparnaiid, cor-
responds with our shell.

It is found under stones and fragments of wood, and especially
among moss in damp places. It is the only species of this family
inhabiting the interior, but though found over a wide extent of
country, it still possesses a fondness for the sea in common with the
other species of the family. Around Boston it is found at or below
the surface in swamps, growing among mosses.

This minute shell is well known in American cabinets as a Pupa.
Say described it as such in 1822, though he mentions the proba-
bility of its being a Garijchmm. It has been described since that
time as a Pupa by Gould, De Kay, and Adams, and catalogued
among the species of the same genus by all the American writers
who have mentioned it, until 1851, when its correct position was
pointed out by Stimpson ("Shells of New England"), and Gould
("Terr. Moll." ii.). The former places it in his family of Melam-
pidcE.

Dr. Binney, in 1843 (" Boston Journal," p. 106), considers it a
Pupa. In the " Terrestrial Mollusks " he places it under Bidimus.

In 1852, Jay removed it from Pupa to Carychium (Cat. p.
263).

Notwithstanding its distinct generic peculiarities having been
pointed out in 1851, we find the shell considered as a Pupa in
several American catalogues as late even as 1857 {vide " Boston
Proc." vi. 128).

In Europe we find its true position pointed out by Pfeiffer as
early as 1841, and by all subsequent writers.

Oenus ITIELAIflPUS, Montfort. 1810.

Foot bifid posteriorly. Shell ovate-conical ; spire short, obtuse ;
aperture narrow, linear; inner lip with several transverse folds;
outer lip acute, internally plicate.

Jaw — ?

Lingual membrane — ?

'o^

Melampus bidentatus.

Fig. 130.

Shell ovate-conical, gray or brownish horn color; spire short and obtuse; aper-
ture narrow, two folds on the pillar.

468 AURICULIDiE.

Melampus hidentatiis, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliila. ii. 245 (1822) , Binnet's ed. 84. —
EusSELL, Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc. i. part 2, 67 (18.39). — Pfeiffer, Mon.
Auric. Viv. 45 (excl. Mel. bonmlis). — W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. 156, pi. 75,
fig. 2.3; Smitli last. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 10, figs. 11, 12 (1865).

Melampus hipUcatus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Auric. Viv. 21 ; Br. Mus. 14.

Melampus Jwiinel, Pfeiffer, Mon. Auric. Viv. 25 ; Brit. Mus. Cat 18.

Auricula cornea, Deshayes, Ency. Meth. ii. 90 (1830) ; in Lam. 2d cd. viii. 339, 3d cd
iii. 390 (1839).

Auricula hidentata, Gould, Inv. Mass 197, fig. 131 (1841). — De Kay, N Y Moll 57,
t. 5, figs. 92, 1, 2, 3 (1843). — Kuster, Chemn. 2d ed. Auric, tl, pi. 6, figs. 7-11.

Auricula Jauniei, RIittre, Kev. Zool. (Mars, 1841), 66.

Auricula biplirula, Deshayes, Encyc. Mcth. ii. 91.

Melampus bidentatus, var. linealus, Say, p. 46 of ed. Binney.

Mehimpun bidentatiis, ,*}, Pfeiffer, Mon. Auric. 46. — Var a. De Kay, 1. c.

Not Auricula hidens, PoTiEZ et Michaud, Gal. 201, pi. 20, figs. 9, 10.

Shell ovate-conical, broadest at about the upper third, where
there is a faint angle, thin, translucent, of a brownish horn color,
smooth and shining, often becoming eroded, wrinkled
lengthwise, with occasional broken revolving lines,
very minute ; whorls five or six, the lower one three
fourths the length of the shell, the others, separated
by a distinct suture, and flattened, form a short,
tdentatus. \)\xx\\i spirc ; aperture long and narrow, broadest be-
low ; outer lip thin and sharp, the posterior third suddenly bending
inwards joins the body of the shell by a very acute angle ; the in-
ner lip, usually covered with enamel, has two folds upon it, a trans-
verse one below the middle, and another formed by the outer lip as
it rises and turns within the shell ; this portion is usually Avhite ;
within the outer lip are occasionally to be found from one to four
elevated, white, revolving ridges, not reaching the edge of the lip.
Length, half an inch ; breadth, three tenths of an inch ; divergence,
sixty-eight degrees.

From New England to Texas. Inhabits marshes that are occa-
sionally overflowed by the tide, and never far below high-water
mark. They frequently crawl up the stems of grasses at the mar-
gins of inlets, apparently to escape the rising tide. In October,
1839, I observed great numbers of them at Oak Island, a small,
wooded upland spot in Chelsea surrounded by salt marsh. They
were burying themselves under the leaves, and in the loose earth at
the base of rotten stumps. This spot is now never overflowed by
the tide.

The animal is reddish-brown above, paler beneath, foot about the
length and breadth of the shell, broad before, and bluntly pointed
behind, the margins somewhat scalloped, or undulated, and divided

MELAMPUS. 469

across at about the anterior third ; tentaciila slender and tapering,
the eyes at the inside of the base ; rostrum nearly as long as the
tcntacula, with an expanded lobe each side.

The perfect shells are smooth and brown, with usually three or
four darker, narrow bands ; but the shells soon become eroded, and
the surface is left rough, and of a grayish color. The ridges within
the outer lip are not seen except in aged shells.

Say designates by the name of lineatus a form peculiar for its re-
volving lines or bands and more narrow base of the aperture (vide
Binn. cd. p. 85). I have met with none sufficiently marked to form
a variety, much less a distinct species. The revolving lines are
commonly found on young specimens. De Kay mentions this as
var. a, Pfeiffer as /3,

Stimpson gives precedence to Deshayes's name corneus. Say's
name has eight years' priority, and is not preoccupied in the genus
Melampus. It Avas while treated as an Auricula that any question
existed in regard to its specific name.

Family LIMNyEID^.

Lingual membrane armed with numerous, quadrate teeth, ar-
ranged in transverse rows, the central minute, the laterals unci-
nated or simply denticulated. Head with a broad, short muzzle,
dilated at the end ; mouth with one or more jaws ; tentacles con-
tractile, flattened or subulate, with the eyes sessile at their inner
bases. Mantle margin variously modified ; respiratory orifice at
the right side. Foot flattened, lanceolate or ovate. Excretory ori-
fices on the left side of the neck. Sexes united ; male and female
organs with separate orifices, on the right or left side.

Shell'of a varied form, thin, horn colored, usually with an oblique
fold on the columella, and with the outer lip simple and acute.

Animal living in fresh water, usually coming to the surface to
respire the free air.

The LimncEidm are found in every quarter of the globe ; but in
North America most of tlie genera are represented, excepting Chil-
ina, Camptoceras, Amphipcplea, Latia, &g. They are more plenty
in species and individuals in the more temperate portions of the
continent. Especially among the innumerable lakes of the British
possessions do the large species flourish.

470

LIJIN^ID^.

They are strictly aquatic in their habits, abounding in the small
quiet streams and stagnant ponds, feeding exclusively on vegetable
•substances. They usually come to the surface to breathe the free
air, but their organs of respiration must be adapted, in some species
at least, to breathing through the medium of water, as they are oc-
casionally found in circumstances precluding any possibility of an
approach to the surface.

Their eggs are laid in clusters, surrounded by a gelatinous matter.

Many of the species possess the power of gliding along the sur-
face of the water, shell downwards, and letting themselves down by
means of a gelatinous thread.

From the fact of my finding young individuals only in the spring,
and numerous dead full-grown shells during the late autumn and
winter, I presume they arrive at maturity in one season. They are
active during the spring, summer, and autumn, but bury themselves
in the mud during winter, at least in the Northern States.

The Limnceidce have been grouped by some authors according to
the numl)er of their horny jaws, but in the present stage of knowl-
edge of them it seems to me preferable to adopt that division into
sub-families based upon the form of the shell, which is found to lie
spiral and elongate, spiral and flattened, or non-spiral and simjily
patelliform.

The shells of some of the various genera present considerable dif-
ference in form, l>ut their characters are not as well marked or reli-
able as in the Helicidcc.

Aaimal of L. 7«ei;aso»ia.

Genus L.I1WTV.EA, Lamarck. 1799.

Tentacles flattened and triangular. Man-
tle with the front edge thickened. Foot short,
rounded. Shell dextral, spiral, oblong, trans-
lucent, horn colored ; spire acute, more or less
produced, last whorl ventricose; aperture large,
wide, rounded in front ; inner lip with an ob-
lique fold ; outer lip simple.

Jaws three, smooth ; one upper, large, trans-
versely oblong or ovate ; two lateral, rudimen-
tary, narrow, convex.

Lingual membrane (of L. columella') broad,
teeth crowded, numerous ; central narrow,

LIMN^A. 471

long, apex attenuated, recurved ; laterals broad, blunt, apex re-
curved, denticulated.

Tliis genus is found over almost the whole world, but prefers the
more temperate portions of it. In North America, likewise, it is
found in greater abundance and perfection in the lake region of the
United States, and still more so in the British possessions. In the
States bordering on the Gulf, and in Mexico, it is hardly represented.

Limnsea columella.

Fig. 144.

Shell ovate, fragile, transparent, pale-greeu ; whorls four, the three upper ones
minute, lines of growth distinct, undulated by revolving lines; aperture ample;
umbilicus minute.

LimiKta cohunclla, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. i. 14 (1817); ii. 167 (1821); Nidi.

Encyc. 3d ed. (1819); Binnky's ed. 60, .56. — Haldeman, Mon. 38, pi. 12 (1842).

— Gould, Inv. of Mass. 215, fig.s. 144, 216, fig. 145 (1841).— De Kay, N. Y. Moll.

72, pi. 4, fig. 75 (1843).— PoTiEZ et Michaud, Gal. i. 216, pi. 22, figs. 5, 6. —

Axox. Can. Natural, ii. 197, fig. (1857). — W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr.

W. Shells, ii. 32, figs. 38-44 (1865).
Limneus columella, Kustlr, in Chemn. 2d cd. 44, pi. 8, figs. 3-5.
Lhnmea chuli/hea, Gould, Am. Journ. Sc. [i], xxxviii. 196 (1840) ; Otia, 180.
Liianmi macrostoma. Say,. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 170 (1821) ; Binney's ed. 67. — Gould,

Inv. 217, fi^. 148 (1841 ). — Anox. Can. Nat. ii. 198, fig. (1857).
Limneus vuicrostumus, Kuster, in Chemn. 2d ed. 43, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2.
LiinriKa acuminata, Adams, Am. Journ. Sc. [i], xxxix. 374 (1840).
Limncea navicula, Valenciennes, Rcc. d'Obs. ii. 251 (1833).
Limncea strirjosa. Lea, Proc Am. Phd. Soc. ii. .33 (1841) ; Trans, ix. 12 (1844); Obs.

iv, 12.
Limncea coarctata, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. .33 (1841) ; Trans, ix. 11 (1844) ; Obs.

iv. 11.
Limncea casta. Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. 33 (1841) ; Trans, ix. 11 (1844) ; Obs. iv. 11.
Limncea columellaris, Adams, Sillim. Journ. [i], xxxvi. 392, absq. descr.
Limncea succiniformis, Adams, MS. teste Haldeman.

Shell ovate, ventricose, extremely thin and fragile. Fig. 723.
transparent, of a pale greenish or yellowish color, the
apex acutely pointed ; whorls four, of which the last is
much inflated, and composes nearly the whole shell ; the
upper ones are very small, forming an acute apex ; sur-
face with conspicuous and nearly regular lines of growth,
minutely waved by revolving Hues, some of which are j. ^^i^,^^^^^
distinctly elevated ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture
large, four fifths the length of the shell, generally somewhat di-
lated ; lip very sharp, ending with a small curve behind ; on the

472 LIMNiEID^.

left margin the edge is slightly turned over a minute umbilicus, and
forms a considerable fold ; a tliin, closely adhering enamel stretches
across from it to the angle of the aperture ; the inner lip is so
arched as to display a considerable portion of the interior of the
shell. Length, eight tenths of an inch ; breadth, five tenths of an
inch; divergence, sixty-eight degrees. Of another specimen, length,
thirteen twentieths of an incli ; breadth, four tenths of an inch ;
divergence, fifty-six degrees.

Inhabits stagnant pools and miry places, and is common. It is
found at maturity very early in the spring.

The species has been found from Canada and Nova Scotia and
Lake Superior to Georgia. Its wide range and variable form has
caused its being described under several names.

The animal is large, semi-transparent, of a dusky or light drab
color, dotted with silvery white. It is very sluggish in its motions.
The head above is slightly tinted with lilac.

This very brittle shell has rather the aspect of Succinea than of
Limncca. It varies a good deal in form, being in some specimens
rather slender, and in others broad aud distended. The aperture
is usually somewdiat dilated, especially at its broadly-rounded base ;
but occasionally the outer lip is pressed inwards. The surface is
shining, and delicately corrugated by revolving lines.

Var. CHALYBEA.

Fig. 145.

The spire is more pointed, its divergence being only fifty degrees ;
the aperture is more expanded, and the fold on the inner lip more
obvious. It is thin, but not very brittle, ringing like hard-burnt
crockery. The last whorl is partially detaclied from the preceding
one, so as to form a thread-like channel at the suture. The enamel
rests loosely against the shell and is wrinkled. The exterior is
covered by a bluish-black pigment, not easily removed, and the in-
terior has a steel-blue or ])lack-lead color.

This shell, which I found tw^o years in succession in a muddy
pool in Cambridge, I thought was sufficiently distinct to be regarded
as a new species ; and I accordingly gave its characters, under the
name of Limncca chalyhea^ in " Silliman's Journal," xxxiii. 106.
But as it has not l)Ocn found in any other place, I am now disposed
to regard it as a strongly marked local variety of L. columella. It
is very possibly such a shell to which Mr. Say alludes in the " Jour-

LIMN.EA. 473

nal of the Academy of Natural Sciences," ii. 167, as " L. columella,
var. a. small, black, from Cold Water Creek, Missouri."

The form called Limncea macrosloma is thus described iu the
first edition. Fig. 148 : —

Shell fragile, pellucid, light horn colored, ovate-conical; last
whorl very large, moderately inflated, surmounted by three very
small, oblique ones, forming an acute apex ; surface shin-
ing, marked by fine lines of growth, which are crossed
and rendered flexuous by numerous revolving lines, faintly
visible without a magnifier ; suture distinct, the whorls
approaching it by a gradual slope ; aperture ovate, very
ample, four fifths the length of the shell, and, Avhen ma-
ture, broadly expanded; outer lip very sharp and thin, l.^ctos.
broadly rounded in front, and maintaining its sharp edge,
it rises and disappears within the shell ; pillar so broadly arched
as to allow a view of much of the interior of the spire ; a minute
umbilicus is formed by a reflected scale of enamel ; in mature shells
a glazing of enamel is found upon the preceding whorl as it en-
croaches upon the aperture. Length, eleven twentieths of an inch ;
breadth, seven twentieths of an inch ; divergence, seventy-three
degrees.

Found at New Bedford l)y Mr. Shiverick. Much larger speci-
mens were obtained by Colonel Totten, at Tiverton, Rhode Island.
Dr. Binney found it also in Vermont.

This shell is closely allied to L. columella, and in an immature
state is not easily distinguished from it ; but that shell is much
more elongated, and regularly tapering, the divergence of the spire
being not more than sixty degrees. Such specimens Professor
Adams described as his L. acuminata. But at maturity the shell
is very distinctly characterized by its widely spreading outer lip,
which gives great expansion to the aperture. Mr. Say received it
from the rice-fields of Carolina. It is the analogue of the L. ovata
of Europe.

Limnsea decoUata.

Shell ventricose, rather thick, olivaceous-green color; whorls two to three,
body whorl composes almost the whole shell ; aperture very large, sub-campanu-
late ; columella-fold very prominent.

Limncea decollata, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc. i. 49 (1841) ; Bost. Journ. iv. 4-5, 3.36, pi.
4, fi^. 13 (and Adams) (1842). — W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells,
ii. 31, figs. 36, 37 (1865).

474 LIMNiEIDj:.

LimncBus catascop'mm, Haldeman, part, Mon. 52, pi. 14, figs. 1 -3 (1842).
Limmeus decollutus, Kustek, in Chemn. 2d ed. 45, pi. 8, tigs. 11-14.

Shell very ventricose, rather thick, sub-ovate or sub-rotund, in
outline an irregular rhomboid ; epidermis of an olivaceous-green
color, rather thin, deciduous ; whorls two to three ; spire
F>R. <2o. ^^g^,y short, generally decollated ; whole surface gen-
erally ratlier rough ; striaa of growth coarse and fine
alternately ; transverse striee on the body whorl sparse,
interrupted, sometimes obsolete ; body whorl composes
almost the whole shell ; aperture very large, sub-cam-
panulate ; its length is very little greater than the
breadth, and occupies more than two thirds the length
of the shell ; labrum rather thin, simple ; fold of the columella very
prominent. Length, six tenths of an inch ; breadth, five tenths of
an inch ; height, four tenths of an inch.

Animal dingy mouse-color, with a slight tinge of purple, covered
with numerous microscopic, elongated white spots on every visil)le
part of the surface, including the mouth and tentacula ; foot of a
chocolate color, rather broad, length rather greater than the aper-
ture ; habits sluggish. Cabinets of the Bost. Soc. N. H., Dr. Gould,
S. S. Haldeman, J. G. Anthony, J. W. Mighcls, and C. B. Adams.
Unity, Maine, discovered by Dr. Millikcn of that town, to whom
we are indebted for specimens.

This odd but interesting shell is readily recognized by its rhom-
boidal aspect, wide aperture, and rather rough and distorted appear-
ance. It is allied to L. catascopium, Say, but is distinct from that
shell by having less whorls by two, and a much shorter spire ; by
being wider, and its divergence greater by more than thirty degrees.
By some it has been supposed to be identical with L. emarg-inata,
Say. This is impossible. L. emarginata is much more cylindrical,
the divergence of its spire is scarcely half as great as that of our
shell ; it is much thinner, and has at least two more volutions. Our
shell is also destitute of the " deep emargination " which distin-
guishes L. emarginata. {Mighels and Adams.')

Found around Lake of the Woods, in Maine and Connecticut.

Limnsea ampla.

Shell large, inflated, sub-oval, rather thin, obscure olivaceous-green color; whorls
five, convex; suture deep; aperture oblong, occupying ratlier more than two
thirds the length of the shell; columella-fold very prominent; umbilicus open and
very deep.

LIMN.EA.

475

Limnoea ampin, Migiiels, Bost. Journ. N. H. iv. 347, pi. 16, figs. \,a,h,c (Apr. 1843) ;
Proc. i. 129 (Oct. 1843), not of Haimjiann.*— Whitkaves, Can. Nat. (Apr. 18G3),
viii. 112, fig-. 11. — W. G. BiNNEV, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. SIilUs, ii. 30, fig. 34

(1865).

Fig. 726.

L. ampla.

Shell large, much inflated, sub-oval, rather tliiu,
composed of five convex whorls, prominently shoul-
dered at the upper part ; epidermis of an obscure
olivaceous-green color ; lines of accretion very fine
and compact ; transverse lines obscure, appearing
serriform under a magnifier, giving the surface the
appearance of very delicate lace-work ; suture deep,
and in one specimen sub-canaliculate ; spire short
and pointed when present ; aperture oblong, very
wide at the posterior part, but narrowing rapidly anteriorly and
occupying rather more than two thirds the length of the shell ;
labrum thin and somewhat reflected ; labium broadly
reflected, forming and partially covering an open and
very deep umbilicus ; columella fold very prominent ;
within it is of a light yellowish-fawn color, with an ob-
scure purplish zone, one line in breadth, and about
two lines within the aperture. Length, one and three
tenths inches ; breadth, one inch ; height, eight tenths
of an inch. Divergence of the spire very variable.

Second Eagle Lake, Maine, N. lat. 47° {Migheh).

Fig. 726 is a fac-simile of one of Dr. Mighels's.
drawn from a specimen from Maine.

L. ampla.

Fig. 727 is

Limnsea elod.es.

Figs. 146, 147.

Shell turreted, elongated, dull horn colored; whorls five, convex; suture deep;
aperture sub-oval, less than half the length of the shell, within brownish, fold of
the columeUa profound.

Limmens ehdes, Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. ii. 169 (1821) ; Am. Conch, iv. pi. 31, fig.

3 (1832) ; Binney's ed. 66, 188, pi. 31, lig. 3; ed. Chesu, 44, pi. 8, fig. 3. — Kus-

TEU, in Chemn. 2d ed. 42, pi. 7, figs. 17-21.
Limnmi elodfs, Gould, Inv. of Mass. 221, figs. 146, 147 (1841 ). — Adams, Shells of Ver-

monr, in Tlioms. Hist. 153 (1842). — Anonymous, Can. Nat. ii. 199, fig. (1857).
Limncen frag ill's (not of Linnaeus), IIaldeman, Mon. 20, pi. 6, 15, fig. 1 (1842) ; 53, pi.

14, fig. 1. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 68, pi. 4, fig. 68 (1843).
Limnoia palustris, Muller (Bncclnnm), &c. — Sheppard (1829), Tr. Lit. Hist. See. Que-

* Guhmrln ampla, Hartmann, 1842, is referred by Reeve to L. auricularia. Should it
prove a distinct species, our shell might be called L. Mighelsi.

476 LIMN^ID.E.

bee, i. 196. — W. G. Binnet, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, II. 44, figs. 60 - G6

(1865).
Limncm NuttalUana, Lea, Pr. A. P. S. ii. 33 (1841) ; Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. 9 (1844) ;

Ob.s. ii. 9. — KiJSTER (Limmeus), in Chemn. 2d ed. 38, pi. 7, fig. 5.
Limncea plebeia Gould ? (see below.)
Limncea expansa, Haldeman, Mon. 29, pi. 9, figs. 6-8 (1842) ; Suppl. to Part L, p. 3

(1840). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 75, pi. 36, fig. 348 (1843). — Kusteu (Limnasus), in

CuEMN. 2d ed. 39, pi. 7, figs. 6, 7.

Shell tapering, elongated, turretcd, thin and fragile, dnll and
dingy horn colored, inelegant ; whorls five or a little more, the two
smallest being generally broken off; they are regnlarly and
largely convex, not flattened or compressed posteriorly,
but the adjacent margins of two whorls curve regularly to
the deeply impressed suture ; the last whorl, measured
upon the back, constitutes from a little more than one half
to about two thirds the whole length of the sliell ; surface
coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth, sometimes mi-
nutely reticulated by revolving lines, and sometimes cxhib-
iting small, plain facets, irregularly disposed. Aperture
generally less than, but never exceeding one half the length of the
shell ; sub-oval, rather contracted ; right lip thin, with now and
then a sub-marginal thickening, within colored reddish-brown ; pil-
lar margin copiously overlaid Avith wliitc enamel, not closely ap-
pressed at the umbilical region ; fold of the pillar large and oblique ;
umbilicus for the most part closed. Length, nine tenths of an inch ;
breadth, four tenths of an inch ; divergence, forty-three to forty-five
degrees.

The animal is of a dusky-greenish color, similar to tliat of the
shell, varying like it in intensity, minutely dotted with amber-color.
Foot somewhat paler, tongue-shaped, reaching about two thirds the
length of the large whorl when in motion, obtusely rounded behind.
Ranging from New England, through Pennsylvania and Kansas,
to California and Oregon. Very numerous in British America,
reaching a high latitude, as shown hy specimens from Hudson's
Bay and Fort Resolution.

The animal attains maturity and dies about the end of June. At
this time the young may be seen with the old, about an eighth of
an hich in length, and these continue to grow rapidly during the
season. But after the early part of July it is rare to find an adult
shell containing a living animal. At this time the exterior of the
shell is much eroded ; in fact, the animals, as they cluster together,
actually devour each other's shells ; the aperture becomes white and

LIMX.EA. 477

somewhat chalky, and the brown, sul)-marginal callus of the outer
lip is thus covered over.

The most common species found in Massachusetts, and one which
it is exceedingly difficult to describe, or to determine if it has been
already described. After much observation, and a comparison of
many individuals collected from various localities, and an exchange
of specimens with the most distinguished conchologists of this coun-
try, I have come to the conclusion that it must be regarded as the
L. elodes of Say. Its European analogue is L. paluslris. The only
Massachusetts shell which bears much affinity to it is L. desidiusa,
which is smaller, has a more slender spire, and larger aperture,
proportionally. But it is closely related to L. umbrosa and L. re-
Jlexa of the Western and Middle States. The former is more solid,
more corpulent, with the whorls and aperture more oblique, and its
color darker than that of our shell. The latter has the whorls still
more oblique, much less convex, forming a much less turreted and
regularly tapering spire ; the fold of the pillar much less prominent,
and the color yellowish. After all, these species are so nearly al-
lied, that no description, and perhaps no figure, will enable a person
to determine any one of them by itself. They must be learned by
comparison, and by interchanging specimens. But the difficulty does
not end here. It is no easy matter to assign the limits of the spe-
cies. No one presents a greater variety. The length of mature
shells varies from half an inch to an inch ; and it is remarkable
that the largest specimens are usually the most fragile. The sur-
face usually has an uneven, unfinished, inelegant aspect, coated
with mud ; but occasionally we find the conformation of the shell
perfectly regular, the color a shining, greenish horn color, and the
surface smooth and beautifully reticulated with longitudinal and
revolving lines. It is then a very pretty, fragile shell. The aper-
ture is small in proportion to the shell, generally rather contracted ;
again, we find the lip beginning to expand, and in some specimens
received from Vermont, which I suppose to belong to this species,
the lip is broadly flaring. Young specimens might be confounded
with L. iimbilicata, L. desidiosa, L. modicellus, and L. caperata;
but a little attention to the umbilicus, the aperture, the color, and
the revolving lines will enable us to distinguish them respectively.
The umbilicus is usually entirely obstructed by the overlaying cal-
lus ; but in some specimens it is partially open.

[In my " Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North America," Part
II. p. 44, I have referred this species to L. paluslris, Miiller. — W.
G. B.]

478 LIJIN.EID^.

Limnaea desidiosa.

Fig. 150.

Shell ovate-elongate, turreted ; whorls five, convex, the upper ones very small •
suture deep ; aperture sub-ovate, longer than the spire ; sub-umbilicated.

LimncBa desidiosa, Say, Joiirn. A. N. S. ii. 169 (1821); Long's Exped. ii. 263; Am.

Conch vi. pi. 50, fig. 5 ; ed. Binx. 66, pi. 55, fig. 3. — Adams, Shells of Vermont,

154 (1842).— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 73, pi. 5, fig. 78 (1843). — Kuster, in Ciiemn.

2d ed. 47, pi. 8, figs. 22-26 {Limna'iis). — Gould, Inv. of Mass. 219, fig. 150 (1841).

— Haldeman, Mon. p. 31, pi. 10 ; p. 48, pi. 13, figs. 16 - 18 (1842). — "anony. Can.

Nat. ii. 198, fig. (1857). — W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells ii. 48,

figs. 68-73 (1865).
Linmcea acuta, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 114, pi. 19, fig. 81 (1837) ; Obs. i. 226.
Limnaea ohrassa, Say, J. A. N. Sc. v. 123 (1825) ; Binney's ed. 113. -De Kay, N. Y.

Moll. 75 (1843).
LimncBu pliiladelphica, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. 32 (1841) ; Tr. ix. 8 (1844) ; Obs.

iv. 8.
Limnmifusiformis, Lea, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. h. 33 (1841) ; Tr. ix. 10 (1844) ; Obs. iv. 10.

Shell ovate, thin and fragile, the spire elongated and tnrreted ;
color a pale, dirty yellowish-green ; whorls five, very convex, and
for the most part suddenly contracted above, so as to pre-
sent a conspicuous shoulder ; the two or three uppermost
whorls are very small, and the body whorl about seven
tenths the length of the whole shell ; surface generally dead,
and somewdiat checked with irregular revolving and longi-
tudinal raised lines ; aperture large, usually three fifths the
length of the shell, oval, broadly and sub-equally rounded
both behind and before ; the lip is considerably everted in front,
and along the left margin, where it is not closely appressed to the
whorl, and leaves a small, l)ut evident umbilical opening ; callus
rather abundant ; fold on the pillar slight, and smoothly rounded.
Length, half an inch ; of aperture, three fifths of an inch ; breadtli,
nine fortieths of an inch ; divergence, forty-five degrees.

This species is found in most regions, about the muddy margins
of ponds and pools. From New England to Kansas.

It is intermediate between L. elodes and L. humilis. Its spire
is proportionally more slender, its suture deeper, its aperture pro-
portionally large and more oval, the fold of its columella much less
conspicuous, and it is a much more fragile shell than the former.
The latter, while it has the large, oval aperture, the deep suture
and shouldered wdiorls, is still more fragile, of a deep green color,
and is a short, inflated shell, with a much greater divergence of

LIMNiEA. 479

the spire, and with one whorl more than L. desidiosa. The habits
of the two last are similar, but the animal of desidiosa is a much
lio-hter <2:reen, and has not the remarkable white dots between the

CO?

tentacula.

The characters of the aperture and spire seem to be constant ;
that is, the aperture is always large and broadly rounded behind ;
and the spire is tapering, the two whorls at the tip seeming some-
what as if superadded ; so that if a line should pass down one side
so as to touch all the whorls, this line would be concave. The only
variations I have noticed are, that the suture is sometimes shal-
low, and the shoulder nearly wanting, so as to render tlie spire
more regularly tapering. Mr. Say's description is not definite, and
his figure is much shorter than the dimensions he ascribes to it.
He gives its length seven tenths of an inch, while it rarely exceeds
half an inch.

Limnsea catascopium.

Shell ovate, strong, chestnut brown ; whorls four, wrinkled, convex, the last
large ; suture deep ; aperture sub-oval, half the length of the shell.

Limncea catascopium, Say, Nich. Ency. pi. 11, fig. 3 (1817, 1818, 1819); Am. Conch, vi.
pi. ."iS, fig. 2 (1834) ; e.l. Binnev, 4.5, 211, pi. 70, fig. 3 ; pi. 55, fig. 2. — Ualde-
MAV, Mon. 6, pi. i. (1841). — Gould, Inv. of Mass. 223 (1841).— De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 67, pi. 6, fig. 80 (1843). —Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 310, fig. 7. — KtJs-
TER, in Chemx. 2d ed. (Limticeus), 46, pi. 8, figs. 15-21. — Potiez et Michaud,
Gal. des Moll. i. 216, pi. 21, figs. 3, 4. — Anox. Can. Nat. ii. 201, fig. (1857). — W.
G. BiNXEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 53, figs. 80-84 (1865).

Limncta cornea, Valexciexxes, Humb. & Bonpl. Rec. 1833, ii. 251.

Limruea pinguis. Say, J. A. N. So. v. 123 (1825); ed. Bixxey, 114 (not of Dohrn, Pr.
Zool. Soc. 1858, 134).

Liinmea Virginiana, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. vi. 160. — Deshayes, in Lam. 8, 411 ; 2d
ed. iii. 416 ; Encyc. Me'th. Vers, ii. 362 (1830). — Delessert, Kec. des Coq. xxx. 4
(1831).

Limiuea s:ricata, Ziegler teste Haldemax.

H(^lix catascopius, Eatox, Zool. Text Book, 195 (1826).

Shell rather large, oblong-ovate, ventricose, thick and strong ;
epidermis chestnut or brownish horn color ; whorls four
or a little more, forming a short, pointed spire, delicately ^'^ '^'
but rather regularly wrinkled by the lines of growth, and
these are rendered somewhat corrugated by obsolete re-
volving lines ; last whorl constituting nearly the whole
shell, very much distended ; suture deeply impressed ;
spire very short, acute at apex ; aperture rather more l. mtasco-
than half the length of the shell, sub-oval, very little nar-
rowed behind, not dilated ; right lip simple, thick, and regularly

480 LIMN^ID^,

curved ; left lip having a thick, narrow layer of enamel, and a
rather slight fold midway ; umbilicus not open. Length, seven
tenths of an inch ; breadth, four tenths of an inch ; divergence,
sixty degrees.

Found in the southern parts of this State, but I have not met
with it near Boston. From New England to Lewis River,

Its great solidity, and its remarkal}ly broad, corpulent aspect, ap-
proximating in character to Paludina, cause it to be easily recog-
nized. Its analogue on the European continent is L. pcreger,
which, however, differs from this in being a less solid shell, in hav-
ing the aperture somewhat expanded, its anterior curve broader,
and the fold of the pillar less deep. It comes nearer to L. emar-
ginata than to any other American species.

Limnaea umbilicata.

Fig. 149.

Shell small, ovate ; whorls five, rounded, and marked with fine decussating
lines ; suture deeply impres.sed ; aperture small, oval ; no conspicuous fold on the
columella; umbilicus distinct.

Limnaa umbilicata, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 325, pi. 3, fig 14; Sillim. Journ.

xxxix. 374. — Gould, Iiiv. 218, fig. 149.
Limncca caperata, teste W. G. Binney.

Shell small, short-ovate, apex obtuse ; whorls five, very convex
and rounded, slightly oblique, their surface reticulated with fine

lines, and modified by numerous facets or indentations, ar-
Fig. 731. ranged in imperfect revolving series, four or five in number ;

suture deeply impressed ; aperture small, about half the

length of the shell, broad oval, not expanded but rather
^kala^' seeming contracted ; outer lip sharp, thickened within by a

sub-marginal, pinkish colored deposit ; passing backwards
on the inner side in a smooth and rounded plate, it joins the pre-
ceding whorl at about half the height of the aperture ; a thin glaz-
ing of enamel covers the remainder of the inner margin. There is
scarcely any approach to a fold on the pillar ; umbilicus large and
deep. Length, three tenths of an inch ; breadth, one fifth of an
inch ; divergence, sixty-five degrees.

First collected by Mr. Shiverick at New Bedford. From New
England to Michigan (^Binnrij^ ; Jamaica {Aclams^.

Limncea humilis is of about the same size and general appear-
ance ; but its surface is smooth, its whorls more oblique, its mouth

LIMNxEA. 481

twice as large, and it has no conspicuous nmhilicus. L. ^'s- "32-

caperata is similar in its form, and its small, oval aperture,

but is at once recognized by the regular revolving, hispid

lines. Fig. 782 represents a specimen of the last from Mas- l. caper.

sachusetts.

[Referred by me to L. caperata in " Land and Fresh- Water
Shells," ii. 56^. — W. G. B.

Limnsea pallida.

Shell ovate-fusiform, pale horn color; whorls live and a half, moderately con-
vex ; aperture sub-ovate, five ninths of the length of the shell ; columella fold dis-
tinct; umbilicus rather small.

Limncea pallida, Adams, Am. Journ. Sc. [i], xxxix. 374 (1840) ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist,
iii. 324, pi. 3, fig. 13 (1840) ; Shells of Vermont, 153 (1842). — Haldeman, Mon. 4.5,
pi. 13, figs. 11-13 (1842). — 1)e Kay, N. Y. Moll. 69, pi. 4, fig. 67 (1843). — W.
G. BiNNEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 60, fig. 95 (1865).

Shell moderately elongate, ovate-fusiform, very pale horn color,
semi-transparent, not very thin, with fine irregular strias of
growth, without revolving striae ; whorls about five and a
half, moderately convex ; suture well-impressed ; spire four
ninths of the length of the shell, acutely conic, its opposite
sides containing an angle of about forty-five degrees, sub-
acute at tip ; body whorl not much enlarged, somewhat ])ro- L.pniu.
duced below ; aperture five ninths of the length of the shell,
sub-ovate acute above, angle of its plane with the axis of the shell
about fifteen degrees, of its length with the axis about ten degrees ;
labrum not thickened internally ; fold of the columella distinct, but
not very large ; umbilicus rather small. Length, forty-eight hun-
dredths of an inch; breadth, twenty-two hundredths of an inch.
Cabinets of the Boston Soc. N. H. ; of Middlebury College ; of Dr.
A. A. Gould, of Boston ; of J. G. Anthony, of Cincinnati ; and my
own.

This species was found in considerable numbers at Storeham, Vt.,
on the shore of Lake Champlain, clinging to rocks and stones.

This species most resembles L. acuta, Lea, of which, however, I
have not seen a specimen. That shell, in a very brief description,
is said to be delicate, smooth, and dark brown, while this is rather
strong, striate, and of a very pale horn color, in living specimens,
like the weathered shells of kindred species. The figure represents
the columella of the acuta as intruding upon the aperture, which is
not the case with this shell. (^Adams.)
31

482 LIMN-EID^.

Found from New England to Michigan, and apparently in Cali-
fornia. Mr. Lea quotes it from San Antonio Arroya.

Limnaea humilis.

Fig. 151.

Shell ovate, thin, hght olive colored; whorls four, convex; suture deep; aper-
ture rather large, ovate ; fold of columella conspicuous ; sub-umbilicated.

Limncea humilis, Say, Journ. A. N. S. ii. 378 (1822); Binney's ed. 110. — Haldeman,

Men. 41, pi. 13, figs. 1-8 (1842). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 71, pi. 4, fig. 71 (1843).

— W. G. BiNNEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 63, fig. 99 - 109 (1865).
Limnceua modicella, Say, J. A. N. Sc. v. 122 (1825) ; Binsey's ed. 113. — Gould, Inv.

of Mass. 218, fig. 151 (1841).
Limncea Liitslpyi, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 72, pi. 4, fig. 74 (1843). — Linsley, Shells of

Conn. Am. Journ. Sc. [i|, xlviii. 282 (1845).
Limncea parva, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. 33 (1841) ; Tr. ix. 11 (1844) ; Obs. iv. 11.
IJmncea plica, Lea, Proc. Am Phil. Soc. ii. 33 (1841) ; Tr. ix. 10 ; Obs. ix. 10 (1844).
Limncea Grijfil/iiana, Lea, 1. c. ii. 33 (1841) ; ix. 8 (1844) ; Obs. iv. 8.
Limncea planukiki. Lea, 1. c. ii. 33 (1841) ; ix. 9 (1844) ; Obs. iv. 9.
LimncBU rnstir.a, Lea, 1. c. ii. 33 (1841) ; ix. 10 (1844) ; Obs. iv. 10.
Limncea exigiia, Lea, 1. c. ii. 33 (1841) ; ix. 9 (1844) ; Obs ix. 10.
Limnaea curta. Lea, 1. c. ii. 33 (1841 ); ix. 11 (1844) ; Obs. iv. 11.

Shell small and short-ovate, very thin and transparent, color a
light olive or sea-green ; whorls four or five, convexly rounded
and somewhat shouldered or flattened above ; surface rather
'"■ ' ' coarsely marked by the lines of growth ; anterior whorl
large and inflated, two thirds the length of the shell ; pos-
terior whorls small ; suture deep ; aperture rather large,
L- hu- somewhat more than half the length of the shell, ovate, or

mills. -^

nearly as broad behind as before, not acutely rounded be-
hind, but considerably arched ; slightly effuse at base ; columella
arched, its fold conspicuous ; inner lip reflected over a small umbil-
icus, and the enamel usually broadly spread across to the posterior
angle. Length, seven twentieths of an inch ; breadth, four twen-
tieths of an inch ; divergence, sixty-eight degrees.

Lives along the muddy margins of brooks.

The animal is of a dark sea-green or bottle-green color above,
dotted with amber color ; beneath much paler. Foot long, and in-
clining to a point behind. In the region of the eyes, between the
tentacula, are clusters of white points, whicli give an appearance of
white eyes. The animal seems to shun immersion, being usually
found on the damp mud at the margins of ponds and brooks.
When put in a vessel of water it soon rises above the surface, crawls

PHYSA. 483

about tlic table, and will remain out of water two or three days
without injury. The shell is usually thickly coated with mud.

This species is distinguished from the young of L. elodes by the
depth of the suture, and the maturity of its a]jerture, which is also
proportionally larger. It is less elongated than L. dcsidiosa, its
suture is deeper, its aperture rather smaller, and the color is quite
different.

Ranges from Nova Scotia to Georgia, and from Kansas to Lake
Superior.

Oeniis PHYSA, Draparnaud. 1801.

Tentacles slender, setaceous. Mantle covering part of the shell,
the margin fringed or digitate. Foot long, acuminate behind.

Shell sinistral, oblong, thin, and polished ; spire acute ; aperture
oval, rounded anteriorly, not dilated ; inner lip spread over the last
whorl, simple in front ; outer lip acute.

Jaw single, superior, chevron-shaped.

Lingual membrane with numerous transverse rows of teeth, ar-
ranged en chevron ; teeth long and slender with long lateral den-
ticles.

This genus is widely distributed over the globe, and is numerous
in species in this country, where it extends more southerly than
Limncea. In its habits it is more active than the other Limnmdfc,
both in walking and in gliding, shell downwards, on the surface of
the water.

It will be seen in the generic descriptions of Physa and Bulinns
that the former name is restricted to those species having a digitated
mantle, and the latter applied only to those whose mantle is simple.
As Adanson founded his genus on a species having a simple mantle,
liis name is retained for the last section, leaving Draparnaud's later
name for the first section. Thus any confusion of synonymy is
avoided.

Physa heterostropha.

Fig. 141.

Shell ovate, smooth, yellowish-green ; whorls four, inflated, suture distinct, sur-
face reticulated.

LimrKEO Jieterosfropha, .Sat, Am. ed. Nich. Encyc. pi. i. fig. 6 (1817, 1818, 1819); BiJf-
ney's ed. 46, pi. 69, fig. 6.

484 LIMN.EID.E.

Physa keterostropha, Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 172 (1821) ; Binvey's c(\. 68. — Hal-
DEMAN, Mon. 23, pi. 2, figs. 1-9 (1843). — Gould, Inv. 211, fig. 141 (1841).—
Adams, Shells of Vt. 1.54 (1842). — Desiiayes, in Lam. An. sans Vert. viii. 402;
2d ed. iii. 412. — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 76, pi. 5, fig. 82 (1843). — Chemxitz, 2d
ed. 7, pi. 1, figs. 7, 8. — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 310, fig. 9. — Potiez et
MiCHAUD, Gal. des Moll. i. 224, pi. 22, figs. 15, 16. — Anony. Canad. Nat. ii. 209,
fig. (1857). — W. G. Bixney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 84, figs. 144,
145 (1865).

Phijsafontana, Haldeman, Mon. part 2, p 3 of cover (1841).

PInjm cijlindrica, Newcomb, in De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 77, pi. 5, fig. 82 (1843).

P/iysa aurea, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vi. 18, pi. 23, fig. 106; Obs. ii. 18 (1839). —
De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 80, pi. 5, fig. 89 (1843).

Physa pi icata, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 78, pi. 5, fig. 85 (1843).

Physa osculans, Haldeman, Mon. part, figs. 11. 12.

Physa striata, Menke, Syn. Me'th, 2d ed. 132 (1830), teste Haldeman.

Physa subarata, Menke, Syn. Moth. 2d ed. 132 (1830), teste Haldeman.

Physa Chaipenlieri, KtJSTER, in Chemn. 2d ed. 23, pi 4, figs. 4-6.

Physa Philippi, KiJSTER, in Chemn. 2d ed. 19, pi 3, figs. 3-6.

Physa inflata. Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. ii. 32 ; Trans, ix. 7 ; Obs. iv. 7.

Jlellx heterostrophiis, Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 195 (1826).

Bulla crassida, Dillwyn, Conch, t. 1, 487, No. 36 ^fontinalis, Ciiejinitz, Conch, ix.
33, pi. 103, figs. 879, 880, var. 3. — Gmehn, Syst. 3407.— Sciiroter, Einl. t. 1,
261, Helix, No. 84.

Cochlea neritoides, Lister, Conch, pi. 135, fig. 34.

" Shell sinistral, sub-ovate ; color pale yellow, chestnut, or black-
ish ; whorls four, the first large, the others very small, terminating
rather abruptly in an acute apex ; aperture large, somewhat
oval, three fourths the length of the shell, or rather more ;
within of a pearly lustre, often blackish ; lip a little thick-
ened on the inside, and tinged with dull red." (Say, in
" Nich. Encyc") Ordinary length, about half an inch ;
breadth, one fourth of an inch ; divergence, sixty-eight de-
^'tiopkT' grees. j\Iy largest specimen is seven tenths of an inch by
two fifths of an inch.
When the shell is fresh and perfectly clean it is always of a light
greenish-yellow, and becomes a little more dusky with age. The
surface, under the magnifier, appears l)eantifully checkered with
minute, revolving, and longitudinal lines, which are also a little
waved. Sometimes there are one or more whitish, opaque bands,
as if scratched by the mantle of the animal. The thickening of the
lip is found only in old specimens, and in these also there is a broad
layer of pearly enamel reflected over the columella, which has also a
very prominent fold.

The animal is olivaceous, surface very smooth and silky ; the foot
is kite-shaped, longer than the shell, terminating in an acute point ;
expansions each side of the mouth acutely angled ; tentacula oli-

PHYSA. 485

vaceous above, light feiTuginous beneath, long and thread-like. The
pouited lobes of tlie mantle are very conspicuous.

The motions of the animal are very rapid, and it seems to move
with equal facility in an inverted posture, at the surface of the
water.

The ova are excluded, enveloped in a gelatinous substance, about
twelve or fifteen in number, and of an egg-shaped form. In about
a fortnight they escape from the jelly, and move about Avitli great
rapidity. In fact, they are seen in motion for some time previous,
apparently struggling to disengage themselves from their nidus.

This shell is everywhere to be found. Scarcely a brook or pool
is met with but some of these shells will be found in it. It is more
especially to be found in the running brooks.

[Of this species I have seen specimens from Texas and Georgia,
and from as far north as Great Slave Lake. It ranges from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. It is our most common species.

Physa ancillaria.

Fig. 142.

Shell ovate-globose, pale yellowish ; whorls four, smooth, suture not impressed ;
nperture nearly as long as the shell.

Phym ancil/arin, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. v. 124 (182.'5) ; Binnky's cd. 114. — Hal-
DKMAX, Mon. 27, pi. .3, tigs. 1 - 10 (184.3). — Goui.u, Iiiv. 213, fii:-. 142 (1841).—
Adams, Shells of VennoiU. 154 (1842). — De Kay, N. Y. Mull. 78, pi. .5, fig. 90
(1843). — CHE.UNITZ, 2d ed. 20, pi. 12, ti-s. 12, 13. — Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii.
480, fio. 3.550. — Axox. Can. Nar ii. 211, fig. ( 1857). — VV. G. Bixney, Smith. Inst.
L. and Fr. W. Sli-Us, ii. 81, fiff. 1,39 (1865).

Ph>/sa obesa, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 78, pi. 5, fig. 86 (1843).

" Shell hcterostrophe, sub-globose, pale yellowish ; whorls rather
more than four, very rapidly attenuated ; spire truncated,

£ Iff, f OO-

hardly elevated beyond the general curve of the surface ; sut-
ure not impressed ; aperture but little shorter than the shell,
dilated ; labium a little thickened on the inner sub-margin."
(^Say.} Length, eleven twentieths of an inch; breadth, p. andi-
seven twentieths of an inch ; divergence, ninety degrees.

Found in Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers, Fresh Pond, &c., to
Louisiana.

Animal of a bright lemon color.

This shell is distinguished from the preceding by its much shorter
spire, more angular outline, and especially by its suture, the margin
of one whorl being so closely and perfectly applied to the preceding

486 LDIN^ID.E.

as to give the appearance of a double suture. Tlie surface is ex-
ceedingly smooth, no revolving lines being detected l)y the magni-
fier. The base of the aperture is somewhat narrowed, and pro-
longed downwards, and considerably effuse. The twisted fold of
the columella is less conspicuous than in P. hetcrostropha. The
shell becomes more ponderous and yellowish by age ; and the red-
dish rib along the outer lip, and the enamel on the columella, much
thicker.

Oeiius BULI]\US, Adansox. 1757.

Fig. 737. Tentacles filiform, setaceous. Mantle simple-edged,
and not reflexed over the shell. Foot long, acuminate
behind.

Shell sinistrorsal, elongated, polished, thin ; spire acu-
minated ; aperture narrow, produced anteriorly ; inner lip
simple ; outer lip acute.

B^'dols°J. Jaw (of B. kyprioruni) strongly arched, narrow, carti-
laginous, brown.

tus.

Bidinus differs from Plnjsa in having a simple, nnfringed mantle.
The shell is also more slender and more liighly polished. It is less
common in North America than Phi/sa, but usually appears of a
large size. BuUrms priiiceps, Phillips of Central America, and some
of the South American species, are remarkably well developed.

Adanson's name Bulinus has priority over Aplexa, Fleming, and
Nmita, Leach, and is accompanied by a careful description and ex-
cellent figure.

Bulinus elongatus.

Fig. 143.

Shell thin, slender, elongated, apex acnto, pale yellowish ; whorls six, polished ;
suture slightly impressed ; aperture half as long as the shell.

Physa hi/pnonim, Hai.deman, Mod. 36, pi. 5, figs. 4-9 (1842). — Adams, Shells of Ver-
mont, 154 (1842).

Phi/sn elom/ata, Sav, ,Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 171 (1821) ; Binnhy's ed. 68. — Gould,
Inv. 214, fi<?. 143 (1841). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 81, pi. 6, fig. 346 (1843). — Anon.
Can. Nat. ii. 211, fig. (1857).

Ph,/f;n i/liihra, T)E Kay, N. Y. Moll. 80, pi. 5, fig. 83 (1843).

Pl,i/m plominfimi, Lewis, Bost. Pr. v. 122, 298 (1855).

Phtjsn Inrrita, J. de C. Sowb. Fauna Bor.-Am. iii. 315.

ApJc'Xii hjiiwornm, CiiEMT, Man. de Concli. ii 481, fig. 3556.

Bulinus liijpiwrum, W. G. Binnev, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Sh. ii. 99, fig. 170 (1865).

BULINUS. 487

" Shell heterostroplie, pale yellowish, very fragile, diaphanous,
oblong ; whurls six or seven ; spire tapering, aeute at tij) ;
suture slightly impressed ; aperture not dilated, attenuated
above, about half as long as the shell ; columella much nar-
^o^yed near the base, so that the view may be partially ex-
tended from the base towards the apex." {Sai/.) Length,
half an inch ; breadth, one fifth of an inch ; divergence, ^ ^/««-
thirty-four degrees.

Found in stagnant waters in all the northern and western parts
of the United States. In the vicinity of Boston it is rare.

Animal dusky, the head above of an orange hue ; tentacula rather
short and blunt, lighter at tip ; respiratory groove long, narrow, and
thin, movable in various directions, almost as long as a tentacle,
with two black spots like eyes near its tip.

This species is easily recognized by its slender, elongated form,
and the great proi)ortionate length of the spire. It is in every re-
spect similar to Physa hypnorum of Europe, unless, perhaps, its
spire may be somewhat more produced.

It is not very common in Massachusetts, and is seldom found as
long as the above dimensions ; while Mr. Say gives it seven tenths
of an inch in Illinois.

Mr. Say describes the animal as black, and spotless above and
below ; tentacula with a white ring at base. He must have observed
them at a more advanced age than any I have seen living ; or else
the species observed are different.

The difference between this and Physa fontinalis of Europe is
very slight. The spire may be a little more prolonged and acute.

It is quite interesting to keep a number of them in a vessel of
water, and observe their motions and lialnts. The manner in which
they open their mouths and display the lingual organ, the manner in
which they rise to the surface and open the air cavity, into which
its structure permits no water to enter, and, above all, the beautiful
and unaccountable manner in which it glides along, will never fail
to excite astonishment. They feed freely upon any kind of vegetable.

We have here an instance of the intermina^ble chain of existences,
and of the subserviency of one animal to another. And it is cu-
rious, too, that in general we have the power to elude or subdue
animals of greater strength and magnitude than ourselves, much
better than we can those which are inferior to us. On looking
carefully about the neck of the animal of this shell, we find him beset
with numerous little things looking like short, minute, white lines,

488 limnjEidj:.

which are, in truth, little parasites ( Gordius inquilitius, Miill.) at-
tached like leeches, and which derive their nourishment from the
fluids of the animal, without his having the power to dislodge them.
[From Kansas to the District of Columbia, and from the Atlantic
to the Pacific in the British possessions, ranging as far north as
Russian America. It is one of the species common to the three con-
tinents. I cjnsider it identical with the B. hypnorum.

Oeiiiis PI^ANORBIS, Guettard. 1756.

Tentacles slender, filiform. Foot short, ovate.
Shell dextral, discoidal ; spire depressed, whorls
numerous, visible on both sides ; aperture crescentic,
1 (Mi) I or transversely oval ; peristome thin, incomplete, the

upper margin produced.
Animal of P. hir.m- Jaw siuglc, supcrior, arched.

Lingual membrane short, with broad, stout teeth ;
a])ices recurved and prolonged into tusk-like tubercles.

The genus Planorbis is widely distributed over the globe, but
usually prefers the more temperate regions. It is found in every
part of this continent, reaching into Mexico, and apparently much
more abundant there than the other genera of the family.

Most of the sections or sub-genera are represented in North Amer-
ica. The South American Taphius is most nearly allied to the Car-
inifex of the Pacific coast.

The name Planorbis is now universally applied to the genus.

The species of this genus have a dextral shell, but the orifices of
the generative, excretory, and respiratory organs are on the left of
the animal, as in Phijsa. They are sluggish in their habits, prefer-
ring stagnant pools.

Say considered the shells sinistral, a fact wdiich must be borne in
mind while studying his descriptions.

Planorbis trivolvis.

Fig. 131.

Shell concave on both sides ; whorls four, strongly carinatorl on the left side ;
aperture acutely angulated by the carina, right margin extending beyond the jilane
of that side.

Planorbis trivolvis, Sat, Nich. Encyo. pi. 2. fn.^. 2 (18!7, 1818, 1819) ; Am. Conch, part 6,
pi. .54, fig. 2 (18.34) ; Binney's cd. 44, pi. 70, fig. 2 ; pi. 54, fig. 2. — De Kay, N.

PLANORBIS.

489

y. Moll. 59, pi. 4, fig. 59, a, b (1843). — Gould, Inv. of Mass. 201, fig. 131 (1841 ).

— II,vLi)E.M.\N, Mon. 13, pi. 2, figs. 4-7 (1844). — Adams, Shells of Vt. 1.54 (1842).

— KusTEU, in Chemn. 2d ed. 53, pi. 5, figs. 4 - 6 ; pi. G, figs. 1 - 6, 20 - 25. — Potiez
et MiciiAUD, Gal. dcs Moll. i. 214, jd. 21, figs. 19-21. — Anon. Can. Nat. ii. 202,

fig. (18.J7). — \V. G. BiNNEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 115, figs. 194-
201 (18G5).

Bulla fluvlatilts, Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 178 ; cd. Binney, 71.

Planorbls rojularis, Lea, Tr. Am Phil. Soc. ix. 6 ; Proc. ii. 32 (1841) ; Obs. iv. 6.

P/anorbis mrqastoma, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 61, pi. 4. figs. 60, 61 (1843).

Physa planorbiila, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 76, pi. 5, fig. 83 (1843).

Phinorbis corpukntus, De K\y, N. Y. Moll. 64, pi. 13, fig. 185 (1843). — Whittemore,

Am. Jouvn. Sc. [i], xxxviii. 193.
? Planorbis probuscideus, PoriEZ and Michaud, Gal. des Moll. i. 213, pi. 25, figs. 13 - 15

(1838).
Planorbis macrosf.omus, Wiiiteaves, Can. Nat. viii. 113, fig. (1863).
Planorbis trivolcis, var. fallax, Haldeman, Mon. 15, pi. 3, figs. 1 -3 (1844)
? Planorbis lentus, Gould, Inv. 202, fig. 132 (1841).
Helix trivolvis, Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 194 (1826).
Cochlea trium orbum, Lister, Conch, pi. 140, fig. 46. — Petiver, Gazophyl. pi. 106, fig.

16,

Shell orbicular, yellowisli-wliitc, brownish, or chestnut color ; uni-
bilicated on the right side, cup-shaped on the left ;
on the right side scarcely three volutions, separated
by a profound suture, are visible as they disappear
in the umbilicus, their faces, especially those of the
interior whorls, being slightly carinated ; on the left
side at least four whorls are seen, which, by their
faces, form a cup-shaped depression, scarcely distin-
guished by the suture, except the last half of the
outer whorl, on the whole of which a well-marked
carina revolves, forming a margin to the cup ; the
carina gives the whorl a flattened appearance on
this side ; surface covered with fine, regular, raised, transverse
lines, somewhat grooved between them ; aperture sub-ovate, inclin-
ing to the right, its right margin more advanced than the left,
broadly and regularly rounded ; left lip abruptly angulated where
the carina terminates ; lip usually thickened within, and of a red-
dish-brown color. Large diameter, seven tenths of an inch ; small
diameter three tenths of an inch.

Animal dark russet or dusky, covered with pale yellowish dots.

Found in the western parts of this State in rivers and ponds. It
is widely extended over the Northern and Western States.

Planorbis corpulentus of Say seems little else than an exuberant

Fig. 740.

p. Irivolvis.*

* I arrange the figures as in Dr. Gould's plates, though the shells of the genus are now
considered dextral. — W. G. B.

490 limn^idj:.

growth of this shell. Tlie following differences may be noted. It is
at least double, ofteji three times, the size. It is a thinner shell.
On the riuht side the revolutions are less compact, and exhibit a
larger portion of each whorl ; on the left side the suture is more and
the carina less distinct ; the aperture is much more expanded, and
projects far to each side of the preceding whorl. Inhabits the vicin-
ity of the Great Lakes. P. trivolvis differs from the next species,
P. lentus, by its carina, and the position of its aperture.

[This species probably inhabits all of the United States and Can-
ada. It has been found from Fort Simpson to the Red River of Lou-
isiana, from Paget Sound to San Diego, in Utah, and from New
England through the Western and Middle States. Poey catalogues
it amono; the Cuban shells.

*o

Planorbis lentus.

Fig. 132.

Shell concave on both sides , whorls four, sub-carinate on the left side ; aper-
ture nowhere distinctly angular, right margin in the plane of that side.

Planorbis lentus, Say, Amer. Conch, pi. 54, fig. 1. — Gould, Inv. 1st cd. 202, fig. 132.

Shell orbicular, each whorl encircling the preceding, greenish
horn color at the circumference, yellowish at the sides and border-
ing the aperture ; on the right side concave, exhil^it-
ing scarcely three rounded volutions, separated by a
Avell-defined suture, and disappearing in a deep umbil-
icus ; left side presents a shallow cup, formed of four
compact, slightly carinated whorls, distinguished by a
toleraldy distinct suture ; surface marked with raised,
sub-equidistant lines of growth ; aperture large, ovate,
inclining to the right ; lip on the right side slightly
curved, lying in the plane of that side of the shell ; in
front, regularly and lu'oadly arched ; on the left side it stands out
considerably beyond the preceding whorl, and undergoes a sudden
curve before its junction with that wdiorl ; the lip is sharp, very
slightly spreading, and thickened within, by dark reddish-brown
callus. Greater diameter, seven tenths of an inch ; smaller diam-
eter, five twentieths of an inch.

Animal dark olivaceous above and below ; foot oval, about one
lialf the diameter of the shell in length, minutely dotted beneath,
and frosted above with amber dots ; these arc abundant about the

PLANORBIS. 491

bases of the tentacula ; edges of mouth honey-yellow ; motions
sluggish.

Found abundantly in all our ponds, small brooks, and stagnant

pools.

This is a somewhat darker shell than P. tricolvis, and is distin-
guished from it by its left side and its aperture. The cup of the
left side is less smooth and regular, and is not bounded by the sharp,
elevated line ; when this shell is laid upon its right or upper side,
the lip of that side will scarcely touch the plane on which it lies,
while, in P. trivolvis, the shell would be lifted by the lip; the aper-
ture has not the sharp angle of the left side, produced by the termi-
nation of the carina, but in the young stages it is difficult to distin-
guish the two. It is very closely allied to P. corneus of Europe ;
but in that shell the left side is scarcely concave, and the suture is
deep ; the aperture is nearly orbicular, being almost equally rounded
on both sides.

This shell has hitherto generally borne the name of P. trivolvis
in New England ; but it is not the trivolvis of Say, and is either his
P. lentils or a new species.

[Professor Haldeman refers it to P. trivolvis, var. fallcix. In the
"Land and Fresh- Water Shells," Part I., I refer it to P. trivolvis.
It is not the lentus of Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus.

Fig. 134.

Shell deeply concave on both sides; whorls three, strongly carinated on both
sides ; aperture abruptly arched at the carina of the left side, its lip extending far
beyond the plane of the preceding whorl.

Planorhis bicarinatus, Say, Nich. Encyc. pi. 1, fig. 4 (1817, 1818, 1819) ; Am. Conch. 6,
pi. ,54, fig. 3 (1834); Binxey's ed. 44, pi. 54, fig. 3, pi. 69, fio;. 4. — Mrs. Gray, Fig;.
Moll. An. pi. 310, fig. 1. — Haldemax, Mon. vii. 6, pi. 1, fi<j;s. 1-6 (1844). — Ad-
ams, Shells of Vt. 155 (1842). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 60, pi. 4, fig. 63 (1843).—
Gould, Inv. of Mass. 203, fig. 134 (1841). — Chemn. 2d. ed. 56, pi. 60, fio-s. 11-13.
— PoTiEZ et MiCHAUD, Gal. des Moll. i. 207, pi. 21, fiL^s. 1 -3. — Anon. Can. Nat. ii.
204, fig. (1857). — W. G. BiNNEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 123, figs.
205-207 (1865).

Helix anguluta, Rackett, Lin. Tr. xiii. 42, pi. 5, fig. 1 (1822). — WoOD, Cat. Suppl. pi.
7, fig. 12 ; Hanley's ed. 226.

Helix Idmrinatus, Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 194 (1826).

Planorhis engonatus, Conrad, N. Fresh VV. Sh. Suppl. 8, pi. 9, fig. 8 (1834).
Lister, 139-144.

Shell orbicular, its tube rapidly increasing, deeply excavated on
both sides, color brownish yellow on the carina. Whorls rather

492 limnj:id^.

more than three, as seen on both sides, forming on the right side a
large and deep concavity, bounded by a sharp, raised Une
or carina, and on the left side a still deeper, inversely
conic cavity, bounded by a similar carina, but of smaller
circuit ; surface rather smooth, with faint, irregular,
lines of growth, most distinct on the right side ; aper-
ture ovate, right side broadest, and on the general plane
of that side of the shell ; left margin strongly modified
p.^bk^natus. by the carina, and extending far beyond the plane of
the preceding whorl ; lip slightly expanded, white; in-
terior Ijrownish, with white lines in the grooves answering to the
carina. Longest diameter, half an inch ; shortest diameter, three
tenths of an inch.

Animal light russet color, beautifully dotted with amber ; foot
tongue-shaped, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell. The
strong angle of the aperture fully displays the respiratory opening,
which has a jagged flap, over which lies an acute groove ; move-
ments sluggish.

Inhabits still waters, not so generally pools as the margins of
large ponds. Not very common.

This species is smaller than either of the preceding, and is at
once distinguished from them by the very obvious angularity of the
whorls on both sides, and by the very deep, conical cavity of the
left side. Sometimes a few faint revolving lines may be found on
the surface. The tentacula of the animal are usually very long, but
sometimes one or both of them seem to have been broken.

[The species ranges from the British possessions to Kansas and
Georgia.

Planorbis campanulatus.

Fig. 1.33,

Shell with the last whorl distorted, concave on both sides; whorls four, strongly
carinate on the left, and sub-carinate on the right side ; throat campanulate ; ap-
erture turned to the left.

Plamrhis campanulntus, Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 166 (1821) ; Binney's cd. 64.—
Haldeman, Mon. 9, pi. 1, fi<rs. 7-11 (1844). — Gould, Inv. 204. fig. 13.3 (1841 ). —
Adams, Shells of Vt. l.'i.i (1841). — Dk Kay, N. Y. Moll. 61, pi. 5, figs. 99* a, b
(184.3). — KusTER, in CiiEMV. 2d cd. 52, pi. 9, figs. 7-10. — Ano\. Can. Nat. ii.
204, fiir. (18.')7). — W. G. Bixney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. VV. Shells, ii. 109, fig.
184 (186.5).

PlannrNs hflla^, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. 6 (1844) ; Proc. ii. 32 (1841).

Planorbis bicarinaUis, Soweuby, Geu. pi. 4.

PLANORBIS. 493

Planorhdia campanulata, CilENU, Man. de Conch, ii. 482, ficr. 3.559.

Ihlix aiKjukita, SHEri'.\RD, teste J. Dii C. ISoweuby, Fauna Boreali- Americana, iii. 315.

Shell discoidal, yellowish or brownish-green, lighter at the sides ;
diameter of its tube nearly twice as great from side to side as in the
contrary direction ; right side exhibiting scarcely more
than two whorls, which are elevated to an obtuse ridge,
and form an umbilical vortex very nearly perforating the
shell ; on the right side are four volutions, distinctly sep-
arated by the suture, which are carinated, and form a shal- p. campan-

•^ ' ulatus.

low, salver-shaped depression ; the whorls enclose each
other in a very regular spiral to the last fifth of the outer one, when
there is a sudden enlargement and distortion towards the left, by
which a large, bell-shaped throat is formed ; aperture also dilated,
and strongly angular on the left side ; within glazed, reflecting light
blue and brown ; surface regularly marked with fine, transverse,
raised lines, and intervening grooves. Greatest diameter, half an
inch ; at right angles with this, two fifths of an inch ; small diam-
eter, one fifth of an inch.

Found in the larger collections of fresh water, at Fresh Pond, Ja-
maica Pond, &c.

It ranges from New England and Nova Scotia through the north-
ern tier of States to Minnesota. Fossil in post-pleiocene of Ottawa
Valley.

This shell does not attain the size of the preceding species ; and,
when mature, its dilated throat distinguishes it from every other
known species, and the remarkable manner in which it is turned,
as it were by violence, so as to look to the left, is a still further dis-
tinction. The outer whorl is everywhere of the same breadth ; and
the immature shell, before the dilatation of the throat, may be
known by the very regular enrolment of the whorls, and the very
contracted aperture in consequence of the very unequal diameters.

Planorbis hirsutus.

Fig. 135.

Shell light yelloAvish-brown, concave on both sides, most so on the left ; whorls
three; surface beset with revolving lines of rigid hairs; aperture large, very
oblique.

Plannrbis albus, MtJLLER, Haldemax, Mon. 29, pi 4, figs. 8-10 (1844). — W. G. Bin-

NEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 132, fiars. 219, 220 (1865).
Planorbis hirsutus, Gould, Am. Journ. So. [i], xxxviii. 196 (1840) ; Liv. of Mass. 206,

494 limn^idj:.

fig. 135 (1841) ; Otia, 180. — Adams, Shells of Vt. 156 (1842). — De K.a.t, N. Y.
Moll. G4 (1843). — Anon. Can. Nat. ii. 206, fig. (1857).

Shell small, somewhat transparent, of a brownish-yellow color ;
both sides concave, the left rather more than the right, l)ut the con-
cavity is there more limited by the presence of a sub-angular
ridge on the outer whorl ; whorls three, the outer one rapidly
increasing ; surface exhibiting traces of revolving lines when
denuded, but usually covered with a dark pigment or epider-
mis, bristling with rigid hairs, which are arranged in close
^' t'ir'' I'Gvolving lines ; lines of growth very faint ; a[)erturc sub-oval,
oblique, its diameter from side to side shorter than in the
opposite direction ; its plane very oblique. Long diameter, one
fifth of an inch ; shorter diameter, one fifteenth of an inch.

Animal has the head slate-colored above, with a darker line along
each tentaculum, not originating from the eyes ; foot chestnut col-
ored.

This shell was first found by Professor C. B. Adams, in ]\Ians-
field, from whom I received it. 1 have since found it in several lo-
calities in Dorchester, Dedham, and Cambridge, adhering to sticks
ill stagnant water ; and it may doubtless be found in all similar
localities.

This Planoi'bis, though in many respects it resembles in shape
P. dejicctus, is readily distinguished from all other American spe-
cies by the revolving hairy lines. It is the analogue of the Euro-
pean P. albi/s, from which it is difficult to designate any very char-
acteristic difference. It is, however, a thinner shell, the last whorl
increasing more rapidly ; and it maintains its yellowish horn color,
whereas P. albiis assumes a spermaceti or still whiter appearance.
Tlie lines, too, disappear more entirely when the epidermis is gone.
[Said to have been found from New England to the Saskatche-
wan, and in the District of Columbia. I refer it to P. albus.

Planorbis deflectus.

Fig. 136.

Shell concave on the left side ; whitish horn color ; whorls four, compressed,
sub-carinated ; aperture greatly declining.

Planorhh deflccins. Sat, Long's Exped. ii. 261, pi. 15, fig. 8 (1824) ; Binnet's ed. 128,
pi. 74, fig. 8. — Haldeman, Mon. 25, pi. 4, figs. 4-7 (1844). — Gould, Inv. 207,
fig. 136 (1841). — Adams, Shells of Vermont, 156 (1842). — De Kay, N. Y. Mo'l.
65 (1843). — Axon. Can. Nat. ii. 206, fig. (1857). — W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L.
and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 129, figs. 215-217 (1865).

r:

PLANORBIS. 49o

Planorhts vircna, Adams, Am. Journ. Sc. [i], xxxix. 274 (1840) ; Bost. Journ. iii. 326,

pi. 3, fig. lo (1840). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. GO (1843).
Planorhls ohiiqnns, De Kay, N. Y. jMoH. 62, pi. 4, figs. 57 n, b (1843).
Naulilina defltcta, Chexu, ^lan. dc Concli. ii. 482, fig. 3.')66.

Shell small, distorted, compressed, of a light greenish-yellow
color, something like dirty, bleached wax ; right side in ^..^ .^^
general convex, bnt with the centre slightly indented, sut- ^^^
nre distinct; left or under side concave, forming an ex- F.dejiec-
])anded umbilicus, exhibiting about one half of each volu-
tion ; whorls four or five, very much compressed, and reduced to a
somewhat carinatcd perimeter ; the last fourth of the outer whorl
turns, somewhat suddenly and quite remarkably, to the left, or
downwards ; aperture large, ovate, lip commencing below the cari-
na, and embracing but a very small portion of the preceding whorl ;
much narrower from side to side, its plane very oblique to the axis
of the shell ; lip simple, very slightly everted beneath ; surface
finely wrinkled by the lines of growth. Greater diameter, three
tenths of an inch ; smaller diameter, one fifteenth of an inch.

Animal dusky above, and with a still darker line to tip of ten-
tacula.

Found in all our ponds, clinging to sticks, stones, <fec.

It is distinguished at once, except in its very early stages, by the
remarkable manner in which a portion of the last whorl is diverted
from its regular course, downwards, if we consider the shell to be
lying on its concave face. It is almost entirely turned off from the
preceding whorls, so that the aperture comes in contact with only
about half of its lower face. When immature it may be recognized
by its light color and concave form. Scattered hairs may often be
observed upon its surface. It has a general resemblance in its struc-
ture to P. exacutus, but the constantly sharp edge of that species is
a never-failing mark of distinction. I must at present regard the
P. virens of Adams (" Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist." iii. pi. 3, fig. 16)
as a variety of this species, in which the last whorl is not remark-
ably diverted from its regular course.

[This species is said to range from Great Slave Lake to the Dis-
trict of Columbia, and from New England to Nebraska.

Planorbis exacutus.

Fig. 137.

Shell lenticular, umbilicated ; whorls four, broader than high, gradually thinning
to a sharp edge.

496 LiMN^iDJi:.

Planorhis exacutus, Sat, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 1G5 (1821); Bixnt.y's cJ. C4. — Hal-
DEMAN, Mon. 21, pi. 4, figs. 1-3 (1844). — Gould, Inv. of Mass. 208, fig. 137
(1841). — Adams, Shells of Vt. 155 (1842). —Ue Kat, N. Y. Moll. 03, pi. 55, fig.
62a, 6 (1843). — Anox. Can. Nat. ii. 207, fig. (1857). — AV. G. Bixxey, Smith.
Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 126, figs. 210-213 (1865).

Planorbis lens. Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. vi. 68, pi. 23, fig. 83 ; Ohs. ii. 68 (1839).

Planorbis Brogniartiana, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. 24; Oljs. iv. 24 (1844) ; Vr. ii. 242
(1842).

Planorbis lenticularis, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. 6 ; Obs. iv. 6 (1844).

Planorbis Burhanensls, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. ix. 6 (1844) ; Pr. ii. 32 (1841) ; Obs. iv. 6.

Paludina hyalina, Lea, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc vi. 17, pi. 23, fig. 81 ; Obs. ii. 17 (1839).

Planorbis exacuous, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 166.

Shell lenticular, light transparent horn color ; whorls four, flat-
tened so that the width of each is at least twice its depth, the upper
and lower surfaces convex, and brought to a sharp exterior
^^' edge; the last half of the outer whorl deflected, so that
p. exacu- the termination of the sharp edoe is on a level with the

tus.

lower surface of the preceding whorl ; inner whorls slightly
depressed, and somewhat more rounded ; suture moderately im-
pressed ; strise of growth faint ; beneath abruptly umbilicated, dis-
playing the edges of all the whorls within ; aperture very oblique and
angular ; edge very sharp, below running forwards a little along the
umbilical edge of the preceding whorl, then crossing obliquely for-
wards and upwards, leaving a callus, it passes oif again a little be-
low its carinated edge. Longest diameter, one fifth of an inch ;
shorter diameter, three fortieths of an inch.

It is found in most brooks, ditches, and margins of ponds, which
are permanent through the summer, adhering to sticks and stones.

This shell has a striking resemblance to the P. fontanel of Eu-
rope (Lightfoot, "Phil. Trans." Ixxvi. pi. 2, figs. 1-4. Montagu,
" Test. Brit." 462, pi. 6, fig. 6. PL nitidus, MUll., Turt. &c.), ex-
cept that the aperture is entirely below the sharp edge, instead of
embracing nearly an equal portion on each side, as in that shell.
It is allied to P. dcjicctiis, Say ; but in that the whorls are more
numerous, the exterior edge much rounded, the umbilical region
broader and more shallow, and the labrum also embraces but half
of the lower surface of the preceding whorl. "Were it among the
land shells it would be a most unequivocal Carocolla.

I cannot but think that the name (P. exacvous') under which
this shell appears in the " Journal of the Academy," is not exactly
as was intended by the author, as it is neither a Latin word nor a
Latin termination. Supposing that by a typographical error, an o
has taken the place of a ^, we have a legitimate term, and one very
expressive of the form of the shell.

PLANORBIS. 497

The species has been quoted from New England to Kansas and
the District of Columbia.

Planorbis parvus.

Fig. 139.

Shell very much compressed, almost equally concave on both sides ; whorls
four ; surface nearly smooth ; aperture rounded.

Planorhis parvus, Sat, Nich. Encyc. pi. 1, fig. 5 (1817, 1818, 1819) ; Binney's ed. 45, pi.
69, fig. 5. — Haldeman, Mon. 27, pi. 4, figs. 19-23 (1844J. — Gould, Inv. 209,
fig. 139 (1841). — Adams, Shells of Vermont, 1.56 (1842). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll.
63, pi. 4, fig. 58 (1843). — Anon. Can. Nat. ii. 208, fig. (1857).— W. G. Binney,
Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. VV. Shells, ii. 133, figs. 223-225 (1865).

Planorhis conrarns, Anthony, Cat. of Shells of Cincinnati, no descr.

Planorbis eleratiis, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. 327, pi. 3, fig. 16 (1840). — Gould,
Inv. of Mass. 207 (1841). -De Kay, N. Y. MoU. 65.

Helix parvus, Eaton, Zool. Text Book, 195 (1826).

Shell very small and compressed, discoidal, light yellowish horn
color ; right side nearly plane, but excavated at the centre ;
left side broadly concave ; whorls four, almost equally ex- ^'^'*^'
hibited on both sides, the outer one usually somewhat angu-
lated at its circumference ; surface minutely marked by the
lines of growth, shining, clear ; aperture rounded, rather '^vuZ
longer than broad, not inclining to either side, its plane very
oblique ; lip sharp, slightly reflected on the left side ; within bluish-
white. Greatest diameter, one fourth of an inch ; lesser diameter,
one fifteenth of an inch ; but generally much smaller.

Animal wdiitish, dusky above, with a still darker line at tip of
tentacula.

Abundant in brooks and ponds.

This is the smallest shell of the genus which we have, unless,
perhaps, it be P. exacutus, which is commonly found of as small a
size. It is not difficult to be recognized by its regular figure, and
its very thin, compressed appearance. P. deflectus^ exacutus, and
hi?'sutus, all have marked peculiarities, which at once separate them
from this undistinguished species.

Said to inhabit the whole of Eastern North America.

Fossil in post-pleiocene of Ottawa Yalley.

Planorbis elevatus.

Shell small, whorls three or four, swelHng above, with the apex sunken, deeply
concave beneath ; aperture slightly oblique.
32

498 limn^idj:,

Planorhis elevafus, Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. pi. 3, fig. 15. — Gould, Inv. 207.

Shell small, light grass-green, translucent, faintly marked with
lines of growth ; whorls three and a half or four, the tube not rap-
idly enlarging, and considerably flattened ; whole shell flat, or
slightly elevated above, the tip depressed so as to form a small pit ;
below forming a deep, tunnel-shaped cavity, the whorls presenting
an obscure angle as they revolve around it ; suture deeply im-
pressed ; aperture slightly oblique, its upper edge on a level with
the spire, or very slightly declining ; lower edge descending consid-
erably below the level of the under surface ; portion of the preced-
ing whorl embraced by the aperture constituting about one fifth of
its circuit. Breadth, one fourth of an inch ; height, one tenth of
an inch.

Inhabits rivulets and pools in Norfolk and Plymouth Counties.

This shell is closely allied to P. parvus and P. hirsutus. But the
first is a more depressed, discoidal shell, its upper surface more
broadly and deeply concave, the lower surface very little more con-
cave than the upper, and the aperture much more oblique. P. hir-
sutus has a still greater altitude, a very rapidly increasing tube, is
deeply concave above and below, its color is lighter, and its lines of
hairs, when present, afford a very marked distinction. It may pos-
sibly prove to be the immature shell of some other species.

[As will be seen by the synonymy of the last species, I consider
this identical with it. — W. G. B.

Planorbis dilatatus.

Fig. 140.

Shell small, circumference carinated, flat above, convex below, and with a small,
deep umbilicus ; whorls three ; aperture large, expanded.

Planorhis dilatatus, Gould, Inv. of Mass. 210, fig. 140 (1841) ; Otia, 182. — Haldeman,
Men. 2.3, pi. 4, figs. 16-18 (1844). — De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 66 (184,3). — Anon.
Can. Nat. ii. 209, fig. (18.57). — W. G. Binney, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells,
ii. 131, fig. 218 (186.5).

Planorbis dllutus, Haldeman, Men. 25 (Jan. 1844).

Fig. 748. Shell small, of a yellowish-green color, minutely wrinkled

^ by the lines of growth ; spire flat, composed of not more

"— ' than three whorls, separated by a well-defined suture ; the

^^T* outer whorl has a sharp margin on a level with the spire,

'"*• diminishing near, but still modifying, the aperture ; below

this line the whorl is very convexly raunded so as to encircle a

SEGMENTINA. 499

small, deep, abruptly formed umbilicus. This whorl rapidly en-
larges, and terminates in a very large, not very oldique aperture,
with the lip expanded so as to make it trumpet-shaped. Largest
diameter, three twentieths of an inch ; breadth, one twentieth of an
inch.

This curious little shell was found several years since on the
island of Nantucket, clinging to some damp moss, and was com-
municated by Mr. J. M. Earle, of Worcester. Specimens of it have
also been sent to me by Professor Foreman, of Baltimore. But its
characters were not fully ascertained from these few specimens. In
July, 1840, Mr. T. J. Whittemore found it in great numbers at
Hingham, in a small pool, southeast of the Old Colony House.

It has a miniature resemblance to P. bicarinatus as to its two
sides, but it has only a single carina, which encircles the shell, in-
stead of one on each side. Its large, expanded aperture, and small,
deeply sunken umbilicus, readily distinguish it from any of the
small species hitherto known. The surface is rather rough, and
perhaps a little hispid when viewed under the microscope.

The P. lens of Lea (" Amer. Philos. Trans." New Series, vi. 68,
pi. 23, fig. 83), whicli he received from near Cinciimati, is probably
the same as this shell. His name, however, is preoccupied by a
fossil species.

[New England to Maryland.

Oeniis SEGIWE^TIIVA, Fleming. 1817.

Tentacles filiform. Foot narrow anteriorly, larger behind.

Shell dextral, discoidal, spire depressed, horn colored ; whorls
few, visible on both sides, furnished internally with transverse, tes-
taceous partitions or teeth ; aperture transversely oval or circular ;
outer lip simple.

Jaws (of S. lacustris) very narrow, very much arched, flexible,
scarcely brown, greatly attenuated, pointed. Vertical striae or mar-
ginal denticulations hardly apparent.

Lin2;ual membrane — ?

*o'

Segmentina armigera.

Fig. 138.

Shell flat on the right side, and concave on the left; whorls four, with minute
revolving lines on the concave side ; throat with five unequal teeth far within the
aperture.

500 LIMN.EIDiE.

Planorhis armigrrns, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. ii. 164 (1818) ; Binney's ed. 63. — Hal-
DEMAN, Mon. 30, pi. 4, figs. 11-13 (1844). — Gould, Inv. 205, fig. 138 (1841).—
Adams, Shells of Vermont, 15.5 (1842). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 62, pi. 4, figs. 64 a,
b, c (1843). — Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An. pi. 310, fig. 2. — Anon. Can. Nat. ii. 205,
fig. (1857).

Segmenlina armigera, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii. 264, pi. 84, fig. 4. — W. G.
BiNNEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 137, figs. 228, 229 (1865).

Planoibvlla armigera, Chenu, Man. de Conch, ii. 283, fig. 3570.

Shell small, brownish horn color, or light chestnut, orbicular ;
right side nearly plane, with only a slight central pit, showing four

rounded volutions, distinctly separated by the suture ; left
Fis- <49- gj^g deeply concave, exhibiting all the whorls, which on this

side are sub-carinated ; surface shining, faintly marked by
s^'Z^i- the lines of growth, and, on the left side, may be distinctly
^^,*™' seen several raised revolving lines on each of the whorls ; ap-

Enlarged. ^ ' i

erture slightly inclining to the left, rounded, and very slightly
modified by the carina, very oblique ; edge of lip dark brown ; at
some distance within the throat are five white teeth, nearly closing
the passage ; a large, prominent, oblique one is situated on the side
of the preceding whorl, and may always be seen ; a very small one
is by its side ; opposite to them are the three others, which are
small. Larger diameter, five twentieths of an inch ; smaller diam-
eter, one tenth of an inch.

Animal very active, of a blue-l)lack or slate color ; foot long and
narrow. The shell is carried inclined at an angle of forty-five de-
grees. The respiratory groove is very acutely pointed.

Found abundantly in shady, stagnant pools and ditches, in which

an abundance of decaying vegetable matter is immersed.
>g- ' ■ This common shell is well-marked l)y its external sim-
plicity. At the same time, the complicated armature of the
aperture, so unique in this family, would seem to entitle it
of /?.*"r- to bo arranged as a sub-genus. It differs from the preced-
■migera. ^ -j-^ haviuQ; tlic uuibilicus on the left instead of the riaht

Enlarged. o l. c^

side, being its natural place. Mr. Haldcman proposes to
make this species the type of a sub-genus, which he calls Planorhula.
[Ranges from the Eastern through the Middle, Western, and
Northwestern States, and as far north as Peace River.

Ocnus AXCYIiUS, Geoffrot. 1767.

Tentacles triangular, mantle included ; pulmonary orifice pro-
tected by a branchial appendage. Foot large.

ANCYLUS. 501

Shell dextral, thin, patelliform, depressed, non-spiral. Fig- 75i.
apex directed to the right ; aperture very wide ; peritreme
continuous, simple, entire.

Jaws three, covered with papillae, one superior, small,

' 11^ i Animal

transversely oblong, two lateral, long, very slightly arcuate, °^„f„,,'^"-
contiguous to the superior. Enlarged.

Lingual membrane broad ; teeth crowded, numerous ; central
minute, narrow, simple ; laterals broad, bicuspid, the inner cusp
the larger.

The Ancyli and Acroloxi are widely distributed over the globe.
In North America the known species are most numerous in those
States where conchological observations have most been made, but
an equal number may be found in other regions when they come to
be explored. They are found in the extreme north and in Mexico,
at every station.

The name Ancylus is universally adopted at the present time.

The shell of Ancylus is dextral, the apex being directed to the
right, but the generative, respiratory, and anal orifices are on the
left of the animal, as in Plariorbis.

Ancylus parallelus.

Fig. 153.

Shell elongated-ovaL sides rectilinear, apex nearer to one side, nearly central.

Ancylus parallelus, Haldeman, Mon. part 2, p. 3 of cover (1846) ; p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 6 (1844).
— Adams, Shells of Vermont, 164 (1842). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll, 13 (1843).—
W. G. BiNNEY, Smith. Inst. L. and Fr. W. Shells, ii. 142, fig. 237 (1865).

Ancylus rimdoris, Gould, Inv. of Mass. 224, fig. 153 (1841), teste Haldeman. — Anon.
Can. Nat. ii. 212, fig. (1857). — Not of Say.

Shell small, narrow, elongated-oval, the sides nearly parallel, but
one end is somewhat narrower than the other, and both are
regularly rounded ; apex nearly equidistant from both ex-

tremities, nearer to, and leaning to, one side and one end ; ^ j,arai.
aperture oval ; color dark green. Length, one fifth of an Enilrged.
inch; breadth, one tenth of an inch.

Found on stones and floating leaves in rivulets and ponds.

It is closely allied to A. Jiiiviatilis of Europe ; but the apex is less
acute and more central. There is another American species, the

502 LIMNiEIDJ:.

A. tardus, Say, which has been found by Professor Adams in Ycr-
mont, but which I have not yet found in this State. It is much
more rounded and conical than this, and the apex is not lateral.

Ancylus fuscus.

Fig. 152,

Shell oval, depressed, convexity regular, not compressed laterally, curvilinear
at the sides; apex obtuse, a little to the right and rear of the centre; epidermis
coarse, brown, surjjassing the margin.

Ancylus fuscus, Adams, Bost. Journ Nat. Hist. iii. 329, pi. 3, fig. 17 (1840) ; Am. Journ.
Sc. [ij, xx.xviii. 396 (1840). — Haldeman, Men. 12, pi. 1, fig. 7 (1844). — Gould,
Inv. 224, tig. 152 (1841). -De Kav, N. Y. Moll. 13 (1843). — Anon. Can. Nat. ii.
212, fig. (1857). — W. G. BiNNEV, Smith. Inst. L. and Er. W. Shells, ii. 140, fig.
233 (1865).

Shell small, very thin and pellucid, of a rounded oval form, the

entire outline regularly curved ; depressed and regularly convex,

not compressed at the sides ; apex slightly elevated, bluntly

rounded a little behind, and to the right of the centre ; stages

A. fits, of growth visible ; epidermis coarse and strong, rough, dusky
Enu'r ed yellowisli-browii, extending beyond the margin of the testa-
ceous matter, and insensibly coalescing with it on all sides,
which are inclined to turn upwards ; within glistening, polished.
Length, three tenths of an inch ; height, one twentieth of an inch ;
breadth, twenty-two one hundred and sixtieths of an inch.

Found in a rivulet in Andover by Mr. K. Prescott, of the Theo-
logical Seminary ; and also found by Professor Adams in Mans-
field ; and by myself in Fresh Pond.

It differs from all other described species in its depressed form,
its obtuse apex, and its coarse epidermis projecting beyond the mar-
gin ; and, as this extends in the direction of the plane of the object
to which it is found attached, and not in continuation of the convex
form of the shell, the edges seem to be turned upwards. A. paral-
hlns is narrower, and has the sides nearly parallel. A. tardus, Say,
has its apex prominent, acute, and farther behind the middle.

[It has also been found in Ohio and the District of Columbia.

PTEROPODA. 503

Class PTEROPODA.

*

Head more or less distinct ; eyes none ; mouth often furnislied
with cup-shaped appendages. Fins two on the sides of the mouth ;
or two, or rarely four, on the side of the body between the head and
abdomen, often furnished with a small intermediate lobe between
them, apparently the rudiment of the foot of Gasteropods. Body
ovate or roundish, often enclosed in a thin, conical, cylindrical, or
sub-globular shell, with a transverse contracted mouth. Individual
uni-sexual ? Animal free, floating on the surface of the sea by the
assistance of its fins. Nocturnal or crepuscular.

Order THECOSOMATA.

Head indistinct, with two wings on the sides of the mouth.
Tootli of lingual membrane hoolted, with a strong hooked tooth
on each side. Gills internal. Body enclosed in a shell.

Family CAVOLINIDiE.

Animal wnth two united fins without any posterior foot-like ap-
pendage between them. Abdomen voluminous. Gills in pairs.
Internal superior organs of generation on the right side.

Shell calcareous, symmetrical, elongate, or globular.

Oenus DIACRIA, Gray. 1840.

Body short, sometimes with lateral appendages.

Shell globular ; mouth narrower than the cavity, with a slit on
each side, not interrupted in front ; apex often truncated in the
adult

* Dr. Gould had prepared nothinpj on the Pteropoda. I am responsible for all that re-
lates to them. The descriptions of families and genera are from H. and A. Adams.

W. G. B.

504 CYMBULIID^.

Diacria trispinosa.

Shell long, straight, anteriorly dilated, compressed on both sides, terminating
posteriorly in a very long spine, and armed with a short spine on each side.

Hyalea trispinosa, Lesueur, in Blainville, Diet. xxii. 82. — Forbes and IIanley,
Brit. Moll. ii. 380, pi. 5, fig. 3. — Stimfson, Shells of New England, 27, no descr.
(18.51) ; Check Lists, 4 (1860).

Diacria trispinosa, Gray, Brit. Mas. Pteropods.

This species is admitted on the authority of Dr. Stimpson, who
says specimens are occasionally cast ashore at Nantucket.

Family CYMBULIIDtE.

Animal globular or ovate. Fins two, horizontal, opposite on each
side of the mouth, with a small intermediate lobe.

Shell cartilaginous, slipper-shaped, rarely wanting.

This family comprises four singular pelagic genera with mem-
branous or cartilaginous shells, excepting Tiedemannia, which does
not appear to possess any membranous envelope.

Genus PSYCHE, Rang. 1826.

Body free, membranous, without any distinct head ; tentacles
none ; wings two, lateral, elongate, without any intermediate lobe.
Shell very thin and membranaceous.

Psyclie globulosa.

Psyche globulosa, Rang, Ann. So. Nat. 1st ser. v. 283 (1825). — Rang and Souleyet,

Hist. Nat. des Pterop. 72, pi. 7, fifr. 5 (1852). — Gray, Br. Mus. Pter. 28 (1850).
Euribia globulosa. Gray, Brit. Mus. Moll. coll. Eydoux and Souleyet, 11 (1855).

Body round, diaphanous, mouth slightly arched, fins long, rounded
at their extremity, narrowed at their base, with a light shell-case
above. Viscera of a handsome purple, forming an ovoid mass,
suspended in the middle of the body. (^Rang-.') St. Pierre and
Miquelon.

Family LIMACINID^.

Animal elongate, spiral ; the head indistinct ; mouth at the union
of the two fins and intermediate lobe, with two small labial swell-

HETEROFUSUS. 505

ings ; two fin-like expansions, elongate, rounded, and united at tUeir
base by an intermediate lobe bearing an operculum. Mantle large,
open in front, forming a large gill cavity ; gill internal ; vent on
right side of mantle.

Shell spiral, transparent. Operculum distinct, spiral, vitreous, of
few whorls.

Genus HETEROFUSUS, Fleming. 1825.

Shell thin, transparent, sinistral, conical, turreted ; spire elon-
gate, axis imperforate ; aperture angulated anteriorly, columella
smooth, arcuated.

Heterofusus balea.

Tlate XXVIL Fig. 349.

Limacina balea, Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr. 4 (1842).

Heterofusus balea, Morch, in Rink's Greenl. 86 (1857). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 4

(1860).
Spinalis Gouldii, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iv. 8 (1851) ; Shells of New England,

27, pi. 1, fig. 4(1851).

Shell ovate-globose, vitreous, very thin, pellucid, very light, nar-
rowly and deeply umbilicated ; spire conoid ; whorls seven, sculp-
tured by minute, distant, impressed, revolving lines ; last whorl
large ; aperture about equalling the spire, obtuse in front. Length,
one tenth of an inch ; breadth, seventy-five thousandths of an inch.
Whole coast of New England north of Cape Cod. (^Stimpson.')

Massachusetts Bay, February to April (^Stimpson) ; Greenland
(Moller').

The figure which I have given is copied from that of Dr. Stimpson.

Heterofusus retro versus.

Plate XXVIL Figs. 345-348.

Fitsus retroversus, Fleming, Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. 498, pi. 15, fig. 2.
Perade Flemingii, Forbes, Brit. Ass. Rep. 1848, 249.

Spirialis Fleminr/ii, Fokbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii. 384, pi. 57, figs. 4, 5; pi. M. M.
fig. 1 (1853). —Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. x. 14 (1865).

With the body whorl very ventricose ; the spire of four whorls,
but not forming half the length of the shell.

The following is copied from the " Boston Proceedings," 1. c. : —
Ml-. Alex. Agassiz made a few remarks on the habits of a species

506 LIMACINID^.

of Pteropocl (^Spinalis Fleming-ii?} which had occurred in great
abundance at Nahant during the summer of 1863. His observa-
tions of the habits of these animals agree with those of Eang and
Souleyet.

They come to the surface of the water an hour after dusk ; they do not
remain long, and after ten o'clock at night were rarely met with. He suc-
ceeded only once in finding a few isolated specimens during the heat of the
day ; while at full tide, soon after dark, they were very often found in abun-
dance. These animals are very easily kept in captivity, and their habits,
which can then be carefully watched, may explain in a very satisfactory man-
ner their sudden aj^pearance and disappearance. As was already previously
known these animals can creep about by means of their wing-like appendages.
When kept in captivity it was noticed that they but rarely left the bottom
during the day, merely rising a few inches, and then falling again to the
bottom of the jar. After dark, however, they could all be seen in great
activity, moving near the surface of the water as fast as their appendages
enabled them. During the day they often remain suspended for hours in
the water simply by spreading their wing-like appendages, and then suddenly
drop to the bottom on folding them. This habit of remaining at or near
the bottom, which they have in common with so many of our marine an-
imals, explains undoubtedly their sudden appearance and disappearance, as
they probably only come to the surface in search of food at certain hours.
When the animal is in motion, beating the water like a butterfly to propel
itself forwards or upwards, the shell is carried at right angles, hanging
somewhat obliquely to the direction of the movement. To counterbalance
this weight, an exceedingly long and powerful siphon extends on the op-
posite side of the animal, which is used as a kind of balance-wheel; the
shell, while the animal is in motion, assuming a totally different position
when it is not thus counterbalanced. Mr. Agassiz exhibited at the same
time drawings of the animal in different attitudes.

The shell of this Fteropod resembles more *S'. Flemingii than the Spin-
alis GouUlii of Stimpson. This is the first time that a living Pteropod of
this family has been observed on this coast.

The figures referred to are copied from the drawings made Ijy ]\Ir.
Alex. Agassiz and kindly loaned by him.

Order GYMNOSOMATA.

Body naked, without any shell. Head distinct. Wings two or
four, at the junction between the head and the body, with a central
intermediate lobe or rudimentary foot ? Gills exterior.

CLIONE.

507

Family CLIONID^.

Animal fusiform. Head with a series of conical prominences on
each side. Wings two, with a central foot-like appendage between
them.

In this family the conical prominences probably represent tentac-
ular arms in a rudimentary condition ; there are two genera, one, Cli-
one^ with the head indistinct and the tentacles defined, and the other,
Cliodita, with the head distinct, and the tentacles not apparent.

Genus CLIOIVE, Pallas. 1774.

Head indistinct; tentacles six, conical, three on each side. Tooth
of lingual membrane broad, convex 1)ehind, slightly two-lobed and
denticulated in front ; lateral teeth 12-12, simple, arched, rather
swollen at the base, the outer gradually diminishing in size.

Clione limacina.

Clio limacina, Phipps Voy. North Pole, 195 (1774). Fig. 754.

Clione. limacina, Stimpson, Clieck Lists, 4 (1860).

Clio retttsa, Muller.

Clio borealis, Brug. Encvc. Me'th. Vers, i. 506 (1792).—

De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 6, pi. 1, %. 2 (1843).
Clio papilionace/i, Pallas.
Clio Miquelonensis, Rang, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1st ser. v. 285 pi.

7, fig. 2(1825).
Clione borealis, SxiMPSON, Shells of New England, 27, no

descr. (1851). — Gray, Brit. Mus. Pteropoda, 36

(1850).

Gelatinous, pellucid, pale blue ; mouth
and end of the body scarlet out of water,
hyaline ; wings somewhat triangular ; tail
acute. QGray.^

Inland of Miquelon. (^Rang-.')

Fig. 754 is copied from a colored draw-
ing by Mr. Fuller, of a specimen driven
ashore at Portland last year. A full de-
scription of the animal will be found in the

" Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History," Vol. I.
Part 2, p. 85, 1869, by D. W. Wood.

C. limacina.
2

508 CEPHALOPODA.

Class CEPHALOPODA.*

Head large, separate from the body ; eyes large, complex, lateral ;
ears developed ; mouth armed with two horny or shelly jaws edged
with fleshy lips, surrounded by eight or ten fleshy arms, and fur-
nished with an entire or slit tube or siphuncle used in locomotion.
Body ovate, roundish, or cylindrical, open in front, containing the
viscera and one or two pairs of internal symmetrical gills ; naked ;
surrounded by a thin shell with a single cavity ; or partly or entirely
contained in the last chamber of a chambered shell furnished with
a siphon passing from chamber to chamber. Individual uui-sexual.
Animal free, walking on its head, or swimming in the sea, propelled
by the water from the siphon tube.

Order DECAPODA.

Body naked. Head separate, with ten fleshy arms, the two longer
arms furnished with peduncled cups with a horny circle ; eyes free
in the orbit. Siphuncle entire ; gills two. Foot none. An inter-
nal medial shell.

Family LOLIGOPSID^.

Eyes naked. Mantle supported by two internal fleshy bands.
Siphuncle simple.
Shell solid, horny.

The mcml)crs of tliis family have the eyes peduncled and not cov-
ered by a skin ; the fins are caudal, terminal, and semi-circular ;
the body is membranaceous, semi-pellucid, elongate, and tapering
behind. Tliey inhabit the high seas and are powerful swimmers.

* I am responsible for all that relates to the Cpphalopmh. Dr. fionld had prepared
nothing on this class. The descriptions of families, &c. are copied from H. and A.
Adams. — W. G. B.

LOLIGOPSIS. 509

Oenus LOLIGOPSIS, Lamarck. 1812.

Arms short, cups in two rows ; tentacular arms slender ; funnel
without a valve. Pen slender, with a minute conical appendix.

Loligopsis pavo.

Plate XXVI. Figs. 341 -344.

Ldigo pavo, Lesueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. ii. 96, plate (1821). -De Kay, N. Y.

Moll. 4, pi. 38, fig. 353 (1843).
Loligopsis pavo, Ferussac and D'Oruigny, Hist. Nat. ties Ceph. 3-21, pi. 4, figs. 1-8

(1S3.'3- 1848). —Gray, Brit. Mus. Ccph. 40 ( 1849). — Stimpson, Check Lists, 6

(I860).

Sac much elongated, rounded ; eyes very large ; arms very short,
depressed ; fin cordate, terminated in a point ; bone very narrow
anteriorly, somewhat dilated posteriorly, and sub-gelatinous. (Le-
siieiir.}

This species has been catalogued from New England ( Stimpson) ;
New York (De Kai/).

The figure referred to docs not agree entirely with Lesueur's de-
scri[)tion and figure, especially in the shape of the fins. It is prin-
cipally from the peculiar " ocellations " of the surface that I believe
my figure may represent L. pavo. It is from a drawing by Mr.
Burkhardt of a specimen taken by Professor Agassiz at Province-
town.

Lesueur's description here follows : —

Tliis species is remarkable by its elongated, pointed, and very
soft sac ; by its bone, which is sub-equal in its greater length ante-
riorly, and enlarged toward the base, where it is terminated in an
obtuse point. The fins are united and oblong-cordate, entire at the
base, and spreading from the sac, which is narrow, smooth, and, as
well as the head and arms, covered on every part with very large
ocellations, which are connected together by smaller intermediate
ones. General color, deep carmine brown ; head small, eyes large,
prominent, and directed more forward than laterally ; neck narrow,
short ; arms very short, furnished with two series of suckers, sup-
ported by narrow pedicles, which are fixed upon the margin at the
base of the membrane and toward the narrowest side of the sucker,
which is truncated very obliquely, the larger side being exterior,
and the narrower interior ; they are also distant from each other ;

510 ONYCHOTEUTHID.E.

the arms are destitute of lateral interior membranes ; the large arms
are thin.

I have not been able to ascertain whether this species is armed
with hooks or suckers. The tips of the small arms, as well as the
greater portion of the larger arms, had been cut off by the fisher-
men, an operation which they perform upon all they capture, for
fear of receiving injury from them.

Length of the sac ten inches. The figure represents the animal
at half its natural size ; it was a female, the oviduct of whicli was
exserted and pendant, as represented in the plate ; it is an aggre-
gation of small white globules, attached and sustained by a mem-
brane. Sandy Bay. (^Lesueur.}

Family ONYCHOTEUTHID.E.

Eyes naked, with a sinus above. Mantle furnished with three
internal cartilages, one dorsal and two ventral. Siphuncle with a
valve.

Shell solid, horny.

The fins are posterior, dorsal, and angular ; the head is moderate
and cylindrical ; the eyes naked, with a deep lachrymal sinus at the
upper edge ; the ears have a well-marked longitudinal crest ; the
tentacular arms have a rounded group of small sessile cups at the
extremity of the clul) ; the shell is internal, horny, lanceolate, and
without any air-chambers. These animals are usually termed Squids
and Calamaries ; they are gregarious and frequent the open sea of
all climates.

Oenus OlIIMASTBEPHES, D'Orbigny. 1835.

Tentacular and sessile arms with cups and horny rings. Fins
rhombic, posterior, caudal. Internal cartilage of mantle dilated
below.

Shell narrow, dilated in front, with one central and two marginal
ribs.

Ommastrephes sagittatus.

Plate XXV. Fig. 340.

Ommastrrphes anriittnhis, Ferussac and D'Orhigny, Hist. Nat. dcs Ccph. 345, pi. 1, fig.
1-10; pi. 4,6 (1835-1848). — Gray, Brit. Mus. Ceijh. 58 (1849).

OMMASTREPHES. 611

Sepia hliip, Lin. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1093.

Sepia media, Barisut.

Lo/if/o sai/iltata, var. [I, Lamarck.

Cahnar harper, Mont.

Zo%o illecehrosa, Lesueor, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. ii. 95, plate (1821). — Gould, Inv.

318 (1841). -De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 4 (1843).
LoUqo harpiigo, Ferussac.
Loli(ji Broiiniartii, Blainville.
Loli(jo piscntorum, La Pylaie.
Loli(/o Coimktii, Verany.

This species has been noticed at Gaspd (Dawson) ; Long Island
(Sanderson SmitJi') ; Connecticut (Linsley). The figure by Mr.
Burkhardt, which I liave referred to it, represents a specimen taken
at Chelsea by Professor Agassiz.

Gould's and Lesueur's descriptions here follow : —

This beautiful animal is occasionally seen on all parts of the shore
of Massachusetts. But it is especially abundant about sandy shores,
as at Cape Cod. At Provincetown I have seen them stranded upon
the beach at low tide, in great multitudes. Their usual mode of
swimming is by dilating their sac-shaped body and filling it with
water. The body is then suddenly contracted and the water forci-
bly ejected, so as to propel them backwards with great rapidity.
So swift and straight is their progress that they look like arrows
shooting through the water. Whenever they strike the shore they
commence pumping the water with increased violence, while every
effort only tends to throw them still further upon the sand, until
they are left high and dry. The body is beautifully spotted with
colors, which seem to vary with the emotions of the animal. At one
moment they are a vivid red, at the next a deep blue, violet, brown,
or orange. They devour immense numbers of small fish, and it is
amusina: to watch their movements and see how, at a distance of
several feet, they will poise themselves, and in an instant, w4th the
rapidity of lightning, the prey is seized in their long arms and in-
stantaneously swallowed. They, in their turn, are devoured by the
larger fishes, and are extensively used for bait in the cod-fishery.

They have a single bone, if it may be so called, running the whole
length of the body. It is composed of a flexible, elastic substance
resembling mica, and, in this species, its form is like the double
paddle of the Greenlander, only it is very slender. (Gould.')

Lohgo lUecebrosa. The body of this species is rather short, nar-
row, sub-equal anteriorly, terminated acutely posteriorly; fins ap-
proximated at their origin, terminated in a point, and taken together
rhombiform ; the two longer arms are narrow, dilated at their ex-

512 • loliginidj:.

tremity, and furnished with two series of snckers, the eight are
ahnost equal and provided throughout their whole length with two
ranges of suckers ; the arms are long, and with the head they meas-
ure two thirds of the length of the sac ; the bone is very narrow in
the middle, dilated at each extremity, and terminated at the inferi-
ority by a hollow inverted cone.

Colors vivid and beautiful, passing from a brilliant red to a deep
and clear blue, upon the back, the head, arms, tail, and fm, which
are covered with deeper points of the same color, tlie under part of
the body is paler, region of the eyes finely tinted with yellow.

This species is known by the name of Squid at Sandy Bay, and
is made use of by the fishermen as bait in the cod-fishery. (Le-
sueur.^

Ormnastreplies Bartramii.

Plate XXV., fig. 339, drawn by Mr. Burkhardt from a specimen
in the Aquarial Gardens at Boston, is referred to this species.

Family LOLIGINID^E.

Eyes covered with skin, simple. Mantle with three internal car-
tilages, one dorsal and two ventral.
Shell solid, horny.

In this family the fins are on the sides of the hinder part of the
back ; the eyes are witliout eyelids and covered with the skin ; the
buccal membrane is often furnished with cups ; the ears have a
transverse ridge ; the sessile arms have two rows of cups, the rings
provided with a narrow, prominent ridge on the centre of the exter-
nal surface ; the tentacular arms are only partly contractile into the
sub-ocular cavity, and the siphuncle is attached to the head by a
double superior medial band.

Oeinis L,OLIGO, Lamarck. 1801.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all around. Cups of
sessile arms in two rows ; lateral membranes with cups on the an-
gles. Fins posterior, dorsal, rhombic.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin.

LOLIGO. 513

Loligo punctata.

Lollgo punctata, De Kay, N. Y. Moll. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1 (1843). — Stimpson, Check Lists,
6 (1860).

De Kay's description here follows : —

Body cylindrical, tapering, about three inches in length, and with
a slight ridge along the back, caused by the internal cartilaginous
support. Body ends above in an acute point. The caudal appen-
dage or fleshy fins terminal, broadly rhomboidal, and ending in an
obtuse angle, nearly half the length of the body ; lateral edges
rounded, perfectly smooth on both sides, attenuated at the margins.
Head moderately large, depressed ; neck narrowed. Eyes large
and prominent. Beneath the throat a prominent elongated muscu-
lar sac, opening externally by an irregular rounded orifice or vent.

Arms tQW^ of which the two superior are shortest and smallest,
and furnished with rounded cup-like suckers attached to the arms
by a central ligament. These suckers extend to the tips, but be-
come gradually smaller until they are scarcely visible unless aided
by the lens. The same remark applies to the other arms, and it
may be observed that the suckers are placed in no regular order.
The second pair similar in shape, but more robust, and equal in
length to the fifth or inferior pair. The third pair remarkably ro-
bust, and exceeding in length the preceding. Fourth pair longest
of all, and equalling the length of the head and body ; cylindrical,
dilated towards the extremity, and ending in an acute tip ; the
suckers are arranged irregularly over the dilated part.

Mouth central, sphincter-form, partly covered by an angular mem-
brane with six short processes resembling the arms in miniature,
and, like them, furnished with minute suckers. The internal car-
tilaginous support smooth, thin, and translucent, resembling an
ordinary quill, its superior portion being comparable to the barrel,
and its broad dilated extremity to the web. The upper portion tri-
quetrous, hollowed out beneath, carinate above, and producing a
corresponding elevation externally along the back; it ends in an
acute tip above. This ridge along the back becomes gradually
effaced towards the lower extremity.

Color. The whole body, back of the head, fins and external parts

of the arms covered with reddish rounded spots of various sizes ;

they are rather more sparse on the inferior surface of the sac. A

row of these spots around the orbits, and behind the eyes they are

33

514 loliginidj:.

so numerous as to give a darkened red appearance to that part.
The external cuticle containing these spots is easily detached, leav-
ing the denuded part of a pearly white.

Length of head and body, 4.0-6.0.

This beautiful Squid is nearly allied to the L. Pealii of Lesucur ;
but this latter has its suckers arranged in two regular series, with
the disks obliquely truncated. It has also a membrane along the
lateral edges of the arms, and an acute termination of the caudal
extremity.

Dr. Gould, in his valuable report on the Invertebrata of Massa-
chusetts, has furnished us with an exceedingly interesting account of
the habits of these animals. Their colors vary every moment from
vivid red to deep blue, violet, brown, or orange. Their usual mode
of swimming is by dilating their body and filling it with water ; the
body is then suddenly contracted and the water forcibly ejected so
as to pro])el them backward with great rapidity, shooting like ar-
rows through the water. They devour great numbers of small fish
and crabs.

The species above described is the only one I have noticed on the
coast of New York, although I think it highly probable that the six
following, described in detail by Lesueur, will also at no distant day
be detected on our coast. The plate referred to for the punctata
contains a figure of the cartilaginous, or rather membranous inter-
nal support ; a figure of the oral apparatus (fig. 3) , and a bunch of
the egg-cases, or sea-grapes^ as they are termed in Europe, with an
embryo of a Sepia highly magnified. This congeries I found on the
northern shores of Long Island. (De Kay.')

Connecticut (^Linsle//).

Loligo Pealii.

Loli'fjo Pealii, Lesdeur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. ii. 92, pi. 8 (1821). -De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 4, pi. 38, fig. .3.'J4 (1843). — Fercssac and D'Orbigny, Hist. Nat. dcs Ceph.
311, pi. 2; pi. 10, figs. 17-21 (183,5 - 1848). — Gray, Brit. Mus. Ceph. 71 (1849).
— Stimpson, Check Lists, 6 (1860).

Boston QGray)', South Carolina and New York (^Ferussac and
D' Orbigny).

The original description here follows : —

This species, which appertains to the fine collection of the Phila-
delphia Museum, was politely confided to my care for examination
by the manager of that interesting and superb establishment, Mr.

LOLIGO. 615

R, Pealc. It appears to mo not refera1)le to any of tlie species fig-
ured l)y Scba, nor of those published by Montfort.

The sac is solid, firm, cylindrical, gradually attenuated to a point,
and furnished with a fiat ap})endice anteriorly ; fin terminal, more
than half as long as the body, united in a point posteriorly, lateral
angles rounded, lateral and posterior sides thickened, anterior side
thin, surface with transverse strice, formed by small muscles ; head
small, compressed, with a small transverse membrane each side l)e-
low the eyes ; neck small, short ; eyes covered by a membrane ;
arms eight, of whicli six are sub-triangular, the two superior ones
a little shorter than the second pair, whicli are equal to tlie inferior
pair, third pair very strong, rounded and depressed, longer than the
others, furnished with a membrane at tlieir exterior part ; all the
arms furnished with two series of suckers, which are hemispherical,
alternate, and pedunculated ; the disks are obliquely truncated,
most elevated on the exterior side, beneath indented for the attach-
ment of the conic peduncle, they are armed with six horny brown
teeth above, of which two superior ones are narrow and pointed,
and the four others broader ; inferiorly and upon the narrow side
of the disk is a long horny, brown lamina ; the two long arms are
sub-cylindric, dilated at their extremity, margined on each side by
an undulated membrane, upon which the peduncles of the suckers
repose ; four series of suckers, of which the middle series are largest,
and terminated at each extremity by smaller suckers ; disks hemi-
spheric, transversely truncated, armed with a corneous circle, and
having strong remote teeth, with two or three smaller intervening
ones in the central disks ; but I have not been aide to determine
the number of intermediate teeth in the lateral disks ; besides the
thin lateral membrane there is another thicker one, placed obliquely
upon the enlarged extremity of the long arms ; the opening of the
mouth has three concentric folds, the exterior one of which is fur-
nished with a much folded membrane, which is terminated by six
small appendices, or false arms, furnished with several suckers at
their extremities, the two inferior appendices shorter.

The bone is broad, naviculiform, terminated in a point at each
extremity, thin at the margin, carinated, and a little more robust
at the anterior extremity, which is narrowest.

The superior part of the head, of the tentacula, and of the back
covered with reddish-brown points, which are less numerous upon
the sides and abdomen.

Coast of South Carolina ? (^Lesueur.^

516 SPIRULID^.

Family SPIRULID^.

Eyes covered with the skin, with a lower eyelid. Buccal mem-
brane without cups. Sessile arms triangular, tapering. Cups nu-
merous, equidistant, very small, slightly pedicelled, in six longitu-
dinal series. Tentacular arms elongate, peduncled, cylindrical ;
club — ? Siphuncle conical, with an apical valve.

Body sub-cylhidrical, oblong, end rounded, sometimes furnished
with a thickened belt, and with a small fleshy semi-lunate fin on
each side. Mantle free all around ; cartilage, on the inner side of
the ventral surface, linear.

Shell internal, shelly, spiral, chambered ; chambers furnished with
a siphon ; the last chamber large enough to contain but a very small
part of the animal.

In the only recent genus, Spirula, the apex of the shell is simply
hooked ; in the fossil genera it is enveloped in a thickened lamhial
coat produced behind, as in Spiralirostra.

Oenus SPIRUL.A, Lamarck. 1799.

Fins two, small, caudal, on the side of the extremity of the back.
Eyes large. Cups of sessile arms in six longitudinal rows ; rings
entire, or very minute, and denticulated ; third and fourth arms
shortly webbed, the rest free. Siphuncle with an apical valve.

Shell calcareous, cylindrical, conical, tapering, involute on the
same plane, the whorls separate from each other and chambered ;
septa concave outwards, with a shelly funnel-shaped siphon on the
inner or most curved side, traversing each cell without communi-
cating with each other.

Spirula fragilis.

Nautilus spirilla, Lin. ; Blainv. Mai. pi. 4, fig. 1 ; Encyc. Moth. 465, fig. 5.
Spirilla frarjil is, Stimpson, Check Lists, 6 (1860).

Spirula Peronii, Lam. An. sans Vert. — Gould, Inv. 317 (1841). — De Kay, N. Y.
Moll. 5, pi. 3.5, fig. 8 (1843).

This is the only species of the genus known. It inhabits the open
sea, and is sometimes found, after storms, upon the shores of Nan-

SPIRULA.

517

tucket. The sliell is wliitc and pearly, coiled up in two ^'s- 755.
or three turns, which do not touch each other, some-
thing like a ram's horn. The surface exhibits constric-
tions, at short intervals, each of which corresponds to
an internal partition, so that the whole shell is divided
off into chambers, having a tube, however, at one side, so that the
whole are in communication. {Gould.^

The specimen figured is from the cabinet of E. R. Mayo, Esq.
It is from Nantucket.

S. fragilis.

INDEX TO SPECIFIC NAMES

OF FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS

Actneon chloroticus, 256.
Adeorbis costulata, 278.
Admete viridula, 391.
^olis Bostoniensis, 241.

despecta, 248.

diversa, 247.

gymnota, 249.

Mananensis, 242.

papillosa, 238.

picta, 246.

pilata, 243.

purpurea, 246.

rufibranchialis, 242.

salmonacea, 240.

stellata, 245.
Alasmodon. See Margaritana.
Alderia Harvardiensis, 254.
Alexia myosotis, 463.
Amauropis helicoides, 348.
Amicula Einersonii, 264.
Amnicola gi'anum, 294.

lapidan'a, 295.

limosa, 293.

pallida, 292.
Anatina papyracea, 66.
Ancula sulphurea, 233.
Ancylus fuscus, 502.

parallclus, 501.

rivularis, 501.
Anodon fluviatilis, 178.

implicata, 180.

undulata, 182.
Anomia aculeata, 204.

electrica, 205.

ephippium, 204.

squamula, 206.
Aphrodite Groenlandica, 144.
Aponhais occidentalis, 320.
Appendicularia, 13.

furcata, 13.

longicauda, 13.
Area pexata, 147.

transversa, 148.
Arion fuscus, 451.

Ascidia, 23.

amphora, 23.

callosa, 26.

carnea, 25.

geoinetrica, 26.

hirsiUa, 20.

Manhattensis, 25.

ocellata, 24.

psammophora, 24.

rugosa, 20.

rustica, 23.

tenella, 24.
Astarte Banksii, 125.

castanea, 117.

crebricostata, 126.

elliptica, 124.

lactea, 122.

Portlandica, 127.

quadrans, 123.

semisulcata, 121.

sulcata, 119.
Auricula hidentata, 466.

denticulc.ta, 463.

B.

Bela cancellata, 355.

decussata, 354.

harpularia, 352.

pleurotomaria, 355.

turricula, 351.

violacea, 353.
Bittium Greenii, .322.

nigrum, 321.
Boltenia Burkhardti, 16.

clavata, 14.

microco^mus, 16.

reniformis, 14.

rubra, 15.
Botryllus Schlosseri, 3.

stellatus, 3.
Buccinum ciliatum, 368.

cinereum, 370.

Donovani, 369.

lunatum, 359.

520

INDEX.

Buccinum — Continued.

ohsoletum, 362.

plicosiim, 370.

tiivittaluin, 364.

undatuin, 366.

vibex, 36.5.
Bulbus flavus, 347.
Tiitlimus lubricux, 431.
Buliiius elongatns, 486.
Bulla canal iculuta, 2 la.

clebilis, 216.

Gould! i, 217.

kiemalis, 216.

incincta, 222.

irisculptu, 222.

lineolata, 214.

chstricla, 219.

occulta, 223.

oryza, 221.

pertemtiti, 218.

punciustrlala, 215.

solitaria, 222.

triticea, 220.
Busycon canaliculatum, 380.

carica, 383.

Caecum pulchellnm, 3\5.
Calliopiea fuscata, 2.50.
Cancellaria Couthouyi, 391.
Canthopsis Harvardicnsis, 254.
CardJta borealis, 146.
Cardium clegantulum, 141.

Granlandicum, 144.

Islandicvim, 139.

Mortoni, 143.

pinnulatum, 141.
Carychium exiguum, 466.
Cemoria Noachina, 276.
Cerithiopsis Emersonii, 387.

terebrans, 389.
Certthium Emersonii, 387.

Gremii, 322.

nigrocinctum, 323.

Saij a, 321.

ierdirale, 389.
Ceronia arctata, 80.

deaurata, 81.
Chelyosoma geotnetriciim, 26.
Chemnitzia. See Odostomia.
Chiton albus, 263.

apieiilatus, 258.

cinerens. 259.

Emersonii, 264.
fuhnlnatiiH, 262.

vianjimitus, 260.

marmoreiis, 261.

mendicarius, 263.

ruber, 260.
Cingula aculeiis, 299.

minula, 298.
Cionella sub-cylindrica, 431.
Ciione limacina, 507.

Cochleodesma Leanum, 68.
Columbella avara, 356.

dissimilis, 358.

lunata, 359.

rosacea, 357.
Corbula contracta, 60.
CreneUa grandula, 194.

pectinula, 195.
Crepidula couvexa, 273.

Ibrnicata, 271.

glauca, 274.

plana, 272.
Crucibulum striatum, 275.
Cryptodon Gouldii, 100.
Cumingia tcllinoides, 79.
Cydas. See Spluvrium and Pisidium.
Cylichna alba, 220.

oryza, 221.
Cynthia echinata, 18.

gutta, 19.

hirsuta, 20.

partita, 18.

placenta, 19.

pyritbrmis, 17.

rugosa, 20.
Cyprina Islandica, 129.
Cytherea convexa, 131.

D.

Dendronotus arhorescens, 234.
Dentalium dentMle, 266.

occidentule, 266.
Diacria trispinosa, 504.
Diaphana debilis, 216.

hiemalis, 216.
Didcmnium roseuni, 4.
Doris bilamellata, 228.

coronata, 228.

diademata, 230.

grisea, 232.

illnminata, 227.

pallida, 229.

pilosa, 232.

planulata, 231.

tencUa, 229.
Doto coronata, 236.

E.

Elysia chlorotica, 255.
Embletonia fuscata, 251.

lanceoliita, 252.

remigata, 252.
Entalis striolata, 266.
Eolis fnrinarea, 238.
Eulima olcacea, 332.

F.

Fasciolaria ligata, 385.
Fusus Baiiijfius, 377.

INDEX.

521

Fusus — Continued.

dccenicostatus, 375.
hnrpul'irius, 352.
Islaiuiieus, 371.
muiicatus, 379.
pvunireus, 372.
rn/us, 355.
scalarifurmis, 378.
tornatus, 374.
turricitlii, 351.
vcntricosus, 373.

G.

Gemma gemma, 137.

Maiihiittonsis, 138.

TotlenI, 137.
Glandiila fibrosa, 22.

mollis, 2>.
Glycimeris siliqua, 53.
Goiildia mactracea, 128.

H.

Helix albolabris, 423.

alternata, 412.

asteriscus, 415.

dentifera, 424.

harpa, 427.

hinsuta, 417.

hortensis, 429.

labvrintliica, 415.

monodon, 418.

neinoralis, 430.

p.illiata, 420.

pulchelia, 428.

8ayii, 4>6.

striatella, 413.

thyroides, 425.

tridentata, 422.
Helix. See iilso Hyalina.
Hermtea cruciata, 253.
Heterofusus balea, 505.

rctroversus, 505.
Hyalina arborea, 396.

Binneyana, 400.

cellaria, 395.

chcisina, 402.

electrina, 397.

exigua, 400.

ferrea, 401.

indentata, 398.

lineata, 404.

milium, 401.

minuscubi, 399.

minutissima. 403.

multidentata, 404.

Jamivia. See Odostomia.
Janthina fragilis, 277.

K.

Kellia plannlata, 83.
rubra, 83.
suborbicularis, 83,

Lacuna neritoidea, 303.

vincta, 302.
Lamellaria perspicua, 337.
Leda caudata, 165.

Jacksonii, 163.

niinuta, 164.

tenuisulcata, 161.
Lepeta ca'ca, 270.
Lima sulculus, 200.
Limapontia zonat;), 258.
Lima.x agrestis, 408.

citmpestris, 409.

flavus, 410.

maximus, 407.

to-/a'a, 457.

titnicata, 408.
Limnsea ampla, 4 74.

C'ipenita, 481.

cat;iscopium, 479.

chalybeii, 471.

columella, 471.

decoll.ata, 473.

desidiosa, 478.

elodes, 475.

humilis, 482.

pallida, 481.

umbilicata, 480.
Liocardium Mortoni, 143.
Littorina irrorata, 311.

litorea, 308.

palliata, 309.

rudls, 304.

tenebrosa, 306.
Loligo illecebrosa, 511.

Pcalii, 514.

punctata, 513.
Lolisopsis pavo, 509.
Lottia. See Tectura.
Lucina dentata, 99.

dlvrtriivtn, 99.

filo-a, 98.

flexuosH, 100.

rodu/a, 98.

strigilla, 99.
Lunatia Grcenlandica, 341.

heros, 338.

triseriata, 340.
Lyonsia arenosa, 65.

hyalina, 64.
Lyrodus, 34.

M.

Machsera costata, 47.

nitida, 46.

squamn, 46.
Macoma fusca, 94.

522

INDEX.

Macoma — Conthmrd.

proxima, 95.
Mncrocycli.s concava, 406.
Mactra lateralis, 77.

ovalis, 75.

po!i/rii/in(i, 75.

poiiderosa, 7.5.

solidissiina, 73.
Mamma iminaculata, 344.
Margarita acuminata, 284.

arctica, 281.

argentata, 282.

caniijaimlata, 282.

cincTfa, 279.

helic-ina, 281.

minutis.sima, 280.

obscura, 283.

uiidulata, 280.

varicosa, 285.
Margaritaiia arcuata, 174.

margiiiata, 177.

iiudulata, 176.
Melampus hidentatus, 467.
Melantho decisa, 289
Melibtea arbnsculu, 236.
Mencstho ailmla, 333.
Mesodesmu arctita, 80.

Jauiesii, 81.
Modiola discors, 193.

discrepans, 192.

ylundn/'i, 194.

modiolus, 186.

nexa, 190.

pi cl inula, 195.

plicatula, 188.
Modiolaria corrugata, 193.

discors, 192.

nigra, 190.
Molgula arenata, 21.

producta, 21.
MoDtaruta bidinfata, 86.

clevaia, 86.
Mya arenaria, 55.

trunoatii, 58.
Mytilus edulis, 183.

pellucidus, 184.

Nassa obsoleta, 362.

trivittata, 364.

vibe.x, 365.
Natica cana/lculata, 348.

clausa, 342.

diijj/iculd, 345.

Jiitvu, 347.

heros, 338.

iiiimdculala, 344.

])usi/la, 341.

pusiila, 344.

tn'sriiiki, 340.
Ncrera peliucida, 61.
>severita diiplicata, 345.
Nioijc /.onata, 258.

Nucula (see aho Lcda and Yo'dia).
dciphinodonta, 153.
e.xpansa, 152.
inflata, 152.
proxima, 150,
tenuis, 149.

O.

Odostomia bisuturalis, 327.

deaibata, 327.

exifjua, 327.

fusea, 325.

impressa, 330.

riiodfsfa, 327.

producta, 325.

seminuda, 329.

tritida, 328.
Ommastrephcs Bartramii, 512.

sagittatus, 510.
Osteodesma Iii/alina, 64.
Ostrea borealis, 203.

Virgin iana, 202.

Pahidina decisa, 289.
Pandora trilineata, 62.
Panoptta arctica, 51.
Patella Candida, 270.
Pecten concentricus, 199.

fuscus, 200.

irradians, 199.

Islandicus, 198.

Ma<;elluniciis, 196.

tenuicostatus, 196.
Pelonaia, 27.

arcnifcra, 27.
Pera peliucida, 17.
Petricola dactylus, 92.

fornicala, 90.

pboladiformis, 90.
PMIine fvrniom, 213.

iincolata, 214.

quadrata, 213.

sinuata, 213.
Pholas costata, 36.

crispata, 39.

truncnta, 38.
Physa anciliaria, 485.

eloiKjata, 486.

lieterostropha, 4 83.
Pisidium abditum, 113.

Adiimsii, 110.

a^quilatci-ale, 1 1 2.

compressnm, 110,

dubium, 109.

ferriigincuni, 113.

variabilc, 1 15.

vcntricostim, 116.
Placobiancbus catuhis, 256.

sinipUx, 257.
Planorbis aniti(/eriis, 500.

bicarinatus, 491.

INDEX.

523

Planorbis — Continued.

cainpanulatiis, 492.

dettectus, 494.

dilatatus, 498.

c'k'vatus, 497.

cxacutiis, 495.

hirsutus, 493.

Icntus, 490.

parvus, 497.

tiivolvis, 488.
Plcurotoina bicarinata, 349.

decicssata, 354.

plicata, 350.
Polycei'a Lejisonii, 226.
Poinatiopsis lapidaria, 295.
Pupa annifera, 437.

biulia, 433.

contracta, 438.

coiticaiia, 439.

curvideus, 434.

decora, 435.

exigua, 466.

faliax, 436.

Hoppii, 433.

viiUiun, 441.

modesta, 442.

muscoruin, 433.

pentodon, 434.

rupicola, 439.

simplex, 4-14.
Purpura lapillus, 360.
Psyche globulosa, 504.
Pi/ramis striatuia, 33.3.
Pyiala. See Busycon.

E.

Ranella caudata, 386.
llhyuchoiieila psittacea, 210.
Kissoa aculeus, 299.

carinata, 301.

eburnea, 297.

exarata, 301.

latior, 299.

Mi-:helsi, 301.

minuta, 298.

multilineata, .300.
Rissoella eburnea, 297.

sulcosa, 297.
Rostellaria occidentalis, 320.

s.

Salpa Caboti, 6.
Sanyuino/aria fusca, 93.

sordida, 95.
Saxicava arctica, 86.

distorta, 87.

rufjosa, 87.
Scalaria Grcenlandica, 314.

liiieata, 312.

multistriata, 313.

Novanglite, 311.
Scaphander puiictostriatus, 215.

Scgmcntina armigera, 499.
Sigaretus haliotoideus, 337.
Skenea planorbis, 296.

serpuloicles, 296.
Solecurtus Caribfeus, 43.

dicLsus, 44.
frn(]iHs, 44.

gil)bus, 43.
Solemya borcalis, 50.

velum, 48.
Solen Americanus, 42.

ensis, 40.
Sphajrium occidentale, 108.

partumeium, 103.

rhomboideuni, 104.

securis, 107.

simile, 101.

tenue, 107.

truncatum, 106.

Vermontanum, 105.
Spinalis Flemingii, 505.

Gonldii, .505.
Spirula frag His , 516.

Peronii, 516.
Succinea avara, 446,

obli((ua, 447.

ovalis, 445.

Totteuiana, 448.

Tapes fluctuosa, 136.
Tebennophorus Carolinensis, 457.

dorsalis, 460.
Tectura alveus, 269.

testudinalis, 269.
Tellina tenera, 97.

tenta, 96.
Terebratula caputserpentis, 208.

psittacea, 210.
Terebratulina caputserpentis, 208.
Teredo chlorotica, 33.

dilatata, 32.

megotara, 30.,

navalis, 28.

Norvagica, 29.

Thomsonii, 31.
Thracia Conradi, 69.

myopsis, 71.

truncata, 72.
Thyasira Gouldii, 100.
Tornatella punctostriata, 224.
Trichotropis borealis, 390.
Triforis nigrocinctus, 323.
Tiochus occidentalis, 286.
Trophon chxthratus, 377.

muricatus, 379.

scalariformis, 378.
Turbonilla interrupta, 331.

nivea, 331.
Turritella acicula, 319.

costulata, 318.

erosa, 317.

iinpressa, 330.

524

INDEX.

Turrltella — Continued.

interrupta, 331.

reticulata, 318.
Turtonia iiiinuta, 85.

U.

Unio cariosus, 172.

coiiipliuiatus, 167.

nasiuus, 169.

ochraccus, 173.

radiatus, 170.
Utriculus canaliculatus, 219.

Gouldii, 217.

penenuis, 218.

V.

Valvata piipoidea, 288.

trirarinata, 286.
Velutina lialiotoidea, 334.

Iceviguta, 334.

zonata, 335.
Venus Jlactuosa, 136.

gemma, 137.

inercenaria, 133.

notata, 135.
Vermetus Inmhnad.s, 316.

radicula, 316.
Vertigo Bollesiana, 442.

Gouldii, 440.

Vertigo — Continued.

milium, 441.

ovata, 442.

simplex, 444.

ventricosa, 443.
Vitrina limpida, 394.

W.

Waldheimia cranium, 211.

X.

Xylotrya fimbiiata, 34.
palmuluta, 35.

Yoldia limatula, 154.
my a is, 160.
obesa, 155.
saputilla, 159.
siliqua, 156.
thraeia^formis, 157.

Z.

Zirfea crispata, 39.
Zouites fuliginosa, 454.
inornata, 453.
uppressa, 454.

THE END,

University Press, Cauibridge : Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co.

PLATE XVI

Fig. 227 from a drawing by Mr. Burkhardt, the others by Mr. B. F. Nutting.

Figs. 214-217. Embletonia remigata.

Figs. 218-221. Calliopsea fuscata.

Figs. 222-225. Eolis despecta.

Figs. 226-228. Alderia Harvardicnsis.

Figs. 229-232. Embletonia fuscata.

Figs. 233-237. Doto coronata.

Figs. 238-241. Eolis gymnota.

Lnvisart.of Mass. 2 . ed

PlateXVI.

^:=:^^

-^ G i-..

( ■ \

219 „, 221

226

' »J*fc *B-^

324

//

225

^*=^

339

832

233

\

234

BFNwttcfig, d&L

Sow^rtydC^ dzrarno-lxOv.

PLATE XVII

Fig. 242. Polycera Lessonii, side view ; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting.

Fig. 243. The same, tentacles.

Fig, 244. The same, under surface.

Fig. 245. The same, upper surface.

Fig. 246. The same, branchial plume.

F-ig. 247. The same, upper surface ; from a drawing by Toppan of a Boston Har-
bor specimen.

Fig. 248. The same, branchial plume ; from a drawing by Toppan.

Fig. 249. Placobranchus catulus, — from a drawing by Toppan of an East
Boston specimen, — under surface.

Fig. 250. Same as last, upper surface.

Fig. 251. Elysia chlorotica; from a drawing by Dr. Gould.

Fig. 252. The same, unfolded.

Fig. 253. The same, outline of head.

Fig. 254. The same ; from a drawing by Toppan of a Chelsea specimen.

Fig. 255. Same as last.

Fig. 25G. Herntaea cruciata; from a drawing by Alex. Agassiz of a Naushon
specimen.

Invert, of Mass 2'^ed.

24-2

24-:

/^<'i;'

rv^i

24-6

Plate XVTT,

349

^-W.^

-i;./.^^

244

251

s

2 47..

^?L SU>i%e. lyyiihTyFea^-t

245

246

.f

r

m

25?

Z''/

'7

^

)

255

254-

.^

SowenA Ochramo-hj^

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 257. Eolis farinacea, Gould (= papillosa) ; from a drawing by B. F,

Nutting.
Fig. 258. Eolis papillosa, eggs ; from a drawing by Toppan.
Fig. 259. Eolis farinacea ; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting.

Fig. 260. Eolis farinacea, tip of lingual membrane ; from a drawing by Dr.
Gould.

Fig. 261. Eolis papillosa; from a drawing by Toppan of an East Boston
specimen.

Fig. 262. Eolis farinacea, one of the branchiae ; from a drawing by B. F.

Nutting.

Fig. 263. Eolis farinacea, outline showing the arrangement of the branchial
papillae ; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting.

Fig. 264. Eolis salmonacea ; from a drawing by B. F. Nutting.

Fig. 265. Same as last.

lUieXX'Ul

PLATE XIX.

From original Drawings by B. F. Nutting.

Fig. 266. Eolis Bostoniensis.

Fig. 267. Eolis diversa.

Fig. 268. Eolis diversa.

Fig. 269. Eolis rufibraiicliialis, one of the branchise.

Fig. 270. Eolis pilata.

Fig. 271. Eolis stellata, one of the branchia;; from a drawing by Dr. Stimp-
son.

Fig. 272. Eolis riiflbraucliialis.

Fig. 273. Eolis Bostoniensis, one of the branchiae.

Fig. 274. Eolis Bostoniensis, under surface.

Fig. 275. Eolis Bostoniensis, upper surface.

Fig. 276. Eolis diversa, one of the branchiae.

Fig. 277. Eolis pilata, profile and apex of one of the branchiae.

Fig. 278. Eolis stellata ; from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson.

Fig. 279. Eolis pilata.

Fig. 280. Eolis diversa.

Fig. 281. Eolis pilata, under surface of head.

Fig. 282. Eolis picta, upper, side, and lower view ; enlarged view of dorsal
tentacles and branchiae.

Fig. 283. Eolis Bostoniensis, under anterior surface.

f,

•:74

1-.

//

^^~ ■'-

1

•f

• 'i'<*''''t^1C

£8i

i. ■

cBi

•*<*r ■>--^*->

PLATE XX

Fig. 284. Doris pallida, Agassiz ; from a drawing by Toppan.

Figs. 285, 286. Eggs of Doris coronata, Agassiz ; from a drawing by Toppan.

Fig. 287. Doris pallida, from Beverly ; from a drawing by Toppan.

Fig. 288. The tentacle of the last.

Fig. 289. Doris teiiella ; from a drawing by Toppan of a Beverly specimen.

Fijr. 290. The tentacle of the last.

Fig. 291. Enlarged view of the spicula of Doris pallida ; from a sketch by
Dr. W. Stimpson.

Fig. 292. The same of Doris g^risea ; from a sketch by Dr. G-ould.

Fig. 293. Doris tenclla; from a drawing by Toppan.

Fig. 294. Doris planulata ; from the figure in the " Marine Invertebrata of
Grand Manan."

Fig. 295. Doris grisca ; from an original drawing of Dr. Stimpson.

Fig, 296, Same as Fig. 294.

.1<»*»K?*

.1 I'

■io^exif

• <

r-v-

. I"

t, ■

PLATE XXI.

Fig. 297. Doris coroiiata, Agassiz; from a drawing by Toppan of a Beverly
specimen.

Fig. 298. Doris diadcmata, Agassiz, the branchial plumes ; from a drawing
by Toppan.

Fig. 299. Doris coroiiata, Agassiz, the anterior under surface.

Fig. 300. Doris diadcinata, Agassiz ; from a drawing by Toppan.

Fig. 301. Doris diadeinata, an enlarged view of tentacle.

Fig. 302. Doris diadeinata, an enlarged view of the tentacle sheath.

Fig. 303. Doris diadeinata ; from a drawing by Toppan.

Fig. 304. Doris diadeinata, an enlarged view of tentacle.

Fig. 305. Doris bilainellata, spicula; from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson.

Fig. 306. Doris bilainellata ; from a drawing by Toppan of a Beverly speci-

men.

Fig. 307. Doris bilainellata, enlarged view of branchial plume ; from a
drawing by Toppan.

Fig. 308. Doris bilainellata, the branchite enlarged; from a drawing by
Toppan.

Fig. 309. Doris bilainellata, enlarged view of tentacle; from a drawing by
Toppan.

Invert, of Majss 3 ed.

Fld'v-XX'

298

/<

299

301

,'-'■"' rv)

u.-

/

302

307

3 04

305

306

308

309

t- :',.-j7/ia-!zZh,

i*

PLATE XXII

Fig. 310. Ancula Slilplilirca, dorsal tentacle enlarged; from a drawing by
Dr. Stimpson.

Fig. 311. Denclronotus arborescens, — from a drawing by B. F. Nutting,
— greatly enlarged.

Fig. 312. The same, under surface of the head.

Fig. 313. The same, dorsal tentacle.

Fig. 314. Ancula siilpliurea ; from a drawing by Dr. Stimpson.

Fig. 315. ITIoIgula producta; from a drawing by Mr. Burkhardt.

Fig. 316. The same.

Fig. 317. Glaudula mollis; from a drawing by Mr. Burkhardt.

y*L^ Ston>e '^y.^aJVWr'^^ozIiora .

Sowe"*" * k'' y--''r.>.-t_o-ltt'K-

PLATE XXIII.

All drawn by Mr. E. S. Morse, from Specimens collected by Dr. Packard,

AND PRESERVED IN AlCOHOL.

Fig. 318. Ascidia callosa.

Fig. 319. Botryllus Schlosseri.

Fig. 320. Cynthia pyriformis.

Fig. 321. The same enlarged.

Fig. 322. Cynthia placenta.

Fig. 323. Olandula fibrosa.

Fig. 324. Cynthia condylomata.

Fig. 325. Boltenia clavata.

Fig. 326. Cynthia echinata.

Invert, of Mass 2^ei.

Plate XQIT

/^->,^^K

V

/5%.^ff^:l

,-#

-£-££wr o^ Jifi?r.s'e, .y^J

-osa

SmvtnJi C?iJoxrrrus-hth

PLATE XXiy.

All the Figures drawn by Mr. J. Burkhardt.

Fig. 327. Boltenia Burkliardti, from a specimen living in the Aquarial
Gardens, Boston, 1859. Also found living at the same place, June,
1860.

Fig. 328. Olandtila mollis.

Fig. 329. The same.

Fig. 330. Ascidia psammoptaora, from the original specimen.

Fig. 331. Tlie same.

Fig. 332. Ascidia ocellata, from the original specimen. New Bedford, Dec.

5, 1848.

Fig. 333. Ascidia amphora, from the original specimen.

Fig. 334. Ascidia carnea, enlarged, from the original specimen.

Fig. 335. The same, natural size.

Fig. 336. Cynthia hirsiita, froin the original specimen of Ascidia liirsuta.

Fig. 337. Boltenia rubra. The drawing being too long for the plate, the
peduncle has been given in sections; the lower space represents
three inches, the upper four inclies.

Fig. 338. Boltenia microcosmus. In this, also, a space is left in the pe-
duncle, representing a section of five inches.

Lnv-ert, of Mass 2'^ed.

Plate XXIV

>; 333

jSBw! '■^•.-J^^i^ ■'■^^^

PLATE XXV.

From original Drawings by J. Burkhardt.

Fig. 339. Ommastreplies sagittatus, from Chelsea, reduced one fifth.

Fig. 3-iO. Ommastreplies Bartramii, from a specimen in the Aquarial

Gardens, Boston, reduced one fifth.

Invert, of Mass 2 ed.

Plate XXV:

'•nv^'f

l>r »4f.

V

>-'

340

JIBurlchjxrdt, del^

Bowen£, C tJuvnvo-Hih

PLATE XXYI.

From a Drawing by Mr. J. Burkhardt, reduced one fifth.

Fig. 341. LiOlig^opsis pavo, from a specimen captured at Provincetown, Mass.

Fig. 342. The same, the fins folded behind.

Fig. 343. The same, the fin expanded.

Fig. 344. The same, a portion of the surface shghtly magnified to show its ocel-
lated character.

^fess 2'^ed.

Plate XKVI.

K*:m

I

342

jJBrjur)<hjxrdt, det.

3 41

§^®

1

343

)44

Sowf-7t

PLATE XXVII,

Fig. 345. Heterofusiis retroversus ; from an original drawing by Mr. Alex.

Agassiz.

h. heart, d. c. digestive cavity. op. operculum. m. mouth. a. anus.
ov. ovary. s. siphon. w. wings. t. tentacle, ot. otolite.

Fig. 346. The same, at rest on the bottom of the jai-.

Fig. 347. The same, in rapid motion ; the natural position of this figure is sacri-
ficed to the exigencies of the plate, the shell should be much less ob-
liquely poised, and the upper arm should be nearly horizontal.

Fig. 348. The same, floating with expanded arms, as seen from the top of the
jar, when the animal is in captivity.

Fig. 349. Heterofusiis balea. The shell, copied from Dr. Stimpson's figure
of Spirialis Gouldii.

i!:i':'erx, of Msuss d'^ei.

Plate XXVII

^<

a' -/i

J-

345

op

\

-^-t

a46

;/'^#S

>,

3*8

AlejcLAgassiz, da I

•/A