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THE

VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

\

ZOOLOGY.

REPORT on the Orururomea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years
1873-76. By Tuxoporr Lyman.

INTRODUCTION.

THIs monograph attempts to describe and classify the OPHIURID&, or Brittle-Stars, and
the AsrropHyTiD&, or Branching-Stars, collected during the cruise of the Challenger.
Seeing that the twenty new genera and the one hundred and sixty-seven new species
formed a large proportion of those known, and considering that there were also
collected not a few of the old species, I deemed it wise to add the names of all others
previously described, and to arrange them under their genera with proper references and
explanations. Thus, by the addition of a few pages, the work has become a handbook of
the two families treated of.

First comes the descriptive portion, wherein are given descriptions of the new
Ophiuride arranged in their three groups, and of the Astrophytidx, both branching and
simple-armed. ‘There are added, from time to time, such anatomical observations as I
have been able to make. Then follow tables of distribution, geographical, bathymetrical,
and thermal, with brief reflections on their indications. At the end is a note on fossil
species and their relations to those living.

The anatomical parts spoken of are explained by frequent references to the plates.
Should the reader need more detailed information, he will find it in my Ophiuride and
Astrophytidee Old and New,' or in Dr Ludwig’s Morphologische Studien an Echinoder-
men. In order to understand a description, it is necessary to bear in mind that the
animal is supposed to have the mouth below; then vertically, towards the roof of the

1 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. iii., part 10, pp. 254 and 260.
2 Zeitschr. f. Wissenschaftl. Zoologie, vol. xxxi., 1878, p. 241; vol. xxxiv., 1880, pp. 1 and 57.
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART Xlv.—1882.) O 1

2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

disk, is “upwards;” towards the mouth, “ downwards;” horizontally, towards the points
of the arms, “ outwards;” and horizontally, towards the mouth, ‘ inwards.”

Some readers may take it amiss that I have omitted to present any tree-like diagrams,
setting forth the descent of these two families from others of the animal kingdom. I am
not unaware that distinguished naturalists have formed a sort of zoological herald’s college,
whence have emanated a great number of genealogical trees, intended to show the exact
descent and relationship of certain animals. These pedigrees would be most useful, were
it not for the absence of some thousands of essential ancestors whose whereabouts is
unknown, or even unknowable. Feeling quite unable to say what are the precise rela-
tionships among Brittle-stars, I have, nevertheless, tried to place the genera in such
order, and to give such notes on them, as would show their resemblances and their differ-
ences. To push the statement further seems, in the present state of knowledge, unpro-
fitable. It is the less important to be precise, because the several theories of evolution
which more or less depend on such genealogical trees, or pedigrees, have an interest
almost wholly historical, and hardly at all philosophical. That is to say, they treat of
the sequence of facts and not of their reason.

So far as philosophy is concerned, all the excitement of our day over these theories
is uncalled for. There prevails, indeed, a vague impression that they explain something,
whereas they explain nothing. They only assert, more or less dogmatically, that
certain events happened, in a certain order; just as there used to be a theory that
the leaning tower of Pisa was built leaning. There also was a theory that it was built
straight, and that it settled afterwards. Neither explained the tower, and both
assumed that masons built it; but one asserted that the courses were laid slanting,
the other that they were laid horizontally.

Theories of evolution, considered from their legitimate stand-pomt (viz., the
historical), have always this trouble, they make their machine do more than it can do.
Their auger goes on boring round holes till the opportune moment, and then suddenly
it bores a square hole. For example, the best research goes to demonstrate that there
can be no vital growth without an egg, or a seed, at the first stage. Air filtered or
strongly heated produces no life. Now, it is agreed that the earth was once too hot to
permit organic material. Whence, therefore, came the first egg, seed, or germ?
Several attempts have been made by evolutionists to jump this insurmountable fence.
One has suggested that the first germ came from a fortuitous collection of atoms; but
in positive science nothing is fortuitous, and neither in physics nor in metaphysics
is such a thing as an atom provable.

The so-called theory of separate or special creation has, in like manner, an interest
purely historical. There is as much special creation in evolution as in any other
history of growth and no more. The moment a type varies, there must be special

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 3

creation. If a certain ege grows into a plover with three toes it is a “ Beetlehead,” which
must continue to produce Beetleheads; but let a rudimentary hindtoe be added and
there results a “ Blackbelly”; and this is special creation, Every physiologist knows that
the observed permanent addition of a hindtoe in an embyro would be an event in
embryology comparable to the French revolution in politics.

We hear much of “laws” of nature and of their “immutability.” Our only idea
of immutability is absolute sameness, and absolute sameness would be nature in
everlasting rest. Definition so exact is, however, not needed to show that the laws of
nature are far from immutable. Such laws are known only by their results; and these
results show, on every side, clashing, disorder and interference. There are millions
upon millions of tendencies which are checked, warped, or destroyed by other millions.
Animal nature preys on itself and on vegetable nature, and vegetable on animal. Nor
is this work of destruction and recomposition a regular and compensating one.
Sometimes there is compensation and balance; but again there may be annihilation
of certain forms. Astronomy, with its noble formule, is really no better off. Its
accuracy is only comparative, as concerning vast times and spaces. It is not possible
to say that the earth has an absolute orbit, when we consider that the planet has
irregular lumps, four miles high, on its sides, and that its path is affected by every
petty meteor that approaches. In reply it may be said, that, behind this disorder,
there stands an eternal order which corresponds to the higher conceptions of the
human mind. I do not deny it; but such eternal order is a matter of faith, an
ideal. The phenomena within our reach exhibit only enough order and law to
prevent them from falling into chaos. In like manner human law has an ideal, but
the observed results would not prove its existence. All we notice in communities is a
tendency to law, which is feeble or strong according to the degree of their civilisation.

It is said that zoological forms are matter evolved under immutable laws, but these
laws so far from being constant, are subject to perversion and interference. As for
matter, it is introduced as the matrix of all properties, which properties may be latent,
that is, hidden from our view, or active, and therefore observable. Matter itself is in its
last analysis everywhere the same; from which it follows that the smallest division of
matter contains all the properties, or, as they are called, potentialities, that are held by
the universe. Each atom, or molecule, or cell, is cosmos in itself. Example: among
the cells that form the human body, and whose number is so vast that no idea of it could
be conveyed by figures, there appears one cell, microscopic in size, simple so far as we
know simplicity, having no exceptional relations to light, heat, or electricity, showing
no sign that foretells a peculiar career. It is a female cell, an egg. Among another
collection of cells there appears, in like manner, a cell; that of the male, a spermatozoon.
So long as they stay apart, each runs the common course of an organic element, ending
in dissolution and in passing into the waste material of the general mass. But, when

4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

the two come together, there is a different result. The male cell apparently is absorbed
and disappears in that of the female ;—apparently only, for the result is neither male nor
female, but neuter; and, as a neuter, it takes on the power of growth in a specific direc-
tion. Regardless of everything save actual violence, this soft and tiny germ keeps
steadily on its course. Sheltered from the awful powers of nature ; never warped by the
environment of myriads of growing shapes, it moulds itself in imitation of a body it
cannot see; and, when that imitation is complete, it stops,—now no longer a neuter, but
a male or a female and ready to begin its course of reproduction, decline, and death.
What is a plain statement of this process? It is, that two cells, neither of which had at
the outset any suggestive character, combine ; and then reproduce the complex organism
from which they sprung. Here is man, who properly is called a little world, produced from
a cell. The only organic connection between father and child is a cell, a spermatozoon ;
and yet we see children taking absolutely after the father in physical structure and in
mind. The only connection between grandfather and grandchild is a single cell from
among thousands of millions of cells, which thousands of millions were, many years
before, influenced in their growth by a single cell from that grandparent. And yet,
again, we see children having no likeness to their father but evidently taking after their
erandfather.

If, however, a cell (spermatozoon) can determine the structure of a grandchild, we
have this dilemma :—(1) Each cell carries potentiality to do anything. (2) Many
millions of cells may be ruled by one of their number, which is no better than they. Or,
to speak more generally, if each cell contains in itself power for every development (as by
the theory of development it must, because all forms are evolved, one out of another, and
what we call species are but temporary halts in evolution), then such cell is by itself
really more powerful than in combination with others ; for, as soon as it combines with
others, most of its powers become latent, and only such of them remain active as are
employed in building the structure intended—for example, a Beetlehead plover. From
this it follows :—(1) That organised matter attains its greatest power in its smallest size
and in a solitary state. (2) That the living kingdoms being made up of a quasi-infinite
number of such smallest organised units of matter ;—of cells, to wit,—each cell is all-
powerful, and of course equally potent with every other cell. (3) That these all-powerful
and equal cells agree to make combinations, and thereupon cease to be all-powerful and
become, for the time being, limited in power.

The history of a cell has been given above, and it is only a history: a bare state-
ment of the development, or evolution, of certain matter under given conditions. Hence
it follows that all theories of growth, development, or evolution, have simply an historical
interest, and very little philosophical. Every human being has grown from two cells,
and that growth is nourished by the same material that nourishes the growth of other

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 5

animals. In the course of his development, he passes from mere organised tissue to an
embryonic form, and thence to the stage of a new-born animal—hiving free, yet devoid
of intelligence and incapable of locomotion. He takes many months to get beyond the
mental capacity of a dog, and twenty years to arrive at his full powers. The growth
of his body is nothing more than an accumulation of material under a special form ; and
it makes no difference, philosophically, whether this accumulation has always followed its
present order, or has formerly followed a different order. In the first case we must
suppose the growth of Man always to have been what it now is; in the second case we
must suppose him originally developed from one of the lower animals. To state it in a
different form, we may suppose that two primitive cells have always grown into a man ;
or else that they, for a long time, grew only as far as one of the lower animals, but at
length pushed on and attained the structure of man. Take what view we will, we are
always talking of identical material, and of its building up, tumbling down, and rebuild-
ing, just as a mason, having bricks and mortar, may build a house, or a tower, or a
house surmounted by a tower. Whatever he builds he has but bricks and mortar, and
his mode of using them is only a history—the history of his construction.

If, then, we know laws only in the form of tendencies, and matter only as a contradic-
tion, we ought to be modest in our assertions about the order of nature. In other words,
while we may amuse ourselves by arranging a procession of species, we must be prepared
to see the pageant fall into confusion at any moment.

In the descriptive part of this monograph I have tried to use simple words as often
as possible; and not to add to the jargon in which zoology is now smothering. In
addition to a gigantic classification, to form which the dead languages have been torn
up and recomposed, there is an ever-growing crop of anatomical and embryological
terms. No callow privat docent but thinks he does good service in adding a score of
obscure words, to define his ephemeral theory. Doubtless he is not aware that his
work has two faces. First, as it regards himself, these new words of his have become
familiar and convenient in a subject he has long studied, Secondly, as it regards his
readers, not only have they never heard the new words, but have perhaps known the
parts referred to by other names. They must, therefore, go through three painful
processes :—(a) Commit to memory, with dreary labour, like sawdust-swallowing, the
novel words. (b) Learn to what parts they apply. (c) Carefully forget the old terms.

The result of this system has been, not a language but a jargon such as Moliére
would scarcely have ventured to put in the mouths of the medical faculty in his
Malade Imaginaire.

The ground trouble is in the notion, prevalent among scholars, that strict consistency
and interdependence of words are of vast importance and to be attained coute qui coute;
whereas they are of very slender importance and worth no sacrifice at all. What should

6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

be aimed at is the understanding of things, and their description in words few and
familar. Confusion does not arise from employing the same word in various ways
provided the context be well written. Does anybody fall into doubt about a yard, a
back-yard, a steel-yard, a yard-arm, a whin-yard, or a vine-yard? A word changes
meaning with each new combination, or surrounding, or tone. No one mistakes the
sarcasm of, “You're a pretty fellow!” or the tenderness of, ‘‘ What a pretty child !”

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Family, OPHIURIDE.

The Ophiuride are a family in the order of Starfishes characterised by a more or less
sharply-defined central disk containing a simple digestive cavity which does not radiate
into the slender rounded arms, and has no anal opening. The arms have an axis composed
of jointed vertebra-like sections (arm bones), each made up of two ambulacral pieces
soldered side by side. The axis is cased with plates, of which the single row, covering
the under side, is peculiar. The plates on the sides bear spines. Each arm bone is pierced
by a water tube, destitute of a bulb, and supplying the imperforate tentacle which is
bedded in the bone itself. The halves of the first two arm bones are swung laterally, into
the interbrachial space and soldered together to form the mouth angle,’ and in them are
set the mouth tentacles which are watered by a forking tube from the mouth ring. On
either side of the base of each arm, above and below, run two stout pieces, the radial
shield and genital plate, which are joined at the margin of the disk and connected by an
adductor muscle. In the lower interbrachial space, parallel with and close to each arm,
are one or two genital openings that enter a peculiar sac, the genital bursa, with which
communicate spermatic or ovarial tubes. The inner angle of each lower interbrachial
space is occupied by a single plate, the mouth shield, and one of these serves as the
madreporic body.”

1 Dr Ludwig considers the peristomial plate lying above the mouth angle as the junction of the first two ambulacral
pieces, a view I hesitate to adopt, since this plate is in no way connected with either of the mouth tentacles, and because
it may be composed of one, two, or three pieces, or be wanting altogether.

2 For an epitome of the finer anatomy of Ophiuride, see P. H. Carpenter, the Minute Anatomy of Brachiate
Echinoderms, Quart. Journ. of Micros. Soc., April 1881, p. 169.

For the bibliography of the two families, see T. Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i., 1865, p. 5; No. vi. p. 5,
1871. H. Ludwig, Echinodermen des Mittlemeeres, Mittheilungen des Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, vol. i., No. 4,
1879.

For description and comparative nomenclature of the hard parts see T. Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part
10, 1874, p. 260, pl. i.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 7

Group J.—Arm spines on outer edges of side arm plates and parallel to arm.

Ophiura.
Ophiura, Lmk., Syst. Anim. sans Vert., 1801 (non Fbs., nec. Ltk.).

Disk granulated. Teeth, and numerous, even, close-set mouth papille; no tooth
papillae; spines essentially smooth, shorter than the arm joints, flattened, numerous
(7-13); two tentacle scales, the upper one covering the base of the lowest arm-spine; an
indentation in the back of the disk, where it is joined by the arm; four genital openings,
the first pair beginning outside the mouth shields.

The disk scales, usually even and rather fine, more or less cover the small, oblong,
separated radial shields, which are jointed to curved, rounded, club-headed genital plates,
which are continued, by a ridge or thin plate, to the mouth shield. At the outer end of
the genital plate is attached the genital scale, which is also continued, by a broken ridge
or thin plate, to the mouth shield. The strong, compact, mouth angles are partly
covered above by three peristomial plates, two forming an angle which is filled by the
third. The arm bones are of a high type, being short and discoid, wider than high, and
having the structural points of their outer and inner faces perfectly developed. (See PI.
XXXVII. figs. 1-3.)

A large Ophiura, supposed to be Ophiura elaps, Ltk., dredged in 120 fathoms by the
U. S. steamer “Blake,” proved, on making a section, to be a male (Pl. XLVI. fig. 3).
There was a large bursa (bw) whose thin lining membrane (bu’) passed upward to the top
of the arm, to whose middle line it was attached, thus limiting the sac on that side. On
its upper surface it was attached to a part of the interbrachial floor of the digestive
cavity (st) whose roof adhered closely to that of the disk, and was there smooth, while
its floor was deeply folded, and descended into the interbrachial spaces, where it was
attached to the disk-wall. The spermaries (8) hung in a sort of festoon, their upper
lobes, seen cut through at 8’, being packed into the upper margin of the disk, near the
adductor muscle (77m).

Arm SPINES EQUAL.

eS ESF ee —_——_—

Lowest ARM SPINES LONGEST.

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

TABLE oF Species oF Ophiura.

(The granular covering on the radial shields and side mouth shields
varies somewhat. )

isk thi i ge grains. 8- ide and short ines. th-
Disk thick, with large grains. 8-10 wide and short arm spines. Mou | GufiuncOpanealine

sf
shields wider than long,
Upper arm plates broken in numerous pieces. 9-10 slender arm spines, as

Ophiura guttata.
long as a side arm plate, t phiura gu

Side mouth
shieldscovered,

Mouth shields ovoid in outline. 7-8 slender, spaced, arm spines nearly as I Grimm revenue

Z long as side arm plate,
oO
a
a Similar to preceeding, but with longer arm spines, é : . Ophiura variegata.
3 od
B's
3 = | Large (disk 19 mm.), with thicker arms and disk than in the two
a ; Ophiura holmes?.
3 preceding, :
R
l arms slender and tapering. 8-9 slender tapering, rounded arm spines, . Ophiura jan uani.

Then Ophiura levis has no radial shields, or very small ones ; while Oplauma Tome.

Ophiura cinerea has them large and oval,

{ These two species, similar when adult, are quite different when young.
Upper arm plates divided symmetrically into a number of scales, . Ophiurasquamosissima.

Ophiura cinerea.

Upper arm plates broken. Numerous small naked swollen eee midst , i
: : Ophiura wahlbergii.
eranulation of disk, .

Upper arm plates entire. Mouth shields large. Side mouth shields

Ophiura rubicunda.
naked, 2

Upper arm plates entire. Large radial shields. Side mouth shields : ;
Ophiura panamensis.
granulated, .

With naked radial shields.

‘ : hiura teres.
Side mouth shields granulated, OE DR ae

Radial shields partly covered. Under arm plates with a re-entering curve

Upper arm plates broken. Radial shields often wholly or partly g granulated. i
} Ophiura daniana.

without,

n
@ : Ophiura appressa.
= eines, phiura appressa
as

3
is 3 Large (disk 30 mm.). 7-8 broad, close-set arm spines, . : . Ophiura elaps.
=|
=

& size (disk 16 mm.). Mouth shields wider than long. 8-9 arm

Similar to Ophiura appressa, but occasionally with naked radial shields, . Ophiura tongana.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 9

Ophiura brevispina, Say, Journ.’ Phil. Acad., vol. v., 1825, p. 149; Lym., Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 258, Jan. 1860; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 18.

Ophioderma olivaceum, Ayres, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. p, 134, 1852.
Ophioderma serpens, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 7; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 96.
Ophiura olivacea, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p, 23.

Off Bahia, Brazil.

Ophiura cinerea, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 27, 1865.

Ophioderma cinereum, Mill & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 87, 1842.
Ophiodermu antillarum, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 9, 1856 ; Addit, ad Hist., part 2, p. 88, 1859.

Bahia, Brazil; 7 to 20 fathoms.

Ophiura wppressa, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 151, 1825; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus.

Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 34. ;
Ophioderma virescens, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan, 1856, p. 6; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 92, pl. i.
fig. 4,

Off Bahia, Brazil.

Ophiura tongana, Lym.
Ophioderma tongana, Ltk., Oph. Nov. Des., Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 106, 1872,
Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope; 10 to 20 fathoms.

Species of Ophiura not herein described.

Ophiura brevicauda, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 16, 1865.

Ophioderma brevicauda, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 8; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 94,
pl. i. fig. 3.

West Indies; 1 to 35 fathoms.

Ophiura guttata, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 10, 1865.
Ophioderma guttata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 95, pl. i. fig. 8, 1859.
West Indies; 1 to 10 fathoms.

Ophiura holmesi, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. vi. p. 255, 1860 ; Hl. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 21, pl. i. fig. 7.

Charleston, 8. C.

(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART xIv,—1882.) O2

10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiura daniana, Vil., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 254, 1867.

La Union, San Salvador; 7 fathoms.

Ophiura januarii, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 25, 1865.

Ophioderma Januari’, Ltk., Vid. Meddel, Jan. 1856, p. 7; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 97, pl. i,
fig. 5, 1859.

Rio Janeiro.

Ophiura variegata, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1. p. 10, 1865; VIL., Trans.
Conn. Acad., vol. 1., part 2, p. 254.

Ophioderma variegata, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March 1856, p. 21; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 97,
1859.

West Coast of Central America; 5 fathoms.

Ophiura levis, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 26, 1865.

Stella levis, Rondelet, De Pisc., 1554, p. 120.

(2) Stella lumbricalis longicauda, Linck., De Stell. Mar., p. 47, tab. xi. fig. 17, 1733.

Ophiura lacertosa, Lmk., Syst. Anim. sans Vert., p. 351, 1801.

Asterias Ophiura, Delle Chiaje, Mem., vol. il. p. 369, tab. xx. fig. 1.

Ophiure lezardelle, Blainv., Faune Frang. Stell., pl. vi.

Ophioderma longicauda, Mill & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 86, 1842; Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres,
p. 545,

Mediterranean.

Ophiura wahlbergi, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 10, 1865.
Ophioderma Wahlbergit, Mill & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 87, 1842.
Port Natal, South Africa.

Ophiura rubicunda, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 30, 1865.
Ophioderma rubicunda, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 8; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 90, pl. i.

fig. 2.

West Indies.

Ophiura panamensis, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 32, 1865; VIL,
Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 253.
Ophioderma panamensis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 91, 1859.

West Coast of Central America; Lower California.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA., 11
Ophiura squamosissima, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 10, 1865.
Ophioderma squamosissima, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 8; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 92,
pl. i. fig. 7, 1859.

West Indies.

Ophiura teres, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. vi. pp. 198 and 257, 1860; II.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 37, fig. 1; VIL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 253.

West Coast of Central America; Lower California.

Ophiura elaps, Lym. (Pl. XXXVII. figs. 1-3, Pl. XLVI. fig. 3).
Ophioderma Elaps, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 19; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 93, 1859.
Ophiura elaps, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 10, 1865.

West Indies; 120 fathoms. (Same species ?.)

Ophiopeza.
Ophiopeza, Pet., Monatsh. Konig. Akad., Berlin, 1851.
Disk granulated. Teeth, and numerous even, close-set mouth papillae; no tooth
papille. Spines smooth, shorter than the arm joints, flattened, numerous (5-10).

Tentacle scales one or two; in the latter case the upper one covers the base of the

lowest arm spine. An indentation in the back of the disk, at the base of each arm.

Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

In its general features, the skeleton is similar to that of Ophiura.
plates, however, are shorter and thicker, and the genital scale is attached at a point
considerably inside the head, thus shortening the genital openimg. On the inner
face of an arm bone the umbo and articulating knobs are larger and more rounded.

(See Pl. XLI. figs. 1-3.)

The genital

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiopeza.

Ophiopeza peters.

RO Es 18 disk grains in the length of 1mm. 5-6 arm spines,

naked.
eee 13 disk grains in the length of 1 mm. 2 RISES UNE TEL Ophiopeza yoldit.
granulated. spines, . :

(6 arm spines. Mouth
{REE MOUSE fontiran ater
_ tentacle scale,

5-6 arm spines.

8 arm spines, . Ophiopeza Jallac.

|
(Reo accep area
| | 25 disk grains in the length of 1 mm.
L
( 25 disk grains in the length of 1 mm. .

spines.

{ 10 arm spines, equal, Wiest emai

granulated.
except the lowest, . f

Radial shields
13 disk grains in the length of 1 mm.

8-10 arm

12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,

Ophiopeza yoldii (2), Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 9; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p- 98, 1859; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 221.
Ophiopsammus Yoldii, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 98, 1869.
Station 163.—April 4, 1874; off Twofold Bay ; lat. 36° 56’ 8., long. 150° 30’ E.;
120 fathoms ; red clay. ‘

Ophiopeza aster, Lym. (Pl. XXI. figs. 16-18).
Ophiopeza aster,.Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., pt. 2, p. 50, pl. xiv. figs. 395-397, 1877.

Disk densely and finely granulated above and below, including the mouth angle.

(Type specimen from Station 142.) Diameter of disk 11 mm.; length of arm 33 mm.
Width of arm close to disk, 2mm. Teeth narrow, sharp, and lanceolate ; the two lowest
usually split in two. The apex is oceupied by a bunch of three or four short, crowded,
spiniform tooth papille; and on each side of the mouth angle is a close line of small
mouth papille whereof the inner ones are bead-like, while the two outermost are wider and
somewhat flattened. The small, rounded mouth shields and the side mouth shields are
completely covered by a close granulation. First under arm plate about half as large as
those beyond, of a heart shape, with the point inward ; the rest are rather small, some-
what broader than long, much wider without than within, having the outer side curved,
lateral sides re-enteringly curved and a truncated angle within. Side arm plates small,
clinging close to arm, widely separated above, nearly meeting below. Upper arm plates
four sided, twice as broad as long, much wider without than within, with outer side
gently curved and laterals straight. Disk pentagonal, flat, densely and uniformly
covered with an extremely fine granulation, 20 or 25 grains in the length of 1 mm. ; this
granulation extends over the entire mouth angle quite to the bases of the mouth papille.
Six very short arm spines, growing longer from above downward ; the upper ones are
rounded and peg-like ; the lowest ones somewhat flattened, and scarcely more than half
as long as a joint. One oval tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, light greenish grey.

Station 142.—December 18, 1873; lat. 35° 4’S., long. 18° 37’ E.; 150 fathoms ; sand.

Ophiopeza equalis, Lym. (Pl. XX VII. figs. 7-9).

Ophiopeza equalis, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1880, pl. ii. figs. 23-25.

Disk uniformly covered, including radial shields, by a close granulation. Ten flat
crowded arm spines nearly equal, except the lowest, which is larger.

(Type specimen from Station 219.) Diameter of disk 25 mm. Length of arm about
150 mm. ; width of same, close to disk, without spines, 5 mm. Fourteen to seventeen
flattened, crowded mouth papillz to each angle; those within small and pointed; the two
outermost on either side much the broadest. Mouth shield short, rounded, heart-shaped,
with a blunt angle inward. Length to breadth, 4:4. Side mouth shields very small,

—

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 13

occupying the outer lateral corners of the mouth shield. Under arm plates wider than
long, with a rounded, truncated angle within ; slight re-entering curves on the lateral sides
and the outer edge curved. Side arm plates short and thick, with cleanly curved outer
margin ; separated above by the large upper arm plates which are much broader than long,
and strongly arched with outer side straight, except at the corners where it is rounded ;
length to breadth, 4°5 :1°3. Disk thick but flat, with a notch over the arms ; it is covered,
including radial shields and space next mouth papille, with an even, fine granulation ;
thirteen grains in 1 mm. long. Genital openings long, extending from outer edge
of mouth shield nearly to margin of disk. Ten short, flat arm spines with rounded
ends, about two-thirds as long as a side arm plate, except the lowest which is longer and
larger. Two s~all, round tentacle scales, whereof one covers the base of the lowest arm
spine. Colour in alcohol, nearly white.

Station 219.—March 10, 1875; north-east of New Guinea; lat. 1° 50’S., long. 146°
42’ E.; 150 fathoms ; mud.

This species agrees in the number of disk grains with Ophiopeza yoldii, but has
twice as many arm spines. Ophiopeza fallax, and Ophiopeza aster agree with each
other as to grains (about twenty-five in the length of 1 mm.) Ophiopeza aster,
however, has six arm spines, instead of eight, and the entire mouth angle, including
mouth shield, is closely granulated. Finally, Ophiopeza peters: has about eighteen
erains in the length of 1 mm., six arm spines, and naked radial shields.

Species of Ophiopeza not herein described.

Ophiopeza fallax, Pet. (Pl. XLI. figs. 1-3).

Ophiopeza fallax, Pet., Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 465, 1851; Wiegmann’s Archiv,
p. 84, 1852.

Great Ocean.

Ophiopeza petersi, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 217, pl. ii. figs.
22-24, 1878.
West Indies; 177 fathoms.

Pectinura.
Pectinura, Fbs., Linn. Trans., vol. xix., 1842.

Disk granulated. Teeth, and numerous even, close-set mouth papille; no tooth
papillae. Spines smooth, shorter than the arm joints, numerous (5-15). Tentacle scales,
rarely one, usually two, in which case the upper one overlaps the base of the lowest arm
spine. An indentation in the back of the disk at the base of each arm. A supplementary

14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

plate just outside the true mouth shield. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.
Pectinura is separated from Ophiopeza only by having a supplementary plate outside
the mouth shield ; and both are distinguished from Ophiwra by the minor anatomical char-
acter in this last, that, by a partial adhesion of the edges of the genital openings, each one
is divided into two. The similarity actually found in the skeletons would be expected. In
all three the disk is enclosed by a coat of stout imbricated scales and strong radial shields.
The genital plates, thick and rather wide, are attached to short, stout genital scales,
which, in Ophiopeza and Pectinura are articulated farther inward, thus shortening the
genital opening. The mouth frames and jaws are strong and finely curved and bear three
thick peristomial pieces whereof two form an angle, whose opening outward is wedged by
the third. The arm bones are of a high type, having thin wings, and the umbo, articu-
lating peg and other subordinate parts well marked.

TABLE OF Species OF Pectinura.
Radial shields granulated. 13-15 arm spines, Pectenwra spinosa.

Radial shields granulated. 9 short arm spines, Pectinura arenosa.
No pores between
Disk cov- under arm plates, | Radial shields naked; also some other disk PE erate aah
Pectinura infernalis.
ered, under plates. 9 arm spines,
its granula-

tion, with ( Radial shields naked, 3 arm spines, . . Pectinura heros.

coarsescales

or swollen ( Arms cylindrical at their insertion in the disk, Pahinui Sie
lates : which is puffed COS ee

ene Pores between first P ? :

and second under

Arms widened at their in- -11 arm spines ectinura marmor
arm plates, at 10-11 arm spines, Pectinura marmorata.

sertion in thedisk, which
L | is flat, : j 5-6 arm spines, . Pectinura stellata.

spines ; underarm
plates encroached
on by side arm
plates,

Pectinura vestita.

Ten thin equal arm
its evanula- |

|
Disk, under |
| Pores only between

tion, cover- m ¢
first and second : 3 : : : . Pectinura maculata.
Oe alan under arm plates
minute and P ,
smooth ; : 5
ae Pores between the | 7-8 conical arm spines, the lowest one a little Dechntira Sen TeTIGtE
. ‘ under arm plates the longest, ; 0 : BY ee

some distance
along the arm,

continued for
| 8-9 flat, pointed arm spines, the lowest os)
. | very long and flat, often equal to two joints p Pectinura rigida.
| in length, 5

Of doubtful place, . : : : s . Pectinura verrucosa.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 15

Pectinura gorgonia, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 33, 1869.
Ophiarachna gorgonia, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 105, 1842.
Fiji Islands.

Pectinura maculata, Vul., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xi. p. 388, 1869; Lym.,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 222; VIl., Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xlviii.,
2nd series, p. 431, 1869.

(?) Ophiura maculata, Hutt., Ech. New Zealand, p. 3, 1872.

Queen Charlotte’s Sound, New Zealand ; 10 fathoms.

Pectinura rigida, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 224, 1874.
(2) Ophiura cylindrica, Hutt., Echin. New Zealand, p. 3, 1872.

Fiji Islands.

Pectinura stellata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 33, 1869; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 221.
Ophiarachna stellata, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 305, 1866.

Ophiochasma (Ophiolepis) adspersum, Grube, Jahres Bericht. d. Schles. Gesell., p. 28, 1867.
Ophiarachnella stellata, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 640, 1871.

Station 208. —January 17, 1875; lat. 11° 37’ N., long. 123° 32’ E.; 18 fathoms; mud.

Pectinura arenosa, Lym. (Pl. XXIII. figs. 10-12).
Pectinura arenosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. vi, part 2, p. 48, pl. xiv. figs. 392-
394, 1879.
Nine to eleven short arm spines. Disk uniformly granulated, with about 8 grains in
1 mm. long. No water pores between under arm plates.
(Type specimen from Station 162.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. ; length of arm about
42 mm. Width of arm close to disk 2 mm. Fifteen short, stout, pointed, crowded mouth
papillee, the three outermost being somewhat the widest. Mouth shields rounded triangular,
about as broad as long, with a blunt angle inward and outer side straight. Supplementary
shield semicircular, and about two-thirds as large as the true shield. Side mouth shields
very small, and short, occupying part of the outer angles of mouth shield, and widely separ-
ated within. First under arm plate wide and large, and nearly semicircular, though the
inner side is not quite straight; those beyond are as broad as long. There are no water
pores between the plates. Side arm plates flat and not swollen, separated above and below.
Upper arm plates short rounded oval; somewhat broader than long. Disk somewhat
angular and slightly swollen, closely covered above and below, except the mouth shields
and side mouth shields, with a fine granulation, about 8 grains in the length of 1 mm.

16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Genital openings extending from mouth shield about two-thirds the distance to the margin.
Nine to eleven short, stout, somewhat flattened peg-like arm spines, all about half as
long as the side arm plate, except the lowest, which equals it. Two small rounded
tentacle scales on the side arm plate, whereof that on the interbrachial side overlaps
the base of the lowest arm spines. Colour in alcohol, disk pale yellowish-brown, above ;
arms darker, with irregular belts of black and yellowish-brown.

Station 162.—April 2, 1874 ; off East Moncur Island, Bass Strait; 38 fathoms; sand.

This species stands between Pectinura spinosa and Pectinura infernalis.

Pectinura heros, Lym. (Pl. XXIII. figs. 7-9).
Pectinura heros, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 48, pl. xiv. figs. 389-391, 1879.

Three very short arm spines, low down on the side arm plate. No pores between
lower arm plates. One round tentacle scale.

(Type specimen from Station 191.) Diameter of disk 22 mm. Length of arm about
100 mm. Width of arm close to disk without spines 4 mm. Fifteen small, close-set
mouth papilla to each angle, whereof the two or three outer ones on each side are flat,
rounded, and larger than the rest, which are pointed; there are two just under the teeth,
and sometimes two supplementary below and outside these. Mouth shields long, heart-
shaped, with a rounded angle within; length to breadth 3:2°2. Sometimes a rudimentary
supplementary piece may be seen, just outside. Side mouth shields three-cornered and
small, occupying only the outer corners of the mouth shield. Under arm plates about as
wide as long, bounded without by a curve, within by a truncated angle, and laterally by re-
entering curves. Side arm plates short, with rounded edges, meeting neither above nor
below. Upper arm plates broad, highly arched, closely overlapping, with outer and inner
edges nearly straight. Disk flat and angular, closely and evenly covered with very fine
granules, 7 or 8 in the length of 1 mm., except the radial shields and one or more plates
along the margin. Radial shields egg-shaped, longer than broad, with outer and inner
ends much rounded; length to breadth 3°7:2. Lower interbrachial space covered by
same granulation as above, extending even to the mouth angle, but not on mouth shields.
Genital opening long, extending from mouth shield to margin of disk. Three short,
small, blunt arm spines standing low on the side arm plate, and about half as long as a
joint. One round tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol white.

Station 191.—September 23, 1874; lat. 5° 41'S., long. 134° 4’ E.; 800 fathoms; mud,

This species stands as near to Pectinura stellata as to any; there are, however, no pores
between the under arm plates, and but three short arm spines. The only occasional
presence of rudimentary supplementary mouth shields points once more to the very close
connection between Ophiopeza and Pectinura.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 17.

Species of Pectinwra not herein described.

Pectinura vestita, Fbs., Linn. Trans., vol. xix. p. 143, pl. xu. figs. 1-7, 1842; Ltk.,
Addit. ad Hist., vol. iii. p. 31; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 222;
Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 546.

Ophiarachna vestita, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i. p. 11,

fEgean Sea; South Adriatic; 100 fathoms.

Pectinura infernalis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 33, 1869; Lym., Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol. iii. part 10, p. 222, pl. vii. fig. 1.
Ophiarachna infernalis, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 105, 1842.
Great Ocean.

Pectinura marmorata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 222, pl. v.
figs. 1-7, 1874.
Philippines.

Pectinura septemspinosa, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 33, 1869; Lym., Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 222, pl. vi. figs. 10-13.
Ophiura septemspinosa, Kuhl. & v. Has., MS.
Ophiarachna septemspinosa, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 105, 1842.

Great Ocean.

Pectinura spinosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 221, 1874.
Ophiarachna spinosa, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of Kong. Akad., p. 305, 1866.
Ophiopezella spinosa, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 639, 1871.

Foua Islands.

Pectinura verrucosa, Studer, Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 461, July 1876.
Kerguelen Island; 150 fathoms.

Ophiopepatle.
Ophiopepale, Ljn., Dy Gots, Oph. Of. Kong, Akad., 1871.

Disk granulated. Teeth, and numerous even, close-set, mouth papille. No tooth
papille. Three slender, short, smooth arm spines. One small tentacle scale. Arms
long, cylindrical, and gradually tapering to a fine point, their under plates divided into
two parts, an inner tongue, and an outer piece which is of a transverse oblong shape,

Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.
(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv.—1882.) : 03

ome

18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

The skeleton presents stout genital plates, with clubbed ends, much as in Ophiura,
and having attached a long, thin genital scale broken in two or more pieces. The peris-
tomial plates are in two stout pieces, which form together a wide heart-shape. Arm
bones as high as wide, with long tops, having a deep longitudinal canal, while their wings
are thin and have sharp edges. In contrast to the delicate imbricated scaling of the
disk is the size of the radial shields, which touch each other, are very wide, and have a
process inward. (See Pl. XXXVII. figs. 4-6.)

Species of Ophiopepale not herein described.

Ophiopepale goésiana, Lin. (Pl. XX XI. figs. 4-6).
Ophiopepale goésiana, Ljn., Dr Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., 1871, p. 615; Lym., Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 9, p. 228.

West Indies; 100 to 180 fathoms.

Ophiogona.
Ophiogona, Studer, Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, July 1876.

Mouth papillee, about fourteen to each angle. Teeth in a double row; no tooth papille.
Disk clothed with fine scales, covered by a soft skin; and without notches in its upper
sides, at the basis of the arms. Numerous (3-6) flat tentacle scales, arranged along
transverse pores. Nine short arm spines. Mouth shields long and extending into the
interbrachial space, which has two genital openings.

Species of Ophiogona not herein described.

Ophiogona laevigata, Studer, Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 460, July, 1876.
Kerguelen Islands; 120 fathoms.

Ophiolepis.
Ophiolepis, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Arch., vol. vi, 1840.

Disk covered with radial shields and stout plates; each larger one, above, being
surrounded by a belt of smaller ones. Over the base of each arm, a small notch in the
disk. Genital scales thick and conspicuous. Teeth; no tooth papillae; numerous even,
close-set mouth papillee. Side mouth shields wide, and nearly, or quite, meeting within.
Arm spines short and small, supplementary pieces to the upper arm plates. Two short
genital openings, beginning at the sides of the mouth shields.

As compared with the massive disk plates, the skeleton proper is somewhat slight,

REPORT ON .THE OPHIUROIDEA. 19

except the strong genital plates, which have a long, thick head, to which is attached the
genital scale, at a point far inward, so that the genital opening is much shortened
(Ophiolepis cincta), or, what amounts to the same, the scale may, for a part of its length,
be soldered to the plate (Ophiolepis elegans). The peristomial plate may either be thin
and in one piece (Ophiolepis elegans), or thick and divided in two (Ophiolepis cincta).
On the edge of the wings of the arm bones are grooves. The first mouth tentacle is
enclosed in a tube of lime scales, a feature observed also in Ophioglypha, Pectinura,

Ophiura, &. (See Pl. XXXVII. figs. 7-9.)

TABLE OF SpEcIES OF Ophiolepis.

1 scale-like arm spine. Mouth papillx in two rows, one above the other, Ophiolepis carinata.
2 very short arm spines, ~. : : : ; . Ophiolepis paucispina.

4 minute arm spines. The beltings of smaller disk scales, uniform ee ee,
\ Ophiolepis cincta.

above and below, : j ¢ ; : ‘
4-5 arm spines. Disk plates forming a nearly smooth surface, . Ophiolepis variegata.
5-6 arm spines, otherwise similar to preceding, , : . Ophiolepis elegans.
6-7 arm spines. Disk plates forming a rough broken surface, . Ophiolepis annulosa.

Ophiolepis cincta, Mill. & Tr. (Pl. XXXVIL. figs. 7-9).

Ophiolepis cineta, Miill & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 90, 1842; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 101,
pl. ii. fig. 6; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 60.
Ophiolepis Garretti, Lym., I. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 61, pl. ii. fig. 4, 1865.

Station 186, Samboangan, Philippine Islands; 8 fathoms.

Ophiolepis annulosa, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Arch., vol. vi. p. 328, 1840; Syst. Ast., p. 89,
1842: Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 100, pl. ii. fig. 5; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., No. 1. p. 58.

Ophiura annulosa, Blainv. (non Lmk.), Actinol., p. 244, tab. xxiv., 1834.

Station 186.—September 8, 1874; Ternate Shore near Celebes ; 8 fathoms ; coral sand.

Species of Ophiolepis not herein described.

Ophiolepis paucispina, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 90, 1842; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., No. i. p. 55; Ltk., Addit, ad Hist., part 2, p. 102, pl. i. fig. 2.
; Ophiura paucispina, Say, Journ, Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 149, pl. i, 1825.

West Indies; 3 to 4 fathoms.

20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S, CHALLENGER,

Ophiolepis elegans, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 105, 1859; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 58, pl. il. fig. 5.
West Indies; 83 to 30 fathoms.

Ophiolepis variegata, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March 1856, p. 23; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 106, pl. ii. fig. 7; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 10; VIL, Trans. Conn.
Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 256.

West Coast of Central America.

Ophiolepis carinata, Studer, Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, July 1876, p. 460.
Kerguelen Island; 60 to 65 fathoms.

Ophioplocus.
Ophioplocus, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. viii., 1861.

Disk closely and finely sealed above and below. Genital scales hidden. Teeth. No
tooth papille. Numerous even, close-set mouth papilla. Side mouth shields wide, and
nearly or quite meeting within. Three short, stout arm spines. Upper arm plates divided
on the middle line into halves, which, at the base of the arm are placed at the outer lower
corner of the joint on each side, and are separated by a number of supplementary pieces.
At the tip of the arm the plate is simple; then it divides in two, and the halves are
eradually forced apart by the intrusion of supplementary pieces. Two short genital
openings in each interbrachial space, extending only half-way to the margin of the
disk, and beginning outside the mouth shields.

In disk-scaling and radial shields it bears some resemblance to Ophiura. The
genital plate also is similar, except that its scale is attached very far inward, thus
shortening the genital opening. There is almost no groove along the edges of the arm
bone wings. The halves of the stout peristomial plate make a wide heart-shape. (See

Pl. XXXVILI. figs. 10-12.)

Species of Ophioplocus not herein described,

Ophioplocus imbricatus, Lym. (Pl. XX XVII. figs. 10-12).

Ophiolepis imbricata, Mill & Ty., Syst. Ast., p. 98, 1842; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 160.
Ophioplocus tessellatus, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii., p. 76, 1861.
Ophioplocus imbricatus, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 69, 1865.

Great Ocean.

Ophioplocus esmarki, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1ii., part 10, p. 227, pl. v.
figs. 12-14, pl. vi. fig. 6, 1874.
San Diego, and near Santa Barbara, Cal.; 22 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 7A |

Ophiozona.
Ophiozona, Lym., Ill. Cat, Mus. Comp, Zool., No. i., 1865.

Disk covered with radial shields and stout scales. The larger mingled with lines of
smaller ones. Over the base of each arm, a small notch in the disk. Genital scales thick
and conspicuous. Teeth. No tooth papillae. Numerous even, close-set mouth papille.
Side mouth shields wide, and nearly or quite meeting within, Few (2—5) short arm spines
usually arranged not along the outer edge of the side arm plates but on their outer corner,
so that the spines stand at an angle with the arm. No supplementary pieces to the upper
arm plates. Two genital openings, beginning at the sides of the mouth shields.

The skeleton presents a stout, flat, somewhat curved genital plate with a clubbed
end, and a genital scale of equal length which runs below it, and is for some distance,
soldered to it. The peristomial plate is thick and swollen; sometimes single, and some-
times divided in two. Of the discoid arm bones, those within the disk are scarcely
grooved on their edges, while those beyond have grooves and thinner wings. Seen from
within the upper disk is set with stout, strongly overlapping plates, and oblong separated
radial shields. (See Pl. XXXVII. figs. 13-15.)

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiozona.

: Arm spines nearly as long as side arm plates; lowest on ; :
4-5 arm spines. P mea 8 P 2 bone Ophiozona impressa.

Small separated longest,

fF HOREN EES (Arm spines equal and very short, . : ; . Ophiozona pacifica.
77]
2 , Radial shields large and touching, ° : . Ophiozona nivea.
= ,
a 4 arm spines, ; : Radial shields large and separated. Two scales on first two Goh re
se { tentacle pores only, \ phiozona insularia.
=
‘i : F < ‘ A
3 arm spines, j Large radial shields, bearing a blunt spine on their outer \ Ophiozona, tessellata.
l end, . ;
" r Radial shields small and separated, : é . Ophiozona stellata.
# Large pointed radial shields nearly touching at their middle) | _ , :
§ : ; Ophiozona antillarum.
a point, . : 5 . ¢ :
©
g 2-3 arm spines, Large, oval, well separated radial shields, . . - Ophiozona depressa.
= Radial shields wide and touching. First side arm plates
& very wide, and extending into centre of interbrachial \ Qphiozona (2) dubia.
IL space,

Ophiozona impressa, Lym, (Pl. XX XVII. figs. 13-15).

Ophiolepis impressa, Ltk,, Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 101, pl. ii. fig. 3, 1859.
Ophiozona impressa, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 64, fig. 4, 1865.

Bahia; 7 to 20 fathoms.

22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiozona nivea, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 9, 1875, out-
line figs. 85, 86; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 128; vol. v., part 9, p. 221.
Station 24.—March 25, 1873; off Culebra Island; 390 fathoms ; mud.

Ophiozona insularia, Lym. (Pl. XI. figs. 10-12).

Ophiozona insularia, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 126, pl. vi, figs.
149-151, 1878.

Four short, nearly equal arm spines. Arm high. Side arm plates swollen, and
strongly flaring outward. Radial shields large, rounded triangular, widely separated.

(Type specimen from Station 173.) Diameter of disk 6mm. Length of arm about 18
mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1°6 mm. Five short, squarish, close-set
mouth papillze on each side, one large spearhead shaped at apex of angle. Mouth shield
longer than broad, with a very deep curve without, and an angle within; length to breadth,
1:°8. Side mouth shields short and thick, rather wider without than within where they
meet. First under arm plate very small, tranverse oval in shape; second, third, and
fourth plates large and five-sided, with inner angle truncated, small re-entering curves on
the lateral sides, and outer edge slightly curved; beyond, they approach a fan-shape, with
an angle inward. Side arm plates broad, swollen, and flaring outward, just meeting below
beyond the fifth under arm plate, and above beyond the fifth or sixth arm plate, which is
fan-shaped, with an angle inward. Disk rounded pentagonal and flat, with a large central
plate, and five others round it, separated from each other by a wedge-scale ; interbrachial
spaces filled by four angle plates, a large one within, outside this two smaller, and then
a squarish marginal plate. Radial shields swollen, longer than wide, three-sided, with
angles rounded, separated throughout their entire length by a wedge of three plates
whereof the innermost is largest and connects with a primary plate; length to breadth
1°3.: 1.. Lower interbrachial space covered by two very irregular transverse rows of
long rounded plates. Genital scales long and narrow, curved and tapering. Four short
blunt arm spines, the three lowest longest, and about half as long as an arm joint. Two
tentacle scales on the first two pairs of tentacle pores, a small one within and larger one
without ; beyond this there is only one large round scale. Colour in alcohol, white.

A smaller specimen, whose diameter of disk was 3°5 mm., was similar, except that the
disk plates fewer and more regular, and the radial shields were scarcely separated.

Station 173.—-July 24, 1874; off Matuka, Fiji Islands; 310 fathoms ; coral.

Ophiozona, stellata, Lym. (Pl. XI. figs. 13-15).

Ophiozona stellata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 7, p. 125, pl. vi. figs. 147, 148,
1878.

Two short arm spines placed low on the plate, the lower one twice as long as the

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 23

upper. Arm somewhat flattened, side arm plates not swollen. Radial shields small,
irregular, widely separated.

(Type specimen from Station 168.) Diameter of disk 9mm. Length of arm about 35
mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1°8 mm. Four squarish close-set mouth
papillze on each side, and two longer and more pointed at angle of jaw. Four short
stout teeth, the lowest thickened and rounded. Mouth shields three sided, with a long
angle within, and outer edge much curved; length to breadth 1°8:1°8. Side mouth shields
short and thick, wide without ; tapermg to a point within, where they just meet. First
under arm plate very small, transverse oval in form; second plate wider without than
within, four-sided, having lateral sides re-enteringly curved and a peak without; those
beyond are similar, but nearly pentagonal. Side arm plates broad and thick, meeting
below beyond the fourth under arm plate, and above beyond the second upper arm plate,
which is fan-shaped, with an angle inward. Disk flat and rather thin, covered with
stout, rounded, microscopically tuberculous plates, whereof a large primary occupies the
centre, with five others about it, separated in the interbrachial space by a radiating row
of two or more scales; outside these, again, is a row of ten semicircular plates with
small scales between; near each interbrachial margin are two plates side by side; on
the lower interbrachial space are three transverse rows of irregularly shaped plates.
Genital scales composed of three irregular pieces placed end to end. Genital openings
extending from outer edge of mouth shield to margin. Two short, stout, blunt, tapering
arm spines placed low on the side arm plate, the lower one twice as long as the upper,
and about half as long as an arm joint. One large rounded tentacle scale on the inner
side of the tentacle pore. Colour in alcohol pale grey.

A young specimen with a disk of 2°8 mm. had arms 5 mm. long. The disk was
more arched, and its plates, of course fewer, were microscopically tuberculous. The side
mouth shields were very large and swollen, and the mouth shields small. The first under
arm plate larger than in the adult, and the rest much smaller proportionately.

Station 168.—July 8, 1874; lat. 40° 28’S., long. 177° 43’ E.; 1100 fathoms; grey ooze.
Station 169.—July 10, 1874; lat. 37°34’ S., long. 179° 22’ E. ; 700 fathoms ; grey ooze.

Ophiozona antillarwn, Lym. (Pl. XI. figs. 7-9).

Ophiozona antillarum, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 127, pl. vi. figs.
152-154, 1878.

Two short arm spines, upper one longer. Arm of medium height. Side arm plates
somewhat flarmg outward. Radial shields large, pomted without and within, nearly
joined at their middle point.

(Type specimen from Station 23.) Diameter of disk 8 mm. Width of arm, without
spines, close to disk 1°8 mm. Four short, rounded, close-set mouth papille on each side,
and two longer and sharper at apex of angle. Mouth shields as long as broad, with an

24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

angle within, bounded by re-entering curves, and outer edge much rounded ; length to
breadth 1.5 :1.3. Side mouth shields short and thick, wide without, meeting broadly
within. First under arm plate small, pointed, transverse oval in shape; second plate
large pentagonal, with inner angle truncated, lateral sides having a short but deep re-
entering curve, and outer edge neatly curved ; the plates beyond have a long sharp angle
within, and very short lateral sides. Side arm plates wide, and somewhat swollen, and
flaring outward, meeting below beyond the fourth under arm plate, and above beyond the
first upper plate, which is much swollen and narrow fan-shaped, with an angle inward.
Disk round flat, and rather thin; in centre a rosette of six large, irregular, rounded
primary plates, the five outer ones separated from each other by pairs of small, thick,
angular scales. In the interbrachial spaces are numerous small, and three large plates in
a radiating line, two long hexagonal and one larger and rounded on the margin. Radial
shields somewhat sunken, longer than wide, with irregularly curved outlines, and a blunt
angle within and without, separated at their inner end by a large hexagonal plate, and
without by a small triangular plate. Lower interbrachial space filled by three transverse
rows of irrecular plates. Genital scales long and narrow, and composed of several pieces.
Two short, stout, blunt pointed arm spines, the upper one longer, and two-thirds
as long as an arm joint. One large round tentacle scale on each pore. Colour in alcohol,
white.
Station 23.—March 15, 1873; off Sombrero Island; 450 fathoms; globigerina ooze.

Ophiozona depressa, Lym. (Pl. XI. figs. 16-18).
Ophiozona depressa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. v., part 7, p. 128, pl. vi. figs. 155-157, 1878.

Two nearly equal short arm spines. Arm low. Side arm plates slightly flaring
without. Radial shields large, oval, and widely separated.

Diameter of disk 11 mm. Length of arm about 37 mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, 1°8 mm. Four short, squarish, close-set mouth papille on each
side, the outer one very small, and a pair somewhat more pointed at apex of angle.
Mouth shields longer than broad, with a sharp angle within, and outer side bounded by
a deep curve; length to breadth 2:1°7. Side mouth shields short, broad without
tapering inward, where they meet in a point. First under arm plate very small,
transverse pointed oval; next two plates long pentagonal, with a truncated angle
within, deep re-entering curve on each inner lateral corner, and a curved outer edge ;
beyond these the plates are short pentagonal. Side arm plates low (the arm being flat),
little swollen, slightly flaring outward, meeting below beyond the fifth under arm plate,
and above beyond the second upper plate, which is fan-shaped, with an angle within.
Disk round and flat; in the centre isa large pentagonal primary plate, round which
are five others, smaller and more or less rounded, separated from each other by a
triangular scale. These primary plates have a little central boss or tubercle; in the

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 25

interbrachial spaces is a radiating row of three large elongated plates, the outer and
longest being marginal. Radial shields flat, longer than broad, oval, separated their
entire length by two large plates; length to breadth 2°5:1:'7 mm. Lower
interbrachial space filled by irregular transverse rows of uneven plates, the outer row
long and angular. Genital scales long, narrow, and broken in several pieces. Genital
opening not extending to margin of disk. Two short, blunt, tapering arm spines of
equal length, and about half as long as an arm joint. One large rounded tentacle scale
on the inner side of each tentacle pore. Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 214.—February 10, 1875 ; near Philippines; lat. 4° 33’ N., long. 127° 6’ E. ;

500 fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophiozona (2) dubia, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol., v. part 9, p. 224, pl. ii. figs,
GPL WsiAs
Station 23.—March 15, 1873; close to Sombrero Islands ; 450 fathoms ; globigerina

ooze.

Species of Ophiozona not herein described.

Ophiozona pacifica, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 67, 1865.
Ophiolepis pacifica, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March, 1856, p. 22; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 104,
pl. ii. fig. 4; Vl, Trans, Conn. Acad., vol. i. part 2, p. 257.

Puntarenas; Panama; 1 fathom.

Ophiozona tessellata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 228, pl. iii. figs.

43-45, 1878.
West Indies; 242 fathoms.

Ophioceranus.
Ophioceramis, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1, 1865.

Disk covered with radial shields and stout plates, none of which are surrounded by a
belt of small ones. Over the base of each arm, a small notch in the disk. Genital scales
concealed. Teeth. Tooth papille. Mouth papilla. Side mouth shields small, and not
meeting within. No supplementary pieces to the upper arm plates. Two genital openings,
beginning outside the mouth shields.

While the genital plate is not unlike that of Ophzozona, the genital scale is shorter,
being attached at some distance inward from the head of the plate; and, instead of a
thick peristomial plate there is only a rudimentary crust covering the nerve ring. In
respect to the mouth angles, there is no similarity with the group of Ophiolepis, &e.
Not only are the mouth frames much larger with wide crested wings, but the first arm
bone has an unusual form and is very long and large. (See Pl. XXXVIL figs. 16-18.)

(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART X1v.—1882, O4

26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophioceramis (?) clausa, Lym. (Pl. XI. figs. 4-6).
Ophioceramis (2) clausa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 124, pl. vi. figs.
161-163, 1878.

Four arm spines, the two upper slender and tapering, the two lower stout and blunt.
A great marginal scale, which occupies also most of the lower interbrachial space.

(Type specimen from Station 170.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Length of arm about
18 mm. Width of arm without spines 1°2 mm. Three short, stout, pointed mouth
papille, well separated on each side, with one larger and spearhead shaped at the apex of
angle. Mouth shields broader than long, transverse diamond-shape, with outer angle
indented; leneth to breadth 6:1. Side mouth shields very large and wide, somewhat
longer than wide, square without, meeting broadly within, and there forming a deep angle.
First under arm plate broader than long, rounded; the rest are widely separated, twice as
broad as long, with outer edge nearly straight, a very obtuse angle or weak curve within,
and a small re-entering curve on the lateral sides. Side arm plates stout, flaring a little
outward where they form the spine ridge, meeting broadly above and below. Upper arm
plates broader than long, wide fan-shape with an angle inward, somewhat swollen, making
the arm high and rounded. Disk round and flat, covered with thin, flat, angular scales
arranged symmetrically; central primary plate pentagonal, surrounded by five others
rounded hexagonal and somewhat smaller ; interbrachial spaces filled by three large scales,
the two inner ones four-sided, the outer one rounded and lying on the margin, showing little
above, but beneath occupying the whole interbrachial space except two small scales
outside the mouth shields. Radial shields regular, longer than broad, wide without,
coming by curved sides to a point within, where they are separated by a small triangular
scale, but are joined for the rest of their length; they, as well as the other disk scales,
bear a few microscopic tubercles. Four arm spines; the two upper thin and tapering,
and nearly as long as an arm joint; the two lower shorter, stouter, and more blunt ;
towards tip of arm there are three, the upper long and slender, as long as two joints ;
the second similar, but shorter; and the lowest very stout and somewhat curved. One
very small rounded tentacle scale, on the first two pairs of tentacle-pores; beyond there
are two. Colour in alcohol, pale brown.

Station 170.—July 14, 1874; lat. 29° 45’ S., long. 178° 11’ W. ; 630 fathoms ; rock.
Station 171.—July 15, 1874 ; lat. 28° 33’S., long. 177° 50’ W. ; 600 fathoms ; rock.

Ophioceramis (2) obstricta, Lym. (Pl. XI. figs. 1-3).

Ophioceramis (2) obstricta, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 124, pl. vi. figs. 164-
166, 1878.

Five short, nearly equal, blunt, tapering arm spines. Radial shields separated in the
brachial spaces, but touching in the interbrachial.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 27

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Length of arm about 12
mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spmes,1°2mm. Seven small, short, rounded
mouth papille to each mouth angle, the inner one longer and more prominent. Three
squarish teeth, the upper one very small. Mouth shields broader than long, inner angle
broad and rounded, lateral corners rounded, and outer edge much curved; length to breadth
‘7:°6. Side mouth shields large, somewhat swollen, square, and wide without; tapering
slightly inward, where they just meet. First under arm plate rounded and conspicuous;
the plates beyond are short pentagonal, with an angle inward. Side arm plates thick and
somewhat flaring outward, meeting broadly below and also above beyond the first, which
is broader than long, four-sided, with slight re-entering curves on the lateral sides, and outer
corners rounded; beyond, the plates are pentagonal, with an obtuse angle inward, and
lateral and outer sides straight. Disk thin and sunken, and contracted in the interbrachial
spaces, covered with small overlapping plates; in centre are six rudely angular primaries
separated in the interbrachial spaces by several minute rounded scales. Radial shields
large, longer than broad, swollen, raised above the surrounding scales, having a long angle
inward and outer angles rounded; separated their whole length by an inner and outer
wedge, each composed of two small quadrangular plates; length to breadth 1°5:°8: each
shield touches that of the neighbouring pair by its interbrachial edge, and is separated
without by a marginal wedge-like scale. Lower interbrachial space with a row of scales
on the margin, the central one being larger with edges rounded, its inner edge touching
the mouth-shield. Genital scales short and thick, composed of two or three angular
pieces. Five short, blunt, tapering arm spines, about two-thirds as long as an arm joint,
extending along the entire edge of the side arm plate. One pointed tentacle scale, so
minute as to be seen with difficulty. Colour in alcohol, pale brown.

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 132° 25’ E., 129 fathoms; mud.

Species of Ophioceramis not herein described.

Ophiocerams januari, Lym. (Pl. XXXVII. figs. 16-18).

Ophiolepis Januarii, Ltk., Vid. Meddel, Jan. 1856, p. 10; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 108,
pl. it fig. 1, 1859.
Ophioceramis januari, Lym., I. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 62, 1865.

Barbadoes; East Patagonia; Brazil; 35 to 100 fathoms.

Ophioceramis albida, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii, part 2, p. 10,
pl. in. figs. 29-31, 1875.
Amphipholis albida, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 314, 1866.
Barbadoes; Brazil; off Rio La Plata; 19 to 100 fathoms.

28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiothyreus.
Ophiothyreus, Ljn., Of. Kong. Akad., 1871.

Disk and arms enclosed by stout, swollen plates. Large tentacle pores quite to the end
of the arm, closed by thick scales. Arm spines few and minute. A row of papillae passes
along the outer edges of the genital scales and of the radial shields; between the latter is
wedged a pair of plates (a divided upper arm plate), along whose inner edges runs a
corresponding row of fine papilla. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.
Although small as seen from above, the radial shields from the inside are found to be
so large, as to form a closed ring round the disk margin.

The genital plate is short and stout with an extremely wide clubbed head, to which is
joined the short, flat, very thick genital scale. Peristomial plate large, and composed of
two closely soldered halves. The arm bones are pretty stout, the first two being discoid,
and not grooved on the edges, while those beyond are much longer on top.

Species of Ophiothyreus not herein described.

Ophiothyreus goési, Lin., Dr Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 619, 1871 ; Lym., Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 222.
West Indies; 80 to 300 fathoms.

Ophioplinthus.
Ophioplinthus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk smooth and covered by a thin skin bearing irregular delicate scales and radial
shields. Genital scales wide and divided in several pieces. Small, blunt, close-set
mouth papille; no tooth papille; short angular teeth; very minute, peg-like arm spines
on outer edges of side arm plates. Second pair of mouth tentacles and first two pairs of
arm tentacles rising from round pores near the inner end of the under arm plates; those
beyond are smaller, and stand close to the under arm spine. Arms narrow, cylindrical,
and gradually tapering. Two genital openings, running only a part of the way toward
the margin. Mouth frames seen from above, after removing the top of the disk, long
and rising in a ridge, so that in the interbrachial space is a wide angle, and in the
brachial space a deep trough. Arm bones long and cylindrical, with only a faint upper
furrow. Genital scales long, slender, and cylindrical.

This genus by its large first under arm plate has a slight relation to Ophioglypha,
and by its large tentacle pores at base of arm, an appearance like Ophiomusium, but its
structure is really quite peculiar.

Tt has slender connection with any of its neighbours (unless perhaps with Ophio-
pleura). The disk covering, though thin and translucent is really composed of rounded

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 29

plates. The mouth frames are low and depressed with great sockets for the first
mouth tentacles. There is nothing but a thin lime crust to represent the peristomial
piece. The slender, cylindrical genital plate is so long as to reach the mouth shields,
and is broken in several pieces; for a quarter of its outer length there is united to it the
genital scale, which then spreads out like a thin wing. The arm bones within the disk
are long and cylindrical, instead of short and discoidal. Just outside the disk they are
still more elongated with a median contraction ; and they present a complex arrangement

of processes and hollows. (See Pl. XX XVIII. figs. 1-5.)

Ophioplinthus medusa, Lym. (Pl. XXIV. figs. 7-9; Pl. XXXVIII. figs. 1-5).

Ophioplinthus medusa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 105, pl. ii. figs. 30, 31,
40, 1878.

Scaling of lower interbrachial space coarse (four or five scales in a transverse row). No
scales on arm tentacles. Usually three very minute, peg-like arm spines, equally spaced.
(Type specimen from Station 156.) Diameter of disk 16 mm. Width of arm 2 mm.
Mouth papille short, square, closely soldered, four or five on each side, with one,
diamond shaped, at apex of the jaw. Mouth shields rounded triangular, with an
angle inward, sides curved, and often a re-entering curve without; they are frequently
furrowed or cracked. Side mouth shields irregularly rhomboidal, sometimes broader
within, where they touch. First under arm plate rounded triangular, with a
blunt angle imward, and a long curved outer edge; second plate five-sided, with
an obtuse angle within, and a curved outer edge; beyond this they are broader than
long, with a blunt angle within and a wavy curve without. Side arm _ plates
thick and smooth, meeting broadly below and touching above beyond the sixth plate.
Upper arm plates rounded diamond shaped, with a longer angle within; they
often are cracked or grooved. Disk high, covered with thin, irregular, overlapping
plates; the central primary one about 2 mm. in diameter and conspicuously the largest,
and in each brachial space is a primary plate larger than the rest. Radial shields
irregular, four sided, with rounded corners, broader on the outer edge, separated their
entire length by a broad wedge of small scales. On the under surface of the disk are
numerous irregular plates between the genital scales, which are thick, with a wavy out-
line. The genital opening runs less than half-way to the margin. Three very short,
blunt arm spines, situated low on the outer edge of the side arm plate. <A pair of small
tentacle pores, each surrounded by a raised burr, situated near the inner angle of the
second under arm plate, on its edge; and a similar but minute pair on the third plate.
Beyond this the pores are difficult to see and lie near the base of the under arm spine.
The second pair of mouth tentacles protrude from an oval rim, having on each side a

couple of ill-defined tentacle scales. Colour in alcohol, grey.

30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

The disk is covered by a thick skin which much obscures the plates. In the young
there are two pairs of feeble tentacles, outside the mouth; but none in the adult.

The disk and arms had clinging to them small polyp-like creatures, about 2 mm.
high, and which seemed unquestionably the Scyphistoma stage of some Medusa, like
Cyanea. It is not easy to guess what they were doing 12,000 feet below the surface of
the ocean.

Station 156.—February 26, 1874; lat. 62° 26’ S., long. 95° 44’ E.; 1975 fathoms ;
diatom ooze.

Ophioplinthus grisea, Lym. (Pl. XXIV. figs. 10-12).

Ophioplinthus grisea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 106, pl. ii. figs, 33, 34.

Sealing of lower interbrachial space fine (ten or twelve in a transverse row). Very
small, bead-like scales on first two pairs of arm tentacles. Two or three very minute,
peg-like arm spines, situated low down. Arms short and narrow.

(Type specimen from Station 156.) Diameter of disk 20 mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, 2mm. Mouth papillee short, thick, closely soldered together, about six
on each side, with two longer blunt papillee at apex of jaw. Mouth shields small, very. broad
heart-shape, with a peak within, often cracked in two or more pieces. Side mouth shields
small, narrow, not meeting within, and so covered by the skin as to be seen with difficulty.
First under arm plate large, three-sided, with inner angle much rounded and outer
edge slightly curved ; second and third pentagonal, with sharp angle inward, lateral sides
re-enteringly curved, outer edge slightly rounded; those beyond are rounded diamond-
shape, and much broader than long. Side arm plates smooth, meeting broadly below,
slightly swollen along their outer edge. The basal upper arm plates are as wide as long, of
a general oval form, wider without than within, and having a deep median groove. Disk
covered with thin, rounded, irregular plates and scales, having six large rounded primary
plates, one in the centre and one to each brachial space. Radial shields very irregular,
rudely triangular or quadrangular, with rounded corners, separated their entire length by
three or more rows of disk scales ; length to breadth 3: 3. On the under surface of the
disk the scales are small and very thin; the genital scales are long and narrow, with an
irregular wavy outline and often broken in three pieces. The genital opening extends
less than half-way to the margin. The minute blunt arm spines, of which the under one
is largest, stand low, on the side arm plate. The second pair of mouth tentacles issue
from large pores, surrounded by a rim of minute, ill-defined papille ; the tentacles of the

-second and third under arm plates issue in like manner from smaller pores; beyond this
the small tentacle issues near the base of the under arm spine, and is covered, except at
base of arm, by a very small spine-like scale. The skin of the disk and base of arms is
thick, and obscures the finer lines. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 156; 1975 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 31

Ophiopleura.
Ophiopleura, Danielssen, Magazin for Naturvid., 1877.

Disk notched and covered with fine scales and radial shields, which are widely
separated. Numerous mouth papillae on a prolonged mouth angle. The pores of the
second mouth tentacles are like slits, are surrounded by numerous scales and open
diagonally into the mouth slits. The jaw plate is set along its whole height with tooth
papillae. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space, midway between the mouth
shield and the disk margin. Numerous tentacle scales on the basal pores. Arm spines
minute. Side arm plates meeting below but not above. Upper arm plates wide.

Species of Ophiopleura not herein described.

Ophiopleura borealis, Danielssen, Magazin for Naturvid, p. 33 (of separate copy),
tab. v. figs. 1-4, 1877.
63° 5’ N., 30° E.; 510 to 570 fathoms.

Ophiopleura arctica, Duncan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ii., part 9, p. 266, 1878.
Liitkenia arctica, Duncan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, part 8, p. 188, pl. ix. figs, 1-7.
Discovery Bay.

Ophiernus.
Ophiernus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Central portion of disk inside radial shields covered by a thick skin; round the
margin a broad band of scaling, interrupted only by radial shields, and covering also the
lower interbrachial space, the whole more or less hidden by the skin. Radial shields
naked. Teeth, and small, numerous, close-set mouth papille. First under arm plate
rather large, and bearing some of the scales of the second pair of mouth tentacles.
Upper arm plates covering the whole width of arm. Small smooth arm spines, arranged
along outer edge of side arm plate. Two large, long genital openings in each inter-
brachial space.

In the size and function of the first under arm plate, and in the size and shape of the
upper arm plates, this genus has a slight relation to Ophioglypha.

The disk scaling and skeleton are light and friable, except the marginal scales and
radial shields. In its centre, the covering of the upper disk has only a lime-crust, broken,
but not divided into regular plates and scales. Teeth large and thick. The peristomial
plate is in one piece and thin. The flattened genital plate has attached to its outer end,
just at the articulation with the short, circular, radial shield, a very thin scale. The arm

32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

bones are light, with thin wings, and the tops of those next the disk margin have a small
process on the outer side. (See Pl. XXXVIII. figs. 6-9.)

Ophiernus vallincola, Lym. (Pl. XXIV. figs. 16-18; Pl. XXX VIII. figs. 6-9).
Ophiernus vallincola, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 122, pl. v. figs. 170-172,
1878.

Three small cylindrical pointed arm spines, less than half as long as an arm joint, set
close together and low down on side arm plate; mouth shields rounded and widely
separated.

(Type specimen from Station 78.) Diameter of disk 9mm. Length of arm about 50
mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines 1'7 mm. Four small, short, rounded,
bead-like mouth papillz on either side of the mouth frames, and usually two at apex under
teeth, which are four in number, large and flat, with a rounded cutting edge; besides these
there are two little papillze on the side mouth shield and two on the first under arm plate,
which may be considered scales of the second pair of mouth tentacles. Mouth shields
triangular, length to breadth about equal, with blunt angle inward, and outer corners
rounded. Side mouth shields short, broad without, pointed within, lying on lateral sides
of mouth shield, by which they seem widely separated, but the inner narrow points run
under the thick skin, and nearly meet within. First under arm plate triangular, with
inner angle truncated, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, and outer edge rounded ; the rest
are narrow and rudely pentagonal, those near base of arm having the inner angle trun-
cated, and the outer slightly curved; inner laterals bounded by a re-entering curve ;
length to breadth *8:°8. Side arm plates broad and flat, not meeting below, separated
above by the broad upper arm plates, which are much wider than long, and cover the
whole upper surface of arm, having the lateral sides nearly straight, and edge with a
slightly re-entering curve. Disk flat and round; central portion covered with a thin,
naked, cross-wrinkled skin; along the margin are minute scattered granules, which, with
the thick skin, hide the underlying scales. Radial shields longer than broad, much
rounded, widely separated ; length to breadth 2: 1°5. Lower interbrachial space covered
with a thin skin, on which there is a very scattered granulation. Genital openings wide,
extending from mouth shield to edge of disk. Genital scale not seen. Three small,
tapering, cylindrical arm spines, less than half as long as an arm joint, set low on the
outer edge of side arm plate. Two small rounded scales on the imterbrachial edge of
each tentacle pore. Colour in alcohol, greenish grey.

This species grows to a large size ; one with a disk of 20 mm, was similar to the above,
except that the mouth angle was narrower and more prolonged, and bore, on each side of
the mouth frames, eight small, very close-set papillae. The granulation of the disk was
feeble ; in many specimens it is wholly wanting. The pair of small mouth papille under
the teeth is often wanting.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 33

Station 78.—July 10, 1873; lat. 37° 24’ N., long. 25° 13’ W.; 1000 fathoms;
globigerina ooze. Station 146.—December 29, 1873; lat. 46° 46’ S., long. Abo 31%
E; 1375 fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 156.—February 26, 1874; lat. 62a 26:
S., long. 95° 44’ E. ; 1975 fathoms ; diatom ooze.

Ophiopyrgqus.
Ophiopyrgus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 7, 1878.

Disk high and dome-shaped, covered with thick swollen plates, and surmounted by a
central primary plate, which rises like a cone. Arms slender, smooth, and tubular, with
side arm plates very large, and upper and under arm plates small. Basal tentacle pores
very large; those beyond small and situated near sides of arm. An arm comb. Arm
spines minute, and standing on outer edge of side arm plate. Two long genital openings
in each interbrachial space.

This is the most singular-looking genus yet found among the Ophiurid. With its peg-
like central primary plate and dome-like disk it suggests a simple armed Crinoid whose
head has been broken from the stem. By its heavy, closely soldered plates and peculiar
tentacle pores, it recalls Ophiomusiwm; by its enclosed mouth tentacles and arm comb,
it brings to mind the deep-sea Ophioglyphe, but it differs pretty widely from both.

Ophiopyrgus wyville-thomsoni, Lym. (Pl. IX. figs. 15-17).

Ophiopyrgus wyvillethomsoni, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 121, pl. v. figs.
135-137, 1878.

One minute arm spine on basal joint ; farther out, none ; a double arm comb over top
of arm, the upper one consisting of three or four small papillze on edge of outer end of
genital scale; the under, likewise of three or four papilla, on edge of side arm plate.
Interbrachial space below wholly filled by mouth shield.

Diameter of disk 4 mm; height of disk 4°3 mm; length of arm 13 mm.; width
of arm 1°2 mm. Mouth papille small, similar, separated, tooth-hke ; seven or nine to
each angle, whereof the innermost is slightly largest. Mouth shields longer than broad,
oval, with a peak inward, occupying the entire interbrachial space below, and bending
upwards to half the height of arm. Side mouth shields very small and sunken, meeting
within, and covering only the inner peak of mouth shields. First under arm plate very
long axe-shape, with a curved edge outward and a long, tapering point inward, compressed
between two large oval tentacle pores; second plate similar, but smaller ; third and fourth
plates shorter and still smaller; beyond which the plates are represented by a small knot
of a transverse diamond-shape, and growing rapidly less towards end of arm. Side arm
plates large, but not swollen, meeting widely above and below, occupying most of the arm,
which acquires thereby a tubular, rapidly tapering form. The side arm plates belonging
to second under plate are wide, and stretch laterally to meet the mouth shield. Disk as

(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv,—1882.) 05

34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

high as wide, rising in a steep dome surmounted by a sugar-loaf projection, which is the
central primary plate, and is surrounded by five other primaries, longer than broad, and
hexagonal, outside which are small, angular, radial shields, which are joined; in the
interbrachial space, are one pentagonal and one rounded hexagonal plate, the latter
joining the upper edge of the mouth shield; all the plates are closely soldered, shghtly
swollen, and, as well as the arm plates, are microscopically tuberculous. The only genital
openings seem to be at the inner end of the mouth shields. One minute peg-like arm
spine, which is found only on the first two or three joints beyond disk, and stands half-
way up the side arm plate. The second pair of mouth tentacles protrude from very large
oval pores covered with four flat rounded scales; the next pores, those of the first arm
tentacles, are similar but smaller; the next still smaller, while those of the fourth under
arm plate are little round holes covered by a single scale. Farther out on arm the pores
lie behind and above the rudimentary under arm plate. Colour in alcohol, white.

The large side arm plates and few disk plates suggest that this is a young animal.
Unfortunately the depth is given as 18 and 240 fathoms ; but the character of the animal
seems to indicate the latter depth.

Station 172.—July 22, 1874; off Nukualofa, Tongatabu ; 18 and 240 fathoms ; coral,
sand.

Ophioglypha.
Ophioglypha, Lym. Proce. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, 1860.

Disk covered with plates, or scales, which are usually swollen, Radial shields naked
and swollen. Teeth. No tooth papille. Mouth papille long within, but small and
short near the outer end of the mouth slit, and partly hidden by the scales of the mouth
tentacles. Arm spines smooth and short, rarely exceeding the length of a joint.
Tentacle scales numerous; the innermost pair of tentacle pores shaped like slits, sur-
rounded by numerous tentacle scales, and opening diagonally into the mouth slits. In
the back of the disk, where the arm joins it, a notch usually edged with papilla. Two
genital slits starting from the sides of the mouth shields.

Seen from within the upper disk is covered by coarse, irregular, overlapping scales,
or plates, and very large, swollen radial shields, which are joined to stout club-ended
genital plates whose shaft is flattened and rounded. The genital scale is usually wide,
especially at its outer end, which bears the comb and often overlaps the head of the
genital plate. In Ophioglypha hexactis, however, and probably in other species which
have no arm comb, it is long and narrow. The jaws and mouth frames are stout and
have large sockets for mouth tentacles, and a nerve ring more or less exposed by reason
of the small size of the peristomial plates, which are sometimes represented only by a
thin lime crust, and are sometimes nearly or quite wanting. On their outer and inner
faces the arm bones present the typical structure, except that they are as high as, or

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 35

even higher than wide. In profile, however, they are seen to be longer than the typical
form, and present sundry crests and grooves. Ophioglypha bullata heads an aberrant
group which in some points approaches Ophiomusiwm, to wit, in the closely joined
radial shields; the very long and spreading mouth frames, with a broad, regular,
uncovered nerve ring; the massive and closely soldered disk plates, and the regular and

less club-ended genital plates. (See Pl. XX XVIII. figs. 10-13, 14-17, 22-25.)

TABLE OF Spectes oF Ophioglypha.

Very large lyre-shaped mouth shields. Pairs of pores between basal : ec
ery nace ads pinta P Ophioglypha ciliata.
Similar to the preceding, but fewer tentacle scales, and a pecs Ontioolinhin een

instead of a pair of pores between basal under arm plates, date i a
One depression only between Ist and 2nd under arm plates. Mouth

shields larger, and disk thicker than in Ophioglypha sinensis, OphaoglupliasTcnbenge,

(This is the typical

No depression between basal under arm plates. Papille of arm
comb short, spaced, and tooth like. Mouth shields ar page
and as broad as long,

Ophioglypha albida.

Similar to the preceding, but papille of arm comb squarish and Opnieclan Oa

crowded, and a slight lobe on outer side of under arm plate, TE ae a a

Disk scales more or less swollen. Two tentacle scales on each Be
beyond disk,

Ophioglypha sarsiz.
Ophioglypha arctica.

Under arm plates small, widely separated ;

Arm slightly flattened, with spines about as

Similar to the preceding, but papillze of arm comb are squarish and
crowded, and there is no second comb on basal aEEe arm
plate,

Ophioglypha litken:.

scales. Under arm plates minute, and about as long as broad ES TES GH ile

Disk thick. Outer ends of genital scales separated by a pa of ee Oy,
bearing papillz like the arm combs, OLE TEN LTE:
Dis. scales small, regular, and nearly of a size. Papillee of arm comb

b ort aticl al itoaih hendbliiees Ophioglypha robusta.

Tentacle scales few beyond the second pair of pores.

form of the genus based on Ophioglypha ciliata.

Ophioglypha meridion-
alis.

Similar > the preceding, but arm spines shorter, disk scales more
swohen, and mouth papillz smaller,

Upper disk scales with a central depression. Lower arm cee in

onan OP MGA Ophioglypha falcifera.

much wider than long beyond the second plate, and thereafter constantly diminishing in size.
Arm comb of more or less needle-like papille.

long as a joint.

Disk covered by a few large plates, whereof the primaries occupy the
. area inside the radial shields. Three short, stumpy, arm spines,

Disk rather flat, and covered with imbricated scales.

Ophioglypha forbesit.

Disk covered with smooth skin, through which the very small scales are aacee ODA ee

not at all visible. Arm spines, lo long, broad, and flat, CoN OGT TEED [agente

Disk scales thin and smooth. Under arm plates, within disk, large and touching
each other. Arm comb of sharp needle-like papi with a well-marked under
comb on the arm itself, :

Ophioglypha palliata.

Primary plates very large and conspicuous, and separated by ca

36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Ophioglypha—continued.

( Four arm spines; one long and high up, three
short and low down. Radial shields touch- > Ophioglypha lepida.
ing without; disk scales angular,
Three arm spines; one long and high up, two

Disk thin, with rather delicate short and low down. Radial shields ee Ophioglypha liungmani.

scales, arms slender, with small ated ; disk scales small and curved,
spines. Papille of arm comb F Hore ik 1
sharp and cylindrical. seas short, peg-ke arm Dene equa d Ophioglypha equalis.

Mouth shield trefoil, with a long lobe in- + Ophioglypha imbecillis.

ward,

Three very short, small, sharp arm spines, low
down. Mouth shield wider than long, with

3)

a point within. Radial shields long and Opin ogi placa none.

separated,

Three very short, small, s fee arm spines, low
down. Mouth shield as broad as long. Onhioblinciin orbrenlat
Radial shields short, rounded, and amet DE Ee OT NOES

= by the fine sealing of the disk,

Three slender, equally spaced arm ase:

Three very short conical arm spines, standing
on middle of edge of plate. Disk scales
coarse and rather thick. Radial shields
broader than long, and joined,

Disk covered with smooth, moder-
ately thick scales. Arm spines
small and short. Second under
arm plate about as long as broad,
those farther out much broader
thanlong. Papille of arm comb
close-set, flat, and with rounded
ends.

Ophioglypha undulata.

Three very short, blunt, peg-like arm spines,;)
evenly spaced. Disk scales few and large. - Ophioglypha costata.
Radial shields long and separated, : J

Similar to the preceding, but the upper arm }
plates form a ridge, while they are flat in > Ophioglypha lymani
O. costata, . ; : : f {

Six short, blunt, peg-like, evenly spaced arm
spines. Arms narrow. Radial shields short,
and separated by one or two large rounded |
plates,

Ophioglypha albata.

Three slender pointed arm spines, about two-
thirds as long as a joint. Disk scales few
and mostly large. Radial shields large and
joined,

Ophioglypha jejuna.

Disk scales of moderate size, thick, { Three short, blunt, peg-like arm spines, evenly ;
and swollen. Very small, narrow, | spaced. Papille of arm comb short, close- + Ophioglypha brevispina.
side mouth shields, Arm spines set, and sharp, é : 2
short. Tentacle scalesnumerous. J
Under arm plates within disk
about as broad as long, and
separating the side arm plates.

Four short, blunt, peg-like arm spines, mak

together low down, and one higher up
and "i Ophioglypha ambigua.

Papille of arm comb short, close-set,
| Squarish,

Disk smooth and flat, with scales,
radial shields, and mouth shields
all small. Arm spines few and
small. Mouth papille and ten-
tacle scales similar, numerous,
even, and close set.

Three to five short, sharp arm spines, about

half as long as a joint, _ Ophioglypha loveni.

Five very minute, blunt arm spines, which

are often rubbed off or naturally wanting, . ; Ophioglypha fraterna.

———

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 37

Table of Species of Ophioglypha—continued.

Six arms. No arm comb. Radial shields almost wholly covered by fine smooth
sealing of disk. Upper arm plates with numerous ee easy scales on
either : side, 0 0 C :

Ophioglypha hexactis,

(Three rudimentary arm spines, Under arm plates ee with

rounded corners, Ophioglypha nodosa.

Basal

Fight short, papilla-like, unequal arm spines. Under arm plates sided,

with curved lateral sides. They are marked with short furrows, Oplioglyphan seulpie.

plates bear long supplementary spines on their sides. Under arm
plates 4-sided, with lateral sides curved,

Ophioglypha sladeni.

Disk covered by small scales, and small sunken radial shields.
spines minute like flat papill, and fitting into little Eres in

Ophioglypha striata.
inner edge of the succeeding side arm plate,

(Type of Ophioglypha nodosa.)

Under arm plates with a raised keel. Seven tentacle scales and arm
spines which are similar, continuous, and rudimentary. Arm comb
papille minute and blunt,

Eleven very short, papilla-like, unequal spines ; besides which a
, Ophioglypha stuwitzir.

side arm plates meeting neither above nor

not more than twice diameter of disk.
below.

Ophioglypha elevata.

Disk high and arched. Arms short and thick,

Under arm plates with a raised keel. Five spaced arm spines. Papi
of arm comb sharp and slender, ; ;

; Three minute, evenly spaced arm spines. eel

Interbrachial space [ scales above rounded and of various sizes, with
below, covered large marginal plates, . 6 : : j
almost entirely by

Side

Many tentacle scales.

Ophioglypha bullata.

Three small tapering arm spines. Disk covered

the large mouth i
above by a rosette of large angular primary

shields and gen- ane ; ei
ital scales. 7; { plates, radial shields, and a few large inter- { Ophiegiupha conucra:

brachial plates,

| [ Six minute arm spines. First under arm plate
broader than long; those beyond longer than

| | road. Radial shields pt within by a

i

|

e below within disk.

Ophioglypha seulptilis.

ad, Arms high and rounded,

cluster of large scales,

hield and :
DHSS GME ees Four or five minute arm spines. Under arm ae

longer than broad. Radial shields peace at + Ophioglypha variabilis.

and conspicuous,

genital scales large
inner ends by a single scale,

but not covering

the central mar-| Three or four minute, widely spaced arm spines.
gin of the inter- Mouth shield trefoil, with a eee lobe > Ophioglypha ornata.
brachial space. | inward, 5 ; s
| Three minute arm spines, high up. Radial shields
| rounded, separated by one scale within. z
| large marginal plate with small scales about it.
:

Side arm plates not meetin
and at inner point of mouth shield.

Ophioglypha lacazet.

s.

Three minute arm spines. Disk covered by small irregular ae small

separated radial shields, and very large mouth shields, CUENTA NEE:

Two minute arm spines. Mouth shield trefoil. Under arm ass axe-

shape. Radial shields small and rounded, Onhnaglyphea rari:

Basal under arm plates about as long as bro

Four minute, blunt, arm spines. Disk plates rough and lumpy, with

rosette of large primaries. Under arm plates pentagonal, Opiiog tphenindil

(Lype of Ophioglypha bullata.)

with very short spine
mouth shields small,

Eleven short, pointed, elose-set arm spines. Mouth shields trefoil.
Under arm plates squarish. About eight tentacle scales to each pore

Ophioglypha lapidaria,
l within the disk,

Disk high.

38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Ophioglypha—continued.

Papillee of arm comb continued along outer ends of the large radial shields, and on
the margin of the inserted upper arm plate. Large depressions between basal + Ophioglypha multispina.
under arm plates, : . : . - : :

Basal under arm plates, beyond the second, about as long as broad, squarish, 2
with water pores between them. Arms high, with swollen upper arm plates
and very small spines. Upper disk covered in great part by a rosette of
primary plates and by radial shields, C :

Ophioglypha solida.

Disk covered with much-swollen lumpy plates. Genital scales wide, thick, and in
a single piece. Basal under arm plates longer than wide. Papille of arm comb > Ophioglypha rugosa.
short, flat, close-set, and with rounded ends, ;

Disk plates high and excessively swollen. Upper arm plates rising in a high sharp . s
ridge. Arm spines minute, close-set, and like little blocks, CENTOS RA
Interbrachial space below covered by only one or two plates besides the genital
scales. Upper arm plates rudimentary or wanting. Tentacle pores of arm with

Ophioglypha minuta.
only one rounded scale,

Ophioglypha inermis.

Disk thick, and covered with thin smooth scales. No arm comb nor papille along :
genital openings. Basal under arm plates, beyond the second, short and wide, .

(i (Side mouth shields large and ovoid.
_ | Radial shields and eet gs Ophioglypha deshayesi.
= circular and similar,
Disk and arm plates thick, swollen, | §

and closely soldered. Mouth g |Side mouth shields small Mouth
papillae and scales of mouth ten-| 3 shield broader than long; with a + Ophioglypha inornata.
tacles thick, squarish, irregular, and; 2 | peak inward,
crowded. Arm spines minute, 1 5 |
with tentacle scales similar in| ° | Disk plates irregular and humpy. A
form, and standing only on side A | group of papillee near the arm, on + Ophioglypha confragosa.
arm plate, inside the pore. |. margin of interbrachial space, if

A small arm comb. Side mouth shields very \ Ophioglypha intorta

(narrow,

Ophioglypha sinensis, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 12, pl. i. figs.
1, 2, 1871; Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 99, 1878.

Off Yokohama, Japan; 8 to 15 fathoms. Station 233b.—May 26, 1875; lat. 34° 20’
N., long. 133° 35’ E.; 15 fathoms; mud.

Ophioglypha kinbergi, Lin. (Pl. IV. fig. 7).

Ophioglyphu kinbergi, Ljn., Om Nagra nya arter, Of. Kong. Akad., p. 166, 1866.
Ophioglypha ferruginea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 7, p. 68, pl. iii. fig. 76.
Disk rather flat and covered with imbricated scales. Under arm plates small, widely
separated ; much wider than long beyond the second plate, and thereafter constantly

diminishing in size. Arm comb of papille more or less needle-like. Arm slightly
flattened with spines about as long as a joint.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 39

(Type specimen from Station 162.) Diameter of disk 6°5 mm. Length of arm about
22 mm.; width of arm close to disk without spines 1°5 mm. Three or four short, pointed,
widely separated papillz on each side, and one or two, somewhat longer, at apex of jaw.
Mouth shields longer than wide, pentagonal, with an angle inward, lateral sides straight,
outer edge rounding, length to breadth 1°7:1. Side mouth shields nearly straight and
narrow, slightly tapering inward, where they meet. First under arm plate triangular, with
an angle inward and outer edge curved; second one with lateral sides curved; those beyond
are much broader than long, with curved outer edge and a small peak within. Side arm
plates slightly swollen, meeting broadly below, separated above by upper arm plates, four
sided, with outer edge rounded, lateral sides straight, and inner side shorter than outer.
Disk covered with closely-joined, rounded scales of several sizes ; radial shields short, pear-
seed shape, swollen, nearly meeting without, but separated throughout their entire length
by a wedge of one large and three or four smaller scales; space within the radial shields
occupied by a central cluster of six primary plates, separated by minute scales, one or two
larger plates in the brachial and interbrachial spaces, with other smaller ones irregularly
disposed. Genital scales long and narrow; along their free edge is a line of very fine
bead-like papillze, becoming short regular spines as they pass to the upper surface to form
the arm comb, where the genital scales are much broader; interbrachial spaces below
covered with rows of semicircular swollen plates, varying in size; at the margin is a
large, much swollen plate, broader than long, on either side of which is a smaller oval
one. Three long tapering arm spines, the upper one being slightly longer than the
others, and nearly as long as a joint. Tentacle scales thin, and quite round,—on the
large pores of the mouth tentacles four or five on each side; on the second, three on
each side ; third and fourth, two on each side ; those beyond have usually one large scale.
Colour in alcohol, below, white; above, mottled yellowish-brown, and arms barred with
the same.

Ophioglypha kinbergi, is of the strictly typical Ophioglyphe. It is distinguished
from Ophioglypha sinensis by different mouth shields and thicker disk scales, and by
wanting the water pores between the basal under arm plates.

A more careful examination of an original of Ophioglypha kinbergi satisfies me that
the Ophioglypha described by me as Ophioglypha ferruginea is a variety only.

Station 162.—April 2, 1874; off East Moncceur Island, Bass Straits; 38 fathoms; sand.
Port Jackson; 2 to 10 fathoms; sand. Station 161.—April 1, 1874; off entrance to
Port Philip; 38 fathoms; sand. Station 188 (Var. ?).—September 10, 1874; lat. 9° 59’
8., long. 139° 42’ 8. ; 28 fathoms; mud.

Ophioglypha acervata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i. part 10, p. 316, 1869 ;
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. i. fig. 6; Bull..Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 7,
p- 99; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 218.

40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Station 122.—September 10, 1873; lat. 9° 5’ S. to 9° 10’S., long. 34° 49’ W. to
34° 53’ W.; 350 fathoms; mud.

Ophioglypha sarsit, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 41, fies. (25735) Bull:
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 7, p. 99; Ludwig, Anatomie der Ophiuren, Zeits. fiir
wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 241.

Ophiolepis ciliata, Stimp., Invert. Gr. Manan; Smith, Contrib., vol. vi. p. 13, 1854.
Ophiura coriacea, Ltk., Vid. Meddel, Nov. 1854, p. 7.
Ophiura sarsii, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Nov. 1854, p. 7; Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 42, pl. i
figs, 3, 4.
Station 49.—May 20, 1873; lat. 43° 3’ N., long. 63° 39’ W.; 83 fathoms ; oravel,

stones.

Ophioglypha meridionalis, Lym.

Ophioglypha meridionalis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 56, pl. xvi. figs.
447-449, 1879.

Disk rather flat, covered with large imbricated scales. Arm comb of minute bead-like
papillee, scarcely to be seen above, but continuous along edge of genital scale. Three
peg-like arm spines less than half as long as a joint. Only one tentacle scale beyond the
mouth tentacles.

(Type specimen from Station 320.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Length of arm about
12 mm. Width of arm close to the disk °7 mm. Five small, short, broad, flat, close-set
mouth papille on each side of the mouth angle, and one pointed and similar to the teeth at
the apex. Mouth shields somewhat swollen, about as broad as long, with a curve without
and an obtuse angle inward. Side mouth shields short, straight, meeting by their full
width within, occupying only the inner angle of mouth shield. First under arm plate
blunt heart shaped, quite as large as, or larger than, the second, which is pentagonal, with
inner angle truncated, outer side gently curved, and laterals re-enteringly curved ; one-
third out on the arm the under plates are small, much wider than long, bounded by a
broad curve without and with a little peak inward. Side arm plates large and thick,
meeting broadly below beyond the second arm plate, and touching above beyond the third
plate. Upper arm plates long, wedge shaped, with a clean curve outward and a sharp
angle within. Disk rounded, rather flat and only a little arched above, covered by large
shghtly swollen scales, whereof the primary plates form a conspicuous rosette, radiating
from which there usually is, in each interbrachial space, a row of three overlapping scales.
Radial shields as broad as long, sunken, rounded, with a faint angle inward; joined
without, separated by a wedge scale within; they are smaller than the large disk scales.
Below, the scales are similar, eight or nine in each interbrachial space. Papille along
edge of genital scale minute, bead-like, and continuous; only one or two, and sometimes

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 41

none, can be seen from the upper surface. Three small, nearly equal, peg-like arm spines,
less than half the length of a side arm plate. Five small, close-set tentacle scales to
pores of mouth tentacles, three on one side and two on the other; the pores beyond have
but one small rounded scale. Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 317.—February 8, 1876; lat. 48° 37’ S., long. 55° 17’ W.; young; 1035
fathoms; hard ground. Station 320.—February 14, 1876; lat. 37° 17’S., long. 53° 52/
W.; 600 fathoms ; hard ground.

The specimen described, though well characterised, was perhaps not fully grown. It
is the southern cousin of Ophioglypha robusta, from which it differs in shorter arm
spines, more swollen disk scales, smaller mouth papille, and fewer tentacle scales.

Ophioglypha multispina, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 307, 1866; Lym.,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 99.
Port Jackson, Australia; 2 to 10 fathoms.

Ophioglypha hexactis, E, A. Smith (Pl. XLV. fig. 1; Pl. XLVIL fig. 2).

Ophioglypha hexactis, E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., vol. xvii. p. 3, Feb. 1876; Lym.,
Bull, Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 99.

In the whole genus this is the only species that has more than five arms. It is
also viviparous. A curious parallel is the many-armed Ophiacantha vivipara, from the
same region, which is viviparous likewise. But whereas the burse of the latter are
limited to the neighbourhood of the arms, those of the species under consideration are
thrust between the disk roof and the digestive cavity, until in some cases they occupy
almost the whole body cavity proper, a state of things shown in fig. 1, Plate XLV.,
which presents a vertical cross-cut of a gravid female, passing through one arm and the
opposite interbrachial space. Just above the mouth angles is the long fold of the mouth
sphincter (du), continued on either side by a wide flattened somewhat pleated digestive
cavity, whose walls are thin and membranous in some places, where their soft layer has
been scraped off. Above this is a space like the low between-decks of a ship, wherein
are stored the large young, two of which (Y,Y’) are seen cut in two, together with parts
of their arms. One (Y) is in a natural position, while the other (Y’) lies on its back.
Both show the mouth angles beginning to take form, and the large mouth tentacles.
Their digestive cavities, simple in the adult, are folded in a way that calls to mind
Gorgonocephalus. At first sight these young seem lying free in the body cavity. Each,
however, is enclosed in a thin bag, an expansion of the bursa (a fold of it is seen at 9’),
which has thrust itself between the disk roof and the upper wall of the digestive cavity.
These two surfaces are closely connected normally by threads (sm), which in the present
case are not broken, but simply stretched, sometimes to an immense extent. The rela-
tion of the parts may be made clearer by removing the roof of the disk and showing

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART xIv,—1882. O06

42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

from above the young enclosed in their burse (Pl. XLVII. fig. 2) ; or rather, perhaps,
in pockets leading out of the bursee.
Kerguelen Island ; 20 to 75 fathoms. Off Marion Island; 50 to 75 fathoms.

Ophioglypha falcifera, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 319, 1869 ;
vol. v., part 7, p. 99; vol. v., part 9, p. 218; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. i.
figs. 3-5.

Station 24—March 25, 1873; off Culebra Island ; 390 fathoms ; mud.

Ophioglypha flagellata, Lym. (Pl. IV. figs. 16-18).
Ophioglypha flagellata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 69, pl i. figs. 49-51.

Disk covered with smooth skin, through which the very small scales are scarcely or
not at all visible. Arm spines long, broad, and flat.

(Type specimen from Station 232.) Diameter of disk 18 mm. Width of arm with-
out spines 4 mm. Mouth papille, four or five on each side, small, tooth-like, separated,
srowing larger towards the apex of the jaw, where there is one large and club-shaped
resembling the teeth above it. Mouth shield small, short, heart-shaped, with projecting
corners and angle inward ; length to breadth 2°7 :3. Side mouth shields long and narrow,
wider without than within, where they do not quite meet. First under arm plate broader
than long, triangular or rudely hexagonal, with angles much rounded ; the plates beyond
are much wider than long, bounded within by a blunt angle and without by a curve having
a little peak at its apex. Side arm plates rather thin, not meeting till some way beyond
disk, widely separated above by upper arm plates, which are hexagonal, much broader
than long, very flat and thin, with outer and inner edges straight, and ill-marked lateral
angles. Disk flat, covered with a thick skin, under which the thin small scales are
scarcely, or not at all, distinguishable. Radial shields very small, rounded, and widely
separated ; length to breadth 1:1°5. Interbrachial spaces below covered by regular
rows of very fine, minute scales, extending quite to the margin. Genital scales long and
very narrow, almost concealed by the disk scales; along the free edge is a row of very
fine, delicately pointed papillee, which grow longer as they pass upward to make a short
arm comb. Arm spines longer than the joints, flat spatula shape, arranged in a cluster
of three just outside the tentacle pores ; of which those of the mouth tentacles are very
large, and have six or seven thin, flat scales on each side ; the next three have three long,
thin flat scales on the inner side, and one or two very small slender ones on the outer
side ; beyond this, three only, on the inner side. Colour in alcohol, disk grey, upper
arms yellowish-brown.

Station 232.—May 12, 1875; lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 189° 28’ E.; 340 fathoms; sandy
mud.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 45

Ophioglypha palliata, Lym. (Pl. IV. figs. 4-6).
Ophioglypha palliata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 69, pl. iv. figs. 98-100.

Disk scales thin and smooth. Under arm plates, within disk, large, and touching
each other. Arm comb of sharp needle-like papilla, with a well-marked under comb on
the arm itself.

(Type specimen from Station 164a). Diameter of disk 10°5 mm. Width of arm close
to disk 2°5 mm. Five or six small mouth papille on each side, the two outermost being
short and blunt, the next three or four sharply pointed, while the one at the apex of the
jaw is large and rounded at the end. Mouth shield pentagonal with a blunt angle inward,
and outer corners rounded, Length to breadth 2°5:2. Side mouth shields long and
narrow, meeting within ; broadest at their outer end, where they join the side arm plates.
First under arm plates irregular, transverse oval ; the second similar, but larger ; those im-
mediately beyond are transverse diamond shaped, with much rounded angles. Side arm
plates broad and thin, not meeting below till beyond the disk, widely separated above by
the upper arm plates, of which the first one is small and triangular, the second quad-
rangular, with the outer edge widest and curved, and inner edge straight. Upper surface
of disk, which is smooth and even, covered with thin, fine, ill-defined curved scales; the
radial shields are longer than wide, with edge much rounded, separated their entire
length by small scales. Under surface covered by rows of scales somewhat larger than
those above. Genital scales wholly covered by the scaling, except above, where they
support an arm comb of sharp, slender papille; their free edge below carries a row
of small conical papille. Three tapering arm spines, upper one longest, second and third
about equal. Three or four small rounded tentacle scales on each side of the mouth
tentacles, second and third pores having three on each side; those just beyond with
four short sharp scales on the inner side. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 164a.—June 13, 1874; lat. 34° 13’ S., 34° 19’S., long. 151° 38’ E., 151° 31’
E.; 400 fathoms ; blue mud.

Ophioglypha lepida, Lym. (PI. IV. figs. 1-8).
Ophioglypha lepida, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 70, p.l ii. figs. 71-73.

Four arm spines ; one Jong and high up, three short and low down. Radial shields touch-
ing without; disk scales angular. Disk thin, with rather delicate scales. Arms slender.

(Type specimen from Station 46.) Diameter of disk 9 mm. Width of arm close to
disk 1°5 mm. Mouth papillee, three to four on each side, short and square, with a larger
pointed one at apex of jaw. Mouth shield wide pentagonal, with an obtuse angle inward,
outer edge slightly curved, and outer corners rounded ; length to breadth 1:1. Side
mouth shields long narrow, wider without, tapering inward where they meet. First under
arm plate broad triangular, those beyond pentagonal, with obtuse angle inward, lateral
sides re-enteringly curved and outer edge slightly curved ; beyond the disk they gradually

44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

acquire the shape of a transverse oval, with a little peak without and within. Side arm
plates even, giving a tubular figure to the arm, meeting below, but separated above by
the upper arm plates, which are as long as broad, and in shape long hexagonal, with the
three outer angles almost blended in a curve. Disk smooth, covered with small, delicate,
irregular, ill-defined, closely-soldered scales ; radial shields long, pear-seed shape, over-
lapped along their edges by the surrounding scales, diverging inward and separated their
entire length by a wedge of smaller and larger scales ; in centre of disk one large round
primary plate, and another in each brachial space, lying close to inner ends of radial
shields. Disk, below, covered with very fine irregularly-shaped scales. Genital openings
edged with fine, closely-set papille, growing larger as they pass upwards along the
outer edge of genital scale, which is long, narrow within, broad without, and divided in
several pieces. Three short and blunt arm spines, situated low on the side arm plates,
close to the tentacle pores, and one long tapering spine, just below the junction of the
upper arm plate. Tentacle scales short and rounded ; to each mouth tentacle seven on the
interbrachial side, and three longer and tapering on the brachial edge ; beyond there are
at first five on the interbrachial and four on the brachial edge, after which they diminish
rapidly in number and size. The long arm spine readily drops off. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Ophioglypha lepida and its kindred species form an intermediate type between the
shallower, like Ophioglypha albida, and the deep-sea, of which Ophioglypha bullata is
the extreme.

Station 46.—May 6, 1873; lat. 40° 17’ N., long. 66° 48’ W. ; 1350 fathoms ; mud.
Off Bermuda; 750 fathoms. Station 76.—July 3, 1873; lat. 38°11’N., long. 27° 9’ W. ;
900 fathoms ; globigerina ooze. Station 45.—May 3, 1873; lat. 38° 34’N., long. 72° 10’
W.; 1240 fathoms; mud. Station 343.—March 27, 1876; lat. 8° 3’8., long. 14° 27’
W.; 420 fathoms ; coral.

Ophioglypha Yungmani, Lym. (Pl. IV. figs. 8-10).
Ophioglypha Yungmani, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 71, pl. iit fig. 77.

Three arm spines ; one long and high up, two short and low down. Radial shields sepa-
rated; disk scales small and curved. Disk thin, with rather delicate scales. Arms slender.

(Type specimen from Station 122.) Diameter of disk 8°5 mm. Length of arm about
45 mm.; width of arm without spines close to disk 2mm. Four or five short flat mouth
papillze on each side, and one or two longer pointed papille at apex of jaw. Mouth shield
rounded, triangular, or inclining to rounded-pentagonal, with an angle inward, longer than
broad, outer edge curved. Side mouth shields very narrow, wider without, tapering within,
where they nearly or quite meet. First under arm plate broad triangular, with lateral
corners truncated and outer edge curved; second, third, and fourth plates widely penta-
gonal, with an angle inward; beyond these they are small, broader than long, with an
obtuse angle inward and a curved outer edge. Side arm plates slightly projecting at
their outer edge, meeting broadly below beyond the disk; separated above by the upper

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 45

arm plates, which are hexagonal, with lateral sides straight and two outer angles nearly
blended in a curve. Disk smooth, covered with small irregular plates, but little swollen.
Radial shields pear-seed shape, somewhat overlapped by adjoining scales ; just touching
without, diverging within, where they are separated by two or three small plates. The
rest of the upper disk is occupied by numerous scales, among, and separated by which,
appears a central cluster of primary plates; in the interbrachial spaces are usually one or
more larger plates near the margin of the disk. Genital scales very broad above and
without, where they carry an arm comb of fine spines, but buried by disk scales below
near the mouth shield ; along their lower free edge is a row of minute tooth-like papilla,
between the genital plates and outside the mouth shield. Interbrachial space below
covered by irregular overlapping scales. Three slender arm spines, the longest one nearly
as long as a joint, and situated near the junction of the side arm plate with the upper,
and two others similar but shorter near the junction of the side with the under arm plate.
Tentacle scales small, short, pointed, four or five on each side of mouth tentacle pore,
whence they diminish in number, till just beyend the disk, where there are two on the
inner side of each pore. Colour in alcohol, grey.

It differs from Ophioglypha lepida and Ophioglypha equalis in the coarser disk
scales. With them it connects the stout deep-sea forms to those of shallow water, like
Ophioglypha albida.

Station 122.—September 10, 1873; lat. 9° 5’ S. to 9°10’ S.,, long. 34° 49’ W. to
34° 53’ W.; 350 fathoms ; mud.

Ophioglypha equalis, Lym. (Pl. IV. figs. 14, 15).
Ophioglypha cequalis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 72, pl. iii. figs. 74, 75.

Four very short, peg-like arm spines, equally spaced. Disk thin, with rather delicate
scales. Arms slender.

(Type specimen from Station 218.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Width of arm close to
disk without spines 1°7 mm. Four or five short, square, separated mouth papillze on each
side, with one much larger and pointed at apex of jaw. Mouth shields broader than long,
with outer edge curved, a blunt angle inward and a slight notch in the lateral sides ;
length to breadth 1°3:2. Side mouth shields short and narrow, meeting within. First
under arm plate broad triangular, with outer edge curved and a blunt angle inward ; second
plate broader without than within, pentagonal, with an angle inward, outer edge slightly
curved, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; the rest are broader than long, rapidly
becoming smaller in size beyond the disk, where they acquire the shape of a transverse
oval, with a little peak within and a curve without. Side arm plates even and of a
tubular figure, slightly projecting at their outer edge, meeting widely below, separated
above at the basal joints by the upper arm plates, of which the first and second form a
wedge with a curved outer edge, filling the notch formed by the arm combs, and bearing

46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

on their lateral sides a row of minute, sharp papilla; the rest are long, triangular, with
the outer edge curved, and a sharp angle inward, which on the second and third plate
is truncated. Disk flat and delicate, covered with very thin, small, closely overlapping
scales; in the centre is a circular primary plate, surrounded by fine irregular scales, then
a circle of five primary plates, one in each brachial space, and separating the inner ends
of the radial shields, which are long, pear-seed shape, and separated the rest of their
length by small scales ; in the interbrachial space there is a row of larger rounded plates,
of which the outer one is marginal. Interbrachial spaces below covered with thin over-
lapping scales. Genital scales long and very narrow where next the mouth shield, but
eradually growing wider above the arm, where they make a long arm comb carrying
delicate spine-like papille ; on the free edge of the genital scale below there is a row of
very short, minute, rounded papilla. Four or five minute, blunt arm spines, equally
spaced along the edge of the side arm plate. The pores of the mouth tentacles and the
two pairs beyond are long and large, and have from four to six small tentacle scales on
each side. Those a little beyond the disk have only one scale on the inner side and none
on the outer. Colour in alcohol, white.

It is very near Ophioglypha lepida except as to arm spines, and basal upper arm plates.

Station 218.—March 1, 1875; lat. 2° 33’S., long. 144° 4’ E.; 1070 fathoms ; globi-
gerina ooze.

Ophioglypha imbecillis, Lym. (PI. IV. figs. 11-18).
Ophioglypha imbecillis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 7, p. 73, pl. iil. figs. 63, 64.

Three slender, equally spaced arm spines. Mouth shield trefoil, with a long lobe
inward. Disk thin, with rather delicate, but rough and angular scales. Arms slender.

(Type specimen from Station 232.) Diameter of disk 6°5 mm. Length of arm 20 mm.
Width of arm near disk 1 mm. Mouth papillee four or five on each side, square, short, and
closely set,with a pointed one at apex of jaw. Mouth shields trefoil shaped, with a lobe
inward ; length to breadth 1°5:1°5. Side mouth shields curved, long, and narrow, of
nearly even width, and meeting within. First arm plate triangular, with angle inward,
and outer side curved ; second plate, which is largest of all, axe-shaped, with lateral sides
re-enteringly curved ; the rest are triangular, with outer side curved, and diminish con-
stantly in size. Side arm plates straight and rather delicate, meeting broadly above and
below, beyond the second upper arm plate. Upper arm plates triangular, with acute angle
inward, and outer edge curved. Upper surface of disk covered with irregular rather thin
plates. Radial shields longer than broad ; outer edges curved, meeting broadly without,
diverging inward, where they are separated by a larger and smaller plate. On the inter-
brachial margin of the disk is a large oval plate, broader than long, connecting the radial
shields ; in the centre a circular primary plate, surrounded by numerous others, irregularly
shaped. Genital scales long and broad, bearing three or four papillee near their outer

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 47

end. Outside the mouth shield and between the genital scales are two large semicircular
plates, whose outer edges reach the margin of the disk. ‘Three arm spines, tapering, very
delicate, situated half-way up on the side arm plate, near base of arm; they are about
half as long as a joint. Tentacle scales minute and semicircular, two on either side of
first two pores; at the third, two on the outer and one on the inner side; for the rest
only one. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 232.—May 12, 1875; off Enosima; lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 139° 28’ E.; 340
fathoms ; sandy mud.

Ophioglypha lymani, Ljn. (Pl. XX XVIII. figs. 10-13).

Ophioglypha lymani, Ljn., Om tvinne nya arter. Of. Kong Akad., p. 472, 1870; Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol, 7, p. 100.

Station 304.—December 31, 1875; lat. 46° 53’8., long. 75° 11’ W.; 45 fathoms ;
sand. Station 305.——January 1, 1876; lat. 47° 48’S., long, 74° 48’ W.; 120 fathoms ;
mud. Station 307.—January 4, 1876; lat. 49° 24’S., long. 74° 23’ W.; 140 fathoms ;
mud. Station 308.—January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’S., long. 74° 42’ W.; 175 fathoms ;
mud. Station 309.—January 8, 1876 ; lat. 50° 56’S., long. 74° 15’ W.; 40 to 140 fathoms ;
mud. Station 311.—January 11, 1876; lat. 52° 50’ S., lone. 73° 53’ W.; 245 fathoms ;
mud. Station 313.—January 20, 1876, lat. 52° 20’S., lone. 68° 0’ W. ; 50 fathoms ; sand.

Ophioglypha irrorata, Lym. (PI. V. figs. 7-9).

Ophioglypha wrrorata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 73, pl. iv. figs. 106-108,
1878.

Three very short, small, sharp arm spines, low down. Mouth shield wider than
long, with a point within. Radial shields long and separated. Papille of arm comb
close set, flat, and with rounded ends.

(Type specimen from Station 143.) Diameter of disk 8°5 mm. Width of arm close
to disk, without spines, 1°7 mm. Six square, close-set mouth papillee on each side, and
one large diamond-shaped at apex of jaw. Mouth shield much broader than long, with
outer edge much rounded, and an obtuse angle inward ; length to breadth 1:7:2. Side
mouth shields long and narrow, just meeting within and with a swelling at the outer end.
First under arm plate triangular, transverse oval, or wide rounded hexagonal; second
plate pentagonal, with inner angle truncated, outer edge rounded and wider than inner
one, lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; beyond this they are rounded triangular, with
a broad curve without, and a peak inward. Side arm plates wide, flat, even; meeting
broadly below, beyond third plate separated above by the upper arm plates, which are
four-sided, with inner side shorter than outer, which is curved. Disk flat and thin,
covered with fine, closely overlapping scales; there are six large round primary plates,
one in the centre and one to each brachial space, widely separated by the disk scales; on
the surface of the disk are a few scattered, very minute spines. Radial shields irregular

48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,

rhomboidal, broad without and with a blunt angle inward, separated their entire length
by a wedge of larger and smaller disk scales; length to breadth 2:1. Interbrachial
surface on the under side covered with the same fine overlapping scales as above.
Genital scales small, narrow within, widening a little without as they appear above the
disk. Along their free edge, which extends from outer edge of mouth shield to margin
of disk, there is a close row of minute, squarish, tooth-like papillee, which become short
and rounded on the arm comb. Three small pointed arm spines, situated low on the
edge of the side arm plate close to the tentacle scales. On the pores of the mouth
tentacles five large rounded scales similar to the mouth papillx, on either side; on the
second set six on the interbrachial side and four on the brachial; immediately beyond
the disk there are only one or two on the inner and none on the outer side. Colour in
alcohol, white.

Station 143.—December 19, 1873; lat. 36° 48’S., long. 19° 24’ E.; 1900 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze. Station 164a.—June 13, 1874; lat, 34° 13’S., long. 151° 38’ E.; (young
of this species ?) ; 410 fathoms ; grey ooze.

Ophioglypha orbiculata, Lym. (Pl. VIII. figs. 10-12).

Ophioglypha orbiculata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 74, pl. iv. figs.
103-105, 1878.

Three very short, small, sharp arm spines, low down. Mouth shield as broad as long.
Radial shields short, rounded, and separated by the fine scaling of the disk. Papillee of
arm comb close set, flat, and with rounded ends.

(Type specimen from Station 237.) Diameter of disk 15°5 mm. Width of arm close
to disk 2°7 mm. Six or séven mouth papillee on each side, small, irregular, and tooth-like,
with three longer and more pointed at apex of jaw. Mouth shield broader than long, five
sided, having a broad angle within, with outer lateral corners rounded ; length to breadth
2°5:2°3 Side mouth shields, following inner angle of mouth shield, narrow, pointed with-
out, and broader within, where they meet. First under arm plate transverse oval, broader
than long, often with lateral ends pointed ; second arm plate four sided, with corners much
rounded ; the next three are pentagonal, with an angle inward, and outer edge curved ;
beyond these the lateral sides become shorter, so that soon the form changes to very wide
triangular, with a broad curved outer edge, and an obtuse angle mward. Side arm plates
broad, little swollen, meeting below beyond the disk, separated above by upper arm plates,
of which the first is oval, with pointed lateral ends; those beyond four sided, broader
without than within, outer side curved, lateral sides nearly straight. Disk flat, smooth,
and very thin; upper surface covered with small, irregular, closely overlapping scales,
with a row of larger scales along the margin. Radial shields broad triangular, with edges
rounded, separated widely by a group of disk scales; length to breadth 2°3: 2. On the
under surface the scales are more uniform, and are arranged in irregular transverse rows,
four to six in each row. The genital plate, except at its outer end, appears only as a

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 49

narrow line, bearing a close row of short, square papillae, which become larger and more
rounded where they form the arm comb. Three short, bluntly-poited arm spines,
situated near the junction of the side with the under arm plate. Seven square, close-set
scales on each side of mouth tentacle pores; the next two pairs have four on each side ;
the next one usually three on the inside and two on the other; beyond the disk only one
on the inner side. Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 237.—June 17, 1875; lat. 34° 37’ N., long. 140° 32’ E.; 1875 fathoms;
mud.

Ophioglypha undulata, Lym. (Pl. V. figs. 10-12).

Ophioglypha undulata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 75, pl. iii. figs. 61, 62,
1878.

Three very short, conical arm spines, standing on middle of edge of plate. Disk scales
coarse and rather thick. Radial shields broader than long, and joined. Papille of arm
comb close set, flat, and with rounded ends.

(Type specimen from Station 224.) Diameter of disk 12 mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, 2°3 mm. Mouth papille four on each side, short and square and
closely set, the outer one widest ; at angle of the jaw usually a cluster of three conical
papillz. Mouth shield rounded triangular, much broader than long, with an obtuse angle
within, and outer side slightly curved; length to breadth 2°3:2°3. Side mouth shields
nearly straight, rather long, and meeting fully within. First under arm plate oval or
rounded hexagonal, and wider than long ; the next longer than any other, axe-shaped, with
long lateral sides re-enteringly curved and outer side curved ; those beyond grow rapidly
shorter, and beyond the fourth are separated by the side arm plates, which are regular and
scarcely swollen, and meet above and below beyond the fourth upper arm plate. First
upper arm plate wide, semicircular; the rest diamond shaped, with inner angle truncated
and the outer more or less curved. Disk high, covered with rather thin, irregular, curved
plates, among which may be seen a central five-sided primary, and a large wide plate on
the margin of the disk, much broader than long. Radial shields rudely semicircular, and
meeting only at their outer points, diverging inward, where they are separated by a small
triangular plate. The interbrachial space on the under surface is covered by the rather
long and narrow genital scales, which are broken in two, and bear no papille, and by
two large irregularly curved plates, between which and the mouth shield are from one
to three little scales. Arm spines three, short, very small, conical, situated half-way on
the outer edge of the side arm plate. Tentacle pores, except the first pair, small and
narrow. The first bears about three scales on each side; the second, the same ; the
third, two; and the fourth, one minute scale on the outer and two on the inner side.

Colour in alcohol, disk pale grey, arms white.
(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART xIv.—1882.) O

oa
‘

50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Station 224.—March 21, 1875; lat. 7° 45’ N., long. 144° 20’ E.; 1850 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha costata, Lym. (Pl. V. figs 1-8).

Ophioglypha costata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 76, pl. iv. figs. 92-94,
1878,

Three very short, blunt, peg-like arm spines, evenly spaced. Disk scales few and
large. Radial shields long and separated. Papillee of arm comb close set, flat, and with
rounded ends.

(Type specimen from Station 142.) Diameter of disk 6°5 mm. Width of arm close
to disk 13 mm. Mouth papillee five or six on each side, short, square, close set, with one
larger, diamond-shaped, at apex of jaw. Mouth shield five-sided, with outer edge curved,
lateral sides nearly straight, and an obtuse angle within; length to breadth 1:1. Side
mouth shields rather short, lying along inner angle of mouth shield, and meeting within.
First under arm plate broad triangular, with an angle within and curved outer edge ; the
rest are pentagonal, broader than long, with an obtuse angle within, short lateral sides,
and a long curved outer edge. Side arm plates a little swollen and constricted at their
inner end, meeting below ; separated above for the first three joints by the upper arm
plates, of which the first is transverse oval; the second four-sided, with a curved outer

. edge much wider than the inner; and the rest triangular, with an angle within and curved
outer edge. Disk rather flat, and covered by angular plates and a few small rounded scales,
closely overlapping ; in centre a five-sided rosette of primary plates, which are rounded
and partly separated by minute scales ; in the interbrachial spaces a single or double row
of larger and smaller plates. Radial shields rhomboidal, with the angles slightly
rounded ; length to breadth 2:1; separated without by a large diamond-shaped plate,
with its outer and inner angles truncated. The lower interbrachial spaces have a large
marginal plate and four or five smaller ones; genital scales wide, bearing on their free
edge a close-set row of fine papillze, which grow somewhat larger and more rounded above
to form the arm comb. Three arm spines, minute, blunt, and equally spaced. Tentacle
scales short and squarish, five on one side and three on the other of the pores of the
mouth tentacles; the second pores have three on each side, and those beyond not so
many. Beyond the disk there are no tentacle scales, and the tentacles are very minute.
Colour in alcohol, white.

This species is pretty near Ophioglypha lymani, but is readily distinguished by its
flat upper arm plates, those of Ophioglypha lymani being high and more or less ridged.

Station 141.—December 17, 1873; lat. 34° 41’ S., long. 18° 36’ E.; 98 fathoms;
(young); sand and gravel. Station 142.—December 18, 1873; lat. 35° 4’ S., long.
18° 37’ E.; 150 fathoms; sand.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 51

Ophioglypha albata, Lym. (Pl. V. figs. 13-15).

Ophioglypha albata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. v., part 7, p. 77, pl iv. figs. 95-97,
1878.

Six short, blunt, peg-like, evenly-spaced arm spines. Arms narrow. Radial
shields short, and separated by one or two large rounded plates. Disk scales thin,
even and hard to distinguish. Papille of arm comb close set, flat, and with rounded
ends.

(Type specimen from Station 236.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Length of
arm about 40 mm. Width of arm close to disk 2 mm. Three short, crowded
mouth papille on each side, with one (or sometimes three) conical at apex of jaw.
Mouth shield pentagonal, having a blunt angle within and outer. corners curved ;
length to breadth 1°5:1°3. Side mouth shields narrow, meeting within; running
along inner angle of mouth shield, and passing beyond to join first under arm
plate, where they are widest. First under arm plate irregular transverse oval ;
second plate short, bell-shaped, wider without than within; those immediately beyond
are five-sided, wider without than within, with outer edge curved, a blunt angle
inward, and inner lateral sides a little re-enteringly curved; about half-way out on
the arm they become nearly triangular, broader than long, with outer angles much
rounded. Side arm plates broad, but little swollen, not meeting below within the disk,
widely separated above by the upper arm plates, of which the second and third are hexa-
gonal, while those beyond are lengthened, their two outer angles blended in a curve
and the mner side very short. Disk smooth and slightly arched, covered with thin.
rounded or angular, closely-soldered scales, the six primaries being a little larger and
separated by one or two rows of scales; there is a transverse row of three large angular
plates extending along the margin and connecting the radial shields, which are longer
than wide, angular, widely separated by two or three large scales; their outer points
may or may not meet: under surface covered by rows of thin, ill-defined plates, similar
to those above. Genital scales hidden by the disk scales ; along their free edge is a
close row of short, bead-like papillz ; they become larger and more rounded where they
pass upward to make the arm comb, which is attached to the radial shield. Six short
blunt, conical arm spines, arranged along the entire margin of the side arm plate. The
pores of the mouth tentacles are large, and have four short close-set scales on either side .
the two next have three small rounded scales on the inner side ; those beyond have two.
There are also minute and not easily seen scales on the outer side of the second and third
pores. Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 236.—June 5, 1875; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E.; 775 fathoms;
mud.

52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophioglypha jejuna, Lym. (Pl. V. figs. 4-6).

Ophioglypha jejuna, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. v., part 7, p. 78, pl. ii. figs. 55, 56,
1878.

Three slender, pointed arm spines, about two-thirds as long as a jomt. Disk scales
few and mostly large. Radial shields large and jointed. Papuillee of arm comb close set,
flat, and with rounded ends,

(Type specimen from Station 135.) Diameter of disk 5mm. Width of arm 1 mm.
Mouth papilla small, tooth-like, and close set, five on each side, with a long pointed one
at apex of jaw ; those near the outer angle of the jaw broader than long, growing longer
as they near the inner angle. Mouth shield pentagonal, length and breadth about equal,
the outer and lateral sides curved, with corners rounded and a very blunt angle inward.
Side mouth shields long and narrow, curved, with club-like outer ends ; narrower within,
where they barely meet. First under arm plate large and triangular, with outer end curved
and a blunt angle inward; second and third plate five-sided, with lateral sides nearly
straight and outer corners rounded. Side arm plates broad, slightly swollen, meeting
below, but separated above on first two joints by upper arm plates, which are wedge-
shaped, with outer side curved and a long sharp angle within; those beyond are similar,
but separated by side arm plates. Disk flat and smooth, covered with thin rounded
plates or scales ; in centre of upper surface is a close rosette of five round primary plates,
with three small ones in their midst; in each interbrachial space are two large rounded
plates, of which the outer is marginal, with some small scales on either side. Radial shields
rudely triangular, with an angle inward, joined, except at their inner points, where they
are separated by a small wedgescale ; length to breadth 1:°7. Genital scales long and
narrow, wider without than within, bearing on their free edge a row of fine, close-set, tooth-
like papillae, extending to base of upper arm plate, where they become scale-like and form
the arm comb. Interbrachial spaces below covered by half a dozen rounded plates or
scales of several sizes, whereof the largest lies on the margin. Arm spines three,
delicately tapering, about two-thirds as long as a joint, equally spaced on the side arm
plate. Scales of mouth tentacles small and tooth-like; four on the brachial side and
five on the other; on the next three pores are only two pointed, spine-like scales.
Colour in alcohol, brown.

Station 1385.—October 16, 17, 18, 1873; off Tristan d’Acunha; 500 and 1000
fathoms ; rock, shells, Station 164a.—June 13, 1874; lat. 34° 13’ S., long. 151° 38’ E. ;
410 fathoms; blue mud.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 53

Ophioglypha brevispina (2), E. A. Smith.

Ophioglypha brevispina, E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvii. p. 112, Feb. 1876;
Transit of Venus Expedition, p. 11, pl. xvii. figs. 5a, c—Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,
vol. v., part 7, p. 78, pl i. figs. 44-46,

Three short, blunt, peg-like arm spines, evenly spaced. Papillae of arm comb short,
close set, and sharp. Disk scales of moderate size, thick and swollen. Very small,
narrow side mouth shields.

(Type specimen from Royal Sound, Kerguelen.) Diameter of disk 11 mm. Length
of arm 45 mm. Width of arm 2°5 mm. Mouth papille short, blunt, close set, four or
five on each side, and two longer at apex of jaw. Mouth shield pentagonal, with a blunt
angle inward, outer edge curved, lateral sides notched ; length to breadth, 2°3:2. Side
mouth shields extending along inner angle of mouth shield, narrow, of about even width,
meeting within. First under arm plate very large, broader than long, transverse oval in
shape ; next three plates wider without than within, their sides straight, except the outer,
which is curved; the rest are triangular, with outer edge curved, and an angle within.
Side arm plates short, slightly swollen, just meeting below beyond the disk; widely
separated above by the upper arm plates, which are large, arched, much broader than long,
wider without than within, with outer side curved and inner side re-enteringly curved.
The upper surface of disk has numerous rounded, much swollen plates, closely soldered
together, with a cluster of six primaries in the centre separated by one or two rows of
smaller plates ; outside this cluster in each interbrachial space is another large rounded
plate. Radial shields longer than broad, much rounded, their inner ends slightly smaller
than the outer, and widely separated by a large rounded triangular plate within and smaller
scales without; leneth to breadth 2:1°5. Interbrachial space below evenly covered by small
thick scales. The genital scale is nearly or quite covered, except at its outer portion,
whose free edge carries a row of very fine saw-like papille, which become a little longer
above, where they make the arm comb. Three small blunt arm spines, equally spaced,
and standing low on the outer edge of side arm plate. The pores of the mouth tentacles
have four or five close-set, small, tooth-like scales on each side; the second and third set
have four or five on the interbrachial side, and three on the brachial; beyond this they
diminish till a short distance beyond the disk, where there is on the inner side a small
scale, similar to and continuous with the arm spines, and on the outer side a little ridge.
Colour in alcohol, light grey.

Mr. Smith, who kindly compared a Challenger specimen with his originals, reports
that the latter are smaller, and differ from the former in having disk scales coarser,
radial shields that converge and touch each other, upper arm plates narrower inward, &c.
As these differences may depend on age, I have retained the name with a query.

54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Royal Sound, Kerguelen Islands; 25 to 28 fathoms. Balfour Bay, Kerguelen
Islands; 20 to 60 fathoms. Off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Islands; 120 fathoms.

Ophioglypha ambigua, Lym. (Pl. VIII. figs. 4, 5).
Ophioglypha ambigua, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., pt. 7, p. 79, pl. il. figs. 47, 48, 1878.

Four short, blunt, peg-like arm spines, three together, low down, and one higher up.
Papillee of arm comb short, close set, and squarish. Disk scales of moderate size, thick
and swollen. Very small, narrow side mouth shields.

(Type specimen from Royal Sound, Kerguelen.) Diameter of disk, 13°5 mm.
Width of the arm close to disk 2°5 mm. Mouth papille short, blunt, tooth-like,
and close set, five on each side, similar to and continuous with the tentacle
scales of the mouth tentacles, with a larger, longer, and pointed one at angle of jaw.
Mouth shield pentagonal, with outer edge rounded, lateral sides notched, and a blunt
angle inward; leneth to breadth 3:2. Side mouth shields short, just meeting
within and slightly wider at their outer end. First under arm plate large, rudely
diamond-shaped, with outer and inner angles rounded; the next two or three
plates four sided, wider without than within, with outer side curved and re-entering
curves on lateral sides; further out they become pentagonal, much broader than long,
with an angle inward.. Side arm plates short and thick, not meeting below till some
distance from the disk ; widely separated above by upper arm plates, much broader than
long, arched, wider without than within, outer edge curved, inner edge re-enteringly
curved. Disk thick and angular, covered with thick, closely soldered, irregularly shaped
plates, among which the primaries may be distinguished, but not very clearly. Radial
shields small, irregularly triangular, with angles rounded, widely separated by one large
and two or three small scales ; length to breadth 2:1°5. Genital plates short, beginning
opposite fourth under arm plate and widening rapidly outward; along the free edge is a
row of fine, short, square, close-set papillee, extending as an unbroken line upward to form
the arm comb. Four short, blunt, and tooth-like arm spines, three in a cluster, close to
‘edge of tentacle pores, and one a little separated above; farther out the four make a
continuous group. ‘Tentacle pores large ; those of the mouth tentacles have five short,
rounded scales on the interbrachial side and four on the other; the next pair, six on one
side and five on the other ; thence they diminish till some distance beyond the disk,
where there is but one tentacle scale, similar to and continuous with the arm spines.
Colour in alcohol, light grey.

It is near Ophioglypha brevispina, from which it differs in having one more arm
spine, and an arm comb of close-set, square papills, instead of pointed ones.

Royal Sound, Kerguelen Islands; 25 to 28 fathoms. Off Christmas Harbour,
Kerguelen Islands ; 120 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA., 55

Ophioglypha loveni, Lym. (Pl. VIII. figs. 1-8).

Ophioglypha loveni, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 80, pl. iv. figs. 109-111,
1878.

Three to five short, sharp arm spines, about half as long as a joint. Disk smooth
and flat, with scales, radial shields, and mouth shields all small.

(Type specimen from Station 157.) Diameter of disk 21 mm. Width of arm
close to disk 3°7 mm. Six or seven small rounded mouth papille on each side, the
outer three being closely soldered together ; at apex of jaw a clump of three larger
papillae. Mouth shields triangular, with an obtuse angle within, and the outer edge
much rounded; length to breadth 3°5:4. Side mouth shields following inner angle
of the mouth shield, rather narrow without, where the mouth tentacle pores encroach,
wider within, where they scarcely meet. First under arm plate broad triangular,
or broad rounded hexagonal, with outer edge much curved, and a very blunt angle
inward; second plate nearly square, with rounded corners; the next two rudely
semicircular, with outer edge straight, or broad much rounded pentagonal, with an
ill-marked angle inward ; the rest are transverse oval, with a peak inward. Side arm
plates wide, a little swollen, meeting below beyond the disk, separated above by the
upper arm plates, which are much broader than long, with outer edge broken in three
angles or curved, and the lateral sides forming an angle. Disk arched, but not thick,
covered above and below with small, thin, closely soldered scales, the six primaries
being small, circular, widely separated plates. Radial shields much longer than wide,
with a sharp angle inward, separated by a wedge of disk scales; length to breadth
45:2. Genital scales very narrow, covered by fine scaling, bearing on their free
edge a close row of very fine, square papilla, which increase a little in size as they
appear above to form the arm comb. ‘Three tapering arm spines, about half as long as
a joint ; the upper one the longest. Larger specimens have five or more spines. On the
mouth tentacle pores there are seven or eight close-set, tooth-like scales on either side ;
the next two pairs have six or seven on each side ; just beyond the disk there are four
scales on the inner side, and the same number of smaller ones on the outer. Colour in
alcohol, grey.

Station 146.—December 29, 1873; lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31’ E.; 1375 fathoms;
elobigerina ooze. Station 147.—December 30, 1873; lat. 46° 16’ S., long. 48° 27’ E. ;
1600 fathoms ; globigerina ooze. Station 157.—March 3, 1874; lat. 53° 55’ S., long.
108° 35’ K.; 1950 fathoms; diatom ooze. Station 158.—March 7, 1874; lat. 50° 1’S.,
long. 123° 4’ E. (same species’); 1800 fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 160.—
March 18, 1874; lat. 42° 42’8., long. 134° 10’ E.; 2600 fathoms; red clay.

56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophioglypha fraterna, Lym. (Pl. VIIL. fig. 6).

Ophioglypha fraterna, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 81, pl. iv. fig. 112,
1878.

Five very minute, blunt arm spines, which often are rubbed off or naturallywanting.
Disk smooth and flat, with scales, radial shields, and mouth shields all small, and
obseured by skin. No arm comb.

(Type specimen from Station 157.) Diameter of disk 23°5 mm. Width of arm close
to disk 3°7 mm. Mouth papillae short, squarish, closely jomted together, seven or eight
on each side, diminishing in size inward, with three pointed and longer at apex of jaw.
Mouth shield small, broader than long, pentagonal, with outer edge rounded and an obtuse
angle within ; length to breadth 3:3. Side mouth shields occupying the inner angle of
the mouth shield, and passing beyond it ; narrower without than within, where they meet.
First under arm plate much broader than long, with outer edge curved ; second plate six-
sided, with inner laterals longest ; beyond the disk they are very broad triangular, with
long sharp lateral angles, an obtuse angle inward, and the outer side curved. Often the
lateral corners are broken off, and form separate pieces. Side arm plates broad, not
swollen, meeting below beyond the disk ; separated above by the upper arm plates, which
are broader than long, and broader without than within, having the outer edge wavy.
Disk high and irregularly arched, covered above and below with a thick skin, which
almost entirely obscures the fine disk scales and the radial shields, which may be
recognised as small, oval, smooth patches near the disk margin, on either side of the arm.
Along the edge of the genital opening is a row of minute, closely-joined, squarish papille,
which extend only to the margin of the disk, the arm comb being absent. Five very
minute, blunt arm spines, three situated low on the edge of side arm plate and two
above. Often they are rubbed off, and there seem to be none. ‘Tentacle scales of
the mouth tentacles similar to mouth papille and on one side, closely continuous with
them; on the first pair there are four or five scales on each side; on the second five
or six on each side; just outside the disk there are four scales on the inner side, and
none on the other; and a short distance beyond there are no scales. Colour in alcohol,
light grey.

It differs from Ophioglypha loveni in wanting an arm comb, and in having the disk
scales and radial shields obscured by skin.

Station 157.—March 3, 1874; lat. 53° 55’S., long. 108° 35’ E.; 1950 fathoms ;
diatom ooze.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 57

Ophioglypha elevata, Lym. (Pl. V. figs. 16-18).

Ophioglypha elevata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 82, pl. iv. figs, 87-89,
1878.

Disk high and arched. Arms short and thick. Each under arm plate has a median,
elongated, bead-like swelling.

(Type specimen from Station 145.) Diameter of disk 6mm. Length of arm about
11mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1°3 mm. Five short, square, closely-
jointed mouth papillee on each side, and one longer diamond-shaped at apex of jaw. Mouth
shield longer than wide, broader without than within, deeply constricted at the sides, and
curved at both ends; length to breadth 1:°7. Side mouth shields narrow, of even
width, curving round the inner lobe of the mouth shield and meeting within. First
under arm plate triangular, with angle inward and outer side curved; second, third, and
fourth plates four sided, with outer edge, which is wider than inner, curved, and lateral
sides re-enteringly curved. There is a longitudinal swelling on the under arm plates
which forms a continuous ridge within the disk. Side arm plates wide, little swollen,
constricted within, not meeting below on basal joints; separated above by the upper
arm plates, which are four sided, much broader than long, wider without than within,
with outer and inner edges straight, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved. Disk thick
and arched, covered with small, swollen, irregular scales, with one large pentagonal
primary plate in centre. Radial shields small, as wide as long, irregularly triangular,
joined their entire length; length to breadth °7:°7. Lower interbrachial space filled
with small rounded scales; along the free edge of the genital scale is a row of very
minute pointed papillae, which suddenly become long and spine-like as they pass upward
to make the arm comb. Five short blunt arm spines, three well up on the edge of the
side arm plate, and two somewhat shorter close to tentacle pores. On the mouth tentacle
pores there are two large scales on either side; the other pores within the disk have
three long rounded scales on the inner side, and one very wide, thick, erect scale on the
outer side, the latter being sometimes in two pieces; beyond the disk there is on each
pore a larger and a smaller short curved scale. Colour in alcohol, light brown.

Station 145.—December 27, 1873; lat. 46° 40’S., long. 37° 50’ E.; 310 fathoms.

Ophioglypha bullata, Wyv, Thom. (Pl. XX XVIII. figs. 14-17).

Ophioglypha bullata, Wyv. Thorn, Nature, vol. viii. p. 400 (figured), 1873; Voy. ‘“ Chall.”
Atlantic, vol. i. p. 400 (figured). Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 83,
pl. i. figs. 85, 86.

Three minute, evenly spaced arm spines. Disk scales above rounded, and of various
sizes, with large marginal plates. Disk high. Basal under arm plates about as long as
broad. Arms high and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 61.) Diameter of disk 11mm. Length of arm 23 mm.

(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART X1v.—1882.) O08

58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Width of arm close to disk 2mm. Four or five small, conical, widely separated mouth
papillze on each side, and three larger at apex of jaw. Mouth shield very large, long penta-
gonal, with an obtuse angle inward much wider without than within ; outer lateral corners
rounded ; length to breadth 2°7:2°3. Side mouth shields pointed oval, small, meeting
widely within. First under arm plate triangular, with sharp angle inward and outer
edge curved ; the rest within the disk four sided, with inner edge slightly wider than
outer, and lateral side a little re-enteringly curved; beyond they gradually become wide
hexagonal. Side arm plates swollen, not meeting below till half a dozen joints beyond
the disk; separated above by upper arm plates, which are much swollen, forming a high
ridge ; the first two or three nearly square with rounded corners; those just beyond
rounded hexagonal; and only near the middle of the arm do they become triangular,
with an angle within and outer edge curved. Disk thick and arched ; in centre of
upper surface a cluster of six large, round primary plates, separated by an irregular row
of smaller; between inner ends of radial shields and in each interbrachial space a
conspicuous round plate ; on the margin are two plates connecting outer ends of genital
scales, and within these a large plate connecting outer ends of radial shields; rest of
upper surface covered with small, swollen, rounded scales. Radial shields longer than
broad, rounded pear-seed shape, forming a well-marked notch over arm; separated their
entire length by a single or double row of rounded scales ; length to breadth 2.7: 2.
The under interbrachial space is occupied by the large mouth shield, the lower edges of
the two small marginal plates, and the large genital scales, which are very narrow within,
widening without, as they extend upward over the arm, and bearing on their free edge
a close row of square, flat papillae, which begin at the third arm plate and maintain the
same shape in the arm comb. Three minute pointed arm spines, evenly spaced; the
lowest next the tentacle scales. Tentacle pores oval and very large ; four short rounded
scales on each side of mouth tentacles ; the rest, within and well beyond the disk, have
four or more on the inner side, and one or two on the outer side. The entire surface is
microscopically tuberculous. Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 45.—May 3, 1873; lat. 38° 34’ N., long. 72° 10’ W.; 1240 fathoms ; (young) ;
mud. Station 54.—May 27, 1873; lat. 34° 51’ N., long. 63° 59’ W.; 2650 fathoms ;
grey ooze. Station 61.—June 17, 1873; lat. 34° 54’ N., long. 56° 38’ W.; 2850
fathoms ; grey ooze. Station 133.—October 11, 1873; lat. 85° 41’S., long. 20° 55’ W.;
1900 fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha convexa, Lym. (PI. VI. figs. 13-15).

Ophioglypha convexa, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 84, pl. iii. figs. 83, 84,
1878.

Three small tapering arm spines. Disk covered above by a rosette of large, angular,
primary plates, radial shields, and a few large interbrachial plates,

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 59

(Type specimen from Station 241.) Diameter of disk 12 mm. Length of arm 30 mm.
Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 3mm. Mouth papilla small, conical, four to six
on each side, and three larger at angle of jaw. Mouth shield large, much longer than wide,
five-sided, with an angle inward, and outer edge, which is wider than inner, much curved ;
length to breadth 4:3°5. Side mouth shields short, wider within than without, meeting
broadly and occupying only the inner angle of the mouth shield. First under arm plate
three-sided, with truncated angles; beyond they are nearly square, with truncated
corners and their lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; those farther out are octagonal, and
afterwards hexagonal. Side arm plates thick, swollen, meeting neither above nor below,
except at end of arm. Upper arm plates much broader than long, hexagonal, arched.
Disk thick, covered above by afew stout plates. Radial shields angular, pear-seed shape,
somewhat sunken, joined without but diverging inward, where they are separated by a
thick wedge-like scale ; length to breadth 3:2. In the interbrachial spaces are five
large plates, two on margin of disk, connecting the outer ends of the genital scales ; one
quadrangular, connecting the radial shields ; and two smaller, which lie between inner
ends of radial shields. The central space is covered by six regular, stout primary plates,
elevated above the rest, the central one pentagonal, the others hexagonal. The genital
scales fill the lower interbrachial space between mouth shield and arm, and bear on their
free edge a close row of square papillae, which become peg-like on the arm comb. Beyond
the mouth shield is a row of three small rounded marginal plates. Three short, delicate,
tapering arm spines, equally spaced. Tentacle pores within the disk have two or three
scales on the inner side, and one or more on the outer. Colour in alcohol, yellowish-
orey.

Station 241.—June 23, 1875; lat. 35° 41’ N., long. 157° 42’ E.; 2300 fathoms ;
(young); red clay. Station 246.—July 2, 1875 ; lat. 36° 10’ N., long. 178° 0’ E. ; 2050
fathoms ; grey ooze. Station 346.—April 6, 1876; lat. 2° 42’ S., long. 14° 41’ W. ;
2350 fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha sculptilis, Lym. (Pl. VI. figs. 16-18).

Ophioglypha sculptilis, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 84, pl. iv. figs. 115, 116,
1878.

Six minute arm spines. First under arm plate broader than long ; those beyond
longer than broad. Radial shields separated within by a cluster of large scales. Disk
high. Basal under arm plates about as long as broad. Arms high and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 237.) Diameter of disk 12°5mm. Width of arm close to
disk 3mm. Mouth papille five on each side, broader than long, shaped like blunt saw-teeth,
with two blunt pointed papille at apex of jaw. Mouth shield much rounded, pentagonal,
with an angle inward, and two outer angles almost blended in a wide curve ; length to

60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

breadth 3°5:2°5. Side mouth shields narrow, curved, pointed within, where they
broadly meet. The first under arm plate broad triangular, with outer edge curved, and
a blunt angle within; the next three long axe shape, with outer edge, which is wider
than inner, slightly curved, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; beyond the disk they
are similar, but present an angle inward. Side arm plates minutely tuberculous, broad,
and swollen meeting below at some distance beyond the disk ; separated above by upper
arm plates, of which the first is much wider than long; the second wide semicircular,
with outer edge curved ; the third narrower, with outer edge curved, and wider than
the inner ; the rest rounded diamond shape, with the inner angle longer than the outer.
Disk thick, covered with thin flat plates; in the centre is a large round primary plate,
surrounded by five smaller, separated by two or three rows of fine scales; in the
interbrachial spaces are three large plates in a line, of which the outer is marginal and
has usually a round plate on either side. Radial shields irregular blunt pear-seed shape,
touching without, diverging inward, where they are separated by a wedge of three or
four small rounded scales. Genital scales narrow within, growing much wider with-
out ; bearing on their free edge a close row of squarish papille, which become spini-
form where they pass upward to form the arm comb. Six minute blunt arm spines
equally spaced along the side arm plate. Four or five small blunt tentacle scales on
each side of pores within the disk ; beyond the disk they soon diminish to two standing
inside of pore. Colour in alcohol, light grey.

Station 237.—June 17, 1875; lat. 34° 37’ N., long. 140° 32’ E.; 1875 fathoms;
mud.

Ophioglypha variabilis, Lym. (Pl. VI. figs. 10-12).

Ophioglypha variabilis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 85, pl. iii. figs. 70, 78,
79, 1878; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 217.

Four or five minute arm spines. Under arm plates longer than broad. Radial
shields separated at inner ends by a single scale. Disk high. Basal under arm plates
about as long as broad. Arms high and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 195.) Diameter of disk 11°5 mm. Length of arm about
40 mm. Width of arm close to disk 2°7 mm. Mouth papille six on each side, of which
three are square and three pointed, and one larger and diamond shaped at apex of jaw;
they are all low and somewhat irregular. Mouth shield blunt pear-seed shape with an
angle within, or of a much rounded pentagonal form with an angle within and a curve
without ; length to breadth 3°3:2°7. Side mouth shields narrow, meeting within and
there forming a sharp angle. First under arm plate triangular, outer edge curved, inner
angle blunt; the next three plates are long axe-shaped, with outer edge, which is wider
than inner, curved, and re-entering curves on the lateral sides ; those beyond are separated

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 61

by side arm plates, and are pentagonal, with an angle inward, and outer side curved.
Side arm plates broad, somewhat swollen, meeting below beyond the fourth under arm
plate, and above beyond the fourth upper arm plate, where they form almost the entire
covering of the arm ; their surface presents a minute crystalline appearance. Upper arm
plates triangular, with an angle inward and a curve without ; the first three are broader
and have the inner angle truncated. Disk thick, rather flat, covered above with thin, closely
overlapping scales; a cluster in the centre of one large rounded primary plate and one
smaller to each brachial space, separated by two or three rows of much smaller scales ; in
the interbrachial spaces are three large plates,—an oval marginal, connecting the outer
ends of the genital scales; a second inside, joining the radial shields by a line of small
scales; and a third, smaller and more rounded, which lies between the inner ends of the
radial shields. These last are three sided, with corners much rounded and a blunt angle
inward, touching without, diverging inward, where they are separated by a small rounded
scale; length to breadth 2°5:2. The under surface is occupied by the large mouth
shield; three to five small plates, just outside, and the broad genital scales, which,
starting very narrow from the lateral side of the mouth shield, increase in width as they
curve upward over the arm ; along their free edge, on the under surface, is a close row of
large square papille, which become spiniform on the arm comb. Four or five minute,
round, pointed arm spines, evenly spaced along edge of side arm plate. Tentacle pores
very large, the basal ones oval, the rest round ; those of the mouth tentacles have three
or four scales on each side; the next two sets, three on either side, those next the arm
plate being larger than the others; just beyond the disk they have two small scales on
the inner edge, and one larger one next the arm plate, and further out there are no
scales. Colour in alcohol, grey.

One specimen had a double vertical row of large scales on the imterbrachial edge,
instead of a single large plate.

Station 195.—October 3, 1874; lat. 4° 21’S., long. 129° 7’ E.; 1425 fathoms; grey
ooze. Station 24.—March 25, 1873; off Culebra Island; (same species ?); 390 fathoms ;
(young); mud.

Ophioglypha ornate, Lym. (Pl. VI. figs. 1-3).

Ophioglypha ornata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 86, pl. iv. figs. 113, 114,
1878.

Three or four minute, widely spaced arm spines. Mouth shield trefoil, with a pointed
lobe inward. Disk high. Basal under arm plates about as long as broad. Arms high
and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 216.) Diameter of disk 10mm, Width of arm close to
disk 3mm. Five or six short, square, close-set mouth papillee on each side, the outer ones

62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

wider than the inner, with two pointed ones at apex of jaw. Mouth shield large, much
rounded triangular, with a lateral constriction which makes a pomted lobe inward ; length
to breadth 2°7:2°5. Side mouth shields long, crooked, and very narrow, meeting within.
First and second under arm plates larger than those beyond, axe-shaped, with outer edge
wide and curved, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved; those beyond are similar, but
present an angle inward. Side arm plates swollen, broad, minutely tuberculated, meeting
below, outside the disk; separated above by upper arm plates, which are narrow, four
sided, much swollen, with curved lateral and straight outer and inner sides; towards the
middle of the arm they become longitudinal oval. Disk thick, smooth, and angular,
covered in the centre by small, thin, irregular overlapping scales, in the midst of which
are the six primary plates, which are rounded and rather small. In each interbrachial
space, and connecting the radial shields, is a large rounded angular plate. Outside of
this are two large marginal plates, which extend below nearly or quite to the outer edge
of the mouth shield, Radial shields much rounded triangular, broadly meeting without,
separated within by two or three disk scales; length to breadth 2:1°7. Interbrachial
spaces below covered by the two great marginal plates, between which and the mouth
shield there are sometimes two or three small scales. Genital scales rather wide, and
carrying on the free edge a row of large, square, close-set papillae, which become spini-
form where they form the arm comb. Usually three, rarely four, very minute arm spines,
one at the top, one near the middle, and one at the lower edge of the side arm plate.
Mouth tentacle pores separated from mouth slit. Three or four small rounded tentacle
scales on each side of first three sets of tentacle pores; those just beyond the disk have
two or three scales on the inner, and two on the outer side. Colour in alcohol, light
orey.

Station 216.—February 16, 1875; lat. 2° 56’ N., long. 134° 11’ E.; 2000 fathoms ;
elobigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha lacazer, Lym. (Pl. VI. figs. 4-6).

Ophioglypha lacazei, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 87, pl iu. figs. 58-60,
1878.

Three minute arm spines, high up. Radial shields rounded, separated by one scale
within. One large marginal plate, with small scales about it. Disk plates closely
soldered and ill defined. Disk high. Basal under arm plates about as long as broad.
Arms high and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 160.) Diameter of disk 11 mm. Length of arm about
30mm. Width of arm close to disk 2°3 mm. Mouth papilla very small and widely
separated ; eleven to thirteen to each angle ; one large at apex of jaw. Mouth shield large,
much rounded pentagonal, with obtuse angle inward, and outer side curved; length to breadth

REPORT ON THE OPHIURIODEA. 63

2°5:2°5. Side mouth shields rather short and wide, meeting within, where they are
broader than without. First under arm plate long, wedge-shape, with outer edge curved ;
the rest axe-shaped, with outer edge curved, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved. Side
arm plates regular and scarcely swollen. Upper arm plates large, broader than long,
hexagonal, with outer angles much rounded ; length to breadth 1:1°3. Farther out they
become nearly semi-circular, with the curve inward. Disk covered with rounded, flat,
thin, closely-joined plates, among which may be seen a central rosette of primaries, and
two larger plates in each interbrachial space. Radial shields short, wide, rudely semi-
circular, touching along part of their length, separated within by small wedge-like scales.
The interbrachial space on the under surface is nearly covered by the large mouth shield.
The genital scales are broad and slightly curved, and bear rather stout tooth-lke papille.
Outside the mouth shield are two rows of small thin semicircular scales. The papille of
the arm comb are flat, squarish, and separated, and are borne by a semicircular plate
about as broad as long. Three minute arm spines, pointed and standing well up on the
outer edge of the side arm plate. Tentacle scales of the innermost pair of pores small,
semicircular, usually two on either side. The rest of the tentacle pores have usually one
large on the outer side, and three or four smaller on the inner side. Colour in alcohol,
nearly white.

Station 160.—March 18, 1874; lat. 42° 42’ S., long. 134° 10’ E.; 2600 fathoms ;
red clay. Station 299.—December 14,’ 1875; lat. 33° 31/S., long. 74° 43’ W.; 2160
fathoms ; grey mud.

Ophioglypha lienosa, Lym. (Pl. VI. figs. 7-9).

Ophioglypha Uienosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 88, pl. iii. figs. 80-82,
1878.

Three minute arm spines. Disk covered by small, irregular, ill defined, scales, small
separated radial shields, and very large mouth shields. Disk high and flat. Basal under
arm plates about as long as broad. Arms high and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 157.) Diameter of disk 15 mm. Length of arm about
37 mm. Width of arm, without spines, close to disk 3°5 mm. Mouth papillze small,
conical, widely spaced, diminishing in size from within outward ; about five on each side and
a group of three larger ones at apex of jaw. Mouth shields very long, pentagonal, with
an obtuse angle inward, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, and outer edge rounded ; length
to breadth 3°5:3. Side mouth shields short, meeting broadly within, where they are wider
than without ; occupying only the inner end of the mouth shields. First under arm plate
triangular, with an angle inward, and outer edge curved; beyond, the plates are four-
sided, thick, with outer and inner edges nearly straight, and lateral sides re-enteringly
curved ; beyond the disk they become hexagonal ; their surface has a minutely crystalline

64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

appearance. Side arm plates swollen, and not meeting below for some distance beyond
disk. Upper arm plates broader than long, thick and swollen, with outer side curved
and longer than the inner, which is nearly straight ; lateral sides re-enteringly curved.
Beyond, they are bounded by a long curve within and a peak without. Disk smooth,
arched, and very thick, covered above with small thin plates, having a minutely tuber-
culous or crystalline appearance ; in the centre are six circular primary plates, separated
by others irregularly shaped and angular, which also fill the interbrachial spaces. Radial
shields small, short, and thick, rounded triangular, with an angle outward, separated their
entire length by a round plate without and several smaller plates within. Interbrachial
space below chiefly covered by the great mouth shields, outside which are three or four
rows of small scales, and on either side a genital scale, bearing on the free edge broad,
square, close-set papillee, which become narrower where they form the arm comb, on the
broadened outer end of the genital scale. Three small sharp arm spines, one situated in
a notch well up on the outer edge of the side arm plate, the other two lower, near junction
of side with under arm plate. Tentacle pores very large, transverse oval in shape; on
those of the mouth tentacles four rounded scales on the under arm plate, and three on
the other side ; the other pores within disk have usually four on the inner side, and one
wide scale on the outer. Colour in alcohol, body grey, arms straw-colour.

Station 157.—March 3, 1874; lat. 53° 55’ S., long. 108° 35’ E.; 1950 fathoms ;
diatom ooze.

Ophioglypha radiata, Lym. (Pl. VII. figs. 1-3).

Ophioglypha radiata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 89, pl. ui. figs. 65, 66,
1878.

Two minute arm spines. Mouth shield trefoil. Under arm plates axe shape.
Radial shields small and rounded. Disk high. Basal under arm plates about as long as
broad. Arms high and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 205.) Diameter of disk 8°5 mm. Length of arm 35:5 mm.
Width of arm close to disk 3 mm. Four or five wide, rectangular, closely-set mouth
papillae on either side, with three long and pointed at apex of jaw. Mouth shields large,
trefoil shape, with a pomted lobe inward. Side mouth shields very narrow, of even width
and meeting within. First under arm plate largest of all, triangular, with an angle within
and outer edge much curved ; the other plates are axe-shaped, with re-entering lateral sides
and curved outer side; the first three touch each other. Side arm plates thick, swollen,
and minutely tuberculous, meeting on the under surface beyond the third plate. Upper
arm plates much swollen, the first two rounded hexagonal, those beyond rounded
triangular. Disk high and rounded, covered with fine overlapping scales, of which the
marginal are the largest. Radial shields small, broader than long, four-sided, with rounded

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 65

corners, outer edges straight, touching nearly their whole length, diverging inward,
where they are separated by a small triangular plate. There are small round primary
plates, widely separated by the finer disk scales. Genital scales short, wider without
than within, bearing along their entire margin long, flat, and closely-set papillz, about
fourteen in number ; those towards upper surface much narrower than the under ones.
Two very minute arm spines, one situated low on the edge of the side arm plate, next
the tentacle pore, the other half-way up the arm. Tentacle scales curved; from three to
four on either side of the large pores on the basal joints. Colour in alcohol, pale
yellow.

Station 205.—November 13, 1874; lat. 16° 42’ N., long. 119° 22’ E.; 1050 fathoms ;
grey ooze.

Ophioglypha undata, Lym. (Pl. III. figs 16-18).

Ophioglypha undata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp.:Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 90, pl. iv. figs. 101, 102,
1878.

Four minute blunt arm spines. Disk plates rough and lumpy, with rosette of large
primaries. Under arm plates pentagonal. Disk high. Basal under arm plates about as
long as broad. Arms high and rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 176.) Diameter of disk 3°5 mm. Width of arm close to
disk 1 mm. Five mouth papillze on either side, of which the three outer ones are squarish,
and the two innermost pointed and similar to the large one at apex of jaw. Mouth shields
five-sided, with outer lateral corners curved and a blunt angle within ; length to breadth
‘7:°5. Side mouth shields rather large, longer than wide ; wider without than within,
where they meet. First under arm plate long, three-sided, with angles much rounded
and lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; second and third five-sided, with outer corners
rounded, an angle inward, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; those beyond grow
rapidly smaller, but have the same general form. Side arm plates much swollen, but
constricted at their inner margin, meeting widely above and below beyond the disk.
The first upper arm plate is triangular, with outer edge curved; the second diamond
shaped, having the inner angle slightly truncated; beyond this they become rapidly
smaller and are diamond shaped. Disk plates above thick, and overlapping like tiles ;
in the centre is a rosette of the six primary plates, the middle one being pentagonal, and
those surrounding it transverse oval ; on the outer edge of each of these latter plates are
one large and two smaller semicircular plates ; in the interbrachial spaces are two large
rounded plates, the outer one extending quite to the margin of the disk. Radial shields
about as broad as long, angular, closely soldered together. On the under surface the

plates are rounded, and so much swollen as to form knobs with furrows between, the
(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv.—1882,) O09

66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

three along the margin being larger than the others. Genital scales narrow, with a row
of seven or eight pointed papille on the free edge, while the papille of the arm comb are
longer and more slender. Four minute blunt arm spines on the basal joints. The pores
of the mouth tentacles do not open into the mouth-slit: they have three rounded scales
on either side; the next two have two scales on either side, and, beyond, two on the
inner and one on the outer side. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 176.—August 15, 1874; lat. 18° 30’ S., long. 173° 52’ E.; 1450 fathoms ;

red clay.

Ophioglypha lapidaria, Lym. (Pl. VII. figs. 16-18).

Ophioglypha lapidaria, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 90, pl. iii. figs. 67-69,
1878.

Eleven short, pointed, close-set arm spines. Mouth shields trefoil. Under arm
plates squarish. About eight tentacle scales to each pore within the disk. Disk high.
Basal under arm plates about as long as broad.

(Type specimen from Station 235.) Diameter of disk 11mm. Width of arm close to
disk 2°5 mm. Five or six short square mouth papille on each side, and a cluster of two or
three larger at apex of jaw. Mouth shields longer than broad ; wider without than within,
where they present a rounded angle ; outer corners also rounded ; on the later sides a con-
striction which gives them a three-lobed aspect ; leneth to breadth 2°5:2°3. Side mouth
shields small, long, very narrow ; outer end slightly broader than the inner, where they
meet. First under arm plate triangular, with truncated angle inward and outer edge
curved ; the next four are four-sided, with curved outer edge ; beyond the disk they are
pentagonal, with an obtuse angle inward, short lateral sides, and a long curved outer
side. Side arm plates thick, deeply constricted at their inner end; not meeting below
till some distance beyond the disk, separated above by upper arm plates, which are
broader than long, wider without than within, the outer edge being eurved. Disk thick,
covered with large, closely-soldered plates and scales. Radial shields pear-seed shape,
longer than wide, with an angle within and outer edges rounded; touching without,
separated within by a single wedge-like plate ; in the centre above is a close rosette,
consisting of a pentagonal primary plate, surrounded by five others, smaller and of an
irregular shape; the remaining interbrachial space on the upper surface is occupied by
rows of semicircular plates. Lower interbrachial space, covered by small curved, over-
lapping plates. Genital scales very narrow, except without, where they broaden into a
wide radial scale, bearing a comb of short spines, which continue below as minute
papillae on the margin of the genital opening. Ten or twelve fine, short, blunt arm

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 67

spines, extending in a close continuous row along outer edge of side arm plate. Tentacle
scales short, square, large, and thin. The pores of the mouth tentacles carry five or six
on each side ; the pores immediately beyond are very large, and have about four on each
side ; beyond the disk they have three or four on the inner side, and one spiniform on
the under arm plate. Colour in alcohol, light grey.

Station 235.—June 4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms; mud.

Ophioglypha solida, Lym. (Pl. III. figs. 7-9).

Ophioglypha solida, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 91, pl. v. figs. 120-122,
1878.

Basal under arm plates, beyond the second, about as long as broad, squarish, and
with water pores between them. Arms high, with swollen upper arm plates and very
small spines. Upper disk covered in great part by rosette of primary plates and by
radial shields.

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 10°5 mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, 3mm. Hight minute, widely separated, pointed mouth papille on
each side of angle, with a cluster of three bluntly pointed at apex of jaw. Mouth shields
narrow, pear-seed shaped, with sharp angle inward, and outer edge much rounded ; length
to breadth 2:1°5. Side mouth shields longer than broad, much wider without than within,
where they meet, extending nearly two-thirds of the distance on sides of mouth shield.
First under arm plate three-sided, longer than wide, with rounded angle inward, and a
shght re-entering curve on all three sides ; the next six or seven plates are broader than
long, octagonal, and separated by wide pores or depressions ; the remainder of the under
arm plates are quadrangular, with an angle within and without. Side arm plates broad and
somewhat swollen, meeting below only towards the tip of the arm ; separated above by
the upper arm plates, which are broader than long, and four sided, with lateral sides
straight, and outer edge much wider than inner, and curved ; towards the tip of the arm
they are diamond shape, with truncated angles without and within. Disk round and
high, covered with large, much swollen plates, the central primary being pentagonal,
surrounded by five others, large and more or less rounded ; in the upper interbrachial
space are two plates, the inner one rounded, the outer marginal one much broader than
long, and somewhat swollen. Radial shields joined, small, and irregular in shape,
curved without. Lower interbrachial space covered by two much swollen plates, longer
than wide, extending from the outer edge of the mouth shield to the marginal plate.
Genital scales much longer than wide, wider without, tapering inward, carrying along
their free edge, from the outer edge of the mouth shield to the edge of the disk,

68 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

a row of minute papille, which become somewhat longer as they appear above the arm
to form the comb. ‘Two, and sometimes three, small, delicately tapermg arm spines,
about half as long as a joint. Tentacle scales on first pair of pores, three on either side ;
on the second, three or four on the interbrachial side, and two on the brachial ; third
pair the same, but only one on the brachial; beyond there are three long blunt scales on
the interbrachial side. Colour in alcohol, white.

Although from only 129 fathoms, this species has the look of a deep-sea
inhabitant.

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 132° 25’ E.; 129 fathoms ;
mud.

Ophioglypha rugosa, Lym. (PI. III. figs. 13-15).

Ophioglypha rugosa, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 92, pl. iv. figs. 90, 91,
1878.

Disk covered with much swollen, lumpy plates. Genital scales wide, thick, and in a
single piece. Basal under arm plates longer than wide. Papille of arm comb short,
flat, close set, and with rounded ends.

(Type specimen from Station 169.) Diameter of disk 7mm. Width of arm close to
disk 1°5 mm. Four short tooth-like mouth papillee on each side, with one larger at apex of
jaw. Mouth shields pentagonal; outer and lateral sides straight, with very blunt angle
within ; outer corners rounded ; length to breadth 1°3:1. Side mouth shields narrow,
with a wavy outline, meeting within. First under arm plate triangular, with an angle
within and outer side curved ; second plate longer, with inner angle truncated ; beyond
this they are pentagonal, with outer side curved, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, and
an angle within. Side arm plates broad, meeting below, but separated above, near base
of arm, by the upper arm plates, which are long wedge-shaped, with outer edge curved,
and an angle within, except the first two, which have the inner angle truncated. Disk
angular, covered with large, much swollen plates, having deep furrows between them ;
in centre a group of six primary plates, separated by a row of irregular smaller plates ;
outside of these is another circle of ten equally large plates, of which the brachial ones
separate the inner ends of the radial shields. In each interbrachial space there is also
a large marginal plate. Radial shields longer than broad, outer edge much wider than
inner, joined without, but widely separated within by a large rounded plate. Length
to breadth 2:1. On the under surface the plates are not so much swollen, and more
regular; in each interbrachial space are about three concentric rows, of from three to
five plates each. Genital plates long and rather wide, with outer end wider than inner ;

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 69

along the free edge is a close row of fine, even, tooth-like papillee, which become some-
what longer and wider as they pass upward to form the arm comb. Three arm spines
short, blunt, and equally distant from each other. On first two sets of pores four
tentacle scales on each side; the third has three on each side; the fourth, one on the
outside and three on the inside; a little beyond the disk there is only one on the inside.
Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 169.—July 10, 1874; lat. 37° 34’ S., long. 179° 22’ E.; 700 fathoms; grey
ooze.

Ophioglypha ponderosa, Lym. (Pl. VII. figs. 7-9).

Ophioglypha ponderosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 93, pl. it. figs. 52-54,
1878.

Disk plates high and excessively swollen. Upper arm plates rising in a high sharp
ridge. Arm spines minute, close set, and like little blocks.

(Type specimen from Station 232.) Diameter of disk 32 mm. Width of arm at disk
6mm. Mouth papillae square, flat, crowded, forming a continuous row with the scales of the
mouth tentacles, four or five on each side, with three or four longer and pointed papillee at
angle of jaw. Mouth shield long and narrow, with outer end much rounded, lateral sides
having a slightly re-entering curve, and a short blunt angle within ; length to breadth
57:3. Side mouth shields long triangular, outer edges broader; inner ends tapering,
where they meet. Under arm plates broad hexagonal, with outer and inner ends
straight, and short angles on the sides; the first plate is similar, but not so large as the
others ; farther out on the arm they become diamond-shaped. Side arm plates swollen,
with outer edge curved, not meeting either above or below. Upper arm plates narrow,
very highly arched, forming a sharp ridge; length to breadth about equal, wider without
than within, four sided, with sides nearly straight. The upper surface of disk is covered
by angular plates, excessively swollen and lumpy, and compactly soldered; the plates in
centre being smallest. Radial shields longer than wide, with edges irregularly curved,
meeting without, diverging inward, where they are separated by a large plate of about
the same size and shape ; in the interbrachial space, besides numerous smaller plates, is
one roughly triangular, with one angle inward; on the lower interbrachial space the
scales are not so much swollen ; there are about half a dozen, besides the genital plates,
which are composed of three pieces, the outer one being the largest and thickest ; along
their entire edge from the mouth shield to the outer edges of the radial shields is a row
of fine, square, short papillee, those nearest the mouth shield being broader than long,
while towards the radial shields they become very fine, and much narrower than long ;

70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

there is a group of similar papillz on the free outer end of the side mouth shield. The arm
spines are so short, thin, square, and closely soldered together as to look like a continuous
narrow border to the side arm plate; in shape they resemble the arm comb, and are
about eight in number. The pores of the mouth tentacles have four or five scales on
each side, similar to the mouth papille ; the second has seven similar scales on the inter-
brachial side, and four on the other; the third five and four; the fourth four and three ;
beyond this three only on the inner or interbrachial side. Colour in alcohol, brownish-
yellow.

Station 232.—May 12, 1875, off Enosima, Japan ; lat. 35, 1IGN. loner 39i 23! hy;
345 fathoms ; sandy mud.

Ophioglypha minuta, Lym. (Pl. VII. figs. 10-12).

Ophioglypha minuta, Lym., Bu. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 94, pl. v. figs. 117-119,
1878.

Interbrachial space below covered by only one or two plates besides the genital scales.
Upper arm plates rudimentary or wanting. Tentacle pores of arm with only one
rounded scale.

(Type specimen from Station 158.) Diameter of disk 5°5 mm. Length of arm about
12mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1 mm. Six short, squar‘sh, closely
set, longer than wide mouth papille on sides of angle, and three short and bluntly pointed
at apex of jaw. Mouth shield as long as broad, having a slight constriction towards the
inner end, which is an obtuse angle, outer side widely curved; length to breadth 1:1.
Side mouth shields longer than wide, meeting within, and there forming a long angle
inward ; outer edges narrower than inner. First under arm plate triangular, with rounded
angle inward, lateral sides having a slight re-entering curve, and outer edge gently curved.
Second under arm plate pentagonal, length and breadth about equal, having deep
re-entering curves on the lateral sides, a narrow obtuse angle within, and outer side
curved; beyond the second the plates are triangular in shape, having an angle inward
and outer side curved ; they become rapidly less in size, and disappear beyond the fifth,
though the tentacle pores continue. Side arm plates long and thick, beyond the second
under arm plate forming almost the entire covering of the arm, as there are no upper
arm plates. Disk flat and round, with a central group of six primary plates, whereof
the middle one is pentagonal, while the five surrounding it are transverse oval ; connect-
ing these plates are minute triangular scales ; the interbrachial spaces above are filled by
two large plates, the inner one broader than long, with outer edge straight, and inner
edge broader than outer; the marginal plate has the inner edge straight, and the outer

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 71

curved ; on either side of the marginal plate are two minute semicircular scales. Radial
shields three-sided, longer than broad, joined their entire length; outer edges with a
slight re-entering curve ; interbrachial edges curved ; length to breadth 1°5: 1:3. Inter-
brachial space below filled by a large slightly swollen plate, which is sometimes divided
in two by a median line, and by the large, thick, longer than broad genital scales, along
the free edge of which are eight or more very minute, short, blunt papilla, extending to
upper margin of disk, where they bear an arm comb of two or three papille. Three
short delicate arm spines about two-thirds the length of a joint, two low on the under
surface of the arm, and one well up on its side. Tentacle scales on the first set of pores,
two on the interbrachial side and one on the brachial; beyond this there is only one
large scale on the inner side. Colour in alcohol, white.

The proportionate size of the side arm plates and small number of those of the disk
show this to be a young specimen, but its characters are so well marked as to warrant
a description ; and its great depth gives it importance.

Station 158.—March 7, 1874; lat. 50° 1’8., long. 123° 4’ E.; 1800 fathoms; globi-
gerina ooze. Station 146.—December 29, 1873; lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31’ E.; 1375
fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha inermis, Lym. (Pl. VII. figs. 4-6).

Ophioglypha inermis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 95, pl. v. figs. 123-125,
1878.

No arm comb, and only a feeble row of grains along the genital opening. Disk
covered with thin overlapping scales and very small radial shields.

Diameter of disk 14mm. Length of arm about 70 mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, 2°5 mm Mouth papille small, short, pointed, and close set, similar
to and continuous with the tentacle scales of the second pair of mouth tentacles. If those
be true mouth papille that stand on the mouth frames, there are eight or ten on either
side and a cluster of three somewhat larger on the jaw-plate. Mouth shield broader than
long, with very blunt angle inward and outer edge curved; length to breadth 2: 2°7.
Side mouth shields longer than broad, of nearly equal width, nearly or quite meeting
within. First under arm plate small, longer than broad, hexagonal; second plate broader
than long, rounded quadrangular; beyond this the plates become much broader than
long, with sharp angles at the lateral sides, a small peak within, and a rounded angle
without. Side arm plates thin, not swollen, just meeting below beyond the fourth under
arm plate ; separated above by the large upper arm plates, which are much broader than
long, and wider without than within, with lateral sides straight, and outer corners rounded.

72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Disk high and round, covered above and below with very thin, closely overlapping scales,
with one minute circular primary plate in centre of disk. Radial shields small, nearly
round, separated by a large angular plate; length to breadth 1°3:1. Genital scales
hidden ; along their free edge is a row of very minute, bead-like papill ; three slim, flat,
pointed, nearly equal arm spines, somewhat longer than an arm joint, and equally spaced
along the outer edge of the side arm plate. The first pair of tentacle pores, which open
into the mouth slit, have six or seven minute tentacle scales, exactly like the mouth
papille, and arranged in an ox-bow figure. The first arm pores have three minute
papillze on either side ; those beyond have only two long and rounded scales on the inner
side of each pore. Colour in alcohol, white.

It will be noted that Ophioglypha inermis stands on the limit of Ophioglypha ; while
it has the general look and structure of the genus, it lacks wholly the arm comb, and has
only a trace of the papille along the genital scale below. It seems to go better here than
with Ophiocten.

Off Tristan d’Acunha; 500 fathoms.

Ophioglypha deshayesi, Lym. (Pl. VIL figs. 13-15; Pl. XX XVIII. figs. 22-25).

Ophioglypha deshayesi, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. v., part 7, p. 96, pl. ii. figs.
35-37, 1878.

Side mouth shields large and ovoid. Radial shields and primary plates circular and
similar, Disk and arm plates thick, swollen, and closely soldered. Mouth papille
and scales of mouth tentacles thick, squarish, irregular, and crowded. No proper arm
comb.

(Type specimen from Station 151.) Diameter of disk 18 mm. Length of arm 80 mm,
Width of arm close to disk 4mm. Mouth papille irregular, crowded, angular, closely
soldered, five or six on each side and usually one or two at apex of jaw. Mouth shields
small, with long, acute angle inward, and outer edge cleanly curved ; length to breadth 3 : 2.
Side mouth shields large, narrow pear-seed shape, with the rounded ends inward, where they
meet at one point. Inside the junction of the side mouth shields is a small diamond-shaped
supplementary plate, which makes the apex of an angle. First under arm plate semi-
circular or transverse oval, with outer edge nearly straight; the plates beyond are wide
triangular, with a truncated angle inward, and outer side a little curved. Side arm plates
swollen, nearly meeting below within the disk; separated above by the upper arm plates,
which are broader than long, arched, wider without than within, hexagonal, having outer
angles more or less rounded. Disk very thick, covered with rounded plates somewhat
obscured by a thick skin ; in the centre above are six large primary plates separated by

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 0183

one or two rows of smaller ones, and in the interbrachial spaces are two larger plates, one
marginal and the other inside it. Radial shields very nearly round, separated usually by
three plates in a line; length to breadth 3:3; along their inner margin is a row of small
irregular-shaped scales, Genital plates formed of two or more pieces, wider without,
tapering inward ; along the outer portion of their free edge is a row of small shapeless
pieces, which become more numerous above, and there form a sort of arm comb. One
minute papilla-like arm spine situated near the junction with the upper arm plate. Pores
of mouth tentacles enclosed on one side by the two outer mouth papille, with some other
minute pieces; and on the other side by four or five similar parts, which correspond to
tentacle scales: the rest of the pores stand near the lateral corners of the under arm
plates, and have three small peg-like tentacle scales. Colour in alcohol, yellowish-brown
or grey.

This species clearly exhibits the homology between side mouth shields and side arm
plates.

Station 150.—February 2, 1874; lat. 52° 4’ S., long. 71° 22’ E.; 150 fathoms;
rock, Station 151.—February 7, 1874; off Heard Island; 75 fathoms; mud. Christ-
mas Harbour, Kerguelen Islands, 120 fathoms. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Islands, 28
fathoms.

Ophioglypha inornata, Lym. (PI. III. figs. 10-12).

Ophioglypha tnornata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 97, pl. ii. figs.
26, 27.

Side mouth shields small. Mouth shield broader than long, with a peak inward.
Disk and arm plates thick, swollen, and closely soldered. Mouth papillae and scales of
mouth tentacles thick, squarish, irregular, and crowded.

(Type specimen from Station 106.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Length of arm
about 23 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 2 mm. Five or six
short, bead-like, closely soldered mouth papillze on each side, with one much longer
at apex of jaw. Mouth shields broader than long, small, rounded triangular, with
angle inward, and outer edge curved. Side mouth shields short, pointed oval,
occupying inner sides of the mouth shield and meeting broadly within. First under
arm plate rounded, with a long curve within and an obtuse angle without; second
pentagonal, with an angle inward, outer side wide, and laterals re-enteringly curved ;
beyond these the plates become broader than long, with an angle within and a
curve without. Side arm plates thick, slightly swollen, meeting broadly below ;
separated above by upper arm plates, which are thick, rather small, of a rounded
diamond shape, and as long as broad. Disk rather thick, swollen, covered with thick,

(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv.—1882.) O 10

74 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

minutely tuberculous plates. Radial shields irregular in form, inner edges nearly circular
or oval, diverging inward, where they are separated by a single row of three scales ; in
each interbrachial space is a marginal plate connecting the radial shields. In centre of
disk above are six round, well-marked primary plates, separated from each other and from
the radial shield by single lines of much smaller plates. Interbrachial space below
covered chiefly by a large marginal plate, and two smaller between it and the mouth
shield. Genital plates short, thick, broader within, tapering outward, where they bear
small, irregularly placed papillae, which make above a sort of arm comb. Arm spines
minute and hard to see, one near upper arm plate and two or three near the under.
Tentacle scales minute ; on the pores of the mouth tentacles are four on one side and
three on the other; the second pore, which is near the inner end of the arm plate, has
only three ; and the third two. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 106.—August 25, 1873; lat. 1° 47’ N., long. 24° 26’ W.; 1850 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha confragosa, Lym. (Pl. VIII. figs. 7-9).

Ophioglypha confragosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., pt. 7, p. 97, pl. i figs. 38,
39, 57, 1878.

Disk plates irregular and humpy. A group of papilla near the arm, on margin of
interbrachial space. Disk and arm plates thick, swollen, and closely soldered. Mouth
papillz and scales of mouth tentacles thick, squarish, irregular, and crowded.

(Type specimen from Station 320.) Diameter of disk 14mm. Width of arm close to
disk 2°3mm. Mouth papillae angular, closely soldered, four or five on each side, and one,
diamond-shaped, at angle of jaw. Mouth shield large, five-sided, with blunt angle inward,
and outer edge slightly curved; length to breadth 2°3:2. Side mouth shields narrow, of
about even width, running along inner angle of mouth shield and meeting within. First
under arm plate three sided, with inner sides much curved and outer edge nearly straight;
second and third also three-sided, having two re-entering curves on the lateral sides ;
beyond this they become broader than long, with outer edge so much curved as to give
them a diamond-shaped appearance. Side arm plates swollen, just meeting below and
separated above by upper arm plates, which are rounded, with outer and inner edges
slightly flattened ; farther out they become long hexagonal, with corners much rounded.
Disk flat, covered with rounded raised plates, separated by deep furrows; in the centre
are six primary plates surrounded by a row of smaller and more angular. In each
interbrachial space above are two large plates, one on the margin. Radial shields blunt
pear-seed shape, with the rounded end outward, separated widely by one large and one
small plate. Genital plates composed of two or three pieces, the outer and principal

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA., 75

piece long and narrow, tapering at each end, of which the outer is covered by a clump
of small soldered papille, which pass upward and form a sort of arm comb. The rest of
the lower interbrachial space is covered by five large and as many small plates. Arm
spines minute and peg-like, one half-way up the side arm plate, and one near the junction
of the upper arm plate with the side arm plate. Three large, square, close-set tentacle
scales on either side of pores of mouth tentacles; on the second pair one peg-like scale,
and on the rest two similar scales. Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 320.—February 14, 1876; lat. 37° 17’ S., long. 53° 52’ W.; 600 fathoms ;
hard ground.

Ophioglypha intorta, Lym. (Pl. VIIL figs. 13-15).

Ophioglypha intorta, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 98, pl. ii. figs, 41-43,
1878.

Side mouth shields very narrow. A small arm comb. Disk and arm plates thick,
swollen, and closely soldered. Mouth papille and scales of mouth tentacles thick,
squarish, irregular, and crowded.

Diameter of disk 9 mm. Length of arm 23 mm. Width of arm at disk 1°5 mm.
Mouth papille angular, closely soldered, five or six on each side, and a larger, diamond-
shaped, at angle of jaw. Mouth shield large, pentagonal, with a long angle within and
outer edge rounded. Side mouth shields long, narrow, curved, and tapering towards
either end, scarcely meeting within. First under arm plate triangular, with one angle
inward, outer edge straight, and lateral sides curved ; those beyond are wide pentagonal,
with an angle within, and outer side a little curved. Side arm plates short and stout,
scarcely meeting below within the disk, and separated above by the upper arm plates,
which are swollen, broader than long, broader without than within, with a curved outer
edge. Disk flat, covered with raised, irregularly shaped, angular plates, having deep
furrows between them. Radial shields ovoid in outline, with the smaller end inward,
separated by a wedge of three or four plates. Genital plates long and narrow, much
wider without than within; along their free edge is a row of fine, short, upright papille,
which pass upward and form an arm comb. Two short, thick, and blunt arm spines, one
at centre of edge of the side arm plate, and another near junction of the upper arm plate.
The pores of the mouth tentacles have three or four scales like mouth papille on each
side ; beyond there are two scales shaped like the arm spines. Colour in alcohol, light
grey.

Off Marion Island; 50 to 75 fathoms.

76 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Species of Ophioglypha not herein described.

Ophioglypha ciliata, Ljn., Dr. Goés. Oph., Of. Kong. Akad., p. 651, 1871.

Stella lumbricalis lacertosa, Linck., De Stell, Mar., 1733, pl. ii. No. 4, p. 47; Knorr, Delicie
Nat. Select., pl. G. 1, figs. 1, 2, 1771.

Asterias ophiura, O. F. Miill., Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 235.

Asterias ciliata, Retz, Diss., p. 29, 1805.

Ophiura texturata [pars], Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., p. 542.

Ophiura aurora, Risso, His. Nat., p. 273, vol. v. fig. 29.

Asterias cordifera, Delle Chiaje, Mem., vol. ii. p. 358, pl. xx. fig. 12.

Ophiura bracteata (2), Johnston, Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. iii. p. 467.

Ophiura texturata, Fbs., Wern. Mem., vol. viii. p. 125, pl. iv. figs. 3, 4; Brit. Starfishes,
p. 22.

Ophiolepis ciliata, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 91.

Ophiura teaturata, Ltk., Addit. at Hist., part 1, p. 36, pl. i. figs. 1*, 1°.

Ophioglypha lacertosa, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 40; Ludwig, Echin. des
Mittelmeeres, p. 546.

North European Seas; Mediterranean ; 5 to 100 fathoms.

Ophioglypha carnea, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1. p. 10, 1865.
Ophiura carnea, Sars, MS.; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 41, pl. i. figs. 6 a, b.

North European Seas ; 40 to 300 fathoms.

Ophioglypha albida, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 49, 1865. Ludwig,
Anatomie der Ophiuren Zeits. fiir Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 241; Echin. des
Mittelmeeres, p. 547.

Ophiura teaturata [pars], Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 542, 1816.
Ophiura albida, Fbs., Wern. Trans., vol. viii. p. 125, pl. iv. figs. 5, 6; Brit. Starfishes, p. 27,
Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 39, pl. i. figs. 2 a, b.

North European Seas; Mediterranean ; 5 to 250 fathoms.

Ophioglypha arctica, Lym.

Ophiura arctica, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., 1854, p. 7.
Ophioglypha sarsii, Stuxberg, Of. Kong. Akad., 1878.

Ophioglypha liitkeni, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. vu. p. 197, 1860;
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. No. i. p. 47; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. viu., part
2, p. 4.

Puget Sound to Santa Barbara, Cal.; 22 to 111 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 77

Ophioglypha affinis, Lym., Ill, Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 52, 1865. Ludwig,
Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 547.
Ophiura affinis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 45, pl. ii. figs. 10 a, b, 1858.

Ophiura Normani, Hodge, Trans. Tyneside N. F. Club, vol. v., part 4, p. 296.
Ophiura Grubei, Heller, Lit. Fauna d. Adriat. Meeres, p. 431, pl. ii. figs. 13-16, 1862.

North European Sea; Adriatic Sea; N. E. America; 20 to 192 fathoms.

Ophioglypha robusta, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 45, 1865.

(2) Asterias Tenorii, Delle Chiaje, Mem. vol. ii. p. 371, pl. xxi. figs. 7-11.
(?) Ophiolepis Tenorii, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 93.
Ophiolepis robusta, Ayr., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. iv. p. 134, 1851.
Ophiura fasciculata, Fbs., Sutherland Journ. Voy. Baffin’s Bay, vol. ii. p. cciv., 1852.
Ophiura squamosa, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Nov. 1854, p. 6; Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 46, tab. i.
ie 1/1
Ophioglypha Tenorii, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 308, 1866.
Ophiura Tenorii, Heller, Lit. Fauna d. Adriat. Meeres, p. 428.

European Arctic Ocean; North Europe; Greenland; N. E. America.

Ophioglypha Forbesiz, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 449, pl. ix. figs. 1-3,
1879.
Korean Sea; 51 fathoms.

Ophaioglypha sladen, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 458, pl. ix. figs. 9-11,
1879.
Korean Sea.

Ophioglypha striata, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 452, pl. ix. figs. 4, 5, 5°,
1879.
Korean Sea.

Ophioglypha sculpta, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 455, pls. ix. and x1. figs.
6, 7, and 35, 1879.
Korean Sea; 23 fathoms.

Ophioglypha stuwitzn, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 51, 1865.

Ophiura Stuwitzi, Ltk., Gron. Echin. Vid. Meddel., p. 51, 1857 ; Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 49,
pl. i. figs. 8 a, 6, 1858.

Greenland ; Newfoundland ; 30: fathoms.

78 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophioglypha nodosa, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1. p. 49, 1865.

Ophiura nodosa, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 6, Nov. 1854; Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 48, pl. ii.
fig. 9 a, b, 1858.

Greenland; Labrador; 12 to 50 fathoms.

Ophiocten.
Ophiocten, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., 1854.

Disk thick and circular, without notches where the arms join it; partly covered by
primary plates and radial shields, between which are sometimes fine, close-set grains, or
small scales, covering the squamous coat; on the interbrachial spaces below, a simple
squamous coat, without any covering of grains. A row of papille, passing along the
genital openings and sometimes upwards, along the margin of the disk, over the arm.
Side arm plates meeting below but not above. The second mouth tentacle is enclosed
between the first under arm plate and the outer end of the side mouth shield. Teeth.
Mouth papillz. No tooth papillae. Two genital openings, beginning at the sides of the
mouth shields.

In respect to radial shields, coarse disk plates, and form of mouth angles, this genus
resembles the typical Ophioglypha, but the whole structure is lighter and more slender.
The genital plates are long, slim and scarcely clubbed at their outer end, to which is
attached a short, thin, genital scale. The arm bones are wider than high and have,
above, a small process running forward. There is a small, but well-marked transverse
oval peristomial plate.

See Plate XXXVIII. figs. 18-21.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiocten.

Region between primary plates, on back of disk, occupied by a close flat granula-
tion or minute scaling. Besides the double arm comb, the basal upper wm Ophiocten sericeum.
plates have a row of papille along their outer edge, .

Similar to preceding, but upper arm plates have no papille, é : . Ophiocten abyssicolum.

Scattered granules on the upper surface of disk. Arm comb continued by small

i 7 - Ophiocten depressut
spines along margin of disk, ; ‘ ; ‘ y t L pressum.

Arm comb as in Ophiocten sericeum. Primary plates rounded and conspicuous ; a
Ophiocten amitinum.

and separated by imbricated scales, . 5
Arm comb somewhat as in preceding. Upper arm spine as long as three joints ; :
: ey: Ophiocten hastatum.
the two lowest as long as one joint, . . . 5 :
Comb only along genital openings, Primary plates small and round, 2 . Ophiocten wmbraticum.

No arm comb. Disk covered with minute scales, among which a few small, widely | : '
: : Ophiocten pallidum.
separated primary plates, : . . . ’ . J

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 79

Ophiocten sericeum (?), Lin. (Pl. XX XVIII. figs. 18-21).

Ophiocten sericeum, Ljn., Tillig Skan. Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 360, 1864; Lym., Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol. v. p. 7, pl. 102.

Ophiocten Kréyert, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 8, 1854; Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 52, pl. i.
figs. 5-5"; Lym, IL Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 53.

Ophiura sericea, Fbs., Suth. Journ. Voy. Baftin’s Bay, vol. u., App.

Ophioglypha gracilis (?), G. O. Sars (young), Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 18, 1871.

Ophiocten sericeum seems not to differ essentially from Ophioglypha gracilis, except
in having a comb of fine papilla along the outer edges of the basal upper arm plates ;
but this comb is wanting in the young, and not regular in the adult. A young Ophioc-
ten sericeum (disk 7°5 mm.) was very like a still smaller Ophioglypha gracilis (disk
6°8 mm.), which had the arm comb less marked; but other specimens had it just the
same. A number of specimens marked as Ophiocten sericeum (young) and Ophioglypha
gracilis showed variations in number of papillz along the genital openings, coarseness of
disk scales, more or less pointed tentacle scales, and length of spines; but all these
variations seem common to both, in a greater or less degree. The two specimens of
the Challenger Expedition showed no valid difference with the half-grown Ophiocten
sericeum, except in absence of papille along the genital opening; but two specimens
from George’s Bank, off Massachusetts, were in this respect intermediate, and had hardly
any papillee in that region.

Off Marion Island; 50 to 75 fathoms.

Ophiocten amitinum, Lym. (Pl. IX. figs. 7-9).

Ophiocten amitinum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 7, p. 100, pl. v. figs. 129,
130, 1878.

Primary and marginal disk plates large and conspicuous. Arm comb and papillae on
first two upper arm plates well marked. ‘Two minute tentacle scales,

(Type specimen from Kerguelen Island.) Diameter of disk 7mm. Length of arm
about. 85 mm. Width of arm without spines 15 mm. Four short blunt mouth
papille on each side, and one longer and pointed at apex of jaw. Mouth shield
large, pentagonal, broader within than without, having a wide angle within, and outer
corners curved ; length to breadth 1°3:1°4. Side mouth shields small, broader without
than within, where they meet and are often somewhat separated from the mouth shield.
First under arm plate large, rounded triangular, with outer edge straight; the re-
maining plates small and three-sided, much wider than long, with outer edges strongly
curved and inner laterals re-enteringly curved, the whole presenting almost a crescent
shape; they become very small towards tip of arm. Side arm plates broad, flaring
somewhat outward, meeting broadly below ; separated above by the upper arm plates,
which are broader than long, with lateral sides straight, and outer edge, which is

80 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

wider than inner, curved. Disk round, flat, and rather thick, covered with thin flat
scales and plates of various sizes, among which are six rounded primaries, separated
by single lines of small scales; in the brachial space, just inside the radial shields,
there is a transverse row of larger rounded scales; in each interbrachial space are
two separated plates similar to the primaries, and outside these, along margin of disk, is
a row of four connected plates. Radial shields conspicuous, pear-seed shaped, widely
separated by disk scales. Outside the radial shields is an arm comb of small, short
pointed papille, a part carried on outer point of genital scale and a part on outer edge of
radial shield and on the scale between the radial shields; besides these there is on the
outer edge of the first three upper arm plates a row of from three to five papillee. Lower
interbrachial space covered by regular rows of small, semicircular, overlapping scales, and
by the genital scales, which are longer than broad, and slightly wider without than
within, and sometimes carry on their free edge an irregular row of minute papille. First
pair of tentacle pores have two very small scales on the outer edge, the rest have one on
each side. Three long, slender, cylindrical, sharp, tapermg arm spines, situated close
together low on the outer edge of the side arm plates; lengths to that of an arm joint
1:2, °8, 6:°6. Colour in alcohol, white. The upper arm plate comb is variable. The
tentacle scales easily drop off.

One young, with a disk of 3 mm., differed in having the upper disk covered almost
entirely by the primary and the other large plates; the intermediate disk scales were
just beginning to form. The radial shields were shorter, and the papillze above the arm
fewer.

Kerguelen Islands ; 120 fathoms. Prince Edward’s Island ; 85-150 fathoms (same
species ?), Station 152.—February 11, 1874; lat. 60° 52’ S., long. 80° 20’ E.; 1260
fathoms ; diatom ooze. Station 146.—December 29, 1873; lat. 46° 46’ S., lone. 45° 31’
E.; 1375 fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 157.—March 3, 1874; lat. 53° 55’ S.,
long. 108° 35’ E.; 1950 fathoms ; diatom ooze.

Ophiocten pallidum, Lym. (Pl. [X. figs. 4-6).

Ophiocten pallidum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 102, pl. v. figs. 126-128,
1878.

Disk covered with minute thin scales, among which appear very small, widely separated

primary plates. One minute tentacle scale. Three short, equal, slender arm spines.
(Type specimen from Station 160.) Diameter of disk 14°5 mm. Leneth of arm about
70 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1°7 mm. Five short, blunt, ill-
defined mouth papillee on the side, and one larger at apex of jaw, like the three or four
teeth that stand immediately above it. Mouth shields much broader than long, bounded
on the outer edge by a wide curve and by a very wide angle within; length to breadth

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 81

1'2:2°6. Side mouth shields long and narrow, extending along the inner angle of the
mouth shield, and just meeting within, where they broaden slightly, becoming narrower
at the outer end where attached to the side arm plate. First under arm plate much larger
than the others, four sided, with outer edge straight, lateral sides re-enteringly curved,
and a short side, like a truncated angle within ; the rest of the under arm plates are very
small, with a curved outer side, and are nearly semicircular in form, but have a slight
peak imward at the junction of the side arm plates, which are thin and wide, flaring
slightly outward, meeting broadly below, and separated above by the upper arm plates,
which are four sided, with outer edge nearly straight and wider than inner. Disk round,
smooth, and flat, covered with minute, very thin, overlapping scales, four or five in the
length of a millimetre on upper surface, and more below ; among them may be distinguished
small, round, widely separated primary plates. Radial shields longer than broad, three
sided, with all three angles much rounded, widely separated their entire length by the
disk scaling ; length to breadth 2°6:1°5. Genital scales hidden, except the outer tip,
which shows outside the radial shield, and bears no papillz, or only one or two rudi-
mentary. Three sharp, slender, tapering arm spines, situated close to each other on the
middle edge of the side arm plate. Only one very minute, rounded tentacle scale on the
outer edge of some of the tentacle pores; a little way out on the arm there is usually a
minute scale on the inside of the pore, and none on the outer side. Colour in alcohol,
pale straw.

Beyond the disk there is almost always a tentacle scale, which is often lacking in the
basal jomts. The little papilla outside the pore is also frequently wanting. Some speci-
mens have a small arm comb, and even a feeble one on the basal upper arm plate.

Station 156.—February 26, 1874; lat. 62° 26’S., long. 95° 44’ E.; 1975 fathoms;
diatom ooze. Station 160.—March 13, 1874; lat. 42° 42’S., long. 134° 10’ E.; 2600
fathoms ; red clay.

Ophiocten umbraticum, Lym. (Pl. IX. figs. 1-3).

Ophiocten umbraticum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 101, pl. v. figs. 131,
132, 1878.

Primary and marginal disk plates small, and the former widely separated. Arm
comb feeble. Tentacle scales single and minute, or quite wanting.

(Type specimen from Station 325.) Diameter of disk 9°5 mm. Width of arm close
to disk, without spines, 1°3 mm. Four rather wide, closely-joined mouth papill, with
one larger, diamond-shaped, at apex of the jaw. Mouth shield, very thin, triangular,
broader than long, with blunt angle inward and corners rounded; length to breadth
1:1°5. Side mouth shields long and narrow, tapering inward, where they nearly or quite

meet. First under arm plate large, four sided, the inner side being very short like a
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART XIV.—1882.) O11

82 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

truncated angle, with corners rounded; the rest of the under arm plates are very small,
nearly or quite semicircular, with a little peak inward. Side arm plates slightly flaring
outward, meeting broadly below, where they form most of the under surface of the
arm ; separated above by upper arm plates, which are four sided, with outer edge wider
than inner, and curved ; lateral sides slightly re-enteringly curved. Disk flat and thin,
covered with small, transparent, delicate scales; six small, rounded, widely separated
primaries, one in the centre and one to each brachial space ; outside these there are two
similar plates in each interbrachial space, one towards the centre and one near the
margin ; along the margin there are two irregular rows of small plates, somewhat broader
than long. Radial shields triangular, with a rounded angle inward, widely separated by
the disk scaling; length to breadth 1°5:8. Lower interbrachial space covered by
delicate, nearly transparent scaling, which also hides the genital scales, except their outer
tips, just outside the radial shields, which bear an arm comb of three or four minute
papille. Genital opening quite long, extending from the outer end of side mouth
shields to edge of disk. There are large tentacle pores, but no scales on any of the
pores. Near base of arm there are three small, delicately tapering arm spines, situated
on the outer edge of the side arm plate; the upper is about two-thirds the length of an
arm joint, and the lowest about half as long; farther out there are but two spines.
Colour in alcohol, white.

On the above specimen no tentacle scales could be seen, but on others some pores, at
any rate, are furnished with a single minute one.

Station 325.—March 2, 1876; lat. 36° 44’ 8., long. 46° 16’ E.; 2650 fathoms; grey
mud.

Ophiocten hastatwm, Lym. (Pl. IX. figs. 10, 11).

Ophiocten hastatum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 103, pl. v. figs, 133, 134,
1878.

Disk with minute thin scales, among which appear well-marked primary plates.
Three tapering arm spines, the upper much the longest and largest. One minute tentacle
scale.

(Type specimen from Station 146.) Diameter of disk 9mm. Width of arm close to
disk 2mm. Four or five short, squarish, close-set mouth papille on each side, with one
much larger at apex of jaw, having two small bead-like ones at its base. Mouth shield
rounded pentagonal, having a broad angle within. Side mouth shields long and narrow, of
about equal width, nearly or quite meeting within. First under arm plate larger than any
of the others, four-sided, with inner side much narrower than the outer, which is slightly
rounded ; the remainder of the under arm plates are much wider than long, and nearly
semicircular, with a slight peak inward, and outer side strongly curved. Side arm plates

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 83

somewhat swollen and flaring outward, meeting broadly below ; separated above by the
upper arm plates, which are somewhat arched, with the inner side narrower than the
outer, which is curved. Disk round, smooth, and flat, covered above and below with
minute thin scales ; in the centre are several rounded primary plates, and one of nearly
equal size in each interbrachial space. Radial shields pear-seed shape, with inner angle
blunt, and outer corners rounded; separated their entire length by fine overlapping
scales. Genital scales hidden, except their tips, outside the radial shields, which bear an
arm comb of a few minute papille, as does sometimes the first upper arm plate. Three
slender, cylindrical, tapering, pointed arm spines, the upper one being much longer and
larger than the two lower ; lengths to that of an arm joint 3°4, 1, ‘8:1. Tentacle scales
minute and rounded; there are two or three to each of the second mouth tentacles ;
usually one on the outside of the basal pores, and one on the inside of the pores farther
out on the arm. Colour in alcohol, disk nearly white ; arms above pale grey. It is in
general like Ophiocten pallidum, but the flatter and wider arms bear a very long upper
arm spine.

Station 78.—July 10, 1873; lat. 37° 24’ N., long. 25° 13’ W.; 1000 fathoms;
globigerina ooze. Station 146.—December 29, 1873; lat. 46° 46’S., long. 45° 31’ E. ;
1375 fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 168.—July 8, 1874; lat. 40° 28’ S., long.
177° 43’ E.; 1100 fathoms ; grey ooze.

Species of Ophiocten not herein described.

Ophiocten abyssicolum, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 51, 1868. Ludwig, Echin
des Mittelmeeres, p. 548.
Ophiura abyssicola, Fbs., Linn. Trans., vol, xix. p, 146, pl. xiii. fig. 8, 1843.
fEgean Sea; 150-200 fathoms.

Ophiocten depressum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 320, 1869 ;
Ill, Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. 1. fig. 10.
Florida; 315 fathoms.

Ophiomusium.
Ophiomusium, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, 1869.

Teeth ; no tooth papilla; mouth papille soldered in a continuous row, so that their
former outlines are scarcely to be seen. Disk covered by plates and radial shields, all of
which are intimately soldered, forming a surface like porcelain. Upper and under arm
plates minute ; side arm plates meeting above and below; swelled, intimately soldered

$4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

with the neighbouring parts. No tentacle pores beyond the basal arm-jomts. Small
arm spines on outer edge of arm plates. Two genital openings in each interbrachial
space.

In the nature of its covering, this singular genus has some affinity with Ophiolepis,
as now restricted. But it is almost unique in having no tentacle pores on the greater
part of the arm. Pa

Seen from within the disk is heavily plated, and has radial shields so large and wide
as nearly or quite to make a complete circle round the disk margin. The genital plate
and scale are invariably stout and massive, and the latter is so large in Ophiomusium
pulchellwm as to occupy one-half the lower interbrachial space. In Ophiomusiwm flabellum
where the lower interbrachial space is occupied by the opposite side arm plates, the
structure of the genital plate and scale is not known. The mouth frames are flarmg and
the jaws elongated, so as to occupy an unusual proportion of the disk. There may be
either an elementary peristomial plate divided in two parts, or none at all. The arm
bones, already somewhat elongated within the disk, are still more so just outside of it,
and have a central constriction which gives them, in profile, somewhat the outline of a
dice-box.

See Plate XX XIX. figs. 10-13.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiomusiwm.

{ Disk scales numerous and rather flat, with a large
| one on the margin. ‘Two or three short, stout

Ophiomusium eburneum.
arm spines, Side mouth shields long and large,

Interbrachial space between radial shields occupied
by two large plates. Papilla along genital Dit 4
| openings extending upward as a small arm Opliomusiana, senratiin.

comb. Four or five small arm spines, :

INS ther slender and taper- | Papille on genital openings extending upward as }
peat Panareal cer aan a small arm comb, Side mouth shields small
slightly wavy Pronecthe and short. Upper arm plates comparatively + Ophiomustum armigerum.

large, some of the basal ones inclining te hex-
J

gentle swelling of the side :
B : agonal, Three or four small arm spines, :

arm plates. Upper and

under arm plates persisting J Disk thick. Side mouth shields and under arm
nearly to end of arm; but) plates much swollen. Outer mouth papille

no tentacles beyond third much larger than inner. Genital papill large
or fourth under _ plate. andibendililces

Mouth — shields — small.
Genital opening bounded
by small close-set papilla.

Ophiomusium corticosum.
Six or seven small arm spines.
Disk flat, covered with imbricated scales, which

are nearly equal, except the marginal, which

are larger, Upper arm plates large, the basal
ones long hexagonal, . 2 7

Ophiomusium canceilatum.

| Disk covered by thick skin: its upper surface }
| occupied chiefly (and in half grown specimens
almost entirely), by radial shields and large
| primary plates, with small scales between.
Arms even and cylindrical. Four minute
| rudimentary arm spines,

Ophiomusium archaster.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 85

Table of Species of Ophiomusium—continued.

Disk covered by large radial shields, and small irregular scales, among which the Oph. 1
primary plates are scarcely conspicuous, 6 : JE CTIA SAC,

Several flat angular plates in lower interbrachial space besides the large one
joining the mouth shield, Genital scales wide. No under arm ‘Plates

Ophiomusium lymani.
beyond the second or third,

scaling in centre. Arms wide and thick, with side arm plates much swollen > Ophiomusium laqueatum.
and rounded. Upper arm plates broad diamond-shape,
Disk covered by large angular swollen plates, | Upper disk plates bearing large
of which the interbrachial marginal is largest. tubercles,
Amns wide and thick, with side arm plates |
much swollen and rounded, and bearing a |
spine on their upper surface, : . | Upper disk plates smooth, . Ophiomusium liitkeni.

Upper disk covered by large swollen radial shields, with minute a

Ophiomusium acuferum.

{ Four small, equally spaced arm spines. Small

upper arm plates. The great lower inter-
| brachial plate has usually two, much smaller at
| its outer corners, .

Ophiomusium validum.

Two minute arm spines set low down. Besides ;
the great interbrachial plate waaliak there are > Ophiomusium simplex.
three others along the margin,

Mostof the lower interbrachial | LWo minute arm spines set back from edge of
space outside the mouth plate. Only one lower interbrachial plate,

shield is occupied by broad | Three short, stout, well-defined arm spines. Disk
genital scales and a great} plates thick, separated by narrow grooves, and
central plate. No under| arranged above like steps. Side arm ples

am plates beyond the flaring a little outward,
third.

i Ophiomusium lunare.

Ophiomusium scalare.

Two or three minute arm spines. Disk plates
coarse, swollen, and irregular. Two or three
marginal plates besides the central one in the

! lower interbrachial space, : . au
J

Ophiomusium testudo.

Five short, sharp, well-marked arm spines.
great lower interbrachial plate is ees ie
a square one from the mouth shield. Margin
| of disk set with small points,

Ophiomusium granosum.

Basal side arm plates very flat and wide, en- { Genital scales meeting on median
croaching much on the interbrachial space, | _ line of lower interbrachial space,
and bearing stout spines on their outer
edge, First under arm plate similar to | First side arm plates meeting in ) / : a
those beyond, and furnished with a ten- | median lineof lower interbrachial Ophiomusium flabellum.

tacle scale, : : : . | space, .

Ophiomusium pulchellum.

Ophiomusium serratum, Lym. (PI. IL. figs. 1-3; Pl. XX XIX. fig. 10).

Ophiomusium serratum, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 109, ph i. figs, 23-26 ;
also part 9, p. 220, 1878.

Arms rather slender and tapering, cylindrical or but slightly wavy. Upper and

86 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

under arm plates persisting nearly to end of arm, but no tentacles beyond third
or fourth under plate. Genital opening bounded by small close-set papilla. Inter-
brachial space between radial shields occupied by two large plates. Papille along
genital openings extending upward as a small arm comb. Four or five small arm
spines.

(Type specimen from Station 23.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Width of arm near
disk, without spies, 2°5 mm. Mouth papillee six on each side, with one at angle of jaw,
all in close contact. Mouth shields heart or rounded diamond shape, with an angle inward ;
length to breadth 1°5:1. Side mouth shields long triangular, extending farther out than
the mouth shield ; wider without than within, where they just meet. The first four under
arm plates bearing tentacle scales are pentagonal, with an obtuse angle inward, outer edge
slightly curved, lateral sides re-enteringly curved; length to breadth, second arm plate,
‘1:°7. Side arm plates thick, constricted within, meeting below, even within the disk,
and above, beyond the second upper arm plate; those beyond are also pentagonal, but
small, broad, and widely separated. Upper arm plates triangular, with an acute angle
inward, and outer edge curved ; length to breadth 1:°7. Disk covered with flat plates
closely soldered ; in the central space within the radial shields are six rounded primary
plates, separated by a circular row of small ones; the interbrachial space is oceupied by
two angular plates, the outer one much larger. Radial shields long triangular, separated
their entire length by one small and two large scales. In the interbrachial space below
are two large circular plates, extending from the mouth shield to margin of disk, on
either side of which are smaller circular scales. Genital scales long and very narrow,
extending from the edge of the mouth shield to margin of disk, on the free edge of
which are fine tooth-like papilla, corresponding to similar papilla along the side mouth
shields, giving a resemblance to Ophioglypha. At the base of the arm above are short,
blunt papill on either side of first upper arm plate. Arm spines four or five, delicate,
pointed, nearly equally placed ; middle one longest and nearly half as long as a side arm
plate. A single circular tentacle scale on second, third, and fourth under arm plates,
situated near the inner angle. The entire surface of the animal is microscopically tuber-
culated. Colour in alcohol, white.

This species much resembles Ophiomusium eburneum, but I am unable to decide that
they are the same.

Station 23.—March 15, 1873; off Sombrero Island; 450 fathoms; globigerina ooze.

Ophiomusium armigerum, Lym. (Pl. IL. figs. 7-9).

Ophiomusium armigerum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 109, pl. i. figs. 21,
22, 1878.

Arms rather slender and tapering, cylindrical or but slightly wavy. Upper and
under arm plates persisting nearly to end of arm, but no tentacles beyond third or fourth

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 87

under plate. Genital opening bounded by small close-set papillae, which extend upward
as a small arm comb. Side mouth shields small and short. Upper arm plates compara-
tively large, some of the basal ones inclining to hexagonal. Three or four small arm
spines.

(Type specimen from Station 332.) Diameter of disk 11mm. Length of arm 47 mm.
Width of arm near the disk 2°5mm. Mouth papille six on each side, forming a close line,
and one larger one at apex of jaw. Mouth frames long triangular, quite large. Mouth
shields rounded triangular, with an angle inward ; length to breadth 1°5:1°5. Side mouth
shields short triangular, touching by their narrow ends within. First under arm plate
circular, very small; the next three are furnished with tentacle scales, and are three-
sided, with an angle inward, and outer side curved ; the others are smaller and roughly
triangular, with an angle inward, and lateral sides curved. Side arm plates thick, and
meeting broadly below beyond the disk, but just touching above on the basal joints.
Upper arm plates long, diamond shaped, except at base of arm, where the outer and
inner angles are truncated. Genital scales very narrow, and so closely soldered to
surrounding parts as to be hardly distinguishable. Near inner end of genital opening
they bear a few square close-set papillae, as in Ophioglypha. Interbrachial space below
covered by ten or a dozen circular plates of irregular outline. Upper surface of disk
covered by long, rudely triangular, somewhat sunken radial shields, widely separated
their entire length by two or three large and several minute rounded plates; the inter-
brachial space covered by a large circular marginal plate, with various smaller ones
within; the central space within the radial shields by six rounded, sunken primary
plates, separated by about three rows of small scales. The entire surface is microscopi-
cally tuberculous. Three or four small cylindrical arm spines, situated well up on the
outer edge of the side arm plate; they stand out from the arm, and the two middle ones
are largest. The second, third, and fourth under arm plates have, near their inner end,
small oval tentacle scales, one to each pore. Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 83.—July 15, 1873; lat. 33° 13’ N., lont. 18° 13’ W.; 1650 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze. Station 106.—August 25, 1873; lat. 1° 47’ N., long. 24° 26’ W.;
1850 fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 299.—December 14, 1875; lat. 33° 31’ S.,
long. 74° 43’ W.; 2160 fathoms (same species ?); grey mud. Station 332.—March 10,
1876; lat. 37° 29’ S., long. 27° 31’ W.; 2200 fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophiomusium corticosum, Lym. (PI. II. figs. 13-15).

Ophiomusium corticosum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 110, pl. i. figs. 19,
20, 1878.

Arms rather slender and tapering, cylindrical, or but slightly wavy. Upper and
under arm plates persisting nearly to end of arm, but no tentacles beyond third or

88 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

fourth under plate. Genital opening bounded by small close-set papille. Disk thick.
Side mouth shields and under arm plates much swollen. Outer mouth papillae much
larger than inner. Genital papille large and bead-like. Six or seven small arm
spines.

(Type specimen from Station 224.) Diameter of disk 12 mm. Width of arm,
without spines, close to disk 2 mm. Mouth papilla seven on each side, three basal
ones considerably largest; all forming a close line. Mouth shields small, triangular,
with acute angle inward, and outer edge much rounded. Side mouth shields large,
much longer than broad, wider without, meeting within; length to breadth 1°7:1.
Under arm plates from the second to the fourth or fifth furnished with tentacles ;
they are axe-shaped, with an angle inward, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, and
outer side curved; beyond, the plates are rudimentary and diamond-shaped. Side
arm plates thick, meeting above and below beyond the disk. Upper arm plates
diamond-shaped, with an angle without and within; length to breadth ‘7:°7. Genital
scales long and narrow, bearing a row of papillz on the free edge. Lower interbrachial
space covered by thin curved plates, of which five form a transverse row along the disk
margin; upper surface of disk pentagonal. Radial shields triangular, separated their
entire length by a row of small plates, and there is a similar row in each interbrachial
space ; the central space within the radial shields is covered by six circular primary
plates, separated by small ones. Arm spines six or seven in number, very short and
blunt, situated on the outer edge of the side arm plate. No scales beyond the fourth
or fifth under arm plate; they are large, oval, and situated near the inner angle of the
plate, one to each pore. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 224.—March 21, 1875; lat. 7° 45’ N., long. 144° 20’ E.; 1850 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze.

Ophiomusium cancellatum, Lym. (PI. II. figs. 16-18).

Ophiomusium eancellatum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 111, pl. i figs. 17,
18, 1878.

Arms rather slender and tapering, cylindrical, or but slightly wavy. Upper and
under arm plates persisting nearly to end of arm, but no tentacles beyond third or fourth
under plate. Genital openings bounded by small close-set papilla. Disk flat, covered
with small imbricated scales, which are nearly equal, except the marginal, which
are larger. Upper arm plates large; the basal ones long hexagonal.

(Type specimen from Station 236.) Diameter of disk 8°5 mm. Width of arm,
without spines, 1:5 mm. Length of arm 28 mm. Mouth papillz forming a close line,
six on each side, with one, diamond-shaped, at angle of jaw. Mouth shields triangular,
with an angle inward, sides equal and curved; length to breadth 1:1. Side mouth

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 89

shields long, triangular; much wider without than within, where they do not quite
meet. Genital scales concealed under fine, closely-set disk scales. Under arm plates
pentagonal near base of arm, farther out quadrangular, with an angle inward; one
tentacle scale which is round, and situated on inner angle of the second and third
under arm plates. Side arm plates thick, minutely tuberculous, meeting below, but
not above, near base of arm. Upper arm plates near base of arm hexagonal, with outer
and inner sides very short. Disk covered above and below by thin, rounded, minutely
tuberculous scales; on the margin are larger angular plates of the same character.
Radial shields small, minutely tuberculous, rounded triangular; length to breadth
1°5:°7; widely separated by a group of half a dozen plates, of which the outer ones are
much wider than long. Two or three minute peg-like arm spines situated in a notch
low on the side arm plate. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Station 33.—April 4, 1873; off Bermudas; 435 fathoms (same species ?); mud.
Station 236.—June 5, 1875; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E.; 420 to 775 fathoms ;
mud,

Ophiomusium archaster, Wyv. Thom. (Pl. I. figs. 4-6).

Ophiomusium archaster, Wyv., Thom., MS.; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p.
112, pl. ii. figs. 28, 29, 32, 1878.

Arms rather slender and tapering, cylindrical, or but slightly wavy. Upper and
under arm plates persisting nearly to end of arm, but no tentacles beyond third or fourth
under plate. Genital opening bounded by small close-set papille. Disk covered by
thick skin, its upper surface occupied chiefly (and in half-grown specimens almost
entirely) by radial shields and large primary plates, with small scales between. Arms
even and cylindrical. Four minute rudimentary arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 323.) Diameter of disk 10 mm, Width of arm
close to disk, without spines, 2°5 mm. Five mouth papille on each side, short,
pointed, closely joined with one large, diamond-shape at angle of jaw. Mouth
shields broad, heart-shaped, with a peak within; length to breadth 1°3:1°5. Side
mouth shields long triangular, very broad without ; tapering and curved inward where
they meet. First under arm plate very small, triangular, with angle inward; the
three next bear tentacle scales, and are three-sided, with lateral sides a little re-
enteringly curved, and outer side slightly curved; the rest are small, triangular, with
outer side curved. Side arm plates thick, slightly swollen, somewhat constricted
within, meeting below throughout, and above beyond the third upper arm plate.
First two upper arm plates rounded and much wider than those beyond, which are
triangular, with an angle inward, lateral sides straight, outer edge much curved.
Disk flat, covered with thick, minutely tuberculous plates and scales. Radial shields

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART XIV.—1882.) O12

90 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

sunken, of irregular rhomboidal shape, with corners rounded; length to breadth 1°7 : 1:3.
Central primary plate smaller than the others, circular, sunken, separated by a double
row of small circular scales from five large sunken, nearly round plates which surround
it; the rest of the upper surface is covered with small rounded scales, with a larger one
on the margin. Under surface covered with small rounded plates, irregularly disposed ;
genital scales long and very narrow, on the free edge of which are fine, short, square
papilla, corresponding to similar ones on the side arm plates. One small rounded
tentacle scale, situated near inner angle of plate. Three or four minute, slender,
rounded arm. spines standing low down on arm plate; upper one longest. Colour
in alcohol, straw.

Station 323.—February 28, 1876; lat. 35° 39’S., long. 50° 47’ W.; 1900 fathoms ;
erey mud.

Ophiomusium lyman, Wyv. Thom.

Ophiomusium Lymani, Wyv. Thom., Depths of the Sea, p. 172, figs. 32, 33, 1873; Lym., Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 113.

The specimens from the following widely separated stations showed certain minor
differences. For example, those from Station 235 had more arm spines and rather more
numerous lower disk plates, and the tentacle scales were entire, instead of divided. I
have deemed it best to keep the varieties together for the present.

Station 45.—May 3, 1873; lat. 38° 34’ N., long. 72° 10’ W.; 1240 fathoms; mud.
Station 50.—May 21, 1873; lat. 42° 8’ N., long. 63° 39’ W.; 1250 fathoms; grey
ooze. Station 76.—July 3, 1873; lat. 38° 11’ N., long. 27° 9’ W.; 900 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze. Off Tristan dAcunha; 1100 fathoms. Station 169.—July 10, 1874 ;
lat. 37° 34’ 8., long. 179° 22’ E.; 700 fathoms; grey ooze. Station 191.—September
23, 1874; lat. 5° 41’ 8, long. 134° 4’ E.; 800 fathoms; mud. Station 235.—
June 4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms; mud. Station 296.
—November 9, 1875; lat. 38° 6’ S., long. 88° 2’ W.; 1825 fathoms (only arms) ;
red clay.

Ophiomusium laqueatum, Lym. (PI. II. figs. 10-12).

Ophiomusium laqueatum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 113, pl. i. 14-16,
1878.

Upper disk covered by large swollen radial shields, with minute imbricated sealing in
centre, arms wide and thick, with side arm plates much swollen and rounded. Upper
arm plates broad, diamond-shape.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 91

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 14mm. Width of arm 3-5 mm.
Mouth papille six or seven on each side, and one, diamond-shaped, at angle of jaw. Mouth
shields ovoid, slightly pointed within ; length to breadth 2:1°3. Side mouth shields long,
narrow, having curved sides, wider without than within, where they nearly or quite
meet ; length 2°3 mm. Genital scales very long and narrow, extending from mouth
shield to margin of disk, and bearing on their free edge an irregular row of close-set
oblong papille. Under arm plates triangular, with an angle inward; in the first two
plates the angle is blunt, becoming more acute in those beyond; outer edge somewhat
curved. ‘Tentacle scales only on the first three plates; they are minute, circular, two in
number, set close together and situated very near the inner angle. Side arm plates thick,
swollen, barely meeting above and below at the inner angle of the upper and under
arm plates. Upper arm plates near base of arm quadrangular, wider than long ; length
to breadth 1°3:2; towards end of arm they are three-sided. Disk covered in centre
with fine delicate scales, among which appear six larger rounded primary plates, which
are widely separated, one in the centre, and one in each brachial space. Radial shields
oval, swollen, a little wider without than within, separated from each other throughout
their entire length by two or three long oval scales mingled with finer. Interbrachial
spaces on upper surface occupied by two or three rounded scales, bordered by smaller, of
which the largest is on the margin of disk. Under interbrachial space covered by about
a dozen thick, rounded, swollen scales, almost concealing the genital scale; the three
largest stand on or near the margin. Four minute peg-shaped arm spines; three stand-
ing together, low on the edge of the plate ; the fourth placed much above them. Colour
in alcohol, white.

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 132° 25’ H.; 129 fathoms ;
mud.

Ophiomusium liitkeni, Lym. (PI. I. figs. 16-18).

Ophiomusium Liitkeni., Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. v., part’ 7, p. 114, pl. v. figs.
138-140, 1878.

Disk covered by large, angular, smooth, swollen plates, of which the interbrachial
marginal is largest. Arms wide and thick, with side arm plates much swollen and
rounded, and bearing a spine on their upper surface.

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 13 mm. Length of arm
about 45 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 2°55 mm. Four or
five large square mouth papillae on each side, with one, small and slender, at apex
of jaw, all closely jomed, those without being deeper than those within. Mouth
shields rudely three-sided, having a blunt angle within and a curved outer edge
broken by angles. Length to breadth 2°5:2°7. Side mouth shields longer than

92 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

broad, and thick, meeting well within, where they are slightly narrower than without.
First under arm plate small, nearly square, with all four angles rounded; the next
two larger, pentagonal, with an angle inward, outer lateral corners rounded, and deep
re-entering curves on the lateral sides, where the tentacle scales stand; the under
arm plates beyond these are minute and triangular, having an angle inward and the
outer edge slightly curved. Side arm plates large, swelling without into a rounded
ridge and forming the greater part of the covering of the arm. Upper arm plates
triangular, with an angle inward, and all three sides slightly curved. Disk massive and
flat, covered with thick, shghtly swollen plates, one pentagonal primary in the centre,
surrounded by five rudely hexagonal plates; interbrachial spaces filled by one hexagonal
plate within, and a smaller quadrangular extending to the very large marginal plate,
which is much swollen and has a constriction on the outer edge. Radial shields large
and angular, wider without than within, with outer angles rounded, separated their entire
length within by an hour-glass shaped wedge of three small plates. Lower interbrachial
space covered by the great marginal plate, the broad genital scales extending from the
mouth shield to the marginal plate, and by three intermediate plates. There are two
short blunt arm spines, besides a supplementary spine on the top of the side arm plate.
Tentacle pores at the second and third under arm plates only, with one small round scale
on each pore. Colour in alcohol, greyish.

By its general shape, and by the extra spines on top of the arm, this species
approaches Ophiomusium acuferum, but is distinguished by form and arrangement of
disk plates. It is covered by a well-marked skin, to which often adhere numerous
Globigerinz. The supplementary arm spines do not go beyond the third joint from the
disk and are often missing.

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 132° 25’ E.; 129 fathoms;
mud,

Ophiomusium validum, Lyn. (PI. I. figs. 1-3; Pl. XXXIX. figs, 11-13).

Ophiomusium validum, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 618, 1871; Bull. Mus.
Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 114, pl. i. figs. 7-9; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9,
p: 219:

Most of the lower interbrachial space outside the mouth shield is occupied by broad
genital scales and a great central plate. No under arm plates beyond the third. Four
small, equally spaced arm spines. Smaller upper arm plates. The great lower inter-
brachial plate has usually two much smaller at its outer corners.

(Type specimen from Station 24.) Diameter of disk 8°5 mm. Width of arm, with-
out spines, close to disk 2mm. Mouth papille five on each side, with a large diamond-
shaped one at angle of jaw, all forming a close line. Mouth shields large, irregularly

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 93

pentagonal, with an acute angle inward and outer edge straight; length to breadth
2:1°7. Side mouth shields longer than broad, wider without than within; outer ends
curved, touching by their narrow ends within. Genital scales large, semicircular,
stretching from mouth shield to margin of disk. There are only three under arm plates,
the first small and diamond-shaped, lying at outer end of mouth slit ; second and third
pentagonal, with an angle inward, and lateral and outer sides nearly straight. Side arm
plates thick, slightly swollen, and beyond the third under arm plate forming the entire
covering of the arm, with the exception of rudimentary triangular upper arm plates,
which do not extend to the tip of the arm. Disk rather flat, and covered by closely
soldered plates; the upper surface is occupied by six primary plates, separated by many
smaller ones ; radial shields rounded triangular, with acute angle within; outer edges
curved, strongly diverging inward, and separated by a triangular scale. In interbrachial
space are two angular plates, the outer one wide quadrangular and closely soldered to a
great marginal plate, which, with the genital scales, covers the interbrachial space on the
under surface of the disk. At base of arm above are four little plates, two central and
two lateral. Four short, blunt, and thick arm spines, situated low on the outer edge of
the side arm plate. Tentacle scales minute, rounded, situated on the inner angle of
second and third under arm plates. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

In presence of the many new species of Ophiomusiwm, it has been thought well to
give figures and a full description of this one.

Station 24.—March 25, 1873; off Culebra Island; 390 fathoms; mud. Station 23.
—March 15, 1873; close to Sombrero Island ; 450 fathoms; globigerina ooze.

Ophiomusium simplex, Lym. (PI. I. figs. 7-9).

Ophiomusium simplex, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 115, pl i. figs. 10, 11,
_ 1878.

Most of the lower interbrachial space outside the mouth shield is occupied by broad
genital scales and a great central plate. No under arm plates beyond the third. Two
minute arm spines set low down. Besides the great interbrachial plate below there are
three others along the margin.

(Type specimen from Amboyna.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Width of arm without
spines 15 mm.; length of arm 15 mm. Mouth papilla seven on each side, and one,
spear-head shaped, at angle of jaw, closely soldered together and forming a slightly
raised continuous line. Mouth shields little longer than broad, pentagonal, with acute
angle within, at the corners of which begin the genital openings; outer side straight.
Side mouth shields short, wide, with curved sides meeting within ; length 1mm. Genital
scales large, semicircular, somewhat swollen, runing from lateral corners of mouth shield
to margin of disk. There are only two under arm plates besides the small semicircular

(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv.—1882.) O13

94 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

one at the angle of the mouth slit; they are pentagonal, with an angle inward ; lateral
and inner lateral sides straight; outer side slightly curved. Tentacle scales on second
and third plates small, circular, and situated at the inner corners. Side arm plates
swollen, forming the entire covering of the arm beyond the last under arm plate, with
the exception of minute upper arm plates, which are triangular, with an angle within.
Disk covered with closely soldered plates; in the centre of the upper surface is a
pentagonal plate, surrounded by five rudely hexagonal, which are connected with the
radial shields by plates somewhat longer than broad, between each pair of which are large
angular seales Radial shields shaped like a rounded pear seed, much swollen, touching
at their middle point, but diverging outward and inward, separated on either side of
the point of contact by a small triangular scale ; on the interbrachial disk margin is an
angular, much swollen plate, joming three of similar character, which, with the genital
scales, cover the under surface of the interbrachial space; at the base of the arm above
are three small rounded scales. Arm spines two, minute, blunt, and set low down on
the edge of the side arm plate. Colour in alcohol, white.
Amboyna; 100 fathoms.

Ophiomusium lunare, Lym. (Pl. I. figs. 13-16).

Ophiomusium lunare, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 116, pl. i. figs. 4-6,
1878.

Most of the lower interbrachial space outside the mouth shield is occupied by broad
peel scales and a great central plate. No under arm plates beyond the third. Two
minute arm spines set back from edge of side arm plate. Only one lower interbrachial
plate. No upper arm plates beyond second.

(Type specimen from Station 219.) Diameter of disk 7 mm. Width of arm, without
spines, close to disk 1°55 mm. Length of arm about 20 mm. Mouth papilla seven on
each side, with one, somewhat larger than the rest, at the angle of the jaw. Mouth shields
large, pentagonal, with an acute angle within, and outer side straight ; length to breadth
15:1. Side mouth shields large, long triangular ; sides slightly curved, with narrow ends
touching within. Genital scales long, with interbrachial side curved, starting at the inner
corner of the genital opening and touching the radial shields with their outer ends. Under
arm plates pentagonal, with an angle inward, and outer side slightly curved; there are
only two besides the small one at the outer end of mouth slit. Side arm plates thick,
composing the entire covering of the arm, with the exception of the minute triangular
upper arm plate, which has an angle inward, and outer side curved, and disappears on the
second or third joint. The disk is rather flat, covered with microscopically tuberculated
plates, well soldered together ; the margin is occupied by one large plate, touching the
radial shields on either side, and extending below to the mouth shields; the centre is

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 95

occupied by six primary plates, one pentagonal, surrounded by five rudely hexagonal.
The radial shields are pear-seed shape, and large, having a blunt angle inward, and
outer edge much rounded; they touch only at their middle point, and are separated
within and without by a small triangular scale. The interbrachial space below is covered
by the large marginal plate, already mentioned, and the stout genital scales. Tentacle
scales minute, circular, situated at the inner corners of the second and third plates.
Two very small, short, and blunt arm spines. Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 219.—March 10, 1875; lat. 1° 50’ S., long. 146° 42’ E.; 150 fathoms ;
mud.

Ophiomusium scalare, Lym. (PI. I. figs. 4-6).

Ophiomusium sealare, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 117, pl. 1. figs. 1-3,
1878.

Most of the lower interbrachial space, outside the mouth shield, is oceupied by broad
genital scales and a great central plate. No under arm plates beyond the third. Three
short, stout, well-defined arm spines. Disk plates thick, separated by narrow grooves,
and arranged above like steps. Side arm plates flaring a little outward.

(Type specimen from Station 171.) Diameter of disk 5 mm. Width of arm without
spines 1 mm. Length of arm about 10 mm. Mouth papille three on each side, and.
one at angle of jaw, closely soldered together, forming high continuous ridges, radiating
from the mouth. Mouth shields five sided, having a long acute angle within, and the
outer side straight ; length to breadth 1:1. Side mouth shields long, narrow, meeting
within; broader without than within, where they join the first side arm plate ; length
1mm. Genital scales large semicircular, somewhat swollen. Under arm plates minute,
three in number; the first one semicircular, wedged between the side mouth shields ;
second and third longer than wide, with acute angle inward, lateral sides straight, and
outer side slightly curved. Tentacle scales round, very small, situated near inner angle
of the under arm plate. Side arm plates thick, swollen, covering almost the entire arm
beyond the disk. Upper arm plates minute, diamond-shaped. Under surface of disk
covered, in the interbrachial spaces, by genital scales, and three large swollen semicircular
plates, whose outer edge is curved ; upper surface of disk covered with small tuberculous
plates, forming a much raised rosette, the central plate of which is pentagonal, the
primary plates surrounding it semicircular. Radial shields closely soldered together,
and partly separated by an angular plate. In the interbrachial spaces are two large
plates, radiating from the central rosette, one five sided, with an acute angle inward, and
joined to the inner edge of the radial shields; the other, which is on the margin of the
disk, is a large, nearly square, corrugated plate, and is attached on either side to small
oval plates, which form above the base of the arm two irregular transverse rows, three

96 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

or four in each row. Three small peg-like arm spines about one-third as long as a joint.
Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

I was unable to detect any genital openings.

Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’S., long. 177° 50’ W.; 600 fathoms.

Ophiomusium granosum, Lym. (PI. I. figs. 10-12).

Ophiomusium granosum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 118, pl. i. figs. 12, 13,
1878.

Most of the lower interbrachial space outside the mouth shield is occupied by broad
genital scales and a great central plate. No under arm plates beyond the third. Five
short, sharp, well-marked arm spines. The great lower interbrachial plate is separated
by a square one from the mouth shield. Margin of disk set with small points.

(Type specimen from Station 237.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Width of arm, without
spines, close to disk 2mm. Mouth papillze very closely soldered together, forming a ridge.
Mouth shields triangular, with an acute angle within, and the outer edge curved. They
bear minute spines. Side mouth shields long and narrow; meeting within, where they
are narrowest. Genital scales large, angular, longer than wide. First under arm plate
semicircular ; second and third triangular, with an acute angle inward. Side arm plates
minutely tuberculous, meeting broadly above and below, and nearly covering the entire arm
beyond the disk. Upper arm plates minute, triangular, with acute angle inward. There
are no tentacle scales. Disk covered with closely soldered plates, having decided furrows
between them ; the microscopic tuberculation usual in the genus is very coarse, and rises
near edge of disk into small points. The margin is occupied by a large, angular, swollen
plate, covered with points, which connects the radial shields with the genital scales, and
is united to the mouth shield by a smaller rectangular plate, also carrying points. Radial
shields pear-seed shape, diverging inward, where they are separated by a triangular plate.
In centre of upper surface of disk is a large pentagonal primary plate, surrounded by five
others, quadrangular, and connected with the radial shields by five rudely triangular
pieces ; in each interbrachial space above are two quadrangular plates, besides that of the
margin. Arm spines five in number, occupying the whole edge of the side arm plates ;
they are short, rounded, and delicately tapering. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 237.—June 17, 1875; lat. 34° 37’ N., long. 140° 32’ E. ; 1875 fathoms; mud.

Ophiomusium pulchellum, Wyv. Thom. (PI. II. figs. 1-3).

Ophiomusium pulchellum, Wyv. Thom., Voy. “Chall.,” Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 67, figs. 18, 19.
Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 118, pl. v. figs. 144, 145.

Primary plates bearing a large central tubercle; second pair of side arm plates wide,

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 97

and flaring below; lower interbrachial space occupied almost wholly by large genital
scales, and a marginal plate like a tubercle.

(Type specimen from Station 122.) Diameter of disk 4°55 mm. Length of arm about
7mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1 mm. Mouth papille closely soldered,
forming a straight line on the sides, with one round, bluntly pointed papille at apex of
the jaw. Mouth shields small, triangular, with a long angle within, outer edge much
rounded ; length to breadth *5:°5. Side mouth shields large, long, and narrow, meeting
within, wider without than within, with outer ends rounded. First under arm plate of a
rude wedge shape, having the outer edge widest, and curved, long Jateral sides slightly
re-enteringly curved, and a short blunt angle within; second, third, and fourth plates
broader than long, much broader without than within, lateral sides with deep re-entering
curve, and outer side strongly curved ; fifth plate triangular, and much smaller; beyond
which the plates are diamond-shape and minute. Side arm plates wide and swollen,
meeting broadly above and below; beyond the sixth under arm plate forming almost the
entire covering of arm; the second pair are very wide below, flattened and flaring, and
form a part of the disk margin. Upper arm plates small, broader than long, with outer
edge gently and inner edge deeply curved; growing rapidly smaller, and almost disap-
pearing beyond the sixth. Disk thick and round, covered with swollen, microscopically
tuberculous plates; im the centre are six primary plates, forming a regular rosette, the
central one pentagonal, the others hexagonal, and each bearing a large tubercle; in the
interbrachial space there is one large square plate, also bearing a tubercle ; outside this is
a large, much swollen marginal plate, which is much wider without than within, the inner
edge being straight and the outer re-enteringly curved. Radial shields large, rudely oval,
longer than broad, joined for nearly their whole length ; overlapped on their inner ends
by one of the primary plates, and separated without by a small, much swollen, semi-
circular plate; length to breadth 1:°7. On the lower interbrachial space there are two
minute plates, just outside the mouth shield; then the two great genital scales, which
occupy most of the space, and meet within at the mouth shield, and are separated without
by a large thick plate, wedged between them, which extends outward beyond the margin,
in form of a tubercle. The first side arm plate carries two short, thick, blunt arm spines;
the second, which forms part of the margin of the disk, has three spmes; the rest have
two, all situated low on the outer edge. One large, rounded tentacle scale on the
inner side of each tentacle pore of the first five under arm plates. Colour in alcohol,
white.

By its curious, flaring under arm plates at the base of the arm, and its short, rapidly
tapering arm, this species gets a fanciful resemblance to some of the star-fishes. It is an
aberrant species, yet is correctly included by Sir Wyville Thomson under Ophiomusiwm.
Its distribution is wide, and embraces the South Atlantic, including the Cape of Good
Hope ; and in depth from 150 to 1675 fathoms.

98 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

The description is from a specimen larger than the one figured.

Station 87.—July 21, 1873; lat. 25° 49’ N., long. 20° 12’ W.; 1675 fathoms
(Wyv. Thom.). Station 122.—September 10, 1873; lat. 9°10’ S., long. 34° 53’ W.;
350 fathoms; mud. Station 142.—December 18, 1873; lat. 35° 4’ §., long. 18° 37’
E.; 150 fathoms; sand.

Ophiomusium flabellum, Lym. (PI. III. figs. 4-6).

Ophiomusium flabellum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 120, pl. v. figs.
141-143, 1878.

Basal side arm plates very flat and wide, encroaching much on the interbrachial
space, and bearing stout spines on their outer edge. First under arm plate similar to
those beyond, and furnished with a tentacle scale. First side arm plates meeting on
median line of lower interbrachial space.

Diameter of disk 3°3 mm. Length of arm 3°3 mm. Width of arm close to disk,
without spines, 1 mm. Mouth papille closely soldered together, forming a continuous
line. Large triangular mouth frames. Mouth shields minute, diamond-shape. Side
mouth shields very large, meeting broadly within, with outer ends wide and much
rounded, having a re-entering curve on the lateral edge, where stands the tentacle scale.
First, second, and third under arm plates pentagonal, with a blunt angle within, outer
edge slightly curved, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; the second is largest of the
three ; the fourth and last is a minute, broad, triangular scale, without a tentacle pore.
The first pair of side arm plates are swollen, and of such extraordinary size as to meet
on the median line of the interbrachial space; the second are smaller, and meet above
and below; beyond the fourth under arm plate they form the entire covering of the
am. Only two minute triangular upper arm plates, having the outer edge slightly
curved. Disk high and round, covered with thick, much swollen plates, whereof the
middle are somewhat sunken; the central primary is pentagonal, surrounded by a row
of angular plates, of nearly equal size; outside this row, in each interbrachial space, is
another angular plate separating the inner ends of the rather long, closely joined radial
shields. On the interbrachial margin is a large, much swollen boss, rising high above
the other disk plates, and connecting the neighbouring radial shields. On the inter-
brachial space of the under surface there is but one minute triangular scale, outside the
enormous first pair of side arm plates ; these carry on their outer edge three small blunt
spies, which look like marginal disk papille; the next pair carry only two spines;
and beyond, there is only one, which is blunt and short, and carried low on the outer
edge of the plate. Only three pairs of tentacle pores (including the mouth tentacles),
each with one large rounded scale on the lateral sides of the under arm plates. Colour
in aleohol, very pale brown.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 99

This species and Ophiomusium pulchellum, by their large flat side arm plates of the
first pair, and peculiar first under arm plate, which bears tentacle scales, are strongly
distinguished from others of the same genus.

Off Port Jackson ; 30 to 35 fathoms.

Species of Ophiomusium not herein described.

Ophiomusium eburneum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1., part 10, p. 322, 1869 ;
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. ii. figs. 1-3; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v.,
part 9, p. 220.

West Indies ; 230 to 325 fathoms.

Ophiomusium testudo, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii. part 2, p. 8, pl. 1.
figs. 6-8, 1875; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 219.
West Indies; 100 to 177 fathoms.

Ophiomusium planum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 218, pl. i.
figs. 46-48.
West Indies; 955 fathoms.

Ophiomusium acuferum, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii. part 2, p. 7,
pl. i. figs. 1-5, 1875 ; Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 219.
West Indies; 42 to 220 fathoms.

Ophiolipus.
Ophiolipus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, 1878.

Entire animal covered with a thick, smooth skin, which more or less obscures the
underlying plates. Mouth papille. Teeth. No tooth papilla. Tentacle pores only at
the basal under arm plates, beyond these there are none. Upper arm plates rudimentary
and scarcely calcified. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

Despite its thick, uncalcified skin, this genus stands very near Ophiomusiwm, from
which, however, it is further separated by the rudimentary upper arm plates, which
consist only of thin, disconnected, irregular fragments.

Although apparently soft and naked, the disk skin, examined from the under side, is
found to be supported by very large oval radial shields, and by more or less crusty scales
and plates. The genital plates have a rounded shaft and a large clubbed head, to which
is attached a rather thin and long genital scale which shares in the articulation with the

100 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

radial shield. Although proportionately smaller than in Ophiomusium, the jaws have a
similar general form, but are furnished with small, stout peristomial plates divided in two
parts. The first three arm bones are discoid, with wings which have marginal grooves,
somewhat as in Ophiolepis; those beyond, however, grow longer and longer, with flar-
ing projections and a wide longitudinal canal above. Towards the end of the arm
they are still more flaring, with two great lobes covering the places where the tentacles
usually are.

Species of Ophiolipus not herein described.

Ophiolipus agassizit, Lym. (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 1-8).

Ophiolipus Agassizi, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 220, pl. iii. figs, 52-54,
1878.

Gulf of Mexico; 118 fathoms.

Ophiomastus.
Ophiomastus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk arched and extremely high, covered with a few large thick plates, among which
the primaries are conspicuous for superior size. Arms short, with large thick side arm
plates. First under arm plate similar to and nearly as large as those beyond. Mouth
papille arranged in a narrow close-set line; teeth rather slender; no tooth papilla.
Small smooth arm spines arranged along outer edge of side arm plates. Two narrow
genital openings in each imterbrachial space.

Almost the whole roof of the disk is composed of primary plates, which are of a
granular structure and much larger than the subordinate radial shields. The low, flaring
jaws and mouth frames are furnished with a single, small, crusty peristomial plate,
The massive arm plates enclose small, long, cylindrical arm bones, of rudimentary
structure, and have a well-marked longitudinal canal on the upper surface. The
genital plate is short, wide, and stout, with a spatula-like end, and has a scale of a
similar form.

See Plate XXXIX. fig. 14.

Ophiomastus tegulitius, Lym. (Pl. VIII. figs. 16-18).

Ophiomastus tegulitius, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 104, pl. vi. figs, 167—
169, 1878,

Two very short, stout arm spines. Disk plates swollen and microscopically tuber-
culous. Side mouth shield of a pointed ovoid shape.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 101

(Type specimen from Station 165.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Length of arm about
6 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1 mm. Mouth papille so closely
soldered as to form an almost continuous narrow line from side mouth shields to apex ;
on either side is a long curved one, followed by two shorter, and by a narrow spine-like
one at apex of angle. Mouth shield pentagonal, with an angle inward, longer than wide ;
inner lateral sides straight, outer lateral corners rounded ; length to breadth “7 :*5. Side
mouth shields large, swollen ; broadest and rounded within, where they meet, then taper-
ing outward along the inner lateral sides of the mouth shields. Under arm plates long
pentagonal, with an angle inward, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, outer side slightly
curved. Side arm plates large, thick, and swollen, meeting below and above; upper
arm plates small; first one diamond-shaped, and second triangular with sharp angle
inward and outer edge straight; the rest are similar, but grow rapidly smaller. Disk
highly arched and rounded ; in the centre a large hexagonal primary plate, surrounded
by six others, much swollen, with inner and lateral sides nearly straight and outer edges
rounded ; these seven plates cover almost the entire upper surface of the disk; in the
upper interbrachial space there is a rounded, much swollen marginal plate, and over the
arm two small, joined, scale-like radial shields. On the under surface, outside the mouth
shield, there are two large plates, the outer and larger one connected with the large
marginal plate. Genital scale long and wide, and composed of three pieces. Tentacle
scales, long, narrow, and curved, the one on the interbrachial side being semicircular,
while the other on the lateral side of the under arm plate is small and lip-like. Two
very short, blunt arm spines, placed low on the outer edge of the side arm plate.
Colour in alcohol, pale straw.

A smaller specimen, with a disk of 2 mm., showed no special variations, except that
the radial shields were relatively larger and there were only six primary plates, which is
doubtless the normal number.

Station 164.—June 12, 1874; lat. 34° 8’S, long. 152° 0’ E.; 950 fathoms; grey
ooze. Station 165.—June 17, 1874; lat. 34° 50’S., long. 155° 28’ E. ; 2600 fathoms ;
red clay. Station 166.—June 23, 1874; lat. 38° 50’ S., long. 169° 20’ E.; 275
fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 218.—March 1, 1875; lat. 2° 33’ 8., long.
144° 4’ E.; 1070 fathoms; globigerina ooze.

Species of Ophiomastus not herein described.

Ophiomastus secundus, Lym. (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 14).

Ophiomastus secundus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 218, pl. ii. figs. 16-18,
1878.

West Indies. 339 fathoms.
(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP,—PART XIv.—1882.) O14

102 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER

Ophiophyllum.
Ophiophyllum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk extremely thin and flat, covered with scales and large radial shields, and
bordered by a row of plates which are movable and attached by their inner margins.
Mouth papille arranged in a close row; no tooth papillae; teeth. Arm spines thin and
broad, standing on outer edge of side arm plate. Two genital openings in each inter-
brachial space.

This singular genus has small relationship with any other. The fringe of thin plates
is like that found in Podophora among echinoderms.

Ophiophyllum petilum, Lym, (Pl. XII. figs. 13-15).

Ophiophyllum petilum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 130, pl. vii. figs.
179-181, 1878.

Fringe-hke border of disk consisting of about a dozen very thin plates in each
interbrachial space. One arm spine, which is wide and flat like a plate of the border.
No tentacle scale.

(Type specimen from Station 174.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Width of arm, without
spines, close to the disk 1°2 mm. Six small, short, square, close-set mouth papillae on
either side of an angle, and three smaller diamond-shaped at the apex. Mouth shields
rather large fan-shaped, with a deep curve without and an angle within ; length to breadth
1:1°2. Side mouth shields narrow, bounding the inner angle of the mouth shield ; outer
ends square, inner ends tapering and separated. First under arm plate three sided, with
a rounded angle inward, lateral sides straight, and outer edge curved ; the rest are small
and pentagonal, with an angle inward. Side arm plates broad and thin, meeting below
beyond the second under arm plate, and just touching above beyond the third upper arm
plate. Midway of the arm, where it is highly arched, they form most of its covering.
Basal upper arm plates diamond-shaped; those beyond become more or less triangular,
with a sharp angle inward, and outer edge slightly rounded. Disk flat and very thin,
the centre covered with fine, thin, irregular scales; interbrachial space on margin filled
by one large three-sided plate, with an angle inward and outer edge nearly straight.
Radial shields large, three-sided, longer than wide, with outer angles slightly rounded,
separated their entire length by a cluster of irregular scales" larger than those of the
centre ; in the lower interbrachial space are two regular transverse rows of long and
narrow plates. Genital scales small, much longer than wide, extending from the outer
corners of the mouth shield to the disk margin. On the margin of the disk there is a
fringe-like border of long, thin, rounded scales attached only by their inner margins,
about twelve to each interbrachial space. Only one arm spine, which is attached to

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 103

lower edge of side arm plate, and is a broad rounded scale like those on the marginal
border. No tentacle scales. Colour in alcohol, pale brown.

Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’ S., long. 177° 50’ W.; 600 fathoms
(young). Station 174.—August 3, 1874; lat. 19° 10’S., long. 178° 10’ E.; 210 to 610
fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophiotrochus.
Ophiotrochus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk flat and round, covered with thin, more or less granulated scales, and naked
radial shields. Arms slender, tubular, each joint constricted at its base ; side arm plates
meeting widely above and below; upper arm plates rudimentary. Scale of second pair
of mouth tentacles lying between side mouth shield and outer mouth papille. There
are teeth and mouth papille ; no tooth papille. Smooth arm spines on outer edges of
side arm plates.

Ophiotrochus panniculus, Lym. (Pl. IX. figs. 12-14).

Ophiotrochus panniculus, Lym. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 129, pl. vi. figs.
158-160, 1878.

First arm joint, outside of disk, much wider than those beyond, and bearing four
slender spines; the others have only two. A sparse granulation on the lower inter-
brachial space.

(Type specimen from Station 218.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Length of arm 26 mm.
Width of arm without spines ‘8 mm. ‘Two wide, very short, close-set mouth papille,
occupying the whole of each side of an angle; and at the apex three more, very small,
short, and spiniform. Mouth shields three-sided, with a long angle inward, and outer
corners slightly rounded ; length to breadth 1°3:1. Side mouth shields much longer
than broad, swelled without like a knob, long and very narrow within, where they nearly
or quite meet; they usually bear a few grains. First under arm plate small and rounded,
with a slight peak inward ; the rest are somewhat broader than long, pentagonal, with an
angle inward, the outer edge rounded, and re-entering curves on the lateral sides. Side
arm plates making together a tubular figure, flaring outward, meeting broadly below and
above. Upper arm plates very minute, and almost disappearing towards middle of arm,
situated at the outer junction of the side arm plates, three-sided, and with a peak within.
Disk flat and round, covered with thin delicate scales; six rounded primary plates,
separated by a line of scales, may be distinguished in the centre; the rest are more or
less angular, and irregularly disposed. Radial shields broader than long, of irregular
shape, with rounded angles, narrowly separated by a single line of scales. Interbrachial

104 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,

space below covered with thin scales sparsely set with small grains, which stand also on
the margin. Two large genital openings, extending from the outer corners of mouth
shield to margin of disk. On first joint, outside disk, four sharp slender arm spines,
placed high on side arm plate, the uppermost one as long as an arm joint, the others
progressively shorter; on joints beyond there are only two short spines. One large
rounded tentacle scale on the inner edge of each tentacle pore; the second pair of mouth
tentacles have a wide flap-like scale hinged on the side mouth shield, and enclosed by the
wide outer mouth papilla. Colour in alcohol, very light grey.

This is one of the very few deep-sea species that have a loose granulation on the disk.

Other specimens had the disk scales more regularly disposed than in fig. 13, and the
radial shields pear-seed shape with an angle inward.

Station 218.—March 1, 1875; lat. 2° 33’ S., long. 144° 4’ E.; 1070 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze.

Ophiopyren.
Ophiopyren, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk granulated. Teeth; no tooth papille ; numerous mouth papille arranged in a
close line. Mouth frames long and conspicuous. Side mouth shields small* and widely
separated by the mouth shield. Under arm plates divided in two parts by a crease or
joint. Arm spines standing on outer edge of side arm plates. Two genital openings in
each interbrachial space.

Ophiopyren stands, perhaps, near Pectinura, from which it is distinguished by the
divided under arm plates and the tendency to minute grain-like papillz along the genital
opening. The peculiar division of the under arm plates by a crease or soldered joint rises
in this way; near the tip of the arm the inner piece of the plate occupies most of the
space, under the form of a long narrow plate having a sharp angle without, where are
the tentacle pores bordered by a narrow rim, and this rim, growing gradually wider
and thicker, forms the outer piece as it appears near the base of the arm.

Besides delicate imbricated scales, the disk is covered by flat, nearly semicircular,
closely joined radial shields, to which are joined slender, rounded, slightly clubbed, genital
plates, with a thin, blade-like genital scale. The arm bones, beyond the disk have an
outer apophysis like that of Ophioplax. But the most striking feature is the double
peristomial plate, one half stretching on either side, as a long narrow strip, from the outer
corner of the mouth frame, to the centre of the mouth angle.

See Plate XX XIX. figs. 4-6.

Their strict homology with the side arm plates is very plain in this genus, especially in Ophiopyren longispinus.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 105

Ophiopyren brevispinus, Lym, (Pl. XII. figs. 1-3).
Ophiopyren brevispinus, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol, v., part 7, p. 133, pl. vii. figs.
173-175, 1878,

Three very short, blunt arm spines. Mouth shields longer than broad, pentagonal.

(Type specimen from Station 173.) Diameter of disk 3°8 mm. Width of arm with-
out spines 1 mm. ‘Thirteen or fourteen mouth papille to each angle, of which the outer
one on each side is much the largest, and the rest are short and square, except the one at
the apex, which is more pomted. Mouth shields longer than broad, pentagonal, with long
pointed angle within ; length to breadth *8:°5. Side mouth shields squarish and very
short, widely separated by inner angle of mouth shield. First under arm plate much
broader than long, of an irregular oval form; second plate as long as broad, pentagonal,
with a blunt angle inward ; third plate similar, but with a sharper angle within; those
beyond grow proportionately longer, and become gradually wedge-shape, with a truncated
angle inward. Lach plate is apparently divided in two parts, the inner one more or less
diamond-shaped, the outer made up of the remainder of the plate. Upper arm plates
four-sided, somewhat wider without than within, lateral sides straight, outer side slightly
curved. Side arm plates not swollen, meeting neither above nor below. Disk flat and
round, covered above and below with minute granules, about a dozen in the length of a
millimetre. In lower interbrachial space on the side mouth shield next the genital opening
are three minute grain-like papillee. Radial shields small, partially covered by granulation,
closely jomed and much rounded within; just outside them is a row of large granules.
Genital opening long, extending from side of mouth shield to edge of disk; genital scale
hidden by granulation, Two short round tentacle scales on the second under arm plate ;
beyond, only one. Three very short, blunt, pointed arm spines, arranged evenly along
the outer edge of the side arm plate. Colour in alcohol, white.

Station 173.—July 24,1874; off Matuka Bay, Fiji; lat. 19° 10’S8., long. 179° 40’ E. ;
300 fathoms ; coral.

7

Ophiopyren longispinus, Lym. (Pl. XII. figs. 4-6; Pl. XX XIX. figs. 4-6).

Ophiopyren longispinus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 134, pl. vii. figs.
176-178, 1878.

Three slender arm spines, as long as an arm joint. Mouth shields wide, heart-shaped,
broader than long.

(Type specimen from Station 33.) Diameter of disk 4°5 mm. Width of arm, with-
out spines, close to disk 1 mm. Fifteen or sixteen mouth papillz to each angle, of which
the outer one, on either side, stands on the side mouth shield, is larger than and separated
from the others, and is sharp and curved ; the rest are small, squarish, and close, except
the one at the apex, which is sharp and longer. Mouth shields broader than long, three-

106 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

sided, outer edge straight, lateral corners much rounded, and an angle inward; length
to breadth *8:1. Side mouth shields squarish and large, widely separated by mouth
shields, similar in form and position to the side arm plates beyond. First under arm
plate small triangular, with an acute angle inward, and outer edge slightly curved ;
second plate four-sided, wider without than within ; third plate as long as broad, much
wider without than within, having outer corners rounded. All the plates are apparently
an inner, which has a sharp angle outward, and an outer, which

composed of two pieces,
comprises the rest of the plate. Side arm plates broad, not swollen, meeting neither
above nor below. Upper arm plates wider without than within, considerably arched,
and with outer corners prolonged in small peaks. Disk round and thick, covered above
and below with very minute granulation, 15 or 20 grains in the length of a millimetre.
Radial shields small, of a rounded pear-seed shape, nearly or quite joined, and to be
seen only when the granulation has been removed. Genital openings extending from
outer edge of mouth shield to margin of disk. Genital scales hidden by the skin
and granulation. On the interbrachial edge of the side mouth shields are four short
rounded papillz. Three long, very delicate, pomted arm spines, the middle one a little
the longest, upper and under spine of about the same size, and about as long as an
arm joint. One long pointed tentacle scale on each of the first pair of tentacle pores ;
beyond there are two, one large and rounded, and one smaller and narrower. Colour in
alcohol, white.

The description is from a specimen larger than the one figured.

A smaller specimen (Station 24) was more evenly granulated, and the radial shields
were quite hidden. The upper arm plates were so thin as to show the arm bones
through.

Station 24.—March 25, 1873; off Culebra Island; 390 fathoms; mud. Station
33.—April 4, 1873; off Bermudas; 435 fathoms; mud. Station 23.—March 15, 1873;
off Sombrero Island ; 450 fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophioconis.
Ophioconis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, 1869.

Entire disk, including more or less of the mouth angles, covered by a close and fine
granulation. Numerous (7-9), slender, hollow arm spines. Numerous (10-14) small
close-set mouth papilla to each angle. Teeth. Few or no tooth papillae. Two genital
openings in each brachial space.

A general delicacy of structure characterises the skeleton (Ophioconis muliaria)
including the disk scales which are small and thin, and the radial shields which are small
and separated. Genital plate rather weak, and flattened, with a slightly clubbed head,
and a thin genital scale attached at some distance inward. The mouth frames, which

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 107

are large and flaring, sometimes have their outer open angle closed by a veil of thin
ill-defined lime scales, which running up to the peristomial plate may be of one, two,
or three pieces. On their outer and inner faces, the arm bones do not much depart
from the type, but those near the edge of the disk have a forward projection on their
upper surface.

See Plate XXXIX. figs. 7-9.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophioconis.

Seven slender cylindrical tapering nearly equal, arm spines, about as long as an
arm joint. Disk wholly granulated above and below, with about 14 grains Ophioconts forbesii.
in the length of a millimetre. One or two tentacle scales,

Similar to preceding but only six arm spines, about half as long as a joint, Ophdoconis brevispina.
Seven slender arm spines, the two uppermost longest. Disk wholly granulated

except mouth shield with about 6 grains in the length of a millimetre. | Options antarctica.
One large tentacle scale,

Seven to eight arm spines, the uppermost as long as three arm joints. Disk
wholly granulated: about 13 grains in the length of a millimetre. Two 7 Ophioconis miliaria.
tentacle scales, . : : : ; : 4 a )

Similar to preceding, but eight to nine arm spines, some of which are flattened : :
g Ophioconis pulverulenta.
and almost spatulate, :

Ophioconis antarctica, Lym. (Pl. XXIII. figs. 1-3).

Ophioconis antarctica, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 44, 1879, pl. xiv. figs.
380-382.

Seven slender, cylindrical, tapering arm spines, the two upper ones longest. One
large tentacle scale. Disk closely granulated, except mouth shield; 5 or 6 grains in the
length of 1 mm.

(Type specimen from Station 150.) Diameter of disk 13 mm. Length of arm about
60 mm. Width of arm at base, without spines, 2mm. There are to each angle of the
mouth twelve or fourteen papille, of which the innermost are slender and pointed, while
the outer one on either side is broad and squarish ; at the apex there is a cluster of four
or five, which properly might be called tooth papille. Five or six rather narrow, flat,
blunt teeth, whereof the lowest is often split in two. Mouth shields broad triangular,
with a blunt angle inward and outer edge nearly straight ; they are more or less obscured
by granules, which completely hide the side mouth shields. These are small, longer than
wide, and broader without than within, where they nearly or quite mect. Under arm
plates much broader than long, pentagonal, with a blunt inner angle, outer edge slightly
curved, and laterals re-enteringly curved. Side arm plates somewhat projecting, nearly

108 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

meeting below, but well separated above by the thick, broad, somewhat arched upper arm
plates, which are wide fan-shaped, with a blunt angle inward. Under the microscope
they appear minutely tuberculous, while the lower plates are ornamented with wavy
lines. Disk thick and nearly round, completely covered with coarse, rounded granules,
five or six in the length of 1 mm. on the upper surface, and more scattered below. The
underlying scales are extremely thin and smooth. Genital openings long, extending
from outer corners of mouth shield nearly or quite to the margin of disk. Seven
long, smooth, cylindrical, tapering arm spines, the two upper ones as long as three
or four arm joints; the others somewhat shorter. One long, wide tentacle scale,
with a rounded point occupying the lateral side of the under arm plate. Colour in
alcohol, nearly white.

Station 150.—February 2, 1874; lat. 52° 4’ S., long. 71° 22’ E.; 150 fathoms;
rock. Off Prince Edward Island; 85 to 150 fathoms. Off Marion Island; 50 to 75
fathoms.

Ophioconis pulverulenta, Lym. (Pl. XXIII. figs. 4-6).
Ophioconis pulverulenta, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 45, 1879, pl. xiv.
figs. 377-379.

Disk finely, closely, and evenly granulated, with about 14 grains in the length of
1mm. Eight or nine long, delicate, somewhat flattened arm spines, the three uppermost
longest, and nearly equal. Two tentacle scales.

(Type specimen from Station 172.) Diameter of disk 12 mm. Length of arm about
55mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spies, 3°2 mm. Ten small, short, close-
set, pointed mouth papillee on each side of the mouth angle, and one somewhat stouter at
the apex; the two outermost are broadest and most rounded. Mouth shields large, as
broad as long, of a rounded heart-shape. Side mouth shields stout and wide, broader with-
out than within, where they do not meet. Both they and the mouth shields are more or
less covered by a granulation, which, as well as that of the disk, is hable to be rubbed off.
Under arm plates axe-shaped, much broader without, where the edge is curved, and with
deep re-entering curves on the lateral sides. Side arm plates thin and microscopically
corrugated. Upper arm plates thin, with a central ridge, about twice as broad as long,
much wider without than within, with sharp outer lateral corners and straight sides.
Disk round and quite thick closely and evenly covered with minute granules, twelve
or fourteen in the length of 1 mm. Underneath these granules there are fine uniform,
overlapping scales, about five in the length of 1 mm., among which the radial
shields cannot be distinguished. Eight or nine long, slender, tapering, flattened arm
spines, whereof the three uppermost are about 2°3 mm. long and nearly equal, and
the other five or six from 2 mm. to 177 mm. lone. Two long, thin, nearly oval

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 109

tentacle scales, which are two-thirds as long as an under arm plate. Colour in
alcohol, pale straw.

Station 172.—July 22, 1874; off Nukualofa, Tongatabu ; 240 fathoms ; coral.

This species stands very close to Ophioconis miliaria of the West Indies, and comes
from a similar depth. It seems sufticiently distinguished by the arm spines, which are
more numerous by one or two, and more flattened, showing even a feeble tendency to
become spatulate.

Species of Ophioconis not herein described.
Ophioconis forbesii, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 98, 1869; Ludwig, Hchin. des,
Mittelmeeres, p. 546.

Pectinura forbesi?, Heller, Lit. Fauna d. Adriat. Meeres, 1862, p. 422, pl. ii. figs, 5-8 ; Zooph.
u. Echin. Adriat. Meeres, p, 57.

Adriatic ; 15 to 50 fathoms.

Ophioconis miliaria, Lym. (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 7-9).

Ophioconis miliaria, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 221, pl. iii. figs. 49-51,
1878.

Off Havana; 450 fathoms.

Ophioconis brevispina, Ludwig, Mittheil. der Zool. Station, Neapel., vol. i. p. 61,
pl. iv. figs. 3°, 3°, 1880. é
Mediterranean.

Ophiocheta.
Ophiocheta, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, 1869.

Disk densely covered with smooth spines, or spines and grains. Numerous (7-10)
slender hollow spines. Numerous (10-14) small close-set mouth papille. Teeth, but no
tooth papille. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

In general appearance, the skeleton (Ophiochata mixta) bears a likeness to that of
Ophioconis. The mouth frames are, however, smaller and more compact, their top being
covered by a stout three-sided peristomial plate, in one or two pieces, while their outer
open angle is more or less veiled by a thin lime erust. To the high, thin, and even genital
plate is attached a very thin scale of similar form and equal length. The arm bones are
delicate with thin wings ; those near the margin of the disk have an outer projection on
top. The scale-coat of the disk is fine and closely soldered, and the radial shields of
moderate size, three-sided and separated.

See Plate XX XIX. figs. 15-17.

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART XIV.—1882.) O 15

110 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiocheta setosa, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 88, 1869; Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph.
Of. Kong. Akad., p. 639, 1871.
Fiji Islands.

Species of Ophiochata not herein described.

Ophiocheta (?) mixta, Lym. (Pl. XX XIX. figs. 15-17).
Ophiocheta (2) mixta, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., pt. 9, p. 222, pl. il. figs. 40-42, 1878.
West Indies; 160 to 242 fathoms.

Group II].—Arm spines on sides of side arm plates and at a strong angle to arm,

Ophiopholis (Ophiolepis).
Ophiopholis, Miill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., 1842.

Disk more or less covered with grains, or little spines. Teeth. No tooth papillee.
Mouth papillz on the sides of the mouth frames. Arm spines short, flat, and stout.
Upper arm plates surrounded by a rim of supplementary pieces. The lowest spine of the
outer arm joints is a hook. General structure rather coarse and stout. Two genital
openings beginning outside the mouth shields.

The disk covering, seen from within, consists of overlapping scales, and large, rather
thin, radial shields. To the outer end of the genital plate, which is remarkable for its
thick, tapering, cylindrical form, is attached a small, very short, curved scale. The
peristomial plate is small and linear, just covering the nerve ring. Otherwise of the
normal type, the arm bones are somewhat remarkable for their large wings.

TABLE OF SpEctES OF Ophiopholis.

Radial shields and most of upper disk naked: edges of disk and interbrachial
spaces below sparsely granulated, or set with minute spmes. Arm spines i Ophiopholis japonica.
longer and more slender than in the other species,

Radial shields and primary plates naked, and separated by lines of granules or
minute spines, which are continued on the interbrachial spaces below. '. Ophiopholis mirabilis.
Arm spines thick and blunt, 2

Disk wholly granulate or minutely spined except primary plates, Arm spines | Ophivpnolinaeuent
thick and blunt, . : : : : . . Ae

Similar to preceding, but only primary plates of brachial spaces are naked, . Ophiopholis kennerlyt.

Similar to preceding, but entire disk above and interbrachial spaces below

: Ophiopholis cary?.
granulate, or spinous, : : : : : : ; } DUO y

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 111

Ophiopholis japonica, Lym. (Pl. XXIII. figs. 13-15).

Ophiopholis japonica, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 42, pl. xiii. figs.
374-376, 1879.

Upper disk covered with thin scales and large radial shields, neither of which have
grains or spines, except the marginal scales. Five stout, cylindrical, tapering arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 236.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Length of arm about
40mm. Width of arm without spines near disk 2°7 mm. Three or four small, irregular,
flat, scale-like mouth papillee on each side, and a flat clump of short, bead-like tooth
papillze at apex of mouth angle. Mouth shields and side mouth shields somewhat obscured
by thick skin. The former are transverse oval, much wider than long ; length to breadth
*8: 1:3. Side mouth shields small and short, with rounded ends, rather wider within
than without, and somewhat bent. Under arm plates a little wider than long, slightly
separated, and with rounded corners. Side arm plates closely soldered with their neigh-
bours, meeting neither above nor below, rising laterally in a strong spine ridge. Upper
arm plates transverse oval, twice as broad as long, slightly swollen, each surrounded by a
single line of rounded granules, which are broader than long. Disk round and thick, with
a flat top, covered with thin, variously-shaped scales, which, near the margin, are obscured
by thick skin ; those of the centre small, round, and arranged in a rosette ; those farther
out, larger and elongated, arranged in three or four rows between the radial shields in the
interbrachial spaces, where they are beset with a few scattered grains, which at the margin
become much more numerous and larger, and appear as very short spines. Interbrachial
spaces below covered with a few grain-like spines. Radial shields large, pear-seed shaped,
much longer than wide, separated usually by a line of two large and two small scales.
Genital openings large and extending about two-thirds the distance to the margin. Five,
rarely six, stout cylindrical, blunt, tapering arm spines, whereof the second and third are
stoutest, and as long as one anda half arm joints. One, and on the first two joints
sometimes two, small, rounded tentacle scales. At tip of arm are four slender spines, of
which the lowest takes the form of a flat, long, three toothed hook, as elsewhere in this
genus. Colour in alcohol, above, light pink ; below, pale straw.

It is evident that Ophiolepis mirabilis,’ Duncan, is a true Ophiopholis, lacking none
of its characters, and standing quite near the typical Ophiopholis aculeata. The fact
that certain small scales surround larger ones is not here of generic importance, and
probably results from the young stage of the specimen, which, to judge from the
figures, had a disk not exceeding 4 mm, in diameter. Ophiopholis japonica differs
from the old species as well as from Ophiopholis mirabilis in its more slender arm spines,
and in having the radial shields and much of the upper disk free of grains or spines.

Station 235.—June 4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms; mud.
Station 236.—June 5, 1875 ; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E. ; 420 to 775 fathoms; mud.

1 P, M. Dunean, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xiv. pp. 460 and 479.

112 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Species of Ophiopholis not herein described.

Ophiopholis aculeata, Gray (Pl. XLVI. fig. 6).

Ophiopholis aculeata, Gray, Rad. Animals Brit. Mus., p. 25, 1848 ; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 1,
p. 60, pl. ii. figs. 15, 16.

Bellis scolopendrica, Linck, De Stel. Mar., p. 52, pl. xl. fig. 71, 1733.

Asterias aculeata, Linn., Syst. Nat. (Gmel.), p. 3166, 1788.

Asterias ophiura, Fabr., Fauna Green., p. 371, 1780.

Asterias aculeata, Retz., Asteriz Gen., p. 240, 1783.

Asterias aculeata, Abildgaard, in Miiller, Zool. Dan., p. 29, pl. xcix., 1789.

Ophiura flemingii et Ophiura ammothea, Leach, Zool. Misc., vol. ii, pp. 55, 56, pl. Ixxix.
figs, 1-3.

Ophiura bellis, Flem., Edin, Phil. Journ., vol. viii. p. 298; Brit. Anim., p. 488 ; Johnston,
Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 595.

Ophiocoma bellis, Fbs. Wern. Mem., vol. viii. p. 126; Brit. Starfishes, p. 53.

Ophiolepis (Ophiopholis) scolopendrica, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv., p. 328; Syst. Ast., p. 96.

Ophiopholis bellis, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 96, pl. i. figs. 4-6.

Polypholis echinata (2), Duncan, Journ, Linn. Soc., vol. xv. p. 73, pl. iii (Young).

North-east America ; North European and Arctic seas ; littoral to 400 fathoms.

Ophiopholis kennerlyi, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vil. p. 200, 1860; Ill.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 100.
Puget Sound to Mendocino, California.

Ophiopholis caryi, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 261, 1860 ; Ill. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 101.
Queen Charlotte Island (2), Coast of California ; littoral to 22 fathoms.

Ophiopholis mirabilis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi. part 2, p. 43.
Ophiolepis mirabilis, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 460, pls. ix. and x. figs. 12-14,

Korean Sea.

Ophiactis.
Ophiactis, Ltk., Vid. Meddel, 1856.

Disk circular, robust, closely covered with radial shields and overlapping scales, the
latter bearing usually a greater or less number of small spines. Teeth. No tooth papille.
Mouth angles small and narrow, and bearing a few (usually two or four) small mouth
papille. Arms stout, somewhat flattened, of moderate length (four to seven times
diameter of disk). Arm spines stout, smooth, and solid. Two genital openings beginning
outside the mouth shields.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA, 115

In respect to disk scales and radial shields the arrangement resembles that of Ophio-
pholis (especially in Ophiactis asperula), though other species (e.g., Ophiactis cuspidata)
have much larger and stouter scales. There is a resemblance likewise in the peristomial
plate which is wanting (Ophiactis kréyerz), or is a mere thin crust (Ophiactis savignyi),
or is small and linear (Ophiactis asperula). The genital plate is usually very stout,
though long, slender, and cylindrical in Ophiactis kréyeri, and has attached to it a
considerably shorter genital scale. The arm bones are discoid and delicate, with thin
wings.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiactis.

lst Type. The number of mouth papille increase with age.

Six to seven short, thick, blunt rough arm spines. Young usually with six |
arms; adult often with only five. Commonly two mouth papille on |
each side; rarely more. Upper arm plates microscopically tuberculous,
swollen, usually with a faint lobe on the outer edge. Radial shields } Ophiactis savignyi.
large, scarcely diverging, nearly or quite touching. Side mouth
shields nearly or quite meeting at their outer ends. Numerous disk }
spines, . 5 : : é : : J

Radial shields narrow, oval, and separated. Upper arm plates wider than long,
with lateral sides re-enteringly curved. Under arm plates broader than Ophiactis affinis.
long, and cleanly curved without,

The adult (var. guinqueradia) has five arms; upper arm plates transverse oval,
and not thickened; three or even four mouth papille on a side. The ¢ Ophiactis miilleri.
young is like Savignyi (six arms), but has no lobe on upper arm plate, j

Skin thick and much obscuring the scaling and mouth shields. Radial shields ee a
narrow and small. Five short, thick, blunt, flattened arm spines, | CUES EA:
2nd Type. The number of mouth papille seems never to vary.

Small radial shields, just touching without, widely diverging inward, four stout
and blunt, but cylindrical and tapering, arm spines. Disk scales curved
and regularly imbricated. Upper arm plates fan-shaped and symmetrical.
A few disk spines. One mouth papilla, .

L Ophiactis balli.

Differs from preceding in disk scales less overlapping ; “two mouth ee. oD | OG atactis oy
each side, and side mouth shields not meeting witout DO ee
Six arms; two mouth papille on each side. Radial shields eminent

larger than in Ophiactis ball’, upper and under arm plates longer, and -

disk scales less regular. Side mouth shields not meeting without (young?)

~ Ophiactis loricata.

Sreremarmnl plates Ophiactis lymant.

Near Ophiactis ball’, but only three arm spines; no disk spines. Teeth lobed.

: . Y t fa 4
Side mouth shields not meeting without, . COE TET

Disk scales distinct and naked, without spines. Three stout, blunt, tant
cylindrical arm spines. One large flat mouth papilla on each side. Teeth + Ophiactis flexuosa.
lobed. Five arms, si)

|
J
Differs from Ophiactis balli in under arm plates, from Joricata in fan eae,

Differs from Ophiactis balli in arched disk with radial shields not well dis-) ~,,
a, ue : ; Ophiactis virens.
tinguished from other scales; and in transverse oval upper arm plates,

114 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Ophiactis—continued.

Disk scales thick and swollen: upper arm plates wide, transverse oval, not )
swollen. Side mouth shields making a connected ring. Four or five
stout but not swollen arm spines. Small disk spines,

- Ophiactis simplex.

to be distinguished from scales (which are less imbricated than in i!
and in more oval upper arm plates,

Differs from Ophiactis simplex in wanting disk spines; in radial shields scarcely r)
i Ophiactis arenosa.

Disk scaling coarse, and with few or no spines. Three or four stout, blunt,
tapering arm spines. Two or three mouth papille on each side. Teeth

i Ophiactis cuspidata.
lobed, é 5 : - 4 : al

\

J

Disk without spines, and covered with thick, rounded scales, whereof the Ophinete Bes

, Tpertonales

largest are near the radial shields. Two small tentacle scales, f ek

Disk scales coarse, and set with numerous short spines. Radial shields short
and triangular. Four stout, cylindrical, tapering arm spines. One mouth

- Ophiactis nama.
papilla on each side. Five arms, . ¢ : : : : j

Mouth shields very wide and short. Always one mouth papilla on each side,
four to five stout smooth long arm spines, usually blunt and tapering, but |
sometimes the upper ones much swollen; middle ones longest. Disk scales | Ophiactis kréyer’.
coarse above and below with variable number of spines. Radial shields |
larger than in the type Ophiactis balli,

Large (disk 11-12 mm.) nearly black. Four arm spines ; upper one longest.
Radial shields shagreened, small, and rudely diverging. Under arm plates
curved without and within; re-enteringly curved on sides. Upper an
plates truncated fan shape,

- Ophiactis nigrescens.

Five short, smooth, tapering arm spines. Disk scales smooth and rather fine.
Upper arm plates rounded fan shape, not swollen. One mouth papilla on ¢ Ophiactis maculosa,
each side, j

Disk finely scaled, and set with short, minute spines. Radial shields small
and pear-seed shaped. Four moderately stout tapering arm spines, the
uppermost longest. Two or three minute mouth papille on each side.
Seven arms,

Ophiactis hirta.

Disk scales coarse and thick, with large radial shields; no spines except a few
near the margin. Four rather long and slender arm spines, the upper one - Ophiactis poa.
longest. Two mouth papilla on each side,

Disk scales larger in centre, where primary plates may be distinguished in a
rosette ; no spines, or only an occasional minute one on the margin.
Three or four rather long and tapering arm spines Two mouth ae
on each side, :

| Ophiactis canotia.

eos

Four long, rather slender arm spines. Many strong disk spines. Disk scales )
thick and somewhat irregular, Two mouth papille on each side. - Ophiactis abyssicola.
Teeth lobed, : a . : ¢ - ah

Structure more delicate. One mouth papilla. Radial shields very ‘small.
Disk scales small, fine and regular. Four arm spines about as large as in - Ophiactis carnea.
Ophiactis asperula. Upper arm plates clean, transverse oval, if

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 115

Ophiactis savignyi, Lin., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 323, 1866.
Ophiolepis Savignyi, Mull. & Tr.,Syst. Ast., p.95; Savigny, Descr. del’ Egypte, Echin., pl. ii. figs, 4-5,
Ophiolepis sexradia, Grube, Wieg. Archiv, p. 343, 1857.
Ophiactis sexradia, Ltk., Addit.ad Hist., pt.2,p.126; Lym., Tl. Cat. Mus, Comp. Zool., No.i. p. 115.
Ophiactis Reinhardti, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 161, pl. i. fig. 7, 1859.
Ophiactis Krebsii, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 12, 1856; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 126. Lym., IL
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 111, figs 10-11.
Ophiactis sncisa, V. Mart., Wieg. Archiv, p. 248, 1870.
Ophiactis virescens, Orst. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March, 1856, p. 24; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 128; Vl, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 265.
Samboangan ; 10 fathoms. Station 208.—January 17, 1875; lat. 11° 37’ N., long.

123° 32’ E.; 18 fathoms; mud.

Ophiactis miilleri, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 12; Addit. ad Hist., pt. 2, p. 127.
Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 109; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., pt. 9, p. 224.

Off Bahia, Brazil ; 7 to 20 fathoms, var. quinqueradia. Station 122.—September 10,
1873; lat. 9° 10’ S., long. 34° 50’ W.; 350 fathoms; mud.

Ophiactis resiliens, Lym. (Pl. XX. figs. 7-9).

Ophiactis resiliens, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool. vol. vi., pt. 2, p. 36, pl. xiii. figs. 362-364, 1879.

Skin thick and much obscuring the scaling and mouth shields. Radial shields
narrow and small. Five short, thick, blunt, flattened arm spines.

(Type specimen from Port Jackson.) Diameter of disk 6°5 mm. Length of arm 38 mm.
Width of arm near disk 1:5. Mouth angle very small and short, carrying on either side
two small, flat, squarish papille, and, at its apex, a third, rounded, with a minute point
like the teeth. Mouth shields small, of a transverse oval shape ; length to breadth °7 :°5.
Side mouth shields rather small and curved, broader without than within, where they
meet. Under arm plates small and rounded, about as long as broad, having outer side
curved and inner side with ill-marked angles. Side arm plates projecting in a strong
spine ridge. Upper arm plates flat, transverse oval in form, about twice as broad as long.
Disk covered below by a thick, naked skin, and above by fine, crowded, irregular, thin
scales, of the smallest of which there are about five in the length of 1 mm. Those near
the radial shields are much larger; and there may be also obscurely distinguished six
round primary plates, widely separated by the fine scaling. The disk margin is beset
with minute, sharp, peg-like spines. Radial shields long and narrow, touching without,
separated within by a narrow wedge of about three scales; length to breadth 1°3::4.
Five short, thick, blunt, flattened arm spines, of which the uppermost is the stoutest,
but not longer than the rest. One oval tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, above, olive,
mottled and banded with lighter green; below, yellowish-brown, with under arm plates
and arm spines marked with orange.

Port Jackson, Australia; 30 to 35 fathoms.

116 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiactis asperula, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 130, 1859.

Ophiolepis asperula, Phil, Weig. Archiv, p. 267, 1858.
Ophiactis magellanica, Ljn., Om nigra nya arter, Of. Kong. Akad., 1866, p. 164; Oph. Viv. Of.
Kong. Akad., p. 325.

West and south-east coasts of Patagonia; 44 to 315 fathoms. Chili; 44 fathoms.
Station 308.—January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’S., long. 74° 42’ W.; 175 fathoms; mud.
Station 311.—January 11, 1876; lat. 52° 50’S., long. 73° 53’ W.; 245 fathoms; mud.
Station 312.—January 13, 1876 ; lat. 53° 38’S., long. 70° 56’ W.; 10 to 15 fathoms;
mud. Station 315,—January 26, 27, 28, 1876; lat. 51° 40’S., long. 57° 50’ W.; 5 to
12 fathoms ; sand and gravel.

Ophiactis flecuosa, Lym. (Pl. XX. figs. 1-3).
Ophiactis flecuosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., pt. 2, p. 37, pl. xiii. figs. 347-349, 1879.

Disk scales distinct and naked, without spines. Three stout, blunt, tapering, cylindrical
arm spines. One large, flat mouth papilla on each side. Teeth lobed. Five arms.

(Type specimen from Station 171.) Diameter of disk 7mm. Length of arm about
35mm. Width of arm near disk 2°3 mm. Each side of the short, narrow mouth angle
is oecupied by a single very large, wide, flat’ papilla, while a third, standing under and
resembling the teeth, is at the apex, and has a rounded figure, with a decided peak or little
lobe within. Mouth shield somewhat broader than long, of a rounded diamond shape.
Side mouth shields rather broad, wider without than within where they meet. First under
arm plate small, and wider within than without ; those beyond are narrow compared with
the width of the arm, much rounded, of a short transverse oval shape, with the inner side
somewhat angular. Side arm plates very wide, meeting neither above nor below, and
having but a feeble lateral projection. Upper arm plates broad and short, two and a half
times as wide as long, of an elongated transverse diamond form, sometimes with outer side
so straight as nearly to be triangular. Disk without spines, and covered above with coarse,
rounded, thick, overlapping scales, of which there are four or five radiating rows in the
narrowest part of each interbrachial space. Below, the scales of the interbrachial space
are much finer (four or five in the length of 1 mm.), and regularly imbricated. Three
short, stout, cylindrical, scarcely tapering arm spines of nearly equal length, and about
as long as one and a half joints; the upper spine stoutest. One large oval tentacle scale.
Colour in alcohol, pale brown.

Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’8., long. 177° 50’ W.; 600 fathoms; rock.
Station 142.—Dec. 18, 1878; lat. 35° 4’ S., long. 18° 37’ E.; 150 fathoms (young ?); sand.

The ten specimens from Station 142, 150 fathoms, may be the young of this species.
They have six arms, while Ophiactis flexuosa has but five, and are scarcely to be distin-
guished from Ophiactis plana ; and the question arises whether Ophiactis plana be not a
young animal. The so-called adult of Ophiactis miillert has five arms, and the young six.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 117

Ophaactis cuspidata, Lym. (Pl. XX. figs. 10-12).

Ophiactis cuspidata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 38., 1879, pl. xiii.
figs. 359-361.

Disk scaling coarse, and with few or no spines. Three or four stout, blunt, tapering
arm spines. Two or three mouth papille on each side. Teeth lobed.

(Type specimen from Station 170.) Diameter of disk 5mm. Length of arm 25 mm.
Width of arm close to disk 1°3 mm. Two large, broad, flat mouth papillze on each side,
whereof the outer one is larger. Seven or eight large, flat teeth, of a very wide heart
shape, and having a little lobe, or peak, within. Mouth shields broader than long, wide
heart shape, or transverse diamond shape, with rounded angles ; length to breadth ‘6 : °8.
Side mouth shields stout, shghtly curved, rather broad, meeting within, where they have a
rounded end. First under arm plate stout and rather large, wider within than without,
and having re-enteringly curved lateral sides. The plates beyond are shield shaped, widest
without, and having a somewhat obtuse angle within. Outer side curved, lateral sides
re-enteringly curved. Side arm plates stout, nearly meeting above and below, and having
a well-marked spine crest. Upper arm plates broader than long, of a wide, transverse
diamond shape, with the outer angle much rounded. Disk thick and covered above with
large, rather swollen scales, whereof there are three lines in each interbrachial space ; in
the centre are six large, somewhat angular, primary plates, separated by single lines of
much smaller angular scales; the lower interbrachial space is covered with fine,
thickened scales, from five to eight in the length of 1 mm. Radial shields blunt pear-
seed shape, swollen; nearly or quite separated by a wide wedge of two or three scales.
Along margin of disk are a few small, peg-like spines. Four stout, smooth, tapering,
regular arm spines, the upper one longest ; lengths to that of a lower arm plate 1°7, 1°1
1,°7: 6. One stout, nearly oval tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Station 170.—July 14, 1874; lat. 29° 55’ S., long. 178° 14’ W.; 520 fathoms.
Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’ S., long. 177° 50’ W.; 600 fathoms.

Ophaactis nama, Lym. (Pl. XX. figs. 16-18).

Ophiactis nama, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 38, pl. xiii. figs. 350-352,
1879.

Disk scales coarse, and set with numerous short spines. Radial shields short and
triangular. Four stout, cylindrical, tapering arm spines. One mouth papilla on each
side. Five arms.

(Type specimen from Station 174.) Diameter of disk 6mm. Length of arm about
45 mm. Width of arm near disk 2°2 mm. One large, wide, flat mouth papilla at base
of mouth angle on each side, and one (which may be called the lowest tooth) at the apex ;
this last is broad and rounded, with a minute peak within. Mouth shields of a much

rounded, transverse diamond shape; length to breadth 8:1°1. Side mouth shields stout,
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART xIv.—1882.) O 16

118 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

nearly meeting without, broader without than within, where they touch. First under arm
plate small and three-sided, wider within than without; those beyond are one-half broader
than long, with a curved outer side, and an irregular, more or less truncated angle within.
Side arm plates unusually wide, but not much projecting, nearly meeting above and
below. Upper arm plates much wider than long, three-sided, with a faintly curved outer
side, and an angle, sometimes truncated, within. Disk plentifully set with short, slender,
cylindrical spines, and covered with well rounded overlapping scales, which are large
above (two or three in the length of 1 mm.), and more reeular and much smaller below
(four or five in 1 mm.). Radial shields sunken, rudely triangular, short and wide,
separated by a broad wedge of three or four large scales; length to breadth 1:2: 1.
Four cylindrical, tapering, blunt, rather stout arm spines, the two upper ones largest and
somewhat longer than an arm joint. One large, oval tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol,
pale straw.

Station 174.—August 3, 1874; lat. 19° 10’ &, long. 178° 10’ E.; 210 to 610
fathoms ; globigerina ooze. Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’ S., long. 177° 50’
W.; 600 fathoms.

Ophiactis hirta, Lym. (Pl. XX. figs. 4-6).

Ophiactis hirta, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 39, pl. xiii. figs, 365-367,
1879.

Disk finely scaled, and set with short minute spines. Radial shields small and pear-
seed shaped. Four moderately stout tapering arm spines, the uppermost longest. Two
or three minute mouth papille on each side. Seven arms.

(Type specimen from Station 164a.) Diameter of disk 4°3 mm. Length of arm about
14mm. Width of arm near disk 1°2 mm. ‘Two or three small, narrow, scale-like mouth
papillze on either side of the very narrow mouth angle; and one wide, flat, and pointed at
the apex; this last may, as in all similar cases, be considered the lowest tooth. Mouth
shields small, of a much rounded diamond shape; sometimes nearly circular. Side mouth
shields narrow, of nearly equal width, meeting within. Under arm plates rather small, as
broad as long, bounded without by a strong curve, and within by three sides of an octagon.
Side arm plates stout, projecting laterally in a well-marked spine ridge, meeting neither
above nor below. Upper arm plates a little broader than long, transverse oval, with the
inner sides more or less angular. Disk covered with coarse, thickened, irregular scales,
those of the under surface being sometimes wholly obscured by a thick skin; those in the
centre are largest, but the primary plates are not readily distinguishable; there are
small, peg-like spines scattered over the entire surface. There are seven pairs of radial
shields, which are small, sunken below the disk surface, of a blunt pear-seed shape, and
separated by a rather wide wedge of three scales. Four smooth, rounded, tapering,
moderately stout arm-spines; the upper one longest ; lengths to that of an under arm

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 119

plate, 1,°8,°7,7:°5. One stout, oval tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, grey mottled
with pale brown.
Station 164a.—Lat. 34° 19’S., long. 151° 31’ E.; 400 fathoms; grey ooze.

Ophiactis pow, Lym. (Pl. XX. figs. 13-15).

Ophiactis poa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 40, pl. xiii figs, 356-358,
1879.

Disk scales coarse and thick, with large radial shields; no spines except a few near
the margin. Four rather long and slender arm spines, the upper one longest. Two
mouth papillze on each side.

Diameter of disk 5mm. Length of arm about 30 mm. Width of arm near disk
1 mm. on each side of the short narrow mouth angle are two rather large, squarish,
flat papillae, of which the outer one is broader; at the apex is usually a very small heart-
shaped papilla, similar in shape to the larger teeth above it. Mouth shields much wider
than long, of a rounded transverse heart shape; the inner sides a little re-enteringly
curved. Side mouth shields of nearly equal width, meeting broadly within. Under
arm plates wide shield shaped, bounded without by a broad curve, within by an obtuse
or truncated angle, and on the lateral sides by re-entering curves. Side arm plates
nearly meeting above and below, not very wide, but projecting, in a well-marked spine
crest. Upper arm plates broader than long, fan shaped with an obtuse angle inward.
Disk covered with coarse, overlapping scales; those below regular and smaller, about
four in the length of 1 mm.; those above much larger and more irregular; in the centre
an irregular rosette of large, rounded plates, and in each interbrachial space about three
radiating rows of elongated scales. The disk margin is sparsely set with small peg-like
spines. Radial shields large, of an angular pear-seed shape, separated wholly by a
narrow wedge of two or three scales ; length to breadth 1°5:1. Four slender, cylindrical
tapering arm spines, the uppermost longest ; lengths to that of an under arm plate
1:2, *8, °8, °8:°5. One large, oval tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Off Tristan d’Acunha; 1000 fathoms. Off Tristan d’Acunha; 500 fathoms. Both
Station 135.—October 16, 17, 18, 1873; rock, shells.

Ophiactis canotia, Lym. (Pl. XIX. figs 16-18).

Ophiactis cunotia, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 40, pl. xiii. figs. 353-358,
1879.

Disk scales larger in centre, where primary plates may be distinguished in a rosette ;
no spines, or only an occasional minute one on the margin. Three or four rather long
and tapering arm spines. Two mouth papillee on each side.

(Type specimen from Station 73.) Diameter of disk 5°5 mm. Length of arm about
17mm. Width of arm near disk 1°8 mm. Two flat, rather large, squarish mouth papillae
on each side of the narrow mouth angle, and one at the apex, similar in form to the teeth,

120 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

which are broad, heart-shaped, with a peak within. Mouth shields wider than long, broad,
heart-shaped, with a rounded angle within, or wide transverse, rounded diamond-shaped.
Side mouth shields rather narrow, of about equal width, meeting fully within. First
under arm plate small and wider within than without; those beyond are wide shield-
shaped, bounded without by a curve, on the lateral sides by re-entering curves, and
within by an obtuse or truncated angle. Side mouth shields of moderate width, nearly
meeting above and below, and having a well-marked spine crest. Upper arm plates
broad, transverse diamond-shaped, with outer and inner angles rounded. Disk covered
with rather thick overlapping scales, which are finest below, near the mouth shields,
where there are about seven in the length of 1 mm. Above, the centre is occupied by a
rosette of two circles of large rounded plates partially separated by a few small scales.
Radial shields short, wide pear-seed shaped, separated their entire length by a narrow
wedge of three scales. On interbrachial spaces below, a few minute, peg-like spines.
Four short, cylindrical, tapering, blunt arm spines, all stout, especially the lower ones ;
upper spine longest, and about as long as one and a half joints. One large oval tentacle
scale. Colour in alcohol, pale straw.

Station 73. —June 30, 1873; lat. 38° 30’ N., long. 31° 14’ W. ; 1000 fathoms ; globi-
gerima 00ze,

Ophiactis carnea, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 324, 1866.
Station, Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope; 10 to 20 fathoms.

Ophiactis pectorale, Lym. (Pl. XXVII. figs. 4-6).

Ophiactis pectorale, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Sov. Nat. Hist., p. 10, pl. ii. figs. 26-28, 1880.

Disk without spines, and covered with thick, rounded scales, whereof the largest are
near the radial shields. Two small tentacle scales.

Diameter of disk, 7 mm. Length of arm about 38 mm. Width of same, close to
disk, without spines, 2mm. Three large, flat, irregular mouth-papillee on either side of
the mouth angle; and one long, thick, blunt papilla, or tooth, at the apex. Mouth
shields slightly swollen, wide diamond-shaped, with rounded angles and a slight lobe
without ; length to breadth, 1:1. Side mouth shields short, wide and of nearly equal
width, meeting fully within. First under arm plate small, longer than wide, five-
sided with rounded angles and curved outer edge ; beyond, the plates are much broader
than long, with an ill-marked angle within, short deep re-entering curves on the lateral
sides, and outer side long and cleanly curved. Side arm plates short; narrowly
separated above and below. Upper arm plates much wider than long, thick, slightly
arched, with a broad rounded angle within, acute angles on the lateral sides, and outer
edge gently curved. Disk thick, having deep radiating constrictions in the interbrachial
spaces, extending even to the centre ; it is covered with large, thick, flat, rounded, over-

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 121

lapping scales ; those in the centre being much finer than those without, and the largest
are arranged in rows radiating from the radial shields. These are large and stout, about
as broad as long, and of an irregular triangular shape, with the outer end rounded ;
length to breadth 1°4 : 1:1; they are separated by a row of two or three large, rounded,
overlapping scales. On the under surface the scaling is much finer than above. Four
or five short, blunt, cylindrical, shghtly tapering arm spines; upper one longest and
somewhat longer than an arm joint. Two tentacle scales, one small and lip-like, on the
under arm plate ; the other oval and on the side arm plate.

Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 214.—February 10, 1875; north-east of Celebes ; lat. 4°33’ N., long. 127° 6’
E. ; 500 fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

This species stands nearest Ophiactis cuspidata, from which it differs in the scaling
of the disk, and by having two tentacle scales.

Species of Ophzactis not herein described.
Ophiactis affinis, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 469, pls. x. and xi.
figs 23, 24, 1879.
Korean Sea.

Ophiactis balliz, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 126, 1859.

Ophiocoma Ballii, Thomp., Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. v. p. 99, 1840.

Ophiocoma Goodsiri, Fbs., Brit. Starfishes, p. 35.

Amphiura Ballii, Sars, Midd. Lit. Fauna, p. 98 ; Oversigt Norges Echin., p. 17.
Ophiocnida Ballii, Lym., I. Cat. Mus, Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 12.

North Atlantic; 40 to 50 fathoms.

Ophiactis loricata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 331, 1869.
Florida ; 10 to 110 fathoms.

Ophiactis lymani, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 629, 1871.
West Indies; 40 fathoms.

Ophiactis plana, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 330, 1869.
Florida; 10 to 140 fathoms.

Ophiactis virens, Sars, Midd. Lit. Fauna, p. 95, 1857 ; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p- 126; Simroth, Anatomie und Schizogonie, Zeits. fiir Wissen, Zoologie, vol. xxvii. ;
Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 548.
(2) Ophiolepis Ballii, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 97,
Mediterranean.

122 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiactis simplex, Ltk. (Ophiolepis), Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 180, 1859; Lym.,
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 105.

Ophiolepis simplex, Le Conte, Proc. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 318, Nov. 1851.
Ophiactis Orstedii, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 129, 1859.
Ophiactis arenosa (?), Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 129, 1859.

West Coast Central America.

Ophiactis arenosa, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 25, March 1856; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 129. VIL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i, part 2, p. 266.
West Coast Central America.

Ophiactis kréyeri, Ltk., Vid., Meddel., March, 1856, p. 24; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 130; Lym., Tl. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 108; VII, Trans. Conn. Acad.,
vol. i., part 2, p. 264.

Ophiolepis atacamensis, Philippi, Reise durch der Wueste Atacama, p. 190, 1860.

Ophiactis atacamensis, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 324, 1866.

Ophiactis fragilis, Ljn., Om nigra nya arter, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 164, 1866; Oph. Viv.
Of. Kong, Akad., p. 324, 1866.

Isla Blanea, Chili; West Coast of Central America; Hawai.

Ophiactis nigrescens, Hutt., Ech. New Zealand, 1872, p. 2.
New Zealand.

Ophiactis maculosa, v. Mart., Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 248, 1870.
China Sea.

Ophiactis abyssicola, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 324, 1866.

Amphiura abyssicola, Sars, Oversigt Norges Echin., p. 18, 1861.
Ophioenidu abyssicola, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 12.

Norway ; 190 to 400 fathoms.

Amphiura.
Amphiura, Fbs., Linn. Trans., vol. xix., 1842.

Disk small and delicate, covered with naked, overlapping scales, and furnished with
uncovered radial shields. Teeth. No tooth papillae. Mouth angles small and narrow,
and bearing a few (usually four or six, rarely eight or ten) small mouth papilla. Arms
long, slender, even and more or less flattened. Arm spines short and regular. Two
genital openings to each interbrachial space.

Amphiura bellis gives a good type of this generic structure. The disk wall is cased
with fine, regular, overlapping scales and large, flat, elongated radial shields, having at
their outer end a small knob which marks their articulation to the long, slender, flattened
club-headed genital plate. To this last is fastened an equally long, slender, blade-like

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA, 123

scale. The three arm bones nearest the disk margin have their tops elongated outward.
The tops of the mouth frames though small are considerably furrowed and grooved, but
are destitute of a peristomial plate, or have only a thin lime crust. A short small jaw,
universally characteristic of the genus, supports the intimately connected jaw plate and
the large, flat, oblong teeth. All the species have a genital. plate of the general shape
just described ; and the genital scale also is similar, yet varies considerably in length,
sometimes being only two-thirds as long as the plate (Amphiwra concolor); but again
beimg continued, by slender additional pieces, quite to the mouth shield (Amphiwra
angularis). As a rule the peristomial plate is wanting, or feebly developed; never-
theless, in (Amphiura concolor) it is of good size, pretty thick, and divided in two
pieces. (See Pl. XL. figs. 16-18.)

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Amphiura.

Only two mouth papillee on either side, whereof one is at the apex of the
mouth angle.

8B 2 % { Eight stout, sharp arm spines. Basal mouth papille spini- \ Aneheara creates
e_@* se |_ form, : : SN ae :

SRS Ep 4 Ten stout, sharp arm n spines. Basal mouth papilla wide and |

a B gS scale-like. Tentacle scales very large, one overlapping > Amphiura maxima.
(aj Bo t the other, : c C : ‘ : f

rG a2 00 (iesseas flat, blunt arm spines, with rough ends. Disk scales

7g 5 8 3 small, but rather thick. Tentacle scales small. Upper > Amphiura verticillata.
ae 2 J arm plates rounded, ‘

stUe ia Six stout, blunt arm spines, with a small beak at their ends.

net dau Disk scales delicate. Upper arm ee rounded, Ten- + Amphiura divaricata.
aes [ tacle scales conspicuous, :

{ Three or four tapering arm spines; the lowest but one bent, and
the lowest longest, :
Four straight, tapering arm m spines, Disk scales delicate. Upper
arm. plates thin,
Six short arm spines, the lowest stoutest. Disk thin and flat.
Disk scales extremely thin,

Amphiura complanata.

oth sides.

Amphiura bellis.

Amphiura candida.

v

{ Five to eight tapering, straight arm spines. Outer mouth
papilla “sealelike, A notch in outer side of under $
arm plates,

Six stout, tapering, straight arm spines ; the lowest longest,

| and one curved. Outer mouth papilla spiniform,

Four or five stout, short, arm spines. A rudimentary
mouth papilla at outer corner of mouth slit. Disk
scaling even and well marked, :

Four or five stout, short, arm spines, Primary plates con-
spicuous among the disk sealing, 7

Five arm spines, short, stout, and beaked ; disk scaling very
fine ; and below, difficult to be seen,

Seven or eight short, blunt, crowded, thick arm 1 spines
Outer mouth papilla scale- like, :

Similar to preceding, but lower scaling coarser ; under arm ee faite
plates wider, and arm spines thicker, a

> Amphiura chiajit.

Two tentacle scales.

Amphiura otter.

Disk distinctly scaled on b

as wide.
AW,

-Amphiura eugenie.

Amphiura studeri.

quite separated.

i} Amphiura palmeri.

yt Amphiura mediterranea.

(re
pone
Radial shields narrow, about three times as long
Radial shields small, and nearly or

124 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Am Dee

Seven slender arm spines ; lowest longest, . Amphiura magellanica.

Eight short, stout, arm spines; the nEDe ones flat and wide. ia ae
Upper arm plates narrow, ‘ A ed aa

Five or six short, conical, barred spines. Radial shields very |

—

small, Upper arm plates narrow and rounded, Amphaura argentea.

Four or five arm spines ; lowest longest and bent. Tentacle scale
very large,
Four or five short, blunt, early equal arm n spines. Tentacle scale ; te
my
| minute,

Amphiura grandisquama.

hiura stimpsoni.

Three or four short, moderately stout arm 1 spines. Tentacle sy

twice as long as wide.

minute. Radial ‘shields and upper arm plates wider than in ¢ Amphiura acacia.

Radial shields broad, about

| Amphiura stimpsoni, . 0 3 5

WW -

scales fine. Upper arm a at base of arm, as broad as > Amphiwra duncani.
long,

Six short, stout, equal arm. spines. Disk scales fine. Upper arm
plates small, and about twice as broad as long,

Four or five stumpy arm spines. Radial shields small and sepa-
rated, . :

Four or five stout, tapering, arm spines, of moderate length. Ten- \ Nah Brea ONO
tacle scale large and pointed, . Sale aed a

Four long, cylindrical arm spines ; the uppermost and lowest ji eon iare are

| longest. Tentacle scale large and rounded, . 3 HDMI

One tentacle scale.

{ Six short, stout, arm spines; the middle one longest. ot)

Amphiura constricta.

a Amphiura sundevalli.

Disk distinctly scaled on both sides.
Sh —

Radial shields narrow; about
thrice as long as broad.

No tentacle ee tapering, equal arm spines. Disk scales rather large \ Amphiura tomentosa.

SS

scale. and spaced, ° :
2s Four or five stout, tapering arm spines. Under arm plates with TERA Pa
eas an angle within. Upper arm plates as broad as long, pe ‘ i
388 pp P
B'S a Five slender, tapering arm spines. Under arm plates eae
3% 68 shield-shaped. Outer mouth papille spiniform. Upper arm » Amphiura lanceolata.
AS ears plates narrow, ii
S23 2 4 Six tapering arm spines lowest longest. Under arm plates ;
eae 1 Amphiura flecuosa.
BS ce| squarish,
Loy Six flat, blunt arm spines ; ; the next Babe one to the lowest curve od . Pee
ons Amphiura latispina.
ad and sharp, : 0
Egars Five small arm spines ; the one next the lowest with a ‘terminal
pa Amphiura kinbergi.
cross-piece, : 6 :
Ono wellanarkod ( Five tapering arm spines. Mouth shields wide, . Amphiura glabra.
) Four or five tapering, cylindrical arm spines. Mouth ee :
tentacle scale. : : Amphiura angularis.
shields rounded, : : :

Radial shields Six arm spines, . Amphiura atlantica.
pear-seed shape. f{ Four to five small, widely- spaced arm | spines, . Amphiura dilatata.

{ Five short, stout arm spines. Radial shields widely diverging.
Arms very long and slender,

‘} Amphiura perplexa.
Four short, stout arm spines. Radial shields small and aa

Amphiura sarsit.
parallel. A few scales on the under surface, Z:

4 Three or four short, arm spines; the middle one widened at its
end. Radial shields strongly diverging,
Four slender arm spines; the lowest ‘longest ; 3 one has sometimes
a cross-piece at the end. Arms very long and slender. > Amphiura filiformis.
{Radial shields only slightly diverging, . : sh

Disk below naked, or with rudimentary scales.
Radial shields long

Amphiura borealis.

No tentacle scale.

and narrow.

-—

Either two or three mouth papillz on each side.

Six arm spines, . : 2 4 c . é : . Amphiura anomala.
Three arm spines, . : 5 : : : c : . Amphiura lunaris.

Two tentacle scales.

‘One™

tentacle $—————_—_

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

Table of Species of Amphiwra—continued.

Three mouth papillae on each side.

Arm spines stout, upper one thickest. Arm
24 to 44 times diameter of disk,
Arm spines slender. Disk scales ‘large and
small. Six wide arms,
| Arm spines slender. Disk scales coarser
| than in Amphiura squamata ; upper arm

—

{| Upper arm plates about twice as wide as long,

| Four arm spines,

4
= S
3 =
= n
eas s
ro | 5 | =
‘A | tow | 2 | 8
ay || 25 tise | zp plates longer,
my n
cy Gel |S a 4 @ 6 + Arms about ‘eight times the. diameter of the
3 | 4a g >= oa
1s 1 = 25 EI = i disk, .
a
a | Sid feielel ees 2 Disk scales coarser, and of 1 more varied size
a14 Ee Oellieey than in Am hiura squamata
a, m2 g cc a ro sq 2
Bi [ea Ome Ese ls Upper arm plates wider than in Amphiura
A/a i|ag oF I
eae his a squamata,
S\aliad A notch in the outer edge of the lower
a | Se
ald | arm plates, 5 : C
a |'3
5/3
°o
Oo
oa
<a)

> Arms sh

rms very long
and slender.

\ Three arm spines, . : 4 5
Radial shields short | Disk scales fine and equal,
and separated. J Disk scales coarse and unequal,

Radial shields | Three arm spines,
long and narrow. f§ Four or five arm spines, .

if Scales and plates thick and distinct. Tentacle

Badia ehselda ( Radial shields separated within ; a few
= : ‘i small spines on margin of disk,

sn, SEL, a eee of some of the disk scales

joined.
J serrated,

= frel Lp scales large, :
| Zeek Primary plates of disk conspicuous, “A few
3 oped spines near edge of disk,
| Sst te) 4 Arm spines flat and wide at the end,
| 5 ws &-= | Arm spines slender and pointed,
a 6g Radial shields very wide, and wholly joined.
a & Mouth papille wide, rather irregular. Some-
| | | times four on a side, . 5
| |

Three arm spines.

the second,

Radial shields very short, and partly buried in the
disk scales, : : : : :

Radial shields more distinct than in Amphiura
occidentalis, and disk scales larger,
Radial shields twice as long as broad ; marginal disk
| scales erect and sg is arm plates broken
in two,

Radial shields,

The outer mouth papilla of about the same size as
smalland separated.

| Four arm { Inner mouth papilla thick ; two outer, small and
| spines. sharp. Radial shields narrow and separated,

Five arm ae shields half Dee Upper arm plates

spines. wide, . : “ :
(32 _, (Disk naked below. No primary plates distinguish-
SJagnge)_ able, : p ;
3 é a 8 3-a ) Disk scales above and below. Primary plates con-
i: spicuous, :

CHALL. EXP.—PART xiv.—1882.

a
Ss
S)
fe)

|
|
i
|
|
|

So

SS en etn etn ten et al

Amphiura squamata.

Amphiura torelli.
Amphiura tenuispina.

Amphiura pugetana.

Amphiura violacea.
Amphiura patagonica.

Amphiura microdiscus.
Amphiura puntarene.
Amphiura limbata.
Amphiura geminata.
Amphiura goest.

Amphiura kochii.
Amphiura coree.

Amphiura subtilis.
Amphiura gracillima.

Amphiura riiset.
Amphiura grisea.

Amphiura antarctica,

Amphiura planispina.
Amphiura barbare.

Amphiura atra.

Amphiura litkent.

Amphiura urtica.

Amphiura occidentalis.

_Amphiura chilensis.

Amphiura fissa.

Amphiura concolor.
Amphiura orstediz.

Amphiura repens.
Amphiura pulchella.
O17

126 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Anyphiuwra—continued.

No tentacle {( Disk with minute scales hidden by the skin ; middle spine oe .
- Seabees Amphiura securigera.

scale. widened at its end, F 5 , : :

Four mouth papillee on each side.
Radial shields i es coarse, with primary plates con- 9 ;
{ Radial shields | Upper disk scales coarse, primary plates con Arnphivara dmpressd,
long, narrow, spicuous,
Amphiura levis.

and joined. { Upper disk scales thin, fine, and equal. Disk flat,

Mouth shield long and narrow. Disk scales thick and
irregular, without conspicuous primary plates,

Mouth shield long heart-shaped. cent disk scales large
with conspicuous primary plates, .

Upper arm spine flat and broad at the end,

Disk scales above and below regular and equal, with a double
marginal border. Upper arm plates with a slight depres-
sion, 3 : : :

| Mouth shields wider than long. Side mouth shields broad,

Radial shields J
separated. |

Amphiura depressa.

Amphiura hastata.

Amphiura integra.

- Amphiura andrec.

Three arm spines.
Radial shields short,
wide, and joined.

Amphiura gibbosa.

Two tentacle scales,

eee

Outer mouth papilla standing on outer corner of
side mouth shield, and separated from the other
three, . ; é :

Amphiura abdita.
Four arm { First under arm plate large and usually cut transversely in i

i Amphiura duplicata.
spies. two, '} yplicata

Five or six

: Amphiura lobata.
arm spines.

} Radial shields small and separated within,

Disk scales fine; only central primary plate a
First under arm plate small,

Disk scales coarse; all primary plates conspicuous.
First under arm plate wide and large,

Four arm { Disk naked below. Tentacle scale minute and like a lip.

Three arm Amphiura dalea.
spines, middle

one swelled. Amphiura cernua.

One tentacle
scale

: A ; ares Amphiura glauca.
Radial shields long and narrow, and diverging inward, g

scales; ——$——*—

spines.
Ao s | Renae Disk scaled on both sides. Radial shields large, wide,
s Ale ane and joined for half their length. Primary plates Amphiura verrilli.
Zz j ears conspicuous, . ;

Five mouth papille on each side.

Mouth papille similar to Amphiura duplicata. Radial shields narrow
and joined, .

\ Amphiura cuneata.
Three middle mouth papille longest. Point of mouth angle occupied \

Amphiura canescens.
by lowest tooth, ; : dl
| Disk puffed, with minute crowded scales, and long, narrow, separated

| radial shields,

One tentacle ( Mouth papille, aan and Peaicl Side mouth shields
scale. large and wide. Disk scales irregular, small and crowded,

Two tentacle
scales

Amphiura tumida.

Amphiura patula.

Note.—My. F. W. Hutton has described Amphiura parva (Proc. New Zealand Institute, vol. xi. p. 305).
As I have never been fortunate enough to understand any of Mr. Hutton’s descriptions of Ophiurans, I should
not, perhaps, have been able to place this species in the table, had I seen its diagnosis.

Amphiura maxima, Lym. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 7-9.)
Amphiura maxima, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 19, pl. xi. figs. 278-281.
Disk covered on both sides with swollen, lumpy, irregular scales; ten stout, sharp
arm spines. Outer mouth papillee wide and scale like. Two very large tentacle scales,

one overlapping the other.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA, 127

(Type specimen from Station 188.) Diameter of disk 15 mm. Length of arm about
135 mm. Width of arm, close to disk, without spines, 25 mm. One very large square
mouth papilla on each side of the angle, and a pair much smaller and more rounded at
the apex; besides these, there may be distinguished a minute papilla outside the great
flat one. Mouth shields large, and much curved within, and prolonged by a rounded lobe
without. Side mouth shields very small, pear-seed shape, with the smaller end inward ;
they occupy the inner lateral sides of the mouth shield, and are widely separated. Under
arm plates four-sided, broader than long, outer and inner edge slightly curved, and with
feeble re-entermg curves on the lateral sides. Side arm-plates short and high, scarcely
prominent, meeting neither above nor below. Upper arm-plates small, little swollen, nearly
round ; but some distance out on the arm they are broader than long. Disk round, flat,
and rather thick, having a notch over each arm; surface covered above and below with
rather large, rounded, swollen, loosely overlapping scales, those in the interbrachial spaces
being slightly larger. Radial shields pear-seed shape, little swollen, with a peak inward,
separated their entire length by a row of three elongated scales, the inner one being
surrounded by several much smaller. On the outer edge of the radial shields there is a
row of small scales continuous with those on the margin of the disk. There are ten
stout, poited arm spines, the two lowest being about twice as long as the others, much
sharper, and usually curved. Two very large flat tentacle scales with curved edges, one
on the inner margin of the tentacle pore, which overlaps the one on the edge of the under
arm plate. Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 188.—September 10, 1874 ; lat. 9° 59’S., long. 139° 42’ E; 28 fathoms ; mud.

Ampliura bellis, Lym. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 4-6; Pl. XL. figs. 16-18).
Amphiura bellis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol vi., part 2, p. 19, pl. xi. figs. 282-284, 1879.

Disk covered above and below with delicate scales; two tentacle scales. Radial
shields narrow, about three times as long as wide; four straight tapering arm spines ;
upper arm plates thin.

(Type specimen from Station 232.) Diameter of disk 7 mm. Arm long, slender, and
tapering gradually ; its width next to the disk is 1 mm. One stout, short, blunt papilla
on either side of the base of mouth-angle, and a pair, stout and bluntly pointed, at its
apex. The tentacle scales of the first pair are spiniform and rather conspicuous. Mouth
shields small and rounded, with sometimes a rounded angle within and a slight lobe
without. Side mouth shields three-sided, quite broad without, tapering within, where
they do not meet. First under arm plate six-sided and rather larger than usual ; those
beyond squarish, about as long as broad, with outer side nearly straight, lateral sides a
little re-enteringly curved, and usually a very short truncated angle within. Side arm
plates small, and not strongly projecting, meeting neither above nor below. Upper arm
plates thin, of a pretty regular transverse oval shape, with lateral corners well rounded.

128 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Disk rather thick, and slightly lobed, covered above and below with small rather thin
overlapping scales, among which the primaries are scarcely to be distinguished ; those
near the margin and underneath are finest, being nine or ten in 1 mm. long. Radial
shields long, narrow and pointed within ; length to breadth 2 : ‘7; they are separated
their whole length by a narrow wedge composed of scales longer than those of the neigh-
bouring disk. Four moderately stout, cylindrical, tapering arm spines, of equal lengths,
and somewhat longer than the arm joints. ‘Two minute rounded tentacle scales, one on
the side arm plate, the other on the under arm plate. Colour in alcohol, very pale brown.

The young of this species has sometimes only one tentacle scale,

Station 232.—May 12, 1875; lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 139° 28’ E.; 345 fathoms; sandy
mud. Station 174 (var. ?).—August 8, 1874; lat. 19° 10’S.; long. 178° 10’ E.; 210 to
610 fathoms ; globigerina ooze. Station 236.—June 5, 1875; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139°
30’ E.; 420 to 775 fathoms; mud.

Amphiura ottert, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 631, 1871.

Station 76.—July 3, 1873; lat. 38° 11’ N., long. 27° 9’ W.; 900 fathoms ; globi-
gerina ooze. Station 45.--May 3, 1873; lat. 38° 34’ N., long. 72° 10’ W.; 1240
fathoms; mud. Station 78.—July 10, 1873; lat. 37° 24’ N., long. 25° 13’ W.; 1000
fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 50.—May 21,1873; lat. 42° 8’ N., long. 63° 39’ W.;
1250 fathoms ; grey ooze.

Thave not much question that this is Ljungman’s Amphiura otteri which has some
variety as to size and curve of spines. The unique originals of this and many other
species were, with great kindness, lent me by Professor Lovén; and Dr. G. O. Sars
showed a similar generosity.

Amphiura studeri, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 32, 1879.
Amphiura antarctica, Studer, Monatsb. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 461, 1876,

Station 151.—February 7, 1874; off Heard Island; 75 fathoms; mud. Off Marion
Island; 50 to 75 fathoms. Station 145.—December 27, 1873; off Prince Edward’s
Island; lat. 46° 40’ S., long. 37° 50’ E.; 310 fathoms (young). Off Prince Edward’s
Island; 85 to 150 fathoms. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island; 28 fathoms. Balfour
Bay, Kerguelen Island; 20 to 60 fathoms.

As I have combined Amphipholis with Amphiura, Professor Studer’s name has
become a duplicate to (Amphipholis) antarctica, Lin. I take, therefore, the liberty of
giving it the name of its discoverer, who kindly identified these specimens by his own.

Amphiura incana, Lym. (Pl. XXXII. figs 5-7; Pl. XLVI. fig. 5).
Amphiura incana, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 20, pl. xi. figs. 285-287, 1879.

Disk scaled on both sides. Two tentacle scales. Radial shields narrow, about three

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 129

times as long as wide, nearly or quite separated. Lower scaling coarse. Seven or
eight short, blunt, crowded, very thick arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station, Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope.) Diameter of disk
7mm. Arms about 70 mm. long, and slender; close to disk their width without spines
is 13mm. One short wide curved papilla each side of mouth angle, and a pair, stout
and bluntly pointed, at the apex of the mouth angle above; the tentacle scales of the first
pair are conspicuous. Mouth shields small, of a wide diamond shape, with outer angle
truncated. Side mouth shields much longer than wide, tapering slightly within, where
they nearly or quite meet ; outer ends much rounded. Under arm plates nearly square,
with rounded corners, and outer edge a little re-enteringly curved. Side arm plates
rather thick but not prominent, meeting neither above nor below. Upper arm plates
small, narrow, squarish with rounded corners ; narrow within, broader without. Disk
round, not very thick, covered with thin, very small overlapping scales; on the upper
surface there are five or six in the length of 1 mm. Radial shields small, of a long pear-
seed shape, with outer edge rounded, separated their entire length by a wedge of three
rows of crowded, closely overlapping scales. Just outside the radial shields there are
numerous fine scales. On the under surface of disk the scaling is much finer, there
being about twelve in the length of a millimetre. Hight very short, stout, broad, nearly
equal flattened arm spines; the two upper spines are somewhat broader than the others.
Two minute rounded tentacle scales on the side arm plate. Colour in alcohol, pale straw.

Station, Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope; 10 to 20 fathoms.

A section of a portion of the disk of a male in the breeding season showed the
interior quite crammed with much convoluted spermaries (Pl. XLVI. fig. 5, 8,’ 8,’ 5,’),
while the bursa (6) was crowded into a small space. Above was the thick wall of the
digestive cavity pushed up against the disk roof and greatly folded (St). The polian
vesicle (po), often hard to distinguish, was quite conspicuous.

Amphiura capensis, Lym. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 10-12).
Amphiura capensis, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong,Akad., p. 320, 1866; Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong.
Akad., p. 642, 1871.
Station 141.—December 17, 1873; Lee’s Point, Cape Town; lat. 34° 41’ §., long.
18° 36’ E.; 98 fathoms ; sand and gravel.

Amphiura argentea, Lym. (Pl. XVI. figs. 7-10).
Amphiura argentea, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 21, pl. xi. figs.
288-290, 1879.
Disk scaled on both sides. One tentacle scale. Radial shields very small; about
twice as long as broad, Five or six short, conical arm spines Upper arm plates
narrow and rounded.

130 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

(Type specimen from Station 171.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Length of arm about
22mm. Width of arm near disk 1 mm. One rather long, flat papilla on either side of
the base of the small, short mouth angle, and a pair, much rounded, at apex. Scales of
first pair of mouth tentacles long and rather conspicuous. Mouth shields much wider
than long, rounded, with a wide curve within, and outer side feebly curved. Side mouth
shields very narrow within, where they meet; wider without. First under arm plate
small and narrow, being squeezed between the outer ends of the side mouth shields ; those
beyond are as broad as long, bounded without by a clean curve, on lateral sides by slightly
re-entering curves, and within by a truncated angle. Side arm plates very short, so that
there is a considerable naked space between them on the sides of the arm; they stand
well out, forming a strong spme ridge. Upper arm plates narrow, longer than broad,
nearly pentagonal, with rounded corners and an angle inward. Disk delicate, covered
above and below with minute, thin, nearly uniform, overlapping scales; nine or ten in
the length of 1 mm. where they are smallest. Radial shields very small, slightly sunken,
of a pear-seed shape, nearly or quite touching without, separated within by a narrow
wedge of minute scales ; length to breadth ‘9 : °3. Five or six short, nearly equal, stout
arm spines, whereof the lower are cylindrical and taperimg, and the upper somewhat
flattened and wider; lengths to that of an under arm plate, °6, ‘6, ‘5, °6, °6, ‘7, °4.
Near tip of arm there are three long, sharp, and very slender spines, twice as long as the
arm joints; this so great variation of form is rare in Amphiwra. One oval tentacle
scale. Colour in alcohol, nearly white.

Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’S., long. 177° 50’ W.; 600 fathoms.

Amphiura acacia, Lym. (Pl. XVI. figs. 15-17).

Amphiura acacia, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 21, pl xi. figs,
292-294, 1879.

Disk scaled on both sides. One minute tentacle scale. Three short, moderately

stout arm spines. Radial shields short and wide.
(Type specimen from Station 235.) Diameter of disk 4°55 mm. Length of arm, about
32 mm. Width of arm near disk, 1mm. One flat rounded papilla on each side of the
mouth angle, and a pair, blunt and thicker, at the apex. Scales of the first pair of mouth
tentacles flat, and low down, so as to seem nearly on a level with the outer mouth
papilla. Mouth shields small, rounded, longer than broad, widest without, and having a
rounded point inward. Side mouth shields three-sided, short and broad, widely separated
within. Under arm plates narrow, longer than broad, five-sided, with an angle within,
outer side nearly straight, and lateral sides a little re-enteringly curved. Side arm plates
somewhat flaring, with a well-marked spine ridge, meeting narrowly above and _ barely
separated below. Upper arm plates twice as broad as long, with a clean curve within and

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 131

the outer side nearly straight, but having usually a feeble lobe in the centre. Disk rather
thick, covered with fine, curved, rather thin, overlapping scales, which are largest im the
centre, where may be distinguished an ill-marked rosette of primary plates; those near
the margin are much finer (about eight in the length of 1 mm.) ; on the lower surface
they become thinner and near the mouth shield are hard to distinguish. Radial shields
short and wide, curved on the interbrachial side, straight on the brachial ; barely touch-
ing without, separated within by a narrow wedge of four or five scales: length to
breadth, 1:1: °6. Three short, cylindrical, gently tapering, blunt, equal arm spines
about *5 mm. long. One minute, rounded tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.
Station 235.—June 4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms ; mud.

Amphiura constricta, Lym. (Pl. XVI. figs. 11-14).
Amphiura constricta, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 22, pl. xi figs.
295-298, 1879.
Disk finely scaled on both sides. One tentacle scale. Radial shield narrow, about
thrice as long as wide. Six short, stout arm spines. Upper arm plates narrow.
(Type specimen from Station, Port Jackson.) Diameter of disk,5 mm. Length of arm
30 mm. Width of arm near disk, 1 mm. One minute, rounded papilla at base of mouth
angle, on either side, and a pair, much larger, at the apex. Above may be seen the small
scales of first mouth tentacles, which resemble the outer mouth papilla. Mouth shields
wider than long, of a three-sided or wide heart shape with rounded angles. Side mouth
shields long and narrow, especially within, where they do not meet. First under arm
plate small and very narrow ; those beyond are small and narrow, a little longer than wide,
and four-sided with rounded corners ; they cover only a small portion of the under side of
the arm. Side arm plates small and not projecting. Upper arm plates small and cover-
ing only a portion of the upper side ; pretty regular transverse oval, about twice as broad
as long. Disk thick and somewhat puffed, covered with regular, small, rounded, over-
lapping scales, which are somewhat larger near the centre, where small round primary
plates, widely separated by smaller scales, may be distinguished ; below and near margin
of disk, the scaling is finer and more delicate, about ten in the length of 1 mm. Radial
shields long, narrow, and slightly curved, acute within, separated their whole length by a
wedge of many irregular scales of several sizes; length to breadth, 1:°3. Six small,
short, stout blunt, peg-like, equal arm spines about ‘3 mm. long, of which one or two are
microscopically rough at their ends. The spines at tip of arm are similar, but propor-
tionately longer. One rather large oval tentacle scale.
Station, Port Jackson, Australia ; 2 to 10 fathoms.

Amphiura josephine (young ?) Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 631, 1871.
St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands.

132 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Amphiura iris, Lym. (Pl. XVI. figs. 4-6).

Amphiura iris, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 23, pl. xi. figs. 302-304, 1879.

Disk scaled above and below; one large oval tentacle scale; four long arm spines,
the uppermost and lowest longest.

(Type specimen from Station 236.) Diameter of disk 5mm. Width of arm without
spines 1°2 mm. One short, stout, somewhat flattened blunt papilla on each side of the
mouth angle, and a pair, similar, but somewhat smaller, at its apex. The large and
broad scales of the first pair of tentacles are low down and conspicuous. Mouth shields
of a very wide heart shape, much wider than long, with a rounded angle within. Side
mouth shields thick, long, triangular, tapering inward where they do not meet. First
under arm plate usually large, of a diamond shape, with its angles more or less truncated ;
the plates beyond are longer than wide, with outer side curved and widest, lateral sides
re-enteringly curved and a truncated angle within. Side arm plates stout, and rather
prominent, meeting neither above nor below. Upper arm plates fan-shaped, with inner
angle more or less rounded, or truncated, and outer side gently curved. Disk covered
above and below, with moderately coarse, crowded, irregular scales, those of the inter-
brachial spaces being more elongated, and those on the under surface somewhat obscured
by skin. Toward the centre of the disk there are seven or eight scales in the length of
1mm. Radial shields much longer than wide, slightly curved, somewhat swollen, taper-
ing at both ends and widest in the middle ; separated their whole length by a row of
three or four large scales ; length to breadth, 2:°6. Four long, cylindrical, tapering arm
spines, whereof the uppermost and lowest are longest, and equal to one and two-third
arm joints. One large tentacle scale, Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Station 236.—June 5, 1875; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E. ; 420 to 775 fathoms ;
mud.

Amphiura tomentosa, Lym. (Pl. XXIX. figs. 10-12).

Amphiura tomentosa, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 28, pl. xi. figs. 299-301,
1879,

Disk sealed on both sides with rather large, spaced scales; those below somewhat
obseured by thick skin; four tapering, equal arm spines; no tentacle scale.

(Type specimen from Station, Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island.) Diameter of disk
6°5 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1 mm. One very small short
mouth papilla, often obscured by skin, on each side of the mouth angle, and a pair,
larger and rounded, at the apex. Mouth shields irregular, small, rounded triangular,
with a small peak inward. Side mouth shields longer than broad, wider without than
within, where they just meet; both they and the mouth shields are somewhat obscured
by skin. Under arm plates narrow, longer than broad, pentagonal, with a blunt angle
inward, small re-entering curves on the lateral sides, and outer lateral corners rounded.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 133

Side arm plates moderately projecting, nearly meeting above and below. Upper arm
plates somewhat broader than long, transverse oval, with a deep curve within, and a
gentler one without. Disk thick and round, covered with thin, rather large, rounded
scales, which are seldom overlapping, and often separated from each other by much
smaller ones. Radial shields small, quite narrow, much wider without than within, where
they form a sharp angle ; widely separated by a wedge of three or four scales. The inter-
brachial space on the under surface is covered by fine scaling, which is often quite
obscured near the mouth shields by skin. Four equal, rather long, stout, and bluntly-
pointed arm spines. Large round tentacle pores, but no scales. Colour in alcohol,
pale grey.
Station, Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island; 20 to 60 fathoms.

Amphiura lanceolata, Lym. (Pl. XXIX. figs. 7-9).

Amphiura lanceolata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 24, pl. xi. figs. 305-307,
1879.

Disk nearly or quite naked below. Two small tentacle scales. Radial shields long
and narrow. Five slender, tapering arm spines. Upper arm plates narrow. Under arm
plates squarish shield shaped. Outer mouth papilla spiniform.

(Type specimen from Station 169.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Arms long and slender,
about ‘*7 mm. wide at the base. One slender, sharply pointed mouth papilla on each
side of the mouth angle, and a pair, short and much rounded, at the apex. Mouth
shield small, thick, nearly oval. Side mouth shields three sided, large and thick, as
broad as long, curving round the inner angles of the mouth shield, but not meeting
within. Under arm plates narrow, longer than wide, pentagonal in shape, with an
obtuse, or truncated angle inward, outer edge nearly straight, and re-entering curves
on the lateral sides. Side arm plates not prominent, nearly meeting above and below.
Upper arm plates much rounded triangular, with angle inward. Disk flat, with deep
constrictions in the interbrachial spaces. The scaling of upper surface of disk is rounded
and overlapping, and is much coarser in the centre, where also the six primary plates
may be distinguished: near the margin there are from eight to ten scales in the length
of 1 mm. Radial shields long and narrow, sharply pointed within ; joined without,
where the ends are much rounded, and separated within by a wedge of five or six scales.
Interbrachial space on the under surface naked, or with scattered, scarcely discernible
scales. Five rather long, slender, cylindrical, tapering, equal arm spines about ‘6 mm.
long. Two small rounded tentacle scales, one on the under arm plate, and one on the
side arm plate. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Station 169.—July 10, 1874; lat. 37° 34’ §., long, 179° 22’ E.; 700 fathoms;
grey 00ze.

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART xIV.—1882.) O 18

134 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Amphiura glabra, Lym. (Pl. XXXII. figs. 8-10).
Amphiura glabra, Lym:, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 25, pl. xi. figs. 308-310,
1879.

Disk below naked. Mouth shields wider than long. Five stout, tapering arm spines.
One tentacle scale.

(Type specimen from Station 214.) Diameter of disk 5mm. Length of arm about
20 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, "8 mm. One stout mouth papilla
in shape of an elongated cone on each side, and a pair, thick and rounded, at the apex of
the mouth angle. Mouth shields broader than long, rudely triangular, with outer edges
much rounded, and a small peak within. Side mouth shields small, longer than broad,
wide without, tapering inward, where they do not quite meet. Under arm plates narrow,
longer than broad, squarish, with re-entering curves on the lateral sides, outer corners
rounded, and often an obtuse truncated angle within. Side arm plates of moderate size,
and slightly flaring, meeting neither above nor below. Upper arm plates somewhat
arched, rudely triangular, with outer edge rounded, and a blunt angle within ; further out
on the arm they become transverse oval. Disk flat and lobed, covered above with thin,
rather indistinct scales; those in the centre coarser and more rounded; those in the
interbrachial spaces narrower and more closely overlapping. Radial shields short pear-
seed shape, longer than broad, separated their entire length by a narrow wedge row of
small scales. Interbrachial spaces on the under surface naked. Five rather stout,
tapering arm spines, somewhat longer than the arm joints, placed close together on the
side arm plate. One rather large round tentacle scale near the imner angle of the
under arm plate. Colour in alcohol, nearly white.

Station 214.—February 10, 1875; lat. 4° 33’ N., long. 127° 6’ E.; 500 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze.

This species is allied to Amphiura angularis, but has a finer build; side arm plates
less prominent ; side mouth shields smaller, and radial shorter and wider.

Amphiura angularis, Lym. (Pl. X XIX. figs. 1-3).

Amphiura angularis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi. part 2, p. 25, pl. x1. figs. 311-313,
1879.

Disk below naked, or with a few rudimentary scales. One well marked tentacle scale.
Four or five tapering cylindrical arm spines. Mouth shields rounded.

(Type specimen from Station 150.) Diameter of disk 9 mm. Length of arm 45 mm.
Width of arm, without spines, close to disk, 1°2 mm. One long, tapering, pointed
mouth papilla on each side, and a pair, short, blunt, and much rounded, at the apex of
the mouth angle. The tentacle scale of the first pair is large and spiniform. Mouth
shields rather large, nearly circular, with a small peak within. Side mouth shields large,
three-sided, broad without, and curving downward about the mouth shield, narrow and

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 135

separated within. First under arm plate very small and squarish ; those beyond are nearly
square and rather narrow, with outer corners rounded, and slight re-entering curves on
the lateral sides. Side arm plates wide, prominent, and much swollen along the spine
crest ; separated below, nearly or quite meeting above. Upper arm plates transverse
oval, much wider than long, with well rounded lateral ends. Disk flat and angular,
covered above with coarse, rounded, overlapping scales, the five primaries beige but
little larger than the other scales; the scaling on the interbrachial spaces is finer than
in the central portion. Radial shields much longer than broad, tapering towards each
extremity, with the inner point acute, separated their entire length by two or three rows
of irregular scales ; length to breadth, 2:°7. The scales of the margin continue round
the outer end of the radial shields. Interbrachial space below only about one-third
covered with minute scaling ; the rest of the space is naked. Four stout, blunt, tapering,
cylindrical arm spines, evenly spaced on the side arm plate. One stout, round tentacle
scale on the inner side of the tentacle pore. Colour in alcohol, disk grey, arms straw.

Station 150.—February 2, 1874; lat. 52° 4’ &, long. 71° 22’ E,; 150 fathoms;
rock,

Amphiura dilatata, Lym. (Pl. XXIX. figs. 4-6).

Amphiura dilatata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 26, pl. xi. figs.
314-316, 1879.

Disk naked below. Radial shields narrow pear-seed shape. Four or five small, widely
spaced arm spines. No tentacle scales.

(Type specimen from Station 141.) Diameter of disk 5 mm. Length of arm 23 mm.
Width of same without spines, close to the disk, "7 mm. At the base of the mouth angle,
on each side, is a long, very slender mouth papilla, and a pair, blunt and rounded, at the
apex. Mouth shields small, short diamond shape, with much rounded angles. Side
mouth shields small and curved, narrow within, where they nearly or quite meet ; outer
end wide club-shaped. Under arm plates narrow, longer than broad, squarish, with re-
entering curves on the lateral sides, and the outer edge nearly straight. Side arm plates
very small, not prominent, nearly or quite meeting above, separated below. Upper arm
plates transverse oval, with the inner curve stronger than the outer, and the lateral corners
pointed ; there is a slight longitudinal ridge. Disk rather thick and slightly puffed ;
primary plates widely separated and scarcely to be distinguished from the general scaling,
which is fine, regular and overlapping, having about ten scales in the length of 1 mm. ;
those of the interbrachial spaces are smallest and most closely overlapping. Radial shields
small, and shghtly swollen, narrow pear-seed shaped, separated their entire length by a
narrow wedge row of scales; a pair of short, stout scales at their outer ends. Under
surface of disk naked. Five short, tapering, blunt arm spines, evenly spaced on the side

136 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

arm plate, and standing at right angles to the arm; the middle spine is stoutest. Large
tentacle pores, but no tentacle scales, Colour in alcohol, disk grey, arms straw.
Station 141.—December 17, 18738; lat. 34° 41’8., long. 18° 36’ E.; 98 fathoms; sand

and gravel.

Amphiura squamata, Sars. Ophiolepis (Amphiura) squamata, Sars, Mid. Lit.
Fauna, p. 84, 1857; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1 p. 121; Ludwig, Echin.
des Mittelmeeres, p. 549.

Ophiura elegans (2), Leach, Zool. Mise., vol. ii. p. 59, 1815.

Asterias squamata, Delle Chiaje, Mem., vol. iii. p. 77, 1828.

Ophiura neglecta, Johnston, Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 467, 1835.

Ophiolepis squamata, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, vol. vi. p. 328; Syst. Ast., p. 92.

Ophiocoma neglecta, Fbs., Brit. Starfishes, p. 30.

Ophiolepis tenuis, Ayr., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. p. 133, 1851.

Amphiura tenuis, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 194.

Amphiura elegans, Norm., Biology “ Valorous” Cruise, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxv. p. 215.

Ophiura moniliformis, Grube, Aktin. Echin. u. Wiir., p. 18, 1840.

Amphipholis elegans, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 140, 1871.

Amphipholis kinbergi, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 646, 1871.

Amphipholis appressa, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 647, 1871.

Amphiura tenera, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part. 2, p. 124, pl. iii, 1859; Lym., Il Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 123.

Amphipholis lineata, Ljn., Dr. Gos, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 634, 1871.

Menschnikoff* describes a curious low worm, Rhopalura of the family Orthonectide,
whose cysts sometimes fill the body cavity of Amphiura squamata, and take the place of
ovaries, which disappear. I have never encountered this parasite.

Station 141.—December 17, 1873; lat. 34° 41’S., long. 18° 36’ E.; 98 fathoms ;
sand and gravel. Station 163.—April 4, 1874; lat. 36° 56’ S., long. 150° 30° E. ; 120
fathoms. Such diverse localities further prove the cosmopolite nature of this species.

Amphiura duplicata, Lym. (Pl. XVII. figs. 10-12).

Amphiura duplicata, Lym., IL Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 19, pl. v. fig. 78,
Outline fig. 87; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. v., part 9, p. 226.

Station 56.—May 29, 1873; off Bermudas ; 1075 fathoms; grey ooze.

Quite common in less depths throughout the West Indies. Amphiwra duplicata is
somewhat variable ; and, especially, the first under arm plate is not always broken in two.
Numerous specimens from the second “ Blake” Expedition show usually only three arm
spines; three and often four irregular mouth papillae on each side, and disk scales
varying in thickness.

1 Zeitschr. f. Weissen. Zool., vol. lili. part 2, p. 282, 1881.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 137

Amphiura concolor, Lym. (Pl, XVII. figs. 1-8).

Amphiura concolor, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 27, pl. xii figs,
317-319, 1879.

Three mouth papillee on each side, the inner one large and thick, the two outer small
and bead-like. Two, sometimes only one, small tentacle scales. Four arm spines.
Radial shields narrow and separated.

(Type specimen from Station 195.) Diameter of disk 8 mm. Length of arm 65 mm.
Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1 mm. Two very short, small mouth papillee
each side of the mouth angle, and a pair, large, rounded, much swollen at its apex.
Four large, thick teeth, with a square cutting edge. Mouth shield wide spear-head shaped,
with a blunt angle within, and the inner sides slightly curved. Side mouth shields large,
broad without, tapering inward, where they just meet. Basal under arm plates large, penta-
gonal with the inner angle truncated, broader than long, outer edge straight, lateral
sides re-enteringly curved. Side arm plates rather small, projecting moderately, meeting
neither above nor below. Upper arm plates short and wide, of a transverse pointed oval
form, with outer and inner edge slightly curved. Disk round and flat, but rather thick,
covered with irregular, overlapping scales ; those in the interbrachial spaces being some-
what coarser than the others. Radial shields long and narrow, with outer end rounded,
and an acute angle inward, separated their entire length by a single row of scales.
Interbrachial spaces on the under surface covered by similar, but finer, scaling. Four
short, blunt, rather slender arm spines, the upper one being slightly shortest. Two
small, rounded tentacle scales, one on the brachial side of the tentacle pore and one on
the side arm plate. On some pores there is but a single scale. Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 195.—October 3, 1874; lat. 4° 21’ %., long. 129° 7’ E. ; 1425 fathoms ;
grey ooze. Station 191.—September 23, 1874; lat. 5° 41°S., long. 134° 4° E.; 800
fathoms ; mud.

Amphiura depressa (2), Lym.
Amphipholis depressa, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 312, 1866; Ltk., Oph. Nov. Deser.
pls. i. and ii, figs, 2a, 20.
I put a query to this species, though I am nearly sure of its identity.
Station 233b.—May 26, 1875; lat. 34° 20’ N., long. 133° 35’; 15 fathoms; mud.
Fiji Islands; 6 fathoms.

Amphiura dalea, Lym. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 11-13).
Amphiura dalea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 27, pl. xii. figs.
320-322, 1879.
Four mouth papillze on a side. Three arm spines, the middle one swollen. One
tentacle scale. Disk scales fine, only the central primary plate being conspicuous.
First under arm plate small.

138 THE. VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

(Type specimen from Station 325.) Diameter of disk 9 mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, 1°3 mm. Three stout, close-set papillz on either side of the mouth
angle, and two large and much rounded at the apex; of those on the sides the outermost
is largest. Mouth shields small, triangular, a little longer than wide, rounded on all sides
except within, where is a point. Side mouth shields large, broad without, tapering
inward where they just meet. First under arm plate very small; those beyond are
broader than long, angular, and with re-entering curves on the sides where are the
tentacle pores; still farther out they are triangular, with outer edge much curved,
and a truncated angle within. Side arm plates short, not much projecting, meeting
above beyond the first upper arm plate, and below beyond the seventh or eighth.
Upper arm plates slightly swollen, very short and wide, of a transverse oval shape,
and with a small longitudinal ridge. Disk flat and tolerably thick, covered with thin,
small, flat, overlapping scales, with one somewhat larger, rounded primary in the
centre; about four scales in the length of 1 mm. Radial shields long and broad,
bluntly pointed within, nearly or quite separated their entire length by a narrow wedge
of scales. On the interbrachial spaces on the under surface the scaling is much finer
than that above, there being about fifteen in the length of 1mm. Three tapering, rather
sharp arm spines, the upper one being shorter than the other two, and the middle one
much the stoutest, and swollen. One small longer than broad tentacle scale on the
brachial side of the tentacle pore ; a little way out on the arm there usually is no tentacle
scale. Colour in alcohol pale straw.

Station 325.—March 2, 1876; lat. 36° 44’S., long. 46° 16’ W.; 2650 fathoms ;
grey mud.

Amphiura cernua, Lym. (Pl. XVII. figs. 13-15).

Amphiura cernua, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 28, pl. xi. figs.
323-325, 1879.

Four mouth papillae on each side. One tentacle scale. Three arm spines, the
middle one swelled. Disk scales coarse; all primary plates conspicuous. First under
arm plate wide and large.

(Type specimen from Station 241.) Diameter of disk 5°7 mm. Leneth of arm
about 24 mm. Width close to disk, without spines *7 mm. Four mouth papille on
each side, of which three are short and blunt (the inner one bemg more pointed), and
two at the apex of the mouth angle are larger and more swollen. Mouth shields small,
flat, triangular, with a blunt angle inward and outer edge curved. Side mouth shields
broad without, and tapering inward, where they just meet. Under arm plates large,
with a long angle within and slight re-enterimg curves on the lateral sides. Side arm
plates slightly swollen, meeting below some distance out on the arm, and above beyond
the first upper arm plate. Upper arm plates transverse oval, slightly swollen, with

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 139

outer and inner edges much curved. Disk flat and slightly angular, covered with thin,
semicircular, overlapping scales, the six primary plates bemg much the largest; the
scaling in the interbrachial spaces is somewhat coarser than on the rest of the disk.
Radial shields very large and broad, somewhat longer than wide, of a blunt pear-seed
shape ; joined without, separated within by a wedge of two small scales. On the under
surface the interbrachial space is covered with very minute scaling. One large tentacle
scale longer than broad. Three short arm spines, the upper one longest and slender,
while the middle one is strongly swollen at its base. Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 241.—June 28, 1875; lat. 35° 41’ N., long. 157° 42’ K.; 2300 fathoms;
red clay.

Amphiura glauca, Lym. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 1-3).

Amphiura glauca, Lym., Bull Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., pt. 2, p. 29, pl. xii. figs. 326-328, 1879.

Four mouth papillz on each side. One tentacle scale minute and like a lip. Four
slender arm spines. Radial shields long and narrow, and diverging inward. Disk
naked below.

(Type specimen from Station 232.) Diameter of disk 5°5 mm. Width of arm close
to disk 1 mm. Four short pointed mouth papille on each side of the mouth angle, of
which that at the apex is much the largest and most rounded. Mouth shield small,
with a rounded angle inward, and outer edge curved. Side mouth shields small, long,
triangular, somewhat curved, just meeting within. Under arm plates small, longer than
wide, with re-entering curves on the lateral sides, outer corners rounded and a truncated
angle within. Side arm plates small and little projecting, meeting neither above nor
below, till some distance out on the arm. Upper arm plates small, a little broader than
long, bounded within by a deep curve, and without by a gentler one, having a small
ridge in the centre, which forms a continuous line along the arm. Disk rather thick,
naked below, but covered above with very minute rounded scales, about seven in the
length of 1 mm. where they are finest. Radial shields long and very narrow, tapering
inward to a blunt point; they are joined without, and separated within by several small
scales. Four slender tapering arm spines, the upper and under being usually somewhat
longer than the two in the middle. One very small lip-like tentacle scale, on the inner
side of the tentacle pore. Colour in alcohol, dull grey.

Station 232.—May 12, 1875; lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 139° 28’ E.; 345 fathoms; sandy
mud. Station 236.—June 5, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 420 fathoms; mud.

Amphiura verrilli, Lym. (Pl. XVII. figs. 16-18).
Amphiura verrilli, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., pt. 2, p. 29, pl. xii. figs. 329-331, 1879.

Four mouth papilla on each side. Four arm spines. No tentacle scales. Radial
shields large and wide, and joined for half their length.

140 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

(Type specimen from Station 54.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Width of arm, without
spines, close to disk, 1 mm. Four short, blunt mouth papillze on each side, the two at
the apex being largest and conical ; between them may be seen the lowest tooth, having
a broken edge. Mouth shields small, rounded, with a slight angle within. Side mouth
shields large, narrow within, where they meet; broader without, where they curve
partially round the mouth shield. First under arm plate very small; those beyond are
swollen, narrow, longer than broad, having the outer edge much rounded, deep
re-entering curves on the lateral sides, and a short, straight side within. Side arm
plates small, separated below, but just meeting above. Upper arm plates much broader
than long, transverse oval, with the inner edge nearly straight, outer edge curved, and
blunt angles on the lateral sides. Disk flat, moderately thick and slightly angular,
covered with small, thin, irregular, overlapping scales; there are six large, widely
separated primary plates, one round one in the centre, surrounded by five others broader
than long. Radial shields large, longer than wide, of an elongated pear-seed shape,
their pointed inner ends being separated by two small, angular scales. Interbrachial
space on the under surface covered by fine overlapping scales, smaller than those above.
Four arm spines standing close together on the side arm plates; they are about as long
as an arm joint, and rather slender and tapering except the one next the lowest, which
is strongly swollen at the base. Large round pores, but no tentacle scales. Colour,
grey.

Station 54.—May 27, 1873; lat. 34° 51’ N., long. 63° 59° W.; 2650 fathoms ;
grey ooze.

Amphiura canescens, Lym. (Pl. XVII. figs. 7-9).

Amphiura canescens, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp, Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 30, pl. xii. figs. 332-334,
1879.

Five mouth papillze on each side, of which the three middle ones are longest ; point
of mouth angle occupied by the lowest tooth. Two tentacle scales. Three arm spines
about as long as a joint.

(Type specimen from Station 171.) Diameter of disk 5 mm. Arms long and slender.
Width of arm, close to disk, without spines,1 mm. Five stout, blunt mouth papille
on either side of the mouth angle, the three middle ones being longer, broader, and
more flattened than the rest. One large, triangular papilla, or tooth, at apex of jaw.
Mouth shields broad triangular, with blunt angles and outer edge much rounded. Side
mouth shields long and narrow, but slightly swollen, broader without than within,
where they just meet. First under arm plate small, pentagonal, with an angle inward
and slightly re-entering curves on the lateral sides; the other basal plates are large,
with outer edge curved, and wider than the inner, and with lateral sides re-enteringly
curved. Side arm plates not prominent, meeting neither above nor below at the base

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 141

of the arm. Upper arm plates broader than long, transverse oval, with lateral ends
slightly pointed. Disk flat, but rather thick, its upper surface covered with small,
shghtly swollen, irregularly shaped, overlapping scales, about five in the length of
1 mm. where they are coarsest. Radial shields blunt pear-seed shaped, slightly pointed
within, separated by one large and several small scales. Interbrachial spaces on the
under surface covered by the same kind of scaling. Three stout, tapering, bluntly-
pointed arm spines, about as long as a joint, the lowest slightly longer than the others,
placed close together on the side arm plate. Two tentacle scales, the one on the
brachial side small and narrow, the interbrachial one much larger, with wide, rounded
edge. Colour in alcohol, nearly white.

Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’ S., long. 177° 50’ W. ; 600 fathoms ; rock.

Amphiura patula, Lym. (Pl. XVII. figs. 4-6).

Amphiura patula, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 31, pl. xii. figs. 335-337,
1879.

Five (sometimes only four) mouth papillee on each side. One tentacle scale. Mouth
papillee squarish and crowded. Side mouth shields large and wide. Disk scales small,
irregular, and crowded.

(Type specimen from Station 156.) Diameter of disk 14°55 mm. Width of arm
close to disk, without spines, 2 mm. Five (sometimes only four) squarish, crowded
mouth papille on either side, whereof the outermost and innermost are largest ; besides
these there is an odd one at the centre of the apex. Mouth shields small, rounded
triangular, with a blunt angle inward. Side mouth shields short and stout, rudely
triangular in shape, the inner angles not quite meeting at the apex of the mouth shield.
Under arm plates pentagonal, with inner angle sometimes truncated, outer edge slightly
rounded, and small re-entering curves on the lateral sides. Side arm plates narrow, bent,
not very prominent, meeting above, but just separated below. Upper arm plates much
broader than long, transverse oval, with outer and inner edges gently curved. Disk
flat, covered with thin, flat, irregular, crowded scales, among which six small widely
separated primary plates are with difficulty distinguishable. Radial shields large and
broad, of a wide pear-seed shape, separated their entire length by a narrow wedge of
three or four scales. On the under surface the scales are much finer and more rounded.
Three short, round, bluntly tapering arm spines, the middle one larger than the others
but not so long as an arm joint, and all placed low on the side arm plate. Only one
longer than wide, somewhat swollen tentacle scale, on the brachial side of the tentacle
pore.

Except that it has usually five, instead of four, mouth papillee on a side, this species

stands related to Amphiura dalea, from which it is distinguished by smaller arm spines,
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PART XIv.—1882.) 019

142 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

different under arm plates, and coarser, more irregular scaling. Colour in alcohol,
greyish.

Station 156.—February 26, 1874; lat. 62° 26’S., long., 95° 44’ E.; 1975 fathoms ;
diatom ooze.

Species of Amphiwra not herein described.

Amphiura crassipes, Lijn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 319, 1866; Dr.Goés, Oph.
Of. Kong. Akad., p. 642, 1871.
Atlantic, off Rio de Janeiro ; 45 fathoms.

Amphiura verticillata, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 320, 1866.
Galapagos Island.

Amphiura divaricata, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 318, 1866.
Between Batavia and Singapore,

Amphiura complanata, Lin., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 319, 1866 ; Dr. Goés,
Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 642, 1871.
Atlantic, off Rio de Janeiro.

Amphiura candida, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 318, 1866.
Mozambique.

Amphiura chiajer, Fbs., Linn. Trans., vol. xix. p. 151, 1843; Sars, Mid. Lit. Fauna, p.
86; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 57, pl. ii. figs. 12 a, b; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., part 1, p. 19 ; Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 550.

Asterias filiformis, Delle Chiaje (non O. F. Miiller), Mem., vol. ii. p, 359, 1825.

Amphiura florifera ()), Fbs., Linn. Trans., p. 150, 1845.
Amphiura Stepanovii, Tscherniawsky, Protocol. d. Moskauer Naturfor. Versam., 1869.

Black Sea ; North European Seas ; Mediterranean ; 40 to 120 fathoms.

Amphiura mediterranea, Lym.
Amphiura chiajet (pars).

This is the common littoral form of the Mediterranean. It is distinguished by
numerous short, blunt, crowded arm spines. Thus an animal with a disk only 4°5 mm.
in diameter had seven arm spines ; with a disk of 5 mm., six to eight spines ; and with a
disk of 6 mm., eight to nine spines. Whereas the northern, or Scandinavian form had
these proportions: disk 6°3 mm., five tapering spines ; disk, 8 mm., six spines; disk,

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 143

10 mm. six to seven spines. The figure of the original Amphiura chiajei (Fbs. loc. cit.)
agrees well with this northern form, except in having a large central rosette of primary

plates.

Amphiura eugenie, Lin., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 318, 1866; Dr. Goés, Oph.
Of. Kong. Akad., p. 642, 1871; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2,

p- 9.
Atlantic, off Rio La Plata; 30 to 55 fathoms.

Amphiura palmeri, Lym.
Amphiura flecuosa (2), Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 17, pl. iii. figs.
35-37, pl. v. fig. 68, 1875.

West Indies; 100 fathoms.

Amphiura magellanica, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 320, 1866 ; Lym., Ill.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. (same sp. ?). No. viii., part 2, p. 19.
Straits of Magellan; North-east Patagonia; 30 fathoms.

Amphiura grandisquama, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 334, 1869 ;
Bull. Mus. Comp., vol. v., part 9, p. 226.
West Indies; 10 to 240 fathoms.

Amphiura stumpson, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 116, 1859.
West Indies; Cape Frio, Brazil; 10 to 35 fathoms.

Amphiura duncan, Lym.
Amphiura Liitkeni, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 464, pl. x. fig. 17, 1879.

Korean Sea.

Amplhiura sundevalli, Lin., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 320, 1866.

Ophiolepis Sundevalli, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 93, 1842.
Amphiura Holbolli, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Nov. 1854, p. 98; Addit. ad Hist., part 1, p. 55, pl. ii.
figs. 13 a, b; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. No. i. p. 118.

European Arctic Sea; Greenland; 15 to 50 fathoms.

Amphiura semiermis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 332, 1869 ;
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 227.
West Indies ; 877 to 539 fathoms.

144 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER.

Amphiura flecuosa, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 319, 1866; Non Amphiwra
flexuosa, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii., part 2, p. 17.
Brazil.

Amphiura latispina, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 320, 1866.
Atlantic, off Rio La Plata.

Amphiura kinbergi, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of, Kong. Acad., p. 648, 1871.
South Brazil.

Amphiura atlantica, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 321, 1866.
Near St. Helena.

Amphiura perplexa, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 12, 1865.
Ophiolepis perplexa, Stimp., Proc, Phil. Acad., vol. vii. p. 386, 1854.
Port Jackson.

Amphiura sarsi, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 630, 1871.
Azores ; 30-600 fathoms.

Amphiura filiformis, Fbs., Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xix. p. 151, 1843 ; Ltk., Addit. ad
Hist., part 1, p. 56, pl. vol. i. figs. 11 a,b; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 116.
Ljn. Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 321, 1866 ; Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 549.

Asterias filiformis, O. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 235, 1776.
Ophiura filiformis, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 546.
Ophiocoma jiliformis, Fbs.. Brit. Starfishes, p. 40.

Ophiolepis filiformis, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 94.

North European Seas; 8 to 100 fathoms.

Amphiura borealis, Lym.
Ophiopelta borealis, G. O. Sars, Nye Echin. Vid. Selsk, Forh., p. 16, 1871.
Lofoten Island ; 80 to 400 fathoms.

Amphiura anomala, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 15, pl. i.
figs. 26 to 28.
Juan Fernandez; 220 fathoms.

Amphiura lunaris, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 226, pl. il. figs.
31-33, 1878.
West Indies ; 955 fathoms

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 145

Amphiura torelli, Lym.
Amphipholis torelli, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 645, 1871.
Iceland.

Amphiura tenuispina, Ljn., Tilliigg Skan. Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 360, 1864.

Amphiura squamata (var.?), Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 313, 1866.
Amphipholis tenuispina, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 633, 1871.

Norway ; 60 to 300 fathoms.

Amphiura pugetana, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 198, 1868 ; Ill. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 125.
Puget Sound; Mendocino, Cal.

Amphiura violacea, Ord. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March 1856, p- 26; Addit. ad
Hist., part 2, p. 123; VIl., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 261.
West Coast of Central America.

Amphiura patagonica, Lym.
Amphipholis patagonica, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 646, 1871.
Straits of Magellan.

Amphiura microdiscus, Ord. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March, 1856, p. 26; Ltk., Addit.
ad Hist., part 2, p. 123; VII, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 261.
West Coast of Central America ; 10 fathoms.

Amphiura puntarene, Ord. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., 1856, p. 25; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p- 123; VIL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 261.
West Coast of Central America ; 3 fathoms.

Amphiura limbata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 115.
Ophiolepis limbata, Grube, Acad. Ces. Leop. Nova Acta, vol. xxvii. p. 34, 1860.
Rio de Janeiro.

Amphiura geminata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 122.

Ophiolepis geminata, Le Conte, Proc, Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 317, 1851; Vll, Trans. Conn.
Acad., vol. i, part 2, p. 261.

West Coast Central America.

146 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Amphiura goésii, Lym.
Amphipolis Goésit, Ljn., Dr. Gots, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 635, 1871.
West Indies ; 280 fathoms. ’

Amphiura kochii, Lym.
Amphipholis kochii, Ltk., Oph. Nov. Deser., p. 107, pls. i. and ii. figs. la, 14, 1872.

Manchuria.

Amphiura coree, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. xiv. p. 466, pl. x. figs. 18, 19,
1879.
Korean Straits ; 37 fathoms.

Amphiura subtilis, Lym.
Amphipholis subtilis, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 314, 1866.

Rio de Janeiro.

Amphiura gracillima, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 114.

Ophiolepis gracillima, Stimp., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. p. 224, 1852.
Amphiura Januari, Ljn., Om nagra nya arter, Of. Kong. Akad., p. 165, 1866.

South Carolina.

Amphiura riisei, Ltk., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vu. p. 258, 1860.
Amphiura cordifera, Ltk. (non Asterias, Bosc), Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 120, pl. iit, fig. 2,
1859.

West Indies.

Amphiura grisea, Lym.
Amphipholis grisea, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 313, 1866.
Gulf of Guayaquil.

Amphiura antarctica, Lym.

Ophiophragmus antarcticus, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 315, 1866.
Amphipholis antarctica, Ljn., Dr. Goés. Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 649, 1871,

Straits of Magellan.

Amphiura planispina, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 228, 1874.
Amphipholis planispina, V Mart., Monatsb. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 347, 1867.

Rio de Janeiro,

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 147

Amphiura barbare, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 17, pl. ii.
figs, 32, 54.

Santa Barbara, California ; 22 fathoms.

Ampliura atra, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 118, 1859.
Ophiolepis atra, Stimp., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. p. 225, 1852.
South Carolina.

Amphiura liitkeni, Lym.
Amphipholis liitkeni, Ljn., Dr. Gots, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 636, 1871.
West Indies; 10 fathoms.

Amphiura urtica, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 195, 1860; Ill. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 128.
Puget Sound.

Amphiura occidentalis, Lym., Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 194, 1860;
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 130, figs. 12, 13.
Monterey, Cal., to Puget Sound.

Amphiura chilensis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 122, 1859.

Ophiolepis chilensis, Mull. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, vol. ix. p. 120, 1843; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. v., fig. 77, 1875.

Chili; 3 fathoms.

Amphiura fissa, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 30, 1869.
Amoor.

Amphiwra érstedi, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March, 1856, p. 26; Addit., ad Hist., part 2,
pe 1215 1859:
West Coast of Central America; 3 fathoms.

Amphiura repens, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii., part 2, p. 18, pl. i.
figs. 38-40.
West Coast of Florida; 14 fathoms.

Amphiura pulchella, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 337, 1869.
Florida ; 18 to 39 fathoms.

148 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Amphiura securigera, Lym.
Ophiopelta securigera, Dib. & Kor., Of. Kong. Akad., p. 236, 1844; Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong.
Akad., p. 321, 1866.

Baltic Sea.

Amphiura impressa, Lym.
Amphipholis impressa, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 314, 1866.

Between Batavia and Singapore.

Amphiura levis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 229, pl. iv. figs.
18-21, 1874.
Philippines.

Amphiura hastata, Lym.
Amphipholis hastata, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 313, 1866.
Mozambique.

Amphiura integra, Lym.
Amphipholis integra, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 313, 1866.
Port Natal, South Africa.

Amphiura andree, Lym.
Amphipholis andree, Ltk., Oph. Nov. Deser., p. 106, pls. i. and ii. figs. la, 10, le
Java.

Amphiura gibbosa, Lym.
Ophiophragmus gibbosus, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 316, 1866.
Port Natal, South Africa.

Amphiura abdita, Vil., Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. ii, 1871, p. 182; Lym., Ill. Cat.,
No. viii., part 2, pl. v. fig. 82.
Noank, Connecticut.

Amphiura lobata, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 315, 1866.
Near Sydney, Australia.

Amphiura cuneata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 225, pl. i. figs.
34-36, 1878.
West Indies; 339 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 149

Amphiura tumida, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 225, pl. ii.
figs. 28-30, 1878.
West Indies ; 321 fathoms.

Amphilepis.
Amphilepis, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., 1866.

Disk flat, covered with rather large naked overlapping scales and stout radial
shields. Large teeth. No tooth papillae. Mouth angle wide, of medium length, and a
few (usually six) small, unequal, scale-like mouth papille. Second mouth tentacles
enclosed between first under arm plate, outer end of side mouth shield, and outer mouth
papilla. Arm flat, even and slender. Arm spines few (usually three) short and regular.
Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

The disk scales and stout radial shields are much coarser than in most Amphiure, as,
indeed, is the general structure. Especially are the jaws and mouth frames stouter, more
flaring and proportionately wider, while the nerve ring is covered by a substantial peris-
tomial plate in a single piece of a long oval form. The genital plates have a very long
head of a cylindroid form, which suddenly passes into a short flat shaft, just where a
short, flat genital scale is joined, so that the two pieces give somewhat the effect of a
lobster’s claw. The arm bones are similar to those of the Amphiure, and those nearest
the disk margin have a forward projection of the upper surface. (See Pl. XL. fig. 19.)

Amphilepis norvegica, Lin. (Pl. XL. fig. 19).
Amphilepis norvegica, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 322, 1866; Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong.
Akad., p. 632, 1871.
Amphiura norvegica, Ljn., Tillagg Skan. Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 363, pl. xv. figs. 3-3d, 1864.
So far as one may judge, without having a proper series, these are the adult of
Ljungman’s original. They have the disk as large as 9 mm. ‘The radial shields are
pretty large and separated, and there is no tentacle scale.
Station 45.—May 3, 1873; lat. 38° 34’ N., long. 72° 10’ W.; 1240 fathoms; mud.
Station 46.—May 6, 1873; lat. 40° 17’ N., long. 66° 48’ W.; 1350 fathoms ; mud.

Amphilepis patens, Lym. (Pl. XIX. figs. 1-3).
Amphilepis patens, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 34, pl xii. figs.
338-340, 1879.

Disk flat, round and smooth. Mouth angle large with three wide mouth papill on
each side. Second pair of mouth tentacles encircled by hard parts of the mouth.

Diameter of disk 11 mm. Width of arm near disk 2 mm. Mouth papille broad
and irregular; on either side of the large prominent mouth angle, at the outer corner,
are two or more or less closely joined; and, at the apex, a larger pair which, through

(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP,— PART XIV.—1882.) O 20

150 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

the gap between them, shows the small lowest tooth. Mouth shields rather small, rounded,
broader than long, often with a little peak inward; length to breadth, 1:1°2. Side
mouth shields short and wide; narrower within, where they barely meet. Under arm
plates, rather small, as broad as long, shield shaped, with a gently curved outer side,
lateral sides a little re-enteringly curved, and an obtuse angle within. Side arm plates
wide, with a knob-like spine crest, meeting fully above and nearly or quite below.
Upper arm plates transverse oval, twice as wide as long, separated by the side arm plates.
Disk round and flat, but not thin; covered above and below with rounded, overlapping,
flat, rather large, very thin, translucent scales, with indistinct outlines; above they are
of pretty even size, except a marginal row of larger, each of which is ‘7 mm. long;
below they are much finer; about 3 in the length of 1 mm. Radial shields large, of a
rhomboidal form, except that the outer side is rectangular, much longer than wide,
strongly diverging, with the outer ends nearly touching, but separated within by a
broad wedge of numerous scales; length to breadth, 3:1°2. Three stout, short,
cylindrical, tapering, blunt arm spines ; lengths to that of an under arm plate, 11, 1°2,
1°3.:°8. Tentacle pores large, with one minute scale on lateral side of under arm plate.
The roots of the second pair of mouth tentacles come low down, and thus seem framed
by the surrounding hard parts. Colour in alcohol pale grey.

Station 299.—December 14, 1875; lat. 33° 31’8., long. 74° 43’ W.; 2160 fathoms ;
erey mud.

Amphilepis papyracea, Lym.
Amphilepis papyracea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 34, figs. 429-431, 1879.

Disk thin and flat, with thin, fine scales. Three tapering, rather slender arm spines,
a little longer than an arm joint. No tentacle scale. Radial shields nearly or quite
separated their entire length.

(Type specimen from Station 198.) Diameter of disk 9mm. Width of arm close
to disk, without spines, 1°5 mm. Two wide, slender pomted mouth papillae on each
side, standing high up on the jaws. Four teeth, the three upper ones flat and wide,
with a curved cutting edge; the lowest thicker and more conical. Mouth shields flat
and small, of a wide heart shape with a rounded angle inward and outer edge rounded ;
length to breadth, *7:1. Side mouth shields wide without, where they enclose the
corner of the mouth shield, narrow and just meeting within. Under arm plates penta-
gonal with inner angle slightly truncated, lateral sides re-enteringly curved, and outer
edge straight. Side arm plates with outer edge swollen; meeting above, and nearly so
below. Upper arm plates thin and translucent, of a transverse oval shape, about twice
as wide as long. Disk smooth, flat, angular and very thin, covered with small, thin,
rounded, ill-defined scales. Radial shields with a vague outline, of a bent pear-seed

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 151

shape, nearly touching without, separated within by an oval of five scales; length to
breadth, 2°5: 1. Scaling on lower interbrachial space finer than that above. Three
rather slender, bluntly pointed, tapering, cylindrical arm spines, a little longer than an
arm joint, well up on the outer edge of side arm plates. Tentacle pores large, but
without a scale. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Station 198.—October 20, 1874; lat. 2° 55’ N., long. 124° 53’ E.; 2150 fathoms ;
red clay.

Amphilepis tenuis, Lym.

Amphilepis tenuis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 35, pl. xvi. figs. 432-434,
1879.

One minute tentacle scale. One mouth papilla on each side (sometimes broken in
two). Radial shields short and wide, and joined for half their length.

(Type specimen from Station 237.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, "7 mm. One wide, pointed, somewhat bent mouth papilla high up
on each side of the mouth angle, and a pair, short, thick, and rounded, at the apex.
Mouth shields small, twice as broad as long, of a transverse diamond shape, with rounded
angles. Side mouth shields three sided, short and swollen, wider without, tapering
rapidly within, where they scarcely meet. Under arm plates broad pentagonal ; with a
short angle within, outer side nearly straight, and laterals slightly curved. The first
plate is large and of a truncated wedge form. Side arm plates meeting broadly above
and nearly touching below. Upper arm plates twice as broad as long, of a nearly semi-
circular outline, with the curve inward. Disk flat and angular, covered with very thin
scales; in centre of the disk is a rosette of six large ill-defined primary plates, each
nearly surrounded by minute scales. Radial shields short, wide pear-seed shaped, joined
for the outer half of their length, narrowly separated within by a wedge of small scales.
Scaling on interbrachial space below much finer than that above. Three short,
cylindrical, bluntly-pointed arm spines. One minute, rounded tentacle scale, which
easily falls off. Colour in alcohol, faint greenish-grey.

Station 237.—June 17, 1875; lat. 34°37’N., long. 140° 32’ E.; 1875 fathoms; mud.

Ophionem«a.
Ophionema, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, 1869.

Disk, small, delicate, and a little puffed; and having long, slender, even arms. Its
skin is quite naked, and its only solid parts are long, very narrow, parallel radial shields
above, and genital scales below. The mouth angles are short and small, as in Amphiura,
and bear four small papille, whereof two are below the teeth. Four or five small,
regular arm spines. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

152 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,

Both this genus and Ophionephthys are apparently naked over most of the disk. It
may be, however, that a minutely squamous coat is hidden under the integument.

Species of Ophionema not herein described.

Ophionema intricata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 27, 98, 1869.
West Indies.

Ophionephthys.
Ophionephthys, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, 1869.

Disk small, delicate, and a little puffed, and having long, slender, even arms. Its
skin is apparently quite naked, except where there are rows of scales about the radia.
shields, or along the margin. The mouth angles are small and short, and bear a few
(four to six) small mouth papilla. Four or five small arm spines. ‘Two genital openings
in each interbrachial space.

Species of Ophionephthys not hereim described.

Ophionephthys limicola, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 25, 98, 1869.
West Indies.

Ophionephthys phalerata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 229,
pl. vi. figs. 7-9, 1874.
Philippines.
Ophiocnida.
Ophiocnida, Lym., Tl. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i., 1865.

Disk small and delicate, furnished with uncovered radial shields, its coat of naked,
overlapping scales is beset with small thorns or grains. Teeth. No tooth papille.
Mouth angles short and small, bearing a few (four to six) little mouth papille. Arms
long, slender, even, more or less flattened. Arm spines short and regular. Two genital
openings in each interbrachial space.

Ophiocnida is Amphiura beset with small spines or grains, just as Ophiactis is
Amphiura of a very robust structure with short wide arms. The three genera differ
within themselves very much, and shade into each other on their borders; and they are
almost as closely allied with Ophiopholis, Ophionema, Ophionephthys, Amphilepis, &c.,
as with each other. But, while as genera they are difficult to define, the species within
the genera are curiously constant, well marked, and unvarying. In this they contrast
with such a genus as Ophiothria, well and clearly set off from its neighbour Ophiocnemis,
but having species which are almost impossible of distinction.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 11/593:

TABLE OF SpEcIES oF Ophiocnida.

One spiniform mouth papilla on each side, and a bead-like pair at

; hioenid am.
apex of mouth angle. Disk puffed, 0 : : : Ophibenadis Duane

spines,

Four to five mouth papille on each side. Two spiniform tentacle

9-10 arm

P Ophioenida olivacea.
scales. Disk puffed, . : 3 , ; z

Ophiocnida brachiata.
Arms very long, . . : : : . BN id

7-8 arm
spines.

Arm spines rough. ‘Four sharp mouth papill on each side. Two

oats phiocnida caribea,
spiniform tentacle scales, : 6 c C a (Coca co:

Lowest arm spine thick and rough, Two small mouth papille on
each side, and a bead-like pair at apex of mouth angle. Disk
puffed, . c . c c o ¢ :

Ophioenida scabra.

Lowest arm spine longest. One spiniform mouth papilla on each side
and a bead-like pair at apex of mouth angle,

5-6 arm spines.

? } Ophioenida pilosa.

Three blunt, nearly equal mouth papille on each side. Disk scales Ophioenida scabriuscula

|
spines flat; one of them often with a terminal cross-piece. \
|
1

Short spines on disk.
—_—_——_—_— OOOO

: thick, . : : : ‘ ; ; 51)
3
5. Similar to preceding, but disk spines longer, . é : . Ophioenida hispida.
& | Radial shields very narrow, . . c 6 6 . Ophioenida echinata.
cos]
lor) . ° :
One very wide mouth papilla on each side, and a clump of four Ophioenida abnormis.
minute at apex of mouth angle, . :
Two unequal mouth papille on each side, and a pair at apex of mouth ia
Granules angle, which are pointed and larger, : t Ophioenida filogranea.
on disk. ) ?
(ities nearly equal, bead-like mouth papilla on each side, . Ophiocnida lovenr.

Ophiocnida pilosa, Lym. (Pl. XIX. figs. 7-9).

Ophiocnida pilosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 32, pl. xii. figs. 341-343,
1879.

Disk scaling hidden. Disk set with stout simple spines. Five tapering arm spines,
the lowest one longest. A slender mouth papilla on each side, and a pair of thick ones
at apex of mouth angle.

(Type specimen from Station 162.) Diameter of disk 5°2 mm. Arm broken, but
apparently eight or ten times the diameter of disk. Width of arm near disk 1°2 mm.
The short narrow mouth angle has at its base on either side a spiniform papilla, and at
its apex a pair, stouter and more angular. Mouth shields longer than broad, nearly
oval. Side mouth shields triangular, somewhat curved round the mouth shield, not
meeting within. Under arm plates narrow, longer than broad, with eight sides, but
having the angles rounded and nearly obliterated; lateral sides re-enteringly curved.

154 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Side arm plates feeble, nearly or quite meeting above, but not below. Upper arm plates
nearly twice as wide as lone, of a transverse oval shape, with inner curve deeper than
outer. Disk delicate but rather thick, sparsely set above and below with small spines; in
the centre may be seen some round, very thin, primary plates; the rest seems naked, but
on drying a very fine, delicate scaling appears. Radial shields much longer than broad,
slightly curved, meeting without, widely separated within ; length to breadth, 1:°5. Five
cylindrical, tapering, blunt arm spines, the lowest somewhat the longest ; lengths to that
of an under arm plate, °5,°5,°5,°5,°7:°5. No tentacle scales. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Station 162.—April 2, 1874; off East Moncceur Island, Bass Strait; 38 fathoms ;
sand. Station 212.—January 30, 1875; lat. 6° 55’ N., long. 122° 15° E.; 10 to 20
fathoms ; sand.

Ophiocnida scabra, Lym, (Pl. XIX. figs. 4-6).

Ophioenida scabra, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 33, pl. xii. figs,
344-346, 1879.

Disk much puffed. Radial shields long and narrow. Five or six short, stout arm
spines, the second longest. Two minute mouth papillae on either side, and a pair of
larger ones at apex of mouth angle.

(Type specimen from Station 128.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Length of arm about
40 mm. Width of arm near disk 1°3 mm. Two minute, bead-like papillee on each side
of base of small mouth angle, and a pair, much larger, at its apex. Mouth shields small,
rounded, about as broad as long. Side mouth shields small, bent, wider without than
within, where they do not meet. Under arm plates as broad as long, bounded by a
curve without, and within by three sides of an octahedron. Side arm plates narrow,
widely separated above and below, and having a feeble spine ridge. Upper arm plates
two and a half times as broad as long, of a clean transverse oval shape. Disk extremely
puffed in the imterbrachial spaces by the swollen ovaries. This swollen portion, both
above and below, is naked, and sparsely set with minute, peg-like spines; but above the
surface is finely and pretty uniformly scaled, with about six scales in the length of 1 mm.
Radial shields long and very narrow, slightly bent towards each other, nearly or quite
separated their whole length by a narrow strip of two scales; length to breadth, 1°5 : ‘3
Six short, thick, microscopically thorny arm spines, whereof the two uppermost are
longest, somewhat flattened, poimted, and have a minute beak; those below diminish
constantly in length, and are almost club-shaped ; lengths to that of a lower arm plate,
5, 7, °4, 3, 38, °2:°3. One round tentacle scale. Tentacles papillose, as in Ophiothriz.
Colour in alcohol, pale yellowish-brown, mottled and speckled with darker.

Station 128.—September 14, 1873; off Bahia, Brazil; lat. 18° 6’ S., long. 38° 7’ W.;
1275 fathoms; mud.

This eccentric species might almost as well go with Ophiactis.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 155

Species of Ophzocnida not herein described.

Ophiocmda brachiata, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 12, 1865 ; Ljn. Oph.
Viv., Of. Kong. Akad., p. 317, 1866; Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 550.
Asterias brachiata, Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. vii. p. 84, 1804.
Ophiocoma brachiata, Fbs., Brit. Starfishes, p. 45, 1841.
Amphiura Neapolitana, Sars, Mid. Lit. Fauna, p. 94, 1857.
Ophiocnida Neapolitana, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 12.

North European Seas and Mediterranean ; 20 fathoms.

Ophiocnida abnormis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 227, pl. i.
figs. 37-39, 1878.
West Indies ; 101 fathoms.

Ophiocnida scabriuscula, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 135, 1865.

Amphiura scabriuscula, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 118, 1859.
Ophioenidella scabriuscula, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. p. 649.

West Indies.

Ophiocnida hispida, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 133, 1865.

Ophiolepis hispida, Le Conte, Proc. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 318, 1851.
Amphiura (Ophiolepis) hispida, Ltk. Addit. ad Hist., part 2, pp. 114, 119.

West Coast of Central America.

Ophiocnida filogranea, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 20,
1875, Outline figs. 88, 89.
Cedar Keys, Florida.

Ophiocnida loveni, Lym.

Ophiophragmus loveni, Ljn., Om nigra nya arter, Of. Kong. Akad., p. 165, 1866; Oph. Viv. Of.
Kong. Akad., p. 316, 1866,

Rio de Janeiro; 3 to 4 fathoms.

Ophiocnida echinata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 230, pl. iv.
figs. 22, 23, 1874.
Ophiophragmus echinatus, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 316, 1866.

Between Batavia and Singapore.

Ophiocnida caribea (2), Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 636, 1871.
Anguila, West Indies ; 300 to 400 fathoms.

156 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiocnida olivacea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 340, 1869 ;
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi, pl. i. figs. 7, 8; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v.,
part 9, p. 227.

West Indies ; 40 to 120 fathoms ; off Newport, Rhode Island; 86 to 126 fathoms.

Ophiocnida putnami, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 11, pl. 1
fig. 9, 1871.

Hong Kong.

Ophiopus.
Ophiopus., Ljn., Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., 1866.

Disk smooth and without spines, and covered by rather fine scales which separate the
rounded primary plates. Radial shields very small and somewhat widely separated.
Arms short and stout, with projecting side arm plates, which bear a few (three to four)
stout, regular spines. Mouth angles small and short bearing two flat papillee on either
side and a single one at the apex. Above the lateral papille are one or two others.
Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

I am at a loss to separate this genus from some species of Ophiactis that have no disk
spines (e.g., Ophiactis canotia). The only character seems to be the presence of one or
two additional mouth papillae above the lateral ones, but these are perhaps only the
scales of the first pair of mouth tentacles. My friend Dr. Ljungman considers this
genus between Ophioglypha and Amphiura, but it would be hard to say what were its
affinities with the former.

He informs me, in a recent letter, that Ophiaregma, G. O. Sars, is a synonym of this
genus, which leads to the inference that it has no genital openings.

The presence or absence of genital openings among Ophiurans has not yet been fully
worked out. An observer is apt to take the crease in the disk, close to the arm, for a
true opening, while there may be none at all.

In Ophiocymbium and in Ophiothamnus I have not been able to detect any opening,
although the skin of that region was extremely thin and might readily be ruptured.
The situation is more puzzling in species covered by massive, strongly soldered plates,
such as Ophiomusium spulchellum, where I could detect no distinct opening; and
Ophiomusium flabellum, whose side arm plates cover the whole interbrachial space and
seem to preclude the idea of genital openings.

Species of Ophiopus not herein described.
Ophiopus arcticus, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 309, 1866.
Ophiaregma abyssorum, G, O. Sars, Nye Echin, Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 42, 1872.
Spitzbergen, Norway ; 400 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 157

Hemipholis.
Hemipholis, Agas., MS.; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i., 1865.

Disk, above, covered with rounded, rather thick scales, and with large united radial
shields; below, naked. Disk slightly indented, at the base of each arm. Teeth. No
tooth papille. Mouth angle extremely narrow, with a tooth at the apex, and a small
papilla at the outer corner. Side mouth shields touching each other, so as to form a
continuous ring round the mouth. Three short, tapering arm spines. Two genital
openings, beginning outside the mouth shields.

This genus, scarcely to be separated by external characters from some species of
Amphiura that are naked below, presents considerable differences in the skeleton. In
the first place, there is no genital scale, but only a genital plate, with a clubbed
outer end and a strongly curved slender shaft. The mouth frames are much larger
than in Amphiura with prolonged wings, and a small but well-marked single peristomial
plate.

The arm bones are wider, with thicker wings and a less marked forward projection
of the upper surface. Their lower surface presents an immense canal (PI. XL. fig. 9, ¢),
which rises in the substance of the bone like a high, wide arch, and changes the
usual position of the articulating peg (6). (See Plate XL. figs. 8-12.)

Hemipholis cordifera, known long ago by the description of Bosc, is plentiful in the
harbour of Charleston, 8.C., where it was collected by Professor Agassiz in 1852, and
was carefully examined in the living state by the late Professor H. J. Clark. Besides the
peculiarities already noted in the skeleton, the tentacles are papillose (Pl. XLIV. figs.
13, 7, 14, 15). The papilla, as well-as the tip of the tentacle itself, are imperforate, as
appears in the section (fig. 14). The centre, however, is hollow, and contains a long
spiral, like a half partition, which is apparently muscular and doubtless aids in retraction.
Fig. 13 gives an excellent picture of a part of the under side of the living animal.
Between the points of the teeth, in three of the interbrachial spaces, may be seen a
white line, which is the edge of the mouth sphincter. The females were then (January)
full of eggs, one of which (fig. 16) is shown considerably magnified.

The species is, I suspect, viviparous, as I found minute young, clinging to the arms
and disk of the adult. One of these, having a disk but half a millimetre in diameter
(Pl. XL. fig. 12) displayed only the six primary back plates (g, g’), and the beginning
of one interbrachial. There were as yet no radial shields, although the arms had already
ten joints. It was not until the disk was 1 mm. across that the beginnings of radial
shields were visible (fig. 11,7). Besides these there were not only the primary plates
(g, g’) but one brachial and three interbrachial. 1t thus appears that radial shields, so
nearly universal among Ophiurans, are not special plates, but entirely homologous with

other disk scales, and by no means the first to appear.
(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART xIv,—1882.) O 21

158 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Species of Hemzpholis not herein described.

Hemipholis cordifera, Lym. (Pl. XL. figs. 8-12; Pl. XLIV. figs. 13-16).
Hemipholis cordifera, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 137, pl. i. figs. 1-
Asterias cordifera, Bosc, Hist. Nat. Vers., vol. ii. p. 138, pl. ii. fig. 3, 1830.
Ophiura elongata, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 146, 1825,
Ophiolejs elongata, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 95, 1842; Stimp., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,

vol. iv. p. 225, 1852.

Ophiolepis uncinata, Ayres, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist., vol. iv. p. 250, 1852.
Hemipholis elongata, Agas., MS.
Amphiura elongata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 115, 1859.
Amphiura cordifera (Bosc), Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 120, pl. i. fig. 2, 1859.

West Indies.

3, 1865.

Hemipholis gracilis, V\l., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 262, 1867.
Hemipholis affinis, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., 1866.
Guayaquil.

Hemipholis microdiscus, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv. p. 467, pl. x. figs.
20-22, 1879.
Korean Strait ; 51 fathoms.

Hemipholis wallichii, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xv. p. 138, pl. vi., is a very
young animal, with a disk not more than .5 mm. in diameter. It is not possible to dis-
tinguish either the genus or the species.

Ophiophragmus.
Ophiophragmus, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i, 1865.

Disk small and delicate, furnished with naked radial shields, and fine overlapping
scales ; the scales along the edge of the disk are turned up, so as to make a little fence.
Teeth. No tooth-papille. Mouth angles short and small, bearing six close-set little
papillz. Arms slender, even and more or less flattened. Arm-spines short and regular.
Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

It is in the structure of the mouth frames that this genus, as illustrated in Ophio-
phragmus wurdemani is peculiar. The upper brachial rims of the contiguous halves
form an elevated crescent embracing the outer end of the mouth slit; while the inter-
brachial rims or wings (PI. XL. fig. 4, f) rise as steep crests whose free side (fig. 7)
has deep radiating grooves for the attachment of the external mouth frame muscle.
Similar, but not at all so large, grooves are found in Ophiocoma, but there is nothing in
the character of either genus that seems to call for such a strong attachment. In general
build the skeleton is more powerful than that of Amphiura. The radial shields are wide
and thick ; the genital plates stout and club-headed, while the arm bones are stouter and

é

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 159

thicker than in Amphiwra, and have no upper outward projection. Their under surface
has a very large canal (fig. 5, ¢), but not so high nor so wide as in Hemipholis.

See Plate XL. figs. 4-7,

Species of Ophiophragmus not herein described.

Ophiophragmus wurdemani, Lym. (Pl. XL. figs. 4-7).
Ophiophragmus Wurdemani, Lym, Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp., Zool., No. i. p. 132, 1865.
Amphiura Wurdemant, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 169, 1860.

West Coast of Florida.

Ophiophragmus marginatus, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 131, 1865.
Amphiura marginata, Orst. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March 1856, p. 26; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
Pro pl intignds USO!

West Coast of Central America.

Ophiophragmus septus, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No, i. p. 12, 1865.
Amphiura septa Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 120, 1859.
West Indies; 47 fathoms.

Ophiopsila.
Ophiopsila, Fbs., Trans. Linn. Soe., vol. xix., 1842.

Disk covered with very minute, overlapping, smooth scales, which nearly or quite cover
the narrow radial shields. Teeth. Tooth papille sometimes present and sometimes
wanting. A few (six to eight) side mouth papillee. Arm spines short, flattened, numerous
(six to twelve). Lowest tentacle scale very long, like a spatula, ora dagger. Lower arm
plates faintly indicated and sunken, making a groove in which lie the long tentacle scales,
Two genital openings in each interbrachial space, beginning outside the mouth shields.

The disk is enclosed by extremely fine and even imbricated scales, which more or less
spread over the upper surface of the stout narrow, curved and bar-like radial shields, to
which are jointed the cylindroid heads of the genital plates. These become flat, at about
one-third of their length, and have there attached a flat genital scale, which is prolonged
quite to the radial shields by a slender additional piece. The arm bones, not unlike
those of Amphiura in outline, differ from allied genera by the massive shoulder in the
outer surface (Pl. XL. fig. 2), which forms the hollow to receive the umbo of the pre-
ceding bone. The mouth frames are small, simple and without deep grooves, and have
a small linear peristomial plate, in one or two pieces. Instead of a jaw plate soldered
with the jaws, as in most Amphiure, there is here a distinct plate, thick and very wide,
which bears large oblong teeth.

See Plate XL. figs. 1-3.

160 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Species of Ophiopsila not herein described.

Ophiopsila aranea, Fbs., Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xix. p. 149, 1842; Ludwig, Echin, des
Mittelmeeres, p. 550.
Ophianoplus marmorcus (2), Sars, Mid. Lit. Fauna, p. 23, 1859,
Ophiopsila marmorea, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 136, 1859.

Mediterranean ; 15 to £0 fathoms.

Ophiopsila annulosa, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 136, 1859; Ludwig, Echin.
des Mittelmeeres, p. 551.

Ophianoplus annulosus, Sars, Mid. Lit. Fauna, p. 83, pl. i. figs. 2-7, 1857.

Mediterranean.

Ophiopsila riisei, Ltk. (Pl. XL. figs. 1-3).
Ophiopsila Riise’, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 136, 1859, pl. v. fig. 2. ; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus,
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 150, figs. 16, 17 ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 228.

West Indies; littoral to 37 fathoms.

Ophiopsila fulva, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 227, pl. u. figs.
25-27, 1878.
West Indies; 13 to 175 fathoms.

Ophionereis.
Ophionereis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, 1859.

Disk covered with fine overlapping scales, usually uniform, except those along
margin, which are somewhat larger. Radial shields nearly hidden by the scale coat.
Large oblong teeth. Mouth angle small and short, and bearing nine or ten close-set
little papille. A few (three to five) short, smooth arm spines. One large tentacle scale.
Each upper arm plate has a supplementary piece on either side. Two genital openings
beginning outside the mouth shields in each interbrachial space.

Seen from their under side, the radial shields are found to be long and narrow
with an enlarged outer end (Ophionereis reticulata), or wide and rudely three-sided
(Ophionereis annulata), but in either case they are widely separated. The genital plates
are long, club-headed and moderately stout, and have attached, just at the inner part of
the head, a thin genital scale, which extends quite to the mouth shield. The mouth
frames are rather simple and not large, about as large as in Amphiura, and they support
very small jaws bearing a distinct jaw plate. There is nothing but an irregular lime
crust to represent the peristomial plate. The disk arm bones, beyond the first two,
have on their upper surface a long projection forward fitting into a slot in the next

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 161

bone, in a way that brings to mind Ophiothriz. Ophionereis is found in shallow tropical
waters all over the world, and yet is remarkable for its few species and their close
resemblance.

See Plate XL. figs. 13-15.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophionereis.

{ Disk scales very fine and thin, 13-15 to a millimetre in centre of upper disk,

Ophionere’s dubi
and in interbrachial spaces below, ‘i ha : me

Extremely like Ophionereis dubia save in colour (a purple patch ouside))
mouth shields, and in general light yellowish). In young ae disk | Ophionereis reticulata.
scales are coarser, a!

Very like Ophionereis reticulata, except middle arm spine usually longer ;

Ophionereis annulata.
disk scales of young coarser. Colour olive, with purple arm bands, e d

Always three arm spines.

Scaling coarsest of all, with numerous larger scales. At centre of disk about ; ;
Ophionereis porrecta.

[ 9 in the length of a millimetre. Young with scales decidedly thickened,
F g Scaling about the same as in Ophionere’s dubia, . : , . Ophionereis schayeri.
Go
~ 7 | Scaling coarser than in the preceding species, with more large scales, . Ophionereis albomaculata.
Ophionereis dubia, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i p. 149, 1865;
V. Martens, Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 246.

Ophiure, Savigny, Descr. de PEgypte Echin., pl. i. figs. 31-310, 1809-25.
Ophiolepis dubia, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 94.
Ophionereis crassispina, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 311, 1866.

Professor P. M. Duncan! writes this species Ophionereis dubia, Audouin. Here is
one more example of the troubles that come from placing authorities according to honour
or credit, instead of using them as parts of an exact and convenient system of registra-
tion. Anybody who is acquainted with the tradition of the Jardin des Plantes knows
that Audouin is not entitled to the “ credit of discovery and exact representation.”
Savigny discovered the species and had it drawn. When, after long delay in the publi-
cation, Savigny broke down, Audouin was appointed to edit this part of the work. His
editing was such as only Carlyle could properly describe !

It is hardly needful to add that a student, seeing the name Ophionereis dubia,
Audouin, might well hunt for a week. only to find at last that Audouin never called it
by either of those names, did not describe it, and, in fact, knew nothing about it.

Fiji Islands, same species? Gomera, Canary Islands, same species? Amboyna ;
100 fathoms.

' Linn. Soe. Jour. Zool., vol. xiv. p. 464.

162 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Ophionereis reticulata, Ltk. (Pl. XL. figs. 13-15).

_ Ophionereis reticulata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 110, 1859, pl. iii. figs. 6a, 60; Lym.,
Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 141; Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 224.
Ophiura reticulata, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 148, 1825.
Ophiolepis nereis, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March, 1856, p. 11.

Bahia; 7 to 20 fathoms. Bermudas.

Ophionereis schayeri, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 110, 1859.

Ophiolepis Schayeri, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, vol. x. p. 182, 1844.
Ophionereis fasciata (2), Hutt., Echin, New Zealand, p. 2, 1872.

Station 162.—April 2, 1874; off East Moncceur Island, Bass Strait; 38 to 40

fathoms ; sand.

Ophionereis porrecta, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 260, 1860; IL
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 147, figs. 14, 15; VII., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
xl. p. 390. ?

Ophionereis squamata, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 310, 1866.
Ophionereis variegata (2), Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. xv. p. 462, pl. x. figs. 15, 16, 1879.

Honolulu Reefs ; Honolulu.

Species of Ophionerecs not herein described.

Ophionereis annulata, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vil. p. 203, 1860;
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 143; VIl., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. 1, part 2, p. 259.

Ophiolepis annulata, Le Conte, Proc, Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 317, 1851.
Ophiolepis triloba, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., March 1856, p. 23.; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 112,

‘ 1859.
Ophionereis Xantusii, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 258, 1860; Il. Cat. Mus.

Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 145.

West Coast of Central America ; littoral to 35 fathoms.

Ophionereis albomaculata, E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 92, 1877.

Galapagos.

Ophiocymbium.
Ophiocymbium, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880.

Disk flat and covered with delicate overlapping scales, without radial shields
externally visible. It overlies, and is scarcely attached to the arms, like the borders of
a Basque cap, and there seem to be no genital openings. Arm spines along outer edge
of side arm plates, but at an angle. On jaw plate, a tuft of small spines which corre-
spond to teeth and tooth papille. Mouth papille squarish and arranged in a close line.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 163

Tentacle pores very large ; those of the second mouth tentacles set in a socket, much
like the rest.

This genus is of rather doubtful position. While its general structure seems to place
it here, the situation of the arm spines would almost bring it in the first great group.

Ophiocymbium cavernosum, Lym. (Pl. XXVII. figs. 1-3).
Ophiocymbium cavernosum, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 7, 1880.

Four arm spines. Two or three disk scales in the length of 1 mm. Side mouth
shields small and not meeting within.

(Type specimen from Station 157.) Diameter of disk 7°5 mm. Arms broken, but
apparently about three times the diameter of the disk. Width of arm, without spines,
12mm. At apex of mouth angle is a boss-like jaw plate bearing a cluster of four or
five short, blunt, irregularly placed spines, which correspond to teeth and tooth papille ;
inside these, and along the margin of the wide jaws, on either side, is a close line of
three or four flat, squarish mouth papille, whereof the outermost stands on the margin
of the socket of the second mouth tentacle, while the opposite margin, formed by a
portion of the side mouth shield, bears two flattened, spine-like tentacle scales. Mouth
shields small and of a rounded heart shape; length to breadth, 1:1. Side mouth shields
small, wide without, but narrow and not meeting within. First under arm plate pretty
large and wide, three sided, with an angle inward. Those beyond are shaped like an
axe, with a wide, curved cutting edge, and a narrow body pointing inward. The narrow-
ness of the inner portion comes from the encroachment of the large tentacle pores. Side
arm plates long but not prominent; meeting above and below. Upper arm plates
small and triangular, with an angle inward. Disk thin and flattened, with a tender
skin covered by very thin, delicate, overlapping scales ; two or three in the length of
1mm. No radial shiclds can be seen from the outside. There are apparently large
genital openings, but these are merely the creases on either side of the arm; for, in
reality, the under disk surface, with a very delicate scaling, is continuous over the arm,
and there are no genital openings in their usual position. Four delicate, sharp, some-
what flattened, arm spines which, though placed on the outer edge of side arm-plates,
have a considerable lateral motion. No tentacle scales except to the mouth tentacles.

Colour in alcohol: disk, pale greenish-erey; arms, straw.

Station 157.—March 3, 1874; east of Kerguelen Islands ; lat. 53° 55’ S., long. 108°
35’ E. ; 1950 fathoms ; diatom ooze.

Ophioplax.
Ophioplar, Lym., Hl. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii. part 2, 1875.

Teeth ; no tooth papille. Mouth angle small and short, bearing numerous (eleven)

164 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

sharp, close-set papillee. Scaling of disk beset with granulation. Arms long and rather
stiff, arm spines few (three) and smooth, arranged on the ridges of the side arm plates.
One very large tentacle scale on the side arm plate, and others, minute, on the under
arm plate. Two long genital openings in each interbrachial space.

The genus stands near Ophiocnida, but is distinguished by the numerous mouth
papille arranged as in Ophiura, and by the singular tentacle scales.

By its internal, even more than by its external structure, Ophioplax is separated
from such genera as Ophiocnida. While the slender genital plates, thin genital scales,
and arm bones with a forward projection remind us of the Amphiure ; the radial shields,
continued inward by a line of large overlapping scales, suggest Ophiocoma ; and the wide
spreading, solid mouth angles, with large tentacle sockets, and the thick peristomial
plate, in two pieces, are even larger than in Amphilepis.

See Plate XLI. fig. 7.

Species of Ophioplax not herein described.
Ophioplax Tjungmani, Lym. (Pl. XLI. fig. 7).
Ophioplax Uungmani, Lym., I. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 22, 1875, pl. ii. figs.
24, 25; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 228.
West Indies ; 80 to 127 fathoms.

Ophiostigina.
Ophiostigma, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856.

Disk granulated. Teeth. No tooth papille. Basal mouth papille very long, stout,
and broad ; the others small and few, arranged so as to cover the end as well as the sides
of the angle of the mouth. Arm spines three, short, smooth, arranged along the sides of
the side arm plates. Side mouth shields large ; nearly, or quite, touching, so as to form
a ring round the mouth. Mouth apparatus, as a whole, forming a distinct, raised
pentagon. Two genital openings, beginning outside the mouth shields.

This shares with Ophiothamnus a curious skeleton modification, It is, that the geni-
tal plates instead of occupying their normal position at the sides of the arm, lie above it
and hide it (Pl. XLII. fig. 16, 0). So that the thin warped genital scales (7) are below,
and their plane is at right angles with that of the plates. The disk scaling is very
coarse, thick and irregular, with large three-sided radial shields having prolonged angles.
The mouth frames are compact and plain, without deep grooves. They have a rather
small, rounded peristomial plate of a crusty consistency. The jaw is small and soldered
with the jaw plate, as i Amphiura.

See Plate XLII. fig. 16.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 165

Ophiostigma africanum, Lym. (Pl. XVIII. figs. 17-19).

Ophiostigmu africanum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 41, pl. xii. figs.
368-370, 1879.

Arms more than eight times the diameter of disk. Outer mouth papilla very wide.
Radial shields long, narrow, and joined.

(Type specimen from Cape de Verde Island.) Diameter of disk 2°2 mm. Length of
arm 18 mm. Width of arm near disk ‘6 mm. Three mouth papilla on each side of a
mouth angle, whereof the two inner ones are small, short, and almost conical, while the
outer is straight and very wide, extending from the first under arm plate about two-
thirds the length of an angle. Mouth shields three-sided, with rounded angles, bounded
without by a curve, and within by a rounded angle ; length to breadth, ‘2: °3. Side
mouth shields wide, a little broader without than within, where they fully meet. Under
arm plates small, pentagonal, with outer side nearly straight, lateral sides a little
re-enteringly curved, and an angle within. Side arm plates nearly meeting above and
below, and having a thick, low, spine crest. Upper arm plates small, irregular trans-
verse oval, with the inner curve deeper than the outer. Disk rather thick, standing
nearly clear of the arms, as is usual in the genus : covered with fine, thin, nearly equal,
indistinct scales, whereof most are rounded, but some, near the centre, are angular: there
are about twelve in the length of 1 mm. where they are finest. Along margin of disk
are minute, peg-like, scattered spines, which are not jointed at the base. Radial shields
long, narrow, and closely joined ; length to breadth, 6 :-2. At their outer ends are
visible the points of the genital plates, in two little lobes. Three stout, equal, peg-like,
very short arm spines, standing nearly at right angles with the arm. Two minute,
longer than broad tentacle scales standing diagonally with the arm plate. Colour in
alcohol, nearly white.

St. Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands.

Ophiostigma africanum differs from Ophiostigma isacanthum in having longer arms,
and longer, narrower radial shields; and from Ophiostigma formosa by its wide outer
mouth papilla and longer arms.

Species of Ophiostigma not herein described.

Ophiostigma isacanthum, Lym. (Pl. XLII. fig. 16).
Ophiostigma isacanthum, Lym., ll. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 103, figs. 8, 9, 1865; Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 224.
Ophiura isacantha, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., vol. v., p. 150, 1825,
Ophiostigma moniliforme, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 132, 1859.

West Indies ; littoral to 63 fathoms.
(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP,—PART xIv.—1882. ) O

bo
bo

166 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiostigma tenue, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 13; Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p.
131, pl. ii. fig. 9.
West Coast of Central America.

Ophiostigma formosa, Ltk., Oph. Nov. Deser., p. 3., pls. 1. and u. figs. 5a, 5b, 1872.
Formosa.

Ophiochytra.
Ophiochytra, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880.

Disk covered with little, overlapping scales, and small radial shields. Teeth ; no tooth
papille. The small short mouth angles support a line of squarish, close-set mouth
papillze on each side. Large side arm plates, which meet above and below, and bear on
their outer edge small spines, which, however, stand at nearly a right angle to the arm.
Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

Ophiochytra epigrus, Lym. (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 12-14).

Ophiochytra epigrus, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., pl. ii. figs. 17-19, 1880.

Two small peg-like arm spines. One tentacle scale. Very small radial shields, wider
than long.

(Type specimen from Station 276.) Diameter of disk 5°55 mm. Length of arm
about 13 mm. Width of arm without spines 1°2 mm. ‘Teeth small, wide and short,
closely soldered to a small and very thin jaw plate. On either side of mouth angle, a
close row of three or four flattened, squarish mouth papille, whereof the outermost is
largest and acts as tentacle scale to the second mouth tentacle. Mouth shields small, of
a pointed heart-shape, with the angle inward ; length to breadth, 0°8 : 0°6. Side mouth
shields long, and extending far beyond the mouth shields, tapering inward where they
nearly or quite meet. First under arm plate about as broad as long, with a curved, or
slightly angular outer side, and a tapering angle inward ; the plates beyond are axe-
shaped, much wider without than within, bounded without by a curve, on the lateral
sides by re-entering curves, and within by an obtuse angle. Side arm plates long and
meeting broadly above and below, thickened on their outer edge, but not flaring. Upper
arm plates small, with three nearly equal sides, and an angle inward. Disk round,
slightly arched, covered above with pretty regular, rounded overlapping scales, two or
three in the length of 1 mm. ; and below by larger and more angular scales. Radial
shields very small, wider than long, and touching. Genital openings large, extending
from mouth shield to margin of disk. Two very short, peg-like arm spines standing on
outer edge of sides arm plates, but at nearly a right angle to arm. One oval tentacle
scale.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 167

Colour in alcohol, pale greenish-grey ; arms lighter.

Station 276.—September 16, 1875; near Low Archipelago; lat. 13° 28 S., long.
149° 30’ W. ; 2350 fathoms ; red clay.

This solitary representative is highly interesting as almost the only deep-sea Ophiuran
found by the ‘‘ Challenger” in the immense distance between the Sandwich Islands and
the south-west coast of South America.

Ophiocentrus.
Ophiocentrus, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., 1866.

Disk covered by a soft skin, except a portion of radial shields, and set with short
spines. Four mouth papillz to each angle, whereof two are very thick and standing under
the teeth ; and two minute ones, standing at the outer corners. Arms long (ten times
diameter of disk), with very narrow upper arm plates, which barely separate the two
rows of numerous (seven) rough arm spines. Two genital openings in each interbrachial
space.

Species of Ophiocentrus not herein described.

Ophiocentrus aculeatus, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 321, 1866.
Between Batavia and Singapore.

Ophiocoma.
Ophiocoma, Agas., Mem. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1835.

Disk granulated. Radial shields covered. Teeth, and mouth papille, and very
numerous close-set tooth papillz, arranged in a vertical clump. Spines, usually from
four to six; smooth, solid (except in Ophiocoma nigra). One or two tentacle scales.
Two genital openings, beginning outside the mouth shield.

Under the disk granulation is a smooth scale coat, very fine toward the centre ; coarser
towards the border, where runs a marginal belt of much larger scales connecting the outer
ends of the radial shields (Pl. XLII. fig. 9, 7), which are oblong, with protruding corners.
They are continued inward by a broad stripe of large, strongly overlapping scales, a
feature nowhere so developed as in this genus. ‘The genital plate is like a thick blade,
with rounded edges and a slightly clubbed head for articulating with the radial shields,
and to whose side is attached a short, thin blade-like genital scale (fig. 12, J,n,0). As
seen from above, the arm bones are of very simple structure, being short, with thin, flat,
plain-edged wings, and destitute of any forward projections from the upper surface.
Their outer and inner faces are of a high type, having the articulating peg and other
details well marked (figs. 10, 11). The mouth angles are compactly built and of moderate
size, without flaring wings, or high crests, thus differing greatly from Ophiophrag-

168 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

mus wurdemani; with which, however, they share the peculiarity of having, on the
interbrachial sides of the mouth frames, a series of deep furrows for the attachment of
the exterior mouth frame muscle. The nerve-ring is scarcely covered by the linear,
narrow, peristomial plate, which is in two pieces. A good example of detail of finish
is found in the mouth angle, as seen in profile (fig. 13). There are the mouth
papillz (d) an even row ; and above them, in a close clump, the tooth papille (d’) ; and,
still above them, the teeth (d@”) which have a quasi-enamelled grinding end. They are
supported by a well-marked jaw-plate (e) which has little pits above and cross furrows
below, for the insertion of the minute tooth, and tooth papilla muscles. Outside this
are the sockets of the mouth tentacles, whereof the upper one has a fixed scale, and the
lower may be said to have the outermost mouth papilla as its scale. Outside these,
again, may be seen the wing of the mouth frames (/), whose opposite face bears the
muscle furrows already referred to.

Some good specific characters may be found in the internal structure. Thus Ophio-
coma ethiops is distinguished from Ophiocoma riised and Ophiocoma echinata by a finer
scaling of the central disk (six in the length of 1 mm.), and by larger supplementary scales
to the radial shields. Ophiocoma erinaceus has the corresponding disk scaling much coarser
(three in 1 mm.) than in Ophiocoma scolopendrina (five in 1 mm.), and the jaw cover of
the latter, though narrow, is thick and well marked. Ophiocoma pumila, which leads a
group with long arms and a more delicate structure, has large radial shields without the
usual projecting corners, while their radiating rows of thick, overlapping scales are
almost wanting. The marginal scale belt, however, is well developed. Ophiocoma pica has
an even but coarse scaling (two in 1 mm. near centre of disk) ; the radial shields, narrower
than in other species, are continued towards the centre by a narrow row of supplementary
scales ; the genital plate is prolonged, by upright scales, to the mouth shield.

On the borders of this genus lie Ophiocoma papillosa and the old species Ophiocoma
migra. The former I should doubtless refer to Ophiopteris were I sure that it
truly: corresponded with its type-species Ophiocoma antipodum. It differs from
Ophiocoma (1) in having only three narrow mouth papille on each side, and more
numerous tooth papille ; (2) in having small scale spines overlapping the base of the
upper arm spine [but this is found in Ophiocoma canaliculata]; (8) Ophiocoma
papillosa (and presumably Ophiocoma antipodum) has papillose tentacles ; (4) and almost
no striations for muscle attachment on the interbrachial sides of the mouth frame wings ;
(5) in well developed jaw-covers, which, however, are not larger than in Ophiocoma mgra.
Otherwise, the inner structure, as well as the outer in Ophiocoma papillosa is the same
as in Ophiocoma. As to Ophiocoma nigra it differs from the genus in its large and
thick peristomial plate, and in having hollow arm spines, which last peculiarity draws it
towards Ophioconis. Its relations to Ophiocoma miliaria and Ophiocoma antarctica
will be shown by the following table :—

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.,

‘

169

Ophiocoma miliaria,

Ophiocoma antarctica.

Thin, in three pieces, with a
crust over outer open angle
as in Ophiocamax.

Peristomial
plate.

Hollow, round, standing on

Spines. outer edge of side arm

Thick, in one or two pieces as
in Ophiacantha.

Hollow, round, standing on
outer edge of side arm

Ophiocoma nigra.

Thick, in two pieces.

Hollow, somewhat flat on
sides of side arm plate, and

plate. plate, but at an angle. at a right angle to arm.
Rounded. Small, narrow, no scale rows | Scapula shape.
shields. in any of the three species.
Plate flattened, with longish | The same. The same.

Genital plate

orl ROA. head. Scale long and blade

shape.

Teeth and
tooth papille.

Teeth simple. Teeth with few tooth papille. | Teeth and many tooth papil-

le as in true Gphiocoma.

Thin rim ; faces normal about | The same. The same.

Arm bones. 5 =
as in Ophiocoma.

at
Radial {
|
!

As well as I can judge from description and figures and my own notes, Ophioconis
forbesii would be of the same genus as Ophiocoma miliaria. Ophiocoma antarctica
differs in having arm spines at somewhat of an angle; different peristomial plate and a
few tooth papillae. Ophiocoma nigra differs as does Ophiocoma antarctica, and also in
numerous tooth papille, and in spines at a right angle to the arm; being in these two
respects a true Ophiocoma. All three species agree in—(1) hollow spines, (2) genital
plates, &c., (3) arm bones, (4) disk scaling and outer granulation. Ophiocoma nigra
differs from Ophiocoma in hollow spines; in peristomial plate, and in radial shield
without any scale lines.

See Plate XLII. figs 9-13.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiocoma.

Arm spines ringed with darker and lighter, . Ophiocoma scolopendrina.

Arm spines not ringed. Central disk scales much coarser and thicker than

Ophiocoma erinaceus.
in the preceding, P

Doubtful species, Ophiocoma schoenleini.

Upper arm spine swollen, shields

Upper arm plates narrow.
squarish, : ;

moa Ophiocoma echinata.

Two tentacle scales.

Disk closely and finely granulated above and below (in other species scattered,

and almost none below). Upper arm plates regular and clean cut,

{ Ophiocoma wendtiz.
r Ophiocoma brevipes.

Doubtful species, Ophiocoma squamata.

Arm spines regular, tapering, and pointed. Coloration variegated, Ophiocoma pica.

170 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

One tentacle scale,

Some arm spines flattened like a spatula,

Table of Species of Ophiocoma—continued.

At base of arm, sometimes two tentacle scales. Upper arm plates wide, . Ophiocoma ethiops.
Mouth shields elongated. Upper arm plates narrow, c d . Ophiocoma riiser.

First or second arm spine longest. Arms longer and structure lighter than Onhocon “1
in preceding species, ; ; ; phiocoma pumila.

Third and fourth arm spines longest, similar to preceding, . 5 . Ophiocoma valencice.

Similar to preceding, but arms narrower, and mouth papille and tentacle Ophi Teal
scales less stout, i i ; phiocoma alexandre.

Ophiocoma canaliculata.

Tooth papilla very numerous. An extra scale spine at base of uRpe arm spine, = Ophiocoma papillosa.

Arm spines hollow as in Ophiacantha,

Tentacles papillose. [Belongs with Ophiopteris 4],

but having otherwise the characters Ophiocoma nigra.

of Ophiocoma.
Arm spines doubtless hollow, as it is very

close to Ophiocoma nigra. \ Ophiocoma raschtt,

Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Agas. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 3).

Ophiocoma Scolopendrina, Agas., Mem. Soe. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i. p. 192, 1835; Mill and
Tr., Wieg. Archiv, vol. vi. p. 328, 1840; Syst. Ast., p. 101; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 163; Lym., Hl. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 87 ; Ludwig, Anatomie der Ophiuren,
Zeits, fiir Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 241.

Ophiura scolopendrina, Lmk., Hist. Anim, sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 544, 1816.

Ophiocoma molaris, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 79, 1861.

Ophiocoma alternans (young ?), V. Mart., Oph. Ind. Oc. Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 251, 1870 ;
Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol, iii, part 10, p. 225.

So many variations in colour, length of arms, and character of spines are found, that

Dr. Ludwig was impelled to combine it with Ophiocoma erinaceus. The two are how-
ever distinguished by the large central disk scales of the latter. The position of the
interior organs is figured in Plate XLVI.

Simons Bay, Cape of Good Hope ; 10 to 20 fathoms. Tongatabu Reefs ; 18 fathoms.

Samboangan Bank ; Zebu Reefs, Philippines, Fiji Islands.

Ophiocoma erinaceus, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 98, 1842; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist.,

part 2, p. 164; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 85.

Ophiocoma tartarea, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 78, 1861.

Honolulu Reefs ; Samboangan Bank.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. uly(al

Ophiocoma echinata, Agas. (Pl. XLII. figs. 12, 13).

Ophiocoma echinata, Agas., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i. p. 192, 1835; Lym. IIL Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 81, fig. 5.

Ophiura echinata, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii, p. 543, 1816.

Ophiura crassispina, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 147, 1825.

Ophiocoma crassispina, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast. p. 103, 1842; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 142, pl. iv. fig. 7, 1859.

Ophiocoma serpentaria, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 98.

Ophiocoma tumida, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 100.

West Indies.

Ophiocoma pica, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 101, 1842; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp.,
Nomi pg:

Ophiocoma lineolata, Miill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 102, 1842.
Ophiocoma sannio, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 81, 1861.

Ternate Shore.

Ophiocoma pumila, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 18; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 14, pl. iv. fig. 5; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 71.
Young ; Bermudas.

Species of Ophiocoma not herein described.

Ophiocoma wendtii, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 99, 1842 ; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., No. i. p. 70, note. (Doubtful species.)
South Sea.

Ophiocoma schoenlenii, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 99, 1842; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 70, note. (Doubtful species).
Celebes.

Ophiocoma riisei, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 14; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p: 143, pl. iv. fig. 6; Lym., Ill Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 76.
West Indies.

Ophiocoma ethiops, Ltk. (Pl. XLII. figs. 9-11).

Ophiocoma cethiops, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 145, 1859; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., No. i. p. 78; VIL, Trans. Conn, Acad., vol. i, part 2, p. 258.

West Coast of Central America ; Lower California.

172 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiocoma brevipes, Pet., Wieg. Archiv, p. 85, 1852; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., No. i. p. 92; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 225.

Ophiocoma insularia, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 80, 1861; Ill Cat, Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 89; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 225.

Ophiocoma ternispina, V. Martens, Oph. Ind. Oc. Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 252, 1870;
Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 225.

Ophiocoma variegata (1) E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xviii. p. 39, 1876; Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. chxviii. p. 565, pl. li. figs. 2-2.

Ophiocoma brevispinosa (1), E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xviii. p. 40, 1876; Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. clxviii. p. 556, pl. li. figs. 1-1.

Great Ocean.

Ophiocoma squamata, Agas., Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. 1. p. 198, 1835 ;
Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 102; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 225.
Ophiura squamata, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., 1816, vol. ii. p. 545 (non Delle Chiaje).

(Doubtful species.)

Atlantic Ocean.

Ophiocoma nigra, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, p. 328, 1840; Syst. Ast., p. 100; Lym.,
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 81; Ludwig, Anatomie der Ophiuren, Zeits. fiir
Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 241.
Asterias nigra, Abildgaard in Miill. Zool. Dan., pl. xciii., 1789.
Asterias spheerulata (2), Pennant, Brit. Zool., vol. iv. p. 63, 1777, pl. xxxii. fig. 63.
Ophiocoma granulata, Fbs. (non Linck), Brit. Starfishes, p. 50.
Ophiocoma Nilsonii, Mull. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 100, 1842.

North European Seas.

Ophiocoma raschii, G. O. Sars, Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 39. 1872.
Norway ; 100 fathoms.

Ophiocoma canaliculata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 46 and 99, 1869.
Bass’s Strait ; Australia.

Ophiocoma valencie, Mill. & Tr. Syst. Ast., p. 102, 1842; Lym., [ll Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 71. :
Great Ocean.

Ophiocoma alexandri, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vu. p. 256, 1860; IL.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 74; VIL, Trans. Conn. Acad. vol. i., part 2, p. 259.
West Coast of Central America; Lower California.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 175

Ophiocoma papillosa, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii, part 2, p. 11, 1879.
Lower California ; 22 fathoms.

Ophiarachna.
Ophiarachna, Mill & Tr., Syst. Ast., 1842.

Disk granulated. Radial shields covered. Teeth, and mouth papillz, and very
numerous close-set tooth papilla, arranged in a vertical clump. Spines, usually from four
to six; smooth and solid. One or two tentacle scales. Two genital openings, beginning
outside the mouth shield, which has, outside and joining it, a supplementary shield.

As might be expected, from its external appearance, the skeleton of this genus 1s
much like that of Ophiocoma, except that the peristomial plate is quite large and thick,
and composed of three pieces, whereof the two largest form an open angle which is closed

by the third.

Species of Ophiarachna not herein described.

Ophiarachna incrassata, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 104, 1842 ; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist.,
part 3, p. 33; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. in., part 10, p. 221 ; Ludwig, Anatomie
der Ophiuren Zeits. fiir Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 241.

Ophiura incrassata, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 542, 1816.
Ophiocoma ocellata, V. Mart., Monatsb. Konig, Akad. Berlin, p. 345, 1867.

Great Ocean.

Ophiarachna affinis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 34 and 98, 1869; Lym., Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 11., part 10, p. 221.
Fiji Islands.

Ophiarachna armata, Troschel, Sitz. niederrhein. Gesell. in Bonn., p. 137, March
1879.
Mauritius.

Ophiarthrum.
Ophiarthrum, Pet., Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, 1851.

Disk quite naked. Radial shields covered. Teeth, mouth papilla, and very numerous
close-set tooth papillz, arranged in a vertical clump. Spines usually from four to six ;
smooth, and solid. One or two tentacle scales. Two genital openings, beginning outside
the mouth shield.

This genus is essentially an Ophiocoma whose skin is but feebly calcified, and the

disk is therefore destitute of external granulation and even of scales. In its substance
(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART XIv,—1882.) O 23

174 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

there may be found, however, minute, loose, perforated lime scales, and its under side is
supported by radial shields, and by radiating and marginal scale lines similar to those of
Ophiocoma but much smaller, The resemblance is carried out in the peristomial plate
and the arm bones. The genital plate has a long, clubbed, articulating head, with a thin,
long, blade-like, grooved scale attached inside its end.

Species of Ophiarthrum not herein described.

Ophiarthrum elegans, Pet., Monatab. Kong. Akad. Berlin, 1851, p. 464; Wieg.
Archiv, p. 82, 1852.
Great Ocean.

Ophiarthrium pictum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 225,
pl. vu. figs. 2-4, 1874.
Ophiocoma picta, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 102, 1842.
Ophiura picta, Kuhl. u. V. Hasselt., MS.

Pelews ; Philippines ; Java.

Ophiomastia.
Ophiomastix, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., 1842.

Disk nearly smooth or set with small spines, or with spines and grains. Radial
shields covered. Teeth and mouth papilla, and very numerous close-set tooth papille,
arranged in a vertical clump. Arm spines few (three to four), smooth, solid; the upper
one being usually club-ended and more or less clavate. Two genital openings, beginning
outside the mouth shield.

In general internal structure this genus is similar to Ophiocoma, except that the
radial shields are proportionately larger, the wings of the mouth frames more approached
in the interbrachial space, and the genital plate more rounded and longer. As to scaling
the disk varies much. Thus, in Ophiomastix venosa, the scales are minute and thin (nine
in the length of 1 mm. at centre of disk), while Ophiomastix annulosa has them larger
and lumpy (two to three in 1 mm.).

TABLE of Species oF Ophiomastix.

{ Disk beset on both sides with long thin spines. Under arm ll Ophinmastiz annulosa
plates squarish, é : :
ny, Disk with spines as in the preceding. Under arm plates much Ophiomastix caryophyllata.
Two tentacle wider than long, : - : 2 :
scales. |
Disk closely beset with grains and spines, : ; . Ophiomastia mixta.

A few spines on upper disk. Upper arm spine not club-shape.

Iphiomastix j Tis.
One tentacle scale much smaller than the other, ‘} Ophionasiea 7am

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 17

°
Vt

Table of Species of Ophiomastix—continued.

Usually one, rarely two tentacle scales. Disk scaling obscured ) : ; ;
: ; 3 a : ite ae a - Ophiomastix venosa.
One tentacle by thick skin ; a few blunt spines on upper disk, J
scale.
Disk densely beset with very short spines, 5 : . Ophiomastia asperula.

No tentacle { Disk scales and upper and side arm Sek obscured by thick skin, at Opiumnane face da

seale, A few small spines on upper disk,

Ophiomastix caryophyllata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 43 and 99, 1869;
Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 15, 1871.
Fiji Islands; Zebu Reefs.

Ophiomastiz mixta, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 44 and 99, 1869; Lym., Il.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 15.
Fiji Islands,

Species of Ophiomastix not herein described.

Ophiomastiz annulosa, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 107, 1842; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist.,
part 3, p. 44; Lym, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 15.
Ophiura annulosa, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 543, 1816.

Java; Philippines ; Pelews.

Ophiomastix venosa, Pet., Weig. Archiv, p. 83, 1852; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3,
p. 44, 1869; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 15.
Mozambique.

Ophiomastix asperula, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 44 and 99, 1869; Lym.,
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 15.
Fiji Island.

Ophiomastia janualis, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 14, pl. i. figs.
ee ae, veal

Ophiomastia flaccida, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi. p. 227, pl. vi. figs. 14, 15,
1874.
Acantharachna mirabilis, KE, A, Smith, Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. xiii. p. 335, pl. xviii. figs. 1-6, 1877

Philippines ; 7 fathoms.

176 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiopteris.
Ophiopteris, E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877.

Disk granulated. Radial shields covered. Mouth angle small and short with a few
small, spaced mouth papille. Tooth papillae) very numerous and arranged in a close
vertical clamp somewhat as in Ophiothrix. Four teeth. Spines smooth and solid ; the
upper one having one or two supplementary scale-like spines applied at its base. One
tentacle scale. Two genital openings beginning outside the mouth shields.

For remarks on internal structure, see near the end of Ophiocoma.

©

Species of Ophiopteris not herein described.

Ophiopteris antipodum, E. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 305, 1877.
New Zealand.

Ophiochiton.
Ophiochiton, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1878.

Disk covered with fine, imbricated scales and small radial shields. Numerous sharp
mouth papille, with teeth but no tooth papille. Upper and under arm plates about as
broad as long, and separating the side arm plates, which project slightly and are rather
small. Under plates furnished with a median longitudinal ridge. Arm spines slender and
smooth, arranged on the sides of the side arm plates, near the outer edge. Two long
genital openings in each interbrachial space.

The genus is allied to the true Ophiarachna, which, however, has a granulated disk.

Ophiochiton fastigatus, Lym. (Pl. XXIV. figs. 13-15).

Ophiochiton fastigatus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 132, pl. vii. figs. 182,
183, 1878.

Four slender, smooth, tapering, blunt arm spines. Scaling of disk very fine, with a
few larger rounded plates. Radial shields small and separated. About thirteen mouth
papille to each angle.

(Type specimen from Station 232).—Diameter of disk 20 mm. Width of arm,
without spines, close to the disk 2°8 mm. Five or six sharp-pointed papillae on each side
of an angle, and one shorter and more rounded at the apex. Mouth shields much broader
than long, with lateral corners rounded, a peak within and a lobe without; length to
breadth, 2°3:3. Side mouth shields very narrow, broader without than within, where
they meet. First under arm plate very small, triangular; the other plates are four sided,
with outer and imner edges nearly straight, and deep re-entering curves on the lateral

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. VE

sides: they are highly arched, forming along the arm a longitudinal ridge. Side arm
plates small, with a rather low spine ridge, not meeting below or above. Upper arm
plates broader than long, slightly arched, four sided, broader without than within ; inner
and lateral sides straight, outer edge slightly curved. Disk flat, with interbrachial spaces
somewhat contracted, covered above and below by very minute, thin, overlapping scales ;
three to five in the length of a millimetre, and somewhat larger near margin. In each
brachial space there is a row of small rounded scattered plates radiating from the central
primary plate; genital scales covered. Radial shields widely separated, long triangular,
and small, with an angle within ; leneth to breadth, 2:1. Four smooth, tapering, blunt,
nearly cylindrical arm spines, placed high on the sides of side arm plates near the outer
edge; lengths to that of an arm joint, 1°8, 1°8, 1°8, 2: 1°3. Two tentacle scales on each
pore, one large one on the interbrachial and a smaller one on the brachial side. Colour
in alcohol, pale brown ; upper disk inclining to olive.

A smaller specimen with a disk of 13 mm. had arms 70 mm. long. It was similiar
to the adult, except that there usually were but three arm spines, and the second and third
mouth papillee from corner of mouth slit were flat and blunt.

Station 232.—May 12,1875; lat. 35°11’N., long. 139° 28’ KE. ; 345 fathoms; sandy mud.
Station 191.—September 23, 1874; lat. 5° 41’S., long. 134° 4’ E.; 800 fathoms ; mud.

Ophiochiton lentus, Lym. (Pl. XXIII. figs. 16-18).

Ophiochiton lentus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi. pt. 2, p. 55, pl. xiv. figs. 398-400, 1879.

Three stout arm spines. Under arm plates thickened, but not forming a distinct
ridge. Scaling of disk smooth and uniform.

(Type specimen from Station 171.)—Diameter of disk 13 mm. Width of arm close
to disk 2°55 mm. There are eleven short, sharp, stout, close-set mouth papillz on each
angle, the two outermost and the one at the apex being a little larger than the rest.
Mouth shields about as broad as long, of a rounded heart shape. Side mouth shields
extremely narrow, bent, wider without than within, where they meet. Under arm plates
large, swollen but not ridged, wider without than within, with lateral sides re-enteringly
curved, Side arm plates short and stout, with a low thick spine edge. Upper arm
plates twice as broad as long, of a fan shape, with inner arm truncated, or a diamond
shape with much rounded angles. Disk round, smooth and flat, covered with small,
pretty, uniform, rounded, overlapping scales, two or three in the lengthof 1mm. Radial
shields small. twice as long as broad, with much rounded corners, separated their entire
length by two large round scales; length to breadth, 2:1. Interbrachial spaces below
covered with scaling similar to but finer than that above. Genital openings long,
extending from outer corners of mouth shield, where there are a few minute papille, to
margin of disk. Three stout, blunt, cylindrical, tapering, nearly equal arm spines,
about as long as an arm joint. Two round, flat, tentacle scales on the side arm plate,

178 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

whereof the one next the under arm plate is much the smaller. Colour in alcohol
pale grey.
Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’8., long. 177° 50’ W.; 600 fathoms ; rock.

The following four genera are allied. Ophiacantha is distinguished by the delicate
scales and slender radial shields obscured by skin ; Ophiothamnus, by its wide naked
radial shields, and by the peculiar jaw cover of three symmetrical pieces ; Ophiomitra by
the coarse disk plates and scales, and wide naked radial shields; and Ophiocamax by
the tufts of numerous spiniform mouth and tooth papilla, and the scales of the mouth
tentacles borne on a special plate. The old genus Ophiacantha embraces the greatest
variety of forms, from Ophiacantha bidentata and Ophiocantha vivipara, which come
near Ophiocoma, to the delicate Ophiocoma pentacrinus, with its thorny, translucent
arm spines and its knotted arms.

Ophiacantha.
Ophiacantha, Mill. & Tr. Syst. Ast., 1842.

Disk somewhat thick and swollen and clad in a thin skin, that more or less obscures
the underlying even coat of fine imbricated scales, which sometimes completely covers the
long narrow radial shields, and bears spines, thorns, or rough grains. No tooth papille.
Mouth angle rather large and bearing numerous (7-16) sharp, rather long, papille.
Teeth sharp and elongated. Arm spines hollow, numerous (4-11); usually rough or
thorny. Side arm plates large, and nearly or quite meeting above and below. Two
genital openings in each brachial space.

From its under side the disk scaling is seen to be thin and usually uniform. It is
supported by long narrow, bar-like radial shields, whose outer end is but little enlarged
where it joins the thick, club-headed, somewhat rounded genital plate, to which is
attached a short, blade-like scale. The arm bones are wider than high, and have
thin simple wings whose margins are not grooved. Their outer and inner faces are of
the typical form, and have the lower canal like a small, nearly-closed notch. The
mouth angles are stout and compact, and the tops of the mouth frames wide, a
portion being covered by the thick, rounded, rather large peristomial plate, which is
in a single piece.

A comparison of species shows some good specific differences resting on internal
structure, and some divergence from the generic type. Thus Ophiacantha abnormis
has both jaw and peristomial plate exceptionally narrow, while the radial shield is wide
and thin, and the genital scale much longer than is usual. Ophiacantha vivipara and
Ophiacantha granulosa have their radial shields prolonged inward by lines of imbricated,
supplementary scales, thus showing a slight approach to Ophiocoma.

See Plate XLI. figs. 12-14.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 179

TABLE oF Spectres oF Ophiacantha.

Four arm spines. Disk minutely tuberculous, . . Ophiacantha tuberculosa.
, '
Disk closely beset with
grains or minute | Seven slender translucent arm spines. Some smooth GER ARE err ated
a 5 ACH sepratica.
tubercles. Arm spines on disk, 0 .f 4 J
spines smooth, '
| Ten arm spines, Outer ends of radial shields naked, —. = Ophiacantha granulosa.

Disk closely beset with { Spines and grains on disk ; outer ends of radial shields Onhinenntha sented
short smooth stout naked ; numerous (16) mouth papilli, i ddd asi cdo
spines, sometimes
mingled with grains. 1
Arm spines not |
thorny. { Eleven arm spines. Radial shields covered, : . Ophiacantha rosea.

Eight arm spines ; outer ends of radial shields naked, . Ophiacantha spectabilis.

{ Seven mouth papille in adult, and eleven or twelve arm ‘ Bee
Ophiacantha vivipara.
| spines. Six or seven arms, :

Disk beset with small : : ; ; :
Large tentacle scale. Five arms ; seven or eight arm spines, Ophiacantha bidentata.
short stumps or

ains, more or less
Sree Large tentacle scale. Five arms ; six arm spines ; a lozenge

ony, ame see like raised figure at inner end of under arm plate, : \ UE CM ALT GRE
stout, opaque, and

scarcely thorny.

Large tentacle scale; six arms; seven arm spines, . Ophiacantha anomala.

Slender tentacle scale ; six arm spines, . : . Ophiacantha imago.

Seven long, slender, much flattened arm See Outer

mouth papilla spatula shaped, Ophiacantha valeneiennsi.

Disk evenly granulate. \

Disk spines with forked heads, and covered with thick
skin. Arm spines scarcely or not at all aaah One
minute short tentacle scale,

Ophiacantha sentosa.

Disk spines simple. Arm spines not aut One or

Ophiacantha stimulea.
two large, long tentacle scales, Z

Disk spines with forked heads. Arm spines slender and

Disk beset with short thorny,
slender spines.

Ophiacantha echinulata,

Spines of disk and arms slender and translucent. Arm DANE OT
spines not thorny. Some thorny stumps on disk, DE SO ere

Mouth angles elon- Ophiacantha hirsuta.

gated, and bearing
twelve to fourteen
papilla.

on edges,

| Armspinessmooth, rounded, dese Ophiucantha abnormés
| tapering,
{ Disk beset with stout spines, essentially smooth, and
Disk beset with small} with grains. Arms about twelve times diameter of
spines or grains, disk. * Radial shields partly naked,
Radial shields mak-
ing narrow radiat-{ Disk beset with thorny grains and spines. Radial shields
ing ridges; arms covered,
long (8-12 times
diameter of disk), | Disk beset with thorny grains and spines over its whole
surface. Radial shields covered,

Ophiacantha troscheli.

Ophiacantha setosa.

3
a}
.
4
5
Arm spines flattened and jaan
1
y

Ophiacantha smitti.

180 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Ophiacantha—continued.

( About eleven mouth papille to each angle ; large Ophiacantha cuspidata.
tentacle scales, . :

Seven mouth papille to each angle ; slender spini-

Mouth papille long and, form tentacle scales, OEE AEEE

slender.
Seven mouth papilla. High disk stumps with
thorny sides and ends. Arm sues ey Ophiacantha nodosa.
thorny. Six arms,
The lowest arm spine thickened and curved, . ; , ‘ . Ophiacantha cornuta.
Tentacle scales with long thorns ; arm spines strongly thorny, : . Ophiacantha aspera.

Nine rather short, scarcely thorny arm spines. Side arm plates barely meeting
above and not prominent, so that the upper arm spines on either side Ophiacantha indica.
are widely separated. Disk crotchets close-set and rather coarse, i

SS ee eee

Numerous (6-11) translucent arm spines.

Seven strongly thorny arm spines. Side arm plates very prominent. Coarse Ophiacantha stellata.
disk crotchets, . ; , F : ;

Arm spines strongly thorny ; tentacle scales long, stout, and sharp, . . Ophiacantha seutata.

Eight or more feebly thorny arm spines ; side arm plates not very prominent.

Disk crotchets rather stout, : ' INS COSTE

Ten slightly thorny arm spines, longer than in Ophiacantha cosmica, . Ophiacantha millespina.

Seven to eight slender, nearly smooth arm spines. One narrow spine- -like |
tentacle scale. Under arm plates much wider than long of a broad axe- Voptiiae antha discoidea.
shape,

Seven scarcely thorny arm spines; side arm plates very prominent.’ Disk 5 5

? vim 3 BP P YP Ophiacantha pentacrinus,
crotchets minute, d :

Six not thorny, rather short arm spines ; side arm plates not very promot

Disk crotchets fine and close-set, Ophiacantha abyssiecta.

Disk beset with thorny stumps or crotchets.

side of under arm plates strongly curved, CLE SL

Disk evenly set with minute bifid or trifid stumps. Four to five jee cael ai ,
Ophiacantha dallasi.
rough, glassy arm spines, not as long as a joint,
Disk beset with minute grain-like stumps bearing a crown of blunt thorns.

spines long, slender, translucent, and thorny, mounted on very pectin

side arm plates which meet above,

Very long, not thorny arm spines; side arm plates large and swollen; outer :
| Ophiacantha serrata.

Disk covered with soft skin, through which a fine scaling may be distinguished ;
and set above with a few pointe sd, rough, stout spines. On each angle, cleven ) Bbhiacanti Doe
scattered spine-like mouth papille. "Three slender, nearly smooth, rounded, | pe a idlae iad ab taed +
tapering arm spines, . : c :

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 181

Ophiacantha tuberculosa, Lym. (Pl. X. figs. 1-8).

Ophiacantha tuberculosa, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 137, pl. viii. figs.
204, 205, 1878.

Disk wrinkled and beset with coarse grains ; four smooth stout arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 210.) Diameter of disk 6°5 mm. Length of arm
32 mm. Width of arm without spines 2 mm. Seven stout blunt mouth papillae,
whereof the innermost is spearhead-shaped and stands under the teeth, which are four in
number, flat and square, with rounded corners. Mouth shields small, much wider than
long, with an obtuse angle within and a little peak without ; length to breadth, °8 : 1.
Side mouth shields short, nearly crescent shape, with the curve outward; scarcely
meeting within. Under arm plates thick and distinct, four-sided, somewhat broader
than long, with outer side curved and the others nearly straight, except second plate,
which is nearly pentagonal, with a very obtuse angle within. Side arm plates slightly
projecting, meeting narrowly below and not at all above. Upper arm plates thick and
well marked, four sided, with outer corners rounded, much wider without than within.
Disk contracted in interbrachial spaces, with deep radiating furrows between the narrow
radial shields, which are completely hidden, as well as the disk scales, by the skin and by
numerous small conical tubercles, which are larger and closer set on the radial shields.
Four stout, blunt, cylindrical, smooth arm spines; upper one much largest; lengths to
that of an arm joint, 2,1°4,1,1:1. One rather small tentacle scale, longer than wide,
pointed, and not encroaching (as is usual in the genus) on the under arm plate. Colour
in alcohol, very pale brown.

This species is one of the most aberrant in the genus; the arm spines, smooth, and
only four in number, and the minute disk tubercles, instead of thorny grains, remind one
rather of Ophiocoma. Indeed, Ophiacantha bidentata and Ophiacantha vivipara, which
somewhat resemble this species, have been described under Ophiocoma ; but the general
structure is that of a true Ophiacantha.

Station 210.—January 25, 1875; lat. 9° 26’ N., long. 123° 45’ E.; 375 fathoms;

mud.

Ophiacantha placentigera, Lym. (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 15-17).
Ophiacantha placentigera, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., pl. ii. figs. 20-22, 1880.
One very large, flat tentacle scale. Six cylindrical, tapering, nearly smooth arm
spines. At inner point of each under arm plate is a diamond-shaped raised figure.
Diameter of disk 9°5 mm. Width of arm, close to disk without spines, 2 mm. Five
spaced mouth papilla on each side of mouth angle, the two outermost, large, squarish
and flat, the three inner ones more pointed; and the one at the apex short and blunt.
Mouth shields broad triangular, with rounded corners, and a blunt angle inward. Side

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART xIv.—1882.) O 24

182 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

mouth shields long and large, nearly or quite meeting within, where they taper; broad
without where they join the side arm plates and curve somewhat round the mouth shield.
Under arm plates of a wide axe-shape, with a curve without, re-entering curves on the
lateral sides, and an obtuse angle within. At the innermost point on the median line,
is a small raised figure in form of a transverse diamond. Side arm plates wide and
thick, meeting fully below, just touching above. Upper arm plates broad diamond shape,
with outer and inner angles somewhat rounded, and with a central longitudinal ridge ;
length to breadth, 15:2. Disk flat and thick, closely set above with short, thick
rounded, thorny stumps, four or five in 1 mm. long, those in the centre being
smaller; near the margin they are shorter; and below they take the form of scattered
grains. Radial shields small, of a short ovoid shape, widely separated and diverging
inward. Six long cylindrical, scarcely rough, slightly tapering arm spines ; those above
and below shorter than the two middle ones, which are as long as two arm joints. One
large, flat, wide, smooth, tooth-like tentacle scale on the outer edge of the side arm plate.

Colour in alcohol, very pale brown.

Station 175, near Fiji Islands.—August 12, 1874; lat. 19° 2’S8., long. 177° 10’ E. ;
1350 fathoms ; red clay.

Ophiacantha vepratica, Lym. (Pl. XIII. figs. 7-9).

Ophiacantha vepratica, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 137, pl x. figs.
245-247; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 230, 1878.

Disk closely beset with grains, among which are a few short spines. Seven not
thorny, translucent, slender arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 171.) Diameter of disk 6°5 mm. Length of arm
about 30 mm. Width of arm without spines 1°8 mm. Mouth papillae stout, conical,
blunt, three on each side of an angle, and a larger odd one at the apex within, which is
similar to the five teeth standing immediately above it. Mouth shields small, about as
long as broad, bounded within by an obtuse angle, and without by a deep curve or
truncated angle; length to breadth, ‘8:1. Side mouth shields short and rather wide,
meeting within. Under arm plates pentagonal, wider than long, with a very obtuse
angle inward, sometimes modified as a curve ; lateral sides a little re-enteringly curved,
and outer side gently curved. Upper arm plates wide fan-shaped, with an angle inward.
Side arm plates stout, rather prominent, narrowly meeting above and below, near base of
am. Disk slightly puffed and wrinkled, closely set with small, round, smooth grains,
among which, on upper surface, appear a few short stout spines; radial shields and disk
scales hidden by skin and by granulation. Seven regular, slender, cylindrical, tapering,
not thorny arm spines; lengths to that of an arm joint, 2°8, 2°5, 2, 2, 1°5, 1°3, 1:°8.
One pointed, rather large tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, white.

A smaller specimen had a disk 6 mm. in diameter, with grains, but scarcely any spines

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 183

on it. A young one had a disk 4 mm. in diameter, and arms 16 mm. long. The disk
grains were rough under the microscope; the arm spines were proportionately longer,
and the side arm plates more prominent, than in the adult; the outer mouth papilla was
larger than its neighbours.

Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’8., long 177° 50° W.; 600 fathoms ; rock.

Ophiacantha granulosa, Lym. (Pl. XIV. figs. 7-9).

Ophiacantha granulosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 137, pl. viii. figs.
206-208, 1878.

Disk evenly set with smooth grains; outer ends of radial shields naked ; ten smooth
slender arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 201.) Diameter of disk 9 mm. Length of arm
42 mm. Width of arm without spies 3 mm. Seven pointed, rather stout, nearly
cylindrical mouth papilla Seven teeth, flat, with a rounded cutting edge. Mouth
shields small, broader than long, with an obtuse angle within, and a curve without ;
length to breadth, ‘8:1. Side mouth shields large and wide, broader without than
within, where they are slightly separated. Under arm plates much wider than long, of a
wide axe-shape, with a curved edge outward, a lobe or a narrow obtuse angle within, and
the lateral sides re-enteringly curved. Upper arm-plates rather small, of a wide fan-
shape, with an angle inward, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved. Side arm plates
large and moderately projecting, meeting broadly above, near base of arm, but scarcely
touching below. Disk slightly puffed, closely and evenly set with smooth grains, about
four in the length of a millimetre, which hide the fine disk scales, except in the lower
interbrachial spaces. Radial shields covered, except their outer ends, which are naked
and sunken below the surrounding surface. Ten slender, tapering, cylindrical translucent
arm spines, which are not thorny; lengths to that of an arm joint, 3°2, 3°2, 2°2, 2, 2,
2, 1°8, 1°3,1°3, 1:1. One rather small, blunt tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, pale
reddish-brown.

A younger specimen, with a disk 4 mm. in diameter and an arm of 18 mm., presented
no special variations, except that there were only eight arm spines, and the under arm
plates were proportionately smaller.

Station 201.—October 26, 1874; lat. 7° 3° N., long. 121° 48’ E.; 82 to 102 fathoms ;
stones and gravel.

Ophiacantha valenciennesi, Lym. (Pl. XXVI. figs. 7, 8).

Ophiacantha valenciennesi, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 57, pl xv. figs.
408-410, 1878.

Disk evenly granulated above. Seven long, slender, much flattened arm spines,
Outer mouth papilla spatula-like and covering the pore of the mouth tentacle.

184 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 11mm. Length of arm 50 mm.
Width of arm near disk 3 mm. Twelve mouth papillz to each angle ; of these the outer-
most one on either side is wide, like a short spatula, and is plainly the scale of the mouth
tentacle; the next four papille are sharp and peg-like, the pair at apex of angle are
thickened and conical. Five flat teeth, a little longer than wide, with a curved cutting
edge. Mouth shields long heart-shaped, or broad spearhead-shaped ; length to breadth,
1°5:1:2. Side mouth shields large and three-sided, wide without, tapering inward,
where they nearly or quite meet. First under arm plate small and wider than long ;
plates beyond, wide pentagonal, with outer side gently curved, laterals re-enteringly
curved, and inner angle so obtuse and rounded as to be almost a gentle curve. Side
arm plates barely meeting below, separated above, rising in a thick abrupt spine ridge.
Upper arm plates small, thick, and fan-shaped, with the angle inward. Disk thick and
puffed, covered above by an even granulation, nine or ten grains in the length of 1 mm.
On removing these, there is disclosed a smooth coat of very thin scales, about five in the
length of 1 mm., which cover the radial shields, except their outer ends ; interbrachial
spaces below without grains, and covered with scales still finer than those above. Seven
slender, much flattened arm spines, slightly rough on the edges; the uppermost one
extremely long, sometimes equal to five arm joints, diminishing to the lowest, which is
longer than one joint. Two large, oblong, slightly pointed tentacle scales. Colour in
alcohol, pale brown above, much lighter below.

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 182° 25’ E.; 129 fathoms ;
mud.

Ophiacantha rosea, Lym. (Pl. XXV. figs. 10-12).

Ophiacantha rosea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 189, pl x. figs.
267, 268, 1878.

Disk scales and radial shields hidden by a thick skin, which is closely beset with very
short, stout spines, which sometimes are no higher than grains. Eleven arm spines,
slightly rough under microscope.

(Type specimen from Station 308.) Diameter of disk 17 mm. Length of arm,
68 mm. Width of arms without spines 455 mm. Mouth papille irregular; there are
usually five on the inner part of the angle, flattened and blunt; and outside these, near
end of mouth slit, a group of from three to six irregular papille, short and flattened.
Eight or nine teeth, shaped like blunt spear heads. Mouth shields and side mouth
shields closely jomed and covered with thick skin, so that their outlines are not clear.
Under arm plates shield shaped, with an angle within, a curve without, and re-entering
curves on the lateral sides opposite the large tentacle scales. Upper arm plates with
distinct outlines, broad fan shaped, with a rounded or very obtuse angle inward. Side
arm plates, near base of arm, barely meeting above and below, and having a narrow

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 185

projecting spine ridge Disk puffed, densely and evenly beset, with very short, stout,
conical spines, which to the naked eye seem nearly like large grains; scales and radial
shields entirely covered. Eleven stout, blunt, regular, cylindrical arm spines, which,
under the microscope, are slightly rough. Lengths to that of an arm joint, 3°5, 4°7, 4,
3°8, 3°8, 2°8, 2°5, 2°5, 2°5, 1:2, °8:1°3. One very large, thick, pointed tentacle scale,
over 1 mm. long. Colour in alcohol, pale rose-pink above ; below yellowish.

Specimen from the distant station 145 differed only in having larger spines on the
disk. A young one, with a disk of 7 mm., had only seven mouth papillz to each angle ;
the additional papilla at the outer end of mouth slit had not yet appeared; the disk
spines were forked and thorny, and the eight arm spines were rough, and almost thorny.

Station 145.—December 27, 1873; lat. 46° 40’ S., long. 37° 50’ E.; 310 fathoms.
Station 236.—June 5, 1875; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E.; 420 to 775 fathoms; mud.
Station 308.—January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’ S., long. 74° 42’ W.,175 fathoms; mud.

Ophiacantha vivipara, Lin. (Pl. XLVI. figs. 7-9).
Ophiacantha vivipara, Ljn., Om Tvainne Nya arter, Of. Kong. Akad., p. 471, 1870; Lym.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 149.
Ophiocoma (?) vivipara, Wyv. Thom., Voyage “‘ Challenger,” Atlantic, vol. 11. p. 242, fig. 50.

As its name indicates, the species has always been known as viviparous.! It carries

its young, until they are quite large, in the ovarial bursa (Pl. XLVI. fig. 8, Y), whence
they often thrust an arm through the genital opening (no.). Plainly this is a mode of
reproduction differing greatly im degree from that of the egg-laying species, where we
find the ovarial tubes crammed with thousands of small ova. In the viviparous there is
no room for such numbers, because the young become so large that a few of them occupy
the entire cavity. They are evidently produced in a series. The vertical section at a
right angle to an arm, cited above, shows, besides the large young, two embryos in
pockets (Y’, Y’), ready to take the place of the larger brood when it quits the mother.
The bursee are pleated bags having lime scales in their substance and adhering to the
thickened wall of the digestive cavity (St). They pass upward over the arms; but do
not force themselves between the roof of the disk and the digestive cavity, for the upper
wall of the latter clings pretty closely to the roof and the under side of the radial shields
(J,2.). A parallel cross cut made close to the edge of the disk (fig. 7) shows two of the
burs (6,6.) as simple cracks passing upward, and having between them a lobe of the
digestive cavity (St) which lies just over an arm. The third bursa (0’) has genital tubes
or pockets, which lie over an arm. This section exhibits also one brachial and two
interbrachial lobes of the digestive cavity, with their very thick pleated walls. A
portion of these, highly magnified (fig. 9) showed rows of elongated oval cells, with long
thread-like, or fibrous, or tubular prolongations, the whole resembling the liver cells of

1 Ljungman, loc. cit. ; Wyv. Thomson, loc. cit.

186 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

some invertebrates. In specimens so long macerated in alcohol, it is impossible to speak
positively of such structures, but I believe that the function of the thick wall is to secrete
a digestive fluid. It should be observed, also, that this soft cell layer may easily
be scraped off, leaving the outer thin membranous sac of the digestive cavity. On
the floor of the cavity was found a mass containing minute isopods and larve of
brachyurans.

Marion Island; 50 to 75 fathoms. The following three places in the Kergulen Islands :
—Christmas Harbour, 120 fathoms; Balfour Bay, 20 to 60 fathoms; Royal Sound, 25
fathoms. Station 151.—February 7, 1874; off Heard Island; 75 fathoms; mud. Station
313.—January 20, 1876; lat. 52° 20’ S., long. 68° 0’ W.; 55 fathoms; sand. Station
314.—January 21, 1876; lat. 51° 36’ S., long. 65° 40’ W.; 70 fathoms ; sand. Station
320.—February 14, 1876; lat. 37° 17’ S., long. 53° 52’ W.; 600 fathoms; hard ground,

Ophiacanthe, bidentata, Lin., Dr Goés Oph. p. 652; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
vol. v., part 7, p. 149, 1878.

Asterias bidentata, Retz., Diss., p. 33, 1805.
Ophiura Retzii, Nilsson, Collectanea Zoologie Scandinavicer, p. 15, 1817.
Ophiacantha spinulosa, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 106, 1842; Ltk. Addit. ad Hist., part 1,
p. 65, pl. ii. fig. 14; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 93, figs. 6, 7.
Ophiocoma arctica, Mill & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 103.
Ophiacantha gronlandica, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, p. 183, 1844.
Ophiocoma echinulata, Fbs., Suth. Journ. Voy. Baffin’s Bay, vol. i. App., p. cev., 1852.
Dr. Ljungman showed me at Stockholm the original of Retzius, which is, without
question, this species.
Station 45.—May 3, 1873; lat. 38° 34’ N., long. 72° 10’ W.; 1240 fathoms; mud.
Station 46.—May 6, 1873; lat. 40° 17’ N., long. 66° 48’ W.; 1350 fathoms; mud.
Station 49.—May 20, 1873; lat. 43° 3’ N., long. 63° 39’ W.; 83 fathoms ; gravel,

stones.

Ophiacantha imago, Lym. (Pl. XXV. figs. 4-6).

Ophiacantha imago, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 139, pl. x. figs. 275, 276,
1878.

Disk regularly set with small, short thick stumps, each bearing a crown of blunt
thorns; tentacle scales small and pointed ; six short opaque, cylindrical, scarcely thorny
arm spines.

(Type specimen from Kerguelen Islands.) Diameter of disk 8 mm. Length of arm
37 mm. Width of arm without spines 1°6 mm. Seven short, stout, blunt, close-set
mouth papille ; the innermost are a little the largest. Four flat, rather thick teeth, all
squarish, except uppermost one, which is pointed. Mouth shields small, of a rounded

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 187

diamond-shape. Side mouth shields short, wide, slightly curved, not meeting within.
They and the mouth shield are obscured by a thick skin. Under arm plates somewhat
obscured by skin, axe-shaped, with a broad curve without, a narrow angle within, and
lateral sides slightly re-enteringly curved. Upper arm plates long triangular, with an
acute angle inward and a curve without. Side arm plates large, meeting above and
below, with a rounded, rather wide, but not very prominent spine ridge. Disk
regularly, but not very closely set with small, short, thick stumps, each bearing a crown
of blunt thorns. Radial shields and scaling hidden. Six cylindrical, opaque, blunt,
slightly tapering arm spines, which under the microscope, are a little rough, but not
thorny ; lengths to that of an under arm plate, 3, 2°2, 1°38, 1°2, 1°2,1:1. One minute
pointed tentacle scale. A young specimen from the same locality had a disk 4 mm. in
diameter, and arms of 18 mm. The disk stumps were closer set, and more like grains,
and there were nine mouth papillee to each angle.

This species is viviparous. It represents in the antarctic zone the arctic Ophiacantha
anomala, from which it differs in having a minute slender tentacle scale and only five
arms.

Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Islands; 120 fathoms. Royal Sound, Kerguelen
Islands ; 25 fathoms. Station 150.—February 2, 1874; lat. 52° 4’ S., long. 71° 22’ E.;
150 fathoms ; rock. Station 151.—February 7, 1874; off Heard Islands; 75 fathoms;
mud. Kerguelen Islands; 120 fathoms.

Ophiacantha sentosa, Lym. (Pl. XIII. figs. 10-12).

Ophiacantha sentosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 140, pl. ix. figs. 229-232,
1878.

Disk closely beset with short slender spines, with forked heads, encased in thick skin,
so that they give the disk a furry look; arm spines slender and not thorny ; one minute
rounded tentacle scale.

(Type specimen from Station 298.) Diameter of disk 16mm. Length of arm 80 mm.
Width of arm without spines 8 mm. Mouth papille nine or eleven, to each angle
of which the innermost odd one is stoutest and spearhead-shaped, and is similar to
and continuous with the teeth; the outermost is very small and rounded, and the others
are stout, conical, and pointed. Mouth shields small, wider than long; bounded within
by an obtuse angle, and without by a curve. Side mouth shields wider without than
within, where they meet, of moderate width, and extending well beyond mouth shield on
either side. Under arm plates slightly swollen, much wider without, where they are
gently curved, than within, where they present a peak, and are separated from the next
plate; lateral sides re-enteringly curved opposite tentacle pores. Side arm plates
moderately prominent, meeting below, and beyond fourth joint, above also. Upper arm
plates about as long as broad, narrow fan-shaped, with an angle inward. Disk pufted,

188 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

covered with a thick skin, which obscures the radial shields and scaling, except a patch
near mouth shield ; the surface is closely set with small spines, about *8 mm. long, whose
ends are forked, but which are more or less cased in skin. Seven regular tapering arm
spines, smooth, or bearing a few minute thorns; the upper one somewhat longer ;
lengths to that of an arm joint, 4, 3, 2°8, 1°6, 1°6, 1°6:1°2. One small blunt, pointed
tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, disk above dull chocolate-brown, lower side and arms
pale brown.

The only essential variation noted was in a larger specimen, with a disk of 18 mm.,
which had sometimes as few as seven mouth papillz to an angle.

Station 298.—November 17, 1875; lat. 34° 7’S., long. 73° 56’ W.; 2225 fathoms
grey mud.

Ophiacantha stimulea, Lym. (Pl. XIII. figs. 4-6).

Ophiacantha stimulea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 141, pl. ix. figs. 225-228,
1878.

Disk closely set with small simple spines. Arm spines not thorny. One or two
large long tentacle scales.

(Type specimen from Station 164.) Diameter of disk 7mm. Length of arm 35 mm.
Width of arm without spines 2 mm. Ten or twelve pointed, flat, rather thin mouth
papillz, of which the two innermost are largest, the others about equal. Teeth similar
to innermost mouth papille, but larger. Mouth shields wider than long, rather small,
bounded without by a curve and within by an obtuse angle. Side mouth shields some-
what curved, rather narrow within, where they meet, wide without. Under arm plates
wider without, where they are bounded by a gentle curve, than within, where they present
an obtuse angle ; lateral sides slightly re-enteringly curved. Upper arm plates fan-shaped,
with an angle inward. Side arm plates stout and prominent, meeting narrowly above
and below, near base of arm. Disk a little puffed, with a constriction in each inter-
brachial margin, closely set with small simple spines, which, under the microscope are
seen to be slightly rough at their tips ; just over each arm they are much shorter, and
extend to the first upper arm plate. Radial shields and scaling wholly obscured by thick
skin and spines, except on a small patch next mouth shields. Seven regular, not thorny,
nearly cylindrical, rather slender arm spines, which taper slowly to a blunt point; lengths
to that of an arm joint, 2, 3, 2, 1°5, 1:5, 1°5,1:°8. Tentacle scales long, pointed, and
rather wide; two on each of first two or three pores, and one on those beyond. Colour
in alcohol, white.

Station 164.—June 12, 1874; lat. 34° 8’ S., long. 152, 0’ E.; 950 fathoms; grey
o00ze.

This species is distinguished from Ophiacantha segesta by more numerous and
different mouth papille and by stouter arm spines.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 189

Ophiacantha segesta, Lym. (Pl. XV. figs. 1, 2).
Ophiacantha segesta, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 141, pl. x. fig. 271, 1878.

Disk beset with short, smooth, slender spines, mingled with minute thorny stumps ;
arm spines not thorny.

(Type specimen from Station 56.) Diameter of disk 3°5 mm. Length of arm 15 mm.
Width of arm without spines 1 mm. Seven regular, sharp, conical mouth papille to each
angle, whereof the innermost is much the largest, and resembles the teeth, which are stout,
blunt, spearhead-shaped. Mouth shields small, wider than long, with a point within and
a curve without. Side mouth shields wide, thick, and somewhat curved. Under arm
plates thick and swollen, pentagonal, with an angle inward and outer side widest. Upper
arm plates thick and swollen, short fan-shaped, with an angle inward. Side arm plates
large, meeting widely above and below, swelling gradually to form the spine ridges,
which are not narrow or abrupt. Disk thickly set with small, slender, smooth spines,
among which appear minute thorny stumps and crochets. Scaling and radial shields
hidden, except outer tips of the latter. Seven smooth, tapering, cylindrical arm
spines near base of arm, of which the two upper ones are much the longest, attaining a
length of 1°7 mm. ; the lower ones are short and stout. At tip of arm the lowest spine
is slender, a little curved, and slightly rough on its edge. One small pointed tentacle
scale. Colour in alcohol, white.

A young and immature specimen, but distinctly characterised by its spiny disk.

Station 56.—May 29, 1873; off Bermudas; 1075 fathoms; grey ooze.

Ophiacantha abnormis, Lym. (Pl. XXVI. figs. 4-6).

Ophiacantha abnormis, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 59, pl. xv. figs.
411-413, 1879.

Mouth angles elongated, bearing, towards the apex, twelve or fourteen slender, pointed
papilla. Six long, smooth, slender arm spines. Disk sparsely set with very short spines.
(Type specimen from Station 207.) Diameter of disk 11 mm. Length of arm, which
is very attenuated near its end, 73 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines,
2°5 mm. - Mouth angles elongated, having no papille on their outer part near the mouth
tentacles, but on their inner portion bearmg four or five slender, spaced papillee on each
side, and a cluster of three or four at the apex. Teeth wide and large, with a broad
cutting edge. Mouth shields broad triangular, with a small peak on the outer edge,
and blunt angle within. Side mouth shields short and extremely narrow, just meeting
within. Under arm plates thin and sunken, pentagonal, with a broad angle inward,
outer edge straight, and deep re-entering curves on the lateral sides. Beyond the third,
they are separated by the side arm plates, which meet below and above and have a high
wide spine ridge. Upper arm plates triangular, somewhat swollen, with an angle inward,

(ZooL. CHALL, EXP.—PART xIv.—1882.) O 25

190 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

sharp lateral corners, and broad nearly straight outer edge, which on the basal plates bears
two minute spines. Disk flat, having re-entering curves in the interbrachial spaces, and
rather sparsely set with minute, short, blunt spines, which are fewer below. The outer
end of radial shields are exposed over the base of each arm. Genital openings long and
large, extending from mouth shield to disk margin. Six long, slender, smooth, cylindrical
tapering arm spines, of which the two upper ones are as long as two arm joints, thence
diminishing in length to the lowest, which is about as long as half a joint. Pores large
and tentacles very long ; on basal ones are two scales, of a pointed oval shape; on those
beyond, only one. Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 207.—January 16, 1875; lat. 12° 21’ N., long. 122° 15’ E.; 700 fathoms;
mud. Station 210.—January 25,1875; lat. 9° 26’ N., long. 123, 45’ E. ; 375 fathoms;
mud.

In its elongated mouth angles, this species somewhat resembles Ophiacantha hirsuta,
but its arm spines are smooth and in all ways different.

Ophiacantha troscheli, Lym. (Pl. XIII. figs. 1-8).

Ophiacantha troschel’, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 142, pl. ix. fi
224, 1878; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 230.

Narrow ridge-like radial shields, which are partly naked. Disk beset on radial shields
and centre with short, scarcely thorny spines, and in the interbrachial spaces with grains.
Arms long and sinuous. Five or six stout, nearly smooth arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 33.) Diameter of disk 7 mm. Length of arm 84 mm.
Width of arm without spines 1°8 mm. Seven stout, short, blunt-pointed mouth papille
to each angle, of which the innermost, standing under the teeth, is sometimes repre-
sented by two. Six or seven short blunt teeth. Mouth shields small, with an
angle within and a curve without; length to breadth °8:1°2. Side mouth shields
wide, with curved sides, extending well beyond mouth shield on either side and
meeting within. Under arm plates rather thick and somewhat obscured by skin ;
rudely pentagonal, with an obtuse angle inward; first plate longer than broad, irre-
gular, compressed, six sided; second plate also longer than broad, curved without and
wider than within. Upper arm plate rather thick, yet showing the median ridge of the
underlying arm bone ; four sided, outer side curved or wavy, and wider than inner one,
lateral sides nearly straight ; leneth to breadth, 1:2: 1°2. Side arm plates not meeting
above near base of arm, and barely touching below; projecting very slightly even near
end of arm, so that the knotted or bead-like outline usual in the genus is not seen. Disk
set with numerous, essentially smooth spines about 1 mm. long. which stand mostly in
centre and on radial shields; interbrachial spaces sparsely granulated. Radial shields
naked for a large part of their length, long, narrow, joined, raised above surrounding
surface ; scaling hidden. Five or six essentially smooth, tapering, and nearly equal arm

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. Oi

spines, of which, however, the upper one is much the stoutest ; lengths to that of an arm-
Owls lsGsl55 1-5/5 212 or 2:2, Iolo Ics IES 13.12) entacle-scales flats
pointed, and rather small. Colour in alcohol, pale brown.

The species stands near the typical Ophiacantha setosa in respect to form of disk and
length of arm; but it differs from this and most others of the genus in having naked
radial shields and side arm plates which do not project to give a knotted look to the
arm.

Station 33.—April 4, 1873; off Bermudas; 435 fathoms; mud. Two specimens from
the “ Blake” expedition, dredged in 101 fathoms by A. Agassiz, showed no important
variations. The disk-grains were larger and more numerous.

Ophiacantha cuspidata, Lym. (Pl. XV. figs. 9,10; Pl. XLI. figs. 12-14).

Ophiacantha cuspidata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,, vol, v., part 7, p. 143, pl. x. figs.
248-250, 1878.

Disk beset with thorny stumps; eight rather long, stout, and feebly thorny arm
spines ; about eleven long slender mouth papillee.

(Type specimen from Station 344.) Diameter of disk 9 mm. Length of arm 63 mm.
Width of arm without spines 3mm. Ten or sometimes eleven long, flat, rather slender
and irregular mouth papille, of which the outer one has often a spatula shape. Teeth
long, spearhead-shaped. | Mouth shields small, long pentagonal, with a wide obtuse
angle within ; length to breadth, 1:1. Side mouth shields small, narrow and crowded,
meeting within. Under arm plates wider without than within, where they touch the
next plate; bounded without by a rounded angle or a somewhat deep curve, within by
a more gentle curve, and on the lateral sides, opposite tentacle scales, by re-entering
curves. The second plate is narrower within, and has a wavy outer edge. Upper arm-
plates fan shaped, with an angle inwards; the lateral corners are sharp, and the lateral
sides slightly re-enteringly curved. Side arm plates moderately prominent, meeting
narrowly above, but not below at base of arm. Disk moderately thick, not puffed, closely
set with stout little stumps, each bearing a crown of five or six minute thorns. Radial
shields and disk scales hidden by skin and the thorny stumps, except that the position
of each radial shield is usually marked by a shallow furrow. Hight stout, long,
cylindrical arm spines, tapering to a blunt point and set with fine thorns; lengths to
that of an arm joint, 3°6, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1°8,1°4:1. On first pore two tentacle scales ;
on the rest a single large pointed scale. Colour in alcohol, dark straw.

A young specimen with a disk of only 1°5 mm. had an arm of 10 mm. The disk
armature consisted of little crochets with two or three prongs ; the arm joints were of course
more constricted, and the upper and under arm plates were widely separated ; there
were four or five arm spines, whereof the first or second was much the longest ; to each

192 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

mouth angle seven papillze, whereof the lateral were bead-like and had not yet become
long and slender.
Station 344.—April 3, 1876 ; off Ascension Island ; 430 fathoms ; hard ground,

Ophiacantha longidens, Lym. (Pl. XXV. figs. 7-9).

Ophiacantha longidens, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 144, pl. x. fig. 274,
1878.

Disk closely set with slender stumps, each bearing a crown of three to five long
delicate thorns ; arm spines translucent and thorny; seven long slender mouth papille ;
tentacle scales spiniform.

(Type specimen from Station Cebu, Philippines.) Diameter of disk 4mm. Width
of arm without spines 1 mm. Seven mouth papille to each angle, of which the lateral
are long, spine-like and blunt; and the innermost one is of a blunt spearhead form, like
the four teeth above. Mouth shield small, wider than long, bounded by a curve without,
and an angle within. Side mouth shields small, narrow, meeting within. First under
arm plate small and rounded; second of an irregular transverse diamond shape, wider
than long, having the lateral corners sharp, and a slight lobe without (fig. 7) ;
those immediately beyond are similar, having a wide axe shape, with a clean curve
without. Upper arm plates small, of a wide fan shape, with the angle inward, and
lateral corners sharp. Side arm plates rather large, meeting above and below, with a
well marked spine ridge. Disk round, slightly puffed, densely set with slender, minute
stumps, each bearing a crown of three to five long slender thorns. Scaling and radial
shields hidden, except the outer tips of the latter. Seven flattened, translucent, thorny,
rather blunt arm spines; lengths to that of an arm-joint, 2, 2, 1°7,1°7, 1,1, °8:°7.
One spiniform tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, above, mottled brown; below, white
with brown markings on arms.

Cebu, Philippines; 95 to 100 fathoms.

Ophiacantha nodosa, Lym. (Pl. XX. figs. 1-4).

Ophiacantha nodosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 144, pl. x. figs. 258-261,
1878.

Six arms; seven long mouth papillee to each angle ; disk closely set with coarse, stout
stumps, having thorny ends and sides.

(Type specimen from Station 8.) Diameter of disk 7 mm. Width of arm without
spines 2°3 mm. Seven narrow mouth papille, the outer one longest. Teeth long and
narrow, though stouter than mouth papille. Mouth shield small pentagonal, with a
wide angle inward; length to breadth, ‘7: "7. Side mouth shields long, narrow, and
curved, meeting within and extending without much beyond the mouth shield. Under

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 193

arm plates pentagonal, with a strongly curved outer side, and lateral and inner lateral
sides re-enteringly curved; length to breadth (third plate) 8:1. Upper arm plates
broad transverse diamond-shape, widely separated. Side arm plates stout and prominent,
meeting freely above and below. Disk densely set with Coarse stumps, which bear a
crown of strong thorns and are also usually thorny on their sides. Radial shields and
scaling hidden, except the outer tips of the former. Seven or eight slender, feebly
thorny arm spines; the upper one longest (8 mm.), the three lowest about equal.
Tentacle scales long, large, and pointed. Colour in alcohol, grey.

Station 3.—February 18, 1873; lat. 25° 45’ N., long. 20° 12’ W.; 1525 fathoms.

The only specimen was a disk with the bases of the arms and a few arm spines.
The characters were, however, distinct.

Ophiacantha cornuta, Lym. (Pl. XV. figs. 3-5).

Ophiacantha cornuta, Lym., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 145, pl. x. fig. 266,
1878.

Disk scales distinct and rather large, closely beset with small stumps, haying a
slender trunk bearing a crown of six or eight minute thorns. Lowest arm spine thickened
and curved.

(Type specimen from Station 171.) Diameter of disk 5°5 mm. Width of arm with-
out spines 2mm. Seven mouth papille to each angle, of which the three innermost are
long, cylindrical, and poimted; the odd one at angle of jaw being largest. Mouth
shields much wider than long, with a curve without and an obtuse angle within; length
to breadth, 6: 1°2. Side mouth shields wide and stout, broadly joined within. Under
arm plates much wider than long, slightly curved without, having a little peak within,
and the very short lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; length to breadth, °6 : 1:2. Upper
arm plates small, much wider than long, almost of a transverse diamond shape, and
lower than the ridge of the side arm plates, which are large, meeting broadly above and
below, and having an unusually narrow projecting spine ridge continuous over the top
of the arm. Disk, including radial shields, covered by distinct imbricated scales, two or
three in the length of a millimetre, closely beset and partly obscured by little stumps con-
sisting of a slender trunk bearing a crown of six or eight minute thorns. Hight trans-
lucent arm spines, all sharp and strongly thorny, except the lowest, which is thickened,
curved, and slightly rough. Towards end of arm this spine is more curved and pro-
portionately larger, and stands below three very slender arm spines. Tentacle scale
flat, stout, poited. Colour in alcohol, white.

This specimen was plainly not fully grown, and was imperfect by loss of some arm-
spines, &c., but the adult does not probably differ much, while the hooked lowest arm
spine and character of disk mark it well as a species. A young individual (Fiji Islands),

194 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S, CHALLENGER.

with a disk of 3 mm, and arms 14 mm. long, presented no variations beyond those of
age, except that the lowest arm spine was rather less curved; there were four spines
beside this, the uppermost being sometimes as long as 1:7 mm.

Station 170.—July 14, 1874; off Kermadec Island, Fiji; lat. 29° 55’ §., long.
178° 14’ W.; 520 fathoms. Station 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’ S., long.
177° 50’ W.; 600 fathoms.

Ophiacantha cosmica, Lym. (Pl. XIII. figs. 13-15).

Ophiacantha cosmica, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 146, pl. x. figs, 251-254,
262-265, 269, 270, 1878.

Hight or more feebly thorny arm spines. Side arm plates only moderately prominent.
Disk crotchets rather coarse.

(Type specimen from Station 157.) Diameter of disk 18 mm. Length of arm
100mm. Width of arm without spines 4mm. Seven mouth papillee to each angle, whereof
the innermost is broad and flat, like the teeth; the others are short, pointed, and very
stout ; outside these, and a little higher in mouth slit, is often a rounded scale of the
second mouth tentacle. Besides these there are, on the mouth frames, from two to four
small, peg-like papillae. Mouth shields wide heart-shape, with angle inward ; length to
breadth, 2: 3°5. Side mouth shields rather narrow, somewhat curved, meeting within,
closely joined to surrounding parts. Under arm plates wide pentagonal, with outer side
curved, and laterals a little re-enteringly curved. Upper arm plates wide fan shaped,
with an angle inward, which in the basal plates is truncated. Side arm plates stout and
moderately prominent ; meeting below, near base of arm, but not above. Towards end
of arm they meet above and below, and are more prominent, so as to give it a somewhat
knotted look. Disk full, and rising considerably above the arms; densely and evenly
set with small stumps, which, being freed of skin, are seen to be composed of five or six
thorns, of different lengths, soldered side by side; these stumps appear also on the first
two upper arm plates. Radial shields and disk scales hidden. Hight even, translucent,
cylindrical arm spines, which taper to a blunt point and are under the microscope slightly
rough but not thorny; lengths to that of an arm joint, 3°5, 3°5, 2°8, 2°5, 2°5, 2:2, 2,
2:1°5. Tentacle scales rather small, longer than broad, poimted. Colour in alcohol,
straw.

The specimen just described is unusually large for this division of the genus, which
leads one to think that the bulk of those now known are immature, and therefore to be
treated with all the more caution. The young of Ophiacantha differs from the adult as
follows:—(1) The arm spines are fewer, longer, and more slender and thorny; (2) the
side arm plates are much larger and more projecting, giving a strongly knotted or beaded
look to the arm; (3) the mouth papille are often less numerous and more slender; (4)
the armature of the disk is more delicate, and the stumps or spines more thorny. Thus,

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 95

a younger specimen from the same station had a disk of 6 mm. in diameter and an arm
33 mm. long. There were seven slender arm spines, the upper ones much the largest,
and bearing fine thorns on the lower part of the shaft; the arms were decidedly
knotted, though not so much so as in some other species (eg., Ophiacantha
serrata). The disk stumps had a short trunk which supported a crown of four
or five thorns.

Another specimen (Station 122) was a little larger than the foregoing, and
resembled it. There were eight scarcely thorny arm spines, the three uppermost
much the longest, 3°3 mm. The disk was closely and evenly set with slender
stumps, having a trunk surmounted by a crown of rather long thorns. Station 218
furnished specimens remarkable for the number of arm spines. With a disk of only
7 mm. and arms of 32 mm. there were eleven arm spines, the uppermost being
2°3 mm. long, the lowest 1 mm., and the rest intermediate; the disk stumps were as
in Station 122, but stouter. The great number of arm spines in rather small indi-
viduals is a grave variation; but others from the same quarter of the globe (Station
191) were normal in this respect. A specimen off Tristan d’Acunha had a disk 7 mm. in
diameter and the arm about 37 mm. long. The outermost mouth papisua on either side
was wide, and the next two were longer than usual. The upper arm spine was 3 mm.
long, and feebly thorny for its whole length.

Ophiacantha cosmica appears in the entire southern hemisphere, from the Brazil
coast, by the lone Island of Tristan d’Acunha, the antaractic zone, off New Guinea, and
between Juan Fernandez and the South American coast, where it lives in 2225 fathoms.
Off Brazil it is found in only 350 fathoms. Its extreme variations are described above,
and are not very great. Ophiacantha millespina, V1l., stands very near and needs more
study to establish its place.

Station 122.—September 10, 1873; lat. 9° 5’ S. to 9° 10’ S. long. 34° 49’ W. to
34° 53’ W.; 350 fathoms; mud. Off Tristan d’Acunha; 1000 fathoms. Station 146.—
December 29, 1873; lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31’ E.; 1375 fathoms; globigerina
ooze. Station 147.—December 30, 1873; lat. 46° 16’ S&., long. 48° 27’ E.; 1600
fathoms ; globigerina ooze. Station 153.—February 14, 1874; lat. 65° 42’ S., long. 79°
49’ K.; 1675 fathoms; mud. Station 156.—February 26, 1874; lat. 62° 26’ S., long.
95° 44’ E.; 1975 fathoms; diatom ooze. Station 157.—March 8, 1874; lat. 538° 55’S.,
long. 108° 35’ E.; 1950 fathoms; diatom ooze. Station 158.—March 7, 1874; lat. 50°
1’ §., long. 123° 4’ E.; 1800 fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 191.—September
23, 1874; lat. 5° 41'S., long. 134° 4’ E.; 800 fathoms; mud. Station 218.—March 1,
1875; lat. 2° 33’S., long. 144° 4’ E.; 1070 fathoms; globigerina ooze. Station 298.—
November 17, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ S., long. 73° 56’ W.; 2225 fathoms; grey mud.
Station 299.—December 14, 1875; lat. 33° 31’ &, long. 74° 43’ W.; 2160 fathoms ;
orey mud.

Se rll

196 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiacantha discoidea, Lym. (Pl. XXVI. tigs. 1-3).

Ophiacantha discoidea, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 57, pl. xv. figs. 405-407,
1879.

Seven or eight slender, translucent, nearly smooth arm spines. A small spine-like
tentacle scale. Disk densely set with minute stumps crowned with thorns.

(Type specimen from Station 190.) Diameter of disk, 4°77 mm. Arms broken; they
were plainly long, because, in their first 15 mm, there was scarcely any tapering. Width
of arm near disk 1 mm. Three cylindrical, blunt, peg-like mouth papille on each side,
and a similar but longer one at apex of mouth angle. Teeth longer than wide, with a
rounded cutting edge. Mouth shields broader than long, regular heart-shaped, with
point inwards; length to breadth, ‘7:1. Side mouth shields very wide without, and
overlapping the first under arm plate, but tapering to a thin point within, where they
scarcely meet. First under arm plate longer than broad, and somewhat overlapped by
side mouth shields; the plates just beyond are much wider than long, of a wide axe-
shape, with a broad curve without, short re-entering curves on the sides, and an obtuse
angle within. Side arm plates meeting above and below, stout and flaring, with a strong
spine crest. Upper arm plates fan-shaped, with the angle inward; widely separated.
Disk nearly round, a little putfed, closely and evenly set, except in the middle, with very
short microscopic stumps crowned with three or four little thorns. No scales or radial
shields appear in the alcoholic specimen. Seven or eight slender, pomted, translucent,
nearly smooth arm spines, whereof the two uppermost are nearly as long as two joints ;
while those below gradually diminish in length to the lowest, which is two-thirds as long
as a joint. One narrow, pointed tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, pale brownish-grey.

Station 190.—September 12, 1874; lat. 8° 56’ S., long. 136° 5’ E.; 49 fathoms ;
mud.

This species stands nearest, perhaps, to Ophiacantha cosmica from which it is distin-
cuished by different under arm plates, smaller side mouth shields, stouter disk stumps,
and a very narrow spine-like tentacle scale.

Ophiacantha levispina, Lym. (Pl. XXV. figs 1-3).

Ophiacantha levispina, Lym., Bull, Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 147, pl. x. fig. 277,
1878.

Disk closely beset with fine stumps bearing crowns of minute thorns ; seven slender,
not thorny arm spines ; outer side of under arm plates strongly curved.

(Type specimen from Station 214.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Length of arm 36 mm.
Width of arm without spines 2 mm. Mouth papillae seven to nine to each angle, whereof
the outer one on either side is broad and scale-like, while the other five or seven are sharp
and conical. Mouth shields broad heart shape, with the point inward ; length to breadth,

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 197

1:1°3. Side mouth shields rather narrow, of nearly equal width, meeting within. Under
arm plates wider than long, with a slight peak within, and the outer side (especially a little
way out on arm) very strongly curved. Upper arm plates very small, sunken below the
ridge of side arm plate, of a rounded fan shape, with an angle inward. Side arm plates
large, meeting broadly above and below, with a spine ridge which swells gradually from
the plate, and does not form a steep narrow crest. Disk densely beset with very fine,
thorny stumps. Radial shields and scaling hidden. Seven long, slender, translucent arm
spines, essentially smooth, only the lower ones being slightly rough under the microscope.
Lengths to that of an arm joint, 3°5, 3°5, 3°5, 2°8, 1°8, 1°3,°8:°8. Tentacle scales
narrow and sharp. Colour in alcohol, white.

The great size of the side arm plates and the number and length of the arm spines
mark this as an immature specimen, but the specific characters are not found in any
other.

Station 214.—February 10, 1875; lat. 4° 33’ N., long 127° 6’ E.; 500 fathoms;
globigerina ooze.

Ophiacantha serrata, Lym. (Pl. XV. figs. 6-8).

Ophiacantha serrata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., pt. 7, p. 148, pl. x. figs. 272, 273, 1878.

Disk closely and evenly set with minute grain-like stumps bearing a crown of blunt
thorns ; arm spines long, slender, strongly thorny, translucent, mounted on steep, narrow,
much projecting side arm plates.

(Type specimen from Station 219.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Length of arm about
32mm. Width of arm without spines 1°8 mm. Seven flat, rather blunt mouth papille,
not crowded ; the innermost one muck the largest and squarish ; besides these, the first
under arm plate bears two tentacle scales, one to each of second pair of mouth tentacles.
Four flat teeth, similar in shape to the innermost mouth papilla. Mouth shields much
wider than long, of a transverse diamond shape, with lobe-like angles. Side mouth shields
straight and narrow, nearly or quite meeting within. First under arm plate small and
rounded, and bearing on its inner edge two tentacle scales ; second plate long axe-shaped,
with a curve without, a well marked angle within, and lateral sides re-enteringly curved ;
third plate proportionately shorter and with the inner side a very obtuse angle. Upper
arm plates small, of a wide fan-shape, with the angle inward. Side arm plates large
meeting widely above and below, rising very suddenly to form a high, narrow spine ridge,
so that the arm has the look of a series of short cylinders alternating with burrs
Disk densely and evenly beset with minute grain-lke stumps, bearing a crown of blunt
thorns. Scaling and radial shields covered, except outer tips of the latter. Nine long,
slender, translucent, strongly thorny arm spines; lengths to that of an arm joint, 4, 4, 4,
3:2, 2°7, 2°5, 1°8, 1°8, 1°38: 1. One small spiniform tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol,
white mottled with pale brown.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PART XIv.—1882.) O 26

198 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,

The small number of teeth and large side arm plates show the specimen to be young,
but the specific marks are good, and would be carried forward to the adult, which,
doubtless, has ten or a dozen long, glassy, thorny, arm spines, with side arm plates not
so exaggerated in their projection.

Station 219.—March 10, 1875; lat. 1° 50’ S., long. 146° 42’ E.; 150 fathoms; mud.

Species of Ophiacantha not herein described.

Ophiacantha sertata, Lym.

Ophiomitra sertata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i, part 10, p. 326, 1869; Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 231.

West Indies; 175 to 315 fathoms.

Ophiacantha spectabilis, G. O. Sars, Nye Echin. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1871, p. 10.
Norway; 80 to 100 fathoms.

Ophiacantha millespina, V1l., Proc. U. 8. National Museum, part 1, p. 203,
November 1879.
Eastern slope of George’s Bank ; 220 fathoms.

Ophiacantha anomala, G. O. Sars, Nye Echin. Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 12, 1871.
Norway ; 200 fathoms.

Ophiacantha echinulata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 229, pl. i.
figs. 7-9, 1878.
West Indies ; 995 fathoms.

Ophiacantha hirsuta, Lym., I. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 12, pl. ii.
figs. 21-23, 1875; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 280.
West Indies ; 127 to 175 fathoms; Barbadoes; 100 fathoms.

Ophiacantha smitti, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of Kong, Akad., p. 621, 1871.
Portugal ; 790 fathoms.

Ophiacantha setosa, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 106, 1842; Ludwig, Echin. des
Mittelmeeres, p. 548.

Asterias setosa, Retz., Diss., p. 30, 1805.
Ophiura rosularia, Grube (non Lmk.), Aktin. Echin. u. Wiir., p. 20.
Ophiacantha scabra, Sars, Mid. Lit. Fauna, Nyt Mag. Natur., p. 78, pl. i. fig. 1, 1857.

Sicily, Mediterranean ; 50 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 199

Ophiacantha aspera, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 228, pl. i.
figs. 10-12, 1878.
Off Havana; 175 fathoms.

Ophiacantha indica, Ljn., Oph. Viv., Of. Kong. Akad., p. 326, 1866.
Between Batavia and Singapore.

Ophiacantha dallasii, Duncan, Linn. Soc. Journ., vol. xiv. p. 471, pl. xi. figs.
25-27, 1879.
38° 19’ N. 129° 7’ E.; 50 fathoms.

Ophiacantha stellata, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus Comp. Zool., No. vii., part 2, p. 11, pl. u.
figs. 16-18, 1875.
Barbadoes ; 100 fathoms.

Ophiacantha scutata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 229, pl. 1.
figs. 1-3, 1878.
West Indies; 287 to 292 fathoms.

Ophiacantha pentacrinus, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 8, pp. 46 and 99, 1869; Lym.,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 230.
Ophiacantha meridionalis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 324, 1869.

West Indies; 74 to 539 fathoms.

Ophiacantha abyssicola, G. O. Sars, Nye Echin. Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 8, 1871.
Lofoten Island; 20 to 300 fathoms.

Ophiacantha marsupialis, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii., part 2, p. 13,
jovle we, Gaveysr, Gh TKS aMesrday
Juan Fernandez; 240 fathoms.

Ophiolebes.
Ophiolebes, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk and arms stout, and covered by a thick skin, which bears grains or stumps, and
hides more or less the underlying plates. Arm spines short, blunt, thorny, covered by
thick skin, and arranged on the sides of the side arm plates, which project but slightly.
Long, stout mouth papille, and teeth; no tooth papille ; peristomial plates large and
wide, making a circle by their connecting ends. Arm plates rather small, but normal,
nearly as in Ophiacantha. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

200 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Dissection shows that Liitken was right, as against Ljungman and myself, in consider-
ing this genus (Ophiactis clavigera) nearer Ophiacantha than Ophiactis. Except in the
lower interbrachial spaces, the skeleton and disk plates are more massive than in the
former genus and the single peristomial plates are larger, so as even to form, in some
cases, a closed ring round the mouth. The real generic distinction, however, is in the
extremely thick external skin, and the comparatively ill-developed arm spines. So
that its relation to Ophiacantha is about that of Ophiolipus to Ophiomusium.

See Plate XLI. fig. 8.

Ophiolebes scorteus, Lym. (Pl. XII. figs. 7-9; Pl. XLI. fig. 8).

Ophiolebes scorteus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 158, pl. vii. figs. 196,
197, 1878.

Four short blunt arm spines covered with thick skin, the upper one longest.
Five feeble mouth papillae to each angle. Radial shields like ridges and set with
grains.

(Type specimen from Station 145.) Diameter of disk 7°5 mm. Length of arm about
23 mm. Width of arm close to disk, without spines, 1°5 mm. There may be seen on
each angle the outlines of five small mouth papillee, two widely separated on the sides,
and one longer and more slender at the apex, all covered by a thick skin, which, when
removed, shows them as long, cylindrical, and stout. The mouth shields, whose outlines
may be vaguely seen, are small triangular, with an angle inward and outer edge curved.
Side mouth shields hidden by skin, which, when removed, shows them long and narrow,
meeting within, and nearly or quite joming without, between first and second arm plates,
so as to form a continuous line about the mouth. First under arm plate diamond-shape ;
the rest are pentagonal, with an angle inward anda notch without, but are hidden by
thick skin. No side or upper arm plates visible, but on removing the skin, the latter are
seen to be small, triangular, and separated by the side plates. Disk round and arched,
covered by a thick skin which in the centre is irregularly wrinkled. Radia] shields like
long narrow ridges covered with a thick skin and set with small flat grains; the brachial
and interbrachial spaces have the skin more or less wrinkled, and often with a few grains ;
the lower interbrachial spaces have the same thick, somewhat wrinkled skin. There are
on the first three joints three arm spines; beyond this there are four: they are short,
stout, and microscopically thorny, with blunt points, and are covered with thick skin ;
the upper spines being longest. No tentacle scales and apparently no tentacles
beyond the basal joimts. Colour in alcohol white.

Station 145.—December 27, 1873; lat. 46° 40’ 8., long. 37° 50’ E.; 310 fathoms.
Station 147.—December 30, 1873; lat. 46° 16’8., long. 48° 27’ E.; 1600 fathoms;
globigerina ooze.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 201

Ophiolebes vestitus, Lym. (Pl. XIL. figs. 10-12).

Ophiolebes vestitus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 159, pl. x. figs. 255-257,
1878.

Disk covered by thick skin and set with short stumps, or grains, bearing a crown of
blunt thorns. Arm spines short, stout, opaque, thorny. Mouth papille stout, blunt,
spiniform.

(Type specimen from Station 308.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Length of arm
50 mm. Width of arm without spines 2°33 mm. Nine mouth papille, of which the
lateral are stout, blunt, cylindrical, crowded, somewhat movable, and with rough ends ;
the innermost is flat and squarish, like the teeth. Mouth shields small, wider than long,
with a lobe without and an obtuse angle inward ; length to breadth, 1 : 1:2. Side mouth
shields somewhat curved, extending beyond mouth shield, wider without than within,
where they meet. Under arm plates pentagonal, with a rounded angle inward. Upper
arm plates fan shaped, with a truncated angle inward. Side arm plates meeting
narrowly above and below, projecting but slightly. Disk a little puffed, covered by thick
skin, and sparsely but regularly beset with short stumps or grains bearing a crown of
blunt therns. Six stout, cylindrical, blunt, thorny arm spines; lengths to that of an
arm joint, 1°8, 1°2, 1, °8,°8,°8 :°8. One small, narrow, pointed tentacle scale. Colour
in alcohol, white.

A young specimen with a disk of 4 mm. had arms 10 mm. long. The disk stumps
were longer, and like very short thick spines. The arm spines were less thorny. In
this stage it is very near the Ophiuran described by Ljungman as Ophiactis clavigera,
which has the same habits also, and is doubtless the young of a form of Ophiolebes, like
the present one. It differs in having the disk-scales and part of the radial shields
naked.

That Ophiolebes claviger is of a novel type is shown by the fact that Ljungman
considered it an extreme modification of Ophiactis, while Liitken deemed it nearer
Ophiacantha.

Station 307.—January 4, 1876; lat. 49° 24’ &, long. 74° 23’ W.; 147 fathoms ;
mud. Station 308.—January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’S., long 74° 42’ W.; 175 fathoms ;
mud. Station 310.—January 10, 1876; lat. 51° 30’S., long. 74° 3’ W.; 400 fathoms ;
mud.

Species of Ophiolebes not herein described.

Ophiolebes claviger, Lym.
Ophiactis clavigera, Ljn., Tilligg Skan. Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 365, 1864; Oph. Viv. Of.
Kong. Akad., p. 325, 1866.
South Norway ; 200 to 300 fathoms.

202 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiolebes humilis, Lym.
Ophiactis humilis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 329, 1869.
Florida; 125 to 324 fathoms.

Ophiomitra.
Ophiomitra, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, 1869.

Teeth. Numerous (7-11) small, nearly equal mouth papillae. No tooth papille.
Disk flat, circular, and erect, covered with scales and wide radial shields, and beset with
thorny spines or stumps. Arm spines rough. Side arm plates large and nearly or
quite meeting above and below, two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

So far as concerns the arms and the chewing apparatus, this is an Ophiacantha ;
but the disk, with its large naked scales and broad radial shields, separates it from that
genus, which is characterised by the long, very narrow, radial shields, covered, together
with the disk, by a thin skin bearing more or less thorny appendages.

In typical species (Ophiomitra valida) the arm spines are solid, like those of
Ophiocamax; but others (Ophiomitra chelys) have them hollow, like Ophiacantha.
The radial shields are always large and wide, sometimes flat (Ophiomitra valida) at
others countersunk in a sort of fold (Ophiomitra chelys). The strong mouth angles have
a thick, single, swollen peristomial plate (removed in Pl. XLI. fig. 4), which covers a
very deep nerve ring (vw). The genital plate is short and club-like, with a short,
curved, blade-like scale. This scale in Ophiomitra chelys is short, straight, and rounded.
The first free arm bone has a lozenge-shaped top, with a sunken centre (w’). On their
outer face, the arm bones, which are much wider than long, have very prominent ten-
tacle sockets (fig. 57), while the inner face has flat wings and a prominent umbo (fig. 6).

See Plate XLI. figs 4-6.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiomitra.

Nine rough, stout, solid arm spines. Disk evenly covered with large radial shields att
and scales, beset with thorny stumps, : 5 q ¢ : } Ophiomitra valida.
Six smooth, short, tapering arm spines. Upper disk bearing a few thorny stumps, rae :
and covered almost wholly by the large radial shields, : } Ophiomitra exigua.
Four smooth, slender, solid arm spines. Disk sparsely granulated, . é . Ophiomitra normant.
Five to six stout arm spines. Outer edge of under arm plate swollen, and in large ae ;
specimens turned down, . ; Ophiomitra plicata,

Eight arm spines, less stout than in preceding. Tentacle scales thorny, : . Ophiomitra sarsii.

Six arm spines; under one thickened or bent. Radial shields widely separated, . Ophiomitra chelys.
Six arm spines; the under one straight. Tentacle scales thorny. Under arm cana
straight, . : . : ; f Ophiomitra carduus,

Six arm spines, the two uppermost very long and cee Marina disk plates ie |

and much swollen. Central disk scales small, Ophiomitra dipsacos.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 203

Ophionutra plicata, Lym. (Pl. X. figs. 7-9).

Ophiomitra plicata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 150, pl. viii. figs. 209-212 ;
pl. ix. figs. 233-235, 1878.

Mouth papills thick, spiniform. Arm spines five or six, stout and cylindrical. Outer
edge of under arm plates swollen and in large specimens turned down. Disk spines
stout and conical.

(Type specimen from Station 205.) Diameter of disk 16 mm. Length of arm about
132 mm. Width of arm without spines 5 mm. Mouth papille nine to each mouth
angle ; stout, spiniform, about equal, blunt. Teeth similar to mouth papille, but shorter
and flatter. Mouth shields small, as long as broad, with an irregular outline ; the outer
margin more or less thickened and curled downwards; length to breadth, 2:2. Side
mouth shield broad, thick, and closely joined to the surrounding parts. Under arm
plates broader than long, broader without than within, separated by transverse depressions;
outer edge much thickened and curled downwards. Near end of arm they are wide
pentagonal, with an angle inward and the outer edge scarcely thickened. Side arm
plates slightly projecting near base of arm ; meeting narrowly below, and scarcely or not
at all above. Upper arm plates wider than long, irregular in shape, with a curved outer
side and an obtuse or irregular angle inward; length to breadth about 1°5:3°5. Disk
(in alcohol) thick, rising well above the arms, and with a deep constriction and furrow in
each interbrachial space. Along the outer portion of the interbrachial edge of each radial
shield lie three or four plates, broader than long, and running diagonally outward ; the
rest of the disk is occupied by coarse, irregular, overlapping scales, beset with short,
stout, blunt, smooth, conical spines, which form an irregular line over the base of each
arm. Radial shields sunken, and much longer than broad, narrowest within, rounded
and swollen without ; length to breadth, 5: 2; separated by one or more narrow scales.
Five stout, cylindrical, rather short arm spines, tapering to a blunt point, with thorns on
all sides; lengths to that of an arm joint, 3°7, 4, 3°7, 38, 2°5 : 2. Two-thirds out on the
arm, the second spine is much longer and attains a length of 8 mm. Tentacle scales
very stout, and thickened at the base; pointed at the tip. On each of the first pair of
pores there usually are three, on the rest only one. Towards tip of arm the scale becomes
spiniform. Colour in alcohol, pale brown.

Station 205.—November 13, 1874; lat. 16° 42’ N., long. 119° 22’ E. ; 1050 fathoms ;
orey 00ze.

Smaller specimens (Station 214) presented considerable variations: with a disk of
10 mm. the arm was 60 mm. long; there were only seven mouth papille to each
angle; the disk spines were thorny, the upper arm plates narrow ; the outer edge of the
under arm plates was somewhat swollen, but not curled down; the first tentacle pore
had only one or two scales; there were six comparatively long arm spines, whose lengths
to that of an arm joint were 5:2, 3, 2°8, 1°8, 1°8, 1:5: 1°3. Other specimens (Station

>

204 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER.

170), with disks from 12 mm. to 9 mm. in diameter, had smooth disk spines, like Station
205, and six arm spines, and upper and under arm plates, like Station 214. The
number of mouth papille to each angle varied from seven to ten, without reference to
size of specimen.

Station 170.—July 14, 1874; lat. 29° 45’ §., long. 178° 11’ W.; 630 fathoms.
Station 205.—1050 fathoms. Station 214.—February 10, 1875; lat. 4° 33’ N., long.
127° 6’ E.; 500 fathoms; globigerina ooze.

Ophiomitra sarsii, Lym. (PI. X. figs. 10-12).

Ophiomitra sarsii, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vii. p. 151, pl. viii. figs. 216, 217,
1878.

Hight stout cylindrical arm spines. Tentacle scales flat, tapermg, jagged. Scaling
of disk finer than in Ophiomitra plicata.

(Type specimen from Station 146.) Diameter of disk 15 mm. Length of arm about
100 mm. Width of arm without spines 4°5 mm. Seven or eight thick-pointed mouth
papillae to each angle. Seven teeth of similar form, but more blunt and flat. Mouth
shields small, as long as broad, with an irregular outline ; outer margin more or less
thickened and turned downward; length to breadth, 2:2. Side mouth shields broad
and thick, and closely joined to surrounding parts. Under arm plates broader than
long, broader without than within, separated by shght transverse depressions ; outer edge
thickened, especially at its middle point. Midway on the arm, they are wide pentagonal,
with an obtuse angle inward, and the outer edge not thickened. Side arm plates slightly
projecting, meeting near base of arm narrowly below and scarcely or not at all above.
Upper arm plates separated by transverse creases, thick, wider than long; widest
without, where they are bounded by a gentle curve; inner side making a deep irregular
curve. Disk (in alcohol) thick, rising well above the arms, with a deep constriction and
furrow in each interbrachial space. On margin of disk and along outer interbrachial
edge of radial shields lie three or four wide plates larger than the rest, which are coarse,
irregular, overlapping scales, beset with short, stout, smooth, often club-ended spines,
which are found also on edge of disk over the arms. Radial shields pearseed-shaped,
with point inward, sunken, outer end rounded, separated widely by a broad wedge of
scales; length to breadth, 4:1°8. Near base of arm eight stout, glassy, blunt, cylindrical,
very thorny spines, of which the under are nearly as long as the upper; lengths to that
of an arm joint, 2, 3°8, 3, 2°8, 2°8, 2°8, 2°5, 2°5:1°7. Two-thirds out on the arm there
are only four spines, of which the second is much the longest, 5°5 mm. Two tentacle
scales on the first pore, one on the others; stout, pointed, flattened, cloven or jagged
on the edges; farther out they take on the form of stout, very thorny spines. Colour
in alcohol, dull grey.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 205

A smaller specimen with a disk of 10 mm. varied little, except that the upper arm
plates were narrower and thinner, and the disk scales smaller and beset with few spines.
This species differs from Ophiomitra plicata in the cloven or thorny tentacle scales, and
in the greater number of arm spines.

Station 146.—December 29, 1873; lat. 46° 46’S., long. 45° 31’ E.; 1375 fathoms ;
globigerina ooze.

Ophiomitra chelys, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 152, pl. ix. figs.
239-241, 1878; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 231.

Ophiacantha chelys, Wyv. Thom., Voyage of the “ Challenger,” Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 64, figs. 16, 17.

Radial shields widely separated ; along their entire interbrachial margin run large disk
plates. Under arm plates not swollen. Tentacle scales large and flat. Under arm spine
thickened and curved.

(Type specimen from Station 84.) Diameter of disk 9mm. Length of arm about
85mm. Width of arm near base 2°8 mm. Mouth papillee usually eleven to each angle,
of which the central one within is wide and flat; the next three on either side are stout
and pointed, and the outer ones are irregular, compressed, and sometimes broken. Teeth
similar in shape to the odd innermost mouth papilla. Mouth shields small, as long as
broad, shield shaped, with a well-marked obtuse angle inward and outer margin sometimes
turned down; length to breadth, 2: 2°38. Side mouth shields broad and thick, a little
widest at outer ends. Under arm plates large, thick, and regular, much wider than long,
reaching at their outer edge entirely across the arm ; cleanly curved without, re-enteringly
curved on sides, and haying a little peak within where separated from next plate. First
plate small, narrow wedge shaped. Upper arm plates somewhat swollen, widely separated,
wider than long, bounded without by a gentle curve, and within by an obtuse angle or a
deep curve. Side arm plates prominent and meeting freely above and below. Disk thick
and rising well above the arms, with a very deep, narrow constriction and furrow in each
interbrachial space. The space between this furrow and the radial shields is on either
side occupied by four large plates running diagonally inward, whereof one or more are often
broken in two. The central disk is sunken, and covered by small, coarse, irregular scales,
which, with the larger plates, are sparsely beset with short, blunt, usually smooth stumps
or spines, which form also an irregular clump over each arm. Radial shields deeply sunken
in a furrow, widely separated by a high ridge of irregular scales, much longer than broad,
presenting an acute angle inward ; length to breadth, 3 : °8. Near base of arm six stout,
very thorny, glassy, blunt, cylindrical arm spines, the lowest ones much the stoutest ;
lengths to that of an arm joint, 3°6, 3°6, 2°8, 1°7, 1:7, 1:7 : 1:2. Two-thirds out on the

1The nomenclature of the various papille of the mouth is of course conventional. In most cases the lowest

tooth may also be called the innermost mouth papilla

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv.—1882.) O 27

206 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

arm the spines are more slender, and the second much longer, attaimmg to 5 mm. The
under spine is marked by its thickness; beyond base of arm it is somewhat curved.
Tentacle scales large, thick, pointed, flattened, sensibly smooth, except towards end of
arm, where they bear two or three microscopic thorns. Colour in alcohol, dull straw.

It is not easy to say how much of the peculiar creasing of the disk and sinking of the
radial shields is due to the contraction of the animal drawn from a depth and immersed
in strong alcohol, and how much is natural. Of nine specimens one had radial shields
much wider and more nearly on a level with the disk ; but in the rest the radial shields
were deeply sunken. Six specimens from the “ Blake ” expedition (Agassiz and Sigsbee,
1878) semed a variety of this species. They were from 480 to 860 fathoms, near Cuba.
All had the radial shields not at all sunken and of a broad pearseed-shape ; only the
centre of the disk bore stumps, which were little articulated cylinders bearing a crown of
thorns. The largest specimen, with a disk of 8 mm., had seven arm spines, which were
stouter than in Challenger specimens and shorter, their lengths being 2, 3, 2:2, 2, 1°5,
1°5, 1°2; and the lowest spine, though thick, was scarcely or not at all curved. The other
specimens were young, and had long slender arm spines, and the under one curved. The
Challenger specimen from Station 33 resembled these.

Station 3.—February 18, 1873; lat. 25° 45’ N., long. 20° 12’ W.; 1525 fathoms ;
Station 33.—April 4, 1873 ; off Bermudas; (var. ?); 435 fathoms; mud. Station 84.—
July 18, 1873; lat. 30° 38’ N., long. 18° 5’ W.; 1124 fathoms.

Ophiomitra carduus, Lym. (Pl. XIV. figs. 4-6).

Ophiomitra carduus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 154, pl. ix. figs.
236-238, 1878.

Outer edges of under arm plates swollen. Tentacle scales strongly thorny. Under
arm spine straight.

(Type specimen from Station 87.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Width of arm without
spines 2°8 mm. Mouth papillz nine to eleven to each angle, of which the imner central
one has a flat spearhead-shape ; the others irregularly conical with blunt points ; several
of them much larger, and resembling the innermost one ; others, especially the outermost,
small, crowded, and ill-defined. Mouth shields small, broader than long, with an obtuse
angle within and a truncated angle or a broken curve without, outer edge somewhat
indented; length to breadth 1:7 : 2°2. Side mouth shields very broad and curved on
their outer edge, almost crescent-like. Under arm plates near base of arm large, much
wider than long, with a small swelling at their outer edge, which is gently curved and
reaches nearly across the arm; lateral sides re-enteringly curved, with a peak within,
where each plate is widely separated from its neighbour by the side arm plates. Upper
arm plates somewhat swollen, bounded without by a gentle curve, and within by an
obtuse angle or a deep curve. Side arm plates stout and prominent, meeting broadly

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 207

below, and, beyond the third plate, above also. Disk moderately thick, rising somewhat
above the arms, with a deep constriction in each interbrachial space. The area between
this constriction of the radial shields is occupied on either side by four or five transverse
plates running diagonally inward, whereof one or more are often broken in two. Central
disk somewhat sunken and covered with coarse, irregular, overlapping scales, which with
the larger plates and edge of disk, are closely beset with little cylinders bearing a crown
of thorns. Radial shields of an irregular pearseed-shape, with an angle inward, wavy,
scarcely sunken, very wide, separated by a broad wedge of scales forming a median hump
or ridge ; length to breadth, 3°7:2. Near base of arm, six rather stout, thorny, glassy,
blunt cylindrical arm spines, the lowest ones shortest and stoutest, but not curved ;
lengths to that of an arm joint, 3°3, 3°3,2°1, 1°8,1°8, 1:7: 1°3. Beyond first pair of pores
the tentacle scales are cloven, or have a long point, with one or more side thorns ;
towards middle of arm these thorns become stronger and the scale more pointed. Colour
in alcohol, dull straw.

A smaller specimen, with a disk of 8 mm., had arms about 65 mm. long. The disk
stumps were more thorny than in the larger one, and the tentacle scales, beyond middle
of arm, were short spines, with several sharp, slender side thorns. It is to be noticed that
the size and shape of the tentacle scale, when specimens of the same size are compared,
give a pretty constant character in Ophiacantha and Ophiomitra.

Station 87.—July 21, 1873; lat. 25° 49’ N., long. 20° 12’ W.; 1675 fathoms.

Ophiomitra dipsacos, Lym. (Pl. X. figs. 4-6).

Ophiomitra dipsacos, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 155, pl. viii. figs. 213-215,
1878.

Upper arm spines long and slender, marginal disk plates large and swollen ; central
disk scales fine, and bearing minute thorny stumps; arm wide.

(Type specimen from Station 24.) Diameter of disk 10 mm. Width of arm without
spines 3-4 mm. Mouth papille nine to eleven to each angle, whereof the innermost odd
one is flat spearhead-shape; and the two outer ones on each side are ill-defined, being
sometimes small papille, or again forming a sort of curled sheath to the mouth tentacle ;
the other papilla are pointed and flattened. Mouth shields as long as broad, small,
having an obtuse angle within, and a truncated angle or a deep curve without ; outer
edge often a little curled; length to breadth, 2:2. Side mouth shields wide, with
outer side strongly curved. Under arm plates, near base of arm, large, much wider than
long, with an outer edge gently curved and slightly thickened, and reaching nearly
across the arm; lateral sides re-enteringly curved, with a peak within, where each plate
is separated from its neighbour by the side arm plates. Upper arm plates shghtly
swollen, bounded without by a gentle curve, and within by a deep curve or truncated
angle; they are separated by side arm plates, which are prominent, and meet freely

208 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

above and below. Disk thick and puffed, rising well above the arms, with a con-
striction and furrow in each interbrachial space. The area between this constriction and
the radial shields, on either side, is occupied by four transverse plates running diagonally
inward, and outside these is a similar larger plate forming the margin of the disk.
Central disk covered with fine overlapping scales, eight or ten on a line between central
point and inner angle of radial shield; they are sparsely beset with minute stumps
bearing a crown of thorns. On the disk margin, over each arm, a few small grains or
stumps. Radial shields of a wide pearseed-shape, with an angle inward, nearly or quite
joined without; separated within by a broad wedge of scales; length to breadth,
2°8:1°7. Near base of arm six strongly thorny, glassy, cylindrical, hollow arm spines,
whereof the two upper ones are very long, slender, and tapering, and the lowest is
thick and blunt ; lengths to that of an arm joint, 5, 7, 3°5, 2°5, 2,1°8: 1:3. Two large
pointed tentacle scales on the first pore; one on each of those beyond ; toward middle of
arm the scales are more elongated and pointed, and have one or two microscopic thorns.
Colour in alcohol, very pale brown.
Station 24.—March 25, 1873; off Culebra, West Indies; 390 fathoms; mud.

Ophiomitra normani, Lym. (Pl. XXVI. figs. 9-11).

Ophiacantha normant, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 58, pl. xv. figs. 414-416,
1879.

Disk distinctly scaled and sparsely granulated, and with small, separated radial
shields. A single row of grains along the outer edge of the basal upper arm plates.
Four smooth, slender spines, the upper ones longest.

(Type specimen from Station 232.) Diameter of disk 12°5 mm. Length of arm
about 40 mm. Width of arm next disk 2°5 mm. Seven widely spaced, cylindrical,
tapering, peg-like mouth papilla, three on each side, and one at apex of mouth angle.
Mouth shields a little broader than long, thick and square, with a little peak without
and within ; length to breadth, 1: 2. Side mouth shields long and narrow, their outer
end wedged between the first and second under arm plates; not quite meeting within.
First under arm plate well marked, of a rounded triangular shape, with the point
outward; third plate, and those just beyond it, broader than long, bounded without by
a curve, on the sides by re-entering curves, and within by an angle; length to breadth
(fourth plate), 1°3.: 1:7. Side arm plates with a swollen spine ridge, meeting below, but »
separated above ; stout, and like the under plates, microscopically tuberculous. Upper
arm plates about as broad as long, short wedge shaped, with outer side curved and a
blunt angle within ; the first three or four have, along their outer margin, a single row
of rounded grains. Disk flat, somewhat angular, covered with well marked, pretty
equal, overlapping scales, whose surface is sparsely set with rounded grains, similar to
those of the upper arm plates; interbrachial spaces below similarly covered, except that

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 209

the scales are smaller and obscured by skin. Radial shields small, ovoid, as long as
broad, widely separated by a wedge of scales; length to breadth, 1°7: 1:3. Genital
openings wide, and extending quite from the mouth shield to the disk margin. Four
smooth, cylindrical, rather slender, blunt, tapering arm spines, whereof the lowest is as
long as an arm joint, the two upper ones as long as a joint and a half, and the third
intermediate. One rather large oval tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, grey, with arm
inclining to straw.

Station 232.—May 12,1875; lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 139° 28’ E.; 345 fathoms ; sandy
mud. Station 235.—June 4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms;
mud. Station 236.—June 5, 1875; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E.; young; 420 to
775 fathoms ; mud.

Species of Ophiomitra not herein described.

Ophiomitra valida, Lym. (Pl. XLI. figs. 4-6).

Ophiomitra valida, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 325, 1869; Ill. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. ii. figs. 4-6.

Ophiomitra cervicornis (young form), Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 14,
pl. it figs. 19, 20, 1875; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 231.

West Indies; 10 to 128 fathoms.

Ophiomutra exigua, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 231, pl. 1. figs.
4—6, 1878.
Off Havana ; 240 fathoms.

Ophiocamacx.
Ophiocamazx, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Seen from within the radial shields are even larger than they appear from without.
Near their outer point of junction are attached genital plates which are peculiar in that
their inner ends lie on top of the arm and nearly touch each other, while their very thin,
blade-like shafts slope downwards and inwards to the sides of the arms. Also attached
to the radial shield are the curved, thin genital scales (Pl. XLI. fig. 9,7). The arm
next the mouth frames is very large and wide, and its bones are strong, with wide,
slightly grooved margins. Their faces are of a character wholly unlooked for, recalling
the remote Astrophyton shapes. Thus, the outer face has no articulating peg at all and
the articulating hollow above (fig. 10 : 4) is formed by a transverse hour-glass piece, the
whole quite comparable to such a remote genus as Sigsbera (Pl. XLII. fig. 5). The inner
face is of a character much more Ophiuroid (Pl. XLI. fig. 11), and is comparable to that

210 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

of Ophiochondrus (Pl. XLII. fig. 18), whose arm bones are, however, utterly different in
other respects. Scarcely less curious are the mouth angles which are covered above by a
large, swollen, spongy peristomial plate, and this is continued down the outer open angle
by a film or veil of lime crust. Over the madreporic mouth shield this veil takes on the
form of a sort of rude pillar of spongy lime scales, or spicule. The closing of the open
angle of the mouth frame wings by a sort of crust is found elsewhere, but not in so
complete a form. ‘The jaws and jaw plate are swollen and powerful, and the teeth thick
and cylindrical. The arm spines are solid with a peculiar wedge formation in cross
section ; and have a single row of thorns on each edge.

This is a genus like an elaborated Ophiacantha and which, by its great radial shields
and its arm spines leans towards Ophiothriz, and yet one face of its arm bones has an
Astrophyton structure! Here is one warning, among many, not to seek in Nature for a
regular, progressive and consecutive development. To suppose that this arm bone was a
last remnant of an Astrophyton progenitor, or the first hint of a future Astrophyton, would
be to drag the camel through the postern. (See Pl. XLI. figs. 9-11.)

Some of the species, at any rate, are viviparous. A new one, dredged in an expedition
of the U.S. Steamer “ Blake,” had a large bursa (PI. XLVI. fig. 4, Bw), in whose wall were
imbedded lime scales. Between this and the disk roof was a pocket (ovarial tube ?)
containing an embryo (8’), which was too macerated by alcohol to show much structure.
The wall of the bursa was joined with that of the digestive cavity (St).

A section of the entire disk is given in Plate XLVII. fig. 5, showing the way in
which the ovarial bursee throw a fold over the digestive cavity.

Ophiocamax vitrea, Lym. (Pl. XIV. figs. 10-12).

Ophiocamax vitrea, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 156, pl. viii. figs.
218-221, pl. ix. figs. 242-244, 1878 (young).

Mouth papille numerous, spine-like, arranged in a tuft. Tentacle scales blunt
spiniform, two or three to each pore. Disk covered above with rounded, equal, thin
scales set thickly with minute thorns and crochets.

(Type specimen from Station 219.) Diameter of disk 17 mm. Width of arm with-
out spines 44mm. About thirty, long, spiniform, equal papille to each angle, set in
two or three ranks; of which half a dozen are arranged under the teeth, and may be
considered tooth papilla ; and three on either side are borne on a small plate or scale, at
outer corner of mouth-slit, and cover the second mouth tentacle. Seven broad flat teeth,
with a rounded cutting edge. Mouth shields small, broader than long, with an obtuse
angle within and a truncated angle without, bearing a few short spines; length to
breadth, 1°5: 2. Side mouth shields exceptionally large and wide, meeting broadly
within, having their inner sides gently curved. Under arm plates with a wide, slightly
curved, somewhat swollen outer edge, and a narrow projection within, where they join

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 211

the next plates ; on each lateral side a sharp re-entering curve, where the tentacle issues ;
length to breadth, 2:2°6. Side arm plates near base of arm not meeting below and
scarcely above ; forming broad, abrupt, but not very high ridges. Upper arm plates
slightly swollen, about “as broad as long, with a gentle curve without, and a deep curve
within. The whole arm is sparsely set with minute points. Disk flat and even, closely
set with fine short spines which are sharp and thorny or forked. Radial shields flat and
regular, triangular, with an angle inward, bearing a few spines like those of the disk, and
separated by a row of the same; length to breadth, 4: 2°5. Near base of arm nine
slender, slightly flattened, glassy arm spines, whereof the three lowest are very small.
Unlike those of Ophiacantha, these spines are not hollow. Lengths to that of an arm
joint, 3, 3, 3°6, 4, 3, 1°6, 1°2, 8, 6:2. Three stout, club-shaped, spiniform tentacle
scales on the first pore, and usually two on those immediately beyond. Colour in
alcohol, straw.

A younger specimen (Station 192), with a disk of 12 mm., had the upper arm plates
longer ; the basal under arm plates did not touch each other; the scaling of the disk
was distinctly marked; there were three tentacle scales on the basal pores; the arm
spines were seven; lengths to that of an arm joint, 2°2, 4°4, 3, 2°2, 2, 1°5, 1:°2:1°5.
The upper arm spine is sometimes the longest.

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 132° 25’ E.; 129 fathoms;
mud. Station 201.—October 26, 1874; lat. 7° 3’ N., long. 121° 48’ E.; 102 fathoms;
stones and gravel. Station 204.—November 2, 1874; lat. 12° 43’ N., long. 122° 10’ E. ;
100 fathoms; mud. Station 209.—January 22, 1875; lat. 10° 10’ N., long. 123° 55’
E.; 95 to 100 fathoms; mud. Station 219.—March 10, 1875; lat. 1° 50’S., long. 146°
42’ B.; 150 fathoms; mud.

Species of Ophiocamax not herein described.

Ophiocamax hystrix, Lym. (Pl. XLI. figs. 9-11).

Ophiocamax hystrix, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 232, pl. i. figs. 13-15,
1878.

West Indies; 175 fathoms.

Ophiothamnus.
Ophiothamnus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i. part 10, 1869.

Disk beset with fine thorns or spines, and covered by rather large scales and wide
naked radial shields. Teeth, and stout, close-set mouth papille, but no tooth papille.
Numerous (eight) thorny translucent arm spines, arranged along sides of side arm plates,
which are prominent, and nearly or quite meet above and below. In each interbrachial

212 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

space two genital openings, beginning close outside the mouth shield. The peristomial
plate is in three pieces, arranged symmetrically like the mouth shield and side mouth
shields.

Although strongly resembling Ophiacantha and Ophiomitra in outward aspect, this
genus has a peculiar internal structure. In the first place there is no genital scale, and
the genital plates, instead of occupying their usual position at the side of the arm, lie on
top, side by side and touching each other. They are long, bar-like, and a little curved,
and narrowest at their outer end (Pl. XLII. fig. 1, 0). Then the ovarial bursz have
their walls clad in thin lime plates, making a regular wall in which I was unable to
discover a genital opening of any sort (6). The peristomial plates are of great size,
completely covering each mouth angle, except its inner apex. They are in three pieces,
two forming an angle, whose opening is closed by the third; the three resembling a
mouth shield with its two side shields (v,v). The radial shields are large and wide, and
touch each other for nearly their whole leneth.

See Plate XLII. fig. 1.

Ophiothamnus vicarius, Lym. (Pl. XLII. fig. 1).

Ophiothamnus vicarius, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 342, 1869; Il. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. ii. figs. 8, 9, 1871; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7,
p. 150; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 232.

Station 23.—March 15, 1873; off Sombrero Island; 450 fathoms ; globigerina ooze.

Ophiothamnus remotus, Lym. (Pl. XIV. figs. 1-8).

Ophiothamnus remotus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 149, pl. viii. figs.
201-203, 1878.

Disk scales coarse and angular. Side mouth shield very large, and meeting broadly
within. Very few short spines on disk.

(Type specimen from Station 142.) Diameter of disk 3°3 mm. Length of arm 11 mm.
Width of arm without spines 8mm. Seven flat close-set mouth papille; the odd
one, at the apex, being short spearhead-shaped, the rest squarish. Mouth shields small,
three-sided, with a point inward, and the outer corners rounded; length to breadth
‘4: 3. Side mouth shields very wide and large, meeting broadly within, and enveloping
the mouth shield on all sides but one. First under arm plate small and wedge-shaped,
with inner end rounded ; the rest are pentagonal, with an obtuse angle inward, and outer
corners somewhat rounded; the second plate is larger than those beyond. Side arm
plates meeting broadly above and below, constricted within, swelling outward into a
thickened spine ridge. Upper arm plates wider than long, irregular oval, with a slight
peak within. Disk rather thick, covered above with coarse angular scales, whereof there
are but two radiating rows in each interbrachial space; radial shields wide pearseed-

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 213

shape, with a rounded angle inward, joined their whole length, except their inner ends,
which are separated by a wedge scale; interbrachial spaces below with a marginal
constriction, and usually covered by four large rounded scales; there are a few short
smooth disk spines. Seven slender, translucent, sharp, not thorny arm spines; lengths
to that of an arm joint, 1°3, 1°3, 1,1,°6, 4, °4:°5. Beyond the basal joints there are but
six spines, whereof the upper are shorter than those described above. One very small,
narrow, pointed tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, nearly white.

Ophiothamnus vicarius bears a general resemblance to this species, but is distinguished
by narrower side mouth shields and by long and numerous disk spines.

Station 142, Agulhas Bank.—December 18, 1873; lat. 35° 4’ §., long. 18° 37’ E. ;
150 fathoms; sand.

Species of Ophiothamnus not herein described.

Ophiothamnus affinis, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 622, 1871.
Portugal; 790 fathoms.

Ophiothrix.
Ophiothrix, Mill. & Tr., Weig. Archiv, vol. vi, 1840.

Disk set with thorny grains, very short, spines crowned with thorns, or spines with
thorns at the sides and top. Radial shields like large, triangular swellings, each bounded
on its two inner sides by ridges in the skin of the back. Numerous crowded tooth papille
forming a vertical oval. Teeth. No mouth papillae. Spines numerous (five to ten) (often
three times as long as the joints), flattened, more or less glassy, thorny, having a central
shaft with slender side-spurs from it. A small, spine-like tentacle scale. The base of
the jaw pierced with a hole, from a want of perfect union between the two pieces of the
mouth frames. Interbrachial spaces swelled out like lobes. Two genital openings
beginning outside the mouth shields. Outer arm joints with hooks.

We have here a type separated by a gap from genera previously described. Contrasted
with the rather loose and feeble scaling are the very large, three-sided radial shields with
projecting knobs at their outer ends, where they are articulated with the clubbed, knobby
heads of the long, stout, rounded, and slightly curved genital plates (PI. XLII. fig. 5, 0).
To this last is attached a great, almost semicircular genital scale (n), which 1s
continued to the mouth shield (a) by an additional scale, The heads of the genital
plates nearly meet over the top of the arm, which is composed of peculiar arm bones.
Beginning at the third free bone, each has an upper forward projection or apophysis fitting
into a slot in the upper hinder end of the next bone. Thus the joints are interlocked in
a way that may give a fulcrum for the powerful muscular action called for in the rapid
whip-like motion of the arm of Ophiothrix. By this peculiar locking contrivance, the

(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP,—PART XIv.—1882.) O 28

214 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

outer and inner faces of the arm bones are quite changed (figs. 6 and 7). The upper
portion is occupied by the narrow apophysis, or, in the inner face, by the deep slot, so
that the articulating umbo (1) and its corresponding hollow (4) are reduced to small
proportions. The lower musele-field (w) is also small as compared with the upper (w”).
Not less characteristic are the mouth angles with their long-crested, deeply-grooved upper
surface (f') nearly or quite destitute of a peristomial plate, the nerve being well protected
by its extremely deep canal (w). The jaws (c) are very high, but not long. Their height
(fig. 8) gives room for the great vertical oval of tooth papillee (d’) and the numerous but
shorter teeth (d”). In shape the jaw plate is like a shoe hole perforated for the attaching
ligaments ; the wider end is uppermost and bears the tooth papille. Outside this appears
the jaw, at whose upper end is attached, as usual, a fold of the stomach (st), and in whose
sides are the sockets from which issue the large fleshy mouth tentacles (77).

Ophiothrix is the Salmo of echinoderms! Well defined and peculiar as a genus it
has a crowd of species, many of which are the despair of the specific zoologist. From the
internal skeleton some aid may be got in this direction. Thus Ophiothrix hirsuta has a thick
disk skin set with small separated scales, each bearing a thorn, or spine. Its young has
radial shields proportionately larger and more nearly approaching in the interbrachial
spaces. From it the kindred species Ophiothrix longipeda is well distinguished by a
generally lighter structure ; a narrower genital scale, and more slender genital plate ;
smaller radial shields having over twenty interbrachial radiating scale rows, instead
of eight to fourteen as in Ophiothrix hirsuta; and, finally, in having the outer horns
of the mouth frames shorter and less grooved. Ophiothrix trilineata stands near,
but has the disk scales large and few. Ophiothrix augulata and Ophiothrix érstedir
have a similar general structure; but have a close, well-marked imbricated scaling,
with about seven radiating interbrachial rows between the radial shields. Their
young have proportionately smaller radial shields and the scales wider. Ophiothrix
spiculata is closely alhed, with larger radial shields, however, and the outer horns
of the mouth frames much prolonged. Ophiothrix fragilis, O. echinata, O. penta-
phyllum, O. quinquemaculata, and O. alopecurus have a common type. The first
free arm-bone has a little hollow lozenge on its upper surface (fig. 5), while in most of
the species it has a thin, slightly grooved margin. Then the narrow brachial space
between the radial shields is filled by a line of long, thick scales. Finally, there is a
large space of wholly naked skin near the mouth shields. The specific differences which I
pointedout? between the large Ophiothrix fragilis of North Europe and the small Ophiothria
echinata of the Mediterranean are confirmed. A young of Ophiothrix fragilis, had a disk
6 mm. in diameter, whose upper surface was almost wholly filled by contiguous radial shields,
while in Ophiothrix echinata (disk 8 mm.) there were as many as eight scale rows in
each interbrachial space, and the radial shields had the lobed margin of the adult.

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 245.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 215

Ophiothrix magnifica stands near, having a long genital plate reaching nearly to the
mouth shield, and a hollow lozenge on top the first free arm bone ; the genital scale too is
extremely large and thick, and has a slightly lobed edge. The radial shields, however,
are smaller than usual, with crusty, rounded, not elongated, scales in the interbrachial
spaces.

Ophiothrix suensonii, which leads a distinct group of Ophiothrices, presents some
variations in the skeleton. The radial shields are of great size, massive, and with smooth
edges, and the pairs are scarcely separated. The first free arm bone has a slight elon-
gation on its upper surface. The genital plate is flat and much thinner than in species
already treated. The upward forward apophysis of the arm bones is even longer than
usual, and of a somewhat different form.

See Plate XLII. figs. 5-8.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiothrix.

{ Large (disk 16 mm.). Radial shields somewhat sunk in
swollen disk, which bears various short stout stumps, > Ophiothrix fragilis.
mingled sometimes with a few slender long spines, .

On

beset

Disk

Radial shields essentially naked.

upper side of first undivided arm bone is a lozenge with a

central depression.

Small (disk 11 mm.). Radial shields somewhat sunk in
puffed disk, which is evenly beset with trifid stumps, > Ophiothria echinata.
mingled with a few cylindrical spines, : é : |

Similar to Ophiothrix echinata, but lowest arm spine as far |,» . re aoe
F ace eer , re Ophiothriz roseocerulans.
inward as seventh joint is a double or triple hook, of}

Large and similar to Ophiothrix fragilis, but with short thin
arm spines, high arched arms, and minute spines on upper
arm plates, . ; :

- Ophiothria litkent.

Similar to Ophiothrix fragilis (same?). Disk beset with
thorny grains, conical stumps, and very stout, columnar + Ophiothrix pentaphyllum.
spines, : ¢ : ; . 5 . |

Disk above closely set with grassy fluted spines, without )
stumps. Radial shields naked, except sometimes a few

- Ophiothrix alopecurus.
minute spines,

—

beset with stouter stumps, and spines having crowns of
three to seven thorns,

Similar to Ophiothrix echinata (same 1), but larger and er)
a Ophiothrix lusitaniea.

or re-entering curve in outer side of under arm plates, eight

to nine stout, blunt feebly thorny arm spines.

with stumps or spines.

imilar lothrix pentaphyllum (same? 7 ae
Similar to Ophiothria pentaphyllum (same ?), but only seven | Onvhiothris maculata.
arm spines, and with a red spot on each upper arm plate, . {

Short narrow arms, four to six times diameter of disk. A notch

Arms seven to ten times diameter of disk. A few long disk spines which are Bre ae F
Ophiothri« quinquemaculata.

jointed on little mamelons.

Second and third arm spines largest and slightly club-ended. Disk set with
short thorny cylinders. Radial shields naked. Under arm plates trans- > Ophiothrix fumaria.
verse oblong with rounded corners, ;

216 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Ophiothrixa—continued.

Disk beset with minute trifid stumps, among which a few slender )
spines. Colour in alcohol, blue, or pale pink, with a light line - Ophiothria angulata.
along upper arm, . : : ; 4 é ; \

Disk beset with slender spines. Colour in alcohol, blue or green, with

: ‘ Ophiothrix orstedit.
fine white cross-lines on arms, L

Arm spines longer than in Ophiothrix angulata. Colour in ae Ophiothrix spiculata.

Radial shields essentially

e in outer side of under arm plate.

Disk beset with thorny stumps and slender spines, or with either alone. )

: 5 phiothria trilineata.
white, running along upper arm, Or

longer ; and the lowest arm spine keeps the form of a double hook
till “quite near the base of the arm,

Ophiothriz koreana.

fo)

Lo
Sf
Similar to Ophiothrix spiculata, but under arm plates Hable hk |

Disk beset with coarse spines of several sizes. Arm spines stouter than ork at
: es 3 : : Ophiothrix dumosa.
in Ophiothrix spiculata, and under arm plates more angular, 6

cht re-entering curv

|
pale blue,
A few slender spines on disk. Several thin lines alternately blue and

0 six times diameter of disk.

2 | Large (disk 14 mm.). Arm spines rounded, stout, and tapering, Disk | OuniEinEnacrare
2 4 | closely set with similar smaller spines, an ae ee
oO
>
Saltel | Disk with a few peg-like stumps. Upper arm plates hexagonal. Arm |
an spines very stout. Colour in alcohol reddish, with black line along » Ophiothrix lineata.
qa upper arm,

Radial shields small and set, like disk, with small thorny stumps. Under
arm plates with a re-entering curve on outer side. Arm spines thick and
not strongly thorned,

- Ophiothrix triglochis.

toothed ; and under arm plates are curved outwardly, Cae

Radial shields naked. Upper disk set with minute, smooth, cylinders.
Seven nearly cylindrical, tapering arm spines, only a little a at
the tip. Under arm plates covered without,

Disk as in Ophiothrixz triglochis, but arm spines much flatter and Ht |
: Ophiothri« rudis.

Radial shields and lower interbrachial spaces nearly naked; rest of disk
densely set with stumps bearing a crown of thorns. Outer side of under +» Ophiothrix berberis.
arm plates curved. Seven short, Hat, strongly toothed arm spines, : |

{ Radial shields naked. Upper arm spines club-ended. Arm to disk 7:1.
Short spines on disk, which is spotted with black, and arms

Ophiothrix spongicola.
banded with same, : : : ; mi

Radial shields naked. A few spines on disk. Arm spines with, shaft
smooth and a flat thorny end. Lower arm plates as broad as long > Ophiothrix melanosticta.
and curved without, a

Disk as in preceding. Arm spines with smooth shaft and rough end ;
te}
4 the second with a broadened flat, toothed end. Under arm plates
squarish with an outer re-entering curve,

- Ophiothriz striolata.

Radial shields naked.

—,

Disk naked above, spinous below. Upper arm spines with emoot
cylindric shaft and thorny clubbed end. Lowest one a trifle - Ophiothrix martensi.
hooked. Arm to disk 43:1,

—,

| Disk as in Ophiothrix martensi. Outer side of under arm pate)
re-enteringly curved. Most arm spines with brush like pie Ophiothri« plana.
[ ends. Arms to disk 5:1, |

Some of the arm spines clubbed or widened
at the end.

Radial shields naked Arms long and flat ; as

Both disk and radial shields closely beset with thorny stumps, or short spines.

compared with disk, 9-20: 1.

a ae

—

J
Arm to disk 15:1. Upper disk with a few rough pee In each

Arms short, three to seven times diameter

Arms long and flat, nine to eighteen

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

Table of Species of Ophiothrix—continued.

{Arm to disk 9:1. Radial shields small. Disk beset with minute

thorny stumps. Under arm plates much wider than long, with Mcacticing aspidota.
rounded corners, :

Arm to disk 9:1. Outer edge of upper arm plates in three lobes. i

Upper disk naked, with numerous interbrachial radiating rows of 4 Ophiothrix triloba.
scales,

Arms to disk 9:1. Upper disk with a few rough grains. Only a)

space,

: : Ophiothrix nereidina.
interbrachial space only three or four large scales, :

Arm to disk 15-20:1. Large species. Upper disk deny set with r Ounsoinnenealeen

thorny grains or stumps. Interbrachial scaling obscured,
Arm to disk 12:1. Disk above and below beset with eee mae

spines, of which few or none on radial shields, CHER SESS

Arm to disk 15:1. Only three to four radiating lines of scales in
each interbrachial space. A few stumps in ‘centre of disk. At +
each arm joint a double blue cross line,

c

{ Arm to disk 3:1. Upper arm plates narrow,

ee oval. 4 aes : :
‘ Ophiothrix pusilla.
Lowest arm spine a hook, even at base of arm, F off

Arm to disk 34:1. Upper arm plates fan-shaped with apner)

angle truncated. Lowest arm spine a hook, even at base of > Ophiothrix exigua.
arm, J)

Arm to disk 5:1. Disk covered with star-headed stumps, as ml
the two preceding, but with a few spines mingled. Under arm
plates with outer side cleanly curved,

J Arm to disk 4:1. Disk beset with forked or trifid stumps without
spines. Under arm plates cleanly curved without. Lowest arm + Ophiothrix carinata.
spines a hook, even at base of arm, a : : ; |

Arm to disk 7:1. Disk beset with slender trifid stumps. Under
arm plates as broad as long, curved without, and with converging > Ophiothria ciliaris.
lateral sides,

- Ophiothrix stelligera.

of disk.

Arm to disk 5:1. Small short, stout stumps, with thorny ee
on upper disk and radial shields. Upper arm plates short,
truncated sara with arm spines encroaching between
them, 0

Ophiothrix rotata.

Arm to disk 9-12:1. Disk covering consists of minute stumps

Di > \ Ophiothrix demessa.
with thorny heads, Similar stumps on upper arm plates, ai CIN OE

Upper arm plates with a longitudinal keel. Disk covering consists
of minute cylinders. Arm spines with seven thorns on each Ophiothrix parasita.
edge, ‘

Arm to disk 9:1. In each interbrachial space are eight to fourteen \
radiating rows of scales. Disk covering above, thorny stumps, - Ophiothria hirsuta.
which lengthen below into short spines, : {

Arm to disk 13:1. Disk about as in Ophiothrix longipeda (same,

times diameter of disk.
eae

scopic tuberculation of upper arm plates is also finer,

Arm to disk 18:1. Disk about as in Ophiothrix hirsuta, but there
are about twenty radiating rows of scales in each interbrachial \ Ophiothrix longipeda.
| space, :

few (tive to seven) radiating scale rows in each aEeiasall - Ophiothri« propinqua.

Ophiothrix cataphracta.

half grown?), but its stumps are scarcely thorny. The micro- ¢ Ophiothrix punctolimbata.

218 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Table of Species of Ophiothrix—continued,

{ . { Four to six arm spines. Very few slender spines on disk. A ; : es
Ophiothrix suensonii.
pwple stripe along upper and lower sides of arm,
Nine to eleven arm spines. Disk set with needle-lke spines }
and minute stumps. Tentacle scale running along outer - Ophiothrix viridialba.
edge of arm plate. A green stripe along upper arm,

Arms narrow and

Four to five arm spines. Stout articulated spines on disk,
with some very short. A purple line running along upper - Ophiothrix purpurea.
arm. Disk lined with purple and yellowish, ;

Arm spines glassy, feebly
Radial shields naked.
A —

echinate, needle-like and very long and
Arm plates as broad as long.

Four to five arm spines. Long hair-like spines on disk and
radial shields. A white line along upper arm with a > Ophiothrix comata.

Disk flat and regular.

n (
i
BS
os Ceres |
Oia | ecletes purple one on either side
ics} 5 na put ‘ S ?
B-5 3 | 37a
2 5 4 2
oO 4 | 3 Large (disk 22 mm. Disk and radial shields set with my, : : :
a 2
sy 3 Ophiothrix capillaris.
[| minute stumps, wide brown stripe along upper arm, “Ath
cos Numerous trifid, slender stumps on disk; among them a Mt
S) fe) aes :
cS cine slender spines. Six slender, strong] petinate arm spines. Ophiothrix elegans.
apn oT darkalt 1 3 ‘L
el te ep =) 1) ark line along upper arm, : ; A
ooo Os 5
Waste) ba
73 Aad
co . . . . .
2+ @ | Upper disk densely beset with hair-like spines. Eight needle-like )
So Sia nert tC : : . O FS 5
ay tae es arm spines, echinate only at the tip. A radiating black line » Ophiothrix capensis.
Seeee in each brachial space, s)
Scans a)
Sys ‘a . : <
% >, 8S | Upper disk densely beset with rather coarse spines. Seven to
f ar} A C 9 : A 5 .
S2gsg eight somewhat stout, strongly echinate arm spines. (Belongs > Ophiothrix pallida.
a 2 fe) i f=) i : ? fe) f=) ‘L L
Sg Ae near Ophiothriz angulata ?), 4 : \
Ps Le .
Pala d
= K no . . . . -
B aS 3:5 | Upper disk beset with coarse, sharp, echinate spines. Radial )
w ate AO cs i ; ‘ = i eats A) a 5
Baca e shields large. Ten moderately stout very echinate arm spines. > Ophiothrix aristulatu.
Colour pinkish : : . : i :
3.
: Similar to Ophiothrix hirsuta, but with a glossy disk hiothrix j 1
We iccrain ( 8 Op 7 suta, but with a glossy disk, . Ophiothrix planalata.

lace. : Pai het
Daa ( Ophiothria cerulea.

Ophiothria liitkent, Wyv. Thomson, Depths of Sea, p. 100, 1872.
Station 75.—July 2, 1873; lat. 38° 37’ N., long. 28° 30’ W.; 450 fathoms (young)
sand.

Ophiothria triglochis, Mull. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 114, 1842; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist.,
part 3, p. 59.
Simon’s Bay; 5 to 18 fathoms.

Ophiothrix cespitosa, Lym. (Pl. XXVI. figs. 12-14).

Ophiothrix cespitosa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 53, pl. xv. figs.
417-420, 1879.

Nine short, stout, much flattened, strongly toothed arm spines. The puffed disk and

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 219

smal] radial shields are set with short spines. Upper arm plates transverse diamond-
shaped, with lateral angles sharp.

(Type specimen from Port Jackson.) Diameter of disk 7 mm. Length of arm
28mm. Width of arm near disk 1°5. The vertical oval has about sixteen stout, blunt,
nearly equal tooth papilla, whereof four or five are on the median line, and nearly as
large as those on the margin. Four rather thin, squarish teeth, with a cutting edge mak-
ing an obtuse angle. Mouth shields small, closely joined to surrounding parts, broader
than long, of a transverse, rounded oval shape, having a curve without and a very blunt,
obtuse angle within. Side mouth shields narrow, wider without than within, where they
meet. Under arm plates with ill-marked outlines of a rude, transverse oval form, with a
curve without, lateral sides a little indented and the inner side vaguely angular. Side
arm plates with a low spine ridge. Upper arm plates much wider than long, transverse
diamond-shape, with lateral angles sharp and the outer one rounded; length to breadth,
6: 1:1. Disk thick, and puffed in the interbrachial spaces, thickly set near the margin
with short, stout stump-lke spines rough at ends and sides, the longest *5 mm. in length.
Towards the centre the spines grow fewer, and the middle region has scarcely any, so that
the rounded overlapping scaling is conspicuous ; next the mouth shields, also, there are
no spines. Radial shields small and triangular, much obscured by the short spines.
Nine short, translucent, rather stout, blunt, flattened arm spines, bearing pretty strong
thorns on their edges; lengths to that of an under arm plate, °8, 1°5, 1°8, 1°7, 1°38, 1°1,
‘9, ‘7, °4:°5. One minute tentacle scale at angle of under and side arm plates. Colour
in alcohol, above, disk faint greenish; arms banded with lighter and darker yellowish-
brown.

Station, Port Jackson ; 2 to 10 fathoms.

In its disk this species resembles Ophiothrix triglochis, but the arm spines are much
flatter and more toothed, and the upper arm plates of a different shape.

Ophiothrix angulata, Ayres, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. p. 249, 1852; Lym.,
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 162, pl. i. figs. 1-3.

Stella marina minor echinata purpurea (2), Sloane, Voyage to Jamaica, p. 272, pl. cexliv. figs.
8, 9, 1725.

Stella scolopendroides ; Jamaicensis purpurea (2), Linck, De Stell. Mar., p. 51, 1733.

Ophiura angulata, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 145, 1825.

Ophiothrix violacea, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 115, 1842; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
No. i. p. 164; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 150, pl. iv. fig. 1.

Ophiura hispida, Ayres, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv. p. 249.

Ophiothriz caribwa, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 14, Jan. 1856.

Ophiothri« Kroyeri, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 15, Jan. 1856.

Station 36.—April 23, 1873; off Bermudas ; 32 fathoms. Off Bahia; 7 to 20 fathoms

(young); var. Fernando Noronha; shallow water; mud.

220 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiothrix longipeda, Mill. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 4).

Ophiothrix longipeda, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 113, 1842; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool.
No. i. p. 176; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 56.

Ophiura longipeda, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 1. p. 544, 1816.

Ophiure écailleuse, Blainv., Faune Frang. Stell., pls. vi., vil.

The great lobes often noticed in this genus are explained by the immense quantity of
egos with which the interbrachial spaces are stuffed. These masses are traversed by
canals leading to the ovarial burs. They are figured in Plate XLVIL

Station 186.—September 8, 1874; lat. 10° 30’ S., long 142° 18’ E.; 8 fathoms ;

I > Ss
August 7, 1874. Station 188.—September 10, 1874 ; lat.
9° 59’ S., long. 139° 42° E.; 28 fathoms; mud. Tongatabu; 18 fathoms (same
species ?). Amboyna; 100 fathoms (same species ?). Samboangan ; 10 fathoms.

coral sand. Ternate Shore.

Ophiothrix pusilla, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 235, pl. ui.
figs, 21-30.
Station 208.

January 17, 1875; lat. 11° 37’ N., long. 123° 32’ E.; 18 fathoms; mud.

Ophiothrix exiqua, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 236, pl. iv.
figs. 24-26, 1874.

Station 188.—September 10, 1874; lat. 9° 59’S., long. 139° 42’ E.; variety ?; 28
fathoms; mud. Station 208.—18 fathoms; mud.

Ophaiothri« ciliaris, Mull. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 114, 1842; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 233, pl. iv., figs. 29, 32.
Ophiura ciliaris, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 545, 1816.
Station 209—January 22, 1875; near Cebu; lat. 10° 10’ N., long. 123° 55° E.;
95 to 100 fathoms ; mud.

Ophiothrix stelligera, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iu., part 10, p. 237, pl. ii.
figs. 15-20, 1874.

Arafura Sea (7); August 7, 1874. Station 186.—September 8, 1874; Samboangan,
Philippines; lat. 10° 30’S., long. 142° 18’ E.; 8 fathoms ; coral sand.

Ophiothrix propinqua, Lym., Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 83, 1861;

Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p.174; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i, part 10, p. 234.
Ophiothrix longipeda (young), Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 56, 1869.

(?) Tongatabu Reefs ; 18 fathoms ; (red var.). Samboangan (same sp. ?). Fiji, Levuka

Reefs.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 221

Ophiothri« nereidina, Miill & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 115, 1842.
Ophiura nereidina, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii p. 554, 1816.
Samboangan, Philippine Islands ; 10 fathoms.

Ophiothria berberis, Lym. (Pl. XXI. figs. 1-4).

Ophiothria berberis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 52, pl. xv. figs. 425-428,
1879.

Seven short, blunt, much flattened, strongly toothed arm spines. Radial shields
and interbrachial spaces below nearly or quite naked. Rest of disk set with short stumps
bearing a crown of thorns.

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 9mm. Width of arm near
disk 2°55 mm. Length of arm about 58 mm. The vertical oval has about seventeen
stout, blunt, nearly equal tooth papillee, whereof the marginal ones are scarcely longer
than those in the middle. Three squarish, rather thin teeth. Mouth shields broader than
long, with an obtuse angle inward and a gentle curve without; length to breadth,
1: 1:5. Side mouth shields rather narrow, slightly swollen, wider without than within,
where they scarcely meet. First under arm plate unusually large, nearly equalling the
second, squarish, with rounded corners and an obtuse angle within. The plates increase
in size to the seventh, which is broader than long, bounded without by a wide curve,
and within by a truncated angle; length to breadth, °7 : 1:1. Side arm plates furnished
with a low thick spine ridge. Upper arm plates transverse diamond shaped, over-
lapping, having outer angle rounded and inner one truncated ; length to breadth, °7 : 1°4.
Disk rather flat, lobed in the interbrachial spaces, which, below, are nearly naked, as are
the radial shields, while the remainder of the upper disk is densely covered with short,
minute stumps, each bearing a crown of three or four thorns, or, rarely, a fork of two
longer thorns. Radial shields long triangular, just touching without, diverging gently
inward ; leneth to breadth, 2°7:1°7. Seven, short, blunt, much flattened arm spines,
bearing strong thorns on their edges ; the second one is longest, and those below grow
gradually shorter; lengths to that of an under arm plate, 2°3, 3°5, 2°5, 2°2, 1:7, 1°5,
‘7 :°7. One minute tentacle scale. Colour in alcohol, above, disk pale greenish-grey,
arms of a faint pink.

Station 192. September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 132° 25’ E.; 129 fathoms ;
mud. Station 209.—January 22, 1875; Cebu, Philippines; lat. 10° 10’ N., long.
123° 55’ E.; 95 to 100 fathoms ; mud.

Ophiothrix martensi, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1i., part 10, p. 234, pl. iv.,
figs. 9-10, 1874.

August 7, 1874; 6 fathoms.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART x1v.—1882.) O 29

222, THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiothrix trilineata, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 58 and 100, 1869.
Tongatabu Reefs; 18 fathoms.

Ophiothriz melanosticta, Grube, Jahres-Berichte d. Sch. Gesell., p. 45, 1867; Ltk.,
Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 99, 1869.
Station 190.—September 12, 1874 ; lat. 8° 56’S., long. 136° 5’ E.; 49 fathoms ; mud.

Ophiothri« striolata, Grube, Jahres-Berichte d. Sch. Gesell., p. 45, 1867; Ltk., Addit.
ad Hist., part 3, p. 99, 1869.

Station 208.—January 17, 1875; lat. 11° 37’ N., long. 123° 32’ E.; 18 fathoms ;
mud. Samboangan, Philippines ; 10 fathoms.

Ophiothrix« suensonii, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 16, 1856; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p- 148, pl. iv. fig, 2; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 157; Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 232.

Station 36.—April 23, 1873 ; off Bermudas ; 32 fathoms; mud.

Ophiothrix capillaris, Lym. (Pl. XXI. figs. 5-8).

Ophiothrix capillaris, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 41, pl. xiv. figs.
401-404, 1879.

Very large, with nine very delicate, translucent arm spines, whereof the upper ones
are extremely long. Disk set with minute stumps, which are few and scattered on the
large radial shields.

(Type specimen from Station 204.) Diameter of disk 22 mm. Width of arm near
disk, 48 mm. The vertical oval has over fifty tooth papillz of various sizes, those in
the lower half being minute, crowded, and grain-like, while those on the margin of the
upper half are large and thick, and project beyond the median papilla. Four flat teeth,
with rounded cutting edge; the uppermost and lowest narrowest. Mouth shields small,
much broader than long, bounded by a gentle curve without and an obtuse angle within ;
length to breadth, 8 :1°8. Under arm plates small, narrow, about as long as broad, eight-
sided, with angles more or less rounded and lateral sides a little re-entermgly curved.
Side arm plates with a well-marked spine ridge. Upper arm plates about as broad as
long, of a short diamond-shape, with angles rounded, rising on the median line in a low
ridge and microscopically tubereulous. Disk round and flat, scarcely lobed in inter-
brachial spaces, more or less closely beset above and below with minute stumps bearing
an irrecular crown of thorns; on the radial shields they are much more scattered, smaller,
and less thorny, and next the genital openings there are none. The radial shields, whose
outlines are distinguishable through their covering, are triangular and very large, with a
small lobe where they unite over the arm; inwardly they diverge, and sometimes again

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 223

bend together so as nearly or quite to reunite ; length to breadth, 9:4°5. On joints next
disk there are nine slender, glassy, translucent, slightly flattened feebly thorny spines,
whereof the uppermost are extremely long and elegant; those below progressively
shorter ; lengths to that of an under arm plate, 15°5, 15, 13, 9, 7, 6, 5, 8, 1°7:1°7. One
small, blade-like tentacle scale in the angle of the under and side arm plates. Colour in
alcohol, above, pale brownish-pink ; below, very pale yellowish-brown ; along upper side
of arm is a wide, brown stripe, whose edges are darkest.

Station 204.—November 2, 1874; lat. 12° 43’ N., long. 122° 10’ E.; 100 to 115
fathoms; mud, Cebu; 100 fathoms.

Ophiothriz capillaris belongs near Ophiothrix comata and Ophiothrix suensonii. It
has an arm stripe like that of the former, but has little stumps on the disk instead of
hair-like spines.

Ophiothrix purpurea, V. Mart., Monatsb. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 346, 1867; Lym.,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 54.

Station 177.—August 18, 1874; lat. 16° 45’ S., long. 168° 5’ E.; 63 fathoms (?).
Station (?) Banda.

Ophiothria aristulata, Lym. (Pl. XXI. figs. 9-12).

Ophiothriz aristulata, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 50, pl. xv. figs.
421-424, 1879.

Ten moderately stout, feebly thorny, scarcely tapering arm spines. Disk, except the
large radial shields, densely set with short, slightly rough spines.

(Type specimen from Station 142.) Diameter of disk 14mm. Width of arm near
disk 3mm. There are about thirty tooth papille which are pointed, and are arranged,
as usual, in a vertical oval, the exterior line on either side composed of ten or eleven
longer ones, while a similar number of shorter ones, arranged in twos at the centre, and
in asingle line above and below, fill closely the middle space. Three short, thick,
squarish teeth. Mouth shield well marked, of a transverse diamond shape, with
rounded corners. Side mouth shields thick and slightly swollen, rather wide, nearly or
quite meeting within, taperingly gently imward. Under arm plates somewhat wider
than long, with a wide curve without, short re-enteringly curved laterals, and straight
inner laterals sloping towards the median line. Side arm plates presenting a moderately
prominent spine crest. Upper arm plates wider than long, slightly overlapping, of a
transverse diamond shape, with corners rounded or truncated ; each plate has a median
ridge, which gives to the upper arm a carinate look. Disk thick and strongly lobed in
the interbrachial spaces; its upper surface occupied chiefly by large radial shields, which
are long triangular, with a length to breadth of 5:3; they unite without, where each

224 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

has a lobe projecting over the arm, separated within by a narrow wedge of scales
bearing one or two rows of short, slightly rough spines : similar but somewhat longer
spines densely clothe the centre and interbrachial spaces, passing over the margin and
investing the outer portion of the naked surface below ; the longest spines are 1°7 mm.
Ten moderately stout, scarcely tapering, somewhat flattened, trauslucent arm spines,
bearing feeble thorns on their edges; the uppermost and lowest are minute, the rest
diminish in length from the third downward ; lengths to that of an under arm plate ‘8,
3°6, 4°6, 3°6, 3, 3, 2°6, 2,1, °8:1. The first tentacle pore has no scales ; those beyond
have a minute lip-like one in the angle of the under and side arm plates. Colour in
alcohol, above, pale purplish pink, the side arm plates and outer edges of radial shields
marked with darker ; below much paler.

Station 142.—December 18, 1873; lat. 35° 4’8., long. 18° 37’ E.; 150 fathoms ;
sand. Station 161.—April1, 1874; off Entrance to Port Philip (var. with coarser
spines) ; 38 fathoms; sand. Station 163.—April 4, 1874; off Twofold Bay (var.) ;
120 fathoms ; red clay.

The species is readily distinguished from Ophiothria capensis by lacking the black
stripe on the arm, and by having arm spines serrated their whole length.

Species of Ophiothrix not herein described.

Ophiothrix fragilis, Dib. & Kor., Of. Skandinavy. Echin., 1846, p. 238 ; Lym., Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii, part 10, p. 249; Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 551.
Asterias fragilis, Abildg. (Miiller), Zool. Dan., p. 28, pl. xeviii., 1789.
Ophiothriz Rammelsbergi’, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 113, pl. vin. fig. 3.
Ophiothriz alba (2), Grube, Wieg. Archiv, p. 344, 1857.
Ophiothrix fragilis (pars), Sars, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 52, 1869.

North European Seas ; 6 to 52 fathoms.

Ophiothria echinata, Mill. & Tr. (non. Ltk. nee. Ljn.), Syst. Ast. p. 111, 1842;
Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii, part 10, p. 249; Ludwig, Echin. des. Mittel-
meeres, p. 992.

Asterias echinata, Delle Chiaje, Mem., vol. iii. p. 79, pl. xxxiv. fig. 5, 1823-29.
Ophiothrix echinophora, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, vol. vi. p. 328, 1840.
Asterias tricolor (?), Delle Chiaje, Mem., vol. iii., pl. xxxiv. fig. 9.

Asterias pentagona (2), vol. iii., pl. xxxiv. fig. 15.

Asterias Ferussaci (2), vol. ii., p. 79, pl. xxxiv. fig. 12.

Asterias Cuvieri (2), vol. iii., pl. xxxiv. fig. 17.

Ophiothrix rubra (2), Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of Kong. Akad., p. 624, 1871.

Adriatic and Mediterranean ; littoral.

bo
bo
or

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

Ophiothrix« pentaphyllum, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 622; Lym.,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 249.

Asterias pentaphyllum, Pen., Brit. Zool., vol. iv. pp. 54, 55, 1812.
Ophiocoma rosula, Fbs., Brit. Starfishes, p. 60, 1841.

South of England ; North and West of France ; littoral.

Ophiothri« alopecurus, Miill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 111, 1842 ; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 249; Ludwig. Echin. des Mittelmeres, p. 551.

Ophiothria fragilis (2), Mill & Tr. (non Asterias, Abildg.), Syst. Ast., p. 110.

Ophiothrix fragilis (var. tenuispina), Sars, Mid. Lit. Fauna, vol. ii, p. 74, 1857.

Ophiothrix echinata, Ltk. (non Mill. & Tr. nec Ljn.), Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 52 and
104, 1869.

Trieste ; North Adriatic ; littoral.

Ophiothrix lusitanica, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 625, 1871; Lym.,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 249; Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres,

p. dol.
Ophiothrix rubra (2), Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Kong. Akad., p. 624.

Portugal ; North-West Coast of France ; Naples.

Ophiothrix maculata, Lin., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 623, 1871; Lym.,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ii1., part 10, p. 250.
Portugal ; 120 fathoms.

Ophiothrix roseo-carulans, Grube, Jahres-Berichte d. Sch. Gesell., p. 45, 1867.
St. Helena.

Ophiothrix quinquemaculata, Mill. & Tr. (Pl. XLII. figs. 5-8), Syst. Ast., p. 112,
1842; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 249; Ludwig. Echin. des
Mittelmeeres, p. 552.

Asterias quinquemaculata, Delle Chiaje, Mem., vol. iv., p, 209, pl. Ixviii. fig. 1, 1823-29;
Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, vol. vi. p. 329, 1840.

West Coast of Italy ; littoral.

Ophiothri« fumaria, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 113, 1842; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. u1., part 10, p. 223, pl. iv. figs. 33-36.
Ophiura ciliaris (pars), Lmk., Hist. Anim, sans Vert., vol. 1. p. 545, 1816.

226 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiothri« érstedii, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., 1856, p. 15; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 149, pl. iv. fig. 3; Lym., IIL Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 154; Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 233.

West Indies ; littoral.

Ophiothrix spiculata, Le Conte, Proc. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 318, 1851; Ltk., Addit.
ad Hist., part 2, p. 151; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 167; VIl., Trans.
Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 267.

West Coast of Central America ; littoral.

Ophiothrix koreana, Duncan, Linn. Soc. Journ., vol, xiv. p. 473, pl. xi. figs. 28-32,
1878.
Korean Straits ; 23 fathoms.

Ophiothrix magnifica, Lym., Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 254, 1860; Ill.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 159, 1865.
Chili ; littoral.

Ophiothrix rudis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 239, pl. ii. figs.
11-14, 1874.
San Diego, California ; littoral.

Ophiothri« dwmosa, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc, Nat. Hist., vol. vil. p. 252, 1860; Ill.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 169, 1865.
Gulf of California ; littoral.

Ophiothrix lineata, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vu. p. 201, 1860; Ill.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 171; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 233.
Florida; littoral to 20 fathoms.

Ophiothrix demessa, Lym., Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vill. p. 82, 1861; IIL.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 172.
Kingsmill Islands, Pacific ; littoral.

Ophiothrix parasita, Mill. & Tr., Wieg. Archiv, vol. xiv. p. 184, 1844.
Australia.

Ophiothri« hirsuta, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 111, 1842; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 176, 1865.

Ophiothria Cheney, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol viii. p. 84, 1861; Ill. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No, iii. p. 175.

Great Ocean ; littoral.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

to
tw
x

Ophiothrix punctolimbata, V. Mart., Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 257, 1870.
Java.

Ophiothri« rotata, V. Mart., Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 258, 1870.
Mindanao.

Ophiothri« planulata, Stimp., Proc. Phil. Acad., vol. vii. p. 386, 1855.
Groper Shoal, 20° S., 160° 30’ E.

Ophiothria carinata, V. Mart., Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 255, 1870.
Singapore.

Ophiothrix aspidota, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 115, 1842; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 234.
East Indies.

Ophiothri« triloba, V. Mart., Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxvi. p. 260, 1870.
Red Sea.

Ophiothrix galatee, Ltk., Oph. Nov. Descr. Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 108, 1872.
Nicobar Islands.

Ophiothrix cataphracta, V. Mart., Wieg. Archiv, vol, xxxvi. p. 259, 1870.
Singapore.

Ophiothriz cerulea, Hutt., Ech. New Zealand, p. 1, 1872.
New Zealand.

Ophiothrix spongicola, Stimp., Proc. Phil. Acad., vol. vii. p. 385, 1855.
Port Jackson, Australia.

Ophiothria virgata, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 82, 1861 ; Ill. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 161.
Kingsmill Islands ; littoral.

Ophiothria elegans, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, pp. 57 and 99, 1869.
New Guinea; China Sea ; littoral.

Ophiothrix pallida, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 626, 1871.
Anguilla, West Indies ; 180 fathoms.

228 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiothriz comata, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 112, 1842; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 233.
Locality unknown.

Ophiothria capensis, Ltk., Addit.’ad Hist., part 3, pp. 59, 100, 1869.
Cape of Good Hope.

Ophiothria wiridialba, V. Mart., Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 347, 1867.
China Sea; 40 fathoms.

Ophiothrix plana, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 238, pl. iv. figs.
1-8, 1874.
Philippines ; Macassar ; littoral.

Ophiogymna.
Ophiogymna, Ljn., Om nigra nya arter, Of. Kong. Akad., 1866.

Disk covered with a thick skin which hides all the radial shields except their outer
ends, and has embedded in it loose, ill-defined scales. Numerous crowded tooth papille,
forming a vertical oval. Teeth. No mouth papille. Spines numerous (five to ten)
(often three times as long as the joints), flattened, more or less glassy, thorny, having a
central shaft with slender side spurs from it. A small spine-like tentacle scale. The
base of the jaw pierced with a hole, from a want of perfect union between the two pieces
of the mouth frames. Interbrachial spaces swelled out like lobes. Two genital openings
beginning outside the mouth shields. Outer arm joints with hooks.

In internal structure the genus does not materially vary from Ophiothria.

Ophiogymna elegans, Lin., Om nigra nya arter, Of. Kong. Akad., p. 163, 1866 ;
Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 333, 1866; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 60, 1869.

Station 203.—October 31, 1874; lat. 11° 7’ N., long. 123° 7’ E.; 12 to 20 fathoms ;
mud.

Ophiocnemis.
Ophiocnemis, Miill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., 1842.
Disk covered by very large naked radial shields, and minute plates bearing numerous
grains. On the interbrachial spaces below, a fine scaling. Numerous crowded tooth

papillee forming a vertical oval. Teeth. No mouth papille. Arm spines numerous,
rounded, microscopically fluted, not translucent, a little hollow in the centre. The base

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 229

of the jaw pierced with a vertical hole. Interbrachial spaces somewhat swelled. Two
large genital openings beginning outside the mouth shields.

The skeleton belongs strictly to the group of Ophiothrix with its peculiarities
exaggerated. Thus the special apophysis extending outwards from the outer surface of
the arm bones is larger and more spreading, so that it really is locked into the slot in the
following bone (Pl. XLII. fig. 14). The upper surface of the arm bones is, moreover,
longer, and, together with the margin, is deeply grooved. In general appearance the
genital plate is like that in Ophiothrix, and its scale (n), seen edgewise in the figure, has
a corresponding shape. The high and deeply grooved wings of the mouth frames (/)
are a further exaggeration of the type, and the regular and very large radial shields are
quite as important as in Ophiothrix suensonii. Fig. 15 shows a mouth angle and two arm
joints from the under side, and exhibits the separation of the two halves of the jaw (c)
characteristic of the Ophiothrices, together with the eup-like socket (r’) of the second
mouth tentacle.

See Plate XLII. figs. 14, 15.

Species of Ophiocnemis not herein described.

Ophiocnemis marmorata, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 87, 1842, pl. xl. figs. 14, 15;
Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 152; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i1., part 10,
p. 234.

Ophiura marmorata, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. i. p. 543.
Ophiothrix clypeata (young), Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong, Akad., p. 163, 1866.
Great Ocean.

Ophiomaza.
Ophiomaza, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., 1871

Disk above covered by very large naked radial shields and by plates. On the
interbrachial spaces below, a fine scaling. Numerous crowded tooth papillz forming a
vertical oval. Teeth. No mouth papille. Arm spines numerous, rounded, not trans-
lucent, solid. The base of the jaw pierced with a vertical hole. Interbrachial spaces
somewhat swelled. Two large genital openings beginning outside the mouth shields.

The skeleton belongs strictly with the Ophiothrices, and most resembles that of
Ophioenemis.

Ophiomaza cacaotica, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., p. 9, pl. i. fig. 15,
1871; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 233.

Station 187.—September 9, 1874; lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55’ E.; 6 fathoms;
coral sand.

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP,—PART x1v.—1882.) O 30

230 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Species of Ophiomaza not herein described.

Ophiomaza obscura, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 233.
Ophioenemis obscura, Ljn., Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad. p. 333, 1866.

Singapore.

Ophiothela.
Ophiothela, V1l., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., 1867.

Disk covered by very large naked radial shields and a few irregular scales. Numerous
crowded tooth papillee forming an irregular vertical oval. Teeth. No mouth papille.
Arm spines thorny, clubbed and very short, borne on pad-like side arm plates which
stand out free from the arm. Upperarm plates broken in irregular pieces, or represented
by several wart-like swellings. The base of the jaw is pierced with a vertical hole.
Interbrachial spaces somewhat swollen. Two large genital openings beginning outside
the mouth shields.

The skeleton is like that of Ophiothria.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiothela.

Radial shields large. Interbrachial spaces set with short, thick spines. Six arms ho wpicthele qinabils
whose upper surface bears grains or minute spines, : LIES TN IE
Radial shields large, and interbrachial spaces very narrow, and smooth or set with a

few grains, Six arms, whose upper surface is sparsely granulated, OE

Disk above covered wholly by large smooth radial shields. Five arms which have a ’ Bee
: : Ophiothela tigris.
few warts or grains on their upper surface,

shields. Six arms, whose upper surface bears larger and smaller grains, . GIO IES Aaa

Disk with radial shields of moderate size, so that there is a free central space which
with the shields bears thorny grains; and these are continued along the oes of
the six arms,

Disk covered by a thick skin, set with scattered grains which obscure the large radial i
i Ophiothela dividua.

Species of Ophiothela not herein described.

Ophiothela mirabilis, V1l., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i. p. 268, 1867.
Panama Bay.

Ophiothela dane, Vll., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii. p. 391, 1869.
Fiji Islands.

Ophiothela tigris, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi. p. 10, pl. i. figs.
10-12, 1871.
U.S. Pacific Exp. Expedition ?

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA., 231

Ophiothela isidicola, Ltk., Oph. Nov. Descr. Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 107, pl. ii. figs.
4-49, 1872; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii. part 2, pl. iv. fig. 60.
Strait of Formosa.

Ophiothela verrilli, Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 477, pl. xi. fig. 33, 1879.
Korean Sea.

Ophiothela dividua, V. Mart. Sitzungsber, Berlin, Gesell. Nat. Fr., p. 127, 1879.
Algoa Bay.

Ophiopsamimnium.
Ophiopsammium, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii. p. 10, 1874.

Teeth. Tooth papille numerous, and arranged in a vertical, oval clump, as in
Ophiothrix. No mouth papille. Disk and arms covered by smooth, naked skin below,
but closely granulated above. Arm spines stout and thorny, mounted on a crest-like
side arm plate, as in Ophiothriz. Tentacles long, covered with papillz, and issuing, not
from the under surface, but from the side of the arm.

This genus is nearest Ophiothela, but differs in having the whole upper surface closely
eranulated, as also in the side arm plates.

The internal skeleton is nearly that of Ophiomaza, with similar very large, regular,
radial shields.

Species of Ophiopsammium not herein described.

Ophiopsammium semperi, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 232,
1874, pl. iv. figs. 11-17.
Philippines ; littoral.

Ophioblenna.
Ophioblenna, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, 1859.

Disk covered by a naked skin. Teeth. No tooth papilla. Numerous close-set,
spine-like mouth papilla. Numerous (six to seven) flat, pointed, glassy, slightly thorny
arm spines. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space, beginning just outside the
mouth shields.

It is not a little curious that the two specimens at Copenhagen of this littoral genus
still remain unique. Among the immense collections brought from all parts of the West
Indies I have failed to recognise a single individual. Of its skeleton I am quite ignorant.

232 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S CHALLENGER.

Species of Ophioblenna not herein described.

Ophioblenna antillensis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 137, pl. iv. fig. 4, 1859.
West Indies.
Ophioscolex.
Ophioscolex, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., 1842.

Disk covered by a thick naked skin, which conceals the very fine underlying scaling,
and which is continued over the arms. There are teeth and mouth papille, and in some
species (Ophioscolex glacialis) a few tooth papille. Arm spines smooth and covered with
thin skin. No upper arm plates. Two genital openings in each interbrachial space.

Seen from the inside, the apparently naked disk skin is found to cover a delicate coat
of very fine scales. Just by the arm, at the margin of the disk is a very small flat shghtly
curved radial shield (Pl. XLII. fig. 2, 7), and connected with it, a miniature genital scale
(x), flat and curved, and a genital plate (0), with a rounded tapering shaft, and a clubbed
head. This apparatus is smaller than in any other genus. The arm bones are peculiar ;
they are long and flat on top with a shallow median canal (fig. 2, w’), while their lower
surface is, on the contrary, strongly grooved for the central canal, and the tentacle sockets
and muscle fields are deep hollows. Their outer and inner faces are low and wide, with
a minute articulating peg, above which rises a large shoulder to receive the umbo of the
next bone. Not less peculiar are the mouth frames (fie. 3, f), which, instead of being
more or less flaring, as is usual, are compact, destitute of wings, and almost cylindrical.
They are prolonged inward by three peristomial plates, two inclined to each other and the
third filling the open angle (fig. 3 v,v), which are of such size as completely to cover the
mouth angle, except the minute jaw plate which carries sharp, spine-like teeth (d”). In
its lower aspect the mouth angele is large, with a small mouth shield (fig. 4, a) and large
long side mouth shields.

See Plate XLII. figs. 2-4.

TABLE OF Spectres oF Ophioscolex."

About seven small peg-like mouth papille to each angle. No tentacle scale, . Ophioscolex glacialis.
About eleven small peg-like mouth papilla to each angle. One small tentacle scale, Ophioscolex purpureus.

Nine sharp, conical mouth papillze to each angle. A long flap of skin in place of a

Ophioscolex stimpsonii.
tentacle seale, . ‘ 4 . ; : i ? . \ phioscolex stimpsonii.

Fifteen mouth papille to each angle, whereof the three outer ones are long, flat,

spiniform. One tentacle scale, \ Ophioscolex dentatus.

Seventeen to nineteen small, close-set, tooth-like mouth papillae to each angle. One \ Ophioseol d
tentacle scale, sometimes none, . ULAR Pe
1 Ophioscolex coppingert, Bell., Proc. Zool. Soc., June 4, 1881, p. 98; West Coast of Patagonia. This species is
described as having dorsal plates on the arms, but Professor Bell has since written me that these are really the upper
sides of the arm bones.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 233

Ophioscolex dentatus, Lym. (Pl. XXIV. figs. 4-6).

Ophioscolex dentatus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 157, pl. vii. figs. 184-186,
1878.

Three or four short, blunt, flattened, arm spines. Numerous mouth papille, whereof
the outer are flat, spiniform. One tentacle scale.

(Type specimen from Station 142.) Diameter of disk 15 mm. Length of arm about
55 mm. Width of arm, without spines, close to disk 2°7 mm. There are seven mouth
papillze on each side of an angle and one small and pointed at apex of jaw; the three
outer are flat, spiniform, and much the largest and longest. On removing the skin the
mouth shield is seen to be wide triangular, having an obtuse angle within and outer corners
rounded. Side mouth shields long, narrow, and meeting within. Arms covered by a
thick skin completely hiding the plates, which are obscurely indicated below by transverse
furrows. On removing the skin, the under arm plates appear longer than wide, with a
curve without and a re-entering curve within; the side arm plates small and meeting
neither above nor below, while the upper plates are only indicated by thin films of slightly
calcified skin. Disk round and rather flat, covered with a soft naked skin variously
wrinkled above and below. Genital openings wide and long, extending from the mouth
shield to the edge of the disk. Three or four short, blunt, flattened arm spines, equally
spaced, about as long, as an arm joint; the upper and undermost usually a little the
longest. One small rounded tentacle scale on the inner side of the pore. Colour in
alcohol, light grey.

Station 142.—December 18, 1873; off Agulhas Bank; lat. 35° 4’ S., long. 18° 37’ E. ;
150 fathoms ; sand.

Ophioscolex tropicus, Lym. (Pl. XXIV. figs. 1-3).

Ophioscolex tropicus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. v., part 7, p. 157, pl. vii. figs. 190-192,
1878.

Seventeen to nineteen small, short, pointed close-set mouth papille, occupying the
entire margin of each mouth angle. Whole animal covered by a thick skin, through
which appear the lower and side arm plates, the mouth shields, and (indistinctly) the
scaling of the lower interbrachial space.

(Type specimen from Station 24.) Diameter of disk 8 mm. Width of arm close to
disk, without spines, 1°3 mm. Eight or nine short, close-set, rounded mouth papille,
occupying the whole length of each side, and one larger and more pointed at apex of
jaw. Mouth shields much broader than long, in shape transverse oval ; length to breadth,
*6: 1:2. Side mouth shields long, curved and narrow, broader without, tapering inward,
where they do not quite meet. First under arm plate very small, nearly square, the
others larger, long hexagonal, with outer side curved, lateral sides re-enteringly curved,

234 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER,

and three inner sides short. Side arm plates broad and thin, meeting near base of arm,
neither above nor below. The place of the upper arm plates is occupied by thick skin,
through which may be distinguished the upper side of the arm bones. Disk flat and
thin, covered with a thick, slightly wrinkled skin, which conceals the radial shields and
the fine scaling, though the latter may be distinguished in the lower interbrachial spaces.
Genital scales quite hidden. Genital opening extending from the mouth shield to the
margin of the disk. Three cylindrical, stout, nearly equal, pomted arm spines, about as
long as an arm joint. One small rounded tentacle scale on inner side of the tentacle
pore. Colour in alcohol, grey.

I admit this species to Ophioscolex with some hesitation. The mouth papillae are
different in shape and arrangement; but the absence of upper arm plates and the
characteristic covering of smooth skin suggest its position.

Station 24.—March 25, 1873; off Culebra; 390 fathoms; mud.

Species of Ophioscolex not herein described.

Ophioscolex coppingeri, Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc., Jan. 1881, p. 98, pl. vii. fig. 6.
West Coast Patagonia.

Ophioscolex glacialis, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 109, 1842, pl. xlu. figs. 2-4.
Arctic European Seas and North America; 100-300 fathoms.

Ophioscolex purpureus, Dib. & Kor., Of. Skandinay. Echin., p. 235, 1844; Ljn.
Oph. Viv. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 327; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v. part 9,
p. 233.

West Indies; 190 fathoms. Norway.

Ophioscolex stimpsonii, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii., part 2, p. 23,
1875; pl. 1. figs. 11-15.
Off Sombrero Key, Florida; 240 fathoms.

Ophiambix.
Ophiambix, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880.

Disk flat ; arms wide and flat; and both beset above with sharp grains, or spines.
No radial shields or upper arm plates externally visible. Small, sharp, mouth papille
and teeth; no tooth papille. Tentacle pores very large. Side arm plates widely
separated above and below, but occupying a considerable part of under surface of arm.
Arm spines translucent, hollow, and with an uneven surface.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 235

Ophiambia aculeatus, Lym. (Pl. XXVII. figs. 10-12).
Ophiambix aculeatus, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., pl. ii. figs. 29-31, 1880.

On upper side of disk and arms, sharp grains, which increase to short spines on
margin. Interbrachial spaces below delicately scaled. Three sharp arm spines.

Diameter of disk 5mm. Width of arm without spines 1°5 mm. The rather small
jaws, which are separated at their outer ends, bear each three or four small, sharp,
translucent papillae, while the apex is occupied by the lowest tooth, which is peg-shaped
and much larger than the papille. Mouth shields very small, of a transverse oval
shape, with a slight peak within. Side mouth shields short and small, tapering at each
end, and wedged between outer ends of jaws. First under arm plate nearly as large as
those beyond, somewhat longer than broad, bounded within by an obtuse angle, without
by a gentle curve, and, on the lateral sides, by re-entering curves. Length to breadth of
fourth plate, 0°6 : 0°5. The wide space on either side of the under arm plates is occupied
partly by the very large tentacle sockets, and partly by the side arm plates which make
narrow partitions between the tentacles, and then enlarge into a strong but very low
spine crest. Upper surface of arm covered by skin, and evenly set with sharp, conical
grains, about eight in the length of 1 mm. Disk much flattened, and somewhat puffed
in the interbrachial spaces; evenly set above with sharp conical grains, which are similar
to those of the arm, and which are continued as minute conical spines, over the margin.
Interbrachial spaces below destitute of spines and covered by a thin, delicate scaling.
No radial shields are externally visible. Genital openings large, extending from outer
corner of mouth shield to margin of disk. The extremely flattened arm bears, on either
side, three translucent, hollow, slightly flattened, sharp, tapering arm spines, whereof
the two upper are as long as two joints, and the lowest about two-thirds as long. Three
or four short, sharp, spine like tentacle scales, standing on the margin of the very large
pores, from which protrude simple club ended tentacles.

Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 175.—August 12, 1874; near Fiji Islands; lat. 19° 2’S., long. 177° 10’ E.;
1350 fathoms; red clay.

Ophiosciasma.
Ophiosciasma, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk covered with thick soft skin, finely granulated. Arms very slender and
knotted, with lower and side plates imperfectly calcified, and no upper plates. Mouth
papilla and teeth represented by a bunch of spines, or thorns, at apex of jaw. Arm
spines few (3), small and short. Two large genital openings in each interbrachial space.

A singular genus, which, by its disk covered with soft skin and lack of upper arm

236 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

plates, is allied to Ophioscolex, but differs by its granulation and its extremely slender,
knotted arms.

Tt is a low genus, and, like Ophiogeron, has the embryonic arm bone nearly divided
into its halves, a condition more fully exemplified in Ophiotholia.

Ophiosciasma attenuatum, Lym. (Pl. X. fig. 13, Pl. XVI. figs. 1-3).
Ophiosciasma attenuatum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., pt. 7, p. 160, pl. vii. figs. 193-195.

Disk beset with a very fine but not continuous granulation. Arms very slender,
knotted, and at centre of the joints diaphanous. Three small, nearly equal arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 122.) Diameter of disk 6 mm. Length of arm 45 mm.
Width of arm without spines 6 mm Mouth papillee, teeth, and tooth papillae combined
in form of a clump of seven or eight sharp thorns or spines, standing round the apex
made by the juncture of the long narrow mouth frames. Mouth shields of a transverse
diamond shape, very small, sometimes scarcely visible, more or less hidden by thick
skin. Side mouth shields very narrow and slender, meeting within. Under arm plates
very thin, and in their central part transparent, so that their outlines are vague, longer
than broad, with outer side shghtly curved and lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; length
to breadth, ‘5: °4. Side arm plates reduced to a strip, like a double cord, running
along the side of the joint. No upper arm plates. The arm bones are but slightly
calcified, except at their thickened ends, so that the more slender central shaft is trans-
lucent. The arm thus presents a beaded appearance, with swellings where the ends of
the arm bones form joints and support the arm spines. Disk covered with a thick skin,
which above is beset with fine grains, and which partly obscures the mouth papille
and the arm spines. No radial shields or disk scales visible. Three small, blunt, nearly
equal arm spines, not so long as an arm joint, seen to be microscopically rough when free
of skin, and standing nearly at right angles to arm. Tentacles large, simple, and fleshy ;
no tentacle scales. Colour in alcohol very pale yellow.

The animal is covered by a thick, translucent skin, which passes also over the arm
spines. There are six slender, knotted arms, four larger and two smaller.

Station 122.—September 10, 1873; lat. 9° 5’ S. to 9° 10’ 8, long. 34° 49’ W. to
34° 53’ W.; 350 fathoms; mud.

Ophiogeron.
Ophiogeron, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Disk covered by a naked skin. Mouth angles naked, except a few small teeth on
jaw plate. Under arm plates small, and with a large tentacle pore on either side. Side
arm plates somewhat flaring, and carrying thorny arm spines covered with skin. No
upper arm plates.

This genus is somewhat allied with Ophiomyxa and with Ophioscolea.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 237

Ophiogeron edentulus, Lym. (Pl. XII. figs. 16-18), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v.,
part 7, p. 161, pl. vu. figs. 187-189, 1878.

Two or three feeble pointed teeth; otherwise the mouth angle quite naked. Two
stout arm spines, which, stripped of skin, show longitudinal rows of hooked thorns.

(Type specimen from Station 175.) Diameter of disk 3 mm. Length of arm about
14 mm. Width of same close to disk, without spines, 1 mm. Mouth angles quite
naked, except one small pointed papilla at apex of jaw and two or three more that
represent teeth. Mouth shields rounded triangular; length and breadth about equal,
with an angle within, and outer side rounded. Side mouth shields rather large, curved,
longer than wide, broadest within, where they meet. First under arm plate narrow,
five-sided, with inner edge straight, a broad angle without, and re-entering curves on the
lateral sides, second plate similar, but narrower and with the angle inward. Those
beyond are further modified by having the outer and inner sides curved. Side arm
plates broad and meeting below, beyond the second under arm plate; flaring somewhat
toward their outer edge. The arm plates and mouth shields are more or less obscured by
thick skin. Along the upper side of the arm the central ridge of the arm bones shows
through the skin. Disk flat and thin, completely covered with a naked wrinkled skin.
Two short tapering arm spines, which when stripped of skin present longitudinal rows of
slightly hooked thorns. No tentacle scales, but large pores from which long smooth
tentacles protrude. Colour in alcohol, greyish.

Station 76.—July 3, 1873; lat. 38° 11’ N., long. 27° 9’ W.; 900 fathoms;
globigerina ooze. Station 175.—August 12, 1874; lat. 19° 2’ S., long. 177° 10’ E.;

1350 fathoms ; red clay.

Ophiohelus.
Ophiohelus, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880.

Disk covered with a delicate, film-like scaling, without radial shields. Arm bones
composed of two halves like curved bars, lying side by side, joined at their ends and
enclosing an oval hole. Mouth papillze spiniform and arranged in a single row; teeth
similar; no tooth papillz. On the outer joints of the arm, the true arm spines cease,
and are replaced by two or more rows of minute spines or pedicellariz, which have the
form of a long-handled parasol.

Ophiohelus pellucidus, Lym. (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 5-9).
Ophiohelus pellucidus, Lym., Anniv, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., pl. i. figs. 11-15, 1880.
Parasol spines short and stout; in two rows, three or four in arow. Disk smooth.

No tentacle scales.
(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART Xtv.—1882.) O 31

238 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Diameter of disk 4 mm. Length of arm 12 mm. Width of arm without spines
1mm. Mouth angles prominent and separated by wide mouth slits; at apex is a thick,
rounded jaw plate bearing three sharp, spmiform tooth papille, above which are teeth of
similar shape ; on either side are two spiniform mouth papillee, whereof the outer one is
longer and serves as a tentacle scale to the second mouth tentacle. The condition of the
single specimen did not allow the forms of the mouth shields and side mouth shields to
be made out, as they were pretty closely soldered and more or less covered with skin ;
they seemed, however, similar to those of Ophiohelus wmbella. Under arm plates
of a long axe-shape, much broader without than within, with a widely curved, outer
edge, deep re-entering curves on lateral sides, and a small angle within. Side arm plates
nearly meeting below, widely separated above, having a feeble spine ridge on their outer
margin; before partly drying the specimen it is hard to make out their outline. No
upper arm plates, so that the curious double arm bones show through the translucent
skin (fig. 6). Disk, soft and delicate, slightly puffed, covered uniformly with scales so
very thin that they can only be seen under the microscope by a cross light. No radial
shields. Three nearly equal, sharp, somewhat flattened, arm spines, about as long as an
arm joint and a half. When cleaned with potash they appear as two parallel spiculze
united by cross-bars (fig. 8). At the ninth joint there still are three spines standing
near the outer margin of the side arm plate, but at a large angle to the arm, and just
inside their base is a single minute parasol spine, or pedicellaria, about 0°6 mm. long
(fig. 9); and stouter and with a larger head than in Ophiohelus wmbella. On the joints
beyond there are no longer any common spines, but, instead, two close rows of parasol
spines, three or four in each row (fig. 7). Tentacles large, long, smooth and not
provided with scales.

Colour in alcohol, translucent bluish-white.

Station 175.—August 12, 1874; near Fiji Islands; lat. 19° 2’8., long. 177° 10’ E. ;
1350 fathoms ; red clay.

Species of Ophiohelus not herein described.

Ophiohelus umbella, Lym. (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 10-11).
Ophiohelus umbella, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., pl. i. figs. 5-10 and 16, 1880,
Off Barbadoes ; 82 fathoms.

Ophiotholia.
Ophiotholia, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880.

Disk and arms capable of being raised vertically : the former covered by a delicate
scaling set with minute spines. Mouth angles clothed with several rows of wide, flat

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 239

mouth papilla (as in Ophiomyces), and with a single row of slender, sharp teeth. On
outer joints of arms, near margin of each side arm plate, is a tuft of minute, translucent,
supplementary spines or pedicellarize, which have the form of a long-handled parasol.
They stand a little inside the true arm spines, which are continuous to the end of the
arm.

Ophiotholia supplicans, Lym. (PI. XXVIII. figs. 1-4).
Ophiotholia supplicans, Lym., Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., pl. i. figs. 1-9, 1880.
Three arm spines. Pedicellariz beginning about the ninth joint and arranged in
clusters of three or four.
Diameter of disk (when the arms are raised vertically) 2 mm. Height of same
3°55 mm. Width of arm without spines 0°83 mm. Length of arm about 13 mm. The
mouth angles are high and narrow, so that the mouth slits between them are wide: with
their curved sides and sharp tooth at the apex the angles bear a resemblance to a bird’s
head with a pointed bill. Three acute spine-like teeth, outside which, and partly encireling
the large three-sided jaw plate, as with a frill, is a transverse, curved, erect, close row of
eight or ten long, narrow, flat papilla. Again outside these, and on the jaws and mouth
frames are three parallel transverse rows of erect foliate papille. The first row has six
papillae, which are smaller than some of those beyond, but, like them, flattened and widest
at the free end; the second row is similar ; while the third usually consists only of two
papille, much larger and wider than the others. These rows quite obscure the base of
the mouth angle and mouth shields. In general, the arrangement is that of Ophiomyces
Srutectosus. The above numbers are the maximum ; some angles have fewer papille ;
not more than four in a transverse row. In the fresh specimen, under arm plates are not
visible, but, on partial drying, their outlines may be seen. They are narrow, much longer
than wide, wider without than within, with a small angle within, lateral sides re-enteringly
curved, and outer side in a broken curve. In like manner the side arm plates are seen
to meet broadly below, and to form a slight spine crest at their outer edge. Figure 3 shows
the arm joint from below, so covered by the natural skin that the junction of the side arm
plates on the central ridge cannot be seen. Disk sugar-loaf shaped and sparsely set with
minute spines, each of which, in the partly dried specimen, is seen to stand on a small,
delicate scale. No, radial shields visible, and there probably are none; which, as in
Ophiomyces, may account for the fact that the arms are raised vertically, encircling the
high disk like a fence. Three sharp, slightly flattened, microscopically rough arm spines
nearly as long as a joint, standing near the outer edge of side arm plate, and on a low
spine ridge. At the ninth joimt there appears, on inner side of spine ridge, and close to
base of spines, a cluster of three or four minute pedicellarie, scarcely 0°5 mri. long. They
are shaped hike long-handled parasols, or slender-stalked agarics (fig. 4), with a long shaft,

240 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

surmounted by a disk divided into symmetrical radiating flutings, and with a slight bulb
at the base articulated to a littlemamelon. They are glassy and translucent, and naturally
are enveloped in a skin bag which, however, is easily stripped off, leaving them free, as
shown in the figures. They are found on all the outer joints, to the tip of arm. The
tentacles are long, smooth, and translucent. The second mouth tentacle has four flat
scales similar to mouth papille. The next two pairs have each two smaller scales, one on
the side arm plate, the other on the under arm plate. Each pore beyond has one long,
spine-like scale on its inner edge.

Station 296.—November 9, 1875; south-west of Juan Fernandez; lat. 38° 6’ &.,
long. 88° 2’ W.; 1825 fathoms; red clay.

Ophiomyces.
Ophiomyces, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1., part 10, 1869.

Teeth ; no tooth papille; numerous wide, flat mouth papillae, which are turned
downwards and outwards, and arranged in two or more imbricated rows, covering the
whole mouth angle. Side arm plates large, and meeting above. Disk finely scaled,
without radial shields. Arm spines short and numerous (6-12), within the disk shorter,
stouter, and of a different character from those of the joints further out.

This singular genus stands quite by itself, unless we compare its curious mouth
papillz with the spatula-like tentacle scales of Ophiopsila. All the specimens I have
seen had a tendency to raise the arms above the disk, vertically ; which shows that the
muscular tension must have some pecular proportion.

In the absence of radial shields, it differs from all others, and its general structure,
without and within, shows additional peculiarities. The genital plate, thin, wide, and
long (Pl. XLIV. fig. 7, 0), curves over the top of the arm, and has a thin genital
scale of similar character (fig. 6, no). The arm bones, within the disk, have large
thin wings without marginal grooves. Their outer face is peculiar in having no articu-
lating peg (fig. 8), though the inner face is furnished with a large umbo (fig. 9, 1). The
jaws and mouth frames (fig. 7 ¢,f) are of an elegant shape, and curiously twisted.

I did not observe any peristomial plate.
The Plate XLIV. figs. 6-9.

Ophiomyces spathifer, Lym. (Pl. XIX. figs. 10-12).
Ophiomyces spathifer, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 47, pl. xiv. figs.
386-388", 1879.
Outer mouth papille large and paddle shaped. One flat, rounded tentacle scale.
Ten flattened arm spines of various shapes, whereof the two lowest are borne on the under
arm plate.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 241

(Type specimen from Station 235.) Diameter of disk 3°5 mm. Width of arm next
disk 1:2 mm. Three short, narrow, slightly flattened, peg-like teeth, carried on a
thick, lumpy jaw plate, which also bears two long flat narrow, spatula-like tooth papille.
On either side of the mouth angle are two radiating rows, each of about six long,
flattened papille, which are imbricated and point downward and outward, so that the
entire mouth angle is hidden by them; the inner ones are narrow and spatula-like,
but outwards they grow rapidly larger, so that the outermost are wide paddle-shaped, or
even fan shaped, their length to extreme breadth being 7 :°5. Mouth shields shaped
like a Jong, sharp, narrow lance head. Side mouth shields three sided, delicate, separated
as by a wedge by the mouth shield, which extends inward considerably beyond them.
Within, and indistinctly separated from the side mouth shields project the long jaws.
These parts are all hidden, and can be seen only by cutting away the mouth papille.
Under arm plates small, with re-enteringly curved lateral sides, wider without, where
they are a little swollen, than within, separated by the side arm plates, which meet
narrowly both above and below, and are highest and most flaring at their outer edge.
Upper arm plates minute (sometimes apparently wanting), twice as long as broad, and
appearing like little swellings just outside the juncture of the side arm plates. The
larger part of upper surface of arm is thus left uncovered, so that the arm bones and
their muscular bundles may be seen. Disk (as usual in the genus) distorted and pushed
upward, covered uniformly with minute, thin, translucent, flat scales, without spines ;
there are about 13 in the length of 1mm. Ten arm spines, of which the three highest
are equal, slender, narrow and tapering, and as long as any; the next two are of about
the same length, but broad and flat, with rounded ends; the next three similar, but
shorter; the two lowest spatula like, with ends cut square off, and carried, not on the
side arm plate, but widely spaced on the outer part of the under arm plate ; lengths to
that of an arm joint, ‘5, ‘5, °5, °5, °5, °4, °4, °3, °3, °3:°5. One flat, short, wide tentacle
scale, broader without than within, and, like many of the arm spines and mouth papillee
microscopically striated. Colour in alcohol, disk, grey ; arms, straw.

Station 235.—June 4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms; mud.

Ophiomyces grandis (Pl. XIX. figs. 13-15).

Ophiomyces grandis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 46, pl. xiv. figs. 383-385,
1879.

Eleven sharp, flat arm spines, set along the whole upper and side edge of the plate,
and growing longer from above down to the ninth. Basal under arm plates, large and
squarish, and bearing three long spatula-like tentacle scales.

(Type specimen from off Tristan d’Acunha.) Diameter of disk 6°5 mm. Length of
arm about 25 mm. Width of arm near disk 2°2 mm. Four or five broad, flat teeth
with a curved, cutting edge; the lowest one being much the narrowest. Below these,

242 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

and still on the jaw plate, are three spiniform tooth papilla. Then, from apex of mouth
angle, there radiate, on each side, two rows of long flattened mouth papille, which
completely hide the underlying parts; each row has five or six papillae, of which the
innermost one is spiniform, resembling a tooth papilla; those beyond, more or less
spatula shaped, grow progressively larger and wider, until the outermost has almost a
fan shape; all incline more or less downward and outward, so that they overlap, tile
fashion. On cutting away the mouth papillae, a small mouth shield, of an irregular,
short diamond shape, may be seen, together with small triangular side mouth shields,
which nearly meet within. Length of mouth shield to breadth, °7:°7. The jaws are
long, narrow, and slender, with very large sockets at their base for the second pair of
mouth tentacles. The first under arm plate is minute, triangular, and difficult to
distinguish ; the second very narrow, closely soldered with surrounding parts, and with
deep re-entering curves on the lateral sides; the fourth plate is four sided, about as
broad as long, much wider without than within, and with deep re-entering curves on the
lateral sides; length to breadth, ‘6: °7. Side arm plates separated below, meeting
narrowly above, not swollen, but clean cut and flarimg outward. Upper arm plates twice
and a half as broad as long, shaped hke segments of a circle, with a clean curve outward ;
near tip of arm nearly as long as wide, and form a pointed curve, while the side arm
plates are but slightly flaring and mect above on a line as long as the upper plate. The
disk was much torn (as is usually the case,) but was evidently covered above and below
with fine scales, about four in the length of 1 mm., whereof many bore minute, peg-like
spines. Eleven arm spines, increasing rapidly in length from the first to the ninth, then
diminishing ; the upper ones are slender, sharp, and little flattened; the lower ones are
broad, flat, sharp, and shaped like a bronze sword ; lengths to that of an under arm plate,
“2, °3, °3, 3, °5, °7, °8, 1, 1:2, °7, °7: °7. The basal under arm plates, as far as the fifth
or sixth, bear on each lateral side three long, flat, spatula-like tentacle scales, which
project over the pore; for some distance beyond there are but two such scales, while a
third, trowel-shaped, stands on the edge of the side arm plate. One-third out on the
arm there remains only the large trowel-shaped scale. Colour in alcohol, pale grey.

Station, off Tristan d’Acunha; 1000 fathoms.

The peculiar twisting upward of the arms and disk of Ophiomyces is explained by the
absence of radial shields, a want not yet observed in any other genus. It seems, then,
that one function of radial shields is to keep the disk in shape, somewhat like the action
of the sticks of an umbrella.

Species of Ophiomyces not herein described.

Ophiomyces mirabilis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 343, 1869.
Florida ; 237 to 306 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 243

Ophiomyces frutectosus, Lym. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 6-9), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i.,
part 10, p. 345, 1869; Ill. Cat. Mus, Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. ii. figs. 11-13 ; Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 228.

West Indies; 77 to 160 fathoms.

Group III.—Astrophyton-like Ophiurans.

Ophiobyrsa.
Ophiobyrsa, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, 1878.

Entire animal clothed in a thick skin, which hides the underlying plates, and is
beset on the disk with spines. Arm ‘nearly cylindrical. Side arm plates projecting as
short flap-like spine ridges, which bear slightly rough spies on their outer edge.
Tentacles large and simple. Few or no mouth papille, but at apex of mouth angle the
teeth and tooth papillz are represented by a clump of little spmes. Two large genital
openings in each interbrachial space.

On examining the under side of the disk skin, it will be seen that the short spines
are the outgrowth of small plates which make a minute pavement (Bl Xie 16).
These plates become much larger between the radial shields. The oblong radial shields
(7) are small and short, and are attached to small, oval, solid, plastron-like genital plates
(0) which cling close to the arm and almost meet on its upper median line. Near the
outer end is jointed the short, curved and rather slender genital scale (7), which extends
farther inward than the plate. The general external resemblance to Ophiomyxa is
carried out in the arm plates, whereof the under one is shield-shaped with an angle
inward and re-entering curves where the tentacles come out. To it-are attached side
arm plates shaped somewhat like a shoe sole, and these are continued upward by small
round pieces which correspond to upper arm plates. The arm bones, however, are
perhaps nearest those of Sigsbeta. They are discoid, with plain, not very thick edges.
Their outer face looks like a feeble essay at the arm bone of an Astrophyton. There is
the large articulating shoulder (fig. 17, 4), below which is an irregular vertical groove
which passes through the place of the absent articulating peg, and is fitted to receive the
umbo (fig. 18, 1), which is continued downward by a pillar-like prolongation. The small
mouth angle is quite covered above, to the inner edge of the nerve ring, by the thick,
swollen, single peristomial plate (v), which is closely soldered to the surrounding parts,
and is so large as nearly to connect with its neighbours. The small jaw (c) carries a little
bead-like tooth (@).

See Plate XLIII. figs. 16-18.

244 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiobyrsa rudis, Lym. (Pl. XVI. figs. 18-20; Pl. XLIII. figs. 16-18).

Ophiobyrsa rudis, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 7, p. 131, pl. viii. figs. 198-200,
1878.

Disk closely covered with short spines. Arms very long, tapering, and nearly
cylindrical. Six short arm spines.

(Type specimen from Station 161.) Diameter of disk 28 mm. Length of arm
300 mm. Width of arm without spines 3°5 mm. One small, short, delicately pointed
mouth papilla on each side of the mouth angle, and at the apex a clump of short, sharp,
spine-like papillae, which occupy the place of teeth. Mouth shields obscured by thick
skin; only their rounded outline may be distinguished. Side mouth shields and upper
arm plates entirely concealed by thick skin. Side arm plates project to form a thin,
short, flap-like spine ridge. On the upper surface of the arm there are two longitudinal
rows of very short, stout spines arranged in pairs, and usually standing on tubercles.
Disk five-sided and rather thin, covered by a thick skin, which is closely and evenly
beset above and below with short, stout, smooth, sharp spines or thorns ; they are some-
what longer and more numerous near the margin of the interbrachial spaces, and are
almost wanting just over the base of each arm. Six equal, short, blunt, flat, somewhat
rough arm spines, partly covered by skin, not so long as an arm joint, and placed on the
edge of side arm plate. Tentacles large, simple, and round. No tentacles scales.
Colour in alcohol, disk, yellowish-brown ; arms the same, but much lighter.

Station 161.—April 1, 1874 ; off entrance to Port Philip; 38 fathoms; sand.

Ophiomyxa.
Ophiomyxa, Mill, & Tr., Syst. Ast., 1842.

Disk and arms wholly covered with a thick, naked skin. No tooth papille. Mouth
papilla and teeth in the form of flattened lobes, with saw-like cutting edges. Arm
spines stout, bulging at the base, thorny at the point, covered round the base with thick
skin; near the tip of the arm, the lower arm spine has hooks along its edge. Arms
rounded ; arm plates imperfectly developed. No tentacle scales. Two genital openings,
beginning outside the mouth shield.

A thick naked skin envelops the arms and disk where it is strengthened by a line of
marginal, overlapping scales ; minute scales are also more or less scattered on its under
surface. The small, irregular radial shields rest their inner end on a clump of scales,
after the fashion of Ophiocoma. Their outer end is articulated to a long, stout, rounded
genital plate,' to whose side, at a point far inward, is attached a short genital scale, the
two together making a figure somewhat like a lobster claw. A row of stout scales unites
the mouth shield to the genital plate. The arm bones have a rather long flat top with a

1 See Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, pl. vi. fig. 18.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 245,

shallow median canal. Their outer surface has a large, round mamelon (an exaggeration
of the articulating shoulder) having above a central gulley to admit the umbo of the
next bone; and below a minute articulating peg with a small depression on either side to
admit the knobs of the succeeding bone. The whole is not unlike Ophiochondrus
(PI. XLUT. figs. 12, 13), and shows a leaning towards the Astrophytide. By doing
away on the outer face with the articulating peg, and deepening the central gulley, we
get a shape like Szgsbeia, and by flattening the tentacle sockets in this last we arrive at
the proper transverse hour-glass projection.

Taking then the mner face, and widening the umbo above (fig. 13, 1) and the knobs
below (2), there results a form like that of Sigsbeva (fig. 6), and by further enlarging this
figure and diminishing the muscle fields, there is produced a true vertical hour-glass
projection (compare Pl. XXY. figs. 24, 25). In a word, the Astrophytons, with their
slender arms, rolling in a vertical plane, and furnished with small tentacles, have simple
hour-glass joits, muscle fields little and flat, and small tentacle sockets.

The short mouth angle of Ophiomyxa is covered quite to the inner edge of the nerve
ring by a pair of stout, triangular peristomial plates. A further Astrophyton-like feature
is the arrangement of the arm plates, whereof the under one is small (Pl. XLUL. fig. 2),
and sometimes even in three pieces (Ophiomyxa pentagona), and has attached to it a
massive side arm plate (figs. 1 and 3, 7), of which the greater portion is on the under side
of the arm, bearing stumpy, thorny spines (p), and continued upward by a number of
thin pieces homologous with upper arm plates (j). In Ophiomyxa vivipara, however,
there are no upper arm plates, a want which brings the species near Ophioscolez.

See Plate XLIII. figs. 1-3.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiomyxa.

Although Ophiomyxa has only four species, a table of them is given, because they
Ss ? 5 ’ y
are distinguished chiefly by internal characters.
Radial shields short and thick. Marginal disk scales small and thin. Under arm
plates in three pieces. Upper arm plates in two pieces. Disk skin with small i Ophiomyxa pentagona.
thin lime plates,

Radial shields long and rounded. Marginal disk scales large, thick, few. Under
arm plates wider than long with an outer notch. Upper arm plates in several | Ophiomyaxa flaccida.
pieces on each side. Disk skin thick, with small scattered lime nodules,

Radial shields short and wide. Marginal disk scales small, numerous, cae
Under arm plates as long as wide with an outer notch. Upper arm plates in ; ;
F © : 5 é . ¢ Ophiomyxa australis.

several pieces, and connected along ridge of arm by other pieces. Disk ian

thin and naked, :
Radial shields short, wide, flat. Marginal disk scales small and narrow. No upper
arm plates. Under arm plates hexagonal with re-entering curves. Disk skin i Ophiomyxa vivipara.
beset with calcareous plates,
»
(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIV.—1882. O 32

246 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER.

Ophiomyxa flaccida, Ltk. (Pl. XLII. figs. 1-3); Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 138,
pl. v. fig. 1, 1859; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1. p. 178, pl. ii. figs. 18-19 ; VIL
Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 366; Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9,
p- 233.
Ophiura flaccida, Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., vol. v. p. 151, 1825.
Ophiomyxa caribaea, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 10, 1856.
Bahia; 7 to 20 fathoms.
Station 36.—April 23, 1873; off Bermudas ; 32 fathoms; mud.

Ophiomyxa australis, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 99, 1869.

Station 161.—April 1, 1874; off Entrance to Port Philip; 38 fathoms; sand. St.
Paul’s Rocks; 100 fathoms. Station 162.—April 2,1874; off East Moncceur Island,
Bass Strait ; 38 to 40 fathoms; sand. Station 163.—April 4, 1874; off Twofold Bay ;
lat. 36° 56’ S., long. 150° 30’ E.; 120 fathoms. Station 172.—July 22, 1874; off
Nukualofa, Tongatabu ; 18 to 240 fathoms; coral. Station 173.—July 24, 1874; lat.
19° 10’ S., long. 179° 40’ E.; 310 to 315 fathoms; coral. Station 167.—June 24, 1874;
lat. 39° 32’ S., long. 171° 48’ E.; 150 fathoms; grey ooze. Station 201.—October 26,
1874; lat. 7° 3’ N., long. 121° 48’ E.; 82 to 102 fathoms. Amboyna; 100 fathoms;
stones and gravel.

Ophiomyxa vivipara, Studer, Monatsb. d. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 462, 1876; Cape
of Good Hope, Kerguelen Island, Straits of Magellan.

Studer (loc. czt.) describes the arrangement of the embryos within the mother. I
found them quite as described by him.

Station 142.—December 18, 1873; lat. 35° 4’ S., long. 18° 37’ E.; 150 fathoms;
sand. Station 308.—January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’S., long. 74° 42’ W.; 175 fathoms;
mud, Station 313.—January 20, 1876; lat. 52° 20’ §., long. 68° 0’ W.; 55 fathoms ;
sand. Station 314.—January 21, 1876; lat. 51° 36’S., long. 65° 40’ W.; 70 fathoms ;
sand,

Species of Ophiomyaa not herein described.

Ophiomyxa pentagona, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 108, 1842; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 180; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, p. 272, pl. vii. fig.
18; Ludwig, Anatomie der Ophiuren, Zeits. fiir Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 241;
Echin, des Mittelmeeres, p. 552.

Stella pentagona scolopendroides regularis, Linck, De Stell. Mar., p. 51, pl. xxvii. fig. 46, 1733.
Ophiura pentagona, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 546, 1816.

Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Aigean Seas.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 247

Ophiochondrus.
Ophiochondrus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, 1869.

Teeth. Mouth papillee, which are about seven and are short and crowded. No tooth
papille. Disk granulated ; contracted, so that the interbrachial spaces are re-enteringly
curved, and are further reduced by the encroachment of the stout arms, which roll in a
vertical plane. Four to six small, smooth arm spines. Side mouth shields meeting within.
Side arm plates meeting below, and there closely soldered. Two genital openings in each
interbrachial space.

One is surprised to find so powerful a frame in animals whose exterior seems scarcely
to indicate peculiar strength. The thick disk skin, granulated above, is set below with
stout, irregular plates, and supported by long, thick, bar-like, solid radial shields (Pl.
XLUI. fig. 11, 7). To these are articulated massive, shapeless, genital plates (0), a full
half of whose length is occupied by the clubbed head, while the comparatively small shaft
is rounded and tapering. About half-way of its length there is soldered to it a small,
rounded genital scale (n). Not less thick and strong are the large transverse oval
peristomial plates (v), which, usually single, but sometimes divided in two, nearly touch
each other by their proximal corners. Within the disk the arm bones are plain and
discoid ; but beyond the margin they take on a curious elongated shape (w’). Their
outer face has a wide massive articulating shoulder (fig. 12, 4) to support the large umbo
of the next bone (fig. 13, 1) the articulating peg (6) is small and has no distinct hole for
its reception in the next bone. From above, the bone (fig. 15) is seen to be massive,
widest within, and with a well-marked median canal (¢’); from below (fig. 14), it has a
similar outline, with a very deep canal (¢) having rolling margins, large, deeply excavated
muscle fields (w), and small tentacle sockets (77) quite at the outer end. The great length
of these arm bones gives them an embryonic character, found also in Ophiomusium. The
inner face shows a shght leaning towards Astrophyton, but on the whole they are truly
Ophiuran in structure.

Ophiochondrus stelliger, Lym. (Pl. XXI. figs. 13-15); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol.
vi., part 2, p. 44, pl. xi. figs. 371-373, 1879.

Disk finely and evenly granulated on both sides. Four slender arm spines, whereof
the uppermost is much the longest.

(‘Type specimen from Station 320.) Diameter of disk 5 mm. Length of arm 16 mm.
Width of arm near disk 1°3 mm. Three mouth papille on each side, whereof the two
outer are flattened and squarish, while the innermost is stout, rounded, tapering, and peg-
like. Apex of mouth angle occupied by the lowest tooth, which is sometimes represented
by two blunt, spiniform papill similar to their next neighbour. Four rather narrow

248 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

teeth, which are sometimes almost spiniform, but usually flattened. Mouth shields
much wider than long, with a well marked obtuse angle inward and the outer side gently
curved ; length to breadth, *7 : 1:1. Side mouth shields long, rather narrow, of nearly
equal width, slightly curved, and fully meeting within. First under arm plate small,
longer than broad, hexagonal, with rounded corners ; the plates beyond are rather small,
wider than long, bounded without by a broad curve, and within by an obtuse angle ; the
lateral sides are very short, or are confounded in the outer curve. Side arm plates small,
somewhat wider than long, fan shaped, with inner angle rounded. Disk rather thick,
finely and uniformly granulated above and below, about seventeen grains in the length
of 1mm. Four cylindrical, tapering, rather slender arm spines, whereof the uppermost
is longest : lengths to that of an arm joint, 1°1, °6, °5,°4.:°6. One small, narrow tentacle
scale. Colour in alcohol, straw.

Station 320.—February 14, 1876; lat. 37° 17’S., long. 53° 52’ W.; 600 fathoms ;
hard ground.

Species of Ophiochondrus not herein described.

Ophiochondrus convolutus, Lym. (Pl. XLII. figs. 11-15).

Ophiochondrus convolutus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 328, 1869; Il. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi., pl. ii., fig. 7; Bull. Mus. Comp Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 223.

West Indies ; 175 to 292 fathoms.

Hemieuryale.
Heimieuryule, V. Mart., Monatsb. Konig. Akad. Berlin, 1867.

Teeth. Numerous small crowded mouth papilla. No tooth papilla. Disk small and
covered with scales and large swollen radial shields. Arms long, and rolling in a vertical
plane, furnished with under and side arm plates of the ordinary form, but covered above
by a mosaic of smali, swollen plates, whereof one, much larger and higher than the rest,
is on each side of the arm. Two short genital openings in each interbrachial space.

Here is another solid structure comparable to Ophiochondrus. The great radial shields
with their thickened margins occupy almost the entire upper disk (Pl. XLIII. fig. 7).
To each is jointed a massive, shapeless genital plate (0) extending quite to the mouth
shield, and which has soldered to it a small genital scale (7). The mouth angles are
compact, and the mouth frames (/) scarcely flaring over the nerve ring is a small, single,
rounded peristomial plate (v). Beyond the disk the arm bones are elongated, much as in
Ophiochondrus (fig. 10), and, in profile, exhibit an umbo (1) projecting from the hinder
end, and a still larger articulating shoulder from the outer end; while below are large

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 249

muscle fields (w) and tentacle sockets (7). The outer face of the bone is one step nearer
Astrophyton than Ophiochondrus, having a large articulating shoulder (fig. 8, 4) without
any articulating peg below. The inner face (fig. 9) shows the simplest form of the
Ophiuran joint, and is largely occupied by the great umbo (1). In general, the position
of this highly interesting genus was correctly laid down by me in 1872.1 The original
discoverer, Von Martens,” was, however, right in thinking it had a relationship, albeit
a faint one, with the Astrophytide.
See Plate XLIII. figs. 7-10.

Species of Hemieuryale not herein described.

Hemieuryale pustulata, V. Mart. (Pl. XLIII. figs. 7-10).

Hemieuryale pustulata, Monatsh, Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 484, 1867 ; Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of.
Kong. Akad., p. 617; Lym., Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. xvi., art. 4, p. 5; Bull) Mus. Comp.
Zool., vol. ii., part 10, p. 268, pl. v. figs. 8-11.

Ophiura cuspidifera (2), Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 111, p. 226, 2nd ed., 1840 ; Encycloped.
Meth., pl. exxii. figs. 5-8.

West Indies ; 74 to 180 fathoms ; Senegal (?).

Sigsbeia.
Sigsbeia, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, 1878.

Disk small, covered with very large radial shields and heavy plates or scales, and
passing, without line of demarcation, into the stout arms, which can be rolled in a vertical
plane. Teeth and small close-set mouth papillz ; no tooth papilla. Arms bearing the
usual plates, and in addition a large supplementary piece extending downward from the
upper arm plate. Two very small genital openings in each interbrachial space, near the
mouth shield.

This singular genus forms a peculiar group with Hemieuryale, from which it
is distinguished by having ordinary upper arm plates, instead of a mosaic of small
pieces.

It represents the maximum of lime deposit, both without and within. Nothing
can be more unexpected than the ease with which the animal rolls up its arms incased
as they are in thick, clumsy armour, and having an axis of massive arm bones, The
radial shields are of great size and thickness, so that they cover nearly the whole upper
disk and form a connected circle (Pl. XLIII. fig. 4, 7). Attached to each is a short,
wide, thick, swollen, irregularly wedge-shaped genital plate (0), with a thick, narrow,

1 Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. xvi. art. 4, p. 5. 2 Monatsh. Konig. Akad. Berlin, p. 484, 1867.

250 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

shapeless genital scale soldered for most of its length, and only leaving a small genital
opening near the mouth shield. Sometimes the genital scale is soldered with its
neighbouring scale in one, and sometimes it nearly or quite disappears, leaving the inter-
brachial space almost wholly filled by the two genital plates. The outer face of the arm
bone (fig. 5) makes a near approach to that of Astrophyton, having the articulating
shoulder (4) nearly of the transverse hour-glass form: the great muscle fields and large
tentacle sockets (7) are, however, distinctly Ophiuran. The inner face also (fig. 6) has
a similar mixed character, with its large umbo (1) prolonged downwards, and forming a
vertical hour-glass. The mouth frames (fig. 4,/) are massive and plain, without grooves
or ridges, and the peristomial plate (v) is small, single, rounded and intimately connected
with the surrounding parts. The resemblance of the arm bone joints to those of the
Astrophytidee is striking ; but is not carried to other parts of the structure, which is truly
Ophiuran, although the loading of the tissues with so much lime gives it a character of
its Own.

See Plate XLIII. figs. 4-6.

Species of Szgsbeia not herein described.

Sigsbeia murrhina, Lym. (Pl. XLII. figs. 4-6).
Sigsbeta murrhina, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 234, pl. ili. figs. 55-58, 1878.

West Indies; 88 to 422 fathoms.

ASTROPHYTIDA.

Astrophytidze are a family in the order of starfishes characterised by a more or less
sharply defined central disk containing a digestive cavity, simple or much pleated, which
has no anal opening, and does not pass into the arms. These, sometimes simple and
sometimes ramified, have a central axis composed of jointed, vertebra-like sections (arm
bones), each made up of two ambulacral pieces soldered side by side. Their joints consist
of a horizontal and a vertical hour-glass-like projection fitted one on the other. The axis
is covered by a thick skin, under which are plates, generally of an irregular and elementary
character ; and there are no spines on the sides of the arms. Each arm bone is pierced
by a water tube, destitute of a bulb, and supplying the imperforate tentacle, which is
imbedded in the bone itself. The halves of the first two arm bones are swung laterally
into the interbrachial space and soldered together to form the mouth angle ; and in them
are set the mouth tentacle which are watered by a forking tube from the mouth ring. On
either side of the base of each arm, above and below, run two stout pieces, the radial
shield and genital plate, which are joined at the margin of the disk, and are connected
by an adductor muscle. In the lower interbrachial space, close to and parallel with each

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. PAs |

arm, is a genital opening which, in most of the simple armed species, passes into a sac or
genital bursa; but, in the ramifying species, enters directly the main body cavity. Most
of the simple armed have a mouth shield at the inner angle of each lower interbrachial
space, one of which serves as the madreporic. But, the ramifying have often no mouth
shields at all, and the madreporic plates, sometimes one and sometimes five in number,
are found in various regions of the lower interbrachial spaces.

Astrophyton.
Astrophyton, Linck, De Stell. Mar., 1733.

Disk re-enteringly curved in the interbrachial spaces, and, together, with arms covered
by thick skin. Arms extremely wide at their base, so as to occupy a large part of the
disk, and branching by a series of numerous forks having between them short, and
nearly equal shafts. Radial shields long and bar-like, composed of overlapping soldered
plates, and extending nearly or quite to centre of disk, thus forming more or less
elevated radiating ribs. A portion of interbrachial space below strengthened by
numerous plates. Teeth, tooth papilla, and mouth papillee, all similar and spiniform.
No arm spines, but the outer branches have spiniform tentacle scales, which, as well
as tentacles, are wanting on the basal joints. The finer twigs only are ringed with
double lines of grains bearing microscopic hooks. Under side of arm entirely covered by
side arm plates. No under arm plates beyond the first ; and no upper arm plates at all.
Two short genital openings at the outer corners of each interbrachial space.

In order to give a comparative idea of the genera Astrophyton, Gorgonocephalus, and
Euryale, there will be furnished some details of their skeletons.

The radial shields of Astrophyton (Pl. XXXV. fig. 18, 7) are composed of soldered
overlapping plates, as in Gorgonocephalus, but differ in being higher and less diverging.
For the bracing of the broad, heavy arm there is on either side a massive, rounded
genital plate, shaped like an elongated cone (0). Its strength recalls the same part in
Euryale, as does the rudimentary genital scale (n) near its outer end. The distribution
of irregular plates under the disk skin is the reverse of that in Gorgonocephalus, which
has a compound row just along the margin, whereas in the present genus the plates,
which are large and flat, fill the inner angle of the lower interbrachial space (figs, 17, 18),
which thus becomes a structure more calculated to give a strong leverage to the arm.
The mouth frames and jaws, broad, flattened and closely joined below (fig. 17, c),
become much narrower above (fig. 18, c), where there is a swollen, oblong peristomial
plate (v) of one piece. Their shape and massiveness recall Euryale (fig. 1, ¢), but the
bunch of spiniform tooth papillee is similar to that of Gorgonocephalus ; to which also
Astrophyton is comparable as to its small and irregular side mouth shields (fig. 17, 5),
while those of Huryale are of great size and thickness and nearly symmetrical (fig. 1, 0).

252 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Seen in profile from its brachial side, a mouth angle has the look of a wedge-shaped
block, having, however, a correspondence with the same part among Ophiurans. Outside
is the furrowed articulation of the mouth frame to its fellow (fig 23, 7). Then comes,
on the upper surface, the peristomial plate (v), followed by the jaw (c), and the jaw plate
(ec) divided into nodules. On the sides are the great cavities for the first and
second mouth tentacles 2”, 7”, which have notches in their outer margins for the
passage doubtless of their nerves. Just inside the articulating surface («) are two curved,
nearly vertical furrows, whereof the innermost must be for the radial nerve, and the
-outermost for the radial water tube. Among the terminal arm twigs, the structure of
side arm plates, hook grains and tentacle hooks is essentially that of Gorgonocephalus
(figs. 19, 20, 22); farther inward, however, all hooks, whether on grains or on side arm
plates, disappear, a fine granulation covers the arm (fig. 21), and even the tentacle pores
themselves are obliterated inside the second fork (fig. 17). From both other genera, the
present is distineuished by a total absence of under arm plates, unless the little plate at
the outer corner of the mouth slit may be called one (fig. 17,4). On the other hand the
side arm plates are strongly developed although confined, as usual, to the under surface
and lower sides of the arm. Near the tip they have the usual shape (fig. 20, 7); but
near the base they take on the form of wide flat plates, meeting on the median line, and
having small re-entering curves on their inner and outer edges, whereby little vacant
ovals are left which look like very large tentacle pores (fig. 17, 7). Already on the
smaller twigs the tentacle hooks on the side arm plates (fig. 22, q) have changed from a
curved and sharp outline (fig. 20, g) to a blunt spine-like form; and soon after, they
drop off; a fine granulation covers the arm, and within half a dozen forks of the tip,
nothing appears of the side arm plate but a small mamelon with a tentacle hole
(fig. 21, 7). An examination of the under side of an arm bone shows that the tentacles
do not, as Gaudry supposed, lie between the bones, but on the front under surface
(fig. 26, 7) quite as among Ophiurans. At the bottom of the tentacle socket is a pore
for the water tube which should first pass into the hole above and nearer the centre, and
so curve upward through the substance of the bone, to descend again to the tentacle socket.

The numerous specimens of Grorgonocephalus, and their different sizes furnish material
for a sketch of the growth of the hard parts. The young, with a disk 2°5 mm. in
diameter (Pl. XXXVI. figs. 2, 3), is covered with a skin which, when dry, exhibits
distinctly the underlying plates somewhat like those of Ophiolepis. The jaw (c) with
its teeth (d’) are joined to two large side mouth shields. From this pomt of view no
jaw plate can be seen till the animal is larger (fig. 17, e). Outside the side mouth

fo)

shields is a plate which holds the position of a mouth shield, and sometimes takes the
function of a madreporie plate (fig. 17, @). The remainder of the lower interbrachial
space is covered by eight or nine irregular plates. Above, there is in the centre a group
of six or seven primary plates(fig. 3, g), each encircled by a superimposed line of grains.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 253

No distinct radial shields are yet visible; but along the margin of the disk are over-
lapping plates, which, increased in number and size, may be found under the skin of the
adult. A ring, consisting of two large side arm plates (occupying the under surface) and
four pieces representing upper arm plates, surrounds the arm (fig. 2). Fig. 1 gives a
lower view of the entire animal of figs. 2 and 3 before drying. All the lower plates are
concealed by the thick skin, although the upper ones may be distinguished. There are,
as yet, but two arm forks, and the first one is far from the disk, as in Trichaster. There
is one madreporic plate in the usual position of a mouth shield. It looks like a little
pimple, but has been omitted by the lithographer. Tentacle scales, like little hooks, are
found as far as the jomt where the arm joins the disk. By the time the disk has attained
a diameter of 7 mm. considerable changes have taken place. The granulations, which
had only appeared as lines in the younger stage, now almost wholly hide the plates, both
above and below (fig. 17). The genital plates and scales (0,n) not noticed before are
now prominent. The madreporic shield (@) is swollen and perforated ; and the jaw has
a well-marked jaw plate, and on the sides mouth papille. In a fully grown specimen
traces of the young stage may still be followed. On removing the skin from the mouth
angles of a disk 60 mm. in diameter (fig. 19) there appear a jaw and jaw plate (c,e) more
rounded and less elongated than in the young. Outside these, but of comparatively
small size, are the side mouth shields (b), and, again outside these, the madreporic shield
(a). The copious granulation, which, during the middle stage, covered the lower inter-
brachial space (fig 17) has essentially disappeared, as have the disk plates, which ceased
to grow and were obliterated in the thick skin. Above, the disk shows no granulation
(Gorgonocephalus agassizii) save in form of a few small spines whose bases are sur-
rounded by grains ; just at the margin may be recognised the lines of plates already
referred to. The chief features of the roof of the disk are the high and long radial
shields, so characteristic of the group.

Thus, a disk, flat at the beginning and covered with plates quite as among ordinary
Ophiurans, proceeds to change, first by covering itself with a close granulation ; secondly,
by the disappearance or atrophy not only of this granulation but of the disk plates,
except those of the margin which continue to grow and multiply ; thirdly, by the great
development in length and height of the radial shields.

The beginning of an arm, as illustrated at its tip, differs in no essential from that of
Ophiurans.* A small swelling or knob makes the end, and indicates the beginning of the
next new joint (figs. 4, 5). The penultimate joint is divided lengthwise, above and below,
making the side arm plates (7) which enclose the arm. From the outer edge of these plates
springs a slender projection of lime spicules which, by a constriction near its base, becomes
a small jomted spine. This bends at its point, throws out an additional curved branch,
and becomes a double tentacle hook (fig. 14), homologous with those in Ophiothrix and

Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, pl. v. figs. 2, 8, 12.
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART X1v.—1882.) 0 33

254 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

many other genera. There are usually three to each side arm plate, and they grow
thicker as they near the base of the arm, where they acquire the form of little, blunt,
rough spines (figs. 10, 11, 12, g). Besides double tentacle hooks, there are others that
are simple, and, from the grain on which they are mounted as a base, may be termed
erain hooks. Those that first appear are simple spicules, bent or straight, standing on
the side arm plates, above the tentacle hooks (figs. 8, 9). Then a granule is formed
under them (fig. 13). More of such hooks grow on the grains or little swollen plates
which occupy the position of upper arm plates among Ophiurans (fig. 10). Later
there remain on the side arm plate only the true tentacle hooks, while the grain hooks
stand on those double rows of raised grains which give the rmged or burred look to the
small branches of Astrophytons (Pl. XXXV. fig. 19). As they approach the disk and
thicker part of the arm these raised rows sink and their hooks disappear, and a coarse
granulation overgrows the first layer of swelled plates, so that the surface of the arm
becomes even. The side arm plates which began as ridges encircling the whole arm
change their character rapidly. In the central depression between them, on the upper
side of arm, a little upper arm plate begins to form (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 5), like a perforated
lime crust. Then, as the arm enlarges, the side plates separate above, and between them
are formed additional scales, which occupy the position of upper arm plates, but follow
no rule in their growth (fig. 7). They do not even multiply by the irregular method of
Hemieuryale pustulata.' These scales, at first thin (figs. 7, 15), afterwards thicken and
become more rounded (figs. 10, 11), and some of them make the basis of the two annular
rings of grains carrying the grain hooks, which afterwards drop off, so that at the base of
an arm there appear (in a dry specimen) only the thickened skin, with a granular coat
and a few irregular plates above the side arm plates. These last, early separated above
(figs. 7, 15), maintain their union underneath (figs. 6, 12, 16, 17, 19, 7). It follows that
the growing arm rises more and more above them. They retain their simple form almost
throughout, but, withm the disk, in fully grown specimens they are broken in two
(fig. 19, 7). The under arm plates first appear about two forks from the tip of the arm ;
not, however, simple, but divided in three parts (fig. 12, 4), which may still be seen
inside the disk of young specimens (fig. 17, 4, /).2 In adults these plates, at the third
fork of the arm, are in four triangular pieces, making together an oblong figure. Within
the disk the number of pieces is considerable and their form irregular (fig. 19). In
this respect there is a marked difference from Ophiurans, whose upper arm plates may
be composed of several pieces developed under certain rules, but whose side and under
plates are almost always simple, rarely of two pieces, and in one species only
(Ophiomyxa pentagona) of three pieces.

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., part 10, pl, v. figs. 8-11.

? Lutken’s figures indicate that the young of Gorgonocephalus eucnenvis has the under arm plate not divided
(Addit. ad Hist. Oph., vol. i., pl. ii. figs. 175 and 170’).

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 255

The skeleton of a Gorgonocephalus does not differ more from that of an ordinary
Ophiuran than those of Ophiurans differ among themselves. All the mouth parts are
present (figs. 18, 19); mouth frames (/f), jaws (c), jaw plate (e), sockets for two sets of
tentacles (r,”), and a large peristomial plate (v) in two pieces. There is, in addition, a
small angle cover (v’), which is strongly developed in most Astrophytons, and, which
Ludwig considers the first under arm plate. The radial shield, genital plate (0), and
genital scale (fiz. 17, 2) occupy normal positions. In regard to the radial shields, this
peculiarity is to be remarked, that they are made up of a series of plates soldered one
on the other like tiles. This structure calls attention to the fact that radial shields,
which, from their almost constant presence, and their articulation with the genital plate,
are usually considered exceptional parts, are truly nothing more than a disk scale, or a
series of soldered disk scales. Hinged to the genital plates they regulate the position of
the roof of the disk as it is raised or lowered. Moreover, the genital plates themselves,
with their genital scales, are nothing more than highly specialised scales of the lower
interbrachial space, folded in, and bounding the genital openings on either side. In some
genera (e.g., Ophiomusium) the genital plate is externally conspicuous as one of the chief
pieces of the lower interbrachial space. The arm bones do not essentially differ from
those of Ophiurans, except that their joints are simplified so as to be adapted to rolling
in a vertical plane. The outer face has the usual transverse hour-glass projection, which
is vertical on the inner face.

Passing now to Huryale, striking variations present themselves. The proportions
and arrangement of the mouth differ much from those of Gorgonocephalus. Two large,
flattened jaws (Pl. XXXV. fig. 1, c) support a small jaw plate (e), which carries, not
the usual bunch of spines, but a vertical row of flat teeth (d”) like those of Ophiurans, or
those of Astroschema. Seen from above, the jaws (c) and mouth frames (/) are much
more solid than in Gorgonocephalus, and the peristomial plate (v), instead of being flat
and divided, is much swollen and single. While Gorgonocephalus has the under arm
plates in three pieces at the tip of the arm, and existing at its base only as irregular,
broken scales, Huryale has them nearly or quite unbroken (figs. 1, 6, ) and of a
reoular form for the whole length of the arm except the terminal twigs. It is at the end
of the arm that there is a remarkable difference in the side plates of the two genera.
Gorgonocephalus has small thick plates clinging close to the arm, while Hwryale is
furnished with long, finger-like projections standing free and bearing prehensile hooks
(figs. 8-12).

A side arm plate of the same general character may be found at the tip of the arm of
Ophiothri« pusilla. Passing towards the disk, these plates grow shorter and wider, and
their hooks thicken into club spines (figs. 8, 9,7,g). Still further inward the side plates are
nearly like those of Ophiurans, and carry little conical tentacle scales (or arm spines) on

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii. p. 10, pl. iii. fig. 28.

256 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

their outer edge (fig. 6, 7g). There are no proper upper arm plates, but (as in Gorgono-
cephalus, Astroschema, and Ophiomyxa) the vault of the arm is strengthened and partly
covered by grains, or small plates, lying under the skin. Near the base of the arm they are
arranged in a double vertical row (fig. 4, 5, 7) ending on the upper median line in a stout
piece (j’), the base, on which is mounted the peculiar spine of this species (z). The vertical
exterior double rows of hook-bearing grains, found in Astrophyton, Gorgonocephalus,
Astroclon, Astrocnida, Astroporpa, Astrogomphus, Astrochele, and Astrotoma do not exist
at all in this genus, which agrees in this respect with T'richaster, Astroceras, Astroschema,
Ophiocreas, and Astronyx. The chief bracing pieces, namely, radial shield and genital plate,
are stout and firmly hinged, and the former (fig. 3, 7), instead of being composed of united
overlapping scales, is solid; while the latter (0) is firmly bedded in a series of soldered
plates, which connect it with the side arm plates (7). Attached to the articulation is a
short, very stout, genital scale (n). The arm bones are lower and wider than among
kindred genera, but are jointed in the usual way; that is to say, the inner face presents
a vertical prominence constricted in the middle (fig. 14, 8), while the outer face has a
similar but horizontal prominence (fig. 13, y), and the two, held together by muscles and
skin, make a free-playing joint. At each forking of the arm a curious modification takes
place. The bone, while retaining its general form, is much widened and is split vertically
almost in two (fig. 16); on the inner face of each half is a vertical hour-glass prominence
(8), and the outer face of the arm bone next within is suitably modified (fig. 15) by being
much widened, and by having, at its constricted part, an articulating peg, or wedge,
which fits into the hollow between the two vertical hour-glasses just described. At the
joint outside these, the forking is perfect, and each prong has an arm bone of nearly the
normal shape.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Astrophyton.

{ Disk with very high radial shields bearing a few stout stumps, covered | Unie oe nitontcoctsenin
with thick skin, and often fluted, . : Shao Ce ee eae

No tentacle scales on pores. Disk and arms quite smooth, the latter | 4 o4..440n nudun
; with faint belts of hooklets, ‘ , : ; ean Fe

Radial shields closely beset with small thorny stumps, . : . Astrophyton clavatum.

of an interbrachial

Only one madreporic
shield at inner angle
space.

| Upper disk and arms set with smooth grains of several sizes, . . Astrophyton exiqguum.

{ Disk set sparsely with minute, short, slender spines, which are continued | vi

Sages ; strophyton spinosum

BAS 2 in groups of three along upper surface of arm, 0 : om Ui iia iii ae :

het cae

fh Che : Q a a :

= 2 °-s | Disk covered with fine, close-set grains, which form cross ridges on the

qo as 4 radial shields ; and on the arms, belts alternating with those of the > Astrophyton cecilia.
aes hooklets,

Oa HS c 4 2 :

4 3. | Disk and upper surface of arm set with spaced grains, which are fine and |

a Astrophyton panamense.

[ nearly equal, : ; . ' ‘ : sf

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 257

Astrophyton costosum, Seba (Pl. XXXY. figs. 17-25).

Astrophyton costosum, Seba (non Linck), vol. iii. p. 16, pl. ix. fig. 1, 1758; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 192; Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. xix. pl. iv.

Euryale muricatum, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 538, 1816.

Astrophyton muricatum, Agas, Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i. p. 12; Mill. & Tr,
Syst. Ast., p. 122; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part. 2, p. 156.

Bahia; 7 to 20 fathoms.

Astrophyton exiquum, Agas. (Pl. XLVII. fig. 1).

Astrophyton exiguum, Agas., Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i. p. 12, 1835; Mull. and
Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 125, 1842.
Euryale exiguum, Lisk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 539.

In my notebook of 1861, 1 see “ Kuryale exiguum, Lamk., original of Peron and
Lesueur, 1803; young.” ‘This prosaic line is poetical for me. It takes me back to the
Jardin des Plantes as it was twenty years ago; and I can see the laboratories of the
“ Mollusques et Zoophytes,” where I studied under the kindly direction of old Valen-
ciennes. He has gone, and so has his successor, Deshayes, and their place is now
worthily held by Professor Perrier, who was a very young man when first I knew him.
But still that poor little broken Astrophyton exiguum lies on its shelf, the survivor of
professors and of emperors.*

It was with a real emotion that, in unpacking the Challenger collection, I drew
from a large jar two fine specimens. I felt like a scholar who had found a duplicate of
the Codex Argenteus. After more than two generations the unique treasure of the
Jardin des Plantes has at last other representatives. To celebrate its rediscovery I could
not do less than give a figure of the animal.

Station 190 (young).—September 12, 1874; lat. 8° 56’ S., long. 136° 5’ E.; 49
fathoms; mud. Station 212.—January 30, 1875; lat. 6° 55’ N., long. 122° 15’ E.;
10 to 20 fathoms; sand.

Species of Astrophyton not herein described.

Astrophyton spinosum, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii. part 2, p. 29, figs.
44, 46, 1875.
Panama.

Astrophyton nudum, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. iii. part 10, p. 251,
pl. vi. figs. 4, 5, 1874.
Philippines.

Ii. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii. part 2, pl. iv. fig. 48, 1875.

258 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Astrophyton cacilia, Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 18, January 1856 ; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
ploy plv. fig. 6.
Astrophyton Krebsii, Orst. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., p. 18, January 1856 ; Addit. ad Hist., part 2,
p. 158, 1859.

West Indies; 73 to 125 fathoms.

Astrophyton clavatum, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 85, 1861; IIL.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 191.
Zanzibar.

Gorgonocephalus.
Gorgonocephalus, Leach, Zool. Miscell., vol. 11., 1815.

Disk thick and inclined to be circular, and, together with the arms, covered by a
thick skin. Arms narrow at their base, and branching by a series of not numerous
forks, having between them long, unequal shafts. Radial shields long and_bar-like,
composed of overlapping, soldered plates, and extending nearly or quite to centre of
disk, thus forming more or less elevated radiating ribs. Margin of disk and inner angle
of interbrachial spaces strengthened by irregular horizontal rows of plates. Teeth,
tooth papille, and mouth papille all similar and spiniform. No true arm spines, but
the outer branches have spiniform tentacle scales which, with the tentacles, are found
quite to the base of the arm. Both the finer twigs and smaller branches are ringed
with double lines of grains bearmg microscopic hooks. Side arm plates confined to
under surface and lower sides of arm. On the small branches the under arm plates are
divided in three pieces, which increase in number towards the base of the arm, and there
form an irregular pavement.

Upper arm plates represented by numerous thin, irregular plates, forming a mosaic.
Two genital openings at the outer corners of the interbrachial spaces.

When I made a first section of a fine Gorgonocephalus pourtalesii, brought back by
the Challenger, and whose swollen disk indicated a gravid individual, I expected to
find a general arrangement of organs quite similar to that already known in such genera
as Ophiomyxa. My astonishment was considerable when there was brought to light
an internal economy which reminded one rather of an orange than of an LHchinoderin.
A horizontal cut, just above the jomt of the radial shields, disclosed a quantity of
membranous partitions stuffed with a sort of pulp and radiating in a confused manner ;
while a vertical section showed what might be a digestive cavity, surrounded by and
communicating with a number of convolutions or blind sacks. The matter became clear
only by giving up the idea that a strict correspondence with known forms was to be
looked for.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 259

Passing upward through the mouth of a Gorgonocephalus, and getting above the
mouth papille (d) (Pl. XLV. fig. 2) and tentacles (7), we come to the usual contractile
aperture, which may well be called the stomach sphincter (du). It is considerably
wrinkled or even a little papillose on its border, and opens into a flattened digestive
cavity (St). Thus far the structure is normal, but beyond this point allis novel. Instead
of remaining simple, the digestive cavity passes outwards and upwards into a number of
membranous pouches, which, in profile, present a fluted aspect (S¢’, S¢”’). Their outer
ends are attached in three ways ; first (S¢”), they stretch upwards and are strongly fixed
to the roof of the disk wall; secondly, they reach horizontally and grow to the inner
points of the ege-bearing lobes (6, 8); thirdly, they incline downwards, and are power-
fully attached at ten points encircling the mouth. Of these points five are brachial (S?’)
(fig. 4) and five interbrachial (St). It is to the outer open angle of the mouth frames
that the latter are attached, by a part of the floor of the digestive cavity, which is there
much thickened (8f) (fig. 2). Immediately above this attachment opens out the much
folded and fluted interbrachial pouch (S¢”) (fig. 4), which, at its outer end, adheres to the
inner points of the corresponding genital lobes; and, above, grows fast to the roof of the
disk. In like manner there is a brachial attachment to the upper side of each arm (S?’) ;
and above it opens a brachial pouch which has a similar shape, and is made fast at
corresponding places. From these ten points the attachment of the floor of the digestive
cavity is continued outward over radiating lines, respectively across the interbrachial
spaces and along the tops of the arms quite to the body wall. This structure would
divide the body cavity in ten radiating compartments completely separated from each
other, were it not that an open space exists (8f) between the inner point of each attach-
ment and the stomach sphincter (fig. 2). This open space corresponds to the ring canal
surrounding the entrance to the stomach of Ophiwrans (inner periheemal canal, Ludwig),
but differs in being a mere continuation of the body cavity and not a closed annular
tube. It may be seen in wider section in fig. 4. The main digestive cavity directly
above its own centre passes upwards to the roof of the disk as a simple cone, round
which appear the folds of the radiating pouches (fig. 2). To give a general notion of
this complex organ, we may suppose a large loose bag, having a hole at the bottom
(mouth), and whose periphery is gathered in numerous radiating folds, leaving within
a central flask-shaped open space communicating directly with these folds ; and, further,
that the folds are divided into ten lobes, and each lobe is attached at the bottom by a
radiating adhesion.

The central portion of the digestive cavity was empty, but its lobes were stuffed with
a coagulated, yellowish, pasty substance, which, either simple or with reagents, presented
no special structure under the microscope, and which contained no organic remains.
It might well be the decomposition of a thick layer, which had an hepatic character, or
was sumply epithelium.

260 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

ra

The ovaries consist of deep, lobed, and contorted folds of the ining membrane of the
disk wall on its floor, sides, and a portion of its roof. These folds are crammed with
ege clusters, so as to resemble puddings or sausages (figs. 2 and 3, 6, 6); and, whatever
their form, all end by adhering at their inner margins to the outer ends of the corre-
sponding stomach pouches, whose basal lines of adhesion they also continue along the
arms, and along the median line of each interbrachial space. As has been said before,
the body cavity is thus divided into ten radiating compartments freely communicating at
their inner ends by large holes through the partitions. A genital opening enters each of
the compartments (fig. 3, 7, 0). Gorgonocephalus, therefore, has no closed bursa, with
its cluster of genital tubes, but the entire body cavity, except the open (periheemal) ring
outside the mouth, is also the genital cavity. It was a similar arrangement that the
older anatomists attributed to Ophiurans ; and it is strange that their observations were
true only of genera that had never been dissected.

As to internal composition, the ovarial lobes are uniform, and everywhere contain,
under a thin, membranous envelope, crowded masses of egg clusters averaging about
1 mm. in leneth, and separated from each other by delicate membranous partitions
(fig. 5). The eggs which compose each cluster are round, and about + of a millimetre in
diameter. The general envelope, as may be seen in the figure, becomes thicker at the
free margin, and especially so at points where it grows to the stomach pouches. Its
function of supporting the stomach points to its homology with those slender threads
that suspend the Ophiuran stomach to the body wall. I was not able to detect on the
surface of the ovarial lobes any pores for the egress of eggs, such as exist im the bursa
of Ophiurans. It is therefore probable that the membrane ruptures at the breeding
season, and the eggs are poured into the radiating compartments of the body cavity.
Here the sea water might bring in spermatozoa for impregnation, after which the
egos of any compartment could be discharged through any one of the ten genital
openings.

The chief difference between these organs in Gorgonocephalus and among Ophiurans
is the greater specialisation in the latter, where the lining membrane of the disk wall
becomes free, and enlarges opposite each genital opening into a closed pouch (bursa),
which is extended in the form of finger-like tubes (ovarial tubes). In other words, the
lining membrane, instead of being pierced by the genital opening, is continuous and
simply becomes free and voluminous. In Gorgonocephalus, on the contrary, the genital
opening pierces not only the disk wall but its lining membrane, and enters the body
cavity, while nearly the whole of the lining membrane takes on the egg-bearing func-
tion, and by the growth of the eggs is gradually stretched and thrown into folded
lobes.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 261

TABLE OF SpEcIES oF Gorgonocephalus.

One madreporic shield inside the raised mouth ring, and at base of a mouth l GORE II NOPECF ERE
; SNARE. GRINS
angle. Disk covered by a fine, close, smooth granulation, oI i ce ea hd La

; { Disk set above and below with short tooth-like spines, which are longer

e (
and closer on radial shields, i; Gorgonocephalus lamarckii

Disk with small, smooth, scattered grains, which are more numerous on DP hey Bre De He ayaa
the radial shields, : ; F ; : : GOROCER 5 MOLE

Stands between the preceding and Gorgonocephalus agasstz Zt. (var. of Gloraonoce Halas malinanenta
Gorgonocephalus eucnemis (2), : . ° A Cn CROCED gen

Similar to Gorgonocephalus eucnemis, but with closer, more regular granula-

| Gor, onocephalus cary.
tion, and a strong row of grains along genital openings, o oes y

Disk set with a few small, irregular stumps, which are most numerous on |, Folie ees:
outer ends of radial shields, . Gorgonocephalus agassizit.
Disk above closely beset with short, thick, oe eee and below | 4. Talis Holes
with very small short spines, c STALE CI COI Cai,

Disk similar to Gorgonocephalus linckii, but smooth below, : . Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni.

Disk set above with scattered minute conical stumps, or stump-like

granules. Arms in the adult nearly smooth, "| Gorgonoeep halus pourtales.

| Similar to Gorgonocephalus pourtalesti, but structure more delicate. The |
young has a simple under arm plate, which is in several pieces in \ Gorgonocephalus chilensis.
Gorgonocephalus pourtalesit, . °

Disk finely and smoothly granulated, and set, together with upper surface

Gorgonocephalus verrucosus.
of arms, with large smooth tubercles, ‘| g P

Radial shields set with fluted stumps. Tentacle scales flat, and strongly i Ganonceshalia alairales

toothed at the end,

Only one madreporic shield, which is situated at the inner angle of an interbrachial space.

Large conical spikes on upper disk, and upper surface of arms, . . Gorgonocephalus mucronatus.

Five madreporic shields, one at inner angle of each interbrachial space. Surface 4

: Gorgonocephalus cacaoticus.
of disk and arms smooth, uf I

Gorgonocephalus pourtalesii, Lym. (Pl. XLV. figs. 2-5).
Astrophyton Pourtalesii, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No, viii. part 2, p. 28, pl. iv. figs.
41-43, 1875.
Astrophyton Lymani, Bell, Proce, Zool. Soc., p. 99, January 1880.
This widely spread animal is found from Heard Island to East Patagonia over a region
between long. 70° E. and long. 70° W., 220 degrees in all, or more than half round the
southern end of the world. The western specimens from Heard and Kerguelen Islands

usually have the disk spines sharper and more numerous; and the basal shafts between
(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIV,—1882.) O 34

262 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

the arm forks are commonly shorter, as will appear by the following measurements of
three Patagonian and three western specimens :—

Distance between aaa onetet her miedo | Station 307. Station 151. pHHeReS ereuelen
Arm Forks out- bed Str. Magellan. | — we
side of disk. Dies: Sian aa | Disk 42 min. Disk 37 mm. Diskleainmenllenige7 Oban: |
1-2 16 27 19 10 16 21 |
2-3 32 36 22 18 18 26
3-4 30 37 16 18 18 25
4-5 27 54 25 23 20 21
56 29 22 33 22 18) 20
6-7 27 18 26 26 22 22
7-8 15 24 26 17 22 15
8-9 10 12 21 19 16 | 14
9-10 7 i 20 18 TS evlisli aeaele
10-11 7 8 32 16 12 10
11-12 4 7 ll 11 10
12-13 5 6 10 5
13-14 3 10 |

Kerguelen Islands; 75 to 120 fathoms. Station 150.—February 2, 1874; lat.
52° 4’ 8, long. 71° 22’ E.; 150 fathoms; rock. Station 151.—February 7, 1874; off
Heard Island; 75 fathoms; mud. Station 307.—January 4, 1876; lat. 49° 24’ S., long.
74° 23’ W.; 147 fathoms; mud. Station 308.—January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’S., long.
74° 42’ W.; 175 fathoms; mud. Station 313.—January 20, 1876; lat. 52° 20’S., long.
68° 0’ W.; 55 fathoms; sand. Off East Patagonia; 55 to 144 fathoms.

Gorgonocephalus verrucosus, Lym. (Pl. XLVIIL).
Euryale verrucosum, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii, p. 537, 1816.
Euryale verrucosum, Cuvier, Regne Anim., Zooph., pl. v., 1817.
Astrophyton scutatum, Agas., Mem. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i. p. 11, pl. i. to 11, 1839.
Astrophyton verrucosum, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 121, 1842.

This is a somewhat aberrant member of the genus. There are no scales or pieces
homologous with upper or under arm plates, in which respect it approaches Astrophyton.
The side arm plates are, however, by no means so large as in that genus, being short,
thin plates covering only a part of the under surface of the arm. A character of similar
significance is the absence of any row of plates along the margin of the disk. The hook
belts are confined to the terminal twigs. It approaches Astrophyton also in the great

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 263

number of forkings,' and in the comparative equality in length of the intermediate
shafts. While a large Gorgonocephalus agassizit would have not more than a dozen or
fourteen forkings from the main stem, this species has more than thirty; and the twigs
from each of these forkings are generally very rich in forks. In this respect, however,
the left stem is very poor as compared with the right. For example, the twelfth twig of
the left stem has but eight forks, while the twelfth of the right stem has nearly three
hundred. Some of the twigs on the outer part of the right stem have more forks than
those further in; thus No. 12 has more than No. 5.
Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope; 10 to 20 fathoms.

Species of Gorgonocephalus not herein described.

Gorgonocephalus arborescens, Agas., Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. ii., pls. iv.,
v., 18389.

Stella arborescens, Rondelet, De Pise., p. 121, 1554.

Huryale costosum, Link., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. i. p. 538, 1816.

Astrophyton costosum, Agas., Mém. Soe. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i. p. 11, 1839 (Gorgono-
cephalus in the plates).

Astrophyton arborescens, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 124, 1842; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., No. i. p. 181; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 313, note; Ludwig, Echin.
des Mittelmeeres, p. 552.

Mediterranean ; West Indies.

Gorgonocephalus lamarckii, Lym.

Asterias caput meduse (1), Linn., Fauna Suecica, 1761, No. 2115.
Astrophyton Lamarckti, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 123, 1842.

North European Seas.

Gorgonocephalus eucnemis, Lym.

Asterias caput meduse, Fabr., Fauna Groenl., No. 367, 1780.
(2) Zottenkopf, Knorr Delicie Nat. Select., vol. ii. p. 34, pl. G, figs. 1, 2, 1787.
Asterias caput meduse, Dewhurst, Nat. Hist. Ord. Cetacea.
Astrophyton eucnemis, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 123, 1842; Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 1,
p- 70, pl. u. figs. 17-19; Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 181.

Greenland; N. E. North America.

1 See T. Lyman, Mode of Forking among Astrophytons, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xix. p. 7, March 1877.

264 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Gorgonocephalus agassizi, Lym. (Pl. XXXYV. fig. 265 PL XXXVI):

The Basket Fish, J. Winthrop, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. v. p. 1152, 1670, vol. vi. p. 2221,
1671.

Astrophyton scutatum scuto rotato (2), Linck, De Stell, Mar., p. 65, pls. xxix., xxx.

Euryale seutatum, Gould (non De Blainville), Invert. Mass., p. 345, 1841.

Astrophyton Agassiz, Stimp., Invert. Gr. Manan, Smith. Contrib., vol. vi. p. 12, 1853; Lym.,
Til. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. i. p. 186; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xix., pl. v.

Cape Cod to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Gorgonocephalus lincku, Lym.

Asterias scutatum (pars), Linck, De Stell. Mar., pl. xxix. No. 48. See Sonne, Pontoppidan
Natur. Hist. Nor., vol. ii. p. 369.

Asterias caput meduse (?), Linn., Fauna Suecica, No. 2115.

Astrophyton Linckii, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 122, 1842; Lym., Hl Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
No. i. p. 190.

North European Seas.

Gorgonocephalus malmgreni, Lym.
Astrophyton Malmgrenii, D. C. Danielssen, Magazin for Naturvid, p. 37 (of separate copy), 1877.

62° 44’ N., 1° 46’ E.; 64° N., 5° 35’ E.; 400 to 510 fathoms.

Gorgonocephalus caryi, Lym.

Astrophyton Caryi, Lym., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 424, 1860; Lym., Il. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1. p. 184.

San Francisco, Cal.

Gorgonocephalus panamensis, Lym.
Astrophyton panamense, V1l., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i., part 2, p. 251, 1867.

Panama.

Gorgonocephalus stimpsonii, Lym.
Astrophyton Stinpsonii, V1l., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii. p. 388, 1869.
Ochotsk Sea.

Gorgonocephalus cacaoticus, Lym.
Astrophyton cacaoticum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ui., part 10, p. 250, 1874.

Guadeloupe ; 20 fathoms.

i)
ce
or

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

Gorgonocephalus australis, Lym.
Astrophyton australe, Vil., Contrib. to Nat. Hist. of Kerguelen Island, by J. H. Kidder, vol. ii.
p. 74, 1876.

Tasmania; 7 fathoms.

Gorgonocephalus chilensis, Lym.
Astrophyton chilense, Phil., Wieg. Archiv, p. 268, 1858.
Chili.
Gorgonocephalus mucronatus, Lym.
Astrophyton mucronatum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 348, 1869.
Florida ; 120 to 125 fathoms.

Euryale.
Euryale, Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii., 1816.

Disk re-enteringly curved in the interbrachial spaces, and, together with the arms,
covered by thick skim. Arms pretty wide at their base and branching by a series of
numerous forks having between them shafts which grow suddenly shorter towards the
extremities.’ Radial shields long, bar-like, and in one piece, and extending nearly to
centre of disk, so as to form more or less elevated radiating ribs. Entire interbrachial
space below covered by stout plates soldered together. A vertical row of stout teeth, like
those of Ophiurans, but no mouth papillae, nor tooth papilla. No proper arm spines, but
the outer branches have peg-like tentacle scales which are continued nearly to the
base of the arm. There are small, simple under arm plates similar to those among
Ophiurans. Side arm plates at end of arms like long, free flaps, bearing hooks (tentacle
scales): further in they are small and cling close to the arm, and rise scarcely above its
under surface. Upper arm plates represented by a double line of small pieces, which
support two large spines standing on the upper surface of the arm. Two genital opening
at outer corners of each interbrachial space.

A section of a Huryale (Pl. XLV. fig. 6) shows the aspect of a non-gravid individual,
the pouches of whose digestive cavity are nearly empty, instead of being stuffed with the
clotted substance mentioned under Gorgonocephalus. Above is seen the digestive cavity,
which, on the right and left, passes into pouches ; and partitions, forming similar pouches,
may be seen on the farther side of the centre. Above the lateral pouches are the radial
shields (/,/) cut through. On the extreme right and left are greatly dilated genital
openings (7,0), which lead directly into the body cavity; and this, passing under and
outside the digestive cavity, is connected, about the mouth, by the perihzemal canal, a
cross cut of which appears at Jf A section of the disk skin, above the body cavity,
(fig. 7) exhibited a uniform, tough, slightly fibrous composition, with a thin lining

? For the mode of branching, see T, Lyman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xix., March 1877.

266 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

membrane, not well defined, and of a granular texture (fig. 8) under a high power
indicating perhaps egy-cells. Of fully formed eggs, however, there were none, and the
lining membrane was not thrown into lobes or convolutions. If, however, the ovaries
were distended, and the pouches of the digestive cavity filled with matter, the general
appearance would approach that of Gorgonocephalus, except that the pouches would be
simpler ; and the ovaries would be much more restricted in area, unless, indeed, the lining
membrane of the body cavity to which the wall of the digestive cavity adheres has the
power to develop egg clusters, and thus form lobes, and push the digestive cavity inward
towards the mouth.

It will be noticed that the genital openings are greatly distended, which shows that
the animal can contract or expand them, since, in other specimens, they were tightly
shut and reduced to a small slit. The attachments of the digestive cavity to the inner
open angle of the mouth frames are not so thick and muscular as in Gorgonocephalus, so
that the periheemal canal is flattened, instead of more or less erect and rounded. Never-
theless there are the same ten radiating attachments respectively along the tops of the
arms and the middle of the interbrachial spaces, dividing the body cavity into ten com-
partments, which freely communicate at their inner ends by the periheemal canal. In
the lining membrane of these compartments were found numerous fragments of micro-
scopic lime network (fig. 9) similar to that which exists in the walls of the bursa of
Ophiura levis and Ophiocoma scolopendrina.’ It is these that, by their further growth,
make the thin scales which clothe the wall of the bursa in Ophiothamnus vicarius.

A section of a species from an allied genus, Astrophyhyton costosum, showed a general
structure very like that of Gorgonocephalus.

Euryale aspera, Lmk. (Pl. XX XV. figs. 1-16; Pl. XLV. figs. 6-9).
1

Euryale aspera (asperum), Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 11. p. 538,

Astrophyton scutatum (pars), Linck, De Stell. Mar., pl. xx. fig. 32, 1733.

Capitis meduse altera species minor supina, Seba, Thes., vol. iil., pl. ix., 1761.

Astrophyton asperum, Agas., Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. ii. p. 12, 1839; Miill. & Tr.,
Syst. Ast., p. 124; Lym., Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xix., pl. vi.

Astrophyton levipelle, Grube, Jahres-Berichte d. Sch. Gesell., p. 44, 1869.

Station 186.—September 8, 1874; lat. 10° 30’ 8., long. 142° 18’ E.; 8 fathoms;
coral sand. Station 203.—October 3, 1874; lat. 11° 7’ N., long. 123° 7’ E.; 12 to 20
fathoms ; mud.

8, 1816.
3

Trichaster.
Trichaster, Agas., Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, vol. i., 1835.
A nearly smooth skin covers both disk and arms, whereof the latter fork a few times,

! Hubert Ludwig, Beitriige zur Anatomie der Ophiuren, Zeitschr. fiir Wissenschaft, Zoologie, Bd. xxxi., figs. 27, 28, 1878.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 267

but only near their ends. Teeth, but no tooth papilla, and only a few small mouth
papilla irregularly arranged high up on the sides of the mouth angle. At the tips of the
twigs the side arm plates are like long flaps, free of the arm and bearing at their ends a
pair of little hooks. Further inward they cling close to the arm and take on the usual
form of such plates, while the hooks become spine-like tentacle scales (or arm spines).
The side arm plates, connected below by a solid under arm plate, are continued upward
by swollen lime nodules homologous with upper arm plates. Large side mouth shields,
but no mouth shield proper. Two small genital openings in each interbrachial space,
between which is a fine madreporic pore leading into a stone canal.

Species of Tivchaster not herein described.
Trichaster palnuferus, Agas., Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel, p. 193, 1835; Mull.
and Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 120, 1842.
Euryale palmiferum, Lmk., Syst. Anim. sans Vert., vol. ii. p. 539, 1801: Encycloped. Meth.,
p. 384, pl. exxvi.

Astrophyton palmiferum, Bronn, Syst. d. urweltl. Pflanz., pl. ii. fig. 3.

Trichaster flagellifer, V. Mart. Wieg. Archiv, vol. xxxii. p. 87, 1877.
India.

Trichaster elegans, Ludwig, Zeits. fiir Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 59, 1878.
Great Ocean.

Astroclon.
Astroclon, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, 1879.

Arms beginning to branch at a considerable distance from the disk, and having but
few forks, nearly as in Trichaster. Disk rising well above the arms, and granulated, as
are the latter. The tips of the twigs are encircled at each joint bya double belt of hook-
bearing grains. Along the under surface of the base of the arm are two longitudinal
lines of large, transverse slits, a pair to each joint, from which issue short tentacles ; and
above these on either side is a row of peg-like tentacle scales. Mouth angles naked on
their sides, but with a bunch of spine-like papillae at the apex. Two very large genital
openings in each interbrachial space.

Astroclon propugnatoris,’ Lym. (Pl, XXIV. figs. 6-11).
Astroclon propugnatoris, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi; part 2, p. 69, pl. xviil. figs.
481-486, 1879.
Animal covered above by a closely soldered granulation, in which appear numerous

1 Dr. Carpenter has happily translated Challenger by zxpéseaxoc, the Homeric word for a champion who stood in
front of the line of battle and challenged the leaders of theenemy. Propugnator is a verbal translation, although it seems
usually to signify rather a defender. I am told by high authority, however, that its present use is allowable. Goliath
was such a challenging champion, but he is described in the Vulgate as vir spurius, an expression not applicable here.

268 THE VOYAGE OF H.MS. CHALLENGER.

dark patches, which are small, oblong, smooth plates, sometimes raised like tubercles, and
sometimes sunken. Below, the granulation is microscopic, and, on part of the under
surface of arm, wanting. Five short, wide, smooth tentacle scales.

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 65mm. Length of arm, from
disk to first fork, 160 mm.; from first fork to second, 36 mm.; second to third,
137 mm.; third to fourth, 26 mm. ; fourth to fifth, 16 mm.; fifth to sixth, 16 mm.;
sixth to end, 16 mm.; total, 407 mm. Width of arm near disk 14 mm.; height at
same point 10 mm. Mouth angles small, and on their sides smooth, bearing at the apex
a vertical tuft of small, smooth, short, spine-like papille. From near mouth to margin of
disk the arms grow wider, but begin to taper from that point. They are cleanly arched
above, but flat on the lower surface, a large portion of which is occupied by the deep,
oblong transverse pits (the largest 3°5 mm. long) on whose inner side stand the tentacles,
so that this surface presents the appearance of a central, radiating strip, on whose sides
are the tentacle pits, arranged like the feathers of an arrow. This central strip has a
very fine granulation, nearly obscured by skin; but the lateral region is quite smooth.
The sides and upper surface are covered by a coat of soldered grains, about two in the
length of 1mm. Among them appear numerous small, smooth, slightly sunken, rounded,
dark plates, usually 1°5 mm. in diameter; these begin near the tip, with a single plate
on the upper surface of each joint, and gradually increase in number towards the base of
the arm. The terminal twigs are encircled by double belts of hook-bearing grains
(fig. 11), but the intervening spaces are not yet granulated. Disk thick, rising well
above arms; covered above by a soldered granulation similar to that of the arm, with
scattered smooth plates, which sometimes are raised and sometimes sunken. Inter-
brachial spaces below covered by a minute granulation, which is more or less obscured by
skin, and seems smooth to the naked eye. Radial shields not externally indicated.
Genital openings very large, extending from opposite the second tentacle pit nearly to
margin of disk, and capable of great distention ; one of them was open to the width of
9mm. The mouth tentacles and first pair on the arm have no tentacle scales ; thence to
margin of disk there are two or three, minute and peg-like, to each tentacle; for some
distance beyond the margin each tentacle has five small, thick, short, wide scales, about
1°5 mm. long, arranged in a single line. Colour in alcohol, uniform yellowish-brown,
with chocolate patches where the smooth plates are,

Station 192.—Sept. 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’ &, long. 132° 25’ E.; 129 fathoms;
mud.

The single specimen had lost one arm and a piece of the disk, the result apparently
an injury, and not of self division.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 269

Astrocnida.
Astroenida, Lym., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1872.

Disk divided into five radiating wedges by the pairs of radial shields, and, together
with the arms, covered by a minute pavement of flattened granules. The arms fork a
few times, but only near their ends. Teeth, tooth papillee, and mouth papillee all similar
and spiniform. Side arm plates confined to under surface of arm and bearing several
rough, cylindrical tentacle scales (or arm spines). These plates are continued upward by
a double row of lumpy nodules homologous with upper arm plates, which bear minute
hooks, and which are continued over the roof of the disk, as irregular, concentric circles
of short, blunt spikes, or large granules bearing hooks. Two small genital openings in
each interbrachial space at the outer corners.

A specimen of the rare Astrocnida isidis from the “ Blake” dredgings afforded
a chance to examine a branching star, like Astrogomphus in outward appearance, but
resembling Trichaster in its few and widely-spaced arm forks. On making a vertical
section through the disk (Pl. XLVI. fig. 2), a curious and quasi-intermediate structure
is exposed. The digestive cavity recalls Gorgonocephalus in that it is more or less
pleated and pouched (S¢’), and is firmly attached to the roof of the disk wall ; but it is
Ophiuroid in being entirely free below, and partly so on its sides, having no radiating
lines of attachment, either along the arms, or in the interbrachial spaces. The only
vestige of such attachments is a stout septum, such as is found in Ophiurans lying
outside the wall of the stomach sphincter (dw), and thus forming a closed ring tube
(inner periheemal canal). It may more properly be called an adhesion of the floor of the
digestive cavity to the wall of the mouth where they are doubled over each other.
Between the upper side of the digestive cavity and the disk wall, and on top, and
on either side of each arm, lie the ovaries (6), which consist of almost separated ovoid
ege clusters, rather more than 1 mm. in length, containing round eggs about 2 mm. in
diameter. They are not connected with, or surrounded by any bursa, but He directly
in the body cavity, into which penetrate the genital openings. The genital organs are
therefore strictly of an Astrophyton type, and discharge their products into the body
cavity, which is continuous and uninterrupted by radiating partitions.

Astrocnida, and behind it Astrogomphus, is nearest in relationship to the true
Astrophytons. Not only does the arm covering, with its double rings of minute hooks
shadow forth an affinity, but the internal structure, with a pouched digestive cavity and
ovaries lying free in the general body cavity is similar ; while the want of adhesions on the
under side of the digestive cavity and the closed ring tube about the mouth remind us of
the Ophiurans. But in reaching after some form which may bridge the way to these last,
we find, as generally happens in the animal kingdom, no piece that will fit. Ophiocreas,
which is properly a simple armed Astrophyton, is not intermediate. It is a synthetic form.
It has the teeth of Huryale, the pleated digestive cavity suggestive of Gorgonocephalus,
the genital bursa and ovarial tubes similar to, yet not the same as, those of Ophiurans in

(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART xIv.—1882.) O 35

270 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

general, the arm plates that recall Ophiomyxa; nay, one Astrophyton character, the ad-
hesion of the digestive cavity to the disk wall, is carried farther than in Astrophyton itself.

In conclusion, it is proper to point out a slight resemblance which the branching
Astrophytidee have to the order of Starfishes. This is in the pouches of the digestive
cavity filled with a clotted matter, which suggest the varied cecal appendages charac-

teristic of different genera among Asteroidea.

Species of Astrocnida not herein described.

Astrocnida isidis, Lym. (Pl. XLVI. fig. 2).
Astrocnida isidis, Lym., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1872, p. 1.
Trichaster isidis, Duchassaing, Animaux Radiaires des Antilles, 1850.

West Indies ; 56 to 120 fathoms.

Astroporpa.
Astroporpa, Orst. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856,

Disk divided into five radiating wedges by the pairs of radial shields and covered,
together with the arms, by a minute pavement of flattened granules, which below are
more scattered and rounded. The arms are simple, and their under surface is almost
covered by the side arm plates which bear several rough cylindrical, tentacle scales (or
arm spines). These plates are continued upward by a narrow, regular double line of
close-set nodules, homologous with upper arm-plates, and bearmg minute hooks. They
thus form very regular raised belts on the arms, and are continued over the back of the
disk as irregular concentric circles, of which the outer ones are hook bearing, like those
of the arms, and those nearest the centre have often microscopic thorns, the remains of
hooks. ‘Two small genital openings in each interbrachial space at the outer corners.

Here is an excellent illustration of the homology between the roof of the disk, and
the top and sides of the arms, or of the fact that the skin of the latter is a prolongation
and a bending down of the skin of the roof. Seen from above, an Astroporpa looks as
if composed only of five arms, whose bases were thickened and wedged together to form
the disk, an effect heightened by the continuation of the hook-bearing ridges from belts
on the arms to concentric circles on the disk. Astrogomphus has in place of them
rather irregularly disposed spikes, while Astrocnida has pretty well-marked circles,
some of which bear hooklets, while others are simple spikes.

Species of Astroporpa not herein described.

Astroporpa annulata, Orst. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p- 17; Addit. ad Hist.,
part 2, p. 152.
Astroporpa dasycladia, Duj. & Hupé, Hist. Nat. Zooph. Echin., p. 298, 1862.
Barbadoes; 100 fathoms. West Indies; 50 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 271

Astroporpa affins, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 2, p. 154, pl. v. fig. 5, 1859.
West Indies; 50 fathoms.

Astrogomphus.
Astrogomphus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, 1869.

Disk traversed by ten narrow radiating ridges formed by the radial shields ; it, as
well as the arms, is covered with a minute pavement of flat granules some of which, on the
former, become short stout spikes. Teeth, tooth papille, and mouth papille all similar
and spiniform. The arms are simple, and their under surface is almost wholly covered by
side arm plates, which meet in the centre, and which bear several rough, cylindrical, ten-
tacle scales (or arm spines). These plates are continued upwards by a double row of
lumpy nodules, homologous with upper arm plates, which bear minute hooks. No under
arm plates. Two small genital openings in each interbrachial space at the outer corners.

Through Astrocnida, Astrogomphus approaches the typical Astrophytons, having the
arm belts of minute hooks, and an arrangement of side arm plates, which, with the
absence of under arm plates, reminds one of Astrophyton costosum. The radial shields also
are made up of several overlapping pieces soldered together (Pl. XLIV. figs. 10, 11, /).
Attached is a short, somewhat flattened, genital plate (fig. 10, 0), to which adheres a flat
and very short genital scale. The small mouth angles are very simple, and somewhat
recall the shape in Ophioscolex. Besides a solid transverse oval peristomial plate (fig.
12, v), there is another little piece just at the upper outer corner of the mouth sht, which
Ludwig considers the true first under arm plate, and calls what usually is described as the
first the second.

As might be expected in genera somewhat closely allied, Astrogomphus has an
arrangement of the reproductive and digestive organs entirely comparable to that of
Astrocnida, except that the folds of the stomach are less complex and numerous.

See Plate XLIV. figs. 10-12.

Species of Astrogomphus not herein described.

Astrogomphus vallatus, Lym. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 10-12).

Astrogomphus vallatus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, p. 350, 1869 ; Il. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. vi, pl. i. figs. 16-18; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 236.

West Indies; 128 to 270 fathoms.

Astrochele.
Astrochele, Vil., Am. Journ. Scien., vol. xvi., 1878.
Disk traversed by the narrow radiating ridges formed by the radial shields, and with
the arms covered by small rounded scales, or grains, more or less obscured by a thick
skin. Teeth, tooth papilla, and mouth papillee all similar and spiniform. The arms are

272 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

simple and the side arm plates lie on the under surface and bear several rough, cylindrical
tentacle scales (or arm spines). These plates are continued upward by a double row of
large grains, homologous with upper arm plates, which bear minute hooks. Two small
genital openings in each interbrachial space at the outer corners.

This genus differs outwardly from Astrogomphus chiefly in having no spikes on the
disk, and in having disk scales of a different character.

Species of Astrochele not herein described.

Astrochele lymani, V1., Am. Journ. Scien., vol. xvi. p. 374, 1878.
N.E. Coast of North America; 200-980 fathoms.

Astrotoma.
Astrotoma, Lym., Ul. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii. part 2, 1875.

Disk arched and traversed above by ten low radiating ridges formed by the radial
shields, and closely granulated. There are no mouth papillae, and the spiniform teeth
and tooth papille form an irregular clump at the apex of the mouth angle, somewhat as
in Astrophyton. The arms are simple and the side arm plates are confined to their lower
surface, and bear several peg-like scarcely rough, tentacle scales (or arm spines). These
plates are continued upwards by a double row of granules bearing minute hooks which
are encased in thick skin bags. The annular ridges thus formed are wide and rather
indistinct. Two small genital openings in each interbrachial space, at the outer corners.

Astrotoma agassi, Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii., part 2, p. 24, pl. iv.
figs. 57, 58, 1875.
Straits of Magellan ; 135 fathoms.

Astrotoma murray, Lym. (Pl. XXII. figs. 5-7).

Astrotoma Murrayi, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., pt. 2, p. 61, pl. xviii. figs. 474-476,
1879.

Large tubercles, or smooth warts, on the upper side of disk. No hooklets on belts of
orains onarms,except closetotheirtip. Clustersof grains ininterbrachialspacesnextmouth.
(Type specimen from Station 194.) Diameter of disk 29 mm. Leneth of arm
280 mm. Width of arm near disk 7mm. Height of arm near disk 7 mm. Apex of
mouth angle, embracing all the region of the jaw plate, densely set with short, sharp,
nearly equal, spine-lke papillae, thirty or more in number, and arranged in transverse
rows of three or four. Lower surface and a part of the sides of the protuberant mouth
angles closely set with rounded and sometimes elongated grains. One round madreporic
mouth shield, 1°5 mm. in diameter, lying on the margin of the horizontal mouth region,
where it is separated from the vertical interbrachial space by a fold of skin stretched
between the bases of the arms. Arms high, and tapering gradually to their tips, covered

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 273

above and on the sides by belts of granules alternately raised and sunken. In the
former, the granules are larger and more distinct, and are more or less regularly arranged
in four rows, whereof two at tip of arm bear minute, simple hooks, which, however, are
soon rubbed off. In the latter, the granules are minute and arranged as a smooth
pavement, in which appear many oblong holes or depressions. On its under surface the
arm is covered by a cross wrinkled, calcified skin, on which are scattered eranules. Disk
flat and angular, with re-entering curves in the interbrachial spaces ; the radial shields,
whose outlines are vaguely defined, are broad, and run nearly or quite tothe centre. The
upper surface is covered by a smooth pavement of small, soldered grains, among which
appear small oblong depressions, and on whose surface are scattered a few large, smooth
tubercles. The interbrachial spaces below are covered by a clump of large, coarse grains ;
at the inner end of each of these spaces is a deep, transverse hollow, at either extremity
of which is a short, genital opening. Between the mouth slit and the lower margin of
disk there are no tentacle scales; but, beyond, each pore has four, rarely five, stout,
smooth, peg-like scales, lying side by side, and nearly as long as an arm joint ; nearer
tip of arm there are but three. Colour in alcohol, reddish-brown, the disk tubercles and
clumps of grains about mouth being darker.

Station 194.—September 29, 1874; lat. 4° 33’8., long. 129° 58’ E.; 200 fathoms ;
volcanic detritus.

Astroschema.
Astroschema, Orst. & Ltk., Vid. Meddel., 1856.

Disk very small, shghtly arched, divided into radiating lobes by the radial shields,
and covered by a granulated skin. Large strong teeth in a single vertical row, as among
Ophiurans. No mouth papille or tooth papillae. Arms simple, very long and slender,
and covered by a granulated skin, which completely hides underlying parts; their
under side is almost covered by the side arm plates (Pl. XLIV. fig. 4, 7), which bear two
slightly rough, cylindrical tentacle scales (or arm spines), and are continued upwards by
a row of narrow plates (7) homologous with upper arm plates, and covering the sides and
top of the arm. Under arm plate small and shield shaped (4). Two small genital openings
in each interbrachial space, slanting or nearly vertical, and placed at the outer corners.

The skeleton of Astroschema is marked by compactness and solidity, the mouth frames
are especially (fig. 1, /) strong, simple, and destitute of wings. At their inner angle is a
piece (v’) which has been homologised as the first under arm plate. In this case it
resembles the peristomial plate which is not represented in the drawing. A small, short
jaw (c) supports a little plate (e), and this carries the large teeth (d”). Outside the mouth
frames is seen the first free arm bone, solid, simple, and discoid, whose outer and inner faces
(figs. 2, 3) show the true hour-glass jomt. More strongly made even than the preceding
parts are the radial shield (7) and genital plate (0), To the latter is soldered a rudimentary
genital scale (x). Above the simple under arm plate (fig. 5, 7) come the pieces of the

274

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

upper plate, and from it issues the tentacle (7), while below is attached the rough,

cylindrical tentacle scale or arm spine.

In several respects this genus leans towards the Ophiuride ; as in its large teeth in
a single row, its solid radial shields, and its well formed under arm plates.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Astroschema.

Width of Arm
to diameter
of Disk.

Grains in

1 mm. long
on upper arm
at its base.

Diameter of
Disk to length
of Arm.
aé if Ia tus)
Sat
=e
2 8
ee qe eli7,
aH
a Sus
fas
oH o:s
S38
sS o
eieScs
aa ts alley
a ote
a t
if arm
moderate.
al
S Heep
=
3S
3
a
s
5p
2 10
cs
°
fo}
a
q
nm
a ies}
3]
ro
2
g
=
8 Io als)
nm
a
3S
= arm long.
q
3
rs
ae
A 1:33
1:24
Leics}
ane)
34
Sg
Bea
ee} 1:24
ot
Fo
asd
is dotee)
4 J

an
iS)
te

Disk spines set on little plates which
pave the disk and arms.

Disk grains sharp, even far out on
arms. Tentacle scales not any-
where longer than a joint, and
searcely clubbed.

Grains far out on arms, rounded.
Tentacle scales often as long as 14
joints, but scarcely clubbed.

Disk grains close-set, smooth, and very
large.

Disk grains very fine, smooth, and
even, Two tentacle scales do not
begin till beyond the eighth pore.

Arms short. Disk flat and even.
Under tentacle scale at end of arm
becomes a compound hook.

Mouth tentacles in tubes. Lower
tentacle scale, near end of arm,
very long but not clubbed.

Disk grains spaced and arranged in
concentric lines.

No tentacle scale till fourth pore, then
one till the twelfth, after which
two (an ill-defined species).

Arms extremely long and thin

Arm much higher than wide.

Astroschema horridum.

Astroschema oligactes.

Astroschema tumidum.

Astroschema arenosum.

Astroschema lve.

Astroschema salix.

Astroschema rubrum.

Astroschema steenstrupii.

Astroschema suleatui.

| Astroschema tenue.

Astroschema bruchiatum.

Astroschema intectum.

Or

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA, 27

Astroschema horridum, Lym. (Pl. XXX. figs. 1-4).

Astroschema horridum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 66, pl. xvii. figs.
458-461, 1879.

Entire surface covered with little, swollen, oblong angular plates or scales, bearing
minute points.

(Type specimen from Station 170.) Diameter of disk 12°5 mm. Length of arm
195 mm. Width of arm near disk 4°7 mm.; height of arm 4-2 mm. Seven stout,
thickened, rather small teeth, of the usual short spearhead shape. The mouth angles are
paved with large, flattened, swollen grains, but have no true papilla. Arms nearly cylindri-
cal, very slightly swollen for their first 20 mm., beyond which they taper very regularly.
They are evenly and pretty closely beset with minute points, like little blunt spines,
about 4 in the length of 1 mm.; these, on allowing the surface to dry, are seen to stand
on small, swollen, oblong, angular plates or scales, which may be considered as exaggerated
grains set with points. This covering continues quite to the end of the arm, where,
however, the grains are more rounded and without points. Disk thick, rising a little
above the arms, elegantly scalloped on its margin, with large radial shields (ribs), which
are thick, swollen, and projecting at their outer ends, and taper inward to the centre
where they meet; its surface is paved with little oblong, angular, swollen plates or
scales, rather coarser than those of the arms, and bearing similar minute points. Genital
openings straight, and occupying about one-half the height of the disk. Mouth tentacles
enclosed in a tube of flat grains; the next pair has no tentacle scale; the next one
and those beyond have two, which are short at first, but about 40 mm. out become
somewhat suddenly elongated, the upper one, about 1:3 mm. in length, remaining blunt,
spiniform, while the lower and larger takes on the form of a cylinder 3 mm, long, with a
rough, swollen end. The two lines of pores lie closer together than usual, so that the
furrow on the lower side of the arm is narrow. Colour in alcohol, pale reddish-brown.

Station 170.—July 14, 1874; lat. 29° 45’8., long. 178° 11’ W.; 600 fathoms.

Astroschema tumidum, Lym. (Pl. XXII. figs. 8-12).

Astroschema tumidum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 68, pl xvii. figs.
450-453, 1879.

Disk and arms covered by regularly spaced, pointed, conical grains. The bases of the
arms for two or three joints are strongly swollen.

(Type specimen from Station 192.) Diameter of disk 8 mm. Length of arm
135 mm. Greatest width of arm close to disk 3°7 mm. Width beyond the swelling
23mm. Height of arm at same point 1°8 mm. Seven or eight short, flat teeth, with
a curved cutting edge; the lowest one smallest. The general granulation of the disk is
continued in a somewhat coarser form over the mouth angles, and up their sides; but

276 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

there are no true mouth papille. Arms well rounded, without any flattened surface,
strongly swollen and ribbed, for the first two or three joints, but even and tapering
beyond ; set with pointed conical grains which are regularly spaced, about five in the
length of 1 mm., and which rarely touch each other. Disk strongly contracted in inter-
brachial spaces, and occupied chiefly by the high, wide radial shields (or ribs) which run
quite to the centre; granulation somewhat more sparse than on arms. On first arm
pore there is no tentacle ; the next has one, cylindrical, tapering and blunt, with some-
times a second rudimentary one; the pores beyond have two, whereof the upper one is,
as usual, much the smaller. One-third out on the arm, the larger scale attains a length
of 2 mm., and is rough at the end and slightly clubbed. Colour in alcohol, pale
yellowish-brown, with interbrachial spaces of disk grey.

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’8., long. 132° 25° E.; 129 fathoms;
mud.

This species presents the same swelled base of the arm found in Ophiocreas edipus,
and, doubtless for the same purpose, an ege-pouch. The genera Astroschema and
Ophiocreas, though differing widely in their remote members, are, in their proximate
species, only distinguished by surface granulation in the former.

Astroschema brachiatum, Lym. (Pl. XXX. figs. 5-8).

Astroschema brachiatum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 67, pl. xvii. figs.
462-465, 1879.

Arms twenty-four times the diameter of the disk, higher than wide, with a smooth,
even granulation, six to nine grains in the length of 1 mm.

(Type specimen from Station 33.) Diameter of disk 11 mm. Length of arm
270 mm. Width of arm near disk 3 mm. Height of arm at same point 3°8 mm. The
granulation of the disk is, as usual, projected over the mouth angles, but there are no
conspicuous grains which simulate mouth papille. Teeth short, blunt peg-like spines.
Arms long, smooth, higher than wide, cleanly arched, and with only faint joint ridges ;
they are closely and uniformly covered with a smooth granulation, six to nine grains in
the length of 1 mm. Disk high and arched, with well marked, somewhat elevated radial
shields, running nearly to the centre. The granulation is about as on the arms. Genital
openings rather short; their upper ends not reaching the level of the top of the arm.
No tentacle scales (spines) on first pair of pores outside mouth slit; the next two pairs
have one scale, and those beyond two, of which the lower one attains a maximum length
of 2 mm., and has a rough, slightly clubbed end. Colour in alcohol, uniform chocolate-
brown.

Station 33.—April 4, 1873; off Bermudas; 435 fathoms; mud.

This species stands between Astroschema tenue and Astroschema leve; its arms are
much thicker than those of the former, and much longer than those of the latter.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. PALL

Astroschema rubrum, Lym. (Pl. XX XIII. figs. 1-4).

Astroschema rubrum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi part 2, p. 68, pl xvii. figs.
454-457, 1879.

Arms, at bases, not cleanly arched, but somewhat angular. Mouth angles puffed so
as to nearly close the slits. Granulation fine, smooth, and close-set, six or seven in
1mm. long. Tentacle scales short and scarcely club-ended.

(Type specimen from Station 310.) Diameter of disk 12 mm. Length of arm
160 mm. Width of arm near disk 3°5 mm. Height of arm 3°5 mm. Mouth angles so
swollen as nearly to close the slits, and covered by a smooth granulation much obscured
by skin; at the apex are small wide teeth. Arms near base as high as wide and not
cleanly rounded, but inclined to be angular, and showing distinctly the outlines of arm
joints ; tapering uniformly ; near their ends higher than wide ; covered by a close-set,
smooth, fine granulation, which, at bases of arms and on disk, has six or seven grains in
the length of 1 mm. Disk thick, but flat on top, and rising but little above arms,
covered by a thin skin, which is finely, closely, and evenly granulated. The radial
shields are faintly indicated by flat ridges running to the centre. Mouth tentacles
enclosed in tubes ; the next have no scale; the next three or four have but one; those
beyond, two, which at first are small and spiniform, and are nowhere long, the lower one
attaining a maximum length of 1°4 mm. with a cylindrical form, and a rough, scarcely
swollen end. Colour in alcohol, brownish-red, approaching flesh colour.

Station 310.—January 10, 1876; lat. 51° 30’ S., long. 74° 3’ W.; 400 fathoms ; mud ;
on a Gorgonian near Brandella.

By its colour and smooth surface Astroschema rubrum may easily be mistaken for an
Ophiocreas.

Astroschema salix, Lym. (Pl. XXII. figs, 13-15).
Astroschema salix, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, pt. 2, p. 66, pl. xvii. figs. 466-469, 1879.

Granulation fine, even, and close set ; seven or eight grains in the length of 1 mm.
Disk flat, with ill-distinguished radial shields. At tip of arm the lower tentacle scale
takes the form of a compound hook.

(Type specimen from Station 170.) Diameter of disk 8°5 mm. Leneth of arm
85 mm. Width of arm near disk 3 mm. Height of arm 2°4 mm. Mouth angles
covered with minute, close, smooth granulation, and bearmg at their apex the usual
wide spearhead-shaped teeth. Arms wide next disk, tapering rapidly for about 15 mm.,
and thence very gradually to their tips; covered by a fine, even, smooth, close-set
granulation, seven or eight grains in the length of 1 mm. The skin, being thin, allows
the outlines of the joints to show through, especially near the ends. Disk flat, scarcely
rising above arms, and with a similar granulation, though rather looser on the upper
surface. Radial shields scarcely to be distinguished, except at their outer ends. The
first pair of pores outside mouth slit has no scale; the next six have only one; those

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv,—1882.) O 36

278 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

beyond two, whereof the inner and larger is cylindrical, with a somewhat swollen, rough
end, and attains, about two-thirds out on arm, a length of 13 mm. At the tip the
lower scale takes on the form of a flattened compound hook, with four teeth curved on its
edge. Colour in alcohol, very pale brown.

Station 170.—July 14, 1874; lat. 29° 55’ S. and lat. 29° 45’ S., long. 178° 14’ W.
and long. 178° 11’ W.; 520 fathoms.

Species of Astroschema not herein described.

Astroschema oligactes, Ltk. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 1-5).
Astroschema oligactes, Vid. Meddel., p. 16, 1856; Addit. ad Hist. part 2, p. 155, pl. v. fig. 3;
Duj. & Hupé, Hist. Nat. Zooph. Echin., 1862, p. 297; Lym., Il. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 26.
Asterias oligactes, Pallas, Acad. Cees. Leop. Nova Acta, vol. ii. p. 239, pl. vi. fig. 23.

West Indies; 69 to 288 fathoms.

Astroschema arenosum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 285, pl. in.
fies. 62-64, 1878. |
West Indies ; 805 fathoms.

Astroschema tenue, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viil., part 2, p. 26, 1875.
Barbadoes ; 100 fathoms.

—

Astroschema leve, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii., part 2, p. 26, 1875 ;
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 236.
Asteromorpha levis, Lym., Ann. Sci. Nat., p. 3, 1872.

Guadeloupe, West Indies.

Astroschema steenstrupii, Lym., Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vii, pt. 2, p. 26, 1875.
Asteroschema Rousseaui, Michelin, Notes sur Il’'lle de la Réunion, Annex A, p. 6, 1863. (No
proper description. )
Asteromorpha Steenstrupii, Ltk., Addit. ad Hist., part 3, p. 62, 1869; Lym., Ann. des Sci.
Nat., p. 4, 1872.
Tle de la Réunion.

Astroschema suleatum, Ljn., Dr. Goés, Oph. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 637, 1871; Lym.,
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. viii., part 2, p. 26.
Anguilla, West Indies ; 200 to 320 fathoms.

Astroschema intectum, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v., part 9, p. 235, pl. i.
fios. 59-61, 1878.

fo)

Off Havana; 175 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

bo
SI
We)

Ophiocreas.
Ophiocreas, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i., part 10, 1869.

Disk very small, slightly arched, and divided into radiating lobes by the radial
shields, and covered by a soft skin. Large strong teeth in a single vertical row. No
mouth papillz or tooth papilla. Arms simple, very long and slender, and covered by a
soft skin, which obscures the underlying parts; their under side is nearly covered by the
side arm plates which bear two slightly rough cylindrical tentacle scales (or arm spines), and
are continued upward bya row of narrow plates homologous with upper arm plates and cover-
ing sides and top of arm. Under arm plates small but distinet. Two small genital open-
ings in each interbrachial space, slanting or nearly vertical and placed at the outer corners.

There are five pairs of side mouth shields, each with its mouth shield, apparently
always madreporic, for each has a tube which I have not yet properly traced, but which,
doubtless, is a stone canal. These shields are an Ophiuran character shared by Astroschema,
which is only an Ophiocreas with a granulated skin.

Ophiocreas brings us a long step towards the true Ophiurans. An opening, somewhat
inclined from the vertical, through the base of an arm and the outer corner of the disk is
sketched in (PL XLVI. fig. 1). The integument of the arm, cut through on the side, is
lifted and thrown back, while the side of the disk is wholly cut away. Above the arm
bones at the base of the arm he the double lobed spermaries (0,6), long, cylindrical,
smooth bodies, a little curved, and tapering at each end. On the opposite side of the arm
hes a correspondmg pair. The genital opening (no) enters a spermatic pouch, or bursa,
separated from the body cavity, as in Ophiurans. An extension of the lining membrane
of this bursa encloses the spermatic lobes (4,6), which discharge into it by a pore at their
inner end. I have already remarked! that the ovaries of this species lay in the same
position, at the base of the arm. I made, however, a mistake as to the “ large eggs which

’ They are not eggs but clusters of eggs, each wrapped in its

membrane and comparable to those of Astrogomphus. The position of the genital
organs, though curious, is not so exceptional as might at first appear. Among true

are about ‘7 mm. long.’

Ophiurans the space between the digestive cavity and the sides and roof of the disk wall
is crammed with these organs when gravid. In Ophiocreas, however, not only is the
disk small, but its body cavity is limited to the perihzeemal canal and to a sinus over each
arm. Kverywhere else the digestive cavity adheres to the body wall; therefore the genital
organs are, as it were, forced into the space between the skin of the arm and the arm bones.

The dissection of a female Ophiocreas (an undescribed species from the “ Blake”
dredgings) demonstrated the homology of the genital organs with those of Ophiurans.
There were two long lobes, or tubular membranous bags, on either side of the upper
surface of the arm. These were in process of discharging their eggs, which takes place
by the breaking up of the egg clusters and the passage of the eges to the inner end of the

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 66.

280 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

bag, where they go through a pore into the bursa, which is merely a lobed indentation
of the disk wall, and is even somewhat coloured on the inside. In that respect it is not
quite like the bursa of most Ophiurans, which is composed of the lining membrane, or
layer, of the body wall.

The spermatozoa of Ophiocreas adipus after their long immersion in alcohol, were
doubtless much altered. Strongly magnified, they resembled little translucent grains of
boiled sago, but showed no projection or ciliary tail.

In fig. 1, the floor of the digestive cavity (St, St) is slit to expose the spermatic
pouch, so that the lower portion is separated from the upper one, which hes under the radial
shield (/), and whose roof grows closely to the disk wall, as in Astrophytons. It also
adheres, as mentioned above, to the interbrachial floor of the disk wall. Indeed, it is
scarcely free at any point save a space along the top of the arm, which forms an oblong sinus.

The interior of the digestive cavity is hehtly marked by radiating pleats, and there
are also five pairs of strong radiating ridges, a pair over each arm, which form partial
partitions.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF Ophiocreas.

Diameter of |Width of Arm
Disk to length} to diameter
of Arm. of Disk.

HAs) 1:43 Skin smooth, thin, and tight. Towards middle of arm, | Ophdocreas lumbricus.

lower tentacle scale as long as two joints, and a little
clubbed. Radial shields slender but meeting in the
centre. Side arm plates stout, and at base of arm
joined to well-marked under arm plates, while the
upper arm plates are rudimentary. |

oval Wig Skin smooth, thin, and tight. Lower tentacle seale (which | Ophiocreas edipus.
is shorter than in Ophioereas lumbricus) enclosed in a
club-ended skin bag. Radial shields feeble and not
meeting in centre. But side arm plates very stout,
and joined to thick upper arm plates. Under arm
plates well marked.

Ie BE Ike Skin very thick, loose, and wrinkled. Tentacle scales | Ophiocreas carnosus,
short and not club-ended. Side arm plates meeting
below and joined to thick, crust-like, upper arm plates.
Basal under arm plates well marked.

1:18 le 4 Skin thick and a little puffed on arms. Tentacle scales | Ophiocreas caudatus.
cased in thick skin bags; and nearly as long as in
Ophiocreas lumbricus. Mouth angles swollen so as
nearly to fill the mouth, as in Ophdocreas carnosus.

Skin soft and moderately thick. Tentacle scales short ; the | Ophiocreas abyssicola.
lower one longer, but scarcely club-ended. Side arm
plates like little mamelons. No upper arm plates.

=
~
he
e
i

Note.—The arm plates, mouth shields, &c., can only be seen by removing the skin.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 281

In Ophiocreas and Astroschema the mouth gives almost no specific indications. It
is by the character of the skin, or by the nature of its granulation, the thickness and
length of the arms, their comparative height and breadth, and the form of the tentacle
scales and of the radial shields that we get good specific marks.

Ophiocreas carnosus, Lym, (Pl. XX XI. fig. 1-4).

Ophiocreas carnosus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, part 2, p. 63, pl. xvi. figs.
435-438, 1879.

Animal covered by a smooth, soft, wrinkled skin. Tentacle scales like rough ended
but not clubbed spines, which are short even at middle of the arm.

(Type specimen from Station 308.) Diameter of disk 15mm. Length ofarm 200 mm.
Width of arm near disk 7 mm. ; height at the same point 6 mm. Mouth angles so fleshy
and pufted as to almost entirely fill the slits ; at the apex appears a small peg-like tooth ;
upper teeth wider and spearhead-shaped. On removing the thick, flabby skin, the usual
large oblong side mouth shields are seen, joined their entire length, except without, where
they diverge somewhat to give place to the little mouth shield. The side arm plates are
long, narrow, and curved, and meet fully below, separating the small, irregular, trans-
versely oblong under arm plates; at their upper end they support the tentacle scales.
and unite with the belt of thin scales which represents the upper arm plate. Disk thick,
rising a little above the level of the arms, covered by a very thick, soft skin, which is
especially wrinkled over the side mouth shields. The same skin covers the arms, and is
there loose and flabby. Radial shields narrow, rounded, thick and running quite to the
centre. No tentacle scale on first arm pore ; the next five have one in form of a small
blunt, thick spine enveloped in a sort of skin bag; beyond there are two, the lower
of which, towards middle of arm, does not exceed 3 mm., and has a rough but scarcely
clubbed end. Colour in alcohol, brownish-pink, approaching flesh colour.

Station 308.—January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’S., lone. 74° 42’ W.; 175 fathoms; mud.

Ophiocreas caudatus, Lym. (Pl. XXXII. figs. 5-8).

Ophiocreas caudatus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. vi, part 2, p. 64, pl. xvi. figs.
439-442, 1879.

A large species. Arms to disk as 13 to 1. No tentacle scale on the first arm joint ;
then for several joints only one, small and peg like ; thereafter two, which never grow
very long. Skin thick.

(Type specimen from Station 232.) Diameter of disk 22 mm. Length of arm about
300 mm. Width of arm close to disk 5°5 mm. Height of arm near base 5°5 mm.
Mouth angles covered with very thick skin giving a swollen look; on their sides and
above the second mouth tentacle is a sort of pavement of irregular flattened grains.
Twelve large thick teeth, longer than wide, with cutting edge shaped like a rounded

282 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

angle; the two lowest are smallest and are less flattened. Arm joints obscurely
indicated by the arm bones, whose outlines are seen through the skin. Arms broader
above than below ; covered with a thick skin, which, when partly dry, presents under
the microscope a minutely tuberculous surface. No tentacle scale on first arm joint ;
beyond this there is only one, short and peg like for some distance, sometimes as far as
the thirteenth joint ; after which there are two, still short, and cased in very thick bags
of skin; on last third of arm the scale of the brachial side has become stout, thorny
ended, and much the longer (3 mm). Disk thick and angular, covered with thick skin
similar to that of the arms, and having interbrachial spaces re-enteringly curved. Radial
shields high and narrow, diverging from the centre of disk to sides of the arms. The
genital openings are long, extending from upper edge of disk to mouth rmg. Colour in
alcohol, uniform pinkish-brown.

Station 232.—May 12, 1875; off Enosima; lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 189° 28’ E.; 345
fathoms ; sandy mud.

Another somewhat smaller specimen had already two tentacle scales on the fifth joint.

Ophiocreas abyssicola, Lym. (Pl. XXXII. figs. 1-4).

Ophiocreas abyssicola, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 64, pl. xvii. figs. 470-473,
1879.

Arms scarcely as high as wide, about eight times the diameter of the disk. Skin quite
smooth, with radial shields scarcely indicated externally. Genital openings very short,
and situated near the inner interbrachial angle.

(Type specimen from Station 241.) Diameter of disk 7mm. Length of arm about
60 mm. Width of arm close to disk 1°7 mm.; height of same 1°2 mm. Four or five
short, flat grains above the second mouth tentacle, on the sides of each mouth angle.
Seven stout, nearly equal teeth, shaped like a blunt spear head. On removing the skin
the small, irregular, rounded mouth shield, and large, longer than broad side mouth
shields, can be seen; the latter are often broken. Under arm plates rather large,
rounded, as broad as long, closely soldered, and with vague outlines. Side arm plates
small, rounded, and swollen, closely joined with the under arm plates. Arm joints
recognisable through the skin. Arms rounded and slender, tapering very gradually to
the end. Disk flat and somewhat angular, not rising above level of arms, covered with
soft, moderately thick skin. Radial shields shorter and wider than in other species,
separated their entire length, and very thin and flat ; from the outside they are scarcely
indicated, and they do not meet in the centre. Two short, stout, bluntly pointed
tentacle scales, the lower one longer, and both nearly naked. Two very short genital
openings, about 5 mm. long, near inner angle. When the skin is removed the genital
plate and scale are seen, the plate being rounded, much longer than broad, tapering

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 283

from without inward, and having the small, peg-like scale attached near its outer end.
Colour in alcohol, pale straw.

Station 241.—June 23, 1875; lat. 35° 41’ N., long. 157° 42’ E. ; 2300 fathoms ; red
clay.

This species, well distinguished from others, is remarkable for the great depth at which
it lives. The genus is usually found not far below the 100 fathom line, and 500 fathoms
may be considered deep for it.

Ophiocreas edipus, Lym. (Pl. XXXI. figs. 5-8 ; Pl. XLVI. fig. 1).

Ophiocreas edipus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 65, pl. xvi. figs. 443-446,
1879.

Arms about twenty times the diameter of disk, and slender, except the base, which is
swollen above, and contains the ovaries.

(Type specimen from Station 344.) Diameter of disk 12 mm. Leneth of arm about
250 mm. Arm much swollen for the first four or five joints next disk, where its width
is 3°5 mm., then suddenly shrinking to 2 mm. with a height of 2 mm. There are
numerous small, flattened grains extending along the sides of the mouth angles, above
the second mouth tentacle. Hight or nine broad, flat teeth, with well rounded cutting
edges, the two lowest being much narrower and peg like. On removing the skin the
mouth shield is seen to be very small, a little longer than wide, with ends much rounded.
Side mouth shields very large, much longer than wide, somewhat swollen, meeting within
where they are narrowest. Under arm plates composed of two or more small pieces.
Side arm plates swollen, meeting below, and at the base of the arm, joined to thick,
narrow, ridge-like upper arm plates, which arch upward, and nearly or quite meet on the
median line. Disk angular and flat, with re-entering marginal curves. Radial shields
narrow and highly arched, not quite meeting in the centre, covered with thin skin, which
under the microscope is seen to be set with fine points. Genital openings large and
wide, occupying the whole height of the disk. Where the skin is removed the genital
plate is seen to be long, very broad and thick, tapering inward; the genital scale is small
and peg like. At base of arm there is only one tentacle scale ; beyond there are two,
the upper one very small, and spiniform, the lower one enclosed in a thick club ended
skin bag.

On opening the singular swelling on the upper side of the base of the arm, it is found
to be a pouch full of large egg clusters, which are about ‘7 mm. long. In fact, the
ovaries are in this species thus pushed beyond the disk, somewhat as in Starfishes.

Colour in alcohol, pinkish or yellowish-brown.

Station 214.—February 10, 1875; lat. 4° 33’ N., long. 127° 6’ E. ; 500 fathoms globi-
gerina ooze. Station 343.—March 27, 1876; lat. 8° 3’ 8., long. 14° 27’ W.; 425 fathoms;
coral. Station 344.—April 3, 1876; off Ascension Island; 420 fathoms; hard ground.

284 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
Species of Ophiocreas not herein described.

Ophiocreas lumbricus, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1., part 10, p. 347, 1869 ;
Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. vi, pl. i, figs. 19-21; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. v.,
part 9, p. 236.

West Indies; 75 to 480 fathoms.

Astroceras.
Astroceras, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, 1879.

Disk and arms covered with smooth, soft skin. Disk small ; its interbrachial outlines
re-enteringly curved ; radial shields narrow and rather high, running nearly to centre.
Arms somewhat knotted by a contraction between each pair of jomts. Upper arm plates
divided in halves like high ribs, bearing a jointed spine at their upper ends. Side arm
plates, towards middle of arm, having a long process, to which are articulated the two
spine-like tentacle scales. Teeth in a single vertical row. No tooth papille. A clump
of grains on sides of mouth angles, answering to mouth papille. Two vertical genital
openings.

Astroceras stands next Ophiocreas and Astroschema. By its peculiar elongated side
arm plates bearing spine-like, rough tentacle scales, and the large spines on the upper
surface of the arm, it resembles the branching Kuryale aspera.

Astroceras pergamena, Lym. (Pl. XXXIV. figs. 1-5).

Astroceras pergamenda, Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi., part 2, p. 62, pl. xvill. figs.
478-480, 1879.

The smooth skin is translucent, allowing the underlying parts to be seen. The upper
ends of the halves of the upper arm plates project, and bear a stout spine. Tentacle
scales thick, rough ended, and nearly equal in size. On the sides of the mouth angle are
elongated grains answering to mouth papillae.

(Type specimen from Station 235.) Diameter of disk 19 mm. Length of arm about
100 mm. Width of arm at base 2 mm.; height of same 2°5 mm. High up on the sides
of the mouth angles are elongated grains, irregularly arranged and answering to mouth
papille, while at the apex is the lowest tooth, flat and shaped like a wide spearhead.
Mouth shields very small, triangular, with a rounded angle inward and outer edge straight.
Side mouth shields very large and swollen, narrower without, meeting broadly within ;
both they and the mouth shields are obscured by skin. Under arm plates small, and
squarish, and occupying only a part of the length of a jomt. Side arm plates nearly or
quite meeting below, swollen and rounded, with a small projection to carry the two spine-
like tentacle scales ; further out, on the arm, this projection is much elongated, forming
an articulating process. Upper arm plates represented by two rib-like ridges, which do

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 285

not meet above, but project over the upper level of the arm, and bear a large, club-like,
rough spine, about 1°2 mm. long. Disk thin, and with deep constrictions in the inter-
brachial spaces. The smooth translucent skin allows the long and narrow radial shields
to be seen; they are pointed within where they do not meet, and are separated their
entire length ; at their outer end they are elevated, and carry a jointed spine similar to
that of the arms. The first pair of armpores has no tentacle scales; but those beyond
have two, which are thick and club shaped, with rough ends, and, unlike those of
Astroschema, are nearly equal in size, and not much elongated towards the middle of the
arm, where they bear bunches of minute hooks on their ends, and have a pedunculated
look, owing to the elongation of the side arm plates. Colour in alcohol, light yellowish-
brown.
Station 235.—June 4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms ; mud.

Astronyz.
Astronyx, Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., 1842.

Disk large, arched, well distinguished from the long slender, simple arms ; and, like
them, covered by a smooth, naked skin which obscures the underlying parts: the radial
shields may, however, be clearly made out, as slender ridges radiating from the centre of
the disk. Teeth, and tooth papilla similar and spiniform, as are the few mouth papille.
Side arm plates like little pads bearing hooked arm spines, and connected by a small
shapeless under arm plate. Sides and top of arm quite naked, there being no upper arm
plates. Two small genital openings in a depression at the inner angle of the interbrachial
space.

On removing the skin this genus is found to have well-marked side mouth shields,
and, in their open angle, is a minute mouth shield; one of them, larger than the rest, is
the madreporic plate, which Miiller and Troscher correctly located, though they did not
recognise it as a mouth shield. The peristomial plate is large, transverse oval, and in a
single piece. The long narrow radial shields are broken in pieces, somewhat as in
Astrophyton. They are attached to very wide flat genital plates, to whose inner end is
fastened a small plate which may be the genital scale.

Species of Astronyx not herein described.

Astronyx lovent, Miill. & Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 119, 1842.
North European Seas ; Japan; 350 fathoms.

(400L. CHALL. EXP.—PART XIv.—1882. ORG

286 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

TABLE OF DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Ophiura tongana (?), Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope.
Ophiopeza yoldii (2), Station 163; (gen. nov. ?) young, Station 344.
Pectinura rigida (?), Levuka Reefs, Fiji Islands.
Ophioglypha (22), Kerguelen Islands ; another species ? (dry).
sp.? Station 165; drorata (2 young), Station 164a.
sp. ? (young), Station 166 ; ornata (young), Station 216.
Ophiomastus (young), Station 142.
Ophiophyllum (damaged), Station 317.
Ophiactis (young), Station 169; (species ?), Station 190; (young), Station 191;
(sp. nov., young), Straits Magellan; young (plana ?), Station 142.
Amphiura otteri (2), Stations 45, 50, 76, 78.
josephine (?), Cape Verde, St. Vincent.
antarctica (young), Prince Edward’s Island; Station 166 (sp. ? too young
for description) ; (sp. ? no disk), Arafura Sea.
depressa (?), August 7, 1874.
Amphilepis norvegica (7), Stations (33?) 45, 46.
Ophionereis schayeri (2), Arafura Sea.
dubia (?), Gomera, Canary Islands, and Amboyna.
Ophiocoma (? young), Station 163.
Ophiomastix (young), Tongatabu Reefs.
Ophiacantha near pentacrinus (2), Station 214; sp.? Station 164a; sp.? (young),
Station 307.
or Ophiomitra (without disk), Station 146.
or Ophiothamnus, Station 205.
Opliacantha, Station 308.
Ophiomitra (2), damaged, Station 70.
Ophiothamnus (2? young), Station 168.
Ophiothria liitkent (2), Station 75.
angulata (?), Station Fernando Noronha.
ciliaris (*), Cebu.
(near stelligera), Samboangan.
(near propinqua), Samboangan.
nereidina (?), Samboangan.
virgata (? young), Station 208.
Ophiocreas adipus (? young), Station 214, two bottles.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 287

LIST OF OPHIURIDA AND ASTROPHYTIDA OF THE CHALLENGER

EXPEDITION ARRANGED BY STATIONS.

Station 3.—February 18, 1873; lat. 25° 45’ N., long. 20° 12’ W. ; 1525 fathoms; bottom

temperature 2°2° C,
Ophiacantha nodosa.
Ophiomutra chelys. Also Stations 33 (var ?) and 84.

Station 23.—March 15, 1873; off Sombrero Island; 450 fathoms; globigerina ooze.

Ophiopyren longispinus. Also Stations 24 and 33.
Ophiozona (?) dubia.
Ophiomusium serratum.

validum. Also Station 24.
Ophiothamnus vicarius.
Ophiozona antillarum.

Sration 24.—March 25, 1873; off Culebra Island ; 390 fathoms; mud.

St. Thomas.

Ophioglypha variabilis (young). Also Station 195.
Salcifera.

Ophiopyren longispinus. Also Stations 23 and 33.

Ophioscolex tropicus.

Ophiomitra dipsacos.

Ophiozona nivea.

Ophiomusium validum. Also Station 23.

Ophiocoma echinata.
Ophiura cinerea. Also at Bahia.

Sration 33.—April 4, 1873; off Bermudas; 435 fathoms; mud.

Ophiomusium cancellatum. Also Station 236.
Ophiopyren longispinus. Also Stations 23, 24.
Ophiacantha troscheli.

Ophiomitra chelys (var ?). Also Stations 3, 84.
Astroschema brachiatum.

Sration 36.—April 23, 1873; off Bermudas; 32 fathoms; mud.

Ophiothrix angulata. Also off Bahia, Brazil.
suensonii.

Ophiomyxa flaccida. Also off Bahia.

288 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Sration 45.—May 3, 1873; lat. 38° 34’ N., long. 72° 10’ W.; 1240 fathoms; bottom
temperature 2°4° C.; mud.
Ophiacantha bidentata. Also Stations 46, 49.
Ophioglypha lepida. Also Stations 46, off Bermuda, 76, 343.
bullata. Also Stations 54, 61, 133.
Ophiomusium lymani. Also Stations 50, 76, off Tristan
d’Acunha, 169, 191, 235, 296.
Amphilepis norvegica. Also Station 46.

Sration 46.—May 6, 1873; lat. 40° 17’ N., long. 66° 48’ W.; 1350 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 2°3° C.; mud.
Ophioglypha lepida. Also Stations 45, off Bermuda, 76, 343.
Amphilepis norvegica. Also Station 45.
Ophiacantha bidentata. Also Stations 45, 49.

Sration 49.—May 20, 1873; lat. 43° 3’ N., long. 63° 39’ W.; 83 fathoms; bottom
temperature 1°8° C.; gravel, stones.
Ophiopholis aculeata.
Ophiacantha bidentata. Also Stations 45, 46.
Ophioglypha sarsit.
Astronyx loveni. Also Station 232.

Sratron 50.—May 21, 1873; lat. 42° 8’ N., long. 63° 39’ W.; 1250 fathoms ; bottom
‘temperature 2°8° C.; grey ooze.

Ophiomusium lymani. Also Stations 45, 76, off Tristan d’Acunha,
169, 191,285, 296.

Sration 54.—May 27, 1873; lat. 34° 51’ N., long. 63° 59° W.; 2650 fathoms; grey ooze.

Ophioglypha bullata. Also Stations 45, 61, 133.
Amphiura verrilli.

Sration 56.—May 29, 1873; off Bermudas; 1075 fathoms; bottom temperature 3°2° C.

Amphiura duplicata.
Ophiacantha segesta.

Off Bermuda.
Ophioglypha lepida (750 fathoms) ; also Stations 45, 46, 76, 343.
Ophionereis reticulata ; shallow water. Also at Bahia.
Ophiocoma punula ; shallow water.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 289

SraTion 61.—June 17, 1873; lat. 34° 54’ N., long. 56° 38’ W.; 2850 fathoms; bottom
temperature 1°5° C.; grey ooze.
Ophioglypha bullata, Also Stations 45, 54, 133.

Station 73.—June 30, 1873; lat. 38° 30’ N., long. 31° 14’ W.; 1000 fathoms; bottom
temperature 3°7° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophiactis canotia.

Station 76.—July 8, 1873; lat. 38° 11’ N., long. 27° 9’ W.; 900 fathoms; bottom

temperature 4°2° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophiomusium lymani. Also Stations 45, 50, 76, off Tristan
d’Acunha, 169, 191, 235, 296.
Ophioglypha lepida. Also Stations 46, off Bermuda, 45, 343.
Ophiogeron edentulus. Also Station 175.

Sration 78.—July 10, 1873 ; lat. 37° 24’ N., long. 25° 13’ W. ; 1000 fms. ; globigerina ooze.

Ophiernus vallincola, Also Stations 146, 156.
Ophiocten hastatum. Also Stations 146, 168.

Station 83.—July 15, 1873; lat. 33° 13’ N., long. 18° 13’ W.; 1650 fathoms; bottom
temperature 2°2° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophiomusium armigerum. Also Station 106, 299, (same sp. ?) 332.

Station 84.—July 18, 1873; lat. 30° 38’ N., long. 18° 5’ W.; 1124 fathoms.
Ophiomitra chelys. Also Stations 3, 33 (var. 2).
Station 87.—July 21, 1873; lat. 25° 49’ N., long. 20° 12’ W.; 1675 fathoms.
Ophionitra carduus.
Ophiomusium pulchellum. Also Stations 122, 142.
Cape Verde, St. Vincent.

Ophiostigma africanum.

Station 106.—August 25, 1873; lat. 1° 47’ N. long. 24° 26’ W.; 1850 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 1°8° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha inornata.
Ophiomusium arnugerum. Also Stations 83, 299, (same sp. ?) 332.
St. Paul’s Rocks; 100 fathoms.

Ophiomyxa australis, Also Stations 161, 162, 163, 167, 172,
173, Amboyna, 201.

290 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Sration 122.—September 10, 1873; lat. 9° 5’ to 9° 10’ &., long. 34° 49’ to 34° 53’ W.;
32, 120, 358, 400 fathoms; mud.
Ophioglypha acervata.
Yungmani.
Ophiomusium pulchellum. Also Stations 87, 142.
Ophiactis miller’. Also off Bahia, Brazil.
Ophiosciasma attenuatum.
Ophiacantha cosmica. Also off Tristan d’Acunha, Stations 146,
147,153; 156;, 157, 198, 191, 218, 298,°299:

Bahia, Brazil; shallow.

Ophiura brevispina.

appressa.

cinerea. Also St. Thomas, West Indies.
Ophionereis reticulata. Also off Bermuda.
Ophiozona impressa.
Ophiactis miillert. Also Station 122.
Ophiothrix angulata, Also Station 36.
Ophiomyxa flaccida. Also Station 36.
Astrophyton costosum.

Station 128.—September 14, 1873; lat. 13° 6’ 8., long. 38° 7’ W. ; 1275 fathoms; mud.

Ophiocnida scabra.

SraTion 133.—October 11, 1873; lat. 35° 41’ S., long. 20° 55’ W.; 1900 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 1°3° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha bullata. Also Stations 45, 54, 61.

SratTion 135 —October 16, 17, 18, 1873; Islands of Tristan d’Acunha ; 60, 75, 100, 150,
550, 1000, 1100 fathoms ; rock, shells.

Ophiomusium lymani (1100 fathoms). Also Stations 45, 50, 76,
169, 191, 235, 296.

Ophioglypha jejuna (500 fathoms). Also Station 164a.

tnermis (500 fathoms).

Ophiactis poa (500 to 1000 fathoms).

Ophiomyces grandis (1000 fathoms).

Ophiacantha cosmica (1000 fathoms). Also Stations 122, 146,
147, 153, 156, 157, 158, 191, 218, 298, 299.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 291

Sratron 141.—Dee. 17, 1873; lat. 34° 41’S., long 18° 36’ E.; 98 fathoms; bottom
temperature 9°7° C.; sand and gravel.
Amphiura squamata. Also Station 163.
capensis.
dilatata.
Ophioglypha costata. Also Station 142.
Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope.

Ophiocoma scolopendrina. Also Tongatabu Reef.
Ophiactis carnea.

Amphiura incana.

Ophiothrix triglochis.

Gorgonocephalus verrucosus.

Srarion 142.—December 18, 1873 ; lat. 35° 4’ S., long. 18° 37’ E., 150 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 8°3° C.; sand.
Ophiactis flecuosa. Also Station 171.
Ophioscolex dentatus.
Ophiopexa aster.
Ophiomusium pulchellum. Also Stations 87, 122.
Ophioglypha costata. Also Station 141.
Ophiothamnus remotus.
Ophiothri« aristulata, Also Stations 161 (var.), 163 (var).
Ophiomyxa vivipara. Also Stations 308, 313, 314.

Sration 143.—December 19, 1873; lat. 36° 48’ S., long. 19° 24’ E.; 1900 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 1°4° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha irrorata, Also Station 164a, (young of this sp. ?).

Sration 145.—December 27, 1873; lat. 46° 40’S., long. 37° 50’ E.; 310 and 150 fms.
Ophioglypha elevata.
Ophiolebes scorteus. Also Station 147.
Amphiura studeri. Also Station 151, off Marion Island, off
Prince Edward’s Island, Royal Sound, Balfour Bay,
Kerguelen Islands.
Ophiacantha rosea. Also Stations 236, 308.

Prince Edward’s Island; 85 to 150 fathoms.

Ophioconis antarctica. Also Station 150 ; off Marion Island.

ho
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bo

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiocten amitinum. Also Kerguelen Islands; Stations 146
PD Dealta7e

Amphiura studeri. Station 151; off Marion Island; Station
145; Royal Sound ; Balfour Bay ; Kerguelen Islands.

Sration 146.—December 28, 1873 ; lat. 46° 46’S., long. 45° 31’ E., 1375 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 1°5° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophioglypha loveni. Also Stations 147, 157, 158, (same sp,?) 160.
Ophiernus vallincola. Also Stations 78, 156, 197.
Ophiocten hastatum. Also Stations 78, 168.
amitinum. Also Stations Kerguelen Islands, Prince
Edward’s Islands, 146, 152, 157.
Ophiomitra sarsii.
Ophiacantha cosnica. Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’ Acunha, 147,
ose oo plO se los, Vol ZS. 29358209.
Ophioglypha minuta. Also Station 158.

Off Marion Island ; 50 to 75 fathoms.

Ophioconis antarctica. Also Station 150, and off Prince Edward’s

Island.
Ophioglypha hexactis. Also Kerguelen Islands.
intorta.

Amphiura studeri. Also Stations 145, 151, and off Prince
Edward’s Island and Kerguelen Islands.

Ophiocten sericeum.

Ophiacantha vivipara. Also Stations Kerguelen Islands, 150, 151,
313, 314, 320.

Station 147.—December 30, 1873; lat. 46° 16’ S., long. 48° 27’ E.; 1600 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 0°8° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophioglypha lovent. Also Stations 146, 157, 158, 160.
Ophiolebes scorteus. Also Station 145.
Ophiacantha cosmica. Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
TAG ose USO lo melios, LOL 28298 299:

StTaTIon 148.

January 3, 1874; lat. 46° 47’S., long. 51° 37’ E., 210 fathoms; rock.

Astrotoma agassizii (young). Also Stations 307, 308, 309, Strait
Magellan, (young) 313.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA,. 293

Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Islands; 20 to 25 fathoms.

Ophioglypha hexactis. Also Balfour Bay and Royal Sound,
Kereuelen Islands, off Marion Islands.

Royal Sound.—Kereuelen Islands ; 25 fathoms.

Ophioglypha hexactis. Also Balfour Bay, Betsy Cove, off Marion

Island.
Ophioglypha deshayesi. Also Stations 150, 151 and Christmas
Harbour.

Amphiura studeri. Also Stations 151, off Marion Island, 145, off
Prince Edward’s Island, Balfour Bay.

Ophiacantha imago. Also Christmas Harbour, Stations 150, 151.

Ophioglypha brevispina. Also Balfour Bay and off Christmas
Harbour.

Ophioglypha ambigua.. Also Christmas Harbour.

Ophiacantha vivipara. Also Marion Island, Christmas Harbour,
Balfour Bay, Stations 150, 151, 313, 314, 320.

Off Christmas Harbour, Kereuelen Islands ; 120 fathoms.

Ophioglypha ambigua. Also Royal Sound.
deshayest. Also Stations 150, 151, Royal Sound.
brevispina. Also Royal Sound, Balfour Bay.
Ophiacantha imago. Also Royal Sound, Stations 150, 151.
vivipara. Also off Marion Island, Balfour Bay, Royal
Sound, Stations 150, 151, 313, 314, 320.
Gorgonocephalus pourtalesii. Also Stations 150, 151, 307, 308, 313,
314.

Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Islands ; 20 to 60 fathoms.
Ophioglypha hexactis. Also Betsy Cove, Royal Sound, off Marion
Island.
brevispina. Also Royal Sound, Christmas Harbour.
Amphiura studeri. Also Stations 145, off Prince Edward’s Island,
151, off Marion Island and Royal Sound.
tomentosa.
Ophicantha vivipara. Also off Marion Island, Christmas Harbour,
Royal Sound, Stations 150, 151, 313, 314, 320.

(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv.—1882.) O 38

294 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Sration 150.—February 2, 1874; lat. 52° 4’ 8., long. 71° 22’ E.; 150 fathoms; bottom
temperature 1°8° C.; rock.

Ophioglypha deshayesi. Also Stations 151, Christmas Harbour,
and Royal Sound.

Ophioconis antarctica. Also off Prince Edward’s Island, off
Marion Island.

Amphiura angularis.

Ophiacantha vivipara. Also off Marion Island, Christmas Harbour,
Balfour Bay, Royal Sound, Stations 151, 313, 314,
320.

Ophiacantha imago. Also Christmas Harbour, Royal Sound,
Station 151.

Gorgonocephalus pourtalesii (var.). Also Stations, Christmas
Harbour, Kerguelen Islands, 151,307, 308,313, 314.

Station 151.—February 7, 1874; off Heard Islands; 75 fathoms; mud.

Ophioglypha deshayesi. Also Stations 150, and Christmas Harbour,
and Royal Sound, Kerguelen Islands.

Amphiura studeri. Also off Marion Island, Station 145, off
Prince Edward’s Island, Royal Sound, Balfour Bay,
Kerguelen Islands.

Ophiacantha vivipara. Also off Marion Island, Christmas Harbour,
Balfour Bay, and Royal Sound, Kerguelen Islands,
and Stations 150, 313, 314, 320.

Ophiacantha imago, Also Christmas Harbour, Royal Sound,
Kerguelen Islands, Station 150.

Gorgonocephalus pourtalesit. Also Stations Christmas Harbour,
Kereuelen Islands, 150, 307, 308, 313, 314.

Sratron 152.—February 11 1874; lat. 60° 52’8., long. 80° 20’ E.; 1260 fms.; diatom ooze.
Ophiocten anitinum. Also Kerguelen Islands, Prince Edward’s
Island, Stations 146, 157.

SratTion 153.—February 14, 1874; lat. 65° 42’8., long. 79° 49° E.; 1675 fathoms; mud.
Ophiacantha cosmica, Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
146; W427) 153, 1563 157, Loe Loe 218 e298 299)

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 295

Sravion 156.—February 26, 1874; lat. 62° 26’ S., long. 95° 44’ E.; 1975 fms.; diatom ooze.
Ophioplinthus medusa.
grisea.
Ophiernus vallincola, Also Stations 78, 146.
Ophiocten pallidum. Also Station 160.
Amphiura patula.
Ophiacantha cosmica, Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha, 146,
147, 153, 157, 158, 191, 218, 298, 299.

Station 157.—March 3, 1874; lat. 53° 55’ S., long. 108° 35’ E.; 1950 fms. ; diatom ooze.
Ophioglypha lovent. Also Stations 146, 147, 158, (same sp. ?) 160.
lienosa.
Sraterna.
Ophiocymbium cavernosum.
Ophiocten amitinum. Also Kerguelen Islands, Prince Edward's
Island, Stations 146, 152.
Ophiacantha cosmica. Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
146, 147, 153, 156, 158, 191, 218, 298, 299.

Srarion 158.—March 7, 1874; lat. 50° 1’ S., long, 123° 4’ E.; 1800 fathoms; lvttom
temperature 0°3° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophioglypha minuta. Also Station 146.

lovent (same sp. ?). Also Stations 146, 147, 157.
Ophiacantha cosnica. Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
TAGs VAT, Loss 156, Vo) LO 28. 2985299:

Sration 160.—March 13, 1874; lat. 42° 42’8., long. 134° 10’ E.; 2600 fathoms; bottom
temperature 0°2° C.; red clay.
Ophiocten pallidum. Also Station 156,
Ophioglypha lacazer. Also Station 299.

lovent. Also Stations 146, 147,157, 158 (same sp. 2).

Sratron 161.—April 1, 1874; off Entrance to Port Philip; 38 fathoms ; sand.
Ophioglypha kinbergi. Also Stations 162, Port Jackson, and 188.
Ophiobyrsa rudis.
Ophiothrix aristulata (var.). Also Stations 142, 163 (var. ?).
Ophiomyxa australis, Also Stations 162,168, 167,172, St. Paul’s
Rocks, 173, Amboyna, 201.

296 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

~

Sration 162.—April 2, 1874; off East Moncceur Island, Bass Strait; 38 to 40 fathoms ;
sand.
Ophiocnida pilosa. Also Station 212.
Pectinura arenosa.
Ophioglypha kinbergi. Also off Port Jackson, and Stations 161, 188.
Ophionereis schayer.
Ophiomyxa australis. Also Stations 161, 163, 167, 172, St. Paul’s
Rocks, 173, Amboyna, 201.

Sration 163.—April 4, 1874; lat. 36° 56’S., long. 150° 30’ E. ; trawled in 120 fathoms
off Twofold Bay.
Amphiura squamata. Also Station 141.
Ophiothrix eristulata, Also Stations 142, 161 var.
Opluomyxa australis. Also Stations 161, 162, 167, 172, St.
Paul’s Rocks, 173, Amboyna, 201.

SraTion 163a.—June 3, 1874; off Port Jackson; 30 to 35 fathoms ; rock.
Ophiomusium flabellum.
Ophioglypha multispina.
Ophioglypha kinbergi. Also Stations 161, 162, 188.
Amphiura constricta.
Ophiactis resiliens.
Ophiothrix cespitosa.

STATION 164.—June 12, 1874; lat. 34° 8’ &., long. 152° 0’ E.; 950 fathoms; bottom
temperature 2°2° C.; grey ooze.
Ophiacantha stimulea.
Ophiomastus tegulitius. Also Stations 165, 166, 218.

Station 164a.—June 13, 1874; lat. 34° 9’ to 34° 19’8., long. 151° 55’ to 151° 31’-E.
400 fathoms. Also 1200 fathoms; grey ooze.
Ophioglypha palliata,
jejuna. Also Station 135.
Ophiactis hirta (400 fathoms).

Sration 165.—June 17, 1874; lat. 34° 50’S., long. 155° 28” E. ; 2600 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 0°6° C.; red clay.
Ophiomastus tegulitius. Also Stations 164a, 166, 218.
Ophioglypha ornata. Also Station 216.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 297

Station 166.—June 23, 1874; lat. 38° 50’ S., long. 169° 20’ E., 275 fathoms; bottom
temperature 10°0° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophiomastus tegulitius, Also Stations 164a, 165, 218.

SratTion 167¢.—June 27, 1874; Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand ; 10 fathoms ; mud.
Pectinura maculata.

Station 168.—July 8, 1874; lat. 40° 28’S., long. 177° 43’ E.; 1100 fathoms; bottom
temperature 2°0° C.; grey ooze.
Ophiocten hastatum. Also Stations 78, 146.
Ophiozona stellata. Also Station 169.

Sration 169.—July 10, 1874; lat. 37°34’ S., long. 179° 22’ E.; 700 fathoms; bottom
temperature 4°2° C.; grey ooze.
Ophioglypha rugosa.
Ophiomusium lymani. Also Stations 45 50, 76, off Tristan
d’Acunha, 191, 235, 296.
Ophiozona stellata. Also Station 168.
Amphiura lanceolata.

Sration 170.—July 14, 1874; lat. 29° 55’ S., long. 178° 14’ W.; 520 fathoms; bottom
temperature 6°0° C.
Ophiactis cuspidata. Also Station 171.
Ophiacantha cornuta. Also Station 171.

Sration 170a.—July 14,1874; lat. 29° 45°S8., long. 178° 11’ W.; 630 fathoms; bottom
temperature 4°0° C. ; rock.
Ophiomitra plicata. Also Stations 205, 214.
Ophioceramis (?) clausa. Also Station 171.
(2) obstricta. Also Station 192.
Astroschema salia.
horridum.

Sration 171.—July 15, 1874; lat. 28° 33’8., long. 177° 50’ W. ; 600 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 4°0° C,
Ophiomusium scalare.
Ophiophyllum petilum. Also Stations 174.
Ophiochiton lentus.

298 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8S. CHALLENGER.

Ophioceramis (?) clausa. Also Station 170.
Ophiactis flexuosa, Also Station 142.

cuspidata. Also Station 170.

nama. Also Station 174.
Anphiura canescens.

argented,
Ophiacantha vepratica.
cornuta, Also Station 170.

Station 172.—July 22, 1874 ; off Nukualofa, Tongatabu ; 240 fathoms ; coral.
Ophioconis pulverulenta.
Ophiopyrgus wyville-thomsoni.
Opluomyxa australis, Also Stations 161, 162, 163, St. Paul’s
Rocks, 167, Amboyna, 173, 201.
Tongatabu Reefs.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina. Also Simon’s Bay, Cape Good Hope,
Levuka Reefs, Fiji.
Ophiothric longipeda, Also Stations 186, Ternate Shore (August 7,
1874),188. Amboyna and Samboangan.
trilineata.

propinqua. Also Levuka Reefs, Fiji.

STaTiIon 173.—July 24, 1874; lat. 19° 10’S., 179° 40’ E., 315 to 310 fathoms; coral.
Ophiozona insularia. .
Ophiopyren brevispinus.
Ophiomyxa australis. Also Stations 161, St. Paul’s Rocks, 162,
163, 167, Amboyna, 172, 201.
Levuka Reefs, Fiji.
Pectinura gorgonia.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina. Also Simon’s Bay, Cape Good Hope,
Tongatabu Reefs.
Ophiomastix miata.
Ophiocheta setosa.
Ophiothrix propinqua. Also Tongatabu, Samboangan, (same sp. 2)

Station 174.—Aueust 3, 1874; lat. 19° 10’S., long. 178° 10’ E., 210 to 600 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 3°7° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophiophyllum petilum. Also Station 171.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 299

Amphiura bellis (var ?). Also Stations 232, 236.
Ophiactis nama. Also Station 171.

August 7, 1874; shallow.
Ophionereis dubia.
Ophiothria martensi.
longipeda. Also Stations 186, Ternate Shore, 188,
Tongatabu, Amboyna, (same sp. ?) Samboangan.
Ophiothri« stelligera. Also Stations 186, Samboangan (same sp. °).
Arafura Sea.

Sration 175.—August 12, 1874; lat. 19° 2’ S., long. 177° 10’ E.; 1350 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 1°8° C.; red clay.

Ophiogeron edentulus. Also Station 76.
Ophiacantha placentigera.

Ophiambi« aculeatus.

Ophiohelus pellucidus.

Sration 176.*—August 15, 1874; lat. 18° 30’ S., long. 173° 52’ E.; 1450 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 2°0° C. ; red clay.
Ophioglypha undata.
Sration 177.—August 18, 1874, lat. 16° 45’S., long. 168° 5’ E., 63 to 125 fathoms.

Ophiothrix purpurea. This shallow water species was labelled
Station 176, evidently an error. Also Banda.

SratTion 186.

September 8, 1874; lat. 10° 30’ &, long. 142° 18’ E., 8 fathoms;
coral sand.
Ophiolepis cincta. Also Samboangan.
annulosa. Also off Ternate Shore.

Ophiothrix stelligera. Also August 7, 1874, Samboangan, Arafura
Sea (same sp. 2).

Ophiothrix longipeda. Also Ternate Shore (August 7, 1874),
Station 188, Tongatabu (same sp. ?), Amboyna
(same sp. ?), Samboangan.

Euryale aspera.

Arafura Sea.
Ophiothrix stelligera. Also August 7, 1874. Station 186, Sam-

boangan (same sp. ?),

* There must be an error about the locality of this specimen, as there was no dredging at this station.—J. M.

300 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Station 187.—September 9, 1874; lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55’ E.; 6 fms. ; coral sand.

Ophiomaza cacaotica.

STATION 188.

September 10, 1874; lat. 9° 59’ S., long. 139° 42’ E. ; 28 fathoms; mud.
Ophioglypha kinbergi. Also Stations 161, 162, off Port Jackson.
Amphiura maxima.

Ophiothrix longipeda. Also Station 186, Ternate Shore (August 7,
1874), Samboangan.
exigua (var ?). Also Station 208.

STATION 190.

September 12, 1874; lat. 8° 56’8., long. 136° 5’ E.; 49 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 23°9° C.; mud.
Ophiacantha discoidea.
Ophiothrix melanosticta.
Astrophyton exiquum.

Sratron 191.—September 23, 1874; lat. 5° 41’8., long. 134° 4’ E. ; 800 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 8°9° C.; mud.

Ophiomusium lymani. Also Stations 45, 59, 76, off Tristan
d’Acunha, 169, 235, 296.

Ophiochiton fastigatus. Also Station 232.

Pectinura heros.

Amphiura concolor. Also Station 195.

Ophiacantha cosmica, Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
WAG. WA. 153, o6a be W58. 28.2938 ..2919!

Station 192.—September 26, 1874; lat. 5° 42’S., long. 132° 25’ E.; 129 fathoms; mud.
Ophiomusium laqueatum.
liitkeni.
Ophioglypha solida.
Ophiacantha valenciennesi.
Ophioceramus (?) obstricta. Also Station 170.
Ophiocamaz vitrea. Also Stations 201, 204, 219.
Ophiothrix berberis. Also Cebu, Philippines.
Astroschema tumidum.
Astroclon propugnatoris.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 301

Station 194.—September 29, 1874; lat. 4° 33’ S., long. 129° 58’ E.; 200 fathoms ;
volcanic detritus.

Astrotoma murrayi.

Banda.
Ophiothrix purpurea. Also Station 177 (2).

Station 195.—October, 5, 1874; lat. 4° 21’ 8., long. 129° 7° E.; 1425 fathoms; bottom
temperature 3°0° C.; grey ooze.
Ophioglypha variabilis. Also Station 24 (same sp. 2).
Amphiura concolor. Also Station 191.

Ternate Shore.
Ophiocoma pica.
Ophiolepis annulosa, Also Station 186.
Ophiothrix longipeda. Also Station 186 (August 7, 1874), 188,
Samboangan.

Station 198.—October 20, 1874; lat. 2° 55’ N., long. 124° 53° E.; 2150 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 3°7° C.; red clay.

Amphilepis papyracea.

Amboyna; 100 fathoms.
Ophiomusium simplex.
Ophiomyxa australis, Also Stations St. Paul’s Rocks, 161, 162,
163, 167, 172, 173, 201.

Sration 201.—October 26, 1874; lat. 7° 3° N., long. 121° 48’ E.; 82 to 102 fathoms ;
stones and gravel.
Ophiacantha granulosa.
Ophiocamax vitrea. Also Station 192, 204, 219.
Ophiomyxa wustralis. Also Stations 161, St. Paul’s Rocks, 162,
Amboyna, 163, 167, 172, 173.

Sration 203.—October 31, 1874; lat. 11° 7’N., long. 123° 7’ E.; 12 to 20 fathoms ; mud.
Ophiogymna elegans.
Euryale aspera. Also Station 186.

Sratron 204.—November 2, 1874; lat. 12° 43’ N., long. 122° 10° E.; 100 to 115 fms. ; mud.
Ophiocamax vitrea. Also Station 192, 201, 219.

Ophiothriz capillaris. Also Cebu, Philippines.
(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIvV.—1882.) 0 39

302 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Station 205.—November 13, 1874; lat. 16° 42’ N., long. 119° 22’ E.; 1050 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 2°4° C.; grey ooze.
Ophioglypha radiata.
Ophiomitra plicata. Also Stations 170, 214.

January 16, 1875; lat. 12° 21’ N., long. 122° 15’ E. ; 700 fathoms; bottom
temperature 10°8° C.; mud.

STATION 207.

Ophiacantha abnormis. Also Station 210.

Sration 208.—January 17, 1875; lat. 11° 37’ N., long. 123° 32’ E.; 18 fathoms; mud.
Ophiactis savignyt. Also Samboangan.
Ophiothri« striolata, Also Samboangan.
exigua. Also Station 188 (var. ?).
pusilla.
Pectinura stellata.

Cebu Reef, Philippines.
Ophiomastix caryophyllata.
Opliocoma scolopendrina. Also Cape of Good Hope, Tongatabu
Reefs, Samboangan, Philippines, Fiji, Papeete Reefs.

Sration 209.—January 22, 1875; lat. 10° 10’ N., long. 123° 55’ E. ; 95 to 100 fms. ; mud.

Ophiacantha longidens.
Ophiocamax vitrea. Also Stations 192, 201, 204, 219.
Ophiothri« capillaris. Also Station 204.

berberis. Also Station 192.

Sration 210.—January 25, 1875; lat. 9° 26’ N., long. 123° 45’ E.; 375 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 12°2° C.; mud.
Ophiacantha tuberculosa.
abnormis. Also Station 207.

Station 212.—January 30, 1875; lat. 6° 55’ N., long. 122° 15’ E.; 10 to 14 to 20
fathoms ; sand.

Ophiocnida pilosa. Also Station 162.

Astrophyton exiguum. Also Station 190.
Samboangan, Philippines.

Ophiocoma erinaceus.

scolopendrina. Also Cebu Reefs, Cape of Good Hope,
Tongatabu Reefs, Fiji, Papeete Reefs.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 305

Ophiolepis cincta. Also Station 186.

Ophiactis savigny. Also Station 208.

Ophiothri« striolata. Also Station 208.

Ophiothria stelligera. Also Stations 186, (August 7, 1874) Arafura
Sea (same sp.?).

Ophiothri« longipeda. Also Stations 186, Ternate Shore (August
7, 1874), 188, Tongatabu (same sp. ?), Amboyna
(same sp. 2).

Srarion 214.—Feb. 10, 1875; lat. 4° 33° N., long. 127° 6’ E.; 500 fms.; bottom

temperature 5°3° C.; globigerina ooze.

Amphiura glabra.

Ophiozona depressa.

Ophiacantha levispina.

Ophiomitra plicata. Also Stations 170, 205.

Ophiocreas adipus. Also Stations 343, 344.

Ophiactis pectorale.

Station 216.—Feb. 16, 1875; lat. 2° 56’ N., long. 134° 11’ E.; 2000 fms.; bottom
temperature 0°9° C.; globigerina ooze.

Ophioglypha ornata.

Station 218.—March 1, 1875; lat. 2° 33° S., long. 144 °4’ E.; 1070 fms.; bottom
temperature 2°1° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophioglypha aequalis.
Ophiacantha cosmica. Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
146, 147, 153, 156, 157, 158, 191, 298, 299.
Ophiotrochus panniculus.
Ophiomastus tegulitius. Also Stations 164a, 165, 166.

Station 219.—March 10, 1875; lat. 1° 50’ S., long. 146° 42’ E.; 150 fathoms; mud.

Ophiopeza equalis.

Ophiomusium lunare

Ophiacantha serrata.

Ophiocamax vitrea. Also Stations 192, 201, 204, Cebu Philippines.

SraTion 224.—Mar. 21, 1875; lat. 7° 45’ N., long. 144 °20’ E.; 1850 fms.; bottom
temperature 1°3° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophiomusium corticosum.

Ophioglypha undulata.

304

STATION 232.—May

Station 233b.—May

Station 235.—June

STATION 236.—June

Off Yokohama, Japan.

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

12, 1875; lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 139° 28° E.; 345 fms.; bottom
temperature 5°0° C.; sandy mud.
Ophioglypha ponderosa.
imbecillis.
flagellata.

Ophiochiton fastigatus. Also Station 191.
Amphiura bellis. Also Stations 174 (var ?), 236.
glauca. Also Station 236.
Ophiomitra normani. Also Stations 235, 236.

Ophiocreas caudatus.
Astronyx lovent. Also Station 49.

26, 1875; lat. 34° 20’ N., long. 133° 35° E.; 15 fathoms; mud.

Ophioglypha sinensis. Also off Yokohama, Japan.

4, 1875; lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E.; 565 fathoms; bottom
temperature 3°3° C.; mud.

Ophiomusium lyman. Also Stations 45, 50, 76, off Tristan
d’Acunha, 169, 191, 296.

Ophioglypha lapidaria.

Amphiura acacia.

Ophiomitra norman, Also Stations 232, 236.

Ophiomyces spathifer.

Ophiopholis gaponica, Also Station 236.

Astroceras pergamena. .

5, 1875; lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E.; 420 to 775 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 2°8° C.; mud.

Ophiomusium cancellatum. Also Station 33 (same sp. %).
Ophioglypha albata.
Ophiopholis japonica. Also Station 235,
Amphiura iris.

glauca. Also Station 232.

bellis. Also Stations 174 (var 2), 232.
Ophiacantha rosea. Also Stations 145, 308.
Ophiomitra normant. Also Stations 232, 235.

Ophioglypha sinensis. Also Station 2330

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 305

STATION 237.—June 17, 1875; lat. 34° 37’ N., long. 140° 32’ E.; 1875 fathoms;
bottom temperature 2°8° C.; mud.
Ophioglypha orbiculata.
sculptilis.
Ophiomusium granosum.
Amphilepis tenuis.

STATION 241.—June 23, 1875; lat. 35° 41’ N., long. 157° 42’ E. ; 2300 fathoms; bottom
temperature 171° C,; red clay.
Amphiura cernua.
Ophioglypha convera. Also Stations 246, 346.
Ophiocreas abyssicola.

Sration 246.—July 2, 1875; lat. 36° 10° N., long. 178° 0’ E.; 2050 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 1°3° C.; grey ooze.

Ophioglypha convexa. Also Stations 241, 346.

Honolulu Reefs.
Ophionereis porrecta.
Ophiocoma erinaceus. Also Samboangan Bank.

Station 276.—September 16, 1875; lat. 13° 28” &, long. 149° 30’ W.; 2350 fms. ;
bottom temperature 1:0° C.; red clay.

Ophiochytra epigrus.

Srarton 296.—November 9, 1875; lat. 38° 6’ S., long. 88° 2’ W.; 1825 fathoms ; bottom
temperature 1°2 C.; red clay.
Ophiotholia supplicans.
Ophiomusium lyman. Also Stations 45, 50, 76, off Tristan
d’Acunha, 169, 191, 235.

Sration 298.—November 17, 1875; lat. 34° 7’S., long. 73° 56’ W.; 2225 fms. ; bottom
temperature 1°3° C.; grey mud.
Ophiacantha sentosa.
cosmica. Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
TAG ala 535 56, Wo7, 158, 19 218 298-999)

306 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Sration 299.—December 14, 1875; lat. 33° 31’ &., long. 74° 43’ W.; 2160 fathoms ;
bottom temperature 1°1° C.; grey mud.
Ophioglypha lacazer. Also Station 160.

Ophiomusium armigerum. Also Stations 83, 106, (same sp ?) 332.
Amphilepis patens.

Ophiacantha cosmica. Also Stations 122, off Tristan d’Acunha,
VAG. TA (53, LOO Loge OS. Ole Se 9 8s
Station 304.—December 31, 1875; lat. 46° 53’S., long. 75° 11’ W.; 45 fathoms; sand.
Ophioglypha lymani. Also Stations 305, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313.

STATION 305.

January 1, 1876; lat. 47° 48’S., long. 74° 48’ W.; 120 fathoms; mud.
Ophioglypha lymani. Also Stations 304, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313.

STATION 307.

January 4, 1876; lat. 49° 24’ &, long. 74° 23’ W.; 147 fathoms;
bottom temperature 7°6° C.; mud.
Ophioglypha lymant. Also Stations 304, 305, 308, 309, 311, 313.
Ophiolebes vestitus. Also Stations 308, 310.
Astrotoma agassizi. Also Stations 148, 307, 308, Strait Magellan,
309, 313.
Gorgonocephalus pourtalesi. Also Stations Christmas Harbour,
Kerguelen Islands, 150, 151, 308, 313, 314.

STATION 308.

January 5, 1876; lat. 50° 10’ S., long. 74° 42’ W.; 175 fathoms; mud.

Ophiolebes vestitus. Also Stations 307, 310.

Ophiactis asperula. Also Stations 311, 312, 315.

Ophioglypha lymant. Also Stations 304, 305, 307, 309, 311, 318.

Ophiacantha rosea. Also Stations 145, 236.

Ophiomyxa vivipara. Also Stations 142, 313, 314.

Ophiocreas carnosus.

Astrotoma agassizi. Also Stations 148, 307, 309, Strait
Magellan, 313.

Gorgonocephalus pourtalesi. Also Stations Christmas Harbour,
Kerguelen Islands, 150, 151, 307, 313, 314.

Station 309.—January 8, 1876; lat. 50° 56’8., long. 74° 15° W.; 40 to 140 fathoms ; mud.

Ophioglypha lymani. Also Stations 304, 305, 307, 308, 311, 3138.

Astrotoma agassizi. Also Stations 148, 307, 308, Strait Magel-
lansoilo:

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 307

v

Station 310.—January 10, 1876; lat. 51° 30’ S., long. 74° 3° W.; 400 fathoms;
bottom temperature 7°9° C.; mud.
Ophiolebes vestitus. Also Stations 307, 308.
Astroschema rubrum.

Station 311.—January 11, 1876; lat. 52° 50’ S., long. 73° 53’ W.; 245 fathoms;
bottom temperature 7°7° C.; mud.
Ophioglypha lymam. Also Stations 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 313.

Ophiactis asperula. Also Stations 308, 312, 315.

STATION 312.

January 13, 1876; lat. 53° 38’ S., long. 70° 56’ W.; 10 to 15 fms. ; mud.
Ophiactis asperula, Also Stations 308, 311, 315.

STaTION 313.—January 20, 1876; lat. 52° 20’ &., long. 68° 0’ W.; 55 fathoms;
bottom temperature 8°8° C.; sand.
Ophioglypha lymani. Also Stations 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 311.
Ophiucantha vivipara. Also Stations, off Marion Islands, Christmas
Harbour, Balfour Bay and Royal Sound, Kerguelen
Islands, 150, 151, 314, 315, 320.
Ophtomyxa vivipara. Also Stations 142, 308, 314.
Astrotoma agassizit. Also Stations 148, 307, 308, 309, Straits
Magellan.
Gorgonocephalus pourtalesi. Also Stations Christmas Harbour,
Kerguelen Islands, 150, 151, 307, 308, 314.
Straits of Magellan.

Astrotoma agassizi. Also Stations 148, 307, 308, 309, 313.

SraTion 314.—January 21, 1876; lat. 51° 36’ S., long. 65° 40° W.; 70 fathoms;
bottom temperature 7°8° C.; sand.

Ophiacantha vivipara. Also off Marion Island, Christmas Harbour,
Royal Sound, and Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Islands,
Stations 150, 151, 313, 320.

Ophiomyxa vivipara. Also Stations 142, 308, 313.

Gorgonocephalus pourtalesi. Also Stations Christmas Harbour,
Kerguelen Islands, 150, 151, 307, 313.

Sration 315.—Jan. 26, 1876; lat. 51° 40’ S., long. 57° 50° W.; 5 to 12 fms. ; sand, gravel.
Ophiactis asperula. Also Stations 308, 311, 312.
Ophiacantha vivipara. Also Stations off Marion Island, Christ-
mas Harbour, Balfour Bay, and Royal Sound, Ker-
guelen Islands, 150, 151, 313, 314, 320.

308 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER.

Station 317.—February 8, 1876; lat. 48° 37’ §., long. 55° 17” W.; 1035 fms.; bottom
temperature 1°7° C.; hard ground.
Ophioglypha meridionalis. Also Station 320.

Station 320.—February 14, 1876; lat. 37° 17’ S., long. 53° 52’ W.; 600 fms.; bottom
temperature 2°7° C.; hard ground.
Ophioglypha confragosa.
meridionalis. Also Station 317.
Ophiochondrus stelliger.
Ophiacantha vivipara. Also Stations, off Marion Islands, Christ-
mas Harbour, Balfour Bay, and Royal Sound,
Kerguelen Islands, 150, 151, 313, 314, 315.

STaTIon 323.—February 28, 1876; lat. 35° 39’ S., long. 50° 47° W.; 1900 fms.; bottom
temperature 0:0° C.; grey mud.
Ophiomusium archaster.
Station 325.—March 2, 1876; lat. 36° 44° S., long. 46° 16’ W.; 2650 fms. ; bottom
temperature 0°4° C.; erey mud.
Ophiocten umbraticum.
Amphiura dalea.

Station 332.—March 10, 1876; lat. 37° 29’S., long. 27° 31’ W.; 2200 fms.; bottom
temperature 0°4° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophiomusium armigerum. Also Stations 83, 106, 299.

SraTton 343.--March 27, 1876; lat. 8° 3’8., long. 14° 27’ W.; 425 fathoms; bottom
temperature 4°5° C.; coral.
Ophioglypha lepida. Also Stations 45, 46, off Bermuda, 76.
Ophiocreas adipus. Also Stations 214 (same sp. ?), 344.

Sration 344.—April 3, 1876; off Ascension Island; 420 fathoms; hard ground.
Ophiacantha cuspidata.
Ophiocreas edipus. Also Stations 214 (same sp. ?), 343.

Station 346.—April 6, 1876; lat. 2° 42’ 8. long. 14° 41’ W.; 2350 fms.; bottom
temperature 0°4° C.; globigerina ooze.
Ophioglypha convera. Also Stations 241, 246.

The data of the foregoing table, combined with facts previously known, give some
idea of the geographical distribution of the two families. It appears that, although deep
species are more inclined to extensive wanderings than those of the shallows, yet, on the

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 309

whole, they offer similar differences. Among littoral forms there are those that are found
all over the Great Ocean from the Sandwich Islands to the East Coast of Africa and even
south to the Cape of Good Hope. One species, Amphiura squamata, is found in the
North and South Atlantic, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Australia. Others, again,
are considerably restricted ; for example, the abundant fauna of the Caribbean Sea which
reaches only Brazil on the south and the Carolinas on the north. Ophiacantha vivipara
and Gorgonocephalus pourtalesi, going to 140 and 600 fathoms, are remarkable for their
extension in longitude, being found from the Kerguelen Islands on the west to the
east coast of South America. Coming to the species more strictly of deep water, there
is Ophiomusium lymani, which occurs well up in the North Atlantic, in the extreme
South Atlantic, near New Zealand, off Japan, and off the south-west coast of South
America. Ophiacantha cosmica is found off the Brazil Coast, between the Cape of Good
Hope and the Kerguelen Islands, off the south-west coast of South America, and at points
intermediate. But there are not wanting deep-water species which appear to be quite
restricted in their habitat. Such are Pectinura heros, Ophiomusium validum, and Astro-
schema arenosum ; the first living near the Celebes, the last two in the Caribbean Sea.

It is certain that while species differ much in the extent of their migrations, there
are certain bottoms where they decline to live at all. Thus in all the deep water, from
the centre of the North Pacific (Station 246) to uear the south-west coast of South
America, there was found but a single Ophiuran. Near the masses of land, whether

insular or continental, there are always spots, both shallow and deep, that carry abundant
faune.

BATHYMETRICAL TABLES.
TaBLE I.—Species appearing above 30 fathoms.

This table embraces all known living Ophiuridee and Astrophytide. A Roman nume-
ral opposite a species shows that it is found also in one of the other tables thus indicated.

Ophiura brevicauda, I. Ophiura wahlbergu.
guttata. rubicunda,
brevispina, IL. panamensis.
holmes. squamosissima.
daniana. teres.
januari. appressa.
variegata. tongand,
levis. | Ophiopeza fallax.

cinerea, LU. | yoldir.
(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART X1V.—1882.) O 40

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER.

Pectinura infernalis.
gorgona.
marmorata.
maculata.
septemsprnosd.
rigrda.
stellata.
spinosa.

Ophiolepis cincta.
paucispind.
annulosa.
elegans.
variegata.

Ophioplocus imbricatus.

esmarkir.

Ophiozona vinpressa.
pacifica.

Ophioceranus albida, I.

Ophioglypha ciliata, I.

simensis,
kinbergu, IU.
albida, II., IIT.
sarsii, U., 11.
arctica, II.
liitkeni, U1.
affines, I1., U1.
robusta, I.
sladeni.
striata.
sculpta.
hexactis, II.
brevispina, II.
ambigua, LI.
nodosa, II.
stuwitzir.

Ophiocten sericeum, LU.

Ophiomusium flabellum, IL.

Ophioconis forbesii, LI.

brevispina.

Ophiocheta setosa.
Ophiopholis aculeata, IL., II.
kennerlyi.
Cary.
mirabilis.
Ophiactis savignyt.
affinis.
mulleri, I1., III.
resiliens, LI.
loricata, I.
plana, I.
VUrens.
simplex.
arenosa.
kroyert.
NIgrescens.
maculosa.
carned.
Amphiura maxima.
verticellata.
candida.
studerz, II., III.
incand.
magellanica,

grandisquama, U., IT.

stumpsoni, LI.
cdluncant.
constricta.
sundevalli, II.
tomentosa, II.
flexuosa.
latispina.
kinbergt.
atlantica.
perplexa.
sarsit, I1.-IV.
Jiliformis, I.
squamata, LI.
torelli.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. oll

Aimphiura pugetana.
violacea.
patagonica.
microdiscus.
puntarene.
limbata.
genunata.
kochit.
subtilis.
gracillima.
riiset.
grisea.
antarctica.
planispina.
barbare.
atra.
liitkent.
Urticd.
occidentalis,
chilensis.
Siss.
brstedii.
repens.
pulchella, IT.
securigerd.
levis.
hastata.
integra.
andree,
gibbosa.,
abdita,
lobata.
Ophionema intricata,
Ophionephthys limicola,
phalerata,
Ophiocnida brachiata,
scabriuscula,
hispida.
Jilogranea.

Ophiocnida loveni.
echinata.
pilosa II.
putnam.
Ophiopus arcticus, IIL.
Hemipholis cordifera.
gracilis.
Ophiophragmus wurdemani.
marginatus.
Ophiopsila aranea, I.
annulosa.
rusel.
Julva, II, III.
Ophionereis dubia.
reticulata.
annulata, IL.
schayerr.
albomaculata,
porrecta, I.
Ophiostigma isacanthum, II.
tenue.
Sormosa.
africanum.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina.
erinaceus.
wendtir.
schenleinir.
echinata.
rUisel.
athiops.
brevipes.
squamata,
pica.
nigra.
canaliculata.
valencia.
pumila.
alexandri.

papillosa.

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S.

Ophiarachna tnerassata.
affinis.
armata.

Ophiarthrum elegans.

pictum.

Ophiomastix annulosa.

caryophyllata.
venosa.

miata.
asperula.
janualis.
flaccida.

Ophiopteris antipodum.

Ophiacantha vivipara, ILIV.
imago, IL.
abyssicola, II., II.
bidentata, I1.—V.

Ophiomitra valida, LU.

Ophiothamnus vicarius, IL.

Ophiothri« fragilis, IL.

echinata.
pentaphyllum.
alopecurus.
lusitanica.
triglochis.
cespitosa,
roseo-cerulans.
quinquemaculata,
Sumaria.
angulata, I.
drstedit.
spiculata,
koreana.
magnifica.
rudis.

dumosa.
lineata.
demessa.
parasite.

CHALLENGER.

Ophiothri« hirsuta.
longipeda.
punctolimbata.
rotata.
planulata.
pusilla,
exUgUcl.

liars.
stelligera.
carinata.
asp idota.
triloba.
propinqua.
nereidind.
galate.
cataphracta.
cerulea.
spongicola.
martensi.
virgata.
trilineata.
melanosticta.
striolata, I.
elegans.
comata (2).
suensonir, II,
purpurea,
COLPeNsis.
plana.

Ophiogymna elegans.

Ophiocnenus marmorata.

Ophiomaza cacaotica,

obscura.

Ophiothela mirabilis.
dane.
tigris.
dividua.
isiclicola.

verrilli.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 313

Ophiopsammium semper. Gorgonocephalus agassizii.

Ophioblenna antillensis. linckii.*
Ophiomyxa pentagona. cary).
Jlaccida, I1., LI. | stimpsonit.
australis, IL., ILI. | cacaoticus.
Astrophyton costosum. | VErTUCOSUS.
spinosum. australis,
nudum. chilensis.
clavatum. Euryale aspera.
panamense. | Trichaster palmiferus.
exiguum. elegans.
Gorgonocephalus arborescens. | Astroschema leve (?).
lamarckii.+ steenstrupu (7).

Number of Species in Table I., 278.

TaBLE I].—Species appearing below 30 and above 150 fathoms.

Ophiura brevicauda, I. Ophioglypha carnea, U1.

brevispina, 1.
cinerea, I.
elaps (?).
Ophiopeza aster.
aqualis.
Pectinura vestita.
Verrucost..
Orenost.
Ophiopepale goesiana, II.
Ophiogona levigata.
Ophiolepis carinata.
Ophiozona nivea, III.
Ophioceramis januari.
albida, I.
obstricta.

Ophiothyreus goési, II.

sarsw, 1.—II11.
arctica, I.
liitkent, I.
affines, 1.—III.
robusta, I.
forbesi.
multispina.
hexactis, I.
lymani, III.
costata.
brevispina, I.
ambigua, I.
nodosa, I.
solida.
deshayest.
intorta.

Ophioglypha ciliata, I. Ophiocten sericeum, I.

kinbergi, I. abyssicolum, II.
albida, 1.-III. | Ophiomusium laqueatum.
acervata, III. acuferum, III.

1 Gorgonocephalus lumarckii and linckii, doubtless, are found much deeper, but I have not accurate data on this point.

ol4

THE VOYAGE

Ophiomusium litthkent.
simplex,
lunare.
testuclo, IIT.
flabellum, I.

Ophiolipus agassiz.

Ophioconis forbesi, I.

antarctica,

Ophiopholis aculeata, 1., II.

Ophiactis mulleri, var., quinque-

radia t., I.
resiliens, I,
ballin.
asperula, UT,
loricata, I.
lyman.
plana, I.
jflewuosa, IIL, IV.
Amphiura crassipes.
. chiajer,

eugene,

studeri, I., II.

palmeri.

capensis.

grandisquama, L, U1.

stimpsoni, 1.

sundevalli, 1.

tomentosa, I.

angulares.

dilatata.

sarsi, ., 1II:; IV.

Siliformus, I.
borealis, UI.

squamata, I,

tenuisprna, LI.

core.

duplicata, UIL-V.

pulchella, I.
Amphilepis norvegica, I1.-V.

OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiocnida, abnormis.
olivacea.
pilosa, I.
Hemipholis microdiscus.
Ophiophragmus septus.
Ophiopsila aranea, I.
VISel,
Sulva, 1, II.
Ophionereis reticulata.
annulata, I.
porrecta, I.
Ophioplax ungmani.
Ophiostigma isacanthum, 1.
Ophiocoma raschii.
Opliacantha granulosa.
valenciennesi.
spectabilis.
rosea, III., IV.
vwipara, I., IIT., IV.

bidentata, I., III., IV.

emago, I.
hirsuta, II.
troscheli, III.
setosa.
longidens.
dallasii.
stellata.
discoidea.
pentacrinus, III., IV.
abyssicola, I. II.
serrata.
Ophiolebes humilis, 111.
vestitus, ILI.
Ophionutra valida, I.
Ophiocamax vitrea, IIL.
Ophiothamnus vicarius, I.
remotus.
Ophiothrix fragilis, I.

maculata.

ree

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 315

Ophiothri« angulata, I.
berberis.
striolata, I.
suensonit, I,
capillaris.
viridialba.
aristulata,
Ophioscolex glacialis, III.
dentatus.
Ophiohelus umbella.
Ophiomyces frutectosus, LI.
Ophiobyrsa rudis.
Ophiomyxa flaccida, I., 111.
australis, I., ILI.
vivipara, UL.
Hemieuryale pustulata, UL.

Sigsbeia murrhina, II.
Astrophyton cacilia.
Gorgonocephalus pourtalesii.
mucronatus,
eucnemis.
Astroclon propugnatoris.
Astrocnida isidis.
Astroporpa annulata.
affinis.
Astrogomphus vallatus, 111.
Astrotoma agassizii.
Astroschema oligactes, U1.
tumidum.
tenue.
Ophiocreas lumbricus, IL.
Astronyx loveni, II.

Number of Species in Table IL, 151.

TABLE II].—Species appearing below 150 and above 500 fathoms.

Ophiopeza peters.
Ophiopepale goésiana, II.
Ophiozona nivea II.
insularia.
tessellata.
antillarwm.
depressa.
Ophiothyreus goésit, UI.
Ophiopyrgus wyville-thomsoni.
Ophioglypha albida, 1., I.
acervata, II.
carnea, LI.
sarsit, I., II.
affinis, I., I.
JSalcifera.
flagellata.
palliata, IV., V.
lepida, IV., V.
lungmani.
imbecillis.

Ophioglypha lymani, 11.
irrorata, IV., V.
jouna.
elevata.
variabilis, IV., V.
ponderosa,
inermis.

Ophiocten abyssicolum, II.

depressum.

Ophiomusium eburneum.
serratum.
cancellatum.
acuferum, II.
validum, IV., V.
testudo, II.
pulchellum, IV., V.

Ophiomastus tegulitius, 1V., V.
secundus.

Ophiopyren brevispinus.
longispinus.

316

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S.

Ophioconis miliaria.
pulverulenta.
Ophiochata (2) mixta.
Ophiopholis aculeata, eee
japonica, IV.
Ophiactis mulleri, var. quinque-
radia, I., IL.
asperula, IU.
flexuosa, II., IV.
nama, LV.
hirta.
abyssicola.
pectorale.
Amphiura divaricata (?).
complanata (?).
bellis, IV.
studeri, 1., U1.
grandisquama, L, U.
josephine.
iris, IV.
semiermis, IV.
glabra.
sarsit, I., IL., IV.
borealis, I.
anomala,
tenuspina, Il.
goesit.
duplicata, II., 1V., V.
impress (1).
depressa (?).
glauca.
cunedta..
tumida,

Amphilepis norvegica, I1., IV., V.

Ophiocnida caribea (?).
Ophiopsila fulva, 1., U1.
Ophiocentrus aculeatus.
Ophiopus arcticus, I.

Ophiochiton fastigatus.

CHALLENGER.

Ophiacantha tuberculosa.
sertata.
rosea, II., 1V.
vivipara, I, IL, IV.

bidentata, 1., Il., IV., V.

millispind.
anomala.
hirsuta, I.
abnormis, LV.
troscheli, I.
cuspidata.
aspera.
indica.
scutata.
cosmica, IV., V.
pentacrinus, IL., IV.
abyssicola, 1., LH.
levispind.
marsupralis.
Ophiolebes claviger.
humilis, I.
scorteus, IV., V.
vestitus, II.
Ophiomitra plicata, 1V.
chelys, IV., V.
ipsacos.
CxIGua.
normani, IV.
Ophiocamax vitrea, IL.
hystrix.
Ophiothrix liitkent.
pallida.
Ophioscolex glacialis, 11.
purpureus.
stimpsont.
tropicus.
Ophiosciasma attenuatum.
Ophiomyces mirabilis.
Srutectosus, I.

REPORT ON THE

Ophiomyxa flaccida, I., II.
australis, 1., II.
vivipara, II.
Ophiochondrus convolutus.
Hemieuryale pustulata, LU.
Sigsheia murrhina, I.
Gorgonocephalus malmgrenii.
Astrogomphus vallatus, I.
Astrochele lymani, IV.

Astrotoma MUPVAY?.

OPHIUROIDEA. 317

Astroschema oligactes, II.
brachiatum.
rubrum.
sulcatum.
intectum.

Ophiocreas lumbricus, I.

CarNosus.
caudatus.
adipus.

Astronyx loveni, I.

Number of Species in Table III., 137.

Taste [V.—Species appearing below 500 and above 1000 fathoms.

Pectinura heros.
Ophiozona (2) dubia.
Ophioceramis (?) clausa.
Ophiopleura borealis.
artica (no depth given but
probably belongs here).
Ophioglypha meridionalis, V.
palliata, IIL, V.
lepida, IL., V.
irrorata, III., V.
albata.
variabilis, II1., V.
lapidaria.
TUGOS.
confragosa.
Ophiomusium planum.
lymani, V.
validum, III., V.
scalare.
pulchellum, II., V.
Ophiomastus tegulitius, IL1., V.
Ophiophyllum petilum.
Ophiopholis japonica, U1.
Ophiactis flecuosa, IL.
cuspidata.
nama, III.
(ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART X1v.—1882.)

Ophiactis poa, V.
Amphiura bellis, 111.
otteri, V.
argentea,
acacia.
aris, III.
senuermis, III.
lanceolata.
sarsw, L.—[il.
lunaris.
duplicata, II., LI., V.
concolor, V.
canescens.
Amphilepis norvegica, JI., IIL, V.
Ophiochiton lentus.
Ophiacantha vepratica.
rosea, II., III.
vivipara, IIIT.
bidentata, II., IIL, V.
stimulea.
echinulata.
abnormis, III.
smittir.
cornuta.
cosmica, III, V.
pentacrinus, L., IIL.
O 41

318 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiolebes scorteus, IIL., V. Ophiochondrus stelliger.

Ophiomitra plicata, UL, V. Astrochele lymani, II.
chelys, III., V. Astroschema horridum.
normant, IIT. arenosum.

Ophiothamnus affinis. salix,

Ophiomyces spathifer. Astroceras pergament.
grandis.

Number of Species in Table IV., 65.

TaBLE V.—Species appearing below 1000 fathoms.

Ophiozona stellata. Ophiomusium corticosum.
Ophioplinthus medusa. archaster.

grisea. lymani, IV.
Ophiernus vallincola. validum, III., IV.
Ophioglypha meridionalis, IV. granosum.

palliata, IIL, IV. pulchellum, II., IV.

lepida, III, IV. Ophiomastus tegulitius, UI., IV.

equalis. Ophiotrochus panniculus.

irrorata, III., IV. Ophiactis poa, IV.

orbiculata. canotia.

undulata. Amphiura otteri, TV.

lovent. duplicata, I1.-IV.

fraterna. concolor, IV.

bullata. dalea.

converd. cernud.

sculptilis. verrulli.

variabilis, IL., TV. patula.

ornata. Amphilepis norvegica, I-IV.

lacazet. patens.

lienosa. papyracea.

radiata. tenuis.

undata. Ophiocnida scabra.

minuta. Ophiocymbium cavernosum.

inornata. Ophiochytra epigrus.

Ophiocten anutinum. Ophiacantha placentigera.
umbraticum. bidentata, I-IV.
pallidum. sentosd.
hastatum. segesta.

Ophiomusium arnugerum. nodosa.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA., 319

Ophiacantha cosmica, III., IV. Ophiambix aculeatus.

Ophiolebes scorteus, III., IV. Ophiogeron edentulus.

Ophiomitra plicata, IIL, IV. Ophiohelus pellucidus.
sarsit, Ophiotholia supplicans.
chelys, III., IV. Ophiocreas abyssicola.
carduus.

Number of Species in Table V., 69.

EPITOME.

Species found in Table I., above 30 fathoms, : ; ; 278
a 5 IL., from 30 to 150 fathoms, ; F 151
- - III., from 150 to 500 fathoms, , 5 137
i. ‘5 IV., from 500 to 1000 fathoms, ; : 64
s - V., below 1000 fathoms, : é : 69
Species found only in Table I. above 30 fathoms, : A 226
_ x II. between 30 and 150 fathoms, 4 69
* i IIL. between 150 and 500 fathoms, ‘ 72
a bs IV. between 500 and 1000 fathoms, ; 32
me ie V. below 1000 fathoms, : ; 50
Species descending from Table L., IT., 5 : : ; 52
5 I-III, ; : : ; 14

- A l-IV., é ; :
mn fe I.-V., . : ; : 1
Ms is ies tile: ‘ : ; ‘ 30
ms : II.-IV., ; : 4 ; 5
- bs II.-V., ; ; : 5 2
; - ES TVs : ; ‘ ‘ 20
3 IIL.—V., ; : 3 : 183
; y DV gV i; : : : : 5

Of about 500 species in the two families, the preceding tables show us that more than
one-half (278) are found above the depth of 30 fathoms, and of these, that 226 species
go no deeper, but cling close to the land, from low-water mark to 180 feet. The remain-
ing fifty-two species descend not further than 150 fathoms, except fourteen, whose depth
is less than 500, again excepting two species that go lower than 500 but do not reach
1000 fathoms. Below this last point only one littoral Ophiuran has been found,
Ophiacantha bidentata. Of the 151 species found between 30 and 150 fathoms, sixty-
nine are not found either above or below; two descend from below 30 to below 1000
fathoms ; five to below 500; and thirty to below 150 fathoms. A nearly equal number

320 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

137 species, are found between 150 and 500 fathoms, whereof seventy-two are confined
within those limits, while thirteen descend from below 150 to below 1000 fathoms ; and
twenty to below 500. Between 500 and 1000 there have been discovered sixty-four
species, whereof one-half, or thirty-two, are confined to those limits, while five descend
from the starting-point below 500 to below 1000 fathoms. Finally, sixty-nine species
in all get below 1000 fathoms, and of these fifty do not pass above that limit. Of course
these numbers are temporary. More dredging will bring more species, and will extend
the bathymetric range of many, and increase the proportion of the deep-water species
to those of the littoral zone, which hitherto has been much more carefully explored.
Nevertheless we may say, in general terms, that a very large proportion live exclusively
on the littoral zone, and that therein are included species both of cold and of hot water,
though the number of the latter is much the larger. Then there is a large fauna of fifty
species, which live exclusively below 1000 fathoms and which have to endure a degree of
cold near to freezing, an enormous water pressure, and an entire absence of sunlight.
Between these extremes there are large groups whose favourite or even necessary habitat
is restricted to given depths. Of the genera mentioned in Table I., Ophioplocus,
Ophionema, Ophionephthys, Ophiarachna, Ophiarthrum, Ophiomastix, Ophiopteris,
Ophiogymna, Ophiocnemis, Ophiomaza, Ophiothela, Ophiopsammium, Ophioblenna,
Astrophyton, Euryale, and Trichaster, sixteen in all, do not go lower than 30 fathoms,
and they, without exception, inhabit warm seas. This proves that certain groups demand
a high temperature and cannot accommodate themselves to a lower one. Should any of
them, therefore, be found fossil, it would be reasonable to infer that the horizon was a
shallow covered by warm water. Nine genera have not yet been found above 1000
fathoms, Ophioplinthus, Ophiernus, Ophiotrochus, Ophiocymbium, Ophiochytra,
Ophiambix, Ophiogeron, Ophiohelus, Ophiotholia ; their occurrence, therefore, as fossils
might denote a geological bottom of great depth and covered by cold water of very heavy
pressure. To these might be added those species of Ophioglypha with swollen, micros-
copically tuberculated plates (e.g., Ophioglypha bullata), and the species of Amphiura
having four or five papillae on each side of the mouth angle (e.g., Amphiura patula),
One species only, Ophiacantha bidentata, penetrates from the littoral zone to the lowest
depths. It binds together the bathymetric faunz as the humble Amphiura squamata
unites the geographical. Six genera, Ophiolipus, Ophioplax, Ophiobyrsa, Astroclon,
Astrocnida, and Astroporpa are found exclusively between 30 and 150 fathoms; five,
Ophiopyrgus, Ophiomastus, Ophiopyren, Ophiocentrus, and Ophiosciasma, between 150
and 500; and four, Ophiopleura, Ophiophyllum, Astrochele, and Astroceras between 500
and 1000 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 321

TEMPERATURE TABLES.

Tas_E I.—Showing Challenger species found between 32° and 38° Fahr. inclusive.

The figure after each species indicates its depth in fathoms. ‘The Roman numeral

Ophiozona stellata, 1100, II.
Ophioplinthus medusa,! 1975.
grisea,’ 1975.
Ophiernus vallincola, 1000-175.
Ophioglypha sarsii, 3-238, II.

meridionalis, 600-1035.

lepida, 425-1350, IL.
equalis, 1070.
irrorata, 410-1900.
orbiculata, 1875.
undulata, 1850.
albata, 775.
lovent, 1375-2600.
fraterna, 1950.
bullata, 1240-2850.
convexra, 2050-2350.
sculptilis, 1875,
variabilis, 390-1425.
ornata, 2160-2600.
lacazei, 2160-2600.
lienosa, 1950.
radiata, 1050.
undata, 1450.
lapidaria, 565.
minuta, 1375-1800.
deshayesi, 28-150.
inornata, 1850.
confragosa, 600.
Ophiocten amitinum, 120-1260.
umbraticum, 2650.
pallidum, 2600.
hastatum, 1375.

opposite a species shows that it is found also in one of the other tables thus indicated.

Ophiomusium armigerum, 1650-2200.
corticosum, 1850.
cancellatum, 420-470.
archaster, 1900.
lymani, 565-1825.
granosum, 1875.
Ophiomastus tegulitius, 275-2600, II.
Ophioconis antarctica, 50-150.
Ophiopholis aculeata, littoral to 400, II.
japonica, 420-775.
Amphiura bellis, 210-775, IL.
ottert (2), 550-1250, IT.
studeri, 20-310.
acacia, 565.
aris, 420-775.
angularis, 150.
squamata, littoral to 120,
HEAR UE
duplicata, 73-1560.
concolor, 800-1425, IT.
dalea, 2650.
cernud, 2300.
glauca, 345-420, IT.
Amphilepis norvegica, 50-1350.
patens, 2160.
tenuis, 1875.
Ophiocymbium cavernosum, 1950.
Ophiochytra epigrus, 2350.
Ophiacantha placentigera, 1350.
rosea, 150-775.
vivipara, 20-600, II.
bidentata, 5-1350.

1 No temperature given, but at 1975 fathoms ; it must fall within the limits of this table.

is)
to
bo

Ogphiacantha imago, 25-150.
sentosa, 2225.
stimulea, 950.
segesta, 1075.

cosmica, 350-2225, II.

Ophiolebes scorteus, 310-1600.
Ophiomitra plicata, 500-1050.
sarsit, 1375.
normant, 345-775, II.
Ophiambix aculeatus, 1350.

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiogeron edentulus, 1350, I.

Ophiohelus pellucidus, 1350.

Ophiotholia supplicans, 1825.

Ophiomyces spathifer, 565.

Ophiochondrus stelliger, 600.

Gorgonocephalus pourtalesii, 55-140,
LIN

Ophiocreas abyssicola, 2300.

Astroceras pergamena, 565,

Astronyx loveni, 83-350, IT.

Taste I].—Showing Challenger species found between 39° and 54° Fahr. inclusive, to
which are added the shallow water species of the North Atlantic.

The figure opposite each species shows its depths in fathoms; where there is no
fo} | ’

fioure the species belongs in the shallow North Atlantic fauna. A Roman numeral
fo} oO

opposite a species shows that it is found also in one of the other tables thus indicated.

Ophiopeza aster, 150.
Pectinura heros, 800.
Ophiozona stellata, 1100, I.
depressa, 500.
Ophioceramis clausa, 630.
Ophaioglypha ciliata, 5-100, IIT.
albida, 5-250, III.
sarsii, 3-238, I.
affinis, 20-192, IIL.
robusta, 10-100.
flagellata, 340.
lepida, 425-1350.
imbecillis, 345.
lymani, 40-245.
costata, 98-250.
nodosa, 12-50.
stuwitzii, 30.
rugosa, 700.
ponderosa, 340.
Ophiocten sericeum, 15-80.
Ophiomusium lymani, 568-1825.

Ophiomusium scalare, 600.
pulchellum, 150-1675.

Ophiomastus tegulitius, 275-2600.
Ophiophyllum petilum, 600.
Ophiopholis aculeata, littoral to 400, I.
Ophiactis flecuosa, 150-600.

cuspidata, 520-600.

nama, 210-600.

canotia, 1000.
Amphiura bellis, 210-775, I.

ottert, 550-1250, I.

capensis, 98.

argentea, 600.

sundevalli, 15-50.

lanceolata, 700.

glabra, 500.

dilatata, 98.

Jiliformis.

squamata, littoral to 120,

IPAMOUE:
torelli

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 323

Amphiura concolor, 800-1425, I. Ophiomitra plicata, 500-1050, I.
glauca, 345-420, I. norman, 345-775, I.
canescens, 600. Ophiothamnus remotus, 150.
Amphilepis papyracea, 2150. Ophiothria fragilis, 6-52.
Ophiocnida brachiata, 20, I. pentaphyllum.
Ophiopus arcticus. aristulata, 838-150.
Ophiocoma nigra. Ophiogeron edentulus, 1350, I.
Ophiochiton fastigatus, 345-800. Ophiomyxa vivipara,
lentus, 600. Gorgonocephalus eucnemis, 36-120.
Ophiacantha tuberculosa, 375. AGASSIZ01.
vepratica, 600. pourtalesii, 55-140, I.
vivipara, 20-600, I. Astrotoma agassizi, 135.
abnormis, 375-700. Astroschema horridum, 630.
cornuta, 520-600. salix, 520, 630.
cosmica, 320-2225, I. Ophiocreas caudatus, 340.
abyssicola, 200-300. cedipus, 420-500.
levispina, 500. Astronyx loveni, 83, 350, L.

Ophiolebes vestitus, 147-400.

Taste I1.—Showing the principal shallow water species (above the 100 fathom line) of
tropical and sub-tropical seas, between 55° and 90° Fahr. inclusive.

Ophiura brevicauda. Ophiopeza yoldi.
gutiata. Pectinura vestita.
brevispina. infernalis.
holmseii. gorgonia.
daniand, marmorata.
junuari. maculata.
variegata. septemspinosa.
levis. rigida.
cinerea. stellata.
wahlbergit. spinosa.
rubicunda, VETTUCOSC.
panamensis. Ophiolepis cincta.
squamosissima. paucispind.
teres. annulosa.
appressa. elegans.
tonganda. variegata,

Ophiopeza fallax. Ophioplocus imbricatus.

324

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophioplocus esmarkit.
Ophiozona impressa.
pacifica.
nived.
Ophioceramis albida.
januari.
Ophioglypha ciliata, UU.
sinensis.
albida, I.
acervata.
affinis, II.
Ophioconis forbes.
brevispina.
Ophiocheta setosa.
Ophiactis savigny?.
resiliens.
loricata.
lymant.
plana.
virens.
simplex.
arenost.
kroyert.
qigrescens.
maculosc.
carned.
Amphiura verticillata.
divaricata.
complanata.
mediterranea.
candida.
grandisquama.
stimpsoni.
constricta.
flexuosa.
latispina.
Sarsit.
squamata I., I.
violacea.

Amphiura microdiscus.
puntarene.
limbata.
geminata.
subtilis.
gracillima.
PLISEL.
grisea.
planispina.
barbare.
atra.
liitkent.
chilensis.
brstedii.
repens.
pulchella.
Umpressc..
levis.
depressa.
hastata.
andrea.

Ophionema intricata.

Ophionepthys limicola.

phalerata.

Ophiocnida brachiata, 1.

scabriuscula.
hispida.
SJilogranea.
loveni.
echinata.
pilosa.
putnam.

Hemipholis cordifera.

gracilis.

Ophiophragmus wurdemani.

marginatus.
septus.

Ophiopsila aranea.
annulosa.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

Ophiopsila riiset.
fulva.
Ophionereis dubia.
reticulata.
annulata.
schayer.
porrecta.
Ophioplax Yungmani.
Ophiostigina isacanthum.
tenue.
JSormosa.
africanum.
Ophiocentrus aculeatus.
Ophiocoma scolopendrin«a.
erinaceus.
echinata.
T10Sel.
aethiops.
brevipes.
squamata.
pica.
valencie.
pumila,
alexandri.
papillosa.
Ophiarachna incrassata.
affinis.
arnata.
Ophiarthum elegans.
pictum.
Ophiomastix annulosa.
caryophyllata.
VENOSM.
mixta.
asperula.
janualis,
flaccida,
Ophiacantha hirsuta,
troscheli.
(Z001. CHALL, EXP.—PART xIv.—1882.)

Ophiacantha setosa.
longidens.
indica.
stellata.
discoided.
pentacrinus.

Ophiomitra valida.

Ophiocamax vitrea.

Ophiothamnus vicarius.

Ophiothriz echinata.

alopecurus.
lusitanica.
roseo-ce@rulans.
quinquemaculata.
angulata,
drstedii.
spiculata.
magnifica.
rudis.
dumosa.
lineata.
hirsuta.
longipeda.
punctolimbata.
rotata.
planulata.
pusilla.
exigua.
ciliaris.
stelligera.
carinata.
aspidota.
triloba.
propinqua.
nereidena.
galate.
cataphracta.
berberis.
martensi.

O 42

nae
aus

326 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiothrix virgata. Ophiomyxa australis.
trilineata. Hemieuryale pustulata.
melanosticta, Sigsbeia murrhina.
striolata. Astrophyton costosum.
elegans. spinosunr.
SUENSONI. nudum.
capillaris. cacilia.
purpured. clavatum.
viridialba, exiguum.
plana. panamense.

Ophiogymna elegans.
Ophioenemis marmorata.
Ophiomaza cacaotica.
obscura.
Ophiothela mirabilis.
dane.
isidicola,
Ophiopsammium semper.
Opioblenna antillensis.
Ophiohelus umbella.
Ophiomyces frutectosus.
Ophiomyaxa pentagona.

flaccida.

rorgonocephalus arborescens.
cacaoticus.
Verrucosus.
Euryale aspera.
Trichaster paliiferus.
elegans.
Astrocnida isidis.
Astroporpa annulata.
affinis.
Astroschema oligactes.
tenue.
leeve.
Ophiocreas lumbricus.

There are not enough observations to render the preceding tables complete or accurate,
but their general conclusions are perhaps reliable. Table I. gives the species of cold water ;
Table IL. those of temperate ; and Table II. the warm water species. The last, which also
are of comparatively shallow water, are by far the most numerous, a proportion which
suggests that heat, light, and small pressure tend to produce variety in form and structure ;
and yet there is not that vast difference between deep cold species and shallow warm
ones which might reasonably be looked for on the theory that so called natural forces
are alone potent to effect change.

If the present faunze of the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama, as compared together,
have varied so little since the Chalk ; or if some deep Atlantic species present no greater
changes than they do as compared with the Triassic or the Chalk species, how is it that
Ophiuridee have thus dragged along in narrow limits, while some other animals have
almost unbelievably changed? Perhaps we shall be told that it is their nature to drag
along, just as Moliére’s medical student says that opium produces sleep because it pos-
sesses a somniferous property.

©
~J

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

NOTE ON FOSSIL SPECIES.

In 1869 Liitken published a short but satisfactory critique on the then known fossil
Ophiurans.t| He mentions nearly fifty species, and his general conclusion is that they
have no certain standing, either generically or specifically. The latest resumé ? shows
that no real progress in the definition of these fossils has been made during the past
twelve years. or this there are two reasons, (1) that many of the type specimens are
ill preserved, and especially deficient in the mouth parts; (2) that nobody who knew
much of the subject has made a general examination of the originals. Here is an ex-
cellent field for a paleontologist. It cannot be doubted that the museums have a great
many unstudied species. Indeed I have myself seen some in the European collections.
When we consider the variety of living Ophiurans, and their occurrence in every climate
and at every depth, it is plain that he would throw much light on paleontology who
would bring together and thoroughly study their fossil forms. At present it cannot be
said that a single fossil genus is identical with the living. The most probable identity
is that of the Oolitic Ophioderma (Ophiura) egertoni,? which may well be an Ophiura,
an Ophiopeza, or a Pectinura; most probably the last. Another fossil long known
is the Triassic Aspidura loricata,s which certainly has a considerable likeness to
Ophiomastus (Pl. VIII. figs. 16-18), especially on the under side. Goldfuss has correctly
drawn the little primary plates in the centre of the back as in the brachial spaces ;
and I suspect Polig is wrong in putting them in the interbrachial, where they are
never found among the living. I agree, too, with Ludwig that the supposed division
in halves of the mouth shields is highly improbable. Another Triassic form, Aspidwra
ludeni,® has nearly the whole arm occupied by swollen side arm plates, and may possibly
stand near such a species as Ophiomusium eburneum. Ophiolepis damesii from the Oolite
has similar side arm plates ;® and so has the Oolitic Ophiolepis leckenbyi,’ with the ad-
ditional peculiarity of a microscopic surface tuberculation like that of Ophioglypha
convexa and some other deep-sea species (PI. VI. figs. 13-15). The same large, swollen,
tuberculated side arm plates are found in Ophiocoma granulosa’ from the Chalk. On
the whole, it may be said that from the Trias upward there is nothing very unfamiliar
in the look of the Ophiurans, although to find some of the shapes, we must go into

1 Addit. ad Hist. Oph., val. iii. p. 70, 1869.

2 Zittel, Handbuch der Paleontologie, vol. i. p. 439, 1880.

3 Broderip, Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Ser., pl. xii. fig. 6.

4 Goldfuss, Petrefacta Germanie, pl. xli. fig. 7; Polig. Zeitschrift f. Wissensch., Zoologie, vol. xxxi. p. 235
pl. xvii. figs. 10-14 ; Ludwig, Zool., Anzeiger, Jan. 1879, p. 41.

5 Hagenow, Paleontographica, vol. i. p. 21, pl. i. fig. 1.

6 Wright, Monog. British Fossil Echinoderm, vol. ii., pl. xxi. figs. 4, 5.

7 Wright, loc. cit., pl. xix. fig. 3.

8 Roemer, Versteinerungen des Norddeutschen Kreidegebirges, 1841, pl. vi. fig. 22

d

328 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

_

isis)

deep water. In the Silurian, however, we have species which are figured with a double
row of alternating, angular under arm plates, an arrangement found in no living species.
Such are Ptilonaster princeps and Eugaster logan. It is plaim that simple armed
Astrophytons begin as low as the coal; for Onychaster flexilis, Meek and Worthen,
evidently belongs in this group.

Two French authors? have endeavoured to discriminate the separate pieces of genera
found in the middle Lias marles. In the absence of a general knowledge of the finer
anatomy of the hard parts, their attempt is of the most elementary character, but one
which nevertheless deserves great praise, for in everything there must be a beginning,
and it is always creditable. They found some marles largely composed of this debris, a
most important fact, showing that the Triassic Ophiuridee lived in herds, as they often
do now. There is one mouth shield which with much probability they determine as_be-
longing to Ophioglypha. The parts referred to Ophiothriz may rather, perhaps,
belong to some genus near Ophiacantha. It is partly with a view to aid similar
researches that I have given several plates of the skeletons of Ophiurans.

1 Twentieth Report Regents of University of New York on State Cabinet, 1867, pl. ix. figs. 8, 9.

2 Terquem et Berthelin, Etude microscopique, &c., Mem. Soc. Geol. de France, 2ime Série, vol. x. p- 99, 1875
pl. xviii. figs, 22-25.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA, 329

ABBREVIATIONS,

Abildgaard (Miller), Zool. Dan,
Abildgaard (O. F. Miiller), Zoologia Danica, 1789.
Acad. Cas. Leop. Nova Acta.
Acta
Caroline Germanice Nature Curiosorum.
Addit. ad Hist.
Additamenta ad Historiam Ophiuridarum. C. F.
Lutken, part 1, 1858, vol. 11. 1859, vol. iii. 1869.

Agas.—Agassiz, L.

Nova Academie Cesareee Leopoldino-

Amer. Journ. Sci.
American Journal of Science and Arts.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Anniv. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880.
Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of
Natural History, 1880.
Ann. Sci. Nat.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles.
Ay.—Ayres, W. O.
Blainy., Faune Frang. Stell.
Blainville, H. M. D. de,
Stellérides.
Blainv., Actinol,
Blainville, H. M. D. de, Manual d’Actinologie,
1834-36.
Bose, Hist. Nat. Vers.
Bose, S. A. G., Histoire Naturelle des Vers.
Suites 4 Buffon. |

Faune Frangaise.

Bronn, Syst. d. urweltl. Pflanz.
Bronn, System der urweltlichen Pflanzenthiere,
1824, 1825.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Harvard College.

Delle Chiaje, Mem.

Delle Chiaje, S., Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia
degli Animali senza Vertebre del Regno di
Napoli. Tom. i.—v., 1823-1829.

Dewhurst, Nat. Hist. Ord. Cetacea.

Dewhurst, H. W., Natural History of the Order of

Cetacea, 1834,

Dr. Goés, Oph.

Forteckning dfver uti Vestindien af Dr. A. Goés
samt under korvetten Josefinas expedition i
Atlantiska Oceanen samlade Ophiurider. Of
Kong. Akad., 1871.

Diib. & Kor., Of. Skandinay. Echin.

Diiben, M. W., och Koren, J., Ofversigt af Skan-
dinaviens Echinodermer, 1844. Vetensk. Akad.
Handlingar.

Duj. & Hupé, Hist. Nat. Zooph. Echin.

Dujardin, F., et Hupé, Histoire Naturelle des

Zoophytes. Echinodermes, 1862.
Echin des Mittelmeeres.

Ludwig, H., Die Echinodermen des Mittelmeeres,
Mittheil. der Zool. Station, Neapel, 1879.

Edinb. Phil. Journ.
Edinburgh Philosophical Journal.

Encycloped. Meth.
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vers excii., exciil.,
1827.
Fabr., Fauna Groenl.
Fabricius, O., Fauna Groenlandica, 1780.
Fbs., Brit. Starfishes.
Forbes, E., A History of the British Starfishes,
1841.
Flem., Brit. Anim.
Fleming, John, History of British Animals, 1842.

330

Gould, Invert. Mass.
Gould, A. A., Report on the Invertebrata of Massa-
chusetts, 1841.

Gray, Rad. Animals Brit. Mus.
Gray, J. Edward, British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part 1. Radiated
Animals, 1848.

Grube, Aktin. Echin. u. Wiir.
Grube, A. E., Aktinien Echinodermen
Wiirmer der Adriatischen und Mittelmeeres,
1840.

Heller, C., Zooph. u. Echin. Adriat. Meeres.
Heller, C., Die Zoophyten und Echinodermen des
adriatischen Meeres, 1868.
Heller, Lit. Fauna d. Adriat. Meeres.
Heller, C., Untersuchungen iiber die Litoral-fauna
des adriatischen Meeres. Sitz. Akad. Wien.,
1863.
Hodge, Trans. Tyneside N. F. Club.
Hodge, G., Transactions of the Tyneside Natura-
lists’ Field Club, vel. v., 1860-1862.

und

Hutt., Ech. New Zealand.
Hutton, F. W., Echinodermata of New Zealand,
1872.

Tl. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool.

Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Compara-

tive Zoology at Harvard College.

Jahres-Berichte d. Sch. Gesell.

Jahres-Berichte der Schlesischen Gesellschaft.
Johnston, Mag. Nat. Hist.

Johnston, G., Magazine of Natural History.
Journ. Linn. Soc.

Journal of the Linnean Society.

Journ. Phil. Acad.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
Knorr, Deliciw Nat. Select.
Knorr, G. W., Delicia Nature Selectee, 1771.
Kuhl & V. Has., MS.
Kuhl & Van Hasselt, Manuscript quoted by
Miiller & Troschel.
Leach, Zool. Mise.
Leach, W. E., Zoological Miscellany, 1815.

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Le Conte.—Le Conte, J. L.
Linck, De Stell. Mar.
Linck, J. H., De Stellis Marinis, 1733.

Linn., Fauna Suee.
Linneus, C., Fauna Suecica, 1761.

Linn., Syst. Nat. (Gmelin).
Linneus, C., Systema Nature (Gmelin), 1788-
1793.
Linn. Trans.

Transactions of the Linnean Society.
Ljn.—Ljungman, Axel V.
Lmk., Hist. Anim. sans Vert.

Lamarck, J. B., Histoire des
Verttbres, Ist edition, 1816.

Animaux sans

Lmnk., Syst. Anim. sans Vert.
Lamarck, J. B., Systéme des Animaux sans
Vertebres, 1801.
Lov.—Lovén, 8.
Ltk.—Liitken, Chr. F.
Ludwig.—Ludwig, Hubert.
Lym.—Lyman, Theodore.
Magazin for Naturvid.
Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne.
Mart., Spitz
Martens, F., Groenlandische oder Spitzbergische
Reise-Beschreibung, 1675.
Mém. Soc. Scien. Nat. Neuchatel.
Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de

Neuchatel.

Annex A.
Notes sur l’Tle de la Réunion, par L. Maillard.
Annex A, par H. Michelin, 1863.

Mittheil. der Zool. Station Neapel.
Mittheilungen der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel.

Michelin, Notes sur l’He de Ja Réunion.

Monatsb. Konig. Akad. Berlin.

Monatsberichte der Koniglichen preussischen

Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.
Mill. & Tr., Syst. Ast.

Miiller, J., & Troschel,
Asteriden, 1842.

F. H., System der

Norm.—Norman, A. M.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

Nye Echin.
G. O. Sars, Nye Echinodermer fra den Norske
Kyst. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1871.
Nyt Mag. Natur.
Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 1857.

O. F. Miill., Zool. Dan. Prodr.
Miller, O. F., Zoologize Danicee Prodromus, 1766.

Of. Kong. Akad.

Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademiens For-
handlingar.

Om nigra nya arter.
A. YV. Ljungman,
Ophiurider.

r Om nagra nya arter af
Of Kong. Akad., 1866.

Om tviinne nya arter.

A. V. Ljungman, Om tvinne nya arter Ophiurider.
Of, Kong, Akad., 1870.

Oph. Noy. Descr.
C. F. Liitken, Ophiuridarum novarum vel minus

cognitarum descriptiones nonnulle. Vid. Selsk.

Forh., 1872.

Oph. Viv.
A. V. Ljungman, Ophiuroidea viventia hue usque
cognita. Of. Kong, Akad., 1866.

Orst.—Orsted, A. 8.

Pennant, Brit. Zool.
Pennant, T., British Zoology, 1812.

Pet.—Peters, W.

Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal So-
ciety.
Phil.—Philippi, R.A.

Pontoppidan, Natur. Hist. Nor.
Pontoppidan, E., Versuch einer Naturlichen

Historie von Norwegen, ii., 1754.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History.

Proc. Phil. Acad.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci
ences of Philadelphia.

| Stimp., Invert. Gr. Manan.

331

Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

Reitz. Diss.
Retzius, A. J., Dissertatio sistens species cognitas
Asteriarum, 1805.

Retz., Asteriz Gen.
Retzius, A. J., Asteria Genus. Kongl. Vetens-
kaps Akademiens Nya Handlingar, 1783.

Risso, Hist. Nat.
Risso, A., Histoire Naturelle des principales Pro-
ductions de Europe méridionale, 1826.
Rondelet, De Pise.
Rondelet, G., Libri de Piscibus marinis, 1554.

Sars, Mid. Lit. Fauna.

Sars, M., Bidriig til Kundskaben om Middelhavets
Litoral-fauna. Nyt. Mag. Natur., x., 1857.

Sars, Oversigt Norges Echin.
Sars, M., Oversight af Norges Echinodermer,
1861.
Savigny, Déscr. de l’Egypte Echin.
Savigny, J. C., Déscription de VEgypte. Echino-
dermes, par V. Audouin, 1809-1817.
Seba, Thesaurus.
Seba, Albertus, Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium
Thesauri accurata Descriptio, 1758.
Sitzungsber. Berlin, Gesell. Nat. Fr.
Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschen-
der Freunde zu Berlin.

Sitz. Akad. Wien.
Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Wien.
Smith. Contrib.
Stimpson, Wm., Marine Invertebrata of Grand
Manan. Smithsonian Contributions, 1853.
Suth., Journ. Voy. Baftin’s Bay.
Sutherland, P. C., Journal of a Voyage te Baffin’s
Bay. Appendix by E. Forbes, 1852.
Thomp., Ann. Nat. Hist.
Thompson, W., Some Invertebrata new to the
Trish Fauna. Annals of Natural History, v.,
1840.

oan THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Trans. Conn. Acad.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of
Arts and Sciences.
Tilligg Skan. Oph.
A. V. Ljungman, Tilliigg till kinnedomen af
Skandinaviens Ophiurider. Of Kong. Akad.,
1864.
Troschel, Sitzung. niederrhein. Gesell. in Bonn.
Troschel, F. H., Sitzungsberichte der niederrhein-
ischen Gesellschaft in Bonn, 1879.
Vid. Meddel.
Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske
Forening i Kjobenhavn.
Vid. Selsk. Forh.
Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnska-
bernes Selskabs Forhandlinger.

v. Mart., Oph. Ind. Oc.
Martens, E. von, Die Ophiuriden des indischen
Oceans, Wiey, Archiv, xxxvi., 1870.

Vill.—Verrill, A. E.

Wern. Mem.
E. Forbes, Asteridea of the Irish Sea: Memoirs of
the Wernerian Society, vill., 1839.

Wieg., Archiv.
Wiegmann, Dr. Aug., Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte.

Wyv. Thom., Voy. Chall. Atlantic.
Thomson, C. Wyville, Voyage of the Challenger.
The Atlantic, 1877.

Zeits. fiir Wissen Zoologie.
Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie.

Ea
Q

os

.

9

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

399

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

1. Ophiomusium validum, Lin., below, 2.

2. » 5 above, +.

3 » He arm joints in profile, 9.

4 5 scalare, Lym., below, 42

5. » “ above, 4?.

° ” arm joints in profile, 1°.
Fo x simplex, Lym., below, 1°.

8. 3 above, 19.

9. » =f arm joints in profile, 19.
10. 3 granosum, Lym., below, 3.
11. ” “5 above, 8.

1, a Bs arm joints in profile, $.
iL} £ lunare, Lym., below, 49.
14. * ES above, 49.
15. ‘ arm joints in profile, 4°.
16. 3 liitkeni, Lym., below, .
ef - . above, 4%.
18. ss ef arm joints in profile, ?.
PLATE II.

1. Ophiomusium serratum, Lym., below, §.

2. 9 m1 above, ¢

i 9 %3 arm joints in profile, °.
4. : archaster, Wyv. Thom., below, ?.

5. » 33 above,

e 22 9 arm joints in profile, >.
if ~ armigerum, Lym., below,

8. ” AA above,

9. % 3 arm joints in profile, &.

(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART xiv.—1882.)

O 43

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

10. Ophiomusium laqueatum, Lym., below, 3.

Ile
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
a.
18.

Sa fe fa t= eo SS

2

Wit.

?

29

22

>, above, ?.

ms arm joints in profile, }.
corticosum, Lym., below, }.

= above, 8.

Ay arm joints in profile, ?.
cancellatum, Lym., below, ¢

a above,

ra

5, arm joints in profile, §.

PLATE IIT.

Ophiomusium pulchellum, Wyv. Thom., below, 4°.

>>

99

» above, 49.
> arm joints in profile, 4°.
jlabellum, Lym., below, 4°.

above, 45.

é arm joints and edge of disk, 1°.

Ophioglypha solida, Lym., below, $.

Ophioglypha lepida, Lym., below,

2?

(or)

As above, $.
A arm joints in profile, §.
inornata, Lym., below, &.
. above, 8.
: arm joints in profile, $.
rugosa, Lym., below, 4.
- above, $.
3 arm joints in profile, ¢.
undata, Lym., below, 2,°.
+ above 2°.
es arm joints in profile, 2°.

PLATE IV.

ble Ho

* above,

i arm joiuts in profile, ¢.
palliata, Lym., below, §.

nt above, &.

5; arm joints in profile, °.

Us

8.

9:
10.
Inte
12.
13.
14,
1d:
16.
Whe
18.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

Ophioglypha kinbergi, Lym., below, &

notch in the disk with two arm joints from above, 7.

330

(marked ferruginea on the Plate).

7
1

0
T:

7
‘

ie Hungmant, Lym., below, 7.

a os above, 4.

- o arms joints in profile,
- mmbecillis, Lym., below, 1,9.

. 5 above, 49.

33 3 arm joints in profile, !
Ms equalis, Lym., arm joints in profile, 7.
2 »

55 flagellata, Lym., below, ¢.

ae re above, 4.

* 55 arm joints in profile, 4.

PLATE V.
Ophioglypha costata, Lym., below, 3.
0 3 above, #.
” 3 arm joints in profile, #.
a jejuna, Lym., below, 44.
» % above, 14.
> 50 arm joints in profile, 1*.

wrrorata, Lym., below, §.
above, §.

2? 29

» ob arm joints in profile, §.
Ss undulata, Lym., below, 2.

»” 93 above, }.

»” 3 arm joints in profile, °.
Ss albata Lym., below, 7.

” 5 above, 7.

» 54 arm joints in profile, 7.
elevata, Lym., below, 12.

» 6 above, 4?.

2? 3)

arm joints in profile, 17.

PLATE VI.
Ophioglypha ornata, Lym., below, 7.

above, 7.

9°? 99

arm joints in profile, 7.

22 92

Fie.
be)

29

be)

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.
4, Ophioglypha lacazei, Lym., below, $.
5. » 2 above, ¢.
6. » aa arm joints in profile, &.
7. bs lienosa, Lym., below, }.
8. » 5 above, ?.
9. ” > arm joints in profile, 2.
10. ep) variabilis, Lym., below, Ge
11. 9 » above, ?.
12. ” os arm joints in profile, }.
13. 55 convexa, Lym., below, 7.
14. 29 53 above, 7.
15. » A arm joints in profile, 7.
16: _ sculptilis, Lym., below, $.
17. » 29 above, §.
18. ” x arm joints in profile, ¢.
PLATE VII.
1. Ophioglypha radiata, Lym., below, f.
2. ” 29 above, 7.
3. » ss arm joints in profile, 7.
4. 99 inermis, Lym., below, 4.
5. » % above, #.
& ” » arm joints in profile, 7.
7. 33 ponderosa, Lym., below, 7.
8. 0 55 above, 2.
cE » » arm joints in profile, 3.
10. é minuta, Lym., below, 4).
11. >» n¢3 above, 45.
12. » arm joints in profile, 4°.
13. 2 deshayesi, Lym., below, +.
ae ” > above, +.
TS. ” arm joints in profile, #.
16. 5 lapidaria, Lym., below, 4.
17. ” » above, 7.
18. ” 6 arm joints in profile, 7.

bo

2

oe

=

iS" eo) (60) ‘AI os

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

(SN)
(wy)
NI

PLATE VIII.

Ophioglypha loveni, Lym., below, 2.

39

23

above, 3.
arm joints in profile, 3.

ambigua, Lym., below, 5.
’ aah

29

notch of the disk in profile, with basal arm
joints, 2.

Jraterna, Lym., arm joints in profile, 3.

confragosa, Lym., below, %.

99

9?

orbiculata, Lym., below,

2

29

above, 9.
arm joints in profile, >.

Hip

above,
arm joints in profile, 4.

intorta, Lym., below, &.
8
iL

2?

99

above,
arm joints in profile, §.

Ophiomastus tegulitius, Lym., below, 48.

99

29

Ophiocten umbraticum, Lym., below

Pe]

3

99

22

”

”

pallidum, Lym.,

9

2

amitinum, Lym.

”

+P)

, below, 49°

above, 48.
profile of disk, 4°.

PLATE IX.

8
alte
above, 8.
arm joints in profile, 8.
below, %.
above, &.
arm joints on profile, 3.
if .
above, 49.
arm joints in profile, 49.

hastatum, Lym., arm joints in profile, §.

2

a notch of the disk with basal arm joints from
above, &.

Ophiotrochus panniculus, Lym., below, 4°.

29

bed

>

23

above, 49.

arm joints in profile, 1°.

338

Fig. 15. Ophiopyrgus wyville-thomson, Lym., below, 12

39

99

16.
Wie

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

ae
_ Pr disk in profile, 47.
se a above, 17.
PLATE X.
Ophiacantha tuberculosa, Lym., below, }?.
5 a above, 49.
: i arm joints in profile, 4°.
Ophiomitra dipsacos, Lym., below, $.
” 2 above, &.
* $5 arm joints in profile, ¢.
3 plicata, Lym., below, ¢.
» 7 above, {.
Hp +5 arm joints in profile, ¢.
- sarsu, Lym., below, }.
as ms above, >.
i A arm joints in profile, §.

Ophiosciasma attenuatum, Lym., above natural size.

PLATE XI.
Ophioceramis (2) obstricta, Lym., below, 1°.
% F above, 45.
. arm joints in profile, 1°.
a (2) clausa, Lym., below, 4%.
. im above, 4+.
nS a arm joints in profile, 1.
Ophiozona antillarum, Lym., below, 4.
5 * above, $.
% H arm joints in profile, $.
‘ imsularia, Lym., below, 1°.
a ie above, 49.
‘ m arm joints in profile, 1°.
Be stellata, Lym., below, ?.
e Xs above, %.
fy a arm joints in profile, ?.
e depressa, Lym., below, °.
a us above, &.

a » arm joints in profile, ¢.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

PLATE XII.

1. Ophiopyren brevispinus, Lym., below, 48.
2. A is above, 18.
3. ” 99 arm joints in profile, 48.
4 As longispinus, Lym., below, 1,2.
5 ” 5 above, 42.
6 ” 3 arm joints in profile, 4,2.
7. Ophiolebes scorteus, Lym., below, 1.
8 a Pe above, 19.
9. 9 3 arm joints in profile, 4°.
10. rs vestitus, Lym., below, &.
11. ” 95 above, &.
12. » ‘ arm joints in profile, &.
13. Ophiophyllum petilum, Lym., below, 19.
14. 2, FS above, 49.
15. p mS base of arm and edge of disk in profile, 1}
16. Ophiogeron edentulus, Lym., below, 42.
17. » i above, 42.
1s 3 53 arms Joints in profile, 42.

ca

PLATE XIII.

1. Ophiacantha troscheli, Lym., below, .

2. o +5 above, #.
3. a + arm joints in profile,
4 Pe stumulea, Lym., below, 8.
5 =F .; above, }.
6. ‘5 : arm joints in profile, 8.
7 s vepratica, Lym., below, 43.
8 + 3 above, 1,3.
9. 2: ss arm joints in profile, 13.
10. e sentosa, Lym., below, ?.
11. - 2 above, &.
12. . 5 arm joints in profile, ?.
ioe - cosnuca, Lym., below, ¢.
14. is x above, #4.

15. ” ,, arm joints in profile, #.

0

siete

339

340

—y ye ey

E

—
SP ON AO p

a

bo

FPS SONAR w

~)

Se

Sa) ees

—

eo Lo

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

PLATE XIV.

Ophiothamnus remotus, Lym., below, 2,9.
¢

a oe above, 2°.

_ - arm joints in profile, 2°.
Ophiomitra carduus, Lym., below, ¢.
i. - above, §.

arm joints in profile, §.

29 29

Ophiacantha granulosa, Lym., below, $.

>» » above, 8.

” » arm joints in profile, &.
Ophiocamax vitrea, Lym., below, ¢.

” 0» above, 4.

” 99 arm joints in profile, ¢.

PLATE XV.

Ophiacantha segesta, Lym., below, 2°.

” 33 above, 2°.
cornuta, Lym., below, &.
6 . above, §.
” 5 arm joints in profile, &.

serrata, Lym., below, 3.
above, 2.

9 2)

. : arm joints in profile, >,
3 cuspidata, Lym., below, ¢.

es ns above, #.

PLATE XVI.

Ophiosciasma attenuatum, Lym., below, ¢. (See also Pl. 10, fig. 13.)

~ g
- , above, }.
arm joints in profile, ?.

be) ee}

Amphiura iris, Lym., below, 49.

x above, 49.

Pa rs arm joints in profile 4°.
- argentea, Lym., below, 12.

i ie above, 42.

arm joints in profile, 42.

3B) 99

spines from tip of the arm seen from below,

” 99

12
1

Rios 11.
Pees
leh
4.
el:
uO:
pe llth
sy Alte
py ies

20.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 341

Amphiura constricta, Lym., below, 44.

399

39

7 above, 14.

“ arm spines, 1.
_ spines from tip of the arm, 1*.
vy ry i
acacia, Lym., below, 19.
» above, 4°.

» arm joints in profile, 1°.

Ophiobyrsa rudis, Lym., below, #.

3°

9

* above, #.
5 arm joints in profile, }.

PE ADH eX Ville

Fig. 1. Amphiura concolor, Lym. below, §.

eS eH
I te Re) eos! feos Soe

eo
ee 1S)
lel
5 WE
», 16.
ss 1

18.

99

39

above (the scaling should be more distinct), $.

23
™ arm joints in profile, ¢.
patula, Lym. below, ?,

- above (the scaling should be more distinct), }.

Ks arm joints in profile, ?.
canescens, Lym., below (the disk scales should be more distinct), 12.

P 5 12

above, 12.
iP arm joints in profile, 42.

duplicata (var.), Lym., below, 44.
above, 4.

bP)
- arm joints in profile (the spines are too
re slender), 14.

cernua, Lym., below, 17.
above, 42.

29

p arm joints in profile, 4?.

verrilli, Lym., below (the disk scales should be more distinct), 12.
above, 12.

2)

bP)

arm joints in profile (the spines are too slender), 1.

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1. Amphiura glauca, Lym., below, 17.

99

2)
(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART X1v.—1882.) O 44

ve above, 12.

ra arm joints in profile, 42.

papillose tentacles are

above, 4°. (The disk is folded as often seen in the

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8S. CHALLENGER.
4. Amphiura bellis, Lym., below, 4.
5. % rf above, 7.
6. <3 * arm joint in profile, 7.
he » macima, Lym., below, }.
ch a Pe above, §.
9. F * arm joint in profile, 8.
10, 3 Fe an under arm plate, 0"
dale » dalea, below, F.
ILD, i above, 7.
13. S arm joints in profile (spines are too slender), 7.
14. » capensis, Lin., below, $. (Referred by error to Lyman in the plate.)
15. a a3 above, &.
16. + i arm joints in profile, $
17. Ophiostigma africanum, Ljn., below, 2°.
18. = 2 above, 29.
19. * arm joint in profile, 2°.
PLATE XIX.
1. Amphilepis patens, Lym., below, §.
2. . " above, &.
3 - arm joint in profile, §.
4 Ophiocnida scabra, Lym., below, 47. (Some of the
protruded. )
De x iF above, 42.
6. 7 zs arm joint in profile, 1.
The * pilosa, Lym., below, 1+.
8. e above, 44.
9. re es arm joint in profile, 4.
10. Ophiomyces spathifer, Lym., below, 4°.
Wak. A ‘ 15
eenus. )
12. A Hs arm joint in profile, 1°.
1183, Fe grandis, Lym., below, $.
14, x i above, #.
NS: ss ¥ arm joint in profile, 4.
16. Ophiactis canotia, Lym., below, 1°.
We ps xs above, 19.
18. 5 a arm joint in profile, 19.

I
2.
3.
4.
Ds
6.
if
8.

.

s oo

.

SD GOR Go EN

1
Wik
12,
13.
14.
LG),

i)

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

PLATE XX.

Ophiactis flecuosa, Lym., below, 8.

L

” 3 above, 8.

” 3 arm joint in profile, §.

2 hirta, Lym., below, 42.

” ” above, 12.

9 os arm joint in profile, 4,2.
i» resiliens, Lym., below, &.

a2 ” above, §,

» gp arm joint in profile, §.

” cuspidata, Lym., below, 49.

2 » above, 49.

9 o arm joint in profile, 49.

56 poa, Lym., below, 12.

” > above, 3,2.

” a arm joint in profile, 47.

3 nama, Lym., below, 49.

” oA above, 10,

” 9 arm joint in profile, 49.

PLATE XXI.
Ophiothri« berberis, Lym., above, $.
below, §.

» »
i 5 arm joint in profile, ¢.

i” * arm spine, }.

i capillaris, Lym., below, $.

2 A above, #.

ae - arm joint in profile, $.
- arm spine, £.

_ aristulata, Lym., below, %.

¥ - above, $.

is , arm joint in profile, 3.
5 nF arm spine, §.

Ophiochondrus stelliger, Lym., below, 1°.
above, 19.

2? 9?

arm joint in profile, 1°.

> >

16. Ophiopeza aster, Lym., below, #.

ike
18.

i ae above, 2.

arm joints in profile, 2.

EP) 99

92

344

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

PLATE XXII

an arm spine, 4?.
thorny stump from the disk, 2°.

2

arm joints in profile, ?.

K

b
arm joints in profile near base, ?.
arm joints in profile near tip of arm, §.

and are only scattered grains ; so also in fig. 8).
(The granulation is too scattered.)
arm joints near base of arm, $.

arm, &

arm joints near tip of , 2.

PLATE XXIII.

arm joints in profile, }.

above, §.

arm joint in profile, &.

arm joints in profile, 3.

1. Ophiacantha nodosa, Lym., below, +.
2. ” 2 above, #.
3. 2? ”
4 » 6
5. Astrotoma murray, Lym., below, 2.
3
6. ” ” above, T:
7 ”? ”
8. Astroschema tunudum, Lym., below, }.
9. » Ps above, 8.
10. - .
i é F
12. » saliz, Lym., below $.
ile a ;
above §.
14, % ¢
Wiss, - =
1. Ophioconis antarctica, Lym., below, 3.
2. 33 3 above, >
By a ce
4, s pulverulenta, Lym., below, &.
5), - -
6. a ¥
7. Pectinura heros, Lym., below, #.
8. ~ above, 3.
8). aE =
10. » arenosa, Lym., below, +.
11. ” x above, 7.
12. e

arm joint in profile, 7.

13. Ophiopholis japonica, Lym., below, 4.

above 7.
arm joint in profile, 7.

above, ?.

14, eS ”

MiG om »

16. Ophiochiton lentus, Lym., below, 3.
ile 3 33

18. 5 ”

arm joint in profile, }.

(The apparent mouth papille are too large,

ee
de

.

so ES)

aul fen oe L=

fel

—
—

Ie
13.
14.
15.
16.
Wie
18.

~)

1

So %

ae
se 2x co Spe ts ee

E

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

345

PLATE XXIV.

Ophioscolex tropicus, Lym., below, 8.

above, 8.

99 39
3 5

3 dentatus, Lym., below, %.
7” i above, %.

bP) bed

arm joints in profile, §.

arm joints in profile,

Ophioplinthus medusa, Lym., below, #.

hia@~

ren

4

cy
arm joints in profile, ¢.

(The division of the mouth is a fracture

and not constant.)

(The originals of O. medusa and O. grisea,

were covered with a thick skin, but were partially
dried to exhibit the plates.)

’ A above,

be) be)

“ grisea, Lym., below, *

A Pe above 4,

an es arm joint
Ophiochiton fastigatus, Lym., below,

a x above,

33 bP)

Ophiernus vallincola, Lym., below, 8.

99 >

99 be)

above, §.

s in profile, +.
4
+.
4
4.

arm joints in profile, #.

arm Joints in profile, 8.

PLATE XXYV.

Ophiacantha levispina, Lym., below,
= a above,
99 39

imago, Lym., below, 9.

above, ?.

99 99

a ey arm joint
Bs longidens, Lym, below,
= a above,
99 2°

. rosea, Lym., below, ?.
5 - above, 3.
be) 99

upper, under, and side arm plates with the spines, §

10

T=:
10
Tae

LO

arm joint from above, 19.

in profile, °.
20
1.

20
Ll:

arm joint from above, 2,°.

a

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

PLATE XXVI.

29

1. Ophiacantha discoidea, Lym., below, ?.

2. ‘ r above, ?.

Bi. x » «arm joints in profile, +

4, 5 abnormis, Lym., below, #.

By, - ae above, #.

6. 3 ¥, arm joint in profile, 4.

(he is valenciennesi, Lym., below, &.

8. F if above, &.

9. Ophiomitra normant, Lym., below, 2.

10. - a above, 3.

ilgte *e 7 arm joint in profile, }.

12. Ophiothrix cespitosa, Lym., below, %.

iL8y. a # above, %.

ay # ee arm joint in profile.
PLATE XXVII.

1. Ophiocymbium cavernosum, Lym., below, 8. (The mouth angle is not correct :
there should be a close line of three mouth
papillze on each side, and a large tentacle
socket within the side mouth shield.)

2. > 5; above, 8 (The upper arm plates are too
large and long.)

3. s 5 arm joints in profile, $. (These are drawn
upside down.)

4. Ophiactis pectorale, Lym., below, 9.

5 - He above, %.

6. : cs arm joint in profile, $.

7. Ophiopeza equalis, Lym., below, 3. .

8 5 ” above, #. (The granulation is too spaced.)

9. A a arm joints in profile, #.

10. Ophiambix aculeatus, Lym., below, 48. (The side mouth shields should be

narrower at their outer ends.)

11. 27 ” above, 16.
2. a2 ” arm joint in profile, 49.

Fig. 1. Ophiotholia supplicans,

+B}

5. Ophiohelus pellucidus,

6. »
dic ;
8. ”
9. ”?

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 347

PLATE XXVIII.

Lym.,

Lym.,

10
1:

30
T°

75
io

10
LT:

10

H

HIS

40
Te

50
Ti

10
re

The entire animal seen in profile, with its

arms and disk stretched upward and
its mouth angles turned downward, and
outward, and armed with their mouth
papille like those of Ophiomyces. On
the outer arm joints are the small
parasol spines.

Mouth seen from below, showing the spike-

like teeth, the foliate, imbricated mouth
papilla, and the two sets of mouth
tentacles.

Ninth arm joint from below, showing the

side arm plates bearing ordinary spines
and within them a bunch of parasol
spines. From the large pores issue long
smooth tentacles, each protected by a
spine-like scale. On drying the specimen
there would appear along the central ridge
the juncture of the side arm plates.

A single parasol spine mounted on its

mamelon.

From below, showing the long mouth ten-
tacles, and the absence of parasol spines

near the base of the arm.

From above. The extremely thin disk scales
are barely visible by a cross light. The

arm bones are in two parallel pieces.

Ninth, tenth, and eleventh arm joints stripped
of skin. On the ninth are three common
and one parasol spine. On the other two
joints are only the latter sort, arranged in
a double row.

A common arm spine treated with potash,
to show that it is composed of two parallel
spicules, like a disk spine of Ophiohelus
umbella.

A parasol spine, mounted on its mamelon,
and stripped of its skin bag.

348

THE VOYAGE OF H

Fig. 10. Ophiohelus umbella, Lym., >>. A

.M.S. CHALLENGER.

joint close to tip of arm, digested with
potash ; seen from above. On the upper
side is the film-like upper arm plate pierced
with numerous holes; to the right and left
of it is a side arm plate, alsoof open structure,
and having a spime ridge which consists of
two or three crowded, irregular rows of
elongated mamelons, On the right these
mamelons are shown carrying thew parasol
spines. Underneath are the curious, curved,
translucent bars that are the two halves of
the arm bone, united only at their articu-
lating ends.

ee fal, * 5 79. Scales of disk, one of them bearing a minute spine
cleaned with potash to show their open struc-
ture, and the mode of growth of the spines.
» 12. Ophiochytra epigrus, Lym., below, %. (The mouth angle is not correct.
There should be a small jaw plate at the apex,
the outer mouth papilla should be larger, and
the first under arm plate slightly forked.)
Pee lioe z above 9.
xy) EE . - arm joints in profile 9.
» 15. Ophiacantha placentigera, Lym., below, 2.
Pel: x above, 8.
al fe ” . arm joints in profile, }.
PLATE XXIX.
Fig. 1. Amphiura angularis, Lym., below, %.
es _ Fe above, 8.
a3 g, . arm spines, ®.
es * dilatata, Lym., below, 43.
yy ie - ss above, 44.
aes s = aside arm plate with its spines in profile, 4.
nos Ie 5 lanceolata, Lym., below, with one arm complete, 1.
ease ¥ Pe above, with one arm complete, 1\*.
BOs 5 53 a side arm plate with its spines in profile, 14.
5) Os 55 tomentosa, Lym., below, ?.
Aa lg 3 ¥ above, 2.
ye ee 53 _ a side arm plate with its spines in profile, ?.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 349

PLATE XXX.

Fig. 1. Astroschema horridum, Lym., below, with one arm complete, 4.

we - Fe above, #.

eo: 53 5 arm joint near base of arm, #.

5, ak e Be arm joint some distance along the arm, &.

OS es brachiatum, Lym., below, §.

pee 2 - a above with one arm complete, §.

ete > . arm joint near base of arm in profile, &.

7 OG 33 e arm joint some distance along the arm in
profile, &.

PLATE XXXI.
(The alcoholic specimens were allowed partially to dry, and the outlines are, therefore,
too sharp.)
Fig. 1. Ophiocreas carnosus, Lym., below, 2.
5 L y 1

Ho ms above, 3. (The disk should be more wrinkled
and fleshy.)
3k ¥ - arm joint near base of arm, 3.
>» 4 _ - arm joint near tip of arm, 2.
Be DS * adipus, Lym., below, 4.
ay i - above, #.
i. x Me arm joint near base of arm, &.
peace rs arm joint near tip of arm, ¢.

PLATE XXXII.

(The alcoholic specimens were allowed partially to dry, and the outlines are, therefore,
too sharp.)
Fig. 1. Ophiocreas abyssicola, Lym., above, +. (The radial shields are too strongly
marked, and they do not go to the centre.)

ak eh se i below, ¢. (The mouth angle is incorrect ; there
are no mouth papillz, only irregular grains.)

eo - x3 arm joint near base of arm, %.

eo ad: * re arm joint near tip of arm, °.

ee we rs caudatus, Lym., below, 2.

are oe 5 © i above, ?.

ae eT ‘a * arm joint near base of arm, ?.

So Step a . arm joint near tip of arm, %.

(ZOOL, CHALL. PXP,—PART x1v.—1882.) O 45

350

1
2
3
4
5
» 6, »
7
8
9
0

I
a2

03
_

3s

cit)

93

oa
HSL ON Aa wp

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

2

9

39

glabra, Lym., below,

99

99

PLATE XXXIII.

. Astroschema rubrum, Lym., below,
above,
arm joint near base of arm, +.

Bie ele

4

arm joint near tip of arm, 4.

. Amphiura incana, Lym., below, #.

above, 8.
side arm plate in profile with spines, §.

12

as

2
above, 47.
side arm plate in profile with spines, 17.

12

PLATE XXXIV.

bP

be)

”

5

33

. Astroceras pergamena, Lym., below, #. The mouth angle is incorrect; there

are no mouth papilla, only irregular grains.
above, 3.
arm joint near base of arm, ?.
arm joint midway of arm, %.
arm joint near tip of arm, 2.

. Astroclon propugnatoris, Lym., entire animal in profile, +.

below, +.

above, 4.

arm joint near base of arm, +.
arm joint beyond first fork, }.
arm joint at tip of twig, 49.

PLATE XXXV.

(For further remarks on this plate, see generic descriptions of Astrophyton and Euryale.)

Figs. 1-16. Huryale aspera, Link.

3)

”

Fig. 1. Luryale aspera, Link., ¢.

17-25. Astrophyton costosum, Seba.
26. Gorgonocephalus agassizi, Lym. (Marked A. costosum on the plate.)

A mouth angle with skin removed to show the large

side mouth shields (6), jaws (c), jaw-plate (e), mouth papille (d), and
teeth (d”), under arm plate (1), side arm plate (?).

10.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 351

¢. A mouth angle from above, with its massive frames (f) and very large,
swollen, peristomial plate (v), jaw (c), socket of first mouth tentacle (r’).

?. Radial shield (/) and genital plate (0) in place, with the strong nodular
pieces connecting them with the under arm plates (7). Beyond are arm
bones in profile. The position of the genital opening is indicated by a
dotted line ; genital scale (), side mouth shield (6).

{. Two joints near base of arm, in profile, dried; side arm plates (7), bearing
tentacle scales (q), and continued upward by a double row of small pieces (/).
On the upper surface are the peculiar dorsal spines (2).

7. Skin of one side of an arm joint, flattened and seen from the inside, to show

the side arm plate (7); the double row of pieces homologous with an upper

arm plate (7); the dorsal spine (z), and the piece, under the skin, which

carries it (7’).

Lower surface of arm at fifth fork from the tip, to show the Ophiuran-like
under arm plate (/), and the side plates (¢) bearing tentacle scales (or arm
spines).

19. Upper surface of arm, at fifth fork from the tip, with the last dorsal
spines (2).

7, Terminal twigs of the arm nearly in profile, exhibiting the dorsal spines (2),
and the elongated, flap-like side arm plates (7), which bear hooks or club
spines (q).

59, Three arm joints near end of arm, in profile but somewhat tipped, so as to

HA

show the transition from tentacle hooks to the corresponding club spines.
On one side there are only hooks (q), supported by elongated side arm
plates (7). On the other, the club spines already are formed ; and these,
in turn, gradually take the peg-like shape seen in fig. 6 ; dorsal spine (2).

190, Upper view of a joint from tip of arm (7), the much elongated and partly
free side arm plate, bearing terminal hooks (g). There is a superficial granu-
lation but no upper plate.

100, A similar joint in profile, showing the free side arm plate (7), with its two
terminal tentacle hooks (q).

100, Elongated side arm plate (2), and its two hooks (q), froma terminal joint
of the arm.

+. Outer face of an arm bone, with its characteristic horizontal hour-glass pro-
jection (y).

+, Inner face of an arm bone with its vertical hour-glass projection (8).

+, Outer face of an arm bone just where the arm forks. The projection (y) is
much widened.

352 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Fig. 16. 4. Inner face of the next bone beyond, already nearly divided, and with a
double hour-glass projection (8).

17. Astrophyton costosum, Seba, 2. A mouth angle and parts of the interbrachial
spaces and under side of an arm, with the skin removed to show the under-
lying hard parts. On the outer part of the interbrachial space is a region of
naked skin, which is replaced along the arm by large plates, attached to those
of the side arm (2). There are no under arm plates beyond the first (1) nor
are there any tentacle pores, the large holes (7’) being only spaces between the
plates; side mouth shields (b), jaw (c), continuing the mouth frames; jaw
plate (e), tooth papillae (d’).

, 18. 2% Skeleton of one angle of the disk seen from above, the roof being removed
and the radial shields (7) turned up and outwards. The inner portion of the
interbrachial space is plated; genital plate (0), genital scale (), mouth-
frame (f'), peristomial plate (v), first mouth tentacle (7’), jaws (c), jaw plate
(e), spine-like tooth (d”).

» 19. 4°. Two joints near the tip of a twig, with the double rows of grains and hooks

which stand on the thick triangular side arm plates.

20. 4°. <A joint, near tip of arm, in profile (q), a tentacle hook (tentacle scale) just
formed, and standing on a side arm plate (7), which also bears a continuation

29

of the double row of grain hooks.

» 21. 49. (The figure should be turned so that the longer diameter is vertical.) A
joint half a dozen forks from the end of the arm. The tentacle hooks have
fallen, and the surface is granulated except a part of the side arm plate (¢) in
front of which is a tentacle pore.

22, 40, A joint from a small twig, in profile showing three tentacle hooks (q)
standing on a side plate (2) and changing to blunt spines. The surface
granulation is a development of that seen in younger stages.

23. 4. Skeleton of a mouth angle seen in profile from the brachial side ;
(x), articulating surface to the neighbouring similar angle next which are
seen the vertical canals of the radial water tube, and the radial nerve
mouth frames (f), peristomial piece (v), sockets for the first and second
mouth tentacles (7” and 7”), jaw (c), jaw plate (e).

4. Outer face of an arm bone with its horizontal hour-glass projection (7).
5. 4. Inner face of an arm bone with its vertical hour-glass projection ({).

», 26. Gorgonocephalus agassizi, Lym., #. An arm bone from below, showing the
position of the tentacle sockets (7, 7).

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 353

PLATE XXXVI.

(All the figures, except 19, are from very young specimens. For further remarks on
this plate, see generic description of Gorgonocephalus.)

Fig. 1. 49. Gorgonocephalus agassizii, Lym. A very young individual, having a disk

little more than 2 mm. in diameter, seen from below. In the inner portion

the

madreporic shield, or plate. All other plates of the lower surface are

of the right lower interbrachial space there should be a small pimple,

concealed by the skin, though those of the back are distinct. There is, as
yet, but one full fork to the arm, and the beginning of a second. Curved
tentacle scales are continued quite to the base of the arm. The fewness of
the forks and their distance from the disk bring to mind Tvrichaster.

» 2. 79. Two mouth angles and the beginning of an arm of avery young specimen,
dried ; side mouth shields (0).

» 3 79. The same specimen seen from above, with the base of an arm. On the
back of the disk may be seen the primary plates (g) with lines of granules
between them ; and scales along the edge of the disk and on the upper side
of the arm. ;

» 4. 4%. Tip of arm of a young specimen. The side arm-plates (7) are already
formed, and the hooks.

» 9. 7%. The same, from above, with two additional joints. The side arm plates
(z) still occupy the whole surface ; but, on the central line, a small scale,
homologous with the upper arm plate, is just forming. Later, it adds to
itself many similar scales. (See fig. 15.)

6. 4°. Lower surface of an arm near tip of a twig, showing the side arm plates,
bearing their hooks. This and the other figures of arm joints represent
preparations dried to show the details of the plates.

» 7. 4°. Upper surface of a joint from near the tip of a twig, showing the side arm
plates, and, between them, thin irregular scales, the homologues of an upper
arm plate.

8. 49. <A side arm plate in profile, near the tip of a twig, bearing its hooks.
9. 49. A side arm plate, im profile, near the tip of a twig, showing some grains
near its edge ; also a simple hook, which will later be mounted on a grain.

10. 4°. Two joints in profile, somewhat further in than fig. 9. The arm has
already risen considerably above the side arm plates (¢) which bear, on their
outer edge, tentacle hooks or scales (q) and, above, two grain hooks ; while
on the body of the arm are three more grain hooks.

11. 4%. Arm joint in profile, two forks from the tip, and more developed than in
fig. 10. The tentacle hooks (¢) have grown thick; and the grain hooks have
left the side arm plate (7), and stand only on the arm grains.

354 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Fig. 12. 45. Lower side of fig. 11, showing the triple under arm plate (A).

, 13. 19°, A grain of the arm, from a terminal twig, bearmg a rudimentary hook,
which has not yet begun to bend, and exhibits its building by irregular lime
spicules.

, 14. 129, A tentacle hook from near the tip of a twig, in profile, showing the holes
of growth, which indicate its formation by two parallel spicule. (See also
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii. part’ 10, pl. iii. fig. 10.)

, 15. 4°. Last fork of the arm, from above. The delicate, tuberculated scaling is a
further growth of that shown in fig. 7. One tentacle hook may be seen on
each side arm plate.

, 16. 4°. The same fork, from below, showing the large side arm plates meeting on
the median line.

,» 17. 42. Two angles of the disk of a very young specimen, from below. The plates
of the interbrachial space (see fig. 2), as well as those of the back, are covered
by a granulation, which does not, however, hide the genital plate and scale
(0, n) nor the single madreporic shield (a). The large side arm plates (7)
carry tentacle scales, which have changed from the form of hooks (figs. 10)
to that of rough-ended spines the triple under arm plates (/, h); the first
one is, however, single; side mouth shield (b), jaw (c), jaw plate (e),
tooth papille (d’).

18. 2°. The skeleton of two mouth angles, from above, and of the intervening arm
with the genital plates (0). Between their inner ends begin the mouth
frames (f), outside which are two arm bones; peristomial plates (v), divided
in halves; a division more or less observable also in the adult, and differing
from the single bone in Kuryale aspera (Pl. XXXYV. fig. 2, v). The
small angle piece sometimes considered the first under arm plate (v’), jaw (c),
jaw plate (e), tooth papillae in a single row (d’), mouth tentacles of the
first and second pairs, dried and shrivelled (7”, 7’’).

» 19. 4. Mouth angle of an adult, with the base of an arm, and the madreporic shield
(a), side mouth shield (b), jaw (c), jaw plate (e), tooth papille (d’),
side arm plate divided in two (2), tentacle pore (7). The rest of the mosaic on
the lower side of the arm is the broken under arm plates.

PLATE XXXVIL.

Plates XXXVII.—XLIIT. represent the internal hard parts, or skeletons, of Ophiurans.
Their treatment is nearly uniform. One brachial and portions of the neighbouring
interbrachial spaces are presented; and that part of the roof of the disk is shown as if

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA.

it had been lifted and turned outwards, so as to expose its under surface.

355

The soft

tissues are removed, though, in some cases, the muscles between the arm bones have

been left.

Besides this there usually are given views of the outer and inner faces of an

arm bone, from near the disk ; and sometimes a view in profile, or from above, or below.

The same notation is everywhere used as follows :—

a, Mouth shield.

c, Jaw.

d, Mouth papillae; @’, tooth papille ; d’, teeth.

e, Jaw plate.

f, Mouth frame, 7’, f’, upper and lower hinges |
joining a mouth frame to its neighbour.

g, Central primary plate; g’ brachial primary
plate.

h, Under arm plate.

2, Side arm plate.

j, Upper arm plate.

Z, Radial shield.

n, Genital scale.

o, Genital plate.

p, Arm spines.

7, tentacle socket; 7’,r”, sockets of first and second mouth
tentacles.

s, Marginal scales or disk plates.

f, Lower arm canal; ¢’ upper arm canal.

u, Circular nerve ring canal.

v, Peristomial plate; v',angle piece (first underarm plate?).

w, Lower muscle field of arm bone ; w”, upper muscle
field ; w’, the arm bone as a whole.

6, Ovarial bursa.

1, Articulating umbo on the inner face of an arm bone.

2, Articulating knobs on the inner face of an arm bone.

3, Hole to receive the articulating peg of the outer face.

4, Shoulder on the outer face to receive the umbo.

5, Holes in the outer face to receive the knobs.

6, Articulating peg.

For a more detailed treatment of the plates, see the descriptions of the genera

referred to.

Fig. 1. Ophiura elaps (2), Ltk., #
a ar i" 6,
» 3. ” ” §
» 4. Ophiopepale goesiana, Lin., 1°.
1 6 % % 29,
LO X ¥ 29.
» 7. Ophiolepis cincta, Mill & Tr., &.
mH tk 3 + 18,
ee ena: 5 is 18,
» 10. Ophioplocus imbricatus, Lym., §.
see. +5 5 1.
ake 5 % 12,
» 13. Ophiozona impressa, Lym., §.
» 14. 53 3 1s.
op Uli * 55 1s,

Inner face of an arm bone.

Expedition of United States steamer ‘ Blake.”
Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.
_ The peculiar elongated arm bones (w’).
Outer face of an arm bone. Its unusual height

and complex outlines will be noticed.

Inner face of an arm bone.

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.

Outer face of an arm bone.

The umbo is very
large and the bone wide.

556

Fig. 16. Ophioceramis januarn, Lym.,

12

pearly: - . 2.
2

2? 18. 9 29 12,

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

This and the three preceding genera have
massive genital plates, with a small genital
scale attached near the inner end.

Outer face of an arm bone. The lozenge-
shaped depressions on each side of the
articulating peg are peculiar.

Inner face of an arm bone.

PLATE XXXVIII.

Fig. 1. Ophioplinthus medusa, Lym., §.
ae 2 ; i
eK! A : 7"
» 4 39 a 12
» 9 » * 12
,, 6. Ophiernus vallincola, Lym., §.
Rey iar. . 12
>» 8. _ a 12,
7 eee ‘ a
, 10. Ophioglypha lymani, Lyn., 7.
eit . A 10,
ea: . at
ee! : : 10,

» 14. a bullata, Lym., 4}.
yee i ¥ 18,
5 b : 18,
ibe . £ 1.
,, 18. Ophiocten sericeum, Lym., %.
EeiGea. oe ; 16,

” 20. ” 5 18,
mI, se :

,, 22. Ophioglypha deshayesi, Lym., 8.
pean: : : 10.
hos x 4 10.
25. : 7 vo.

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.
Under side of an arm bone (¢’ should be ¢).
Upper side of an arm bone (¢ should be 7’).

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner surface of an arm bone.
Arm bone from below, peculiar in its three-

sided outline; the small tentacle sockets
(7) and the irregular lower canal (¢).

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.
Profile view of an arm bone.

Outer face of an arm bone.
Tnner face of an arm bone.
Profile view of an arm bone.

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.
16, Profile view of an arm bone.

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.
Profile view of an arm bone.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 3o7

PLATE XXXIX.

1. Ophiolipus agassizii, Lym., >.
2. ” ” ae
3. ” ” ae

Exp. U. 8. Str. “ Blake.”
Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.

4. Ophiopyren longispinus, Lym., 1% (congispinus, by error in the plate).

) 9)

29 ”

20
”» ” 170
2
9 29 ” gies
10. Ophiomusium serratum, Lym.,
il, os validum, Lyjn., 3
1 2. 9 bed
Be ” 29

14. Ophiomastus secundus, Lym., *8.

15. Ophiochata mixta, Lym., 49.

2
16. 55 3 1.

2
ie ” 5) SG :

24, Outer face of an arm bone.
24. Inner face of an arm bone.

Outer face of an arm bone.

Inner face of an arm bone.
10
eo.
i. Outer face of anarm bone. By error sevra-
éum in plate.
10, Inner face of an arm bone.

10, Profile view of an arm bone.
8

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.

PLATE XL.

ter face of an arm bone.

Inner face of an arm bone.

24. Outer face of an arm bone.
24, Inner face of an arm bone.

1. Ophiopsila riisei, Ltk., 12.

2. 3 es 20, Ou

3: ” ” ae

4, Ophiophragmus wurdemani, Lym., 1°.
oO »9 »

6. P) ”

Te 5p ”

8. Hemipholis cordifera, Lym.,

g). S 53
10. 9 99
Wile 2) 2

(ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART XIv.—1882.)

l?2, A wing of a mouth frame showing the
peculiar ridges on the interbrachial
side for the attachment of the outer
inter-mouth frame muscles.

15.

29. Outer face of an arm bone.

29. Tnner face of an arm bone.

29. Disk of a very small specimen from above to

illustrate the first appearance of radial
shields (7) just outside the brachial primary

plates (g’).
O 46

Fig.

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

12. Hemipholis cordifera, Lym., %*. Young with a disk only 5 mm. in diameter,
from above, showing the primary plates
(g.g'). Noradial shields have yet appeared.
13. Ophaionereis reticulata, Ltk., 49.
14. - 3 15. Outer face of an arm bone.
15: a4 es 15. Inner face of an arm bone. Observe the
hollow process above the umbo (1).
16. Amphiura bellis, Lym., 47.
lie 5 ee 24. Outer face of an arm bone.
18. 7 P 24. Inner face of an arm bone.
19. Amphilepis norvegica, Ljn., 1*.
PLATE XLI.
1. Ophiopeza fallax, Pet., 49. The interbrachial scaling is omitted.
2. ag 19, Outer face of an arm bone.
Bh Bp a 19. Inner face of an arm bone.
4, Ophiomitra valida, Lym., 4°. Bones of a mouth angle from above, with the
first arm bone (w’); also the genital plate
(0) and scale (7) in position: and a radial shield
(7) turned somewhat from the arm.
5. >, - 10. Outer face of an arm bone.
6. be ¥ 19, Inner face of an arm bone.
7. Ophioplax Fungmani, Lym., }1.

8. Ophiolebes scorteus, Lym., 4°.
9. Ophiocamax hystrix, Lym., §.

10. BS 10. Outer face of an arm bone.
dil = PA 19, Inner face of an arm bone.
12. Ophiacantha cuspidata, Lym., ?.

By i = 9. Outer face of an arm bone.
14. a o ®. Inner face of an arm bone.

PLATE XLII.

1. Ophiothamnus vicarius, Lym., 2%. The peculiar genital plate (0) placed on top

of the arm. The walls of the ovarial bursze

(0,5), composed of lime scales.

Fig.

or

8)
10.
Lil,
12.

99

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 359

Ophioscolex glacialis, Mill. & Tr., 4°

i:

10
160

10

1:

Two arm bones (w’) and a bit of the
skin of the disk, close to its margin,
to show the very small genital plate
(0), genital scale (n), and radial

shield (/).

A mouth angle, with the bases of two

arms, from above showing the very
large peristomial plate, in three
pieces (v,v) and the simple, rounded
mouth frames (/).

A mouth angle with the bases of two

arms, from below, the skin being
removed to show the underlying
plates, of which the first under arm
plate (4) is large and bears two

papillee.

. Ophiothriz quinquemaculata, Mill. & Tr., &.

93

29

9

Ophiocoma ethiops, Ltk.,

99

9°

39

bP)

29

echinata, Agas., 3

Rieo Reo Heo

19. Outer face of an arm bone.

10. Inner face of an arm bone. See
forward process above umbo(1).

%, (The figure should be placed
vertically.) A mouth angle
in profile, exhibiting the large
mouth tentacles (r,r), the
attachment of a fold of the
stomach (St) to the upper
point of the jaw; and the jaw
plate bearing tooth papillee
(d’), and shorter teeth (d”).

Outer face of an arm bone.
Inner face of an arm bone.
Base of an arm, in profile, with the bases of

spines (p,p), the radial shield (/), genital

plate (0), and the base of its scale (7).

Chewing apparatus seen in profile; hinges

(7,7) attaching this piece to its fellow on
the brachial side; within these are seen

the sockets of the two mouth tentacles.

360 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Fig. 14. Ophiocnemis marmorata, Mill. & Tr., 49. Skeleton of the base of an arm, with
portions of two mouth angles seen
from above. The great radial
shield (/) is pushed on one side to
show the underlying parts.

15. y 45 10, An angle of the mouth, with parts
of two arm joints seen from below.

» 16. Ophiostigma isacanthum, Lym., 2. The genital plates (0) he on top of the arm

as in Ophiothamnus.

PLATE XULIIL

Fig. 1. Ophiomyxa flaccida, Ltk., 49. A side arm plate (7), having thorny arm spines
(p) and continued by broken pieces homo-
logous with an upper arm plate (7).

aye - 53 10, An under arm plate, seen from above; one
side of tentacle socket (7).
fo oA 3 re 10, Two side arm plates (7,7), and an under arm

plate (2), seen from above and inside. The
dark spot is the hole for the tentacle.

» 4. Sigsbera murrhina, Lym., *.

nie 5 a §. Outer face of an arm bone. The structure of the
joint resembles that of the Astrophytons.

ro * < 8. Inner face of an arm bone.

9°

» 7. Henieuryale pustulata, V. Mart., 1.

Ae, Uaiiey r " 18. Outer faces of an arm bone.
me OE * Bp 18, Inner face of an arm bone.
re OE a . 18. Side view of an arm bone. Its length

and massiveness are characteristic.
», ll. Ophiochondrus convolutus, Lym., 43.

mle * A 29. Outer face of an arm bone.

4, leh a 29. Inner face of an arm bone.

eeaita Me 5 29, Under side of an arm bone.

ve toh a 5 29. Upper side of an arm bone. Both

figures show the exceptional length
and massiveness.

Fig.

”

D2

16

1. Astroschema oligactes, Ltk., 19

bo

. Ophiobyrsa rudis, Lym.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 361

29

29

3

10
late

, 3. The plastron-like genital plate (0) coming high on
the arm, having a horn-like scale soldered to it
(n) is peculiar, as is the large, closely-attached
peristomial plate (v).

Outer face of an arm bone.

19, Inner face of an arm bone.

PLATE XLIV.

1:

10
Tie

A mouth angle, with its two neighbouring
mouth frames (f), and one arm bone from
above. The massive radial shield (/) is
turned on one side, exposing the thick
genital plate (0) with its elementary scale
(n). The angle piece (v) is very con-
spicuous. In simplicity and massiveness,
the skeleton has some likeness to that of
Hemieuryale.

Outer face of an arm bone, with a joint of
the true Astrophyton type. 4 is the hollow
corresponding to the articulating shoulder
among Ophiurans.

Inner face of an arm bone. 1 is the modified
umbo of the Ophiurans.

Arm plates of one joint, viewed diagonally ;
under arm plate (/), side arm plate (7),
tentacle holes (7), broken pieces corre-
sponding to upper arm plates (7). The
entire arrangement is like that found in
Ophiomyaa.

A joint, about three-fourths out on the arm,
in profile. The granulated skin is slit to
show the side arm plate (?), carrying a
large tentacle scale (spine), and the pieces
above. From behind it protrudes the
tentacle (r). At this point there is no
under arm plate, or, at the most, a
granule,

362

Fig.

”

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

6. Ophiomyces frutectosus, Lym., 1°.

i 10
(fo ” 39 ate
10
8 ” ”
10
9 ” ” elie

10. Astrogomphus vallatus, Lym., +.

4

11. 2? ” aie
¢ 4
WA 9 20 ise

13. Hemipholis cordifera, Lym., 4°.

Disk and base of an arm seen diagonally from

above, showing the large genital openings,
with their wide, thin plates (0) and scales
(n). The disk scaling is uniform showing
no radial shields ; arm spines (7).

Skeleton of the base of an arm, with a mouth

angle. A piece of the disk roof is turned
up to show its under side, which ex-
hibits no trace of radial shields. This
lack is almost unique among Ophiurans.
The very wide, thin genital plates (0) are
striated lengthwise, which shows that
they are built up like arm spines, and are
not composed of soldered plates.

Outer face of an arm bone which 1s pecu-

liar in its simplicity, and in lacking the
articulating peg.

Inner face of an arm bone, with its pecu-

liar umbo (1).

A genital plate (0) and radial shield (7) in

profile showing that the latter is composed
partly of soldered scales, as in Gorgonoce-
phalus.

A portion of skin from back of disk, seen from

back of disk, seen from the inside, with a
pair of radial shields (/), and the mosaic
of the skin, the central part of which is
curled up showing some of the spikes.

Skeleton of a mouth angle from above.

Next the peristomial plate (v) is the angle
piece. The mouth frames (f) are like
those of Astroschema, and approach also
those of Ophioscolex,

(Figs. 13 to 16 are from drawings by the late

Professor H. J. Clark, made in Charleston,
S. C., in 1852, when an assistant of
Professor Agassiz.) Mouth and one angle
of the disk of a living specimen: mouth
shield (a), side mouth shield (b), jaw (c), jaw

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 363

plate (e), teeth (d”), under arm plate (/),
first under arm plate (4’); lip, or marginal
membrane of the mouth (7), tentacle scale
(q), scale of the second mouth tentacle (q’)
(the dotted line ends on a retracted
tentacle) ; the papillose tentacle (7), second
mouth tentacle(7”).

Fig. 14. Hemipholis cordifera, Lym., about 12°, Longitudinal section of a tentacle,
showing it to be hollow but imper-
forate. Professor Clark notes three
component membranes, or layers ;
and the peculiar (muscular?) spiral
semi-partitions, whose function is
doubtless to retract the organ.

Hoe aloe Ps a about 12°, Part of a tentacle, showing the
rounded end and the papillae.
paltGs * - An ege taken from the animal in

January, Professor Clark notes
that it has a bluish-grey appear-
ance, and is densely filled with
minute yolk-granules.

PLATE XLV.
(For further observations see the descriptions of the genera and species referred to.)

Fig. 1. Ophioglypha hexactis, E. A. Smith, § Vertical cross-cut of a large viviparous ?
parallel to and a little beside the axis of one arm, and through the
edge of the opposite interbrachial space. Above are seen two young
(Y,¥’) with fragments of arms cut off belonging to them, or to others.
One is a tip (near Y’) showing the terminal tentacle tube. Threads
(Sin) from the roof, supporting the digestive empty cavity ; fold ofa bursa
(5) ; section of the aboral, or marginal canal (/b), to the left of which is
the abductor muscle through whose bundles is thrust the tip of the
arm of a young, here seen in section; a portion of the genital scale cut
lenethwise (7) ; genital plate (0) ; lower part of the ovarial bursa (6); a
fold of the digestive cavity pressing into the bursa (Sf); spines attached to
slice of a side arm plate (p, p); section of part of the inter-mouth frame
muscle (f;m); water ring (f, b) ; inner periheemal canal (fc) ; canal of the

ring nerve (wv), a section of which is below, while above is seen the smaller

364 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

aboral blood ring; the stomach sphincter (du) pierced by a ring canal ;
inter-jaw muscle (em); second mouth tentacle (7”), above which is the
first, marked (7’) on the opposite side; irregular teeth or tooth papillae (d’) ;
jaw plate (e); tentacle scales of the mouth (q); lower inter-arm bone
muscle (w); lower arm canal (¢); upper arm canal (¢’); water tubes to the
tentacles (rt) ; upper arm plate (J).

Fig. 2. Gorgonocephalus pourtalesii, Lym., ?. Vertical cross-cut through part of the
disk of a $: digestive cavity (St) with
its radiating arm lobes (S¢’), and upper
lobes (S#’’); the ovaries (3), with which
the disk is festooned, and of which
many are attached to the radiating
lobes of the digestive cavity ; stomach
sphincter (du); (6f), partial ring
canal made by a ligament attaching
the floor of the digestive cavity to the
upper part of the mouth frames (/) ;
first and second mouth tentacles (7”,7”);
papillee of mouth (d).

Horizontal cross-cut through a portion of

US
S
HH

the disk, just above the arms, passing
through the radial shields (/), the
ovarial lobes (0), and radiating lobes
of the digestive cavity (S¢#’”), and ex-
posing the digestive cavity (St) and its
sphincter (dw); genital opening (no).
section, inclined from the vertical, to
show the interior of one brachial and

Hire
>

two interbrachial spaces, above the
mouth, looking from the centre out-
ward. The digestive cavity is cut
through on its floor (St) just at the
sphincter; and again above where it
passes into the thin lobes (S¢’, S¢”),
which below are strongly attached to
the outer angle of the mouth frames.
(Am) upper surface of an arm with a
lobe of the digestive cavity (S?’)
attached to it.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 365

Fig. 5. Gorgonocephalus pourtalesti, Lym., 4,9. Horizontal cross-cut of the end of an
ovarial lobe, showing its wall, and the egg clusters, each of which is sur-
rounded by a membrane.

» 6. Huryale aspera, Link,, $. Vertical cross-cut of the disk, passing near one arm,
on the right; and about through the centre of an
interbrachial space, on the left. Above is the
digestive cavity with its radiating membranous
partitions, and a much expanded genital opening
(zo) on each side. Below are the mouth angles,
cut through, and teeth (d”); partial ring canal
(o,f); corresponding to the inner perihzemal, and
which connects the inner ends of the ovarial pouches ;
second mouth tentacle, above which is the first (7’’) ;
radial shields cut through (/,/).

es £ 7. Vertical section of skin from roof of disk. It seems

uniform and somewhat fibrous, except the lowest
granular layer, which may, and should be the ege or
spermatozoon bearing tissue. The upper dark band
is the pigment layer.

bal
a

eto = » 72°, Some cells from the lowest granular layer of fig. 7,
after long immersion in alcohol.
on ep a » °8°, Bit of lime network from the wall of an _ ovarial

pouch.

PLATE XLVI.

(For further observations, see the description of the genera and species referred to.)

Fie. 1. Ophiocreas adipus, Lym., ¢, +. Base of an arm and outer margin of disk, with
the skin sht on one side and folded back, exposing the right, double-lobed
spermary (0,0) connected within with a spermatic bursa or pouch, which
empties outwardly by a genital opening (no). Above is the digestive cavity
(St).

» 2. Astrocnda isidis, Lym., ?, #. [Exp. U.S. str. “ Blake.”] Vertical cross-cut
passing through a part of the disk, and somewhat on one side of the median
line of an arm, showing the less complex Astrophyton character of the
internal arrangement ; folds of the digestive cavity (S?’) which has no points
of attachment on its under side; the ovaries (6) or egg-clusters lying in the

(Z00L, CHALL, EXP.—PART XIv.—1882.) O 47

366 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

main, or body eavity ; mouth sphincter (dw) just outside which is the inner
perihemal canal ; spinous papillze of the mouth (@) ; second mouth tentacle
(7”), above which is the first; mouth frame cut through (/); lower arm canal
(t) ; an arm bone (w’).

Fig. 3. Ophiura elaps (?), Ltk., ¢,¢. [Exp. U.S. str. “ Blake.”] Vertical cross-cut
beside an arm showing the whole of a spermatic bursa (bu), with the
fold of its membrane (Bu’) which runs upward over the arm; genital
lobes (0) hanging in the bursa; the same cut through (0); mner perihzemal
canal (fe); position of the outer and inner genital openings (no, no, with
arrows) ; parts of side arm plates cut through (¢); adductor muscle (717)
between the genital plate (0) and the radial shield (/); outer blood ring
(/b) ; folds of the digestive cavity (Sf).

4, Ophiocamax, sp. nov., 2, 4#. [Exp. U. 8. str. “ Blake.”] Vertical cross-cut
of the upper portion of an ovarial bursa (1) whose wall is plated with
lime scales. Above is an embryo (0’), cut through and lying in a pocket
(ovarial tube ?) whose wall also has minute lime scales. The bursa clings
closely to the wall of the digestive cavity (S?) ; section of head of genital
plate (O.)

5, Amphiura incana, Lym., g, 19. Vertical cross-cut through a portion of the
disk, cutting off one arm, and passing beside another; spermatic bursa (0) ;
convoluted genital lobes (6,/67,6’); arm (aim); Polian vesicle (po); an
arm bone from the outer side (w’) ; the wrinkled digestive cavity (S¢), with
its (epithelial ?) wall.

6. Ophiopholis aculeata, Gray, 2. Disk seen diagonally from below, with two

arms and one interbrachial space cut away to show the typical Ophiuran

digestive cavity, a bag (St) attached to the disk-roof by slender threads

(Si), many of which are made fast to the radial shields (/).

7. Ophiacantha vivipara, Ljn., 8. View trom within of a vertical cross-cut through
two arms (dm) close to the edge of the disk,
showing the marginal portions of the digestive
cavity (St, St) almost filled by a thick, wrinkled
(epithelial ?) layer. Of the bursae, two (00)
appear as simple folds or cracks, while the third
(0’) has little lobes, doubtless ovarial tubes,
connected with it.

x e ?,%. Vertical cross-cut at a right angle to the arm,
a little inside the edge of the disk seen from
within, showing a section of one arm with its
brachial space and a portion of an interbrachial

(oa)

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 367

space on each side. Below is the arm bone,
with its under (/) and side arm plates (7) bear-
ine the spines. On either side passes up the
genital opening (no) into the bursa with its
folded wall which closely follows the pleated
digestive cavity (Sé, St), with its thick (hepatic,
or epthelial ?) layer. One little lobe (S¢’) is
pushed into the bursa and cut by the section.
The wall of the bursa is a thin continuation
of the disk wall ; hence its tendency to calcify.
In this species it has fine scales of lime in its
substance. In the bursal folds les a young
(Y); and two embryos (Y’) are seen in side
pouches. To the right of the upper arm of
the young may be seen a section of a tip of
another arm, bent round in a fold of the bursa ;
genital plate (0); tentacle (7°); radial shields
cut through (/,/).

Fig. 9. Ophiacantha vivipara, Ljn., ¢, *%°. Liver-like cells from the very thick wall
of the digestive cavity. This layer seems to be
the one spoken of by Ludwig as epithelial.

PLATE XLVIL.

Fig. 1. Astrophyton exiquum, Agas., 2. Disk from above, with two arms.
», 2. Ophioglypha hexactis, B. A. Smith, ?, 4. Disk with its roof removed and seen

from above. Above the digestive cavity (Sf, Sé), which is ruptured in
the middle, he the genital bursee (00), near which may be seen four young
ones in several stages of growth. Each is contained in a translucent
membranous sac, which is ruptured over the largest.

,» 8. Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Agas., 3, $. Vertical section of the disk passing
through one arm (Am) and the opposite interbrachial space: digestive
cavity (St), whose upper wall adheres to the roof of the disk; jaw (c) ;

section of mouth frame (f); genital plate (0); genital bursa (0); con-
voluted spermaries (0",0’),

4. Opluothrix longipeda, Mill. & Tr., 2, $. Vertical section of the disk passing
through one arm (Ami) and the edge of the opposite interbrachial space,
including a slice of an arm (dim). The spaces over and beside the arms

368 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

are crammed with minute eggs (0’,6’), which press on the genital bursee
(5,6) ; the strongly corrugated digestive cavity (St), whose upper wall
clings to the roof of the disk; inter-mouth frame muscle (fm); jaw (c).
Fig. 5 Ophiocamaz, sp. nov. 3, 3. [Exp. of U. 8. str. “ Blake.”] Vertical section of
the disk passing through the sides of two arms. On either side is a genital
bursa (6,0) emptying by the genital opening (v0), and making a fold
above over the digestive cavity (St), into which hang two more folds
(5,0) which are cut through. Above the burse are pockets (0’,0’)
containing embryos just beginning to develop. A larger view of one of
these is given in fig. 4, Plate XLVI. ; section of second mouth-tentacle Cae

wings of arm bones shaved by the section (w’).

RiGAhEy XG VAITE:

Gorgonocephalus verrucosus, Lym. Diagram of the right stem, or half of an arm
carried out to its last forks, 2.

The figures indicate the order of forks as counted from the disk. Fork 1 is not seen,
as it lies within and under the disk, just beyond whose margin is fork 2 of this right
stem.

For observations on the mode of forking among Astrophytons, see Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xix., March 7, 1877.

This plate is quite a monument of patience on the part of my assistant, Miss Clark.
It is no fancy sketch, but a reduction of a large drawing, to make which every fine twig
was separately unrolled and measured, so that not only is the number of forkings correct,
but also the proportions of the parts.

I take this opportunity to acknowledge the skill and fidelity of my artists, Miss K.
Peirson and Mr. L. Trouvelot, shown in the preparation of the original drawings and
the plates.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 369

TaN) 1D) Xe

Acantharachna mirabilis, FE. A. Smith, 175.
Amphilepis, Ljn., 149.

Amphiura antarctica, Studer, 128.
argentea, Lym., 124, 129, 298, 317, 322

norvegica, Ljn., 149, 286, 288, 314,
316, 317, 318, 321 (Pl XL. fig. 19).

papyracea, Lym., 150, 301, 318, 323.

pateus, Lym., 149, 306, 318, 321 (PL.
XIX. figs. 1-3).

tenuis, Lym., 151, 305, 318, 321.

Amphipholis albida, Ljn., 27.

andrece, Ltk., 148.
antarctica, Ljn., 146.
appressa, Ljn., 136.
depress, Ljn., 137.
elegans, Ltk., 136.
goesii, Ljn., 146.
grisea, Ljn., 146.
hastata, Ljn., 148.
impressa, Ljn., 148.
integra, Ljn., 148.
kinbergi, Ljn., 136.
kochii, Ltk., 146.
lineata, Ljn., 136.
hiitheni, Ljn., 147.
patagonica, Lyn., 145.
planispina, v. Mart., i416.
subtilis, Ljn., 146.
tenuispina, Ljn., 14.
torelli, Ljn., 145.

Amphiura, Fbs., 122.

abdita, V\l., 126, 148, 311.

abyssicola, Sars, 122.

acacia, Lym., 124, 130, 304, 317, 321
(PL XVI. figs. 15-17).

andrew, Lym., 126, 148, 311, 324.

anguloris, Lym., 123, 124, 134, 294,
314, 321 (Pl. XXIX. figs. 1-3).

anomala, Lym., 124, 144, 316.

antarctica Lym., 125, 146, 286, 311.

|
|

(Pl. XVI. figs. 7-10).

atlantica, Ljn., 124, 144, 310.

atra, Ltk., 125, 147, 311, 324.

ballii, Sars, 121.

barbare, Lym., 125, 147, 311, 324.

bellis, Lym., 122, 123, 127, 299, 304,
316, 317, 321,322 (Pl. XVIIL figs. 4-6;
Pl. XL. figs. 16-18).

borealis, Lym., 124, 144, 314, 316.

candida, Ljn., 128, 142, 310, 324.

canescens, Lym., 126, 140, 298, 317, 323,
(Pl. XVII. figs. 7-9).

capensis, Ljn., 124, 129, 291, 314, 322
(Pl. XVIIL figs. 14-16).

cernud, Lym., 126, 138, 305, 318, 321
(PL XVII. figs. 13-15).

chiajet, Fbs., 123, 142, 143, 314.

chilensis, Ltk., 125, 147, 311, 324.

complanata, Ljn., 123, 142, 316, 324.

concolor, Lym., 123, 125, 137, 300, 301,
317, 318, 321, 323(Pl. XVII figs. 1-3).

constricta, Lym. 124, 131, 296, 310, 32
(Pl. XVL. figs. 11-14).

cordifera, Ltk., 146, 158.

corew, Duncan, 125, 146, 314.

crassipes, Ljn., 123, 142, 314.

cuneata, Lym., 126, 148, 316.

dalea, Lym., 126, 137, 141, 308, 318,
321 (Pl XVIIL figs. 11-13).

depressa, Lym., 126, 137, 286, 316, 324.

dilatatu, Lym., 124, 135, 291, 314, 322,
(Pl. XXIX. figs. 4-6).

divaricata, Ljn., 123, 142, 316, 324.

duncané, Lym., 124, 143, 310.

duplicata, Lym., 126, 136, 288, 314, 316,
317, 318, 321 (Fl. XVII. figs. 10-12).

370)

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Amphiura elegans, Norm., 136.

elongata, Ltk., 158.

eugenie, Ljn., 123, 148, 314.

filiformis, Fbs., 124, 144, 310, 314, 322.

Jissa, Ltk., 125, 147, 311.

jlexuosa, Ljn., 124, 144, 310, 324.

». (2), Lym., 143.

florifera Fbs., 142.

geminata, Ltk., 125, 145, 311, 324.

gibbosa, Lym., 126, 148, 311.

glabra, Lym., 124, 134, 303, 316, 322
(Pl. XXXIITI. figs. 8-10).

glauca, Lym., 126, 139, 304, 316, 321,
323 (Pl. XVIII. figs. 1-3).

goésit, Lym., 125, 146, 316.

gracillima, Ltk., 125, 146, 311, 324.

grandisquama, Lym., 124, 143, 310, 314,
316, 324.

grisea, Lym., 125, 146, 311, 324.

hastata, Lym., 126, 148, 311, 324.

(Ophiolepis) hispida, Ltk., 155.
holbolti, Ltk., 143.

impressa, Lym., 126, 148, 316, 324.

incana, Lym., 123, 128, 291, 310 (PL
XXXIIL. figs. 5-7; Pl. XLVI. fig. 5).

integra, Lym., 126, 148, 311.

iris, Lyin., 124, 132, 304, 316, 317, 321
(PL XVI. figs. 4-6).

januari, Ljn., 146.

josephine Ljn., 124, 131, 286, 316.

kinbergi, Ljn., 124, 144, 310.

koehii, Lym., 125, 146, 311.

levis Lym., 126, 148, 311, 324.

lanceolata, Lym., 124, 133, 297, 317, 322
(Pl. XXIX. figs. 7-9).

lutispina, Ljn., 124, 144, 310, 324.

limbata, Ltk., 125, 145, 311, 324,

lobata, Ljn., 126, 148, 311.

lunaris, Lym., 124, 144, 317.

liitheni, Lym., 125, 147, 311, 324.
», Duncan, 143.

magellanica, Ljn., 124, 148, 310.

marginata, Orst. & Ltk., 159.

maxima, Lym., 123, 126, 300, 310 (PL
XVIII. figs. 7-10).

mediterranea, Lym., 123, 142, 324.

Amphiura microdiscus, Orst. & Ltk., 125, 145, 310,

324.

neapolitana, Sars, 155,

norvegica, Lyn., 149.

occidentalis, Lym., 125, 147, 311.

orstedii, Ltk., 125, 147, 311, 324.

ottert, Ljn., 123, 128, 286, 317, 318, 321.
322.

palmeri, Lym., 1238, 143, 314.

parva, Hutton, 126.

patagonica, Lym., 125, 145, 311.

patula, Lym., 126, 141, 295, 318 (PI.
XVII. figs. 4-6).

perplexa, Lym., 124, 144, 310.

planispina, Lym., 125, 146, 311, 324,

pugetana, Lym., 125, 145, 311.

pulchella, Lym., 125, 147, 311, 314, 324.

puntarene, Orst. & Ltk., 125, 145, 311,
324,

repens, Lym., 125, 147, 311, 324.

qiiset, Ltk., 125, 146, 311, 324.

sarsti, Ljn., 124, 144, 310, 314, 316, 317,
324,

scabriuscula, Ltk., 155,

securigera, Lym., 126, 148, 311.

semiermis, Lym., 124, 143, 316, 317.

septu, utk., 159.

squamata, Sars, 125, 136, 291, 296, 309,
310, 314, 321, 322, 324.

3 » (var. ?) Lyn, 145,
stepanovi’, Tscherniawsky, 142.
stimpsont, Ltk., 124, 148, 310, 314, 324.
studert, Lym., 123, 128, 291, 292, 293,

294, 310, 314, 316, 321.
subtilis, Lym., 125, 146, 311, 324.
sundevalli, Ljn., 124, 143, 310, 314, 322.
tenera, Ltk., 136.
tenuis, Lym., 136.
tenuispina, Ljn., 125, 145, 314, 316.
tomentosa, Lym., 124, 132, 310, 314 (PI.
X XIX. figs. 10-12).
torelli, Lym., 125, 145, 310, 322.
tumida, Lym., 126, 149, 316.
urtica, Lym., 125, 147, 311.
violacea, Orst. & Ltk., 125, 145, 311,

324.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. Bill

Amphiura verrilli, Lym., 126, 139, 288, 318 (PI.
XVII. figs. 16-18).

verticillata, Ljn., 123, 142, 310, 324.
wurdemant, Lym., 159.

Astervas aculeata, Retz., 112.

Linn., 112.

7 Abildgaard, 112.
bidentata, Retz., 186.
brachiata, Montagu, 155.

”

caput meduse, Dewhurst. 263.
Fabr., 263.
ms Linn., 263, 264.

ciliata, Retz., 76.
cordifera, Bose, 158.
cordifera, Delle Chiaje, 76.
cuviert, Delle Chiaje, 224.
echinata, Delle Chiaje, 224.
ferussaci, Delle Chiaje, 224.
filiformis, O. F, Miiller, 144.
jiliformis, Delle Chiaje, 1-42.
Jragilis Abildg. (Miiller), 224.
nigra, Abildgaard, 172.
oligactes, Pallas, 278. |
ophiura, Fabr., 112.
Delle Chiaje, 16.

a OF ee Mr 76:
pentagona, Delle Chiaje, 224.
pentaphyllum, Pennant, 225.

”?

”

quinquemaculata, Delle Chiaje, 225.
scutatum (pars), Linck, 264.
setosa, Retz., 198.
spherulata, Pennant, 172.
squamata, Delle Chiaje, 136.
tenorii, Delle Chiaje, 77.
tricolor, Delle Chiaje, 224.
Asteromorpha levis, Lym., 278.
steenstrupi’, Ltk., 278
Asteroschema rousseaut, Michelin, 278.
Astroceras, Lym., 256, 284.
pergamena, Lym., 284, 304, 318, 322
(Pl. XXXIV. figs, 1-5).
Astrochele, V1l., 256, 271.
lymani, V11., 272, 317, 318.
Astroclon, Lym., 256, 267.
propugnatoris, Lym., 267, 300, 315 (PI.

XXXIV. figs. 6-11).

Astrocnida, Lym., 256, 269, 315.
isidis, Lym., 269,
XLVI. fig. 2).
Astrogomphus, Lym., 256, 271.
vallutus, Lym., 271,
XLIV. figs. 10-12).
Astronyx, Miill. & Tr., 256, 285.
lovent, Mill. & Tr., 285, 288, 304, 315,
317, 322, 323.
Alstrophyton, Linck, 251, 256.

270, 315, 326 (PL

315, 317 (Pl.

agassizii, Stimp., 264.

arborescens, Mill. & Tr., 263.

asperum, Agas., 266.

australe, V1, 265.

cacuoticum, Lym., 264.

caryt, Lym., 264.

chilense, Phil., 265.

clavatum, Lym., 256, 258, 313, 326

cecilia, Ltk., 256, 258, 315, 326.

costosum, Seba (non en 256, 257, 266
271, 290, 313, 326 (PL XXXV. figs.
17-25).

5 Agas., 263.

eucnemis, Mill & Tr., 263.
exiguum, Agas., 256, 257, 300, 302,

313, 326 (PL XLVII. fig. 1).
krebsti, Orst. & Ltk., 258:
leevipelle, Grubbe, 266.
lamarchti, Mill. & Tr., 263.
linchii, Mill. & Tr., 264.
lymant, Bell, 261.
malmgrenii, D, C. Danielssen, 264.
mucronatum, Lym., 265.

muricatum, Agas., 257.

&

nudum, Lym., 256, 2
palmiferum, Bronn, 267.
256, 264, 313, 326

pourtalesii, Lym., 261.

panamense, VIl.,

seutatum, Agas., 262.
5 (pars), Linck, 266,

scutatum scuto retato, Linck, 264.

spinosum, Lym., 256, 257, 313, 326.

stimpsoni?, Vil., 264.

verrucosum, Mill. & Tr., 262.
Astroporpa, Orst. & Ltk., 256, 270.

afinis, Ltk., 271, 315, 326.

372 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Astroporpa annulata, Orst. & Ltk., 270, 315, 326.
dasycladia, Duj. & Hupé, 270.
Astroschema, Orst. & Ltk., 256, 273, ne
arenosum, Lyin., 274, 278, 318.
brachiatum, Lym., 27 e oa 28%, alt
(Pl. XXX. figs. 5-8).
horridum, Lym., 274, 275, 297, 318,
323 (Pl. XXX. figs. 1-4).
intectum, ete 274, 278, 317.
leeve, Lym., Te 276, 278, 313, 326.

rubrum, ae m., “O74,
(PL XXXIII. figs. 1-4).
salix, Lym., 274, 277, 297, 318, 323
(Pl. XXII. figs. 13),
steenstrupti, i rh a 278, 313.
suleatum, Ljn,, 274, 278,
tenue, Lym , 274, aan 278, ¢ ae; 326.
tumidum, Lym., 274, 275
(Pl. XXII. figs. 8-11).
Astrotoma, Lym., 256, 272.
agasstzit, Lym., 272, 292, 306, 307, 315,
323.
murray?, Lym., 272, 301, 317 (Pl. XXII.
figs. 5-7).

Basket fish, J. Winthrop, 264.
Bellis scolopendrica, Linck, 112.
Cupitis medusee altera species minor supina, Seba,
266.
Euryale, Lmk., 251, 265.
aspera (asperum), Lmk., 266, 284, 299,

301, 313, 326 (Pl. XXXYV. figs. 1-16;

Pl. XLV. figs. 6-9).
costosum, Link., 263.
exiguum, Link., 257.
muricatum, Lmk., 257.
palmiferum, Lmk., 267
scutatum, Gould (non De Blainville), 264.
verrucosum, Lmk., 262.

Gorgonocephalus, Leach, 251, 256, 258.

agassizit, Lym., 253, 261, 263,
264, 313, 323 (Pl. XXXV. fig.

26; PL XXXVL).

Gorgonocephalus arborescens, Agas., 261, 263, 313,
326.
australis, Lym., 261, 265, 313.
cacaoticus, Lym., 261, 264, 313,
326.
caryi, Lym., 261, 264, 313.
chilensis, Lym., 261, 265, 313.
eucnemis, Lym., 254, 261, 315, 323.
lamarckii, Lym., 261, 268, 313.
linckii, Lym., 261, 264, 313.
malmgrenti, Lym., 261, 264, 317.
mucronatus, Lym., 261, 265, 315.
pourtalesti, Lym., 258, 261, 293,
294, 306, 307, 309, 315, 322,
323 (Pl. XLV. figs. 2-5).
stimpsoni?, Lym., 261, 264, 313.
verrucosus, Lym., 261, 262, 291,
313, 326 (Pl, XLVIIL).

Hemipholis, Agas., 157.
afjinis, Ljn., 158.
cordifera, Lym., 157, 158, 311, 324
(Pl. XL .figs. 8-12; Pl. XLIV. figs.
13-16).
elongata, Agas., 158.
gracilis, Vll., 158, 311, 324.
microdiscus, Duncan, 158, 314.
wallichti?, Duncan, 158,
Temieuryale, v. Mart., 248.
pustulata, v. Mart. 249, 254, 315,
317, 326 (Pl. XLIIL. figs 7-10).

”

Liitkenia arctica, Duncan, 31.

Ophiacantha, Mill. & Tr., 178, 286.

abnormis, Lym., 178, 179, 189, 302,
316, 317, 323 (Pl. XXVI. figs. 4-6).

abyssicola, G. O. Sars, 180, 199, 312,
314, 316, 323.

anomala, G. O. Sars, 179,187, 198, 316.

aspera, Lym., 180, 199, 316.

bidentata, Ljn., 178, 179, 181, 186,
288, 312, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319,
321.

chelys, Wyv. Thom., 205.

cornuta, Lym., 180, 193, 297, 298,
317, 323 (Pl. XV. figs, 3-5).

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 379

Ophiacantha cosmica, Lym., 180, 194, 195, 196, Ophiacantha setosa, Mill. & Tr., 179, 191, 198,

290, 292, 294, 295, 300, 303,

306, 309, 316, 317, 319, 322,

(PL XIII. figs. 13-15).
cuspidata, Lym., 180, 191, 308,

(ak Ove see OSM JG NIL,

12-14).
dallasii, Duncan, 180, 199, 314.

305,
323,

316

figs.

314, 325.
smitti, Ljn., 179, 198, 317.
spectabilis, G. O. Sars, 179, 198, 314.
spinulosa, Mill. & Tr., 186.
stellata, Lym., 180, 199, 314, 325.
stimulea, Lym., 179, 188, 296, 317,
322 (PL XIIL figs. 4-6).

discoidea, Lym., 180, 196, 300, 314, troscheli, Lym., 179, 190, 287, 314,
325 (Pl. X XVI. figs 1-3). 316, 325 (Pl. XIIL figs. 1-3).
echinulata, Lym., 179, 198; 317. tuberculosa, Lym., 179, 181, 502, 316,
granulosa, Lym., 178, 179, 183, 301, 323 (Pl. X. figs. 1-3).
314 (PL XIV. figs. 7-9). valenciennesi, Lym., 179, 183, 300,
grénlandica, Mill. & Tr., 186. 314 (PL XXVL figs. 7-8).
hirsuta, Lym., 179, 190, 198, 314, vepratica, Lym., 179, 182, 298, 317,
316, 325. 323 (PL XIIL figs. 7-9).
imago, Lym., 179, 186, 293, 294, 312, vivipara, Ljn., 41, 178, 179, 181,
314, 322 (Pl. XXV. figs. 4-6). 185, 292, 293, 294, 307, 308, 309,
indica, Ljn., 180, 199, 316, 325. 312, S14, 316; 317; 321, 323 (PL
levispina, Lym., 180, 196, 303, 316, XLVI. figs. 7-9).
323 (Pl. XXV. figs. 1-3). Ophiuctis, Ltk., 112, 286.
longidens, Lym., 180, 192, 302, 314, abyssicola, Ljn., 114, 122, 316.

325 (Pl. XXV. figs. 7-9).

marsupialis, Lym., 180, 199, 316.

meridionulis, Lym., 199.

millespina, V1l., 180, 195, 198, 316.
nodosa, Lym., 180, 192, 287, 318 (PL

XXII. figs. 1-4).
normant, Lym., 208.

pentacrinus, Ltk., 178, 180, 199, :

314, 316, 317, 325.

afints, Duncan, 113, 121, 310.

arenosa, Ltk., 114, 122, 310, 524.

asperula, Ltk., 113, 114, 116, 306, 307,
314, 316.

atacamensis, Ljn., 122.

ballii, Ltk., 113, 114, 121, 314.

canotia, Lym., 114, 119, 156, 289, 318,
322 (PL XIX. figs. 16-18).

carnea, Ljn., 114, 120, 291, 310, 324.

placentigera, Lym., 179, 181, 299, clavigera, Ljn., 200, 201.
318, 321 (Pl XXVIII. figs. cuspidata, Lym. 113, 114, 117, 121, 297,
15-17). 298, 317, 322 (PL XX. figs. 10-12).
rosea, Lym., 179, 184, 291, 304, 306, flexuosa, Lym., 113, 116, 291, 298, 314,

314, 316, 317, 321 (PL XXV.

figs. 10-12).
scabra, Sars, 198.
scutata, Lym., 180, 199, 316.

segesta, Lym., 179, 188, 189, 288, 318,

322 (Pl. XV. figs. 1-2).

316, 317, 322 (PL XX. figs. 1-3).
Sragilés, Ljn., 122.
hirta, Lym., 114, 118, 296, 316 (Pl. XX.
figs. 4-6).
humilis, Lym., 202.
incisa, v. Mart., 115.

sentosa, Lym., 179, 187, 305, 318, Krebsit, Ltk., 115.
322 (Pl. XIII. figs. 10-12). kréyeri, Ltk., 118, 114, 122, 310, 324.
serrata, Lym., 180, 195, 197, 308, 314, loricata, Lym., 113, 121, 310, 314, 324.

(Pl. XV. figs. 6-8).
sertata, Lym., 179, 198, 316.
(Z00L. CHALL. EXP.—PART X1v.—1882.)

lymant, Ljn., 113, 121, 314, 324.
maculosa, v. Mart., 114, 122, 310, 324.
O 48

374 THE VOYAGE OF
Ophiactis magellanica, Ljn., 116.
millert, Ltk., 118, 115, 116, 290, 310,
314, 316.
nama, Lym., 114, 117, 298, 299, 316,
317, 322 (Pl. XX. figs. 16-18).
nigrescens, Hutt., 114, 122, 310, 324.
6rstedii, Ltk., 122.
pectorale, Lym., 114, 120, 303, 316 (Pl.
XXVII. figs. 4-6).
plana, Lym., 113, 116, 121, 310, 314, 324.
poa, Lym., 114, 119, 290, 317, 318 (Pl.
XX. figs. 13-15).
reinhardti, Ltk., 115.
resiliens, Lym., 118, 115, 296, 310, 314,
324 (Pl. XX. figs. 7-9).
savignyi, Ljn., 113, 115, 302, 303, 310,
324.
sexradia, Ltk., 115.
simplex, Ltk., 114, 122, 310, 324.
virens, Sars, 113, 121, 310, 324.
virescens, Orst. & Ltk., 115.
Ophiambix, Lym., 234.
aculeatus, Lym., 235, 299, 319, 322
(Pl. XXVII. figs. 10-12).
Ophianoplus annulosus, Sars, 160.
marmoreus, Sars, 160.
Ophiaregma., G. O. Sars, 156.
abyssorum, G. O. Sars, 156. |
Ophiarachna, Mill. & Tr., 173.
afinis, Ltk., 173, 312, 325.
armata, Troschel., 173, 312, 325.
incrassata, Mill. & Tr., 173, 312, 325.
infernalis, Mill & Tr., 17.
gorgonia, Mill. & Tr., 15:
septemspinosa, Mill. & Tr., 17.
spinosa, Ljn., 17.
stellata, Ljn., 15.
vestita, Lym., 17.
Ophiarachnella stellata, Ljn., 15.
Ophiarthrum, Pet., 173.
elegans, Pet., 174, 312, 325.
pictum, Lym., 174, 312, 325.
Ophiernus, Lym., 31.
vallincola, Lym., 32, 289, 292, 295, 318.
321 (Pl. XXIV. figs. 16-18; Pl.

XXXVIIL. figs. 6-9).

H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiablenna, Ltk., 231.
antillensis, Ltk. 232, 313, 326.
Ophiobyrsa, Lym., 243.
rudis, Lym., 244, 295, 315 (Pl. XVI.
figs. 18-20; Pl. XLIII. figs. 16-18).
Ophiocamax, Lym., 209 (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4; Pl.
XLVII. fig. 5).
hystrix, Lym., 211, 316
figs. 9-11).
vitrea, Lym., 210, 800, 301, 302, 303,
314, 316, 325 (Pl. XIV. figs. 10-12).
Ophiocentrus, Ljn., 167.
Ophiocentrus aculeatus, Ljn., 167, 316, 325.
Ophioceramis, Lym., 25.
albida, Lym., 27, 310, 313, 324.
(2) clausa, Lym., 26, 297, 298, 317,
322 (PI. XI. figs. 4-6).
januarti, Lym., 27, 313, 324 (Pl.
XXXVIL figs. 16-18).
(2) obstricta, Lym., 26, 297, 300, 313
(Pl. XI. figs. 1-3). :
Ophiochasma (Ophiolepis) adsperum, Grube, 15.
Ophiochiton, Lym., 176.
Ophiochiton fastigatus, Lym., 176, 300, 304, 316,
323 (Pl. XXIV. figs. 13-15).
Ophiochiton lentus, Lym., 177, 297, 317, 323 (Pl.
XXIII. figs. 16-18).
Ophiochoeta, Ltk., 109.
(2) mixta, Lym., 109, 110, 316 (PI.
XXXIX. figs. 15-17).
setosa, Ltk., 110, 298, 310, 324.
Ophiochondrus, Lym., 245, 247,

(Pl. XLL

convolutus, Lym., 248, 317 (PL
XLUL figs. 11-15).
stelliger, Lym., 247, 308, 318, 322
(PI. XXI. figs. 13-15).
Ophiochytra. Lym., 166.
epigrus, Lym., 166, 305, 318, 321 (Pl.
XXVIIL figs. 12-14).
Ophiocenemis, Mill. & Tr., 228.
marmorata, Mill. & Tr., 229, 312, 326
(Pl. XLII. figs. 14-15).
obscura, Lin., 230.
Ophioenida, Lym., 152.
abyssicola, Lym., 122.
abnormis, Lym., 153, 155, 314.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 375

Ophivenidu ballii, Lym., 121.

brachiata, Lym., 153, 155, 311, 323,
324,

caribea (2), Ljn., 153, 155, 316.

echinata, Lym., 153, 155, 311, 324.

filogranea, Lym., 153, 155, 311, 324.

hispida, Lym., 153, 155, 311, 324.

loveni, Lym., 153, 155, 311, 324.

neapolitana, Lym., 155.

olivucea, Lym., 153, 156, 314.

pilosa, Lym., 153, 296, 302, 311, 314,
324 (Pl. XIX. figs. 7-9).

putnami, Lym., 153, 156, 311, 324.

scabra, Lym., 153, 154, 290, 318 (PL
XIX. figs. 4-6).

seabriuscula, Lym., 153, 155, 311, 324.

Ophioenidella scabriuscula, Ljn., 155,
Ophiocoma, Agas., 167, 286.

ethiops, Ltk., 168, 170, 171, 311, 325

~ (PL XLII. figs. 9-11).

alexandri, Lym., 170, 172, 311, 325.

alternans (young ?), v. Mart., 170.

arctica, Mill. & Tr., 186.

ballii, Thomp., 121.

bellis, Fbs., 112.

brachiata, Fbs., 155.

brevipes, Pet., 169, 172, 311, 325.

brevispinosa, E, A, Smith, 172.

canaliculata, Ltk., 168, 170, 172, 311.

crassispina, Mill. & Tr., 171.

echinata, Agas., 168, 169, 171, 287, 311,
325 (Pl. XLII. figs. 12-13).

echinulata, Fbs., 186.

erinaceus, Mill. & Tr., 168, 169, 170,
302, 305, 311, 325.

filiformis, Fbs., 144.

goodsiri, Fbs., 121.

granulata, Fbs., 172.

insularia, Lym., 172.

lineolata, Mill. & Tr., 171.

molaris, Lym., 170.

neglecta, Fbs., 136.

nigra, Mill, & Tr., 167, 168, 169, 170,
172, 311, 323.

nilsonid, Mill. & Tr., 172.

ocellata, v. Mart., 173.

Ophiocoma papillosa, Lym., 168, 170, 173, 311, 325.
pica, Mill. & Tr., 168, 169, 171, 301,
311, 325. :
picta, Mill, & Tr., 174.
pumila, Ltk., 168, 170, 171, 288, oils
325.
raschii, G. O. Sars, 170, 172, 314.
riiset, Ltk., 168, 170, 171, 311, 325.
rosulu, Fbs., 225.
sannio, Lym., 171.
schoenleinii, Mill. & Tr., 169, 171, 311.
scolopendrina, Agas., 168, 169, 170,
266, 291, 298, 302, 311, 325 (PL
XLVIL. fig. 3).
serpentaria, Mill. & Ty., 171.
squamata, Agas., 169, 172, 311, 325.
turtarea, Lym., 170.
ternispina, V. Martens, 172.
tumida, Mill. & Tr., 171.
valencive, Mill. & Tr., 170, 172, 311, 325.
variegata, E. A, Smith, 172.
viripara, Wyv. Thom., 185.
wendtii, Mill. & Tr., 169, 171, 311.
Ophioconis, Ltk., 106.
antarctica, Lym., 107, 168, 291, 292,
294, 314, 321 (Pl. XXIII. figs. 1-3).
brevispina, Ludwig, 107, 109, 310, 224.
forbesii, Ltk., 107, 109, 169, 310, 314,
324,
miliaria, Lym., 106, 107, 109, 168,
316 (Pl. XXXIX. figs. 7-9).
pulverulenta, Lym., 107, 108, 298, 316
(Pl. XXIII. figs. 4-6).
Ophiocreas, Lym., 256, 279.
abyssicola, Lym., 280, 282, 305, 319,
322 (Pl. XXXII. figs. 1-4).
carnosus, Lym., 280, 281, 306, 317
(Pl. XXXI. figs. 1-4).
caudatus, Lym., 280, 281, 304, 317,
323 (Pl. XXXII. figs. 5-8).
lumbricus, Lym., 280, 284, 315, 317,
326.
edipus, Lym., 276, 280, 283, 286, 303,
308, 317, 323 (Pl. XXXL figs. 5-8;
Pl. XLVL fig. 1).
Ophiocten, Ltk., 72, 78.

3

od

(

6

THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER.

Ophiocten abyssicolum, Ltk., 78, 83, ee 515.

7
amitinum, Lym., 78, 79, 292, 294, 295,
318, 321 (PI. IX. figs
depressum, Lym., 78, 83, 315.
hastatum, Lym., 78, 82, 289, 292, 297,
318, 321 (Pl. IX. figs. 10-11).
kroyert, Ltk., 79.

pallidum, Lym., 78, 80, 83, 295, 318,

321 (PI. IX. figs. 4-6).
sericeum, Ljn., 78, 79, 292, 310, 313,
322 (PL. XXXVIIL figs. 18-21).
umbraticum, Lym., 78, 81, 308, 318,
321 (Pl. IX. figs. 1-3).

Ophiocymbium, Lym., 162.

cavernosum, Lym., 163, 295, 318, 321
(Pl. XXVII. figs. 1-3).

Ophioderma antillarum, Ltk., 9.

brevicauda, Ltk., 9.
cinereum, Mill & Tr., 9.
elaps, Ltk., 11.

guttata, Ltk., 9

januari, Ltk., 10.
longicauda, Mill & Tr., 10.
olivaceum, Ayres, 9,
panamensis, Ltk., 10.
rubicunda, Ltk., 10.
serpens, Ltk., 9.
squamosissima, Ltk., 11.
tongana, Ltk., 9.
variegata, Ltk., 10.
virescens, Ltk., 9.
wahlbergii, Mill & Tr., 10

Ophiogeron, Lym., 236.

edentulus, Lym., 237, 289, 299, 319,
322, 323 (PI. XII. figs. 16-18).

Ophioglypha, Lym., 19, 34, 39, 78, 286.

acervata, Lym., 35, 39, 290, 313, 315,
324.

equalis, Lym., 36, 45, 303, 318, 321
(PI. IV. figs. 14, 15).

affinis, Lym., 35, 77, 310, 313, 315,
322, 324.

albata, Lym., 36, 51, 304, 317, 321
(Pl. V. figs. 13-15).

albida, Lym., 35, 44, 45, 76, 310, 313,
315, 322, 324.

Ophioglypha ambiqua, Lym., 36, 54, 293, 310, 313

(Pl. VIII. figs. 4, 5).

arctica, Lym., 35, 76, 310, 313.

brevispina, FE. A. Smith, 36, 53, 54,
293, 310, 313.

budlata, Wyv. Thom., 35, 37, 44, 57,
288, 289, 290, 318, 321 (Pl.
XXXVIII. figs. 14-17).

carnea, Lym., 35, 76, 313, 315.

ciliata, Lju., 35, 76, 310, 313, 322, 324.

confragosa, Lym., ey 74, 308, 317,
321 (Pl. VIII. figs. 7-9).

convexa, Lym., 37, 58, 305, 308, 318,
321 (Pl. VI. figs. 13-15).

costata, Lym., 36, 50, 291, 313, 322
(Pl. V. figs. 1-3).

deshayest, Lym., 38, 72, 293, 294, 313,
SP be(Meke AOL wiles TBE ay es sell,
XXXVIII. figs. or

elevata, Lym., 37, 57, 291, 315 (Pl. V.
figs, 16-18).

falcifera, Lym., 35, 42, 287, 315.

Jerruginea, Lym., 38, 39.

jlugellata, Lym., 35, 42, 304, 315, 322,
(PL. IV. figs. 16-18).

Sorbesit, Duncan, 35, 77, 313.

Sraterna, Lym., 36, 56, 295, 318, 321
(Pl. VIII. fig. 6).

gracilis, G. O. Sars, 79.

hexactis, EK. A. Smith, 34, 37, 41,
292, 293, 310, 313 (PI, XLV. fig. 1;
Pl. XLVILI. fig. 2).

imbecillis, Lym., 36, 46, 304, 315, 322
(Pl. IV. figs. 11-13). ¢

inermis, Lym., 38, 71, 72, 290, 315
(Pl. VII. figs. 4-6).

inornata, Lam., 38, 73, 289, 318, 321
(Pl. III. figs. 10-12).
‘rrorata, Lym., 36, 47, 286, 291, 315,
317, 318, 321 (PI. V. figs. 7-9).
intorta, Lym., 38, 75, 292, 313 (PI.
VIII. figs. 13-15).

jejuna, Lym., 36, 52, 290, 296, 315
(Pl. V. figs. 4-6).

kinbergif, Ljn., 35, 38, 39, 295, 296,
300, 310, 313 (Pl. 1V. fig. 7.)

SS

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 37

Ophioglypha lacaze’, Lym., 37, 62, 295, 306, 318,

321 (PL VI. figs. 4-6).

lacertosa, Lym., 76.

lapidaria, Lym., 37, 66, 304, 317, 321,
(Pl. VII. figs. 16-18).

lepida, Lym., 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 288,
289, 308, 315, 317, 318, 321, 322
(Pl. IV. figs. 1-3).

lienosa, Lym., 37, 63, 295, 318,
321 (PI. VI. figs. 7-9).

Yungmani, Lym., 36, 44, 290, 315
(PL IV. figs. 8-10).

dovent, Lym., 36, 55, 56, 292, 295, 318,
321 (Pl. VIII. figs, 1-3).

liitkeni, Lym., 35, 76, 310, 313.

lymani, Ljv., 36, 47, 50, 306, 307,
313, 315, 322 (Pl. XXXVIIL. fies.
10-13).

meridionalis, Lym., 35, 40, 308, 317,
318, 321.

minuta, Lym., 38, 70, 292, 295, 318,
321 (Pl. VII. figs. 10-12).

multispina, Ljn., 38, 41, 296, 313.

nodosa, Lym., 37, 78, 310, 313, 322.

orbiculata, Lym., 36, 48, 305, 318,
321 (Pl VIII. figs. 10-12).

ornata, Lym., 37, 61, 286, 296, 303,
318, 321 (Pl. VI. figs. 1-3).

palliata, Lym., 35, 43, 296, 315, 317,
318 (PI. IV. figs. 4-6).

ponderosa, Lym., 38, 69, 304, 315,
322 (Pl. VII. figs. 7-9),

radiata, Lym., 37, 64, 302, 318, 321
(Pl. VIL figs. 1-3).

robusta, Lym., 35, 41, 77, 310, 313,
322.

rugosa, Lym., 38, 68, 297, 317, 322
(PL. IIT. figs. 13-15).

sarsit, Lym., 35, 40, 76,- 288, 310,
313, 315, 321, 322.

sculpta, Duncan, 37, 77, 310.

sculptilis, Lym., 37, 59, 305, ° 318,
321 (Pl. VIL. figs. 16-18).

sinensis, Lym., 35, 38, 39, 304, 305,
310, 324. ;

sladeni, Duncan, 37, 77, 310.

-
(

Ophioglypha striata, Duncan, 37, 77, 310.
solida, Lym., 38, 67, 300, 313 (PI.
III. figs. 7-9).
stuwitzit, Lym., 37, 77, 310, 322.
tenorii, Ljn., 77.
undata, Lym., 37, 65, 299, 318, 321
(Pl. IID. figs. 16-18).
undulata, Lym., 36, 49, 303, 318, 321
(PL. V. figs. 10-12).
variabilis, Lym., 37, 60, 287, 301, 314,
317, 318, 321 (Pl. VI. figs. 10-12).
Ophiogona, Studer, 18.
levigata, Studer, 18, 313.
Ophiogymnn, Lyjn., 228.
elegans, Ljn., 228, 301, 312, 326.
Ophiohelus, Lym., 237.
pellucidus, Lym., 237, 299, 319, 322
(Pl. XXVIII. figs. 5-9).
umbella, Lym., 238, 315, 326 (PL.
XXVIII. figs. 10-11).
Ophiolebes, Lym., 199.
claviger, Lym., 201, 316.
humilis, Lym., 202, 314, 316.
scorteus, Lym., 200, 291, 292, 316, 318,
319, 322 (Pl. XLI fig. 8; PL XII.
figs. 7-9).
vestitus, Lym., 201, 306, 307, 314, 316,
323 (Pl. XII. figs. 10-12).
Ophiolepis, Mill. & Tr., 18, 25, 84.
annulata, Le Conte, 162.
annulosa, Mill. & Tr, 19, 299, 301,
310, 323.
asperula, Phil., 116.
atucamensis, Phil., 122.
atra, Stimp., 147.
dallii, Mill. & Tr., 121.
carvinata, Studer, 19, 20, 313.
chilensis, Mill. & Tr., 147.
ciliata, Miill. & Tr., 40, 76.
cincta, Mill. & Tr., 19, 299, 303, 310,
323 (Pl. XXXVII. figs. 7-9).
dubia, Mill. & Tr., 161.
elegans, Ltk., 19, 20, 310, 323.
elongata, Mill. & Tr., 158.
Jiliformis, Mill. & Tr., 144.
garretti, Lym., 19.

378 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiolepis geminata, Le Conte, 145. Ophiomaza cacaotica, Lym., 229, 300, 312, 326.
obscura, Lym., 230, 312, 326.

Ophiomitra, Lym., 202, 286. :

gracillima, Stimp., 146.
hispida, Le Conte, 155.

imbricata, Mill. & Tr., 20.

impressa, Ltk., 21.

Jjanuarti, Ltk., 27.

limbata, Grube, 145.

mirabilis, Dunean, 111, 112.

nereis, Ltk., 162.

pacified, Ltk., 25.

paucispina, Mill. & Tr., 19, 310, 323.

perplexa, Stimp., 144.

robusta, Ayr., 77.

savigny?, Mill. & Tr., 115.

schayert, Mill. & Tr., 162.

(Ophiopholis) scolopendrica, Mill. & Tr.,
112.

sexradia, Grube, 115.

simplex, Le Conte, 122.

(Amphiura) squamata, Sars, 136.

squamata, Mill. & Tr., 136.

sundevalli, Miill. & Tr., 143.

tenort?, Mill. & Tr., 77.

tenuis, Ayr., 136.

triloba, Ltk., 162.

uncinuta, Ayres, 158.

variegata, Ltk., 9, 20, 310, 323.

Ophiolipus, Lym., 99.
agassizit, Lym., 100, 314 (Pl. XX XIX.

figs. 1-3).

Ophiomastix, Mill. & Tr., 174, 286.

annulosa, Mill. & Tr., 174, 175, 312,325.
asperula, Ltk., 175, 312, 325.
caryophyllata, Ltk., 174, 175, 302,
312, 325.
flaccida, Lym., 175, 312, 325.
janualis, Lym., 174, 175, 312, 325.
mixta, Ltk., 174, 175, 298, 312, 325.
venosa, Pet.; 174, 175, 312, 325,

Ophiomastus, Lym., 100, 286.

secundus, Lym., 101, 315 (Pl. XX XIX.
fig. 14).

tegulitius, Lym., 100, 296, 297, 303,
315, 317, 318, 321, 322 (PL VIII.
figs. 16-18).

Ophiomaza, Lym., 229.

carduus, Lym., 202, 206, 289, 319 (PL
XIV. figs. 4-6).

cervicornis, Lym., 209.

chelys, Lym., 202, 205, 287, 289, 316,
318, 319.

dipsacos, Lym., 202, 207, 287, 316 (Pl.
X. figs. 4-6).

exigua, Lym., 202, 209, 316.

normani, Lym., 202, 208, 304, 316,
318, 322, 323 (Pl. XXVLI. figs. 9-11).

plicata, Lym., 202, 203, 204, 205, 297,
302, 303, 316, 318, 319, 322, 323
(Pl. X. figs. 7-9).

sarsit, Lym., 202, 204, 292, 319, 322
(Pl. X. figs. 10-12).

sertata, Lym., 198.

valida, Lym., 202, 209, 312, 314, 325
(Pl. XLI. figs. 4-6).

Ophiomusium, Lym., 83.

acuferum, Lym., 85, 92, 99, 313, 315.

archaster, Wyv. Thom., 84, 89, 308,
318, 321 (PI. IT. figs. 4-6).

armigerum, Lym., 84, 86, 289, 306,
308, 318, 321 (Pl. II. figs. 7-9).

eancellatum, Lym., 84, 88, 287, 304,
315, 321 (PI. IT. figs. 16-18).

corticosum, Lym., 84, 87, 303, 318,
321 (Pl. II. figs. 13-15).

eburneum, Lym., 84, 86, 99, 315.

flabellum, Lym., 84, 85, 98, 156, 296,
310, 314 (PL. III. figs. 4-6).

granosum, Lym., 85, 96, 305, 318,
321 (Pl. I. figs. 10-12).

laqueatum, Lym., 85, 90, 800, 313
(Pl. IT. figs. 10-12).

lunare, Lym., 85, 94, 303, 314 (Pl. I.
figs, 13-15).

liitkeni, Lym., 85, 91, 300, 314 (PI.
I. figs. 16-18).

lymant, Wyv. Thom., 85, 90, 288,
289, 290, 297, 300, 304, 305, 309,
317, 318, 321, 322.

planum, Lym., 85, 99, 317.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 379

Ophiomusium pulchellum, Wyv. Thom., 84, 85, 96,
99, 156, 289, 290, 291, 315, 317,
318, 322 (Pl. III. figs. 1-3).
sealare, Lym., 85, 95, 297, 317, 322
(PI. I. figs. 4-6).
serratum, Lym., 84, 85, 287, 315,
(PL II. figs. 1-3; Pl. XXXIX. fig.
10).
simplex, Lym., 85, 93, 301, 314 (Pl.
I. figs. 7-9).
testudo, Lym., 85, 99, 314, 315.
validum, Ljn., 85, 92, 287, 309, 315,
iii ol Smee Le tigssal=onn Pl:
XXXIX. figs. 11-13).
Ophiomyces, Lym., 240.
. Frutectosus, Lym., 239, 248, 315, 316,
326 (Pl. XLIV. figs. 6-9).
grandis, Lym., 241, 290, 318 (Pl. XIX.
figs. 13-15).
mirabilis, Lym., 242, 316.
spathifer, Lym., 240, 304, 318, 322
(Pl. XIX. figs. 10-12).
Ophiomyaa, Miill. & Tr., 244.
australis, Ltk., 245, 246, 28
298, 301, 313, 315, 317
caribea, Ltk., 246.
flaccida, Ltk., 245, 246, 287, 290, 313,
315, 317, 326 (Pl. XLIII. figs. 1- i
pentagona, Mill. & Tr., 245, 246, 25
313, 326.
vivipara, Studer, 245, 246,
307, S1lDy Sit, ozo:
Ophionema, Ltk., 151.
intricata, Ltk., 152, 311, 324.
Ophionephthys, Ttk., 152.
limicola, Ltk., 152, 311, 324.
phalerata, Lym., 152, 311, 324.
Ophionereis, Ltk., 160.
albomaculata, E. A.Smith, 161,162,311.
annulata, Lym., 160, 161, 162, 311,
314, 325.
crassispina, Lijn., 161.
dubia, Lym., 161, 286, 299, 311, 325.
2 fasciata, Hutt., 162.
porrecta, Lym., 161, 162, 305, 311,
314, 325.

?

291, 306,

Ophionereis reticulata, Ltk., 160, 161, 162, 288,
290, 311, 314, 325 (Pl XL. figs.
13-15).
schayeri, Ltk., 161, 162, 286, 296, 311,
325.
squamata, Ljn., 162.
variegata, Dunean, 162.
vantusiz, Lym., 162.
Ophiopepale, Ljn., 17.
goesiana, Ljn., 18, 313, 315 (PI.
XXXVII. figs. 4-6).
Ophiopeza, Pet., 11, 14, 16.
equalis, Lym., 11, 12, 303, 313 (PI.
XXVIL figs. 7-8).
aster, Lym., 11, 12, 13,
(Pl. XXI. figs. 16-18).
fallax, Pet., 11, 13, 309, 323 (Pl. XLI
figs. 1-3).
petersi, Lym., 11, 13, 315.
yoldu, Ltk, 11, 12, 18,
323.
Ophiopezella spinosa, Ljn., 17.
Ophiopelta borealis, G. O. Sars, 144.
securigera, Diib. & Kor., 148.
Ophiopholis (Ophiolepis), Mill. & Tr., 110.
aculeata, Gray, 110, 111, 112, 288, 310,
314, 316, 321, 322 (Pl XLVI. fig. 6).
bellis, Lym., 112.
caryt, Lym., 110, 112, 310.
Japonica, Lym., 110, 111, 304, 316, 317,
321 (Pl. XXIII. figs. 13-15).
kennerlyi, Lym., 110, 112, 310.
mirabilis, Lym., 110, 111, 112, 310.
Ophiophragmus, Lym., 158.
antarcticus, Ljn., 146.
echinatus, Ljn., 155,
gibbosus, Ljn., 148.
lovent, Ljn., 155.
marginatus, Lym., 159, 311, 324.
septus, Lym., 159, 314, 324.
wurdemani, Lym., 158, 159, 168,
311, 324 (PL XL. figs. 4-7).
Ophiophyllum, Lym., 102, 286.
petilum, Lym., 102, Bae
322 (Pl. XII. figs. 13-15).
Ophioplax, Lym., 163.

291, 313, 322

286, 309,

298, 317,

380 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophioplax Yungmani, Lym. 164, 314, 325 (Pl.
XLI. fig. 7).
Ophiopleura, Danielssen, 31.
arctica, Dunean, 31, 517.
borealis, Danielssen, 31, 317.
Ophioplinthus, Lym., 28.
grisea, Lym., 30, 295, 318, 321 (PL
XXIV. figs. 10-12).
medusa, Lym., 29, 295, 318, 321 (Pl.
XXIV. figs. 7-9; Pl. XXXVIII.
figs. 1-5).
Ophioplocus, Lym., 20.
esmarki, Lym., 20, 310, 324.
imbricatus, Lym., 20, 310, 323 (PI.
XXXVIL. figs. 10-12).
tessellatus, Lym., 20.
Ophiopsammium, Lym., 231.
sempert, Lym., 231, 313, 326.
Ophiopsammus yoldit, Ltk., 12.
Ophiopsila, Fbs., 159.
annulosa, Ltk., 160, 311, 324.
aranea, Fbs., 160, 3811, 3814, 324.
' fulva, Lym., 160, 311, 314, 316, 325.
marmorea, Ltk., 160.
riiset, Ltk., 160, 311, 314,325 (Pl. XL.
figs. 1-3).
Ophiopteris, E. A. Smith, 176.
antipodum, E. A. Smith, 168, 176,
312.
Ophiopyren, Lym., 104.
brevispinus, Lym.,
XIT. figs. 1-3).
longispinus, Lym., 105, 287, 315 (Pl.
XII. figs. 4-6 ; Pl. XX XIX. figs. 4-6).
Ophiopyrgus, Lym., 33.
wyville-thomsoni, Lym., 33, 298, 315
(Pl. IX. figs. 15-17).
Ophiopus, Ljn., 156.
arcticus, Ljn., 156, 311, 316, 323.
Ophiosciasma, Lym., 235.

105, 298, 315 (PL

attenuatum, Lym., 236, 290, 316 (PI.
X. fig. 13; Pl. XVI. figs. 1-3).
Ophioscolex, Mill. & Tr., 232, 234.
coppingeri, Bell., 232, 234.
dentatus, Lym., 232, 233, 291, 315 (Pl.
XXIV. figs. 4-6).

Ophioscolex glacialis, Mill. & Tr., 232, 234, 315,
316 (Pl. XLII. figs. 2-4).
purpureus, Diib. & Kor., 232, 234, 3162
. stimpsonii, Lym., 232, 234, 316.
tropicus, Lym., 232, 233, 287, 316 (PL.
XXIV. figs. 1-3).
Ophiostigma, Ltk., 164.
africanum, Lym., 165, 289, 311, 325
(Pl XVIII. figs. 17-19).
formosa, Ltk., 165, 166, 311, 325.
isacanthum, Lym., 165, 311, 314, 325
(Pl XLII. fig. 16).
moniliforme, Ltk., 165.
tenue, Ltk., 166, 311, 325.
Ophiothamnus, Lym., 211, 286.
affinis, Ljn., 213, 318.
remotus, Lym., 212, 291, 314, 323
(Pl. XIV. figs. 1-3).
vicarius, Lym., 212, 213, 266, 287,
312, 314, 325 (PL XLII. fig. 1).
Ophiothela, Vl., 230.
dane, Vll., 230, 312, 326.
dividua, v. Mart., 230, 231, 312.
isidicola, Ltk., 230, 231, 312, 326.
mirabilis, V1l., 230, 312, 326.
tigris, Lym., 230, 312.
verrilli, Duncan, 231, 312.
Ophiotholia, Lym., 238.
supplicans, Lym., 239, 305, 319, 322
(Pl. XXVIII. figs. 1-4).
Ophiothrix, Mill. & Tr., 213.
alba, Grube, 224
alopecurus, Mull. & Tr., 214, 215, 225,
312, 325
angulata, Ayres, 214, 216, 218, 219,
286, 287, 290, 312, 315, 325.
aristulata, Lym., 218, 223, 291, 295,
296, 315, 323 (Pl XXII. figs.

.

oO
9-12).
aspidota, Mill. & Tr., 217, 227, 312,
325,

berberis, Lym., 216, 221, 300, 302,
315, 325 (Pl. XXI. figs. 1-4).

cceespitosa, Lym., 216, 218, 296, .?"2 (Pl.
XXVI. figs. eae

capensis, Ltk., 218, 224, 228, 312.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 381

Ophiothrix capillaris, Lym., 218, 222, 301, 302, | Ophiothrix neveidina, Mill. & Tr., 217, 221, 286,

315, 326 (Pl. XXI. figs. 5-8). BILE BPS)
caribea, Ltk., 219. Grstedit, Ltk., 214, 216, 226, 312, 325
carinata, v. Mart., 217, 227, 312, 325. pallida, Ljn., 218, 227, 316.
cataphracta, v. Mart., 217, 227, 312, parasita, Mill. & Tr., 217, 226, 312

325. | pentaphyllum, Ljn., 214, 215, 225, 312,
ciliaris, Mill. & Tr., 217, 220, 286,312, | 323.

325. | plana, Lym., 216, 228, 312, 326.
cwrulea, Hutt., 218, 227, 312. | planulata, Stimp., 218, 227, 312, 325
comata, Mill. & Tr., 218, 223, 228, 312. propingua, Lym., 217, 220, 286, 298,
cheneyz, Lym., 226. | 312, 325.
clypeata, Ljn., 229. punctolimbata, v.. Mart., 217, 227, 312,
demessa, Lym., 217, 226, 312. 325.
dumosa, Lym., 216, 226, 312, 325. purpurea, v- Mart., 218, 223, 299, 301,
echinata, oe & Tr., 214, 215, 224, | 312, 326.

25; anes 325, pusilla, Lym., 217, 220, 255, 302, 312,
5 Lie » 225 325.

- echinophora, Mull. & Tr., 224. quinquemaculata, Mill. & Tr., 214, 215,
elegans, Ltk., 218, 227, 312, 326. 225, 312, 325 (Pl. XLII. figs. 5-8).
exigua, Lym., 217, 220, 300, 302, 312, rammelsbergii, Mill. & Tr., 224.

325. voseo-cerulans, Grube, 215, 225, 312,
fragilis, Dub. & Kor., 215, 224, 312, 325,

314, 323. rotata, v. Mart., 217, 227, 312, 325.

» Mull & Tr, 214, 225. rubra, Ljn., 224, A

» (pars) Sars, 224. rudis, Lym., 216, 226, 312, 325.

s » (Oyeie: ire i Sars, 225. | spiculata, Le Conte, 214, 216, 226, 312,
fumaria, Mill. & Tr., 215, 225, 312. 325.
galatec, Ltk., 217, 227, 312, 325. spongicola, Stimp., 216, 227, 312.
hirsuta, Mill. & Tr., 214, 217, 218, 226, | stelligera, Lym., 217, 220, 286, 299,

312, 325. 303, 312, 325.
kvreana, Duncan, 216, 312. striolata, Grube, 216, 222, 302, 303,
kroyert, Ltk., 219, 226. 312, 315, 326.
lineata, Lym., 216, 226, 312, 325. | suensonit, Ltk., 215, 218, 222, 223, 229,
longipeda, Mill. & Tr., 214, 217, 220, 287, 312, 315, 326.

298, 299, 300, 301, 303, | trilineata, Ltk., 214, 216, 222, 298, 312,
312, ~325 (PL XLVI. 326.
fig. 4). | triglochis, Mill. & Tr., 216, 218, 219,
» (young), Ltk., 220, 291, 312.
lusitanica, Ljn., 215, 225, 319, 325. triloba, v. Mart., 217, 227, 312, 325.
liitkeni, Wyv. Thom., 215, 218, 286, virgata, Lym., 217, 227, 286, 312, 326.

316. viridialba, v- Mart., 218, 228, 315,
maculata, Ljn., 215, 225, 314. 326.
magnifica, Lym., 215,216, 226, 312, 325. violacea, Mill. & Tr., 219.
martensi, Lym., 216, 221, 299,312, 325. Ophiothyreus, Ljn., 28.
melanosticta, Grube, 216, 222, 300, 312, goést, Ljn., 28, 313, 315.

326 | Ophiotrochus, Lym., 103.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PART. XIv.—1882). O 49

382

THE VOYAGE OF

Ophiotrochus panniculus, Lym., 103, 303, 318 (PL.

IX. figs. 12-14).

Ophiozona, Lym., 21, 25.

antillarum, Lym., 21, 23, 287, 315 (Pl.
XI. figs. 7-9).

depressa, Lym., 21, 24, 303, 315, 322
(Pl. XI. figs. 16-18).

(2) dubia, Lym., 21, 25, 287, 317.

impressa, Lym., 21, 290, 310, 324. (PI.
XXXVIL. figs. 13-15).

iusularia, Lym., 21, 22, 298, 315 (Pl.
XI. figs. 10-12).

nivea, Lym., 21, 22, 287, 313, 315, 324.

pacifica, Lym., 21, 25, 310, 324.

stellata, Lym., 21, 22, 297, 318, 321,
322 (Pl. XI. figs. 13-15).

tessellata, Lym., 21, 25, 315.

Ophiura, Lmk., 7, 11, 14, 18, 19.

abyssicola, Fbs., 83.
affinis, Ltk., 77.

_ albida, Fbs., 76.

ammothea, Leach, 112.
angulata, Say, 219.
annulosa, Blainy., 19.
3 Lmk., 175.
appressa, Say, 8, 9, 290, 309, 323.
arctica, Ltk., 76.
aurora, Risso, 76.
bellis, Flem., 112.
bracteata, Johnston, 76.
brevicauda, Lym., 8, 9, 309, 313, 325.
brevispina, Say, 8, 9, 290, 309, 318, 323.
carnea, Sars, 76.
ciliaris, Lmk., 220, 225.
cinerea, Lym., 8, 9, 287, 290, 309, 313,
323.
coriacea, Ltk., 40.
crassispina, Say, 171.
cuspidifera, Lmk., 249.
cylindrica, Hutt., 15.
daniana, V11., 8, 10, 309, 323.
echinata, Lmk., 171.
elaps, Lym., 7, 8, 11, 313 (Pl. XXXVII.
figs. 1-3; Pl. XLVI. fig. 3).
elegans, Leach, 136.
elongata, Say, 158.

H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiura, fasciculata, Kbs., 77.
flaccida, Say, 246,
jlemingii, Leach, 112.
jiliformis, Lmk., 144.
grubei, Heller, 77.
guttata, Lym., 8, 9, 309, 323.
hispida, Ayres, 219.
holmesii, Lym., 8, 9, 509, 323.
incrassata, Lmk., 173.
isacantha, Say, 165.
januarti, Lym., 8, 10, 309, 323.
lacertosa, Lmk., 10.
levis, Lym., 8, 10, 266, 309, 323.
longipeda, Link., 220.
nodosa, Ltk., 78.
normani, Hodge, 77.
maculata, Hutt., 15.
marmorata, Lmk., 229.
moniliformis, Grube, 136.
neglecta, Johnston, 136.
nereidina, Lmk,, 221.
olivacea, Lym., 9.
panamensis, Lym., 8, 10, 309, 323.
paucispina, Say, 19.
pentagona, Lmk., 246.
picta, Kuhl & v. Hasselt, 174.
reticulata, Say, 162.
retzii, Nilsson, 186.
rosularia, Grube, 198.
rubicunda, Lym. 8, 10, 309, 323.
sarsit, Ltk., 40.
scolopendrina, Lmk., 170.

septemspinosa, Kuhl & v. Hasselt, 17.

sericea, Fbs., 79.
Ophiura squamata, Lmk., 172.
squamosa, Ltk., 77.

squamosissima, Lym., 8, 11, 309, 323.

stuwitzii, Ltk., 77.

tenorii, Heller, 77.

teres, Lym., 8, 11, 309, 323.

texturata, Lmk., 76.

tongana, Lym., 8, 9, 286, 309, 323.

variegata, Lym., 8, 10, 309, 323.

wahlbergii, Lym., 8, 10, 309, 323.
Ophiure, Savigny, 161.

écailleuse, Blainv., 220.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 383

Ophiure lezardelle, Blainv., 10. | Sigsbeia, Lym., 249.
| murrhina, Lym., 250, 315, 317, 326 (PI.
Pectinura, Fbs., 13, 14, 16, 19. XLIII. figs. 4-6).
arenosa, Lym., 14, 15, 296, 313 (PI. Stella arborescens, Rondelet, 263.
XXIII. figs. 10-12). levis, Rondelet, 10.
Sorbesii, Heller, 109. lumbricalis lacertosa, Linck, 76.
gorgonia, Ltk., 14, 15, 298, 310, 323. lumbricalis longicauda, Linck, 10.
heros, Lym., 14, 16, 300, 309, 317, 322 marina minor echinata purpurea, Sloane,
(Pl. XXIII. figs. 7-9). 219.
infernalis, Ltk., 14, 16, 17, 310, 323. pentagona scolopendroides regularis, Linck,
maculata, Vll., 14, 15, 297, 310, 323. 246.
marmorata, Lym., 14, 17, 310, 323. scolopendroides ; Jamaicensis purpurea, Linck,
rigida, Lym., 14, 15, 286, 310,323. 219,
septemspinosa, Ltk., 14, 17, 310, 323. |
spinosa, Lym., 14, 16, 17, 310, 323. | Trichaster, Agas., 256, 266.
stellata, Ltk., 14, 15, 16, 302, 310, 323. | elegans, Ludwig, 267, 313, 326.
verrucosa, Studer, 14, 17, 313, 323. flagellifer, v. Mart., 267.
vestita, Fbs., 14, 17, 313, 323. | isidis, Duchassaing, 270.
Polypholis echinata, Duncan, 112. palniferus, Agas., 267, 313, 326.

See sonne, Pontoppidan, 264. | Zottenkopf, Knorr, 263.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 385

IPOs ibis GJawlledk:

After the death of Sir Wyville Thomson, and when this work was already printed,

some bottles containing Challenger Ophiuroidea were found in his study, among the

collections he had retained for examination. Most of the species had been described.

There was, however, one new Oplhiacantha, one Ophiomastus, and a species of a new

genus. These will be described and figured in the Bulletin of the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology.

The following is a list of the species above referred to :—

Ophioglypha irrorata (?), Lym. (adult). Off Coast of Portugal ; 470-1125 fathoms.

99

lymani, Station 313; 55 fathoms.

deshayesi, Lym. (young). Station 150; 150 fathoms.

conveaa, Lym. Probably near Station 339.

confragosa, Lym. Off Coast of Portugal; 470-1090 fathoms (7).
Specimen with thick skin. It is found also off New England.

bullata, Wyv. Thom. Station 91; 2850 fathoms. —

e - - Some with large rosette of primary

plates.

kinbergui. Port Jackson.

minuta (2), Lym. Station 285 ; 2375 fathoms. Differs from type in
more numerous and swollen small disk scales, and in wanting the
single tentacle scale.

lepida (var. %), Lym. Station 1; 1127 fathoms. Numerous disk
spines rarely seen in Ophioglypha lepida. Arm comb papillee

longer.

Ophiomusium planum, Lym. Differs from the typical original from West Indies only

39

99

in less marked microscopic tuberculation. Off Coast of Portugal ;
470-1090 fathoms (?).
lymani, Wyv. Thom. Off Coast of Portugal. .
%9 9 Station 235.

Ophiactis carnea, Lin. Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope ; 10-20 fathoms.
Ophiura brevispina, Lym. Off Bahia.

386 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ophiacantha, sp. nov. Station 235.

vivipara, Ljn. Station 320; 600 fathoms.

Station 314; 20 fathoms.

3 Station 813 ; 55 fathoms.

abnormis, Lym. Station 207 ; 700 fathoms.

Amphiura impressa (2), Lym. N. E. New Guinea ; 8 fathoms.

verticillata (2), Lin. The ovaries are not external, but mterbrachial skin

99 92

has broken, letting out the egg clusters.
studeri, Lym. January 27, 1874. 95 fathoms.
es incana, Lym. Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope ; 10-20 fathoms.
Ophionereis schayeri (2), Ltk. N. E. New Guinea. Kobi, March 17, 1875.
8 fathoms.
Ophiomitra chelys, Lym. Station 3; 1530 fathoms.
Ophiomaza cacaotica, Lym. Cape York.
s i Station 187.
Ophiomastus, sp. nov. Station 173.
Ophiothamnus remotus, Lym. Station 142; 150 fathoms.
Ophiostigma africanum, Lym. St. Vincent, Cape Verde.
Ophiopyren brevispinus, Lym. Station 173 ; 310 fathoms.
Ophiothrix cespitosa, Lym. Port Jackson ; 7 fathoms.
fe angulata, Ayres. Off Bahia ; shallow water.
ss ciliaris (2), Kobi. N. E. New Guinea. March 17-19, 1875. 8 fathoms.
Astronyx loveni, Mull and Tr. Station 232.
Astrotoma agassizii, Lym. Station 150; 150 fathoms.
Gen. nov. Station 219; 150 fathoms.

9?

CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A., June 15, 1882.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
Introduction, . 1
Description of Species, 6
Table of Doubtful Species, 4 : ; : 286
List of Ophiuride and Astrophytide of the Challenger Expedition, arranged by Stations, ‘ : 287
Bathymetrical Tables, . 308
Temperature Tables, 320
Note on Fossil Species, 326
Abbreviations, 328
Explanation of the Plates, 332
Index, 368

385

Postscript,

Vv

The Voyage of HMS ‘Challenger’

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