a,

)
Ba SND
eb
meni

t
+

ep

eed
ated
shit

ae
-
se3!

_ fo) oe — a VY cs oO
wo = oO o — ise] =
2D e es) 5. a 5 es =
= = = Ey > i sk >
a = 2 — a = 2 =
m n m 2 m ” = 22) S
o _ 2 ) = o = 4 o _ 2 ‘4
AVE BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, | NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS (S34 luvud Motul BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIO
iz. ae zm 3 wee = :

& hs = < a = < = Lc ee = < <
28s WW 5 5 SK 5 = = = Ws = = <a
Va WS = Z SS + 1 fF & =a | 5 SX a 5 Oe

ZR 2 2S fH 2 g 2X 2 2 N®&

E “Ss 2 Ne iZ Yip = z E NN Zz = ;

= . > = ro = > = . 2 =

D ar a . 2 7) 2 2) 2 w b> |
ION NOILNLILSNI Saiyvugi LIBRARTES, SMITHSONIBN _INSTTUiOR NGI ae NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUYg

= 7) = = 7) a

lu =z uw 2 w aA i S x o |

= n n” = wg oy 7” a an < WN ay .

2 oc = x a ce. Ly Lb = « a AN x NX
aoe = < c <i iif a < + WK
Ses S ce 5 c “gy = cc S cc

= — XN a = 5 4 a! _ “~ alg
ai} LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. NOILNLILSNI NWINOSHLINS S3IYVYaIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

Ln z oe = ae eS is a is
>» o a Wy wo — ow — wo Y o
Yo = Llify, ) es ee) Xs = os) = x
o> = WZ Yi. > re > ee > es <>
i 2 ee : 2 WWE 2 : 2
7 nr” - = no = SS ” P= no” =

wo = 7) as n ; = a) = wo {
ION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3JIYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVY al

Z E See zy Z —_—

= > 3 Vy Fa : = > X =j = Z|

~ 6 = GY lp 3 SS \ Z 5 \ = a) =

War) in n pe. KL AMQK _& a a OR a2) An n
Wo x fe) a AAV OC oe 2 WWE re) aie fe)
os = 2) a = ONS ASE E Wg 2 = 2

>" = > = “Wes s YX” 5: = >

= 7) 2 27) = = n ee 4 7) 2
@IT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS S3IYVYUEIT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIO

a ” = a Zz A Zz me =

n uu wn _ n ES “n ut wo

| ae 4 re = x = = 4

5 = am i = WY. x q a ea

= cS = Sa TSP oe Cc = (=

3 2: 3 = ao =e re) =- 3 .

z a = =a 2 : a = a Zz i
ION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVvdydlt —t! BRARIES oo NTE SERIAR INS eT NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S31 uvudl

ra z |

re) c a. 5 = ° = ro) = ae S R

= oO \ ra pas = as ra wo WN AN =

| 2 AW: & 5 > 5 5 =) AS 5

= >” ras = Ea = = pate ag

= = = = iF i a =

2 rm g : Z iy 2 , z
q Wu! BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Sa 1uvya Mtl BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN —

i ~e = <x ax .. me << = <x NS = <
We: ZN 2 fy 5 Z EQS 7 =

ZN 2 2D 2 fH 2 oe 2 We 2 3
, E NY 2 EWS 2 “py = 2 E \. Z =

= . 2 s > = > = . 2 S

7) —— a . 2 7) 2 wo ~ 2 a .
TION NOILALILSNI_ saravadi7_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYE

= ‘i us z a. oe i Z a

© = ia a oo Lf A, = = 4 _

< = = os “pup pa < =

oc = “ = a “Bip 4 5 = 5 a

a 5 : 3 a “Ye 3 e 5 a

4 = «oy = =! ra Zz = ee
917 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVudIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

~ z ; ix 5 i 8 = SE = - =

S = as fe

wo — wo = wo — = o

es) =! a) 5 ra INN 5 - 5 ae

= = na = > OSS & a = .>

= — ges E PF NXNAY E a iz 2

m 4 m 2 m Ws 2 m 2 m

o = 7) = n = wo = wo .
TION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYdIT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYd!

: z 2 py, * : ee z —_

= > ag UY = =j > & 5 S 5
~ 2 3 2 YH. % : 5 \wa 8 E
SK on n Pf. n MA ~ Wk wo m2) n
SW 0 Se fo) hi Pa fe) rT MoS o Se ro)

SZ, = zy eo YS z E QY’ Z,. = z

2 ; = : : ze 5 = @
4811 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOLELES NT BWNOS TINS oa Cae aad LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIO

Zz wn” S Za z n S

2 " iz, ® 2 a & ul a

= ~ Gh, = = a = x a.

x - 4, QA a 2 a oe = = Ao

: EOS : : : : : :

3 coe 3 = re) S eS fe) 2 fo)

Zz aa Zz 3 = a 2 = 4
ITION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3INVYUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IUYV
i i — _ a a =z is ——— = Bie ee ir wey aes eg

= me] — = w — ¥ —.
5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 st
2 > ‘ =) : 2
> = a ¥ i bes F Ge ye = i
= ae - = pa = Le E
0 “Yeo Q m 2 5 0 VY = a
= n = o . 2 n” = o =i
ALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUEIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUYEIT_LIBRAR
z g 2 & £ = 2 z g a
= = ‘Ss ‘ x = a w => Pp = oss WY
f 5 z 5 Xs z SWS = 5 1 uf to &% aN
: oi 2M 2 NEE : GSE BN®
e z E OQ 2 E WY 2 E 2G Ei S\N
= > = > = > = > =:
a 2 7) 2 a s. 2 ; 7) = n°
ARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Saluvudiy_-IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLI
= = = a = 4 ~ uni fy a ~ ky
m. a oe a _ oa 4 e oe fo}
<> a < = % < a “PL ~ =e
Pe = oc = cc = a Yi a an |
a ro) es Oo a ro) a “Uy Oo eS Runs
= Zz al z at 2 pa | Zz |
VLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYaIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION _NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31YVYGIT LEBRAI
tf e cS - = i a Re. > = -
= 7 oO — 1e) rs oO a
o _ o = o = o XS = faa
el \ = Pe) i a - Be N = >
= : 3 = = =
5 YW ASEE . = = = = WWE =
. E AS ww
= WY - Be = 5 = WY =
27) i = on = wn = wn : = to)
ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMIILSNI_ NVINOSHIINS SalUV¥8IT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILAL!
= : <x * =z _ <= = Vy < ~ = = ff a
x = tf y =n Y " = > NV ear
= 2 \w i BS, 5 Yfy.%? Sx 2 NXg 3
SN n A ~Wwe w yo Yt D no Zr nn ~ X \ 77) an ~NS 7)
*? re) 5 AK IS ro) VG} fle ‘rea = ie) Rie AMY oC og . BANS Oo
NS zZ = ENS Sore Te i n= Ww Zz E Wy 2
x = = SS >’ = > = “Ss > = “S >"

2) 2° a no i 7) . 2 7) po 2
NLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31YVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILOLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS, S31 YW EIT_LIBRA
G = a ul é us & ~ 3
= [34 a ao "4 Fs | a = [0 <4 =
c < 4 = aon - = + =

cc c x (= ne Cc Pe c

5 a = pa as 4 = =

fe) = re) = re) a oO = fe)

ra a = a rs 4 Fs : — =
ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3INVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILAL

S e = - me = = a z

= oO a wo o o = 0 =

5. Pe] Ss) sy 5] = 2] =

Ey 2 E a = - Fy = F

a = 3 # - = a faa =

a , m zm m ” m = m =

= n = wo . = 7) = o =
NLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYSIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IuYVYaIT_LIBRA
z 2) ral ays ” z= w z no z ee
4 = = SX § < = < = s K
3 = BQN = 3 re A = 5S
: e3 2 2 2 i ff 2 a 2 We
= z E » 2 fs 2 YY E z= E WN

= > = > = > = > =

7) 2 77) ys 2S ~ 2 n 2 ow
RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31NVUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTEURION | NUnaiE

= z wy z a

: wtp'S 2 & a en a 2

a Gree = i c < e a Ori#G Ss =

= “i 3 : : : s Go = :

3 . z i > x 3 z 3 z 5
ALILSNITNVINOSHLINS ~S31NVYGIT~ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN” INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI~NVINOSHLINS,S31YV¥GI7 LIBRA
a z e z - = z co z e
mw = ow ° wo = ao WN S o
a SY 5 x = 2 a a SN 5 2
> Ve > = > = > ACA E >
> YAN = rs a = = Aare a
= Wd = 3 = 2 = W's =
wn : — wn ais wn cat n ; — wn
RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SAIUVYEIT_ LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILAL

. Zz P ‘y = .
= <x = <= = yy ; <x = <x =
= — . — =~ — Uh S : _ = wa ; =
: s\n i Ye: a BPS Ng s \ai
. fe) Be Wa NS ; ti ANS SS! “ae AE:
S = S AS g = g = RS z = AS o)
SS = = ve >" = > = ~S > =o >
= 2) Bp Ps Zz 7) i 2 77) Lae z
ALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS SAIYVUGIT- LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31UVYGIT_LIBRA
a 2 2 A 2 zy 2 2
= Ww a wo ee ez) ee wn
= a = fed a a = is =
= hes a < ‘2 < ra < a
= = = = S a a = =
fo) \ sd is) co. 5 a ro) _ fo)
a4 = > a S =i = : call ee
RARIES SMITHSONIAN” INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS’ S31y¥vYgI7_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNI
a onal ere “ASON,™ l com |

a

THE

VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

ZOOLOGY.

REPORT on the Preracic Fisnes collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the
Years 1873-76. 7 By Dr. Atsert Ginruer, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
Keeper of the Department of Zoology in the British Museum.

INTRODUCTION.

Tue Third Report on the Fishes collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger
comprises an account of the specimens which were obtained in the open ocean by means
of the surface-net or otherwise. It is devoted, therefore, chiefly to Pelagic Fishes.

The specimens were as numerous as those of either the shore or deep-sea series, but
by far the greater majority were of small or even minute size. Many of them would
have been lost but for the care taken at the time of their capture, by separating them
in tubes or mounting them there and then for microscopic examination. There were
comparatively few which, during or after capture, had so much suffered as to be unfit for
examination or description; but I am compelled to omit in this Report mention of a
considerable number of specimens which were obtained at such an early stage of their
development, and which exhibit such small progress towards specialisation, that I am
unable to arrive at any conclusion as to the family or even order of fishes to which
they belong. On the other hand, I have admitted all such young forms, which, even if
their origin be uncertain at present, may be readily recognised by future observers.

The pelagic fish-fauna consists, first, of the truly pelagic fishes, that is, fishes which
inhabit the surface of the ocean, approaching the shore only accidentally or while in
pursuit of their prey ; the majority are bred in the open sea and pass through the various

(ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART LXXVIII.—1889.) liii 1

2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

stages of growth without coming into the vicinity of land. These truly pelagic fishes
are represented in the Challenger collection by numerous genera: (species of) Car-
charias,| Xiphias and Histiophorus, Coryphena, Tirus, Cubiceps, Psenes, Nomeus,
Platystethus, Thynnus, Lepidothynnus, Echeneis, Seriolichthys, Antennarius, Centriscus,
Scombresox, Exocoetus, Scopelus (sp.), Diplophos, Astronesthes, Halaphya, (Leptoce-
phalus).

The number of these surface fishes is considerably increased by others which for the
greater part of their life inhabit the depth of the ocean, from 100 fathoms downwards.
The causes which make these fishes ascend to the surface are not known; but as some
of them have been observed to make their appearance at the surface periodically, we may
surmise that this change of habitat is in connexion with their propagation. Indeed,
most of them are found at the surface only during the early stages of their growth, and
it would seem that their ova and fry require for development and growth the higher
temperature and the light of the surface water. These fishes connect the surface pelagic
fauna with the deep-sea fauna, and are represented in the Challenger collection by the
following genera :—Scorpena (dactyloptera, young), Nealotus (young), Lepidopus
(adult and young), Thyrsites (young), Schedophilus (young), Centrolophus (young),
Trachypterus (young), Lophotes (young), Onus sp. (young), Bregmaceros (adult and
young), undetermined genera of Pleuronectidze, Scopelus sp. (adult and young), Prymno-
thonus,

The pelagic fauna receives likewise a very considerable contingent from the littoral
fauna. A great number of young and undeveloped fishes, which are the offspring of
species rarely found in the adult state at any distance from land, occur at the surface in
the open sea. Their presence under conditions so widely different from those under
which they live when mature, can be explained by the fact that spawn or fry floating on
the surface may be driven by currents to great distances from the place where the spawn
was originally deposited; this must frequently happen, especially on oceanic banks
which are covered by a small depth of water, and which, therefore, are suitable localities
for littoral species. The wide distribution of the same littoral species over large
oceanic areas, like that of the Tropical Indo-Pacific, finds thus an easy explanation.
The Challenger obtained many immature specimens of such littoral forms in the
open sea, as Pimelepterus, Holocentrum, Inchia, Platystethus huttonii, Trigla,
Brosmius (?), Onus sp. Fierasfer, Solea (?), Synaptura (?), Hemirhamphus, Belone,
Balistes, Tetrodon.?

Finally, fully developed specimens of littoral species may also stray or be accidentally
driven into the open sea. But these fishes must be considered to be occasional stragglers

' Very little is known about the propagation of the pelagic species of Carcharias ; all seem to be viviparous, bring-

ing forth their young in the open sea, like other viviparous Plagiostomes, or on oceanic banks.
2 Whether Branchiostoma should be included in this list is uncertain at present.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 3

and strangers to the pelagic fauna. The Challenger collection contains several instances of
such irregular occurrences, viz., Hemerocoetes, Gobius, Fundulus, Murena.

Thus, the pelagic fauna comprises a very varied assemblage of forms : not only fishes
excelling above all others in the power of swimming with regard to rapidity as well as
endurance of motion, but also species in which the power of locomotion is almost
reduced to the faculty of floating on the surface, without resistance, at the mercy of
wind and current, or of retaining their hold on other floating substances, like sea weed,
logs of wood, &c. It comprises fishes which can raise themselves out of the water in
short flights, and others which are provided with a special apparatus to attach themselves
to a rapid swimmer, thus partaking of all the advantages derived from his power of
locomotion. Many accompany ships, large fishes, Medusze, any floating object, partly
as commensals, partly for protection. All are carnivorous. They seem to descend during
very stormy weather to a depth to which the violence of the surface agitation does not
reach. And certainly all nocturnal forms pass the day at some depth, coming to the
surface during the night only; they are provided with luminous organs like many
bathybial forms, and, indeed, form a transition to the deep-sea fauna.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PAGE
I. SHARKS—

Carcharias glaucus, L., 5
lamia, Risso, 5
obscurus, Les. , 5

If. ACANTHOPTERYGIANS—

Pimelepterus waigiensis, Q. and G., 5
Juscus, Lac., 6

Scorpena dactyloptera, de la ne 6

Holocentrum sp., . 3 6

Xiphias gladius, L., 6

Histiophorus sp., . : 6

Nealotus tripes, Johns. , 6

Lepidopus tenuis, Gthr., 7

Thyrsites prometheus, C. V., . 7

Seriolichthys bipinnulatus, Q. G., 8

Lichia glauca, L., 9
vadigo, Risso, 9

Coryphena, Artedi, 9

Lirus, Lowe, 10
porosus, Rich., 11
paucidens, D. sp., 11

Cubiceps gracilis, Lowe, ll

Psenes cyanophrys, Cuv., 12
arafurensis, D. sp., 13

Noimeus gronovii, Gm., 13

Platystethus huttonii, Gthr., . 13

Lepidothynnus, n. gen., 15
huttoni, n. sp., 15

Thynnus thunnina, C. V., 17

Echeneis remora, L., 18
naucrates, L., 18
albescens, Schleg., : : 18

Hemerocoetes acanthorhynchus, Forst., . : ek

Antennarius marmoratus, Gthr., 18

Trigla macrodactylus, n. sp., 18

Gobius sp., : 0 19

Centriscus scolopax, L., . 19

Lophotes cepedianus, Giorna, 19

Ill, ANACANTHS—

Onus reinhardtii, Collett, 20

Raniceps trifurcus, Walb., 5 Ml

Bregmaceros, Thompson, 3 ; 22, 24

Bregmaceros macclellandii, Thompzon, : ; . 25

Auchenoceros, Gthr., 24

Ill. ANACANTHS—continued.

Auchenoceros punctatus, Hutton,
Auchenoceros sp. ?.
Fierasfer acus, Briinn.,

PLEURONECTIDA, .

IV. PHYSOSTOMI—

Scopelus, Gthr.,
caninianus, Mus. Brit
coccoi, Cocco, :
nigroocellatus, Gthr., .
scoticus, D. Sp.,

Diplophos, Gthr.,
tenia, Gthr.,
pacificus, N. sp., .

Fundulus nigrofasciatus, Lesueur,

Ovum of Scombresocid,

Hemirhamphus sp.,

Scombresox,

Belone sp., -

Exocoetus, L., 4
obtusirostris, Gthr.,
spilurus, Gthr., .
solandri, C. V.,.
naresti, D. Sp. - is
afinis, Gthr., . -
rondeletii, C. V.,
simus, C. V.,

Astronesthes niger, Rich.,

Halaphya, n. gen.,
elongata, N. sp., .

Prymnothonus, Rich. ,

Murexna sp.,

Leptocephalus, Grom

V. PLECTOGNATHS—

Balistes sp., .
Tetrodon sp.,

VI. LEPTOCARDII—

Branchiostoma, Costa,
pelagicum, Nn. sp.,

PAGE

42
43

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

I. SHARKS.

Of pelagic Sharks, that is, of species which were found at a considerable distance
from land, and are known to have a wide geographical range, only a few specimens were
preserved. They belong to three well-known species of the genus Carcharias.

Carcharias glaucus, L.

A specimen, 10 feet long, was caught on March 2, 1876, in the South Atlantic, and
another, 8 feet long, on April 5, 1875, off Japan. The Blue Shark is known to inhabit
the seas of the temperate and tropical zones generally, but I believe that this is the
first recorded instance of its occurrence in Japanese waters.

Carcharias lamia, Risso.

One specimen, 7 feet long, was caught near the Kermadec Group. This also
seems to be the first recorded instance of the occurrence of this Shark in the Indo-

Pacific.

Carcharias obscurus, Les.

A specimen, 47 inches long, was caught off the coast of Sierra Leone on April

9, 1876. A second specimen, obtained near the island of Ascension, was included in

the Report on the Shore Fishes (Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. iv. p. 5).

II. ACANTHOPTERYGIANS.

Pimelepterus waigiensis, Quoy and Gaimard.

Two specimens of 20 and 22 mm. in length were taken from driftwood, north of
Papua, February 21, 1875, and resemble more mature ones in every respect, so that
no change with advancing age seems to take place in this genus. The teeth are still
hidden below the mucous membrane.

6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Pimelepterus fuscus, Lacép.

A single very young specimen, 27 mm. long, was captured south of the Cape of
Good Hope, in lat. 35° 4’ S., long. 18° 37’ E., near the surface ; it has entirely the
aspect of the mature fish, but the teeth are not yet developed. This species was
previously known to occur at the Cape of Good Hope.

Scorpena dactyloptera, de la Roche.

Two specimens, 5 and 9 mm, long, were obtained on April 26, 1876, off St. Vincent,
Cape Verde Islands. As regards general shape, these young fishes do not differ from
the adult, but the spines on the occiput and preoperculum are comparatively much
larger and finely denticulated. The pectoral fin also is considerably longer, extending
in the smaller specimen almost to the root of the caudal fin. Also the spines of this
specimen are longer than in the other.

Holocentrum sp.

A specimen, 6 mm. long, obtained in April 1875, between the Admiralty Islands
and Japan, represents the stage figured by Liitken, Vid. Selsk. Skr., xn. 1880, tab. 2)
fig. 6. Like the specimen figured there, it possesses the enormously elongate nuchal
and preeopercular spines, but the rostral process is shorter.

Xiphias gladius, 1.

A specimen, 14 inches long, obtained at the surface between Tenerife and St. Thomas,
West Indies, is not in a good condition, and represents the stage figured by Litken,
Vid. Selsk. Skr., xii. 1880, tab. 2, fig. 10.

Mistiophorus sp.

A specimen, 9 mm. long, caught in the surface-net between the Admiralty Islands
and Japan, in April 1875, agrees im all particulars with the one which I figured and
described in Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1., 1873, p. 98.

Nealotus tripes, Johns.

The specimen, which was captured at Station 40, in lat. 34° 51’ N., long. 68° 30’ W.,
and which is only 33 mm. long, has been fully referred to in the Report on the Deep-

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 74

Sea Fishes (Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. lvii. p. 35). I have there stated the reasons which lead
me to believe that it was captured near the surface, and not at the depth of 2675 fathoms
to which the dredge descended on that occasion.

Lepidopus tenuis, Gthr.
Lepidopus tenuis, Giinth., Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. lvii. p. 37, pl. vil. fig. B.

On the passage from the Sandwich Islands to Tahiti, at Station 271, in lat. 0° 33’ §.,
long. 151° 34’ W., a young Trichiurid, 95 mm. long, was obtained. The trawl had been
at a depth of 2425 fathoms, but it is probable that this small and delicate fish was swim-
ming near to the surface when it got entangled by the trawl. Although there cannot be
any doubt as to this specimen being a young Lepidopus, it is too much injured to enable
us to say whether it should be referred to Lepidopus tenuis or Lepidopus elongatus,
if, indeed, these fishes are specifically distinct. Neither is the place of its capture a
guide for its specific determination, Lepidopus tenuis having been found in the
Japanese Sea, and Lepidopus elongatus off New Zealand and in the North-Western
Atlantic.

Thyrsites prometheus, C. V. (Pl. I. figs. C, D).

Of the two small fishes here described and figured, the smaller, which is 5 mm. long,
was obtained on June 17, 1875, south of Yeddo, and the larger, of double the size, five
weeks later, namely on July 23, 1875, north of the Sandwich Islands.

The specimens are not in a good condition, having been placed at the time of their
capture on a microscopic glass-slide ; the sides of the head have been much crushed,
so as to render the outlines of its constituent parts indistinct, more especially the
opercular and scapular portions, which, therefore, could not be delineated in the
figures.

The specimens are evidently not far removed from the embryonic condition ; and
Liitken’s excellent account! of the developmental stages of Nealotus and Gempylus can-
not leave us long in doubt as to the family of fishes to which our specimens should be
referred, especially not, if, as I am still inclined to think, the caudalless and caudate
Trichiuride be retained in the same family. The embryonic stage of the individuals is
apparent from the pointed diphycercal termination of the vertebral column which is
surrounded by a circular membrane out of which the caudal fin is developed; in both
specimens the caudal rays are visible as extremely fine strie. In the larger specimen
(fig. C) a series of seven or eight heemal apophyses has been developed in this portion of

1K. dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skriv., xii., 1880, p. 448 et seq.

8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

the spinal column; they are scarcely indicated in the smaller one (fig. D). An upper
and lower membranous fold, bordering the upper and lower sides of the tail, represents
the soft dorsal and anal. In both specimens the greater portion of the fold is striated,
the rays being thus faintly indicated. In the larger specimen this fold is separated from
the caudal fin and spinous dorsal by a distinct notch.

The spinous dorsal is extremely high, more so in the larger specimen than in the
smaller one. It is composed of twenty simple spines, of which the six anterior are
armed with numerous barbs; the barbs of the foremost spine point upwards and those
of the following downwards. In the young specimen only the first spine shows the
denticulation, and there are two very distinct black pigment-spots on the membrane
connecting the anterior spines, which are missing in the larger example.

Only in the larger example a trace of pectorals is to be seen; the ventral consists of
a strong barbed spine, very long in the older example, shorter in the younger, in which,
besides, three soft rays may be distinctly seen.

Spines and excrescences of the bones of the head can be seen especially in the larger
example, but they are too indistinct to be exactly described, with the exception of a few
short ones at the extremity of the snout and two slender spines on the preeopercular
margin.

Seriolichthys bipinnulatus, Q. G., young (Pl. I. figs. E, F).

The specimens, which I consider to be the young of this fish, were obtained in
considerable numbers from driftwood, north of New Guinea, on February 21, 1875.
They measure from } to 1 inch in length, and are in a perfect state of preservation.

The changes which this genus undergoes with age are somewhat less considerable
than in the allied Seriolu. As usual in young fishes the body is shorter and deeper than
in those approaching the mature age, and in those of half an inch in length it is still
shorter than in those of double the size. Also the head and the eye are comparatively
larger. The fins are perfectly developed, showing the normal number of rays, viz.,
D. 5-6 | 27. A. 19. However, as in the young of other genera, in which the adult
form possesses detached finlets, so here these rays are not yet differentiated from the
remainder of the fin; and I may remark on this occasion that in the specimens of
Seriolichthys which have attained to a length of 4 inches, these finlets are sometimes
still connected by a delicate membrane to the preceding ray.

In the smallest examples the angle of the preeoperculum is armed with two prominent
spines, the remaining margin being simply denticulated. This armature has entirely
disappeared in specimens of 1 inch in length.

Scales begin to be visible in the larger specimens. The coloration is uniform, without
any of those blackish bands or markings by which young Seriolz are distinguished.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 9

(2) Lichia glauca, L., young (PI. I. fig. G).

The fish believed to be the young of this species was obtained with the surface-net
on April 18, 1876, off the west coast of Africa, in lat. 10° 55’ N., long. 17°46’ W., and is
only 10 mm. long.

The accompanying figure will give a sufficient idea of the general form of its body,
which is scaleless and of a silvery colour. The spinous dorsal only is marked with a very
conspicuous deep black blotch. The preeoperculum is armed with a long spine at the
angle, and with several smaller ones besides, which are much more conspicuous on the
lower limb than on the posterior. Formula of the fins: D. 3%. A. 3%. The fin-spines
are strong ; those of the dorsal as high as, and continuous with, the rays; the third and
fourth of these spines are the longest. Caudal shehtly emarginate.

It was not without some hesitation that I ventured to refer this single young
specimen to Lichia glauca, without being able to prove the correctness of this view by
intermediate stages. However, | know of no other fish of this part of the Atlantic except
Trachynotus goreensis (= Trachynotus myrias) with which it might be associated ; the
general form of the head and body, and especially the numbers of the fin-rays, point
rather to Lichia glauca than to Trachynotus, whilst the fins, in the form of which our
young fish so conspicuously differs from that of matured fish, are just those organs which
we should expect to be modified with age.t

Coryphena, Artedi.

The young stages of Coryphena have been known for some time (see, for instance,
Fische der Siidsee, p. 146), but we owe to Dr. Liitken® our acquaintance with the means
of discriminating between the young of Coryphena hippurus and Coryphena equisetis
(loc. cit., p. 489). Yet, even with the help of the excellent figures which he has given
of the young of both species (loc. cit., pl. iii. figs. 9-13) the specific determination is
often very difficult and uncertain, especially of individuals less than 14 inches long. Of
the three specimens collected by the Challenger I refer two to Coryphena hippurus,
viz., one of 14 inches obtained in the North Atlantic on April 28, 1876, and one
3 inch long from the vicinity of the Low Archipelago, September 16, 1875; and the
third to Coryphena equisetis; it is 1 inch long, and was taken in the North Atlantic
on April 29, 1876.

1 The recent discovery off the island of Skye of a specimen of Lichia vadigo is additional evidence of the pelagic
habits of the fishes of this genus.

2 Dr Liitken (loc. cit., p. 483) draws on this occasion attention to the fact that the undue creation of nominal
species of this genus is the work of Valenciennes, and not of Cuvier, to whom I had attributed it in Catal. Fish.,
vol. ii. p. 405. This is perfectly true, and I regret so far the oversight on my part, which I might have avoided by a
more careful examination of the index of vol. ix. of the Hist. nat. des Poissons. However, the fact of Cuvier’s
tendency of multiplying species, especially towards the end of his life, is, nevertheless, undeniable ; witness his treat-
ment of the genera Hlacate, Trachynotus, &c. I fully agree with Dr. Liitken’s conclusion that there are in existence
probably two species of Dolphins only.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART LXXVII1.—1889.) Ti 2

10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Livus, Lowe.

Leirus, Lowe, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, vi., 1836, p. 199.
, Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1882, p. 452.
Palinurus, De Kay, N. York Faun. Fish., 1842, p. 118.
Hyperoglyphe, Giinth., Fish., i., 1859, p. 337.
Ms Liitken, K. dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skriv., xii., 1880, pp. 521, 602.
Pammelas, Giinth., Fish., 11, 1860, p. 485.
Palinurichthys, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, p. 20.

On the British Museum coming into possession of a specimen of the Rudder-fish,
Pammelas perciformis, I was enabled to recognise the generic identity of that species
with the Australian Hyperoglyphe porosa. In the meantime Messrs. Jordan and Gilbert
pointed out the true relationship of the Rudder-fish, viz., that it was closely allied to
Centrolophus bennettii from Madeira, for which Lowe had already proposed the generic
name of Leirus. Hyperoglyphe forms merely the extreme link of a chain of modifica-
tions of the form and structure of the dorsal fin as observed, in its most generalised form,
in Centrolophus pompilus or Schedophilus medusophagus. In these fishes the dorsal
fin is composed of extremely numerous, homogeneous soft rays, of which the anterior
only are unarticulated, though flexible.

In other species of the same genera these unarticulated rays become stiffer and more
or less spinous, and as they become stronger and more differentiated, the number of
soft rays decreases. In Lirus perciformis the spinous and soft portions are completely
differentiated, although they still form one continuous fin. In Larus porosus (as 1 now
call the Australian species) a separation into two fins is indicated, but not fully
accomplished. But all these fishes form one natural group, the members of which
possess the complicated pharyngeal dentary apparatus. Hyperoglyphe, therefore,
should be eliminated from the Perch-like fishes, and placed as a synonym of Lirus
immediately after Schedophilus. Its teeth are minute, in a single series, and not
villiform or in a band.

Lirus, like Schedophilus and Centrophilus, is a truly pelagic form. These fishes
follow floating objects or slowly moving animals (Medusve),’ either for the purpose of
obtaining protection, or for the sake of food, as many small animals, like Crustaceans,
are attracted to the same objects. Some, at least, of the species live at considerable
depths, as we may gather from the testimony of fishermen, and safely conclude from
the softness of their skeletons; and, probably, the young of all live at or near the
surface.

1 The large Meduse on our coast (Pilema octopus) are almost always accompanied by young fishes. On the south
coast I found them to be Horse-mackarel, one large Medusa offering a temporary home to more than fifty of these young

fishes, which were from 2 to 3 inches long. Only once I found another species of fish among them, viz. a young
Whiting.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 11

Tirus porosus, Richards (Pl. I. fig. F).

Diagramma porosa, Richards, Ereb. and Terr. Fish., p. 26, figs. 5, 6.
Hyperoglyphe porosa, Giinth., loc, cit.

Since the first discovery of this species during the voyage of the “ Erebus” and
“Terror,” no other specimen seems to have fallen into the hands of a naturalist.
During the present voyage seven young examples, 25 to 30 mm. long, were obtained from
a patch of floating sea-weed near the Kermadec Islands, Station 170. The hind margin
of the preeoperculum is finely and evenly serrated, the angle and lower margin of the
bone being armed with coarser and longer teeth. Pale olive; fins blackish, with the
exception of the caudal fin which is whitish.

Lirus paucidens, n. sp. (Pl. 1. fig. E).
D. ah A, z°5-

25°

This species, of which I have only three very young specimens, is closely allied to Lirus
porosus, but the armature of the preeoperculum is very different ; some of the characters
here mentioned may apply to the young stage only.

The height of the body is contained 24 times in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head 2} times. Eye about one-third of the length of the head,
the maxillary not extending to below the middle of the eye. The entire margin of
the preoperculum armed with distant and comparatively strong dentations. The soft
dorsal and anal fins rather hi¢h, higher than the spinous dorsal, which is continuous
with the soft; pectoral fins extending beyond, ventrals to, the anal. Dark-brown,
pectoral and caudal fins white.

Three specimens, the largest of which is 35 mm. long, were obtained in the surface-

net on the passage from New Guinea to Japan.

Cubiceps gracilis, Lowe (PI. I. figs. A, B, C).

A single specimen, 3 inches long, was obtained in the surface-net on the passage
between Tenerife and St. Thomas, West Indies. It proves that this species does not
undergo great changes during growth, and that the fish described and figured by
Liitken (op. cit.) under the name of Psenes maculatus is not the young of the present
species.

Adult Cubiceps must be extremely rare; no other specimen has occurred, beside
the one obtained by Sir A. Smith, so that the question of the specific distinctness of

Cubiceps capensis and Cubiceps gracilis is still a matter of uncertainty.

12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Young specimens of Cubiceps gracilis are comparatively much more common. The
British Museum has received, since the publication of the Catalogue, two examples,
7 and 84 inches long, obtained at Madeira by Mr. J. T. Johnson; six of from 114 to
23 inches in length, purchased by a friend of the writer at Messina ; and, finally, two of
2 and 23 inches in length, taken by the late Commander W. E.» Cookson, near the
Azores with Medusz.

All these specimens resemble much the adult state, so that there could not have
been any difficulty in recognising the species. None of the specimens show the slightest
trace of spots. The younger ones are comparatively shorter in the body, have a more
elevated dorsal fin, and shorter pectorals. We figure, of the natural cize, a specimen
from Madeira (fig. A’), one from the Azores (fig. B), and the youngest from Messina

(fig. C).

Psenes cyanophrys, C. V.

Psenes cyanophrys, Cuv. Val., ix. p. 260, pl. eclxv.; Liitken, K. dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skriv.,
1880, p. 517.
» javanicus, Cuv. Val., ix. p. 264; Giinth., Fish., ii, p. 494.
» leucurus, Cuv. Val., ix. p. 265; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish, p. 73; Giinth., Fish., vol. ii.
p. 495.1
2? ,, auratus, Cuv. Val., ix. p. 264.
Cubiceps multiradiatus, Giinth., Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1871, p. 661, pl. xi.

An examination of a long series of examples shows that the various terms mentioned
above refer to one species only, which is truly pelagic and distributed over the Tropical
Atlantic, as well as the Indian Ocean. Very young specimens have invariably a white
caudal fin. The number of the anal rays ranges from twenty-five to thirty.

The following specimens were collected :—
a. 10 lines long. Between Tenerife and St. Thomas.
b. 10 lines long. From Gulf-weed, south of Bermuda; April 1873.
c. 3 inches long. South of New Guinea; tow-net; August 29, 1874.
d-e. 1-2 inches long. South of Philippines; surface-net ; February 8, 1875.
J-h. 1-2 inches long. Between Philippines and Papua; surface-net; February 10,
1875.
i-z. 3-24 inches long. North of Papua; from driftwood ; February 21, 1875.
a. 10 lines long. North of Papua; tow-net; March 3, 1875.
B. 15 inches long. North of Papua; tow-net; March 18, 1875.
y. 2 inches long. Between Papua and Japan; surface-net ; 1875.

Liitken (Joc. cit.) distinguishes a Psenes leucurus from Psenes cyanophiys.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 13

Psenes arafurensis, n. sp. (Pl. UH. fig. G).
D7 e208 Agee Me bate 7

The height of the body is contained once and two-thirds in the total length without
caudal; the length of the head twice and two-thirds. Snout truncated, short, much
shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is two-fifths of the length of the head, and
less than the width of the interorbital space. Lower margin of the preoperculum
crescent-shaped. Cheek entirely scaly. Anterior dorsal rather higher than the second.
Pectoral broad, as long as the head without snout and as the ventrals, which extend
beyond the origin of the anal fin. Silvery; tail with some obscure cross-bands which
extend over, and are more distinct on, the anal fin. Ventrals black in their basal and
terminal thirds.

One specimen, 14 inches long, was obtained in the Arafura Sea, with the surface-net
September 23, 1874.

This specimen is evidently the young of a species attaining to a larger size.

Nomeus gronovii, Gm.

This is a common pelagic fish between the Tropics, young specimens being found in
almost all surface gatherings. The four specimens brought home by the Challenger
were obtained accompanying Physalias, in the vicinity of the Low Archipelago, on
September 16, 1875. They are from 4 to 1} inches long.

Platystethus huttoni, Gthr. (Pl. IL. fies. H, I).
Platystethus huttonii, Giinth., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1876, vol. xvii. p. 395.
D. 13-15 | 36. A. 2%. L. lat. 90.

Body much compressed, its height being one-third, the length of the head one-fourth,
of the total (without caudal). Eye of moderate size, two-ninths of the length of the
head, situated a little before the middle of the head, not far below the upper profile.
Preorbital at least as wide as the eye. Mouth oblique, with the lower jaw very
prominent, very narrow, the maxillary not extending to the front margin of the eye.
Dorsal spines feeble, of moderate length; the soft dorsal and anal low. Anal spines
short, but stronger than those of the dorsal fin. Pectoral broad, rounded, half the length
of the head. Ventrals small. Caudal deeply forked. Silvery ; back above the lateral
line greenish ; the spinous dorsal black.

This species was described from two specimens, 6} inches long, sent by Professor
Hutton, from Dunedin, New Zealand. It is admitted here in the series of pelagic

14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

fishes, because it has helped me to clear up the nature of certain young fishes, of which
I have known since the year 1860, without knowing to what genus they should be
referred. That these young fishes are pelagic is amply proved by the three specimens
in the British Museum, all of which were caught in the open sea.

1. The largest specimen is 26 mm. long, and was obtained in the tow-net on the
passage from Australia to the Cape of Good Hope, by J. B. Godfrey, Esq., who
however omitted to note the exact locality where it was captured. This is the specimen
which I mentioned in the year 1860 in the Catalogue of Fishes, vol. i. p. 415, as
possibly representing the young stage of Mene maculata.

2. A small specimen, 18 mm, long, was obtained by the Challenger Expedition in
July 1874, on the passage from Sydney to Wellington.

3. Finally, for the third specimen, which is only 15 mm. long, we are indebted to
Mr. Wykeman Perry, who collected so many valuable specimens, whilst serving on
board H.M.S. “Pearl,” under the late Commodore Goodenough. This specimen was
obtained in lat. 34° S., long. 12° E., in August 1873, that is, in the neighbourhood of
the Cape of Good Hope.

The general form of these fishes may be best seen from the accompanying figure.
They are characterised by their extremely compressed body, the chest and the abdomen
forming a prominent sharp edge. The body is covered by a thick layer of silvery pigment,
the largest specimen besides showing distinct cycloid scales ; the lateral line runs parallel
to the profile of the back, which is much less curved than the lower outline of the body.
The back is occupied by a long dorsal fin, the anterior portion of which is spinous. The
anal fin is also long, preceded by three spines; the ventral fins small, rudimentary,
inserted at a considerable distance behind the root of the pectoral and likewise at a
similar distance from the vent.

The head is of moderate size without any armature ; eye of moderate size, the mouth
small and obliquely turned upwards.

Although I have no doubt that these specimens are the young of Platystethus, I
consider it quite possible that the three specimens belong to as many distinct species on
account of the difference in the numbers of the fin rays. On the other hand we have to
take into consideration, that owing to the very young age of these specimens, the posterior
fin rays may still be undeveloped. In the largest of these young specimens, which is
ficured, the dorsal fin is composed of eighteen! spines and twenty-nine soft rays. The
anal is armed with three spines of which the third is very short, as is also the case in the
two other specimens ; of soft rays I count eleven. I found it impossible to ascertain the
number of dorsal spines in the two smaller specimens, without lacerating them ina
manner which would have impaired their utility in the future, but the soft rays were

1 A comparison with the specimens more recently acquired has shown me that a number of the rays in the dorsal
and anal fins, which I formerly in the largest specimen considered to be soft, are in reality spinous.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 1155

found to be twenty-eight in the middle-sized specimens, whilst seventeen only could be
counted in the smallest. A similar diversity obtains in the number of anal rays which
is respectively fourteen and nine.

Lepidothynnus, nu. gen.

For the knowledge of this fish I am indebted to Professor Hutton of Canterbury
College, Christchurch. The specimen, 54 feet long, was driven on shore in Lyttelton
Harbour on April 17, 1887. It had the appearance of a Tunny, but was covered with
scales. Of these Professor Hutton fortunately preserved some, and he also made a sketch
of the fish which is reproduced on Pl. VI. fig. A. The specimen is preserved in Christchurch
Museum as a skeleton, of which Professor Hutton kindly sent a photograph to
me (Pl. VI. fig. A’.). These materials, as well as some notes taken by my correspondent
from the fresh fish, offer sufficient evidence that this form represents an undescribed genus
of Scombroid fishes showing distinct atiinities to Gastrochisma. It may be characterised
thus :— ;

Body oblong, compressed, covered all over with large cycloid scales. Head with the
upper profile arched, parabolic, compressed above into a ridge. Cleft of the mouth of
moderate width, horizontal, armed with teeth of moderate size; teeth on the palatines,
none on the vomer. Eye lateral, rather small. None of the opercles serrated. The
anterior dorsal fin is continuous, formed by numerous slender spines. The soft dorsal
and anal consists of an anterior lobe, followed by seven or eight finlets. Pectoral and
ventral fins rather short. Caudal bilobed; tail with two keels at the base of the caudal.
Pyloric appendages dendritic.

Lepidothynnus huttoni, n. sp. (Pl. VI. figs. A, A”).
B. 7. D.17|2 | VIL A.2| VIIL L. lat. 78-80. L. transv. 6 | 13 (below 2nd dorsal).

The body is broadest in front of the pectoral fin, the depth of this portion being about
two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal). The head is nearly as deep as long.
compressed into a crest, the small eye occupying a position in the middle of the depth of
the head, but nearer to the end of the mouth than to the hind margin of the operculum.
The cleft of the mouth is subhorizontal, extending backwards to below the middle of the
eye. Gill-covers broad and firm as in Tunnies.

The body is covered with large cycloid scales (fig. a.), somewhat broader than long,
14 inches broad. The lateral line follows the line of the back, after having made a
curved ascent above the pectoral fin.

16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

The spinous dorsal commences above the gill-opening, is low and long, and formed
by seventeen slender spines. It is rather widely separated from the soft dorsal, whose
anterior connected rays form a short faleate lobe; seven detached finlets follow. The
anal corresponds in position and form to the soft dorsal. These vertical fins can be
completely concealed in fissures on the back and abdomen.

Pectoral fin short and powerful as in a short-finned Tunny; ventral short, its root
opposite to that of the pectoral fin.

Colour uniform steel-grey, lighter below; caudal fin and inside of the pectoral
darker.

Professor Hutton has taken the following measurements :—

Total length, . . : : : : : 654 inches.
Length of head, : ; : ; : : le
Height of the body, . ; : , : ; 16 3
Thickness at the pectorals, : : : : ; 10 3
Breadth between eyes, . : : : : 6 -
Diameter of the eye, . : : ; : 1 FS
Length of pectoral, : : : : : : 11
Longest dorsal spine, . ; : : : ; 3 A
Height of soft dorsal, . : : : ; ; Dah iss
Height of anal, : : : ‘ ‘ : 33 Ci,

The skeleton resembles much that of a Thynnus. However, the vertebre are of a
less firm texture, somewhat porous, less deeply sculptured and lacking the high median
lateral ridge which is so conspicuous on the centrum of the vertebra of a Tunny. The
number of vertebrae is twenty-two or twenty-three in the abdominal, and twenty-one in
the caudal division. None of the posterior caudal vertebrz are raised into the elevated
lateral ridge of the Tunnies. ‘The arrangement and form of the neural, heemal, inter-
neural, and interheemal spines are as in Zhynnus, but all are more slender, as are also the
ribs and floating ribs. ‘‘ Foramina inferiora ” ?
of the sixth to thirteenth caudal vertebrae. The haemapophyses of the middle and
posterior abdominal vertebree coalesce to form a wide hemal canal, but whilst in

seem to be present in the zygapophysis

Thynnus the ribs are suspended from the extremities of the greatly prolonged
hemapophyses of these vertebrae, they are, in this genus, attached to the base of the
apophyses. The neural spines of the seven posterior abdominal vertebra do not bear
interneurals.

The skull differs considerably in having a high crest developed along the whole
length of its upper surface, but in other respects shows the closest agreement with that
of the Tunny.

See Liitken, Vidensk. Selsk. Skriv., xii., 1880, p. 473.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. Wr)

Thynnus thunnina (C. V.), young (Pl. LI. fig. D).

Dr. Liitken' has figured two very young Scombroid fishes which he considers to be
the young of Oreynus germo. A similar specimen 17 mm. long was obtained in the
surface-net on the passage from the Admiralty Islands to Japan; it is, however,
sufficiently different to prove its specific distinctness from the specimens figured by
Dr. Liitken. All three specimens have a more or less extended black patch on the
spinous dorsal, a feature which is commonly preserved in adult specimens of the genus
Cybium, but which is much more rare in mature examples of Zhynnus. I have seen it
in the type specimen of Thynnus affinis of Cantor, from Penang, which is in fact
specifically identical with Thynnus thunnina. Although I provisionally identify our
young example with this latter species, I consider it quite possible that all these young
specimens may belong to Cybium. Perhaps the young of two genera so closely allied as
Thynnus and Cybium are not readily distinguishable.

Our young specimen is uniformly silvery, with the exception of the black patch which
covers the first part of the first dorsal fin. Its body and tail are covered with minute
scales which become visible when the surface of the specimen is allowed to dry. The
head is large, at least one-third as long as the entire fish, the caudal fin included. Eye
large, about two-sevenths of the length of the head; jaws armed with the strong teeth
which are characteristic of the genus. Angle of the praeoperculum armed with two
stronger spines which are followed by smaller ones along the lower margin. The
anterior part of the spinous dorsal fin is lower than in the fishes figured by Liitken,
the posterior portion very low and continuous with the soft dorsal fin; there are
altogether seventeen spines of which one would belong to the soft portion. All the
rays of the soft dorsal fin, nineteen in number, are connected by membrane, but the
seven or eight last are already sufficiently differentiated to show that they would have
been modified into finlets. The anal fin is very similar to the second dorsal, consisting
of twenty-three rays, of which the two or three anterior would have been converted into
spines ; the other anterior rays are very closely set, whilst the eight last are further apart
and evidently finlets. The pectoral and ventral fins do not show any peculiarity.
Caudal fin excised, the middle rays being quite free and not covered with scaleless skin
as in the adult Thynnus. The trunk of the tail is very thin and depressed, provided on
each side with the characteristic pair of keels, which prevents me from referring this
specimen to the genus Cybiwm.

1 Vidensk. Selsk. Skriv., xii., 1880, pl. iii. figs. 1, 2.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART LXXxviit.—1889.) liti 3

18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

Echeneis remora, L.

The following specimens were collected :—
a—c. 3-5 inches long. Atlantic, from a Shark ; April 9, 1876.
d. 6 inches long. Sandwich Islands, from a Shark ; August 21, 1875.
e-k, 3-64 inches long. North Pacific, from Sharks ; August 27, 1875.
/. 5 inches long. Atlantic, from Shark.

Echeneis naucrates, L.

Two specimens from St. Thomas, West Indies, and Kandavu.

Echeneis albescens, Schleg.

A specimen, 1, inches long, obtained north of New Guinea (Station 219), agrees
entirely with an adult, with this exception that the caudal fin is comparatively longer
and rounded, this fin having a vertical hind margin in the adult.'

Hemerocoetes acanthorhynchus (Forst.).

This fishis a littoral form, although it may occasionally be met far from land. Thus,
on the passage from Sydney to Wellington, a young specimen, 23 inches long, was found
swimming close to the surface. The date of capture or the distance from the nearest
land was not noted.

Antennarius marmoratus, Gthr.

Of this truly pelagic genus only the following specimens were brought home :—
a. 1inch long. Between Tenerife and St. Thomas, West Indies.
b-o. 3-14 inches long. Gulf-weed, south of Bermuda.

Trigla macrodactylus, n. sp. (Pl. II. fig. G).

A specimen, 16 mm. long, obtained off the coast of Sierra Leone on the surface, on
April 11, 1876, shows some well-marked peculiarities. The snout is short, the forehead
deeply concave, the body transparent, without pigmentation, except on the margin of the
pectoral fin. The formula of the fins is—D. 9 | 15. A. 13. P. 11 | 3, which precludes
this fish from being referred to any of the known species of the genus. The fin-rays are
rather long, and the third of the pectoral fin is prolonged into a filament nearly as long

‘see Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. v. p. 397, 1860.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 19

as the fin. Whether this is a peculiarity of the young stage, or whether it is persistent
throughout life, cannot be ascertained at present.

Messrs. Goode and Bean described (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., x. 1883, p. 210) a species of
Prionotus which also possesses prolonged pectoral rays, but in that species it is the ninth
ray which is most prolonged, and the succeeding rays are graduated, decreasing in
reoular proportion.

Gobius sp.

A young specimen, 14 inches long, which I am unable to determine specifically, was
obtained by the trawl in the Arafura Sea, on September 12, 1874, from a log of wood to
which it had attached itself. The capture of this Goby is worth recording, as one of the
instances by which we become acquainted with the means of dispersal of the species of
this genus.

Centriscus scolopax, L.

This species, as well as the closely allied Centriscus gracilis of Lowe, are truly pelagic
fishes. The latter has been known to occur in the Mediterranean and various parts of
the North and South Atlantic, in the Japanese and Chinese Seas, and in the South Sea.’
As to Centriscus scolopax, I have ascertained its occurrence on the coasts of Tasmania
as far back as the year 1876,” and two of the three specimens obtained by the Challenger
Expedition on the passage from Sydney to Wellington evidently belong to the same species.

All three specimens are young (from 6 to 13 lines long), and their dorsal spine is
conspicuously shorter and weaker than in adult Centriscus scolopax, but longer and
more distinctly denticulated than in Centriscus gracilis. They approach much more
nearly to the typical form of the former species in the shape of their body, as may be seen
from the following measurements :—

Specimen Specimen
from North Atlantic. from South Pacific.
Total length, . : : : : : 23 mm. 17 mm.
Distance between operculum and root of caudal fin, . U0) ey i,
Greatest depth of the body, . : : : DE, 37 5,
Length of dorsal spine, : : : : 3} ,, 2 5

Lophotes cepedianus, Giorna, young (PI. IL figs. K, K’).

The discovery of the young of so scarce a fish as Lophotes must excite some
surprise, but there is no other genus to which the little fish could be referred with

2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 395, 1876 ; referred to by Liitken, loc. cit., p. 585.

20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

greater propriety than Lophotes. The specimen is only 11 mm. long and much
distorted ; it was obtained in April 1875 on the passage from the Admiralty Islands to
Japan. It resembles much the adult form in the shape of its head and in the structure
of its fins; the characteristic long and powerful dorsal ray is present though unfor-
tunately broken off, only its basal portion being preserved. The chief difference from
the adult is the proportion of the length of the body to that of the head, the body
being much less elongate and the head only about two-sevenths of the total length.
Differences of minor importance seem to be the position of the anterior dorsal ray, the
root of which is somewhat behind the foremost part of the upper profile, and also the
absence of the ventral fin, which may have been accidentally destroyed.

The embryonic condition of our specimen is clearly shown in the termination of the
tail, which is heterocereal, a condition of which the last trace is indicated in the adult
by the lateral line ending at the base of the upper, and not of the middle, caudal rays.
In the dorsal fringe, as also in the other vertical fins, the rays are visible as minute and
densely packed fibres.

The dorsal fringe surrounds the end of the notochord and is continuous with the
portion (c) which, with growth, would be differentiated as the caudal fin, and in which
the fibres are stronger and longer. The anal fringe (@) is separated from the caudal by
the integument; a fringe (pa) similar to the anal exists in front of the vent (v), and runs
for a short distance along the median line of the abdomen.

The fish is of a silvery colour, with pigment spots on the head, and others serially
arranged along the terminal portion of the notochord.

Fig. K’ represents the posterior end of the body much enlarged.

Ill. ANACANTHS.

Onus reinhardtu, Collett (PI. IIT. fig. F.).

Adult specimens of this species were obtained by the “ Knight Errant” in the
Ferée Channel at a depth of 540 to 640 fathoms in 1880.' Two years later three
young specimens, referable to the same species, were caught at the surface by the
“Triton” (August 9, 1882). They have the compressed body of the Couchia-stage of
this genus, and are silvery, with a green back. Their fin-formula I make out to be—
D. 52. A. 45. P. 20. V. 8. The greatest depth of their body is one-seventh of the
total length, the length of the head a little less than one-fourth. The eye is one-fourth
of the length of the head and equal to the length of the snout, this portion of the head
being more pointed and more projecting beyond the lower jaw than in the young of the

1 See Report on Deep-Sea Fishes, Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. lvii. p. 98.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 21

other British species. The maxillary extends backwards to below the middle of the
eye, and the skin of the upper as well as of the lower jaw is perforated by a series of
conspicuous pores. The mandibulary barbel is quite as long as the eye, and a small
cirrhus represents the nasal barbel on each side. The foremost dorsal spine is prolonged,
about half as long as the head. Vertical fins low, caudal with straight posterior margin.
Ventral fin very narrow, longer than the pectoral, about as long as the head without
the snout.

Vent equidistant from the snout and the last anal ray. Scales not formed, visible
as flat granulations of the skin on the hinder part of the tail.

? Raniceps trifurcus, Walb., young (PI. III. fig. E).

The little fish, described and figured here, has been in my possession for several
years, without my being able to obtain other specimens of more advanced age, by the
aid of which its true relations could have been ascertained beyond doubt. It ‘is
25 mm. long, and was obtained in the North Atlantic at the surface, in lat. 52° 33’ N.,
long. 26° 44’ W. In referring it provisionally to Raniceps, a less amount of
change has to be assumed to take place, than if it were associated with genera
like Phycis, Brosme, &c. The fin-formula agrees fairly well with Raniceps, and it is
possible that the rudimentary first dorsal fin of this genus is absent altogether in the
young.

D. 69. <A. 50. P. 24. V. 8. In the general form of the body this little fish
resembles a Couchia; it is silvery, dark greenish on the back. Beside the very small
mandibulary barbel no other barbel can be distinguished. The length of the ventral
fin is a conspicuous feature of this young fish, the middle rays being nearly as long as
the head, and having the distal half of a black colour.

The depth of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the head one-
fourth. Eye large, longer than the short and obtuse snout, one-third of the length of
the head. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the maxillary reaching to below the middle
of the eye.

The dorsal and anal fins are very low, the former commencing midway between the
root of the ventral fin and the vent, and being preceded by a deep longitudinal groove,
which runs along the middle of the back towards the head; no rudiments of an anterior
dorsal fin can be discerned in it. Caudal fin as in Couchia, with a straight posterior
margin. Pectoral fin with a broad base and the upper rays longest, reaching nearly as
far back as the ventral. Ventral inserted on the side of the abdomen, a little in front
of the root of the pectoral fin, and extending to the vent. Vent nearer to the root of
the caudal than to the end of the snout.

22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Bregmaceros (P\. III. figs. A—D).

The progress of our knowledge of this genus has been somewhat chequered. It was
first described by William Thompson in Charlesworth (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840,
vol. iv. p. 184) from materials given to him by Cantor, viz., a young specimen 3 inches
long, and a drawing which, with some serious imperfections, was reproduced as a
woodcut to illustrate Thompson’s description. The species was named Bregmaceros
macclellandi, and the genus recognised as a member of the family of Gadoids.

Ignorant of the existence of this paper, Sir J. Richardson redescribed and figured
the same fish in the Voy. Sulphur, Ichthyol. (1843), p. 94, pl. xlvi. figs. 4-7, as
Calloptilum mirum; and, although a much better figure was given by him, his descrip-
tion leaves as much to be desired as that by Thompson, owing to the small size of his
examples, of which the largest was only 2°7 inches long, and is still preserved in the
British Museum. He differed from Thompson in referring the genus to the Blennioid
fishes.

Before comparing the descriptions given by these two zoologists, I must mention
that Richardson himself in 1856 recognised the generic identity of the two fishes
(Encyel. Brit., ed. 8, vol. xii. p. 309), although he considered the species figured by him
to be distinct from that described by Thompson. He also added to the generic diagnosis
two apparently important characters, viz., the absence of caca and of an air-bladder.

In 1862 I characterised the genus in the Catalogue of Fishes (vol. iv. p. 368)
chiefly after Richardson, having no other material beside that used by my predecessor,
and that considerably deteriorated. I differed from him, however, in adopting
Thompson’s views as regards the natural affinities of the genus, in giving different
numbers of the fin-rays and scales, and, finally, in considering his Calloptilum mirwm
to be the same species as Bregmaceros macclellandu. My reasons for taking this
latter view were, and are, the following :—

The different statements made by the authors as regards the number of dorsal and
anal rays are to be accounted for by the uncertainty of the number of short and
rudimentary rays in the middle of those fins. In some specimens it is impossible, and
in all very difficult, to ascertain their number; nor is there such a marked break
in the formation of the fin, that one could say exactly with which ray the anterior
division ends and with which the posterior begins. The difficulties are, of course, the
greater, the smaller the specimens ; thus, Richardson gave in the small specimen, which
he figured, thirteen as the number of rays composing the posterior dorsal, whilst I
count fifteen or sixteen in the same specimen, and up to twenty in others. Similar

1 In my diagnosis I have, therefore, expressed this uncertainty by the mathematical symbol a, which by some
subsequent writers has been copied as the roman figure X.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 23

difficulties present themselves as regards the number of seales, which in young specimens
are extremely thin and deciduous, and were mostly lost in the examples examined by
Thompson, Richardson, and myself. The discrepancies in the statement as to the course
of the lateral lme, and the presence or absence of vomerine teeth, are likewise to be
accounted for by the indifferent condition of the examples examined; and, finally, the
black colour of the fins is a character which is absent in young specimens, but becomes
more conspicuous with age.

Fully adult examples were first obtained by Lieut.-Col. 8. R. Tickell, who in 1865
described them in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 32, accompanying the description with a
fieure which, but for the scaling, would be a very good representation of the fish. The
author was not sufficiently acquainted with the literature, and therefore described the
fish as new, naming it Asthenurus atripinnis; however, the synonymy was rectified
immediately afterwards by myself in the Zool. Record, 1866, p. 197. Tickell dis-
covered the existence of vomerine teeth, and of an air-bladder; and although he denies
the presence of a “lateral line,” he expressly mentions and figures a “mesial groove with
a ridge along each side,’ which groove is, in fact, the lateral line.

Singularly, the same specimens, which had been deposited by Tickell in the Calcutta
Museum, were described again as new by Mr. F. Day (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869,.
p. 522), as “ Bregmaceros atripinnis, n. sp.” The presence of vomerine teeth and a
lateral line are denied in the diagnosis given by the author. ‘Two pyloric appendages
were found in this fish by the same author.'

A second and very distinct form was discovered in New Zealand and described by
Mr. Hutton in 1873,’ under the name of Calloptilum punctatum. He states (correctly
as I now think) that this fish should be placed into a distinct genus, but his description,
as well as figure, were by no means satisfactory. Having received a half-grown specimen
of this fish in 1876, I corrected Hutton’s description in several points, expressing it as
my opinion that “it should not be generically separated from Bregmaceros macelellandi,”
an opinion which, with perfect and adult specimens before me, I am obliged to abandon.

Lastly, the relation of these fishes is treated of by Mr. F. Day again in 1877.2 He
treats of Bregmaceros macclellandii and Bregmaceros atripinnis as two distinct species,
refers erroneously Calloptilum punctatum as a synonym of the latter, and misrepresents
me as having identified the New Zealand fish with Bregmaceros macclellandi.*

Quite recently a fish apparently allied to these Indo-Pacific forms has been described
by Messrs. Brown Goode and, Bean,’ from the Mid Atlantic, under the name of

1 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 112.

2 Trans. and Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. v. p. 267, pl. xi., 1873.

3 Fishes of India.

4 I must also demur to this author crediting me with the grammatically erroneous term of “ Bregmaceros punctatum.”

Bregmaceros, formed like Rhinoceros, is of the masculine gender.
5 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. xii. p. 165, 1886.

24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Bregmaceros atlanticus. Six specimens, the largest nearly 50 mm. long, were obtained
by the “Blake,” at depths varying from 90 to 305 fathoms. This occurrence, taken
together with the facts that the Challenger obtained a young specimen in the open sea im
the Pacific, that Bregmaceros macclellandi has a black-coloured pharynx, and that Breg-
maceros macclellandii and Bregmaceros punctatus possess deeply sculptured cranial bones
with wide muciferous cavities, proves that these fishes inhabit the open sea, and descend
to considerable depths, although they seem not rarely to be met with close to the shore.

I have mentioned above that I agree now with Mr. Hutton in regarding the New
Zealand form as the type of a distinct genus; Mr. Hutton adopted the second generic
name given to Bregmaceros macclellandi, Calloptilum, for the genus which he
established for the New Zealand fish, but according to a generally accepted rule of
nomenclature, this course is not admissible, and a new name has to be given to the latter.
It is not possible at present to determine to which of the two genera the young specimens
obtained by the Challenger and “ Blake” should be referred. The dorsal and anal fins
are but little differentiated in the young of all these species, and the structure and changes
of their ventral fins are very imperfectly known.

I proceed first to give the distinctive characteristics of the two genera :—

Bregmaceros, Thomps. = Calloptilum, Rich. = Asthenurus, Tick.

Body fusiform, compressed posteriorly, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size.
Two dorsal fins, the anterior reduced to a single long ray on the occiput; the second and
the anal more or less depressed in the middle, in adult specimens the middle rays
becoming more or less obsolete, so that the fin appears to be divided into two. Ventral
fins well developed, composed of five rays, the three outer of which are dilated and much
elongated. Minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer. Air-bladder large. Pyloric
appendages few in number (two). Gull openings very wide, the gill membranes being
united below the throat, and not attached to the isthmus. Pseudobranchiz none.
Branchiostegals seven.

Auchenoceros, Gthr. = Calloptilum, Hutt. nec Rich.

Head and body compressed, elongate, covered with small, exceedingly delicate and
deciduous scales. Two dorsal fins, the anterior reduced to a single long ray on the neck,
above the pectoral ; the second more or less depressed in the middle; one anal. Ventral
fins rudimentary, each composed of two slender elongate rays. Minute teeth in the jaws,
none on the vomer. Air-bladder small. Pyloric appendages in moderate number (eight).

Gill openings very wide, the gill membranes not being attached to the isthmus. Pseudo-
branchize none.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 25

I note the following details for specific descriptions :—

Bregmaceros macclellandii, Thompson (PI. II. figs. A, B).

Bregmaceros macclellandii, Thompson.
Calloptilum mirum, Richards.
Bregmaceros macclellandit (syn. Calloptilum mirum), Gthr.
Asthenurus atripinnis, Tickell.
Bregmaceros atripinnis, n. sp., Day.
Bregmaceros atripinnis (excl. synon.), and Bregmaceros macclellandii, Day.
De | 16-19+2+15-21. A. 22-30+a”+20-22. V. 5-6. L. lat. 64-70.
L. transv. 14-16.

In an adult specimen from the Indian Ocean (PI. IIL. fig. A) 4 inches long, the
greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the soft dorsal fin, and contained five
and a half times in the total length, without caudal. The head is small, short and broad,
its length being contained six and a half times in the total length. The eye is rather
large, two-sevenths of the leneth of the head, and equal to the width of the interorbital
space ; its upper half is covered with a transparent membrane. Snout short, shorter
than the eye, obtuse, rounded, the lower jaw being received within the upper. Mouth of
moderate size, the maxillary not extending to the hind margin of the orbit. Teeth in
the jaws very minute, and those on the head of the vomer scarcely perceptible. The
isthmus is broad and muscular, forming a broad support to the powerful ventral rays.
The distance of the vent from the root of the ventral fins exceeds considerably the length
of the head. The anterior dorsal ray is inserted above the preoperculum, and consider-
ably longer than the head; it can be received in a groove on the back. The second
dorsal fin commences opposite to the vent; its anterior portion is triangular in shape,
with the longest rays about as high as the body underneath ; a space about as long as
the base of the preceding portion follows, and is occupied by a variable number of short
and rudimentary rays. These rays gradually increase in length again, and form the
posterior portion of the dorsal fin, which, however, is scarcely half as high as the anterior
portion, and terminates at a short distance from the caudal. The anal fin commences
and terminates almost opposite to the dorsal, resembling this latter in form and structure,
but with a greater number of rays composing the developed portions. The caudal fin is
short, with the hind margin slightly excised.

The pectoral fin is inserted rather high up the sides, and strongly asymmetrical ; it
is many-rayed, the rays being inserted on a long and broad base.

The ventral fins (a) exhibit a very extraordinary structure, and seem to be as much
organs of touch as of locomotion. Each fin is composed of five or six rays, of which the |
three outer ones are enlarged, much prolonged, bearing a dilatation along each edge (a’,
enlarged), and terminating in fine points. The two outermost rays are quite free, the

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART LXXVUI.— 1889.) hii 4

26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER.

others being connected by membrane. ‘The two or three innermost rays are quite short
and much branched.

The ventral fins can be laid backwards in a groove running along the middle of the
abdomen, and along each side of the anal fin backwards to its middle.

The whole fish is silvery, minutely dotted with brown, but these dots are visible in
adult fish only after the scales have been removed. The vertical fins, the pectorals and
the short ventral rays are black, which colour is only gradually assumed as the fish grows
older. In very young specimens all the fins are pellucid. The pharynx is black.

A specimen obtained by the Challenger near Amboina, 124 lines or 27 mm.
long, agrees in all points with the adult, especially in the structure and form of
the fins; only the head is comparatively longer. But in a specimen of 7 lines or
15 mm., of which unfortunately only a drawing could be preserved, the sections
of the dorsal and anal fins are not yet differentiated ; these fins being subcontinuous
with the caudal (see Pl. III. fig. B). In this drawing no pectoral fin is shown.

Auchenoceros punctatus, Hutton (PI. III. fig. C).

Calloptilum punctatum, Hutton.
Bregmaceros punctatus, Gthr.

D. 1 | 18-22+2+382. A. 57-60. V. 2.

In a specimen 44 inches long the greatest depth of the body is below the origin of
the soft dorsal fin, and contained five times and three-fourths in the total length without
caudal; the head is compressed and nearly one-fifth of the total length. Eye of moderate
size, as long as the snout, a little less than two-sevenths of the length of the head or
than the width of the interobital space. Snout as long as the eye, with the cleft of the
mouth oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting beyond the upper; mouth rather wide,
the maxillary not extending to the hind margin of the orbit ; teeth in the jaws villiform,
vomer and palatine bones toothless, The isthmus is very narrow. The distance of the
vent from the root of the ventral fins is not more than the length of the head without
snout.

The anterior dorsal ray is inserted above the root of the pectoral and about as long
as the head; there is no groove on the back for its reception. The second dorsal fin
commences behind the vent; its anterior portion is lower than the body underneath; a
space longer than the base of this portion follows, and is occupied by a variable number
of very rudimentary rays. These rays gradually increase in length again, and form the
posterior portion of the dorsal fin, which, however, is not half as high as the anterior
portion, and terminates at a short distance from the caudal. The anal fin commences
immediately behind the vent, that is, in advance of the dorsal, and terminates opposite to
the last dorsal ray ; its middle rays are but slightly shortened ; the caudal fin is rounded,

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. i

of moderate length, embracing a considerable part of the tail, the rudimentary rays
advancing far forward on the upper and lower sides of the tail.

The pectoral fin is inserted in the middle of the side, asymmetrical, many-rayed, as
long as the head. The ventral fins (c) are inserted at some distance from each other ; their
base is very small, and each is composed of two very slender rays, the longer of which
reaches beyond the vent.

The scales are lost but to judge from the folds of the skin they must have been
extremely thin and very small.

The entire fish is uniformly silvery.

A young specimen (PI. III. fig. D), 19 mm. long, obtained on the 15th of September
1873, indicates the presence of another species in the Pacific, but as the specific characters
in this genus evidently change with age, I hesitate to introduce it with a distinct specific
name. It seems to have a smaller eye than the other species ; the ventral fins are two-
rayed but much stronger than in Auchenoceros punctatus; the anterior dorsal ray is
placed opposite to the operculum ; the long dorsal and anal fins commence opposite to each
other ; they are not divided into separate portions and continuous with the caudal fin ;
but this is probably only a sign of young age.

Fierasfer acus, Briinn., young (PI. IV. fig. F).

In the year 1860, Kaup?* described a small fish in the British Museum as the type of
anew genus, Porobronchus. ‘TT. Gill? alludes to it in these words :—‘ As to Porobron-
chus, Kaup, it is, perhaps, related to Fierasfer ; but the character of the first elongated
dorsal ray requires to be known before a decision can be arrived at ;” whilst I* stated it to
be the young of Fierasfer acus. It is 24 inches long and not in a good state of pre-
servation. A very similar fish, probably of the same species, was examined by Gasco ‘*
who published almost simultaneously with my observation a description and figure of it,
considering it to be the type of a new genus, Veaillifer. His specimen was 20 mm.
long and re-examined by Costa’ who adopted Gasco’s nomenclature. However, some
years later, Emery* confirmed my view as to the nature of this fish, from an examina-
tion of very young examples which are undoubtedly Pierasfer acus.

The most conspicuous characteristic of these young Fierasfer is the presence of an
extremely long anterior dorsal ray which bears a variable number of small skinny lobes.
As the fish grows, this ray is lost or shortened by absorption. The specimens observed
by the Italian naturalists showed this ray more or less completely developed, whilst
in Kaup’s specimen the greater part of the ray and every trace of the lobes had dis-

1 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1860, ser. 3, vol. vi. p. 272, pl. iti. fig, D.

2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1865, ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 48. 3 Catal. Fish., vol. viii. p. 145, 1870.

4 Bull. Assoc. Natur. e Med. Napoli, 1870, April, p. 59, c. tab.

5 Ann. Mus. Zool. Napoli, vi., 1871, p. 88, tav. 2, fig. 1.
8 Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., xxi. 1878, p. 37, figs. 1-3; and Atti R. Accad. d. Lincet, 1879-80, vol. vii. tav. 1, a.

28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

appeared. In the specimen which I describe here, it is reduced to a short rudiment.
Evidently it is of use only whilst the young fish leads a free and pelagic life, and dis-
appears when the Ferasfer assumes the habits of a commensal.

There cannot be much doubt as to our specimen representing a more advanced stage
of the young of Fierasfer acus, the resemblance of its head and of the proportions of
its body to young Mierasfer acus from the Mediterranean being very great. .However,
it should be remembered that that species has hitherto not been found so far northwards
as the British Channel, whilst another species of the genus, Fierasfer dentatus, is known,
though from two specimens only, to ogcur on the Irish coast." We possess two repre-
sentations of the young of this species, a very rude one by Putnam,” and an excellent
one by Emery,’ both of which agree in showing that the young of Fierasfer dentatus is
a much more slender form than that of Fierasfer acus. he latter species therefore has
to be added to the British fauna.

The specimen is 104 mm. long, the head measuring 54 mm., and the distance of the
snout from the beginning of the anal fin 11 mm. Head and tail are much compressed,
the latter terminating in an extremely fine filament into which the vertebral elements
do not enter. The eye is of moderate size, rather shorter than the snout, which is obtuse,
with the jaws equal in front. The maxillary extends beyond the centre of the eye and
the few teeth which can be observed are minute. The abdomen projects much, the vent
being behind and not in front of the projection. The dorsal fin commences very little
in advance of the anal; of the long ray which is so remarkable a feature in very young
specimens, only a short rudiment remains. The fin behind the ray is at first only a low
ridge which becomes higher towards the middle of the length of the tail, and decreases
in height again behind. In its entire course it is conspicuously lower than the anal fin,
which, about the middle of its length, is nearly as high as the body above.

The specimen was obtained on August 9, 1882, in the Farée Channel, close to the
surface, during the cruise of H.M.S. “ Triton.”

Of the two figures on Plate IV. the upper represents the specimen of the natural size,
the lower the anterior part of the body enlarged.

PLEURONECTID &.

Eight young specimens were obtained in the Mid Atlantic swimming at the surface at
night, on August 16, 1873, and on April 18, 1876. They are 1 inch long, perfectly
symmetrical, and agree entirely with the “pelagic Plagusiz ” of the same size described
and figured by Steenstrup. They do not throw further light on their origin, which is
still obscure,

On April 11, 1876, when sailing off the coast of Sierra Leone in lat. 7° 33’ N., and

* Collett has described another specimen from Norway, Christian. Vidensk. Forhandl., 1882, No. 19, ¢, tab.
* Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, vol. xvi. p. 347 (Encheliophis tenuis).
3 Atti R. Accad. d. Lincei, 1879-80, vol. vii. tav. 1, a

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 29

long. 15° 16’ W., small Pleuronectidee were obtained in the towing-net, the relation of
which to adult forms is at present likewise perfectly obscure.

They (Pl. I. fig. B) have a length of 6 and 7 mm. The notochord is distinct in its
whole course, with its diphycercal termination. The eyes are symmetrical ; no pigment is
to be seen on any part of the body except in three spots placed in a triangle opposite to
the end of the notochord. The fin-rays are perfectly developed, no part of the embryonic
fin-membrane remaining. The dorsal and anal portion pass uninterruptedly into the
rayed fringe surrounding the termination of the tail. Very peculiar is an exceedingly
long filamentous ray placed in front of the dorsal fin somewhat in advance of the eye.
Neither pectoral nor ventral fins can be distinguished, but this may be owing to the
condition of the specimens, which were mounted for microscopical examination imme-
diately after their capture. Also the configuration of the bones of the side of the head
is indistinct, but the mouth appears to have been of moderate width, and is armed with
a few tooth-like apophyses.

Another larval Pleuronectoid, figured on Pl. IV. fig. E, is possibly the young of a
Solea. It is only 55 mm. long, and was obtained at the surface, off the mouth of the
Plate River on February 26, 1876. It was stained and mounted for the microscope,
scarcely more than the outlines being visible; the posterior outlines of the head are
very indistinct. The specimen is not far advanced beyond the embryonic condition, and
its abdomen protrudes as a rounded sac. The tail tapers and is diphycercal ; eyes and
the small mouth symmetrical. Snout very short, with a parabolic outline; eye small,
nearer to the angle of the mouth than to the upper profile. Fin-rays are developed and
differentiated only anteriorly on the back, the remainder of the fin showing a finely
striated appearance throughout its length, in its continuation round the end of the tail
to the vent. The two first fin-rays stand above the eye, are much elongate, nearly
3 mm. long, and are followed by about eight developed rays. Pectoral and ventral fins

apparently absent.

In a young Pleuronectoid (Pl. IV. fig. D), 13} mm. long, obtained in the surface-net
on the passage from the Admiralty Islands to Japan, March 1875, the fins and rays are
much more developed. The body is whitish, semitransparent, like that of a Lepto-
cephalus, the eyes and mouth are symmetrical. The anterior profile of the snout is
parabolic ; the small eye is close to the anterior profile, above the angle of the narrow
mouth. Abdomen pendent and protruding. Pectoral well developed, on both sides, with
broad base; a rayed fold of the integument, attached to the abdominal sae, represents
the ventral fin. The vertical fins are continuous, but the caudal projects as a distinct
portion and is composed of twelve rays. Dorsal rays about one hundred, anal seventy-four.

This large number of fin-rays would seem to indicate that this fish is the young of

some species of Synaptura.

30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

IV. PHYSOSTOMI.
Scopelus, Gthr.

In the Report on the Deep-sea Fishes (p. 195) I have already shortly described the
habits of these fishes. They are truly pelagic, but rarely or accidentally coming into the
vicinity of land. They are exceedingly common in all seas of the Tropical and Sub-
tropical zones, becoming scarcer in higher latitudes, a few species reaching the Arctic and
Antarctic circles. Some of the species have a very wide range, and the limits ‘of
distribution of others are determined by latitude rather than longitude.

Of the numerous specimens obtained by the Challenger only a few were adult, the
majority under 18 lines long, the smallest measuring from 5 to7 mm. These younger
specimens were generally destitute of scales and semipellucid; neither had they the
phosphorescent organs developed. In two of the larger individuals, about 1 inch long,
the scaly covering was perfect, but of the phosphorescent organs only a few on the side
of the head and one at the root of the ventral fin were developed. I was unable to
decide whether this paucity of phosphorescent organs indicates specific distinctness or is
characteristic of stages of growth.

The specific determination of the majority of these small Scopeli is not only a matter
of considerable difficulty, but generally of great uncertainty. It would be impossible to
avoid mistakes which of necessity would lead to erroneous notions as to the occurrence of
a species at a certain season in some area of the ocean. The following species, however,
could be made out with a sufficient degree of exactness :—

1. Scopelus caninianus (Mus. Brit., an Cuv. Val.?). This species is not confined to
the Mediterranean and Atlantic, where a specimen 3 inches long was obtained off the
Cape Verde Islands on April 28, 1876, but is also tolerably common in the Pacific.
Specimens from 20 to 36 lines long were caught at night in the tow-net in the neighbour-
hood of New Guinea, on November 5, 1874, and February 26, 1875, and also on the passage
to the Admiralty Islands.

2. Scopelus coccoi (Cocco). Of this small but most common and most widely
distributed species some eighty specimens were collected ; south of Cape Verde Islands
(April 28, 1876), on the passage to the West Indies, in the South Atlantic (March 7,
1876), in the South Pacifie (October 20 and November 5, 1875), in Mid Pacific (August
25, 1875), near the Admiralty Islands, and on the passage to Japan. ‘The size of the
specimens ranged from 4 to 24 inches.

3. Scopelus nigro-ocellatus (Gthr.). The type, the only specimen previously known,

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. ol

was caught in the South Atlantic. Two specimens, 1} inches long, were obtained during
the passage of the Challenger from the Admiralty Islands to Japan (April 1875).

The other species of this genus obtained during the voyage were described in the
deep-sea series, as there was no reason to doubt their occurrence beyond the 100 fathom
line.

Finally, during the cruise of the “Triton” in the Frée Channel in 1882 a small
number of young Scopeli were obtained, partly with the surface-net at night, partly with
the tow-net, which witha line of 350 and 600 fathoms was worked at various depths. The
dates of capture were on August 9, 20, 21, and 30. Their length varies from 9 to 164 mm.,
the largest being perfectly developed, and having their specific characters sufticiently
distinct. Unfortunately the scales are either entirely, or for the greater part, lost.

I am unable to refer these specimens to a described species of the genus. They differ
especially from the other species described from northern seas (Scopelus glacialis,
Scopelus kréyerz), either by the number of the fin-rays, or by a conspicuously smaller
eye; they come nearest to Scopelus glacialis, and also to a species known from New
Zealand (Scopelus hectoris), but differ from the latter in the relative position of the
dorsal and ventral fins. There is, therefore, sufficient ground for introducing this new
addition into the British fauna’ under a distinct name.

Scopelus scoticus, n. sp.
WarlO-ti Avene. \C:.8) p20 ees

Total length 164 mm. The height of the body (34 mm.) is two-ninths of the total
length (without caudal, 2 mm.), the length of the head (23 mm.) one-fourth ; the least
depth of the tail is much less than one-half of that of the body. Diameter of the eye
rather longer than the snout, but less than one-third of the length of the head and con-
siderably less than the postorbital portion of the head. Snout with the upper profile
rather straight, curved in front only, and with the lower jaw slightly projecting beyond
the upper. Maxillary reaching to the angle of the praeoperculum, and terminating in an
elongate triangular dilatation. Posterior margin of the praeoperculum vertical. Scales
of the lateral line apparently not larger than the others; phosphorescent organs in the
same number and arrangement as in the allied species. Origin of the dorsal fin nearer
to the root of the caudal than to the end of the snout, behind the base of the ventrals.
Pectoral rather short.

In a specimen 14 mm. long the scales are developed, also nearly all the phosphor-

1 The cruise of the same vessel yielded another addition to the bathybial fauna of the British seas. A specimen of
Stomias ferox (Reinhardt), 37 mm. long, was obtained in the dredge on August 9, 1882, ata depth of either 327 or 430
fathoms.

32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

escent organs are present, some with a silvery centre, surrounded by a pigmentary ring,
others without the silvery centre.

A specimen, 11} mm. long, is semitransparent, whitish, without scales; of the phos-
phorescent organs only the one on the side of the head, covered by the preopercular
limb, is visible as a black round pigment spot.

Specimens, 9 mm. long, are without any trace of phosphorescent organs ; but the fins
and fin-rays are perfectly differentiated.

This species seems to lack the phosphorescent organs on the back of the caudal
peduncle.

Diplophos.
Diplophos, Giinth., Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, ii. 1873, p. 101.

Body much elongated, band-shaped (covered with large thin deciduous scales?). A
double series of phosphorescent organs runs along the lower side of the body and tail.
Head compressed, with pointed snout and projecting lower jaw. Mouth very wide but
slightly oblique ; jaws armed with small pointed teeth rather unequal in size; eye of
moderate size ; paired fins well developed ; dorsal fin im advance of the anal, behind the
ventral ; adipose fin none; anal very long.

Diplophos tena (P1. IV. fig. C).
Diplophos tenia, Gunth., loc. cit., p. 104.
DSi) A Ca:043 7 Ven:

The length of the head is one-sixth of the total length, the greatest depth of the body
only one-sixteenth. Snout more than twice as long as the eye, pointed, with the lower
jaw longest. The maxillary reaches backwards far behind the eye. Dorsal fin short, its
first ray somewhat nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal; anal fin
commencing below the last dorsal ray, and ending at a short distance from the caudal.
Paired fins short ; pectoral inserted near to the lower profile ; ventrals reaching nearly to
the origin of the dorsal. The phosphorescent organs are rounded black bodies, without
silvery centre ; they are very numerous and arranged in two parallel series along each
side of the lower profile. Those of the upper series are smaller than those of the lower,
are quite round and do not extend so far towards the head and the caudal, as the lower.
The lower are larger and transversely oblong. A pair of still larger luminous organs
occupies a position in front of the base of the lower caudal rays. Brownish.’

The largest of three specimens is only 14 inches long; they were obtained at night
by the tow-net in lat. 30° 8., long. 24° W.; and in lat. 22° N., long. 30° W.

1 After fifteen years’ immersion in spirit the colour of these specimens is faded into dull white.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 33

Diplophos pacificus, n. sp. (Pl. IV. fig. B).
Des 2 PA 5S. eR Ol Ni ig,

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total length, the areatest depth one-tenth.
Snout thrice as long as the eye, and the maxillary extending far behind the eye, nearly to
the preopercular angle ; eye one-seventh or one-eighth of the length of the head. Cheek
covered by the enlarged suborbital bones. Dorsal fin higher than the body, its origin
nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal fin; its last rays are
opposite to those of the anal. Anal extending to within a short distance of the caudal
fin, its anterior rays are longest, but shorter than those of the dorsal; ventral fin rather
long, reaching to the origin of the dorsal fin, more than twice as remote from the pectoral
as from the dorsal. A singular spine-like projection opposite to the last anal ray may
be an accidentally detached portion of the root of the caudal fin, or represent a rudi-
mentary adipose fin.

The phosphorescent organs are arranged as in Diplophos tenia, but are more
developed, having a silvery centre with a black ring, not only those of the main series
but also the smaller ones of the secondary series. Another series of small organs runs
along the middle of the side of the body and seems to be a specialized lateral line.
Other luminous organs, but very indistinct, can be seen on the hyoid bone.

Brownish, with silvery lustre.

A single young specimen of this interesting fish was obtained on September 2, 1875,
in Mid-Pacifie (lat. 5° 54’ N., long. 147° 2’ W.), in the tow-net which had been attached
to the dredge. Although the dredge descended to a great depth, there is no doubt that
the specimen was obtained close to the surface ; it is 37 mm. long, that is, nearly of the
same length as the typical specimen of the Atlantic species. It had been mounted as a
microscopic preparation in glycerine, and has suffered considerably from this mode of
preservation. Although nearly of the same size as the types of the Atlantic species, it is
more advanced in development, as is evident from a comparison of the luminous organs.

Fundulus nigrofasciatus, Lesueur.

A specimen, 1+ inches long, was obtained on the passage from Tenerife to St. Thomas,
West. Indies, in the tow-net, in company with other pelagic surface fishes.

The capture in mid-ocean of a species inhabiting the fresh and brackish waters of the
Atlantic States of North America is of great interest. It illustrates the way in which
reputed fresh-water species are spread to distant coasts by crossing wide expanses of
ocean. . The wide and irregular distribution of Cyprinodonts generally is probably to be

thus accounted for. .
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART LXXVIII,—1889.) hii 5

34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Ovum of a Scombresocid (Pl. V. fig. E).

The surface-net enclosed in the Atlantic on February 29, 1876, a single ovum,
2°5 mm. in diameter, which by the development on its surface of long filaments proves
to be that of a member of the family of Scombresocide. The embryo is considerably
advanced in development, its outlines being clearly visible. The ovum differs from that
of Belone and Scombresox in having shorter and fewer filaments; also the filaments
have no swelling at the base. It may be that of an Haocoetus, the ovum of which I
believe is still unknown.

The ovum, which was mounted in glycerine for the microscope immediately after
capture, gives the impression of a regular arrangement of the filaments in four concentric
circles on each hemisphere, and with a single filament at each pole.

Hemirhamphus sp., young.

One specimen only can be referred with certainty to this genus, but it is not
sutliciently advanced in growth to determine the species. It is 14 inches long, and was
captured on the passage from Tenerife to St. Thomas in the West Indies. The lower
jaw projects 3%; of an inch beyond the upper, the latter being short and broad as in the
mature fish ; no teeth whatever can be distinguished in this specimen.

Scombresox, young.

The fry and young of this genus belong to the most common forms of pelagic life,
and numerous specimens up to 13 inches in length were captured by the tow-net. Those
from the Atlantic I have referred to Scombresox saurus, and those from the Pacific to
Scombresox forstert, without being able to discover in these immature specimens the
slight differences by which those closely allied species are distinguished. Of the dates of
capture of the Atlantic specimens were noted March 7, April 28, and May 7 (1876); the
Pacific specimens are from 1 to 13 inches long, and were captured on various occasions
in the month of July, 1875.

Belone sp., young.

Among the numerous pelagic young Scombresocidee collected by the Challenger, or
obtained from other sources, there is only one which I can refer without hesitation to
Belone. It was caught in September about forty miles north of Demerara, and is
21 mm. long. It cannot be determined specifically. The body is subcylindrical in shape
with a rather elongate caudal fin. Both jaws are prolonged and toothed, but the length

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 35

of the lower, measured from the eye, is 44 mm., whilst the upper measures 2 mm. only.
The basal half of the lower jaw is armed on the sides with strong curved teeth rather
distantly placed, the teeth of the upper jaw being smaller, more closely set, nearly
uniform in size, and occupying the entire length of the intermaxillaries.

Exocoetus, L.

Of this pelagic genus comparatively few specimens were obtained, the majority being
young. ‘The fins do not seem to undergo important changes with growth, with the
exception of the caudal fin, which J have found in some specimens, not in all, unusually
long. The coloration is not a reliable guide in the determination of young examples, for
whilst the colours which ornament the mature fish, especially the fins, in some of the
species, are not developed in the young, bands and spots of brown or black colour adorn
the young of other species, but disappear with age.

The specimens collected by the Challenger are referred to the following species :—

Exocoetus obtusirostris, Gthr.

Beside.a specimen, 8 inches long, which entered the tow-net at night in the North
Atlantic on April 28, 1876, and which undoubtedly belongs to this species, five other
examples, from 1 to 24 inches long, were obtained on various occasions in the Tropical
Atlantic (August 14, 1873; April 28,1876). These young specimens might be referred
with equal right to Hxocoetus evolans, L.

Exocoetus spilurus, Gthr.

This species is known from young specimens only. Two, 1 to 14 inches long, were
obtained by the Challenger in Gulf-weed, south of Bermuda.

Exocoetus solandri, C. V. (Pl. IV. Fig. A).
Exocoetus solandri, Cuv. Val., xix. p. 129.

In my general account of the Flying Fishes,’ I have already shown that the fish from
Otaheiti, described by Solander and figured by Parkinson, is a different species from the
Flying Fish from the Seychelles, with which Valenciennes had identified it, dedicating it
to the memory of Solander. Some time ago I found among a number of East African
specimens a Flying Fish which closely agrees with Valenciennes’ description, showing at
the same time that the specimen which I had formerly referred to Exocoetus solandri,

1 Catal. Fish., vol. vi. pp. 280, 285.

36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

and from which I drew up a diagnosis, must belong to another and distinct species. Its
pectoral fins and manibulary appendages are, however, too much injured to allow of its
characteristics being ascertained. I take now this opportunity of giving a diagnosis of
the true Hxocoetus solandri :—

IDeA Bosal,

Form of the body very slender, its depth being only one-seventh of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Snout rather long and pointed, the
mandible projecting ; eye a little shorter than the snout, and two-sevenths of the length
of the head.

The anterior part of each mandible is furnished with a broad, delicate, black skinny
flap, bearing on its edge several cirrhi, some longer than others, as long as the eye. The
dorsal fin is very high, its longest (middle rays) extending to the middle of the upper
caudal lobe ; the anal is only half as high, its first ray being opposite to the third or
fourth of the dorsal. Pectoral fin reaching to the end of the base of the dorsal ; its
upper ray simple, two-thirds the length of the third, the second ray forked, the third the
longest. Ventral fin inserted midway between the root of the caudal and the eye, and
reaching to the caudal. (Scales lost.) Silvery with greenish back; three broad (rose-
coloured ?) bars cross the abdomen in front of the ventral fins ; another bar behind the
ventral, and a more indistinct one across the front of the base of the anal fin. The
greater part of the dorsal fin, the postero-inferior half of the pectoral, and the ventrals
black ; an oblique band across the lower caudal lobe and the outer half of the anal fin
blackish.

The specimen is 53 inches long.

Exocoetus naresi, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. A).
DROLOSS FAM SA ee dlat. es

Allied to Exocoetus comatus, but with less dorsal rays and longer fins; a single
black, very long and broad, cutaneous appendage, which fringes the lower jaw in its
entire circumference, does not quite extend to the root of the ventral fin; it is
supported by a mid-rib of a whitish colour. The pectoral fin extends to the last dorsal
ray, the ventral to the root of the caudal. The ventral is inserted midway between the
head and the root of the caudal. Dorsal fin rather low. The height of the body equals
the length of the head without snout, the length of the head being one-fourth of the
total (without caudal). Snout shorter than the eye, which is one-third of the length of
the head; interorbital space scarcely concave, broad, its width being more than the
diameter of the eye. Pectoral blackish, with the exception of the three or four lower

ae

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 37

rays; posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fin blackish; ventrals black, with the inner
and outer rays white.

One specimen, 7 inches long, came on board ship between the Fiji and New
Hebrides Islands, August 16, 1874.

(2) Exocoetus affinis, Gthr.

Two specimens, 1 and 14 inches long, were obtained in Gulf-weed, south of Bermuda.
It is impossible to determine whether these young Hzocoetus should be referred to
Exocoetus lineatus or the allied Exocoetus affinis.

Exocoetus rondeletii, C. V.

Two specimens, # and 1 inch long, off the Cape Verde Islands, on April 24 and 29,
1876.

Exocoetus simus, C. V.
Exocoetus simus, Cuv. Val. xix. p. 105.

Not having had a specimen of this species before, I give here a detailed specific
description.

Dr 12.” AL 8. lat. 46:

Closely alhed to Exocoetus callopterus and Exocoetus brachysoma.

The height of the body is one-fifth or less than one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth or less than one-fourth. The depth of the head is some-
what more than the distance between the extremity of the snout and the hind margin
of the preoperculum. Snout obtuse and depressed, its length being three-fifths of the
diameter of the eye, which is a little less than one-third of the length of the head, and
less than the width of the interorbital space, which is flat. The pectoral fin extends
to, or somewhat beyond, the end of the dorsal. Ventral fins midway between the root
of the caudal and the gill-opening, not extending to the end of the base of the anal.
The dorsal commences far in advance of the anal, its anterior rays being half as long as
the head. The distance between the first dorsal ray and the first rudimentary caudal
ray is conspicuously more than the length of the head. There are thirty-one scales
between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal, and eight longitudinal series of scales
between the origin of the dorsal and lateral line. Some (the largest) specimens have
some round black spots in small or at least not considerable number between the
pectoral rays. In other specimens these spots are only indicated, and again in others

38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

entirely absent, the lower rays being whitish. Ventrals nearly uniformly white, or with
the outer ray slightly tinged with grey. No black on the dorsal fin.

This is the first species of Hxocoetus in which I have found the coloration of the
pectoral fin varying. There can be no doubt as regards the specific identity of the
specimens before me.

Ten specimens, from 104 to 13 inches long, were obtained at Honolulu. The
Sandwich Islands seem to be the only locality at which this species has been found

hitherto.

Astronesthes niger, Rich.

This fish was included in the Report on Deep-Sea Fishes, as specimens were
recorded from a depth of 2500 fathoms. However, as mentioned there (p. 203), it is
one of the most common of pelagic forms in the Atlantic as well as in the Indian Ocean,
and, therefore, is caught on almost every voyage during which the tow-net is used.
Also, the Challenger obtained a surface specimen near the west coast of Africa on April
28,1876. The habits of this fish are nocturnal.

Halaphya, a. gen.

I propose this generic name for three specimens, 26 mm. long., and 1°5 mm. deep,
which were obtained at the surface, in the open sea, on the passage from Sydney to
Wellington. They are evidently the young, and probably a very early stage of growth,
of a fish which shows some aftinities to Microstoma. Costa (Faun. Regn. Napol. Pesc.)
figures on pl. xl. fig. 4, a small fish which must have been very similar to Halaphya ;
but neither description nor name seem to have been published by him in explanation of
the figure.

There is, however, another fish from the Southern Indo-Pacific, which has to be
considered in determining the origin of these young specimens, viz., Gonorhynchus.
The fishes of this genus are rather scarce, but extend from the Cape of Good Hope to
New Zealand, and Japan. The form of the body, the position and shape of the fins,
and even the number of fin-rays of Halaphya are remarkably like those of Gonorhynchus,
but the form of the snout is entirely different. We should be obliged to assume that
with advancing growth the upper jaw is produced into a long proboscis, at the end of
which a barbel is developed. A change like this is not without parallel in the develop-
ment of fishes, but without knowing any of the intermediate stages we should not be
justified in assuming it in this case. Of the development of Gonorhynchus nothing
whatever is known.

With the materials at present available the genus may be characterised as follows :-—

ee

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 39

Body elongate, rather compressed, naked, with black (phosphorescent) spots. Cleft
of the mouth very small. Eye of moderate size. Dorsal fin short, opposite to the
space between ventrals and anal; adipose fin none; anal short; caudal emarginate.
Gill-openings wide.

An aftinis Microstomati ?

Halaphya elongata, n. sp. (Pl. VI. fig. C).

The general form of the body and the position of the fins will be seen from the
figure. The specimens are perfectly transparent and of the same white colour which the
Leptocephali assume after immersion in spirits. No scales can be discovered on any part
of the body. A series of minute specks of black pigment runs along the intermuscular
line of the side of the body, and similar specks occupy the upper and lower margins of
the free portion of the tail. These pigment spots remind us of similar organs in the
Leptocephali, and many young Scopelids. The snout is obtuse, with a narrow trans-
verse anterior mouth. The gill-openings are wide, the gill-membrane being grown to the
isthmus anteriorly for a short distance only. Pectorals well developed; ventrals shorter.
A very distinct fold of the skin runs from the pectoral along the median line of the
abdomen to the vent. Dorsal and anal fins of moderate height, with the rays well
developed. D, 12. A.9. Caudal emarginate behind.

Prymnothonus (Pl. V.).

In the Ichthyology of the Voyage of the “ Erebus” and “Terror,” Richardson figured
a small fish which he named Prymnothonus hookeri, and which was known to him from
a sketch only, drawn by Dr. Hooker from the fresh specimen. He could not add any
further information, the notes made at the time by Dr. Hooker having been mislaid, but
he says that the specimen measured 14 inches in length. It had perished before the
collection reached Sir John Richardson’s hands. Although I applied again after the
return of the Challenger for further information to Sir Joseph Hooker, he was unable
to recollect any particulars as regards the capture of the specimen, or the circumstances
under which it was obtained.

The Challenger collection contains three specimens which evidently belong to the
same kind of larval form, for such Prymnothonus proves to be. These specimens are
not in a good state of preservation, and as they are unique, only a portion of their
structure can be ascertained.

The smallest of the specimens (PI. V. fig. A), was obtained in the North Pacific, on

40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

July 2, 1875, and is 12 mm. long and 1 mm. broad. It represents evidently a some-
what less advanced stage of the same group of fishes than the following. The snout is
much distorted, but the general form and structure of its component parts were probably
the same as in the next largest specimen, although rather shorter. The eye is extremely
large and of an oval shape, occupying nearly the whole depth of the head. The termin-
ation of the tail is diphycercal; the embryonic fin-fringe commences on the back as a
transparent rayless membrane in about the middle of the length of the fish, the dorsal
rays becoming a little more distinct further behind, all bemg much more feeble than
those of the ventral side. The anal fin becomes distinct behind the middle of the length
of the body, is higher than the dorsal, and after having proceeded for a short distance,
the rays become abruptly longer, stronger, and more closely set, and are supported by
hemal elements nearly to the end of the chorda. The situation of the vent, and the
position of the paired fins, if they be present, cannot be ascertained.

The second specimen (Pl. V. fig. B) is 14 mm. long, and was obtained on May
3, 1876, on the surface of the North Atlantic. It is elongate, band-shaped, with
pointed, subconical snout. The mandibulary and maxillary bones are long, and the
cleft of the mouth extends to below the eye. Teeth, as represented by Richardson in
Prymnothonus, cannot be detected in this specimen. The eye is large. The vent is
clearly distinct at a distance from the head which is nearly equal to the length of the
latter. Behind the vent a low embryonic fringe commences, which is continued round
the tail, terminating on the back in about the middle of the length of the fish. The
fringe is striated or rayed throughout, but the rays are exceedingly fine in the anterior
half of the anal portion, become then suddenly longer and stronger, forming a kind of
lobe, and are shorter again round the caudal extremity. The termination of the
vertebral column is heterocercal, the end of the chorda being bent upwards and continued
beyond a group of hemal elements supporting an assemblage of stronger rays which in the
adult fish would be developed into a distinct caudal fin. Of the paired fins the pectorals
are clearly developed, but I cannot detect a trace of ventrals. Behind and above the
pectorals a larger and two smaller roundish black spots are visible below the transparent
integument, which are the liver and other abdominal organs. A similar black spot
existed in the specimen of Prymnothonus hookeri, and was misunderstood by Richardson,
who, having a drawing only for his description, considered it to represent the gill-
opening. As far as I am able to judge from the specimen described here, the gill-
opening is wide, and at its usual place.

The specimen of which Richardson (/oc. cit.) has given a figure, reproduced here
(Pl. V. fig. C), seems to have been intermediate, as regards development, between that
just described and the third discovered by the Challenger. The termination of the tail
is homocercal, with a distinctly differentiated caudal fin, which, however, is continuous
with the dorsal and anal. The dorsal extends only a short way forward on the tail, but

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 41

the anal is continued as an even broad fringe to the vent. A dark shaded portion of
this anal fin seems to indicate also, in this specimen, the presence of a permanent anal,
the position of which corresponds closely to that of a similar structure in our first and in
the following specimen. The vent is placed far forwards, at a distance from the head
less than the length of the latter. Abdominal organs visible through the thin integu-
ment of the walls of the abdomen. Pectoral present. Eye of moderate size. Snout
produced, with wide cleft of the mouth, which was armed with pointed teeth, This
specimen was 1} inches or about 32 mm. long; it was not preserved, nor is it known
where it was caught.

The fourth specimen known of Prymnothonus, the third of the Challenger collection,
is 44 mm. long, and was obtained on February 26, 1874, south-west of Kerguelen
Island, in lat. 62° 26’ S., long. 95° 44’ E., in the dredge, which had reached the depth of
1975 fathoms. However, it is more probable that it entered the dredge near the
surface, like the other specimens. The head and body are slender (PI. V. fig. D), the
greatest depth of the former being only 2 mm., and that of the middle of the body
1, mm. The body is compressed, of a whitish colour, no muscular segmentation showing
through the integuments. Only the tough wide sheath of the notochord remains, without
a trace of ossification. Many of the cranial bones are distinctly ossified. Tail homocereal,
with a well-formed bilobed caudal fin; at a distance of 6 mm. in front of the caudal a
rayed anal fin commences, which, however, shows rays in the middle only, passing into
the remains of the embryonic fin anteriorly and posteriorly ; opposite to this anal, in
front of the caudal, a dorsal fin is represented by a short strip of the embryonic fin-
fringe.

The head is 7§ mm. long, with a prolonged, straight, pointed snout (4 mm.).
The cleft of the mouth extends backwards to the eye ; jaws armed with widely set, strong,
acute teeth, unequal in size. Lye large, projecting. Pectoral fin small, but I have been
unable to distinguish ventral fins or the position of the vent. The abdominal cavity
seems to have been as long as the head. As in the other specimens, the dorsal and
ventral muscles have not yet met in the median line of the side of the abdomen, so that
the abdominal organs are covered by the integument only, through which the outlines of
the stomach are clearly visible.

I have no doubt that all these specimens represent larval conditions of fishes be-
longing to Paralepis or Sudis, or of genera allied to them. That they all are stages of
development of the same generic type of fishes is very improbable, but the second and
third specimens may well be considered to be the same type, which provisionally may be
designated by the name proposed for it by Richardson.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART LXXVII.—-1889.) WG

42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

Murexna sp.

A specimen, 3 inches long, obtained at the surface between Tenerife and St. Thomas,
West Indies, although very young, has all the characters of an adult fish, and no
trace of Leptocephaloid structure. The species cannot be determined.

Leptocephalus, Gron.

Singularly, few specimens only were collected during the expedition ; and these do

not throw new light upon the question of their origin.

a—f. Obtained in Mid Atlantic on March 4, 1874. They belong to the form which
has received the name “ pellucidus,” and other names. The specimens vary
much with regard to the relative length of the body.

. Off the west coast of Africa; lat. 10° 55’ N., long. 17° 46’ W.; April 13, 1876.
. Obtained on the west coast of Africa; surface; August 16, 1873; form, “ Lepto-
cephalus morrisit.”
a. Obtained near the Admiralty Islands, March 16, 1875; form, ‘‘ Leptocephalus
tenia.”
a. North Atlantic; April 13, 1876; form, ‘ Leptocephalus brevirostris.”

ge

V. PLECTOGNATHS.
Balistes sp.

Three specimens, 5 lines long, from driftwood, north of Papua; February 21,
1875.

Tetrodon sp.

Two specimens, 4 inch long, at the surface, between Tenerife and St. Thomas, West
Indies.

VI. LEPTOCARDII.
Branchiostoma, Costa.

The littoral specimens of Branchiostoma collected during the voyage, belong to
Branchiestoma belcheri, Gray, and Branchiostoma cultellum, Ptrs., and were obtained,
the former at Samboangan, the latter on the north coast of Australia. They are men-

tioned here, because they were received too late to be introduced into the Report on the
Shore Fishes.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES, 43

Beside these species there is represented a third by a specimen labelled “Deep haul,
1000 fathoms. Pacific, July 26, 1875.” On this date the Challenger was in lat. 23° 3’
N., long. 156° 6’ W., a few degrees north of Honolulu. This specimen, therefore, was
captured in the open sea, at a great distance from land; but it would seem to be
uncertain whether it came from that great depth or from the surface. On the one hand,
as living specimens of Branchiostoma are always observed to sink to the bottom after
some almost convulsive motions to wriggle themselves towards the surface, it is difficult
to see how a Lancelet could maintain itself at the surface in the open ocean ; on the other
hand, the perfect condition of the delicate fin-fringe would suggest that the specimen
could not have been hauled up from so great a depth, without showing signs of injury.
However this may be, the specimen, although approaching in form, and in the
number of myocommas, Branchiostoma belcheri, differs from it in the shape of the
caudal fin, and especially from this and all the other species by the absence of buccal
eirrhi.

Branchiostoma pelagicum, n. sp. (Pl. VI. fig. B).

The specimen is 10 mm. long and 1 mm. deep; it was mounted in glycerine for the
microscope at the time of its capture.

The anterior end of the notochord is enveloped in a very strong sheath ; the posterior
(3 mm.) is not covered by the myocommas, which leave off abruptly, and extends right to
the hind margin of the caudal fin. Hye distinct ; nerve-cord with minute pigment-spots
arranged intracentrally with regard to the myocommas. Dorsal fin-rays low, but very
distinct, about five to each myocomma. The dorsal fin-fringe commences to become
distinct about the twenty-seventh myocomma, gradually becoming somewhat higher
behind. Its rise is more abrupt where it passes into the caudal fin, which is paddle-
shaped and bilaterally symmetrical with regard to the notochord. The lower half of the
caudal passes uninterruptedly into the ventral, in which no rays are developed. This
fin seems to be continued forward as a very low fringe for some distance beyond the
supposed position of the atrial pore. Nearly the whole of this fringe shows a minute
vertical striation, especially in its higher portions.

The number of myocommas is sixty-seven, of which fifteen belong to the tail. How
many should be attributed to the portion between vent and atrial pore is uncertain on
account of the difficulty in ascertaining the position of the latter. I have been unable to
make out this pore, and infer its position to be opposite to the thirty-sixth myocomma
only from analogy or comparison with other species, and from a slight contraction of
the muscular layer at this spot.

Buccal tentacles are absent; this cannot be due to the age of the individual, as they

14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

are clearly developed in specimens of Branchiostoma belcheri (?) of only half the size
of this specimen.

Gonads not fully developed, extending from the first to the twenty-sixth myocomma,
and forming two series in the middle. The atrial cavity extends somewhat behind the
supposed position of the atrial pore.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Acanthopterygians, 5.

acanthorhynchus (Hemeroceetes), 18.

acus (Fierasfer), 27.

affinis (Exocoetus), 37.
affinis (Thynnus), 17.
albescens (Echeneis), 18.
Anacanths, 20.

Antennarius, 18.

arafurensis (Psenes), 13.
Asthenurus, 23.
Astronesthes, 38.

atlanticus (Bregmaceros), 24.
atripinnis (Asthenurus), 23.
atripinnis (Bregmaceros), 23.
» Auchenoceros, 24.

auratus (Psenes), 12.

» Balistes, 42.

belcheri (Branchiostoma), 42.
Belone, 34.

bennettii (Centrolophus), 10.
bipinnulatus (Seriolichthys), 8.
brachysoma (Exocoetus), 37.
Branchiostoma, 42.
Bregmaceros, 22.

brevirostris (Leptocephalus), 42.

callopterus (Exocoetus), 37.
Calloptilum, 22.

caninianus (Scopelus), 30.
capensis (Cubiceps), 11.
Carcharias, 5.

Centriscus, 19.
Centrolophus, 10.
Centrophilus, 10.
cepedianus (Lophotes), 19.
coccoi (Scopelus), 30.

comatus (Exocoetus), 36.
Coryphezena, 9.
Couchia, 20, 21.

} Cubiceps, 11, 12.

cultellum (Branchiostoma), 42.
cyanophrys (Psenes), 12.
Cybium, 17.
Cyprinodonts, 33.
dactyloptera (Scorpena), 6.
dentatus (Fierasfer), 28.
Diagramma, 11.
Diplophos, 32.

Echeneis, 18.

elongata (Halaphya), 39.
elongatus (Lepidopus), 7.
Encheliophis, 28.
equisetis, 9.

evolans (Exocoetus), 35.
Exocoetus, 34, 35.

ferox (Stomias), 31, note.
Fierasfer, 27.

Flying fish, 35.

forsteri (Scombresox), 34.
Fundulus, 33.

fuscus (Pimelepterus), 6.
Gastrochisma, 15.
Gempylus, 7.

germo (Orcynus), 17.
glacialis (Scopelus), 31.
eladius (Xiphias), 6.

| glauca (Lichia), 9.

glaucus (Carcharias), 5.
Gobius, 19.
Gonorhynchus, 38.
goreensis (Trachynotus), 9.

46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER.

gracilis (Centriscus), 19.
gracilis (Cubiceps), 11.
gronovii (Nomeus), 13.
- Halaphya, 38.

hectoris (Scopelus), 31.
Hemeroccetes, 18.
Hemirhamphus, 34.
Hippurus, 9.

Histiophorus, 6.
Holocentrum, 6.

hookeri (Prymnothonus), 39.
huttonii (Lepidothynnus), 15.
huttonii (Platystethus), 13.
Hyperoglyphe, 10.
javanicus (Psenes), 12.
kréyeri (Scopelus), 31.
lamia (Carcharias), 5.
Lancelet, 43.

Leirus, 10.

Lepidopus, 7.
Lepidothynnus, 15.
Leptocardii, 42.
Leptocephalus, 29, 42.
leucurus (Psenes), 12.
Lichia, 9.

lineatus (Exocoetus), 37.
Lirus, 10.

Lophotes, 19.

macclellandii (Bregmaceros), 22, 25.

macrodactylus (Trigla), 18.
maculata (Mene), 14.
maculatus (Psenes), 11.
marmoratus (Antennarius), 18.
medusophagus (Schedophilus), 10.
Mene, 14.

Microstoma, 38.

mirum (Calloptilum), 22, 25.
morrisii (Leptocephalus), 42.
multiradiatus (Cubiceps), 12.
Muraena, 42.

myrias (Trachynotus), 9.
naresii (Exocoetus), 36.
naucrates (Echeneis), 18.
Nealotus, 6, 7.

niger (Astronesthes), 38.
nigrofasciatus (Fundulus), 33.
nigro-ocellatus (Scopelus), 30.
Nomeus, 13.

obseurus (Carcharias), 5.
obtusirostris (Exocoetus), 35.

Onus, 20.

Orcynus, 17.

pacificus (Diplophos), 33.
Palinurichthys, 10.
Palinurus, 10.
Pammelas, 10.
Paralepis, 41.

paucidens (Lirus), 11.
Physostomi, 30.
pelagicum (Branchiostoma), 43.
pellucidus (Leptocephalus), 42.
perciformis (Lirus), 10.
perciformis (Pammelas), 10.
Pimelepterus, 5.
Platystethus, 13, 14.
Plectognaths, 42.
Pleuronectide, 28.

pompilus (Centrolophus), 10.
Porobranchus, 27.

porosa (Diagramma), 11.
porosa (Hyperoglyphe), 10.
porosus (Lirus), 11.
Prionotus, 19.

prometheus (Thyrsites), 7.
Prymnothonus, 39.

Psenes, 11, 12.

punctatum (Calloptilum), 23.
punctatus (Auchenoceros), 26.
punctatus (Bregmaceros), 26.
Raniceps, 21.

reinhardtii (Onus), 20.
remora (Echeneis), 18.
rondeletii (Exocoetus), 37.
Rudder tish, 10.

saurus (Scombresox), 34.
Schedophilus, 10.

scolopax (Centriscus), 19.
Scombresox, 34.

Scopelus, 30.

Scorpena, 6.

scoticus (Scopelus), 31.
Seriola, 8.

Seriolichthys, 8.

Sharks, 5.

simus (Exocoetus), 37.
solandri (Exocoetus), 35.
Solea, 29.

Stomias, 31, note.

Sudis, 41.

Synaptura, 29.

tenia (Diplophos), 32.

tenia (Leptocephalus), 42.

tenuis (Encheliophis), 28.
tenuis (Lepidopus), 7.
Tetrodon, 42.

thunnina (Thynnus), 17.
Thynnus, 16, 17.
Thyrsites, 7.

REPORT ON THE PELAGIC FISHES. 47

Trachynotus, 9.

trifurcus (Raniceps), 21.
Trigla, 18.

tripes (Nealotus), 6.

vadigo (Lichia), 9.
Vexillifer, 27.

waigiensis (Pimelepterus), 5.
Xiphias, 6.

wy,

PLATE I.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART LXxviu.—1889.)—Hiii. |

PLATE 2

Fig. A. Exocoetus naresi, nat. size, off Cape York.
Fig. B. Young of Pleuronectoid, 6 mm. long, off coast of Sierra Leone.

Figs. C, D. Thyrsites prometheus, young, 5 and 10 mm. long, the former from south of
Yeddo, the latter from north of the Sandwich Islands.

Figs. E, F. Seriolichthys bipinnulatus, young, 13 and 25 mm. long, north of New Guinea.

Fig. G. Lichia glauca, young, 10 mm. long, off west coast of Africa.

H.M.S. Challenger:

F. (73 mill)

B.( @mill)

BI

IN
LIN

NUL

A

(nat suze)

(10 mall.)

7

PLATE U.

PLATE II.

Figs. A-C. Cubiceps gracilis, nat. size. A. from Madeira, B. from the Azores, C. from
Messina.

Fig. D. Thynnus thunnina, young, 17 mm. long, West Pacific.
Fig. E. Lirus paucidens, 35 mm. long, West Pacific.
F. Lirus porosus, head of a specimen 30 mm. long, off Kermadec Islands.
Fig. G. Psenes arafurensis, nat. size, from the Arafura Sea.
s Jel

Platystethus huttoniv, nat. size, New Zealand.

Es)

oe]
(ej)

—

. Platystethus huttoni, young, 26 mm. long, South Pacific.
Fig. K. Lophotes cepedianus, young, 11 mm. long, West Pacific.

Fig. K’. Posterior end of the same, much enlarged. c. Caudal fringe; a. anal fringe ;
pa. preanal fringe; v. vent.

)
e

D (77 mull

F (30 mill)

Mmtern Bros imp

Montern del. et bth

i

.

ua

eC

PLATE IIL.

PLATE IIL

Fig. A. Bregmaceros macclellandii, adult, nat. size, Indian Ocean. a. Lower view of

thorax, to show arrangement of ventral rays ; a’. portion of long ventral ray,
enlarged.

g. B. Bregmaceros macclellandii, young, 15 mm. long, Indian Archipelago.

g. C. Auchenoceros punctatus, adult, nat. size, New Zealand. c. Lower view of thorax,

to show ventral fins.

g. D. Auchenoceros sp., young, 19 mm. long, Pacific.

g. E. ?Raniceps trifurcus, young, 25 mm. long, North Atlantic.

Fig. F. Onus reinhardtii, young, 40 mm. long, Feroe Channel.

GQ”

. G. Trigla macrodactylus, young, 16 mm. long, off the coast of Sierra Leone.

E.(25 mull.)

R.Mintern dal et lith

PLATE AY,

. Exocoetus solandri, nat. size, East Africa, with lower view of snout to show

barbels.

. Diplophos pacificus, 37 mm. long, Mid Pacific.

Diplophos tenia, 38 mm. long, South Atlantic.

. Synaptura sp., young, 134 mm. long, West Pacific.

Solea sp., young, 53 mm. long, off the mouth of the Plate River.

Frerasfer acus, young, 104 mm. long, Feeroe Channel; with enlarged figure of
anterior part of body.

The Voyage of HM.S ae Fishes PL IV
- I 1 ISIE Ci Vv
F. (104 mill)
D. (1372 mall)
C (38 mill.)
B (37 mil.)
.
mp

A ET YRI B IPHOS DIPLOPHOS TANIA. D.SYN 2
EXOULOE OLANDRI. B. DIPLOFHUs LOF > TANIA. D

F COIEL 1

Cc >) CA,YOUNG ALU YOUNG

=

PLATE V.

(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART LXXVIII.—1889.)—Tiii.

PLATE Ve

Figs. A-D. Prymnothonus. A. 12 mm. long, North Pacific; B. 14 mm. long, North
Atlantic; C. 32 mm. long, reproduced from Voy. Sulph. Ichthyol., place
of capture unknown; D. 44 mm. long, with separate view of dentition,
Antarctic.

Fig. E. Ovum of a Scombresocid, 25 mm. in diameter Tropical Atlantic.

A. (12 mul.)

B. (14 mill.)

C. (32 mill.)

RMimtern del et lith

A—-D.PRYMNOTHONUS. E. OVUM OF A SCOMBRESOCID,

PLATE VI.

PLATE VI.

Figs. A, A’. Lepidothynnus huttoni, reduced in size, New Zealand. A. from a sketch ;
A’. skeleton, from a photograph ; a. scale, nat. size.

Fig. B. Branchiostoma pelagicum, 10 mm. long, Mid Pacific.

Fig. C. Halaphya elongata, 26 mm. long, South Pacific.

rx]

a,

PL VI

LE

is7)

Voyage of H.M.SSChallenger” Pelagic fh

T
D
fo)

C. (mill. 26.)

erhieuGRIAAUILSUOKHUORGLUANGSIREORCzEFERNDFEEs SG,

CSE

Mirtern Bros. imp

R Manterm del. et hth
A. A.LEPIDOTHYNNUS HUTTONII. B. BRANCHIOSTOMA PELAGICUM C. HALAPHYA ELONGATA.

a

= wa ay

os >
- ly one

0 Te

7

*2
a ;

a
" oe ee

S Say re
a
ee
ca te

;
: ; a
a

ma «~. Be
Fan a. 84 )os tes
ge

we

a

Nt, ete |

"— oy bk i“ yme ee i
) Ga
ay

Bi au raat
Sn :

* 7

i “EO
Pa} Sel
ie ie

—

SNS RARE ER RGEC a ss sc CC Cc * CC €& c CG < SS CC >
SS I KS EC CCE, AIC eK CH cc @ 2 ;

CC a ECE Chg
“g ai aaQaagceaa Fst § ce vane. fre
ee .§ $< rss << ee « 3 . ace «

Ce a ae ce, EERE ES KEE EG

a “$5 C (CECE CCC RE C
Ga ae € iS : LG oe C€ ook eS

CME eC
2G eC COE eee Cole CEC C ‘ eta
; CCE CO COECT CC ¢ CECE CC CCRC cee,

CCC CO COCO CC OOECR oe Sec

GEES KC CCE CCE CCE G << Ke CK

ee «& COVECE COE CO
CECE. ‘€ CGC CK. EC & Ca

ECO © CCK. EC EK EC

OCC © COHCEE Ce

CEOe ag , BEG C €& 5, CS

ce Ce XG
AC Ke

NS
A

~

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Say

= . N
NS

2 3
~
saluvy

San- 2-0
INSTITUT

Saluvy

INSTITUT

SAlyvas
INSTITUT

INSTITUT

UTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS Saluvugi7_LIBRARIES

NVINOSHLINS S31YVu

7) Fa 77) z % n = n
= < = Vi = = ene =
= Gott, =z 2 X = Lf ys z= =}
a 5 = ly. & WX \; 1 Ghiy & =
YW A wo oe O REQ WK WH ir Yt a
ANE S ae fe) ti = XN AWN 3 Y fg = S
OQ" 2, = Z wm" Ee OWNS AE i eae = Zz,
. = : = ae OS z :

Yai LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTI

NOILNLILSNI
LIBRARIES

NOILALILSNI
NOILNLILSNI

NOILNLILSNI

UTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Sag

SalYVUGIT LIBRARIES
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI
SAINVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

saluvyadly
INSTITUTION

INSTITUTION

INSTITUTION

INSTITUTION

1YGI1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYAIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTI

NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYUatT LIBRARI ES

z ie: a) = ' a = 2 == “ep = =
< So = < Ne = i = _ - < |
Vr: WN 5 z A = S = S NS a
Ah (e) RSG Si ar (@) WS — ni ae (oe) od Py oO Ws a oO SS 3

WY 2 2 ZN & ? 3 aN z
we = SW 2 EF VSO 2 E 2 E WY -

= > s > = > ; = =

w . 2 Ww) = z wo 4 7) = o
Salyvydl SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S3I4Y

UTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS

AS

AN

LIBRARIES

WS
%
NOLLALILSNI

LIBRARIES

NOILNLILSNI

{YGi1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3S!IYVYEIT LIBRARIES _ SMITHSONIAN _ INSTI
~

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI
SAJIYVYGIT LIBRARIES

INSTITUTION. NOILNLILSNI
SAINVYGIT LIBRARIES

Salyvydl
INSTITUTION
INSTITUTION
satuvydti

‘UTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1yYvugi7z LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S314

NVINOSHLINS S3HIYVUGITLIBRARIES

n Fak 22) cs ms 2) za n

= =< = = < = My =< =
‘N | _: = z z = LS oy
SS 5 i 8 z 3 8 z WI 3 z
2 : : : : 8G & 2
rae z = Bolin. z a z z
VUGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS | LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTI

7) ions ud n a a WwW 5

= = a rs 2 ce = = a

ra < fa < = . =< a < aot

Se “Ee Cc feed S S

3 = 3 ES fe) a 3° ty fe)

a 4 = = 2 - = aj i
TUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS Sa1YVUYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S314
) = = S) se S)

Fa ow ° o cL a = o =

> 2 = ~ = a ma = 2 5

- > a > Ey > = > iz

: = = = =a - = 2 =
g = o ma Z ; m Z m a

= . £ wo = = 7) op Hem
VEIT LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, S31UVU GIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTI
Ro z= a ee :

< ee a z = = = Sa <

= & = ES = s = ES SS § =

EW 2 ENO & : a ENG ¢ =

= s > S = G = > = > =

on - 2 = or 7) 2 7) ay ee a
TUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S31YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S312

WW 2 ; 2 WwW WW : WwW

se 7) RNS = n = <2 as 7) ASS =

a = ANS oc = (2: = fn = KK oc

< SF WSN a <5 mz <x = SN <

in a, ME AN Pe = a S oe = \\ a

ca = SQ ray = i) = a 3 a Le

=_ oO re) = ye oO = (Ss) =

=) z 2 > zh a =i = |
VUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN. INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTI
(= Pas ca =>) %g _ Te 56 a = = is 2

@ S o S) sy O° = (e} —
s E a = ey o _ wo ‘ os
E FE GL, ra i @
y) > ro) 5 ly, P x \ E =
: : : ® OL : = Qe :
m oD = Ee INE E — QQ —§ =
Zz m 2 m z m YW g
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS Saiuvy¥giy LIBRARIES | SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLIL
‘ = SG = = = < = =< * 2
AD 2 2 WN 8 2 gO? SN a
Se SWE”: Ok SONS S FE We
ae aN 2 =
m a w ee 4 (ap) = w ” > nA a =
ILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVYE!I1 LIBRAR!

> wn = — — n =a
e Ps = < a < = < =
= = a ee = is a ea |
3 = 3 = 3 = 3 2 =
2 =) = = = <a 2 | 2
BRARIES_ SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYaIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILONLIL
5 = = i ; z a z c z
2 o 9 ae S) = ) = =
= — [es] = wo = ise] —
5 aed 5 a = 2 = 2 5
a z F 2 - 5 > : :
Z o Z ; 2 2s Z 2 Z
ILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3ZIYVYEIT LIBRAR:
z n z rs n z Ne a z n =
< = .< AS = < or < = .<
z =i “Z SN a z KS = = a id
a z 2 RC 2 8 QA & g é B
ae o 4 ea \ re} = fe) =a oe x
= 2 E MO 2 = 2 = 2 ~
>
ra 2 a _ 2 B S a 2 a

BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILN LI

— ” = ” = (2) = (79)

us a “ a ul Z : 3 :

z. : : : z : z : :

=. S a = Ps c = c =

at Z ro) a rs) . 3 = Z fe) =

= 2 Pe) z er | = ad z =
ILALILSNIT NVINOSHLINS. S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUGIT_ LIBRAR

2 S = re a = — = c

oa = = 4 ies] —_ o ‘ =

a 5 2 eS $y 2 E a WN E =

> 8 E > a oy” jp. > E > SS - a

BD WS = 2 = UV #4°R ~ > WHE 2

a \ E = raf INA OD = - WS - ~

mo YY 2 m & o z o “S z a
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SaluvualT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLI4
¥ = aus g = = J < * = =z g

= =. .% =] = =| Wp, = ~* sj = \ =

x ro) N\ x Ze) =x Yi. O = re) Ss x

8 2 ww 8 ae g 2 SSN 8 2 wih 8

= = NS =e = z an = AS 2 E Sy Zs

= = 1 5 5 z 8 -

_NVINOSHLIWS VYGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3iYVYGIT_LIBRAR|

! i x z= o

a us Z us = - & ul a

= aa re 4 = a i 4

5 = = ms ig = a < =.

S Cc < a < a < a

= ae 4 = 4 = = er

) = 3 = 3 ca S 7 3

= I wa =i = 4 2 =a z
BRARIES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS S3luVvYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLIL

} = 5 Na 5 m o = S

E z = = = Ed fy > ss

e | > = - > -iZFY > E

i = z - Ds z

z c Z z Ms z o z

DILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uVua!I

NVINOSHLINS S3IY¥VUaII

ms no z
2 g 2c ee ! z g E
= 4 ‘ —_— a! SN — ; —_ 4 a
a n 7) . na ON Hn vy a n 7)
ae O 4 x Ve == Oo %+% x Oo : =
E = iE YS = . 2 YF = = =
Oe : i - ‘ z : 3
ry wo &,
BRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYdII LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNAI4
w — _ : no =
tj 7p 2 a SS =. ~ Ze =
z Vad Y, = < 5 AS = = ae Ws Lp = Zz
ae A 5 & = AY cc = cc Gy, = oc
2 (So Es 3 = S =- S =
= z 4 2 + 3 Zz as z =
NVINOSHLINS _(S31YWY a1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS __S31YvealT _ LIBRAR
We — —— = —— “= oo —_—-— ——_—_— Se ee O Aar™~ =~ “s0)

eS

mate Se

(ay yy
RMA MA ECR BG

NWR aaah

Meir tle NA)
anna

bee Wty
Hui

iy’ *
AL

poe) Paik

Str es :
SSEESE

28

Set

at

Ra
SRE
aie

Teese b IS

ety: Sy
eae eS EY
Sieh ays

ay)

ih
fit
i 4

os

i

Cut
CUE
Oy

ae

ex

ita

Bint
uy
ay ihe

ae he

VVHM GARE 8)
‘

eee oe
Peon