ZeeateaPe eT Ree. y eABIN ‘P a SRE 85 SOE AN , ie } W 13 Ue) rau Md ib vy . Pasi Ko 4 i uit) “a uk a) be \ fh yin cu NA rea > alee res AT Dis ee a V a Me nhuins 4 3 eb: Ui yg! (Pit if hea vie in ae oie . be dy lines ” i Beat 7 a 2 PLATE lI. REPORT OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. ‘WNASNIA) IVNOILVN SSLVLS GSLINM “ONIGTING AYOLSIH IWYNLVYN JO LNOY4 HLNOS ey, fh eee SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM REPORT ON THE PROGRESS AND CON- DITION OF THE UNITED STATES ‘ NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1918 ES = Xe, e V4 Ce . Py aE RONOS ES HINGTON SY Wooten Soa E ZING ORBEM\S 5 ECS J oe WASHINGTON ij GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 Unirep States NatTionaLn Museum, Unper Direction or THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C., October 31, 1918. Sir: Owing to the death, on July 16, 1918, of Mr. Richard Rath- bun, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge of the National Museum, the duty devolves on me of submitting here- with a report upon the present condition of the United States National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918. Very respectfully, W. veC. RaAvENEL, Administrative Assistant, United States National Museum. Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. ii ci tose ht Ander ny TTS wore mh COOLEST HART A. HIE? 48) endian ng thee PALE ado AV AR totegeid anid ee mh ipsl: brenelonit ME PoLRIAL Ae ain, ne bel) kD 64, we ‘a Ley ourecty cot mosey tend Aviovedines oh): Leo Crelweyd fi | ~eed Hontinnidues bo atom veselie ahs Vink ody coatwauhe r | eninie Lecdia’ di odd Wa mattibirais tate. ale coder tee euniiey edt ot Dodattenioons dow silt near Dee ae SIGT OR anigel, sgiibsey woe {noel 4d} ante CL tenepaace oy oievanrael seal oa ei: ' Savy aka. Roa actions 4 ctttoronay Suesiie fh wahab inakhact) sen tabe 7 ‘ e mine eo pace : | , Aah) neban ) avon AVR: wv pe ae CONTENTS. Page Ma MOMPANG MISLOLY 2.) 211 oo al y<.c acces Seas he Sele BA Se ee Oe 7 Peceaniatin Ginbhoy Veena 2 a 3 MS es ad na Son Aloe eats Soke A aide oo 13 Mente tC GOR tee Net ee Ste ge Ody ch EN eh So a etgs gS ee 13 PUP D DIATOMS ser st jot rapa tk ae eae eee BE Ne Sue ee dan See tena 15 PM MIieE AE COMPMORGs so 40% sof a. cae ead tinta = Glas t Soe ee aeewie = 16 LAS ETO Be a ek eel re EN A SE 18 Neapuranent of Anthropology... 25958: shat ek et) ke el aoe 18 Mennewnent Ol bIGlol ys + ao tee Aaa Moe oe MN sl een su cele aye 32 Pet IMeHG On COO yi. ee Le Oe ee eA te mar Sa ae 52 ADELE Tar ITTY BFS > Nee . lenny his sa da id & ; ; f pele ee ee is te 4h Wee's we sth ea dla a ror ont Gohuaed icone tenn Sete yan Go1 Koti Nive fi Be ud Jules WS sahk' 2th. civ art in ROE eer as Peete CUP MEIRS Ht i Ayia tea coterie aN ee ey id Cuacee rye cee STA To yale cme es AIR ; Ba: pon = Ota big pe tN ae ies oN ae, ened inh’ de 043 Hi ile Sea ee ys aa aN 2 aa Rane ice Tyite au! tf ; pola hi sag bw 4 Sa REPORT ON THE PROGRESS AND CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1918. By W. DEC. RAVENEL, Administrative: Assistant. INCEPTION AND HISTORY. The Congress of the United States in the act of August 10, 1846, founding the Smithsonian Institution recognized that an opportunity was afforded, in carrying out the large-minded design of Smithson, to provide for the custody of the museum of the Nation. To this new establishment was therefore intrusted the care of the national col- lections, a course that time has fully justified. In the beginning the cost of maintaining the museum side of the Institution’s work was wholly paid from the Smithsonian income; then for a time the Government bore a share, and during the past 40 years Congress has voted the entire funds for the expenses of the Museum, thus furthering one of the primary means “ for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men” without encroaching upon the resources of the Institution. The museum idea was inherent in the establishment of the Smith- sonian Institution, which in its turn was based upon a 10 years’ dis- cussion in Congress and the advice of the most distinguished scientific men, educators, and intellectual leaders of the Nation of 70 years ago. It is interesting to note how broad and comprehensive were the views which actuated our lawmakers in determining the scope of the Museum, a fact especially remarkable when it is recalled that at that date no museum of considerable size existed in the United States, and the museums of England and of the Continent of Europe were still to a large extent without a developed plan, although containing many rich collections. The Congress which passed the act of foundation enumerated as within the scope of the Museum “all objects of art and of foreign and curious research and all objects of natural history, plants, and geo- logical and mineralogical specimens belonging to the United States,” thus stamping the Museum at the very outset as one of the widest Uf 8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. range and at the same time as the Museum of the United States. It was also appreciated that additions would be necessary to the col- lections then in existence, and provision was made for their increase by the exchange of duplicate specimens, by donations, and by other means. If the wisdom of Congress in so fully providing for a museum in the Smithsonian law challenges attention, the interpretation put upon this law by the Board of Regents within less than six months from the passage of the act can not but command admiration. In the early part of September, 1846, the Regents took steps toward formulating a plan of operations. The report of the committee appointed for this purpose, submitted in December and January following, shows a thorough consideration of the subject in both the spirit and letter of the law. It would seem not out of place to cite here the first pronouncement of the board with reference to the char- acter of the Muesum: “In obedience to the requirements of the charter,t which leaves little discretion in regard to the extent of accommodations to be provided, your committee recommend that there be included in the building a museum of liberal size, fitted up to receive the collections destined for the Institution. * * * “As important as the cabinets of natural history by the charter required to be included in the Museum, your committee regard its ethnological portion, including all collections that may supply items in the physical history of our species, and illustrate the manners, customs, religions, and progressive advance of the various nations of the world; as, for example, collections of skulls, skeletons, portraits, dresses, implements, weapons, idols, antiquities, of the various races of man. * * * Jn this connexion your committee recommend the passage of resolutions asking the cooperation of certain public functionaries and of the public generally in furtherance of the above objects. “Your committee are further of opinion that in the Museum, if the funds of the Institution permit, might judiciously be included various series of models illustrating the progress of some of the most useful inventions; such, for example, as the steam engine from its earliest and rudest form to its present most improved state; but this they propose only so far as it may not encroach on ground already covered by the numerous models in the Patent Office. “Specimens of staple materials, of their gradual manufacture, and of the finished product of manufactures and the arts may also, your committee think, be usefully introduced. This would supply oppor- 1 Sinee the Institution was not chartered in a legal sense, but established by Congress, the use of the word ‘ charter’”’ in this connection was not correct. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918, 9 tunity to examine samples of the best manufactured articles our country affords, and to judge her gradual progress in arts and manu- daetures.e 8) oF) \* “The gallery of art, your committee think, should include both paintings and sculpture, as well as engravings and architectural designs; and it is desirable to have in connexion with it one or more studios in which young artists might copy without interruption, being admitted under such regulations as the board may prescribe. Your committee also think that, as the collection of paintings and sculpture will probably accumulate slowly, the room destined for a gallery of art might properly and usefully meanwhile be occupied during the sessions of Congress as an exhibition room for the works of artists generally; and the extent and general usefulness of such an exhibit might probably be increased if an arrangement could be effected with the Academy of Design, the Arts Union, the Artists’ Fund Society, and other associations of similar character, so as to concen- trate at the metropolis for a certain portion of each winter the best results of talent in the fine arts.” The important points in the foregoing report are (1) that it was the opinion of the Regents that a museum was requisite under the law, Congress having left no discretion in the matter; (2) that ethnology and anthropology, though not specially named, were yet as important subjects as natural history; (8) that the history of the progress of useful inventions and the collection of the raw materials and products of the manufactures and arts should also be provided for; (4) for the gallery of art the committee had models in existence, and they proposed, pending the gathering of art collections, which would of necessity be slow, to provide for loan exhibitions by co- operating with art academies and societies. In the resolutions which were adopted upon the presentation of the report, a museum was mentioned as “ one of the principal modes of executing the act and trust.” The work was to go forward as the funds permitted, and, as is well known, the maintenance of the Museum and the library was long ago assumed by Congress, the Institution taking upon itself only so much of the necessary responsi- bility for the administration of these and subsequent additions to its activities as would weld them into a compact whole, which together form a unique and notable agency for the increase and diffusion of 1 Resolved, That it is the intention of the act of Congress establishing the Institution, and in accordance with the design of Mr. Smithson, as expressed in his will, that one of the principal modes of executing the act and the trust is the accumulation of collec- tions of specimens and objects of natural history and of elegant art, and the gradual formation of a library of valuable works pertaining to all departments of human knowl- edge, to the end that a copious storehouse of materials of science, literature, and art may be provided which shall excite and diffuse the love of learning among men, and shall assist the original investigations and efforts of those who may devote themselves to the pursuit of any branch of knowledge. 10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. knowledge, for the direction of research, for cooperation with depart- ments of the Government and with universities and scientific societies in America, and likewise afford a definite correspondent to all scien- tific institutions.and men abroad who seek interchange of views or knowledge with men of science in the United States. Since that early day the only material change in the scope of the Government Museum has been the addition of a department of American history, intended to illustrate by an appropriate assemblage of objects the lives of distinguished personages, important events, and the domestic life of the country from the colonial period to the present time. The development of the Museum has been greatest in those subjects which the conditions of the past three-quarters of a century have made most fruitful—the natural history, geology, ethnology, and archeology of the United States, supplemented by many, collections from other countries. The opportunities for acquisition in these directions have been mainly brought about through the activities of the scientific and economic surveys of the Government, many of which are the direct outgrowths of earlier explorations, stimulated or directed by the Smithsonian Institution. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 afforded the first opportunity for establishing a department of the industrial arts, of which the fullest advantage has been taken, but the department or gallery of the fine arts made little progress, though not from lack of desire or appreciation, until some 10 years ago, when circumstances led to its definite recognition. While it is the primary duty of a museum to preserve the objects confided to its care, as it is that of a library to preserve its books and manuscripts, yet the importance of public collections rests not upon the mere basis of custodianship nor upon the number of speci- mens assembled and their money value, but upon the use to which they are put. Judged by this standard, the National Museum may claim to have reached a high state of efficiency. From an educa- tional point of view it is of great value to those persons who are so fortunate as to reside in Washington or who are able to visit the Nation’s Capital. In its well-designed cases, in which every detail of structure, appointment, and color is considered, a selection of representative objects is placed on view to the public, all being carefully labeled individually and in groups. The child as well as the adult has been provided for and the kindergarten pupil and the high-school scholar can be seen here supplementing their class-room games or studies. Under authority from Congress the small colleges and higher grades of schools and academies throughout the land, especially in places where museums do not exist, are also being aided in their educational work by sets of duplicate specimens, selected and labeled to meet the needs of both teachers and pupils. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. PT}: Nor has the elementary or even the higher education been by any means the sole gainer from the work of the Museum. To advance knowledge, to gradually extend the boundaries of learning, has been one of the great tasks to which the Museum, in consonance with the spirit of the institution, has set itself from the first. Its staff, though chiefly engaged in the duties incident to the care, classifi- cation, and labeling of collections in order that they may be accessible to the public and to students, has yet in these operations made im- portant discoveries in every department of the Museum’s activities, which have in turn been communicated to other scholars through its numerous publications. But the collections have not been held for the study of the staff nor for the scientific advancement of those belonging to the establishment. Most freely have they been put at the disposal of investigators connected with other institutions, without whose help the record of scientific progress based upon the material in the Museum would have been greatly curtailed. When it is possible to so arrange, the investigator comes to Washington; otherwise such collections as he needs are sent to him, whether he resides in this country or abroad. In this manner practically every prominent specialist throughout the world interested in the subjects here well represented has had some use of the collections and thereby the National Museum has come to be recognized as a conspicuous factor in the advancement of knowledge wherever civilization has a foothold. e. PS, os s “@ WEST WIN@MIW T2AR REPORT OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. Sua ein NORTH PAVILION WEST RANGE EAST RANGE ETHNOLOGY I i ETHNOLOGY — Oe | ale | att Z g : oe | N « oe aa Fr i 2 i . & = @ i} <2 ae OPEN COURT : | OPEN COURT a | ae 8 i] = . 2-1. i. 2s. . faunas say ——- ee: Cae, an ae oe BIRDS é ¢ ee ‘> Sy FOSSIL PLANTS : 4 ! ee , 8 » SOUTH PAVILION « sane: » MAMMALS AND FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES t I a | . ROTUNDA . | ' : ih : 3 2 MAMMALS &. A FOSSIL VERTEBRATES | WEST WING ® EAST WING e . SCALE Il —S—= 711 a ame ae 1 sO 100 es t —= et Z——M\_|} {L_ IE = ————<_ IE J NN (// SOUTH ENTRANCE \\\ — = == == = PLAN OF First SToRY, NATURAL HISTORY BUILDING, SHOWING LOCATION OF EXHIBITS. oman ei = MELON * ee ny my a iy % ; wa ay) ’ WD id) Fs a ") * 1 * i Finite ByaMMAM i 4 * ma i . F “4 4 i f is My 1 y RUAMMAM Peal en DKIW T2aW < ———_- Se REPORT OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. Srey NORTH PAVILION EAST RANGE WEST RANGE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY s s a s s es s s 1 | a a 2 a s 1] s s 5 — os oe oes oe 2 > > ae 3 S 3 : r=} 3° Zz 3 3 = 3 > m . ec > = - © So < =] = b =< Ss z E 3 : : g i = ° k- s 2 re x = = o = w =< x [4 & s g 2: | z z OPEN COURT 3 12) = OPEN COURT Ss 2 z i _ 8 yy a = Fs d ! | oD fous F 7 : a = ——— eee eee eee cae Caeser eee eae “ Lt MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 5 OSTEOLOGY COMPARATIVE ANATOMY ARB CIEDIGECEOCY ‘ a SSS SS VA \ 4 a s = c > > a © ra ° > 2 =r [= i S ” o = z Mw) =] ° v= = G & wx = 4 = aon = 2 a -su S c a of= = = a wo ” m <= cok 2 z = = | = N a eee menney \ Ys WHALES nf MINERALOGY MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ee = i ge ee EAST WING WEST WING S ee 6 0 © @ nism sates so ip SOUTH PAVILION PLAN OF SECOND STORY, NATURAL HISTORY BUILDING, SHOWING LOCATION OF EXHIBITS. . wMIVAT HT ROY Te) te ee let .MUS2UM JAMO! RR SS RG RE. aITeIMog eJAMIMA Soares > ZA2LEMVLIC TAUOD KH390 = 4 Ive Yaote:t REPORT OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, I! SOUTHEAST PAVILION EAST TOWER | 28 TOPREAT fal eb oF | ! ihe = TEXTILES | e EAST HAL MECHANICAL TECHNO on a en j NAVAL ARCHITECTURE i) CERAMICS LACES NORTHEAST PAVILION SCALE 50 FT. LONG FLOOR AND GALLERY eh Ua) y nes : ey wy a, REPORT OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. SOUTHEAST PAVILION lated f te | [SRoIs) H | : | Soy i | | - ‘TEXTILES aie | | | | + H | | | Sauna i | Bo 2-> | 1s i aia aa g SOUTH HALL : E TEXTILES | MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY | { | | i ! y ye ROTUNDA e EAST HALL EAST TOWER rs | MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY t i i] i cir 4 i i IM t CERAMICS i i lee ' oy FIREARMS | Pe I] NAVALARCHITECTURE = | iz " ei Heal ye iv NORTH HALL HISTORY CERAMICS NORTHEAST PAVILION SCALE 50 FT. LONG MAIN ENTRANCE COARSER TEXTILES PHOTOGRAPHY ANIMAL PRODUCTS ANIMAL PRODUCTS PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOGRAPHY PLATE 4. MINERAL TECHNOLOGY ANIMAL PRODUCTS COAL AND BYPRODUCTS ANIMAL PRODUCTS RELIGIONS WEST HALL MINERAL TECHNOLOGY WEST TOWER WAR COLLECTIONS COINS = MEDALS & POSTAGESTAMPS | & 3 MUSICAL 5 INSTRUMENTS = HISTORY ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE NORTHWEST PAVILION FLOOR AND GALLERY PLAN, ARTS AND INDUSTRIES BUILDING, SHOWING LOCATION OF EXHIBITS. iy r" : 4 , rs b 2 ayer = ee ere * ‘ Ps : yf Le Phy : o OPERATIONS OF THE YEAR. WAR ACTIVITIES. During the trying conditions that have prevailed in the United States since it entered the war, the National Museum has demon- strated its value as a national asset in many ways. Members of its staff of experts, its great collections, its laboratories, and all the information in its possession, have been placed unreservedly at the service of the executive departments and other Government agencies, and have been freely used by a number of them. Some of its exhibi- tion halls have been closed to visitors and turned into office quarters for one of the important war bureaus of the Government. Facilities for the comfort and recreation of officers and men stationed in the vicinity and drilling on the Mall have been provided in the buildings, and the reading rooms of the libraries have been equipped with tables and writing materials for all men in uniform. Its department of geology has been frequently called upon to fur- nish the Bureau of Standards, Naval Experiment Station, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Geological Survey, the Carnegie Institution, and various arsenals, materials for experimental work. Risk In- surance. The space devoted to the petrological exhibit was vacated for that purpose in February, and that collection is no longer ac- cessible to visitors. Near the close of the fiscal year the halls de- REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 65 voted to systematic geology, paleobotany, and the east end of the hall set apart for vertebrate paleontology, were completely dis- mantled and closed to the public. The present crowded condition of the remaining halls by the temporary storage of specimens and cases, has necessarily reduced both the value and attractiveness of the exhibits. It is hoped that conditions will so improve during the next fiscal year that the halls can be restored to their former state. Explorations—During the field season of 1917 an expedition under Secretary Walcott’s direction spent fifty days at the Burgess Pass Camp, 3,000 feet above Field, British Columbia, where a sec- tion of about 180 square feet was taken out, practically exhausting a quarry which has given the finest and largest series of Middle Cam- brian fossils yet discovered, and the finest invertebrate fossils ever found in any formation. More than a ton and a half of material was shipped to Washington for the National Museum collections. This expedition also visited Lake McArthur to verify a geologic section, and then made the Vermilion River trip, making new ex- plorations particularly in the vicinity of Mount Breese and Breese Pass. Dr. Merrill was detailed in February to locate quartz suitable for supersonic work by the Council of National Defense—a work which he continued when detailed in May to make collections for the Mu- seum in Georgia and North Carolina. Numerous specimens were se- cured, some of which have been utilized and others shipped for test- ing as to their suitability for the purpose. Dr. Merrill has since been requested by the Council of National Defense to take general charge of this important work. For the Museum, he secured materials in- cluding albite, columbite, pitchblende, black mica, staurolite, bauxite, quartz, etc., which will fill places in reserve, exhibition, and duplicate series. Dr. James C. Martin, assistant curator, was detailed in May to collect material to illustrate the unaltered and the partly or wholly decomposed phases of the more familiar varieties of rocks, for school sets of a rock weathering series. The types selected were granite- gneiss, diabase, soapstone, gabbro, sandstone, and limestone, material for about 2,000 specimens being secured from points in Virginia and Maryland. A second detail in the latter part of June resulted in the acquisition of material for exhibition, reserve, and duplicate series, including feldspar, garnet, emery, nephelite syenite, minette, and suites of specimens showing post-glacial decomposition of crystalline rock. These were obtained from localities in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. In the latter part of July, 1917, Dr. E. T. Wherry, then assistant curator of mineralogy and petrology, visited the well-known mineral locality at Amelia, Virginia, and secured some interesting material. 91933°—naT Mus 1918——5 66 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. Explorations for the purpose of securing suitable exhibition speci- mens to illustrate stratigraphic geology and paleontology were car- ried on by the curator and assistant curator of paleontology during June, 1917, and in the same month of 1918. The latter was under- taken too late in the year for the entire results to be incorporated in this report. In June, 1917, in the Frederick valley of Maryland, some carefully selected masses of the limestone conglomerate known as Potomac marble and quartz conglomerate were obtained. ‘The special object searched for was a large mass of edgewise conglomerate to illustrate the phenomenon described by Dr. Walcott as intra- formational, and such a specimen was found in a railroad cut near Hagerstown, Maryland. These specimens, together with a large piece of glacial tillite from the Silurian rocks of Alaska, have been mounted on one base, forming a complete exhibit of the subject of conglomerates in general. Dr. Bassler then proceeded to Louisville, Kentucky, where he col- lected additional material for enlarging the early Paleozoic coral reef secured in that vicinity in 1916. After some search he succeeded in locating at Elkin a single thick limestone layer showing a geologic unconformity plain enough to be appreciated by the layman, an ex- cellent specimen, 6 feet long and several feet in thickness. The rest of his field trip was spent in the phosphate regions of central Ken- tucky, where, through the courtesy of the United Phosphate & Chemical Co., a few large exhibition rocks illustrating the phos- phatization of limestone and types of fossils in phosphatic strata, as well as many small specimens, were obtained. Dr. C. E. Resser, assistant curator, spent two weeks in June, 1918, in a study of the Cambrian and pre-Cambrian rocks of the Lancaster Valley in Pennsylvania. The stratigraphic part of the work resulted in the collection of over 500 specimens of Lower Cambrian fossils, particularly trilobites. A large mass of contorted limestone from the pre-Cambrian rocks was quarried out and shipped to the Museum for exhibition. The Cornwall, Pennsylvania, iron mines were also visited and a set of minerals from that celebrated locality secured. Over 100 hand specimens of magnetite in schist were collected near Marticville, Pennsylvania. During the summer of 1917 Mr. Frank Springer maintained a field exploration in charge of his assistant, Mr. Herrick E. Wilson, covering important Silurian areas in southern Indiana. Valuable additions to the collection of fossil Crinoidea resulted from these operations. Other explorations from which the division benefited were those carried on under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey by Dr. Edwin Kirk in the Paleozoic rocks of Alaska, and Dr. E. O, REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 67 Ulrich in the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian strata of Wis- consin. Knowing the needs of the Museum, they made special efforts to obtain material suitable for the exhibition series. Collections made by the Canadian Stefansson Expedition to the Arctic, 1913-1916, and worked up by Dr. Dall have furnished useful sets of material for the Museum from the duplicates. An expedition to Magdalena Bay, Lower California, by Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San Diego, California, has been similarly fruitful. ARTS AND INDUSTRIES, Textiles, woods, medicines, ctc-—In reestablishing the division of textiles in 1912 it was found necessary, because of the limited means available, to place under the same supervision certain more or less kindred subjects relating to animal and vegetable products. Of these, wood technology was organized as a section near the close of the fiscal year 1915, with an assistant curator in charge. Later the division of medicine, which was then without an immediate head, was also transferred to the care of the curator of textiles, Mr. F. L. Lewton. Though the division of textiles naturally has the curator’s first attention, the section of wood technology and the division of medicine also made considerable progress during the fiscal year 1918, despite vacancies in their staff for a large part of the time. While the number of accessions to the division of textiles was smaller than that reported last year and covered a fewer number of entries, the value was fully as great. Considering all the material under the care of the curator, the number of accessions received is but one less than during 1917, while the entries amount to 189 more. The accessions for the year were as follows: Of textiles 30 accessions with 226 items; of wood technology 16 accessions with 546 items; of medicine 14 accessions with 301 items; and of other miscellaneous organic materials 25 accessions with 459 items. The most valuable addition to the division of textiles during the year was the 18 samples of fine upholstery velvets and velours con- tributed by the Collins & Aikman Co., of New York and Phila- delphia. These fabrics were all manufactured in Philadelphia from mercerized cotton, mohair, or silk, or combinations of these mate- rials. The series included examples of plain and figured antique venetians, made of the finest quality of mercerized cotton to take the place at a reasonable price of the antique silk velvets which are imitations of old French and Italian fabrics. The Duplan Silk Corporation, of New York, contributed eight samples of figured novelty silk dress goods, representing beautiful effects in the cross-dyeing of combinations of cotton, wool, artificial 68 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. silk, and spun silk, in satin weaves, as well as brocaded piece-dyed satins, and figured cross-dyed crepe georgette and crepe meteore. To Messrs. Cheney Brothers, South Manchester, Connecticut, the Museum is indebted for five samples of novelty silk fabrics, printed in designs suggesting water movements on a plain weave, soft, drapy material. These were sent as an addition to the large col- lection already contributed by this firm. Fine silk fabrics ornamented with attractive designs by means of discharge printing received from A. H. Straus & Co., and the Ori- ental. Silk Printing Co., of New York City, are believed to be among the best examples of this method of printing fabrics that have been produced in the United States. The first named firm con- tributed nine specimens of Luxor taffeta, in Persian, Saracenic, and Italian designs of the eighth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, and two specimens copied from ancient Peruvian fabrics. The Oriental Silk Printing Co. sent an example of their Wedgwood prints, showing a design copied from Wedgwood pottery, which carries out remarkably the relief effect desired. The series of novelty silk dress goods was further augmented by the gift of two printed silk poplins from Reiling & Schoen (Inc.), and a specimen of golden-yellow Gros de Londres for draping with a piece of pale brown georgette crépe printed in a unique spiderweb- like design called “ camouflage” and suggesting Javanese batik work, from the Rockland Silk Co. (Inc.), of New York. Three other types of new silk fabrics were the gift of J. A. Migel (Inc.), of New York, a coral pink specimen of “ Moon-Glo” crépe, a novelty crépe- weave fabric in salmon and gold having a metallic-like surface, and a rough-surfaced fabric printed with an all-over oriental design. Woolen fabrics of the worsted type, woven from combed wools, are well represented in the Museum collections, but the carded woolen industry has not been adequately covered heretofore. This makes particularly welcome the contribution from the Worumbo Co., of New York, of 10 excellent examples of carded woolen fabrics woven at Lisbon Falls, Maine, comprising broadcloth, beaver, zibeline, chinchilla, flannels, and overcoatings, and a strong cork- screw-weave fabric used for shoe tops. Owing to the need of con- serving wool for use in the manufacture of military clothing, new types of fabrics for civilian use have been brought out by a number of manufacturers. Lesher, Whitman & Co. (Inc.), of New York, have contributed a specimen of one of these under the name of “Honey Cloth,” a cotton-warp worsted having the weft threads composed of one-fourth mohair and three-fourths wool. To the series of implements used for preparing, twisting, and weaving textile fibers was added an old flax breaker from Virginia, the gift of Mr. Lester M. Green, Mount Jackson, Virginia. Mr. H. L, REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 69 Shaw, of Glen Rock, Pennsylvania, supplemented the old rope ma- chine he donated last year by seven specimens of twisted yarns and ropes and three samples of flax and jute. Two small looms of the types employed in producing Gobelin and Beauvais tapestries and used by her husband in illustrating his lectures on tapestry, were pre- sented by Mrs. Charles M. Ffoulke, of Washington, together with a repairing board used in France for mending such fabrics. Some of the first embroidery machines brought to the. United States from Europe are at present doing war work by embroidering service insignia for the United States Government. The Kursheedt Manufacturing Co., of New York City, which has for many years produced official emblems and such distinguishing marks for the United States Army and Navy, has contributed 107 specimens of the official emblems of the United States Army, the United States Navy, the Food Administration, and the Boy Scouts of America, em- broidered by the Sauer and Schiffli machines on standard uniform fabrics. The series, including rating badges and service insignia of petty officers of the Navy and noncommissioned officers and privates of the Army, was carefully labeled to show the rank and service represented by each specimen, and mounted in the order of precedence observed when the men wearing such insignia are on active duty. It makes a most instructive and popular exhibit. To Mr. W. E. Safford, of Washington, the Museum is indebted for the loan of three pieces of beautiful ancient fabrics and a work- basket containing implements for spinning cotton obtained by him from prehistoric graves near Ancon, Peru, and a gold-embroidered Venetian cope showing very fine workmanship. Other foreign hand- decorated textiles were added to the collections through the loan, by Mrs. L. M. Greene, Washington City, of a heavily embroidered Chinese crépe shawl, and by the Rev. John W. Quinton, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, of a block-printed silk crépe shawl. Examples of most painstaking needlework were received in the form of an embroidered picture, depicting a Norwegian landscape, done in shaded silks and lent by Mrs. Frithjof Hiortdahl, Hyatts- ville, Maryland, and seven embroidered medallions, representing coins of the United States, set in two star-shaped pieces of tatting, the work and gift of Miss Nancy Millholland Wharton, of Cumberland, Maryland. The accessions of specimens other than textiles, woods, and medi- cines, received during the year, were the loan by Dr. Riley D. Moore, of Washington, of 42 specimens of old walrus and mastodon ivory, suitable for mounting as jewelry, collected by Dr. Moore in Alaska; the gift by Mr. James Davis of Shipman, Virginia, of two nests of the chimney swift, for comparison with the edible nests of the Chinese 70 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. swift; and a large series of foodstuffs, received as gifts from manu- facturers or as transfers or loans of Government property. This material was obtained as the outcome of plans outlined last year—to enlarge the scope of the old section of foods and to arrange an exhibit emphasizing the importance of food conservation desired by the Food Administration. Requests for exhibit material of food- stuffs which could be substituted for wheat resulted in the following contributions: From the Baltimore Pearl Hominy Co., Baltimore, Maryland, 18 samples of corn products; Menomonie Milling Co., Menomonie, Wisconsin, 8 lots of barley products; the Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Lllinois, 6 examples of oatmeal and oat flour; J. W. Sederquist, Red Oak, Iowa, oat flour made from rolled oats; the Great Valley Mills, Paoli, Pennsylvania, 7 specimens of oat, rye, barley, and rice products; the Sperry Flour Co., San Francisco, Cali- fornia, 5 samples of rice and barley products made at Stockton, California; the Clarx Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 5 exam- ples of whole wheat, buckwheat, and corn products; the Dodge- Hooker Mills, Wausau, Wisconsin, 3 lots of barley products; the Otto Weiss Milling Co., Wichita, Kansas, specimens of blackhull kafir and feterita, two types of grain sorghums grown for human food on lands too dry to produce wheat, and mixed flour prepared therefrom; and from the Schulenburg Oil Mill, Schulenburg, Texas, a sample of Allison flour made from cotton seed by the Baumgarten process. The conservation of surplus fruits and vegetables by drying. or dehydrating being especially desirable at the present time makes particularly welcome samples of commercial products suitable for exhibition contributed from the following firms: Anhydrous Food Products Co., Chicago, Illinois, E. Clemens Horst Co., San Fran- cisco, California, Wittenberg-King Co., Portland, Oregon, Everfresh Food Co., Ogden, Utah, and John H. Fowler Co. (Inc.), Westfield, Massachusetts. The high food value of soy beans and peanuts has long been known, and through wider use the popularity of these two important foodstuffs has greatly increased. Material suitable for showing these products was donated by the Sea Island Cotton Oil Co., Charleston, South Carolina, the Cleburne Peanut & Products Co., Cleburne, Texas, and the Chicago Bean Bread Co., Chicago, Illinois. In order to convey in a graphic manner the comparative energy value of different foods, a series of 74 models of ordinary articles of diet was procured by purchase, each model representing in approxi- mately correct household measures a quantity of food producing a heat value of 100 calories. In so far as its heat-producing value goes, each specimen is exactly the equivalent of every other specimen shown in the series. This exhibit presents a valuable object lesson REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 71 in that it shows, at a glance, the relative heat value of the different articles of food, in a form easily comprehended by everyone, with- out the necessity of comparing or interpreting the figures represent- ing the chemical analysis. For the exhibit of foodstuffs and food conservation there was also obtained from the Department of Agriculture, by transfer, 72 specimens of corn, soy beans, edible oils, and dehydrated foods, and on loan 100 prize jars of canned food products put up by boys and girls in State contests of club work. All of the collections under the care of the curator have been care- fully inspected for insects, certain materials like wools and food- stuffs having been fumigated from time to time. Most of the textile exhibits received during the year have been installed. Owing to changes in the staff the progress in the installation of woods, medi- cines, and textiles was, however, much interrupted, but is now well under way again. The crowded condition of the south hall pre- vented the installation of many new specimens without the taking down of exhibits already on display. In many cases older material was replaced by new, but where exhibits requiring much time and care in their installation are especially attractive the curator was loath to make a change. An investigation of the early history of the first cotton spinning frame and the first cotton card built in the United States, both of which are now on exhibition, was begun, and data collected for a pub- lication on this subject. During the latter part of the year much time was given by the curator to planning an exhibit covering the subject of the conservation of important foodstuffs. Assistance was rendered by the division from time to time during the year, to the United States Food Administration, the United States Shipping Board, the Bureau of Standards, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and numerous individuals, in furnishing special information on indus- trial raw materials and the identification of specimens of fibers, fabrics, gums, resins, seeds, and woods. The curator furnished the identification of the cottons introduced by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, United States Department of Agriculture, and for inquirers outside of the Government service made bibliographical compilations on glue, rubber, perfumes, silk culture, dehydrating machinery, and moisture contents of fibers. At the request of the Food Administrator for the District of Columbia, the curator, with the permission of the Secretary of the Institu- tion, served as chairman of the Committee on Exhibits for the Dis- trict, from May 14, 1918. Investigators who used the collections for research and the sub- jects consulted included: Dr. L. P. de Bussy, director of the Colo- nial Museum, Amsterdam, installation methods for textiles and raw 72 REPORT OR NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. products; Mr. John P. Neligh and Mr. G. W. Barghausen, of Wash- ington, weaving apparatus with a view to constructing a bedside loom for convalescent soldiers; Mr. R. G. Richards, of the United States Shipping Board, ivory and casein; Mr. H. F. Grady, also of the United States Shipping Board, hairs, furs, and kapok samples; Mrs. M. P. Harland, of Washington, period designs and fabrics for in- terior decorations; Mr. George C. Zwiebel, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsyl- vania, natural and artificial pearls for the purpose of manufacturing the latter; Mr. H. C. Eyer, East Rochester, New York, oil-yielding seeds of palms for commercial use; Mrs. F. C. Norlin, La Harpe, Illinois, old coverlets; and Mr. A. E. T. Hausmann and Mr. Ivan P. Tashof of Washington, Mr. H. W. Lawson of Takoma Park, District of Columbia, and Mr. Willard L. Pollard, of Chicago, various col- lections for patent investigations. Owing to the resignation of Mr. Roger B. Maxwell, the assistant curator of wood technology, in September, the section of wood tech- nology was practically inactive until the appointment of Mr. W. M. N. Watkins to that place in January. Almost the entire effort of the staff was then given to securing exhibition material and to properly installing and cataloguing the same. The 16 accessions to the section during the year compared very favorably in value with those of 1917, and far exceeded them in amount. Without doubt the most scientifically important accession was a wood collection transferred from the United States Naval Academy of Annapolis, Maryland, through Rear Admiral E. W. Eberle, United States Navy. This series is made up of woods produced by 344 of the trees indig- enous to North America and is in the form of convenient hand samples for study. For the wood of each species represented in the collection, there is authentic data as to its specific gravity, ash con- tents, fuel value, weight per cubic foot, etc., which were obtained during the preparations of the Tenth Census Report in 1880. In compiling the data for volume 9 of this report a careful exami- nation of the woods produced by the indigenous trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico, was made, the object being to determine the fuel value and the value as material for construction of the prin- cipal timber trees of North America. The latter was obtained by experiments made with the United States testing machine at the Watertown Arsenal. In order to secure proper material for the experiments, it was necessary to obtain a much larger amount of wood of the various species than was actually used. This surplus was worked up into sets of hand samples, showing as far as possible, the bark, sap and heart wood, by Dr. C. S. Sargent, director of the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University. These sets, more or less complete, were sent to educational institutions of the United States REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 73 and Europe, and it was one of these collections which the United States Naval Academy sent to the Museum. Closely allied, but covering a much smaller area, is the gift of the New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, New York, of a collection of woods, 31 in number, representing some of the more important species in use in the industries of New York State, each specimen properly labeled with scientific and common names, a refer- ence as to their range and distribution, weight to the cubic foot of dry wood, and an enumeration of their uses. A third accession of value both from a scientific and exhibition standpoint is a transfer from the War Department, Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, of 36 log sections cut from trees felled in Smithsonian and Seaton Parks when recently clearing the ground for the erection of temporary buildings to house the Medical and Ord- nance Departments. These logs are now being made into slabs at the mill, preparatory to cutting into wall specimens and hand samples for study, distribution, and exchange. Perhaps the most elaborate display that could be worked up for the space allotted to it is the series of “Korelock” veneered doors contributed by the Paine Lumber Co. (Ltd.), of Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Tt consists of one frame with pair of veneered mahogany entrance doors and elliptical panel transom, one side hand carved and being an exact duplicate of entrance doors manufactured for the Canadian Parliament building at Edmonton, except a change in carved medal- lion, the other side inlaid with white holly and ebony; seven “Kore- lock” doors, beautiful in design, veneered with Circassian walnut, prima vera mahogany inlaid with rosewood, gray and brown ash, quartered white oak inlaid with mahogany and white holly, etc., and portraying various finishes; five sample pieces showing the method of door construction; one table veneered with curly red birch; and, in addition, installation fixtures for the above, consisting of pedestals, pilasters, panel work, platform and mouldings, all of selected curly red birch. The exhibit as installed in the Wood Court stands as a model for thoroughness and genuine cooperation, placing wood prod- ucts before the public eye and bringing producer and consumer closer together. Through the cooperation of Mr. Roger B. Maxwell an interesting exhibit was received from the American Propeller & Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Maryland, of which company Mr. Maxwell is chief inspector. This consisted of a standard, two-blade, quartered-oak aeroplane propeller, together with the rough assembled block show- ing one side of the propeller after partial duplicating, and the seven laminae from which it is made. There was also included an aero- plane impeller, of laminated wood construction, the middle lamina 74. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. being true mahogany and the outer ones black cherry. Its use is to furnish power for the generation of electric energy. The Museum is indebted to A. G. Spalding & Bros., of Chicago, Illinois, for additional cooperation by the gift of a series of 10 specimens showing steps in the manufacture of a white ash baseball bat, and five finished bats of various qualities. Crane & MacMahon (Inc.), New York City, sent a series of eight specimens showing the public how a hickory wagon wheel is built, from hub to felloe band. In order to contrast the method of assembling the parts of an auto- mobile wheel from felloe to hub—the reverse of that used in turning out a wagon wheel—Hoopes, Bro. & Darlington (Inc.), of West Chester, Pennsylvania, furnished 10 automobile wheel parts, three partially assembled wheels, and a finished wheel with hub inserted, all made of hickory. The California Redwood Association, of San Francisco, California, made a most attractive addition to their already large display by sending 14 redwood boards, a newel post, 3 balusters, 2 table legs, and 5 photographs of redwood trees. The boards show various finishes applied to the tangential surfaces of figured redwood. The newel post, table legs, and balusters were left unfinished to show the natural grain of the wood. The method of manufacture of apple and beech saw handles is shown in six stages by three sets of handles from Henry Disston & Sons (Inc.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Three wooden plane blocks, illustrating one of the uses of native hard woods, comprise the only Golamnbian species in the collection. These planes were made at E] Bana, Colombia, and were presented to the Museum by Mr. H. M. Curran, of Laurel, Maryland. The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., of Chicago, Illinois, added to their sporting goods display by sending a fancy wood billiard cue, in the rough, showing the process of manufacture, together with specimens of the eight woods used in inlaying the above style of cue. The Armstrong Cork Co., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, sent a large colored transparency of a cork oak tree to supplement the series of cork products presented last year, and the Clyde Iron Works, of Duluth, Minnesota, 13 photographs portraying steam log loaders, cableway, and outhaul log skidders, and various other phases of modern steam logging operations. On February 2, 1918, the exhibit of wood technology, filling the southeast court of the arts and industries building, was opened to the public. The large National Forest model, thoroughly cleaned and retouched to bring out its brightness and inclosed in glass, formed the centerpiece. Another large floor case contained the model show- ing turpentine orcharding and the manufacture of gum spirits in the Southern Yellow Pine Region, and material illustrating com- REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 95 mercial] methods of collecting the crude gum was displayed in the wall case behind this. Cork bark and its products also occupied space in the wall case. A large model of a timber preservation plant and a smaller one showing wood preservation on the farm occupied two adjacent floor cases, together with a collection of liquid chemicals for preserving wood. Other floor cases contained the products of the California redwood, diagrams and other devices showing forest re- sources, and exhibits illustrating the various steps in the manufac- ture of baseball bats, tennis rackets, bowling balls, duck pins, and tenpins, golf drivers, saw handles, pitchfork handles, electric sad- iron handles, cedar cigar boxes, and phonograph horns. The east wall of the court was given over to the exhibit of Philippine woods, while the commercial mahoganies and other foreign and native woods were installed on the south wall. On 3 sides of the edge of the balcony surrounding the court is hung a series of Argentine woods, while over the entrance to the court is a large plank of California redwood. During the year the beautiful Paine “ Korelock” door exhibit, be- fore mentioned, was installed, arranged in the form of a booth in the southwest corner of the court, all installation fixtures being furnished by the donors. The huge pair of carved entrance doors form one side of the booth, while the seven interior doors form the opposite side and the back. The latter are placed on pedestals on a raised plat- form, and are free to move in a complete circle in either direction, showing both sides fully. Pilasters supporting the panel work and mouldings complete the permanent installation. The polish given to the standard aeroplane propeller is equal to that of the finest piano, and, to prevent handling, the propeller and its attendant parts were installed under glass, a special display fixture being made for it in the Museum shop. Tt is realized that Museum material is only as good as the data with which it is linked. Hence, effort is being made to have assembling and cataloguing of material go hand in hand. On the whole, the collections are in very good condition. The only material transmitted to investigators outside of the Museum consists of one set of 22 mahoganies made up into 4-inch by 6-inch hand samples, sent as an exchange to Mr. Roger B. Maxwell of the American Propeller & Manufacturing Co., Baltimore, Mary- land, for use in a study of mahogany for aeroplane propellers. Mr. Joseph Donner, who was appointed assistant curator of medi- cine on August 16, 1917, having been inducted into the Sanitary Corps of the United States Army, was furloughed on January 31, 1918, and Mr. Charles Whitebread appointed as his successor, taking up the work of the division of medicine on April 2, 1918. The year was an active one in this division, and a number of important ac- 76 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. quisitions were made. Efforts were concentrated on obtaining ma- terial for exhibition purposes, and as a result the increments were of educational rather than scientific value. The most important ac- cession of the year was a gift by Armour & Co., of Chicago, Illinois, of 73 specimens illustrating the subject of Organotherapy, an old therapeutic measure. Pliny mentions the use of brains of animals in the treatment of jaundice, and it is believed that this medicine was employed by the early Egyptians. The extensive use of the sub- stances of internal secretion is, however, of recent origin. The or- gans of the body deliver their secretions directly into the blood stream and, being essential for the maintenance of health, it was not unreasonable to expect that the artificial administration of these secretions would have a beneficial influence in certain conditions. Three of the organs of internal secretion have achieved so fixed a place in medicine as to have received official recognition, namely, the hypophysis, the suprarenal capsule, and the thyroid gland. Other substances of this kind which have firmly established their claims have not yet been included in the United States Pharmacopoeia; however, most of them are in the experimental stage. This con- tribution consists of 22 fresh specimens of glands and glandular tissues, and 50 specimens of the finished products in the different forms in which they are administered—powders, capsules, tablets, and ampules. Fairfield Bros. & Foster, of New York City, donated 13 speci- mens to illustrate the manufacture of pepsin. Pepsin is an official drug and one of the most important obtained from animals. The power of official pepsin to dissolve 3,000 times its own weight,of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumen has caused its extensive use in medicine to improve the digestive powers of the stomach. These specimens illustrate the method of obtaining the mixture containing the proteolytic ferment or enzyme (pepsin) from the glandular layer of the stomach of the hog. In addition to speci- mens of the finished product in its several forms, there is included in the display a sample of pure pepsin, which has a standardized strength of 1:20,000; that is, it has the power to dissolve 20,000 times its own weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumen. The company which furnished this sample of pepsin states that a pepsin of higher strength has not been obtained. Some exceptionally good specimens of crude vegetable drugs were contributed by Gilpin, Langdon & Co. (Inc.), of Baltimore, Mary- land. A great deal of care was exercised by the contributor in the selection of this material, and it is believed that it will be of popular interest, pointing out as it does some of the parts of plants used in medicine. This accession consists of 34 entries, and is comprised of the following parts of plants: Barks, buds, bulbs, corms, flowers, REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. TT fruits, fungi, gums, gum resins, herbs, juices, leaves, petals, pith, pulp, rhizomes, rinds, roots, seeds, strobiles, tops, tubers, whole plants, and woods. The Museum is indebted to Merck & Co., of New York City, for 43 specimens of chemicals made synthetically, and to The Heyden Chemical Works, also of New York City, for 16 specimens of synthetic medicinal chemicals. The number of drugs manufactured syntheti- cally increases with the advance in chemistry, and at the present time this class is very numerous. Many of the synthetic chemicals dete- riorate in a comparatively short time, but the 43 specimens contributed by Merck & Co. were selections of the more stable compounds of this kind which will not undergo color or other changes for a considerable length of time. Of more than ordinary interest from an educational standpoint was a gift of 36 specimens by Frederick Stearns & Co., of Detroit, Mich- igan, illustrating the following classes of plant constituents: Alka- loids, fats, ferments, fixed oils, glucosides, gums, mucilages, oleores- ins, plant acids, resins, saccharides, simple bitters, starches, sugars, tannins, volatile oils, and waxes. Opium and its derivatives are undoubtedly the best known of the narcotic drugs, and, for the purpose of having this drug properly represented in the collections, there were obtained by contribution from the Hoffman-LaRoche Chemical Works, of New York City, one sample of Persian gum opium and nine specimens of opium products. Samples of cinchona bark, 4 from Eeuador and 12 from the Nether- lands Indies, and two samples of aloes from Curacao, West Indies, were transferred to the division from the Pharmacognosy Labora- tory, Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. From the Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., of New York City, were ob- tained by gift 11 specimens of inorganic chemicals and one sample of medicinal soap, and from the William S. Merrell Chemical Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio, one specimen of natural oil of sweet birch, 2 speci- mens of salicylic acid, and 4 specimens of salicylates. Cascara sagrada is a shrub indigenous to northern California, Washington, Oregon, and the southwestern part of British America. The bark, the part used in medicine, is collected in spring and early summer and kept at least a year before being used. The active prin- ciples are extracted from the bark, after it has been powdered, by the percolation process with alcohol. This medicine belongs to the group of vegetable cathartics whose activity depends upon one or more oxides of methylanthraquinone. Its chief active principle is emodin. Cascara sagrada, in the form of the official extract and fluid extract, is a very popular medicine and is one of the well-known drugs which it is proposed to illustrate in detail. With a view to 78 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. getting material for this purpose, correspondence with different per- sons in the State of Washington resulted in the obtaining by dona- tion from Mr. Alexander Gardiner, of North Bend, of a section of a cascara sagrada tree 3 feet long, and 16 small photographs showing the method of gathering the bark and preparing it for market. Dr. C. W. Johnson, dean of the College of Pharmacy, Uni- versity of Washington, Seattle, also assisted in the matter by fur- nishing 21 small photographs depicting the progressive steps in ob- taining and shipping the bark. While steps were taken in April to install the exhibition seriés of the division on the south side of the gallery in the east hall of the arts and industries building, the exhibit was not sufficiently advanced at the close of the year to be open to visitors. The general subjects to be illustrated are: History of Medicine, Materia Medica, Phar- macy, and Sanitation and Public Hygiene, and they appear in the series in the order named. Three alcoves are given to the history of medicine. Into the cases of the first aleove have been placed the specimens which illustrate an historical development in the magic, psychic, physical, and physiological treatment of disease. The second alcove is made up of the collections relating to the history of Indian, Egyptian, Hebrew, Greek and Roman, and Chinese medi- cine. The history of medicine in America is presented pictorially in the next alcove in the form of biographical sketches and photo- graphs of prominent medical men since the settlement at Jamestown. Materia medica, materials used in medicine obtained from ani- mal, vegetable, and chemical sources, is illustrated in the next three alcoves. The last two alcoves on the south side, east end of east gallery, will be devoted to the history of pharmacy and modern medicinal forms. Of sanitation and public hygiene, a beginning was made by illustrating, at the eastern end of the gallery, the composition of the human body, the composition of milk and bread, a day’s rations, and the utilization of food. Considerable was done during the year in the way of examining and inventorying the medical collections comprising the study series, but this had to be put aside for the time being, as the installation of the exhibition series was of first importance. It was found that some of the materials from older collections had deteriorated to such an extent as to be worthless. While it 1s believed that all such can be replaced, a definite statement can not be made in advance of the completion of the inventory, work on which will be resumed as soon as possible. Representatives of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agri- culture, have at various times examined and studied material in the division, and specimens of Datura alba, Virola quatemalensis, and REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 79 the seeds of four species of Fevillea were lent to Mr. W. E. Safford, of the department, for use in connection with his work. Mineral technology.—The division of mineral technology received 33 accessions, comprising 287 items, during the year. Though larger in bulk, the value represented is distinctly inferior to that of the preceding year, the special activities of the division having of necessity been largely turned to war projects, at the expense of the routine. The following are the most important acquisitions: A series of accessions from American coal products manufacturers, resulting from the entry of American industrial enterprise in this new field of endeavor. The exhibit comes to the Museum through the efforts of the Barrett Co., of New York City, to which company belongs the credit both of being the largest individual contributor to the series and of being instrumental in securing the donation of the rest. Special recognition is also due the National Aniline and Chemical Co., of Buffalo, N. Y., for its contributions of coal product dye- stuffs. From the National Lead Co., of New York City, was re- ceived a large sketch illustration depicting the sequence of operations connected with the manufacture of lead, together with certain ad- ditional features to the model of the lead manufacturing plant re- ceived from that company the previous year. Twenty-two colored art glassware specimens were donated by the Steuben Glass Co., of Corning, N. Y., and a panoramic model, 11 by 14 feet, showing the occurrence and mining of gold was constructed from Museum plans in Howell’s Microcosm. In assembling collections representative of mineral technology, at- tention has been focused throughout to providing comprehensive popular exhibits, and the collections thus far accumulated are wholly of this order. At the beginning of the year 18 groups were on dis- play in the exhibition halls, comprising abrasives, asbestos, asphalt, cements, coal, copper, glass, gold, graphite, iron, lead, lime, mica, petroleum, plaster, salt, sulphur, and tin. Special needs for activity growing out of the war have drawn so heavily upon the resources of the small staff of the division that for the time being it seemed best to devote whatever was available in the way of opportunity for or- thodox activity to the enhancement of what was already established, deferring for the present the various projects in mind for numerical expansion. Working along this line an exhibit has been added to the coal series, showing something of the scope of American enter- prise in its great new field of industrial endeavor in the direction of coal product manufacture. The exhibit shows a 200-pound lump of bituminous coal with derivatives in the form of dyestuffs and other chemicals to the number of 233, now being prepared in this country in one or another of 25 responsible establishments. The series treat- 80 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. ing of gold has been enriched by the development of a large pano- ramic model measuring 11 by 14 feet, showing the occurrence and the various methods—lode mining, hydraulicing, dredging, panning, and the like—employed in winning the metal. In the copper series notable progress is to be recorded, too, in the completion of the magnificent panoramic model of the Bingham Canyon mining operations in keeping with its inspiring magnitude of mountainous scope and setting. The lead series affords yet another important instance of progress during the year. The model designed to show the operations of lead manufacture, and in part placed on display upward of a year ago, has been completed and stands in the exhibition halls a miniature manufacturing plant complete in every detail of operation, in proportions of one-twelfth those of ac- tual practice. Various supplementary features in this series, such as a wall panel on which are sketched the various operations of the plant in their sequence, a series of transparencies of the actual operations themselves, and various other features have also been under prepara- tion during the year. Five lines of investigation having a special bearing on the present emergency of war have been developed within the division in the course of the year, comprising fertilizer materials, sulphur, coal products, power, and petroleum. These are subjects, however, which have been under consideration for several years in connection with the assembling of exhibits. Thus the work has a twofold aspect, that of its emergency application in war, and that of its enduring applica- tion in connection with the normal activities of peace. The work found its occasion in the effort to be of service in the war. In mobilizing the economic forces of production and filling in their gaps, the country has faced a task fully as necessary as that of effect- ing the requisite military organization, and equally as intricate. The difficulty in building up deficiencies as they become apparent lies in the complexity of interrelationship. This is especially true among the chemically conducted industries. In the first place there is the group relationship of progressive segregation, most notably instanced in the coal product series, wherein the isolation of any one product entails the work leading to the isolation of many others. Then comes the group relationship of recombination into usable form, as in the case of fertilizer manufacture, where an entirely dif- ferent basis of interdependence is established drawing variously upon the other groups and linking them together. Thus it comes that to build up a deficiency in any one specific direction it com- monly proves necessary to carry the work of reconstruction far afield., This question of interrelationship, as applied to mineral deriva- tives, has been a subject of special study in the division from the time of its establishment, and it was felt from the outset that here REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 81 lay the chief opportunity to render service. Some two years ago, when the country’s deficiency in fixed nitrogen came up for con- sideration, occasion was taken to point out? that a nitrogen situation as a thing apart and to itself did not and could not exist; that it was inextricably involved with the coal product situation and fertilizer situation, and that the only practicable remedy lay in giving due heed to this interrelationship. The course of action thus pointed to, as it proved, was the course of action finally adopted, more than a year later. So it is with the work of mobilizing the various other chemically conducted industries on a war-time basis. The need of giving advance heed to this question was appreciated among our enemies, and Germany entered on the war prepared in this field fully as well as in the military branches. It was inadequately appreciated by those who eventually came to be our allies, however; and in the United States, up to the actual outbreak of hostilities, it was entirely disregarded as a national issue. Looming largest among the prob- lems thus entailed are those presented by the industrial groups having to do with the fertilizer materials necessary to an adequacy of foodstuffs, and with the energy resources requisite to the work of manufacture. It was in the hope of contributing to the solution of these two basic problems that the investigations comprising fer- tilizer materials, sulphur, coal products, power, and petroleum were projected by the curator of mineral technology, Mr. Chester G. Gilbert. These resulted in the publication of a series of pamphlets during the year, as follows: “ Fertilizers: An interpretation of the situation in the United States,” and “Sulphur: An example of in- dustrial independence,” by Joseph E. Pogue; “Coal Products: An object lesson in resource administration,” by Chester G. Gilbert; and“ Coal: The resource and its full utilization,” by Messrs. Gilbert and Pogue.’ Papers by these authors jointly on “ Power: Its sig- nificance and needs,” and “ Petroleum: A resource interpretation,” were also completed, though not published. It is worthy of special note that these bulletins present informa- tion in process of accumulation some years before the first war cloud manifested itself. The whole purpose set for the division from its inception five years ago has been that of providing a demonstration of the important part played by mineral derivatives through the medium of chemically conducted industries, and of the need for a constructive economic policy formulated with a view to promoting their coordinated development. Year after year the needs in this di- _ rection have been emphasized. In a democracy results are attainable only through the education of the public opinion, and it is earnestly 1Sources of nitrogen compounds in the United States, by Chester G. Gilbert, Smith- sonian Inst. Special Pub. No. 2421, June 30, 1916, 91933°—NnaT MUS 1918 6 82 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. hoped that the National Museum will be in a position to continue to carry on this work of education, for which it is the proper vehicle. The war is now teaching this lesson in terms of bitter experience, but only in part. It does not teach the whole truth of the lesson to be learned, namely, that the country is as unprepared economically for peace as it was for war; and if we are left to learn this part of the lesson from the ensuing years of peace it will be through economic ex- periences as bitter as any in the application of war. The accomplishments of the division in behalf of the country’s enduring welfare have been greatly restricted by lack of funds, mainly required for technical assistants. The materials needed are not great ; experience has shown that they can be secured by donation. It is hoped, however, that. funds will be forthcoming for the requisite technical experts, since the possibilities of educational service in the task of reconstruction ahead for the country are inestimable. In view of the deplorable tendency toward duplication in the scientific work variously activated in the governmental departments, it is worthy of special note, in conclusion, that the purpose in the present connection is not that of initiating any new scientific or technical lines of work, but purely one of interpreting technical fact in popular form. As such the field of operations is not only of vital importance; it is peculiarly the function of the National Museum, and it is a fallow field practically neglected in the absence of the adequate facilities in the Museum for its cultivation. DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF SPECIMENS. The distribution of duplicates, mainly to schools and colleges, for educational purposes aggregated over 8,000 specimens, properly classified and labeled. Of these 1,667 were contained in 8 regular sets of mollusks averaging 179 specimens each and 5 regular sets of fossil invertebrates of 47 specimens each. The balance of 6,507 speci- mens, comprised in 31 special sets, were principally fossils, minerals, ores, marine invertebrates, and objects of ethnology and archeology. In making exchanges for additions to the collections, a total of 93,227 duplicate specimens was used. These consisted chiefly of plants, animals, fishes, marine invertebrates, fossils, rocks, ores and minerals, and ethnological and archeological objects. Material sent out to specialists for study on behalf of the Museum and otherwise amounted to 11,695 specimens, of which 3,582 were botanical and 7,734 zoological. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART. In the last report it was stated that the foundations of the building for the Freer collections were completed. This addition to the Smith- sonian group, a granite structure 228 feet long, 185 feet deep, and 46 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 83 feet high, is being erected at the corner of Twelfth and B Streets SW., by the Smithsonian Institution at the expense of Mr. Charles L. Freer, and is to house the Freer collections, the most valuable art gift ever made by an individual to the Nation. Though some delays were encountered in procuring materials and labor, the construction of the building has proceeded during the year as rapidly as could be expected, considering the vast undertakings of the Government in constructional enterprises due to the war. By June 30, 1918, all of the exterior walls were erected to entablature height and about half of the architrave and frieze courses of the entablature were set. Four- fifths of the interior walls had risen to gallery ceiling height and all others were well advanced. The marble walls of the court were com- pleted to about two-thirds of their ultimate height. The basement and first story floor construction was completed, the drainage system below the sub-basement floor finished, and 10 per cent of the heating and ventilating duct work in the subbasement installed. It was ex- pected that this building would be completed by October, 1918, but owing to the scarcity of labor and the difficulty in procuring certain classes of material needed for the interior finish, the completion will be delayed for another year. The permanent acquisitions to the National Gallery of Art con- sisted mainly of additions to Mr. Charles L. Freer’s munificient gift of American and oriental art, and a bequest from Mrs. Mary Houston Eddy of Washington. The increment to the Freer collections during the year aggregated 928 items, the American portion including 1 oil painting and 5 pastels by James McNeill Whistler, 4 oil paintings and 2 pastels by Dwight W. Tryon, and 2 oil paintings and 2 pastels by Thomas Wilmer Dewing, besides 1 oil painting each by Gari Melchers, Willard L. Metcalf, John S. Sargent, and George de Forest Brush. The oriental accessions consist of 159 paintings and 2 albums of paintings, 102 pieces of pottery, and about 645 miscellaneous objects of jade, wood, stone, glass, lacquer, jewelry, etc., besides valuable fabrics. These additions bring the number of items in the Freer collections to up- wards of 6,200. The bequest of Mrs. Mary Houston Eddy, through her executors, the American Security & Trust Co., of Washington, to be known as the “ A. R. and M. H. Eddy Donation,” comprises 12 paintings, 12 miniatures, 9 ivory carvings, a Limoges enamel, “ Diana Pardoning Jo,” a marble bust by William Couper, representing Tennyson’s “Princess,” a bronze statue by Pio Welonski, Rome, 1885, repre- senting a gladiator, and miscellaneous art objects, 140 items in all. The paintings are as follows: Oils: Kittens, by Jul Adam; The Adieu, by Salv. Aly; Land- scape with Cattle, by William Hart; Female Head, by G. Jacquet; 84 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. Ducks, by C. Jutz; Flowers, by Raoul M. Longpre; Arab Horse- men, by Ad. Schreyer; Female Head, by B. Semenowski. Pastel: Girl’s Head, by Fr. Dvorak. Water colors: Figure of Moor, by Ascenzi; On the Grand Canal, Venice, by Gabrini; The Archer, by Tomba Roma. To the Russian artist, Mr. Ossip Perelma, the Gallery is indebted for portraits in oil by himself of M. Boris Bakhmeteff, first am- bassador to the United States from the Russian Republic, and of Mr. Frank B. Noyes, president of the Associated Press and editor of the Washington Star. A portrait of Vinnie Ream (Mrs. Hoxie), painted by G. P. A. Healy, Rome, during 1870, was presented by Brig. Gen. R. L. Hoxie, United States Army (retired); and a mar- ble statue of Puck, executed by Harriet Hosmer in 1856, was pre- sented by Mrs. George Merrill, of Washington. Two miniatures by Isabey, 1811, one of Napoleon I and the other of Marie Louise, and two old English silver snuffboxes, were re- ceived through Mrs. E. Cuyler Wight, of Lander, Maryland, as a gift from the heirs of William Cost Johnson, Member of Congress from Maryland, 1833-1848. From the Commission of Fine Arts were received by transfer. two large plaster landscape models of the parking scheme proposed for the city of Washington by the commission appointed by the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia. The models were executed by G. C. Curtis in 1902. The loans to the Gallery were as follows: From Mrs. George J. Parke, Norfolk, Virginia, four portraits—one of Mrs. Elliott, one of Mrs. John O’Donnell, her daughter, and one of Mary O’Donnell, her granddaughter, painted by Charles W. Peale about 1800, the fourth being a portrait of George Washington, painted by C. Polk in 1792; from Mrs. E. M. Chapman, of Washington, an oil por- trait by Gilbert Stuart of Mrs. Henrietta Auchmuty, wife of Robert Nichols Auchmuty; from Miss Lucy Stuart Fitzhugh, of Washing- ton, portraits by Sir Peter Lely of Arthur Spicer and of his wife, Mary Brockenbrough Spicer; from Dr. Edgar Thompson, Medical Inspector, United States Navy, an oil painting attributed to Cima- bue, entitled “Don Giovanni Rilgas”; from Mr. Charles L. Glover of Washington, a panel (oil on wood), “The Annunciation,” at- tributed to Fra Angelico; from Mr. Hobart Berrian (with the Ex- peditionary Forces in Europe), through Mr. De Lancey Gill, an oil painting “Salome with the Head of John the Baptist,” artist un- determined; from the Rev. F. Ward Denys, of Washington, an oil painting, “ Gathering Flowers,” by E. Keyser, 1890; from the estate of Henry Ulke, through Mr. Titus Ulke, of Washington, two oil portraits, Ludwig van Beethoven, 1875, and Ulysses S$. Grant, 1876, REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1918. 85 by Henry Ulke; from Mrs. James Henry Moser, of Washington, a landscape in oil, “ Clearing Up” in the Berkshires, by James Henry Moser; from Mrs. G. L. Hitchcock, of Washington, a collection of Capo di Monte porcelains, bronzes, etc., 20 specimens; from Mr. Ed- ward Trenchard, of Babylon, New York, an oil painting, “Sea, Sand, and Solitude,” by Edward Trenchard; from Mrs. G. B. Willis, Alexandria, Virginia, a water color, “The Spirit of the Sphinx,” by Henry Bacon, done in Egypt, 1897; a bust in Carrara marble, being a copy by Luigi Guglelmi, of the head of the Antinous of the Capitoline Museum, Rome; and “ Virginia Virgo,” a bas relief in Carrara marble, by Sir Moses Ezekiel, Rome, 1897; from Mrs. Allen M. Sumner, Washington, District of Columbia, a representa- tion in marble of the clasped hands of Dr. and Mrs. Allen M. Sum- ner, by John A. Jackson, sculptor, Florence, Italy, 1869; from Lieut. Commander W. W. Smyth, United States Navy, and Mrs. Smyth, an antique marble urn with decorative carvings, formerly owned by Stephen Girard; and from the Army Medical Museum, a painting of the proposed new building for the Army Medical Museum and Library, executed by members of the art department of that museum. The exhibition of a large collection of paintings by Mr. Ossip Perelma continued over from the preceding year, and two other spe- cial loan exhibitions were held during the year. F cena a) ue fake vi Alas ae Atty Ta Lat mee. at [vera AGILE © Nbbree te atric? fo Maytag Ee Pitady TR Cage At. web ist) waver mn Sar bait eka poAT Le oat fe eel i 7 ‘ 16 nialtoy “ade alu.’ Late tiktog GAs E be Aust Th “asta olga! oly Battaes a) sirens ud [ty nl : 7 ‘Ve fT} é § é | CPE bE et " m : e . 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