cm 4 op) ep) = ee UO ee te SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM REPORT ON THE PROGRESS AND CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1935 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1936 For sale bythe Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - - Price 20 cents (paper cover) Unitep Srates Natronat Museum, Unpbrr Direction oF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C., October 15, 1935. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the pres- ent condition of the United States National Museum and upon the work accomplished in its various departments during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935. Very respectfully, ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary. Dr. CuHartzs G. AxBpor, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. II CONTENTS Page OM aehOLrG NO, Valor cea) ct aR Pe I ts 1 AN[DY SHAD] OWE GIUO) OFSTA sess SR a, Sie et alas ede che ele Oe eee 1 OCTAVE cl ZS ti a ea RON a AU Nae ee 3 Paploritionsand eld. work 22 See csseae Mw SNS Se ee 4 Assistance from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration __--__ 9 PGR ELON a leOl Kener heen On eon ign Rt ME ie De ee 10 WTS TAR OS). SUE gs B atag RMN BE 1 UR Rae RMR SSeS pt NOE po eR eee eR Pas 10 I es eigy meres acl ee erik sein eee OA ye Wd Se re a at) se 11 J ETN) FG at POTOSI es es BI aS AES enc SU gE Seen cs aR Se SDH Da OP 13 Riaroerapmicnabonratory: (23ers |B Ue Ne ae 14 Balichimecrand cquipments 2600 coc. oi ee ee 14 Neches and special exhibits. 2 02. Gohan soe oo Se 15 Ghansesin) organization and stati i: sss Oe ee 16 Wevauledsreporcs onthe collections=: 2 2) soc 2a ee ee 18 Weparinent.of anthropology 2... 22 ele 2222 ieee ak ene 18 MWe aeeier IMEI GO a LO LOS yo ei nak aN tlh Lye ee ee LE PALE We waAnbmMicMmtrOl. CCOlO GY. oe a UR ei ee I a se 45 Weparument OL arts and industries. 06 2) eee 2 ee 57 1S TPVTISMCG 9). CORON ISN 70) ekg oes Raa Te ya aN Ss ASRS ISS Rs We oad RR ea 74 LLUSTS CAP QV EC ESTSIIG 10s TSS WARE cs: mse toa Red ign) 2 RU ye Sn ON DR 78 miro viaiscuim, publications. 26522222. 2522222822 ol SS ee 121 Til REPORT ON THE PROGRESS AND CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1935 By ALEXANDER WETMORE Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the National Museum OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR APPROPRIATIONS Funps for the maintenance of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935, were provided by appropria- tions carried in the Executive and Independent Offices Act dated March 28, 1934. In addition, under the economy provisions of the same act, there was made an indefinite appropriation amounting to _5 percent of the basic salaries on the salary rolls to cover the return of a portion of the pay reduction in force at the close of the previous fiscal year. Further provision was made in Public Resolution no. 3 of the 74th Congress, under date of February 13, 1935, for the res- toration on April 1, 1935, of the final 5 percent, so that from that date all salaries were restored to the base prevailing when the 15 percent reduction was made. The Museum allotments are sum- marized as follows: Preservation of collections: APDLOpPtiated — aw ee ee $537, 839 Transferred to Treasury Department PN $537, 024 Maintenance, and. Operation =. eee ae a ene eee 132, 622 En bIn ewan) DiMOIN ke 2 eee ee Le 6, 384 totaly regular “appropriations. 2 2) 2s ae 676, 030 For salary restoration: IPreservationsot, collections= 2222. ==. ee ee 35, 569 Maintenance andvoperation= 2222252 eee 4,472 Totaljavailablesfor years ve J) ee Pet. 716, O71 Ihe amount available for the Museum for 1933 was $61,200 more than for 1934. Of this sum, $2,755 was an increase in the allotment for printing and binding, while the remainder, $58,445, represented the additions to the salary rolls required under the provisions for 1 2 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 restoration of pay made by the Congress. The transfer of $815 to the ‘Treasury Department covers a contribution to the recently organ- ized division of disbursements for expenses in connection with the drawing of checks and similar matters formerly managed in the fiscal office of the Museum. The only shghtly increased allotment for printing and binding was little beyond the amounts absolutely required for the annual report and for blanks, forms, labels, and similar routine printing. Researches on the extensive collections of the Museum form impor- tant contributions to all branches of science and are of wide apph- cation in the progress and welfare of our country. At present, while our research work progresses steadily, only a very small fraction of the new information gained can be issued because of lack of funds for printing. The result is a definite public loss. With regard to binding, our scientific books and periodicals are in constant official use. Unless they are properly bound they are destroyed by wear, pages become detached, and small items, in spite of every care, are lost. Replacements can be made only at considerable expense and in some cases cannot be supplied at all, so that our files become incomplete. Restoration of an adequate fund for printing and bind- ing, therefore, is an immediate and imperative need. Additional personnel for the Museum also is a constant need, and there is shortage of necessary help in many divisions. In several © divisions no clerical help is provided, and the curator in charge is required personally to type memoranda and letters and to perform other miscellaneous tasks of a purely clerical nature that should be done by assistants, leaving the time of the professional worker free for attention to the collections under his charge and for research. Also, more professional help is required in a number of divisions. The collection of corals, for example, has no separate curator but is handled under the division of mollusks, where the scientific person- nel is fully occupied with other tasks. In the division of fishes, one of our largest and most difficult collections has only one curatorial position, and in other divisions, as textiles and graphic arts, addi- tional professional service is essential. To provide adequate watchman service a number of guards should be added, and several new positions should be established for the proper handling of visitors. At present it is possible to give our force excused time in part only as compensation for Sunday and holiday service. With the men now available the Aircraft Building has to be closed all day on Sundays, and the other buildings are open only in the afternoon on Sundays. Sunday opening for the entire day is desirable and is frequently urged on behalf of the many thousands of visitors who come to Washington for week-end trips. As these persons in many cases must leave for home Sunday after- OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 3 noon, they are barred from the profit and enjoyment of our exhibits, which are among the most important in the city. At present the Museum char force is employed 3 hours each evening in cleaning offices, laboratories, and exhibition halls. In recent years exhibition cases have doubled in number, resulting in much more glass to clean, and laboratories have been filled to over- crowding, making the necessary work of cleaning more difficult and complicated. To care for this situation the period of labor should be increased from 3 to 5 hours daily. Under present circumstances the buildings cannot be kept properly cleaned. Another matter deserving most serious consideration is that of the status of salary of the members of the staff. Though the elimination of the 15 percent reduction in pay has placed all in much better situation, remuneration for most is low when the pres- ent high costs of living are considered. Promotions for efficiency in service have not been possible for several years, and at present funds for that purpose are not available. The financial assistance afforded by the return of the general pay cut has been appreciated by all but should be supplemented now by step-ups, particularly for the many on our staff who after several years of service still stand at the entrance salaries in their grades. Such promotions are important not only for the money concerned but for their effect on the morale of the personnel, particularly among the lower-paid groups. COLLECTIONS The material added to the collections during the year was valuable and varied and represented many kinds new to our series. The larger part as usual came through gift from patriotic Americans and organizations who have placed in the National Museum their most important gatherings in order that they might be preserved as permanent contributions to science, history, or art. Valuable material also came from expeditions, financed in the main by the Smithsonian Institution. New material came in 1,794 separate accessions, with a total of 296,468 specimens divided among the five departments as follows: Anthropology, 3,758; biology, 258,692; geology, 28,528; arts and industries, 3,808; history, 1,682. Statement regarding some of the more important additions will be found in the reports of the de- partments that follow, and all are noted in the accession list. The total increase for the preceding year was 333,874 specimens of all kinds. For examination and report 1,375 lots were received, the larger part being geological and botanical material. Part was returned by request to the senders, when it was not consumed during identifi- 4 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 cation and analysis, and part was retained for the collections under arrangement with the donors. Gifts of duplicates to schools and other educational institutions numbered 4,039 specimens, including material from all departments except history. Exchanges of duplicate materials with other insti- tutions and individuals totaled 17,194 specimens, and 26 specimens were transferred officially to other Government departments. Loans to workers outside of Washington numbered 17,783 individual specimens. Following is a summary of specimens now covered in the Museum catalogs: ANTHTOpolo sy 2 EE ERS SUSE YE ee 679, 552 Bi Glog yetee 22s meat 98 Celia eo aie cele A aa A 11, 330, 742 Geology a a act a Ec tie By aa teat Bie: te ae eee le 2, 186, 983 ATts and Industries *s os eee eee 124, 330 IStonyo2 =e AON A A a EN ee ALL a 495, 709 1 870 2 Alea NNR freee CCAIR, Pesce NL ae oe 14, 817, 316 EXPLORATIONS AND FIELD WORK Field explorations were conducted on approximately the same scale as last year—still considerably reduced from normal through the con- tinued curtailment in Federal appropriations and through the assign- ment for other purposes of funds usually available from the private income of the Smithsonian Institution. The field work done was financed mainly through grants from the invested funds of the Smith- sonian Institution. Some additional assistance came from outside sources and certain projects of an archeological nature were continued under money from the Public Works Administration. Donations from interested friends also helped to make the work more effective and thorough. Additional funds for field investigations are one of the standing needs of our organization. From June 23 to December 19, 1934, Herbert W. Krieger, curator of ethnology, was engaged in archeological field work in the Columbia River Valley near Bonneville, Oreg. This project was made neces- sary by the impending flooding of the valley of the Columbia River in this area through the impounding of its waters by the great dam now being constructed at Bradford Island. The lake to be formed of the Columbia River through the construction of the Bonneville Dam will extend upstream to a point above The Dalles. Archeological investigation of the region to be flooded was important scientifically because of the extensive aboriginal settlement in this area. The project was made possible through an allotment of P. W. A. funds to the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the work was carried on through cooperation of that bureau. Excavation of former Indian village sites in the immediate vicinity of the Columbia OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 5 River and of burials on the islands was instituted over an area ex- tending from Prindle, Wash., to above The Dalles. Personnel was limited to laborers and informants from the immediate vicinity. A large collection of artifacts was made and forwarded to the National Museum, and an elaborate set of drawings and maps was prepared. It is too early to announce the scientific results of the projects, as the collections are still under study. At no site excavated, however, was there revealed evidence of cultures foreign to that of the historic tribes of the area. Furthermore, it became clearly evident as work progressed that there had been in prehistoric days no appreciable cultural influence emanating from those coastal tribes whose totemic art formerly extended from the Puget Sound area northward, reach- ing its highest development among the historic tribes of southeastern Alaska. The archeological evidence recovered shows that the pre- historic Chinookan tribes of Bonneville and vicinity were almost wholly associated culturally, at first, with the more sedentary Plateau tribes, and later with the roving-horse culture from the Great Plains. Search for new light on early Virginia tribal hfe was prosecuted through the year by both Mr. Krieger and Henry B. Collins, Jr.; by the former at Indian village sites along the lower Potomac River on both the Maryland and Virginia shores, and by the latter at former Indian village sites west of a line extending from Wash- ington to Richmond, Va. Mr. Krieger explored shore-line shell- heap cultures, while Mr. Collins investigated traces of eastern Indian culture in historically eastern Siouan territory at sites along the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers. From November 7 to December 11, 1934, Frank M. Setzler, assist- ant curator of archeology, accompanied Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist of the Bureau of American Ethnology, by automobile through Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and northwestern Florida. The purpose of this work was twofold: (1) To seek first-hand information concerning the route traveled in 1539 and 1540 by the first Spanish explorer in this territory, Her- nando De Soto; and (2) to examine vestiges of certain Indian villages mentioned by the chroniclers of the De Soto expedition. Data assembled at the several sites visited surpassed expectations; they will be presented by Dr. Swanton in a future Smithsonian report. Mr. Setzler was detailed from June 18 to 30, 1935, to the Bureau of American Ethnology and was sent to Macon, Ga., to consult with Dr. A. R. Kelly, in charge of important local archeological excava- tions, and with representatives of the National Park Service con- cerning recent discoveries that may lead to a definite chronology not only for the Macon mounds but possibly for the entire south- eastern culture area. 6 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Dr. AleS Hrdli¢ka, curator of physical anthropology, spent June, July, and August 1934 on Kodiak Island, Alaska, excavating at the same site at which he worked in 1932. Five students aided him in this work: Harold L. Zickefoose, C. 'T. R. Bohannan, Robert H. Heizer, Thurman MacRae, and I. H. Zarbell. Dr. Hrdlicka worked again at this site during the field season of 1935 with the aid of eight students. Important and highly valuable collections have re- sulted. The materials have not as yet been completely studied, and only general conclusions as to results have been stated by the curator in his report for the 1934 Smithsonian explorations pamphlet. Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, curator of marine invertebrates, was in- vited again by Capt. G. Allan Hancock to accompany a Pacific ex- pedition on the yacht Velero IJJ. The party left Los Angeles on November 23, 1934, and worked as far south as Independencia Bay, Peru. During the cruise collections and studies were made in various localities on the west coasts of Mexico, Central America, and South America, including the Galapagos Islands and the bird islands of Peru. Six foreign countries and the Canal Zone were visited, and several thousand specimens, chiefly crustaceans but in- cluding also mammals, birds, reptiles, and geological specimens, were obtained for the Museum. Dr. Schmitt also collected material, in- cluding accessories, for a biological group of the Galapagos land iguana. Dr. Doris M. Cochran, assistant curator of reptiles and batra- chians, was detailed to visit Brazil to study in the field Brazilian amphibians, of which the Museum has had no noteworthy accessions since the Wilkes exploring expedition nearly 100 years ago. What is left of type material from that expedition can be interpreted only by comparison with fresh specimens from the type localities. In addition, the more recent work on the same subject by Dr. Adolpho Lutz at the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro required examina- tion. Through the kind assistance of Dr. Lutz and Miss Bertha Lutz, Miss Cochran was enabled to accomplish this task and re- turned with a collection of many thousand specimens. In addition to nearly 1,600 frogs, these included mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, marine invertebrates, and enthnological material mostly col- lected personally, but some presented by Brazilian scientists. Con- tacts made with local scientific authorities will prove of value and interest to the Museum in the future. Miss Cochran sailed on Janu- ary 8 on the American Legion, arriving in Rio de Janeiro on January 18, where she worked with Dr. Lutz at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz almost steadily for the next 7 weeks, making short 1-day collecting trips in the region nearby. From March 11 to March 28 she traveled in Minas Geraes with Dr. and Mrs. Emmanuel Dias and the collector Joaquim Venancio. Extensive collections of frogs, fishes, and in- OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 7 sects and some reptiles, mammals, and birds were obtained. On April 22, Miss Cochran went to Sao Paulo, visited the Museum Nacional and the Instituto Butantan, and collected at the Alto da Serra de Cubatad Biological Station with a 1-day trip to Santos. The remainder of the time (after the return from Sao Paulo on April 29) was spent in Rio de Janiero, except for 5 days at Nova Friburgo in the mountains that parallel the coast. Miss Cochran left Brazil on May 23 and arrived in New York on June 6. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., curator of mammals, spent several weeks from December to February studying the fauna of the outlying keys of southern Florida and making extensive collections of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and other materials. He obtained valuable data relating to the variation, distribution, and origin of this fauna. Dr. Hugh M. Smith, who over a period of many years has en- riched the Museum by the results of his explorations in Siam, re- turned to Washington and brought with him large collections of outstanding interest in mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes, in addi- tion to important contributions to other branches of the natural history of Siam. His explorations in Siam came to a close in October 1934 after a collecting trip during August and September to the rugged mountainous district in western Siam northeast of Chieng- mai, where many interesting birds and mammals were obtained. Dr. D. C. Graham, from his headquarters at Chengtu, capital of the province of Szechwan, China, as a result of excursions during which he obtained valuable collections, has further enriched the divisions of mammals, reptiles, and insects. Jason R. Swallen, of the section of grasses, brought to a close a successful period of exploration for grasses in Brazil, during which about 8,000 specimens were obtained. The details of this work were published in the Smithsonian exploration pamphlet for 1934. Mention also may be made of the local work of members of the staff concerned with the biota of Maryland and Virginia. Thus Dr. G. S. Myers and EK. D. Reid made a number of trips collecting and studying fresh-water fishes. Dr. Paul Bartsch during numerous excursions throughout the year made extensive collections of mollusks, amphibians, birds, and other specimens with special reference to the fauna of the District of Columbia; and Austin H. Clark con- tinued studies of the butterflies of Virginia, visiting 54 counties in the State. The work of Dr. Alan Mozley under the Walter Rathbone Bacon traveling scholarship was concluded this year. As it was not possible to obtain permission from the Russian authorities to collect further in Siberia, Dr. Mozley worked during the season of 1984 in the arctic and boreal regions of Sweden. During the summer of 1934, Prof. C. E. Burt, of Southwestern College, Winfield, Kans., was engaged in field work in Mississippi, 8 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Louisiana, and Texas, with the special purpose of collecting a series of turtles for the Museum. The intricate problems involved con- cerning the relations and distribution of the various species of soft- shelled turtles of the region require for their solution large series from many localities. In spite of the drought in Texas and adjacent territory much valuable material was received. C. W. Gilmore, curator of vertebrate paleontology, visited Arcadia, Fla., in March to investigate the reported discovery of a Pleistocene mammoth skeleton. It was found that the skull, tusks, and other important parts had been washed out before discovery and that the bones remaining in the bank, consisting largely of vertebrae and ribs, were not well preserved. Near the close of the year Mr. Gilmore left for Montana to assume charge of an expedition into the Judith River (Upper Cretaceous) of that State. Search was to be made for dinosaur material that may be of value in studying some of the ear- lier described specimens from this same region. The work continued later in other areas. Field work at the fossil quarries near Hagerman, Idaho, under the direction of Dr. C. L. Gazin, assistant curator of vertebrate paleon- tology, was briefly mentioned last year. The expedition met with gratifying success, the material acquired nearly equaling the com- bined previous collections from the same locality. Fossil remains of the horse Plesippus formed the bulk of the collection, although skel- etons of peccaries and skulls and other bones of antelopes, mastodons, beavers, otters, and birds were obtained. Dr. W. F. Foshag, curator of mineralogy, spent 4 months in Mex- ico collecting minerals under the auspices of the Roebling fund. He visited important mining districts in the Sierra Madre of western Chihuahua and contiguous regions and in southern Mexico. Collec- tions were made at many localities and included representative ores and rocks of several important districts. Many fine mineral speci- inens, including unique pyrrhotite crystals, were obtained. K. P. Henderson, assistant curator of mineralogy, in May investi- gated reports of meteorites and collected minerals in Arkansas and southern Kansas. In June he worked at Amelia, Va., in cooperation with the Mineralogical Museum of Harvard University, when a por- tion of the ore dumps of the old Rutherford mica mine was worked for rare minerals. A number of fine specimens were obtained. Dr. G. A. Cooper, assistant curator of stratigraphic paleontology, in July 1934, with a party of geologists from the Geological Survey, studied the region near Phillipsburg, Quebec, and collected many fossils. In company with Dr. A. Warthin, of Vassar College, Dr. Cooper visited the lower peninsula of Michigan to investigate the Devonian strata near Alpena. Hestudied additional territory under- lain by related rocks in southwestern Ontario, northwestern Ohio, OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 9 and western New York. In addition to the materials acquired, this trip resulted in the definite determination of the age equivalence of the Traverse group of the Middle Devonian, as exposed in eastern Michigan, with the Hamilton rocks of southwestern Ontario. Early in October, Dr. Cooper, with R. D. Mesler, of the United States Geological Survey, collected fossils at Batesville, Ark., making vari- ous stops en route in Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas. A large number of well-preserved fossils resulted from this trip. ASSISTANCE FROM THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION Following the termination of the Civil Works Administration project in February 1934, application was made to the District of Columbia Government for similar assistance under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in order to continue useful work on the national collections. On November 1, 1934, the assignment of personnel by the District was initiated. For the remainder of the year, 75 workers, 33 women and 42 men, were so assigned. All came through the District of Columbia Federal Emergency Relief Ad- ministration office, which carried the responsibility for payment for services. The Smithsonian Institution was responsible for super- vising the work, maintaining records of work accomplished, and preparing time books. Supplies and material required were pur- chased from the regular appropriations. As before, the work was concerned largely with making up an arrearage in connection with the handling of the national collections and was limited to preserv- ing specimens, books, and records, and increasing their usefulness for study and scientific research. Work performed under the different activities in terms of man- hours is summarized below: Man-hours Checking, labeling, and repairing library material____________---__--_- 5, 127 Erepanineearawines and photographs. 22) a2 er ee ee 756 YOR MOLES TANG, TECOTUS Uo 4 Sawa kee We a he ea a 5, 465 Performing miscellaneous work on specimens, including arranging, cata- loging, checking, labeling, and numbering_______________-__--____-- 18, 676 Modelnmaking and: repairing ae «2 te 9s 4 er Ee ee 459 Prepatine and) mounting Specimensse 0 oe ey ee ee 2, 342 eae Ty omer 1 eG eet eG NTN eee ce gee ee Tee ee ee 396 CIN GR A ee Eo Ra ee te = Bk Sowell Though our small curatorial staff was required to give consider- able time to the supervision of the work, definite improvement was made in the arrangement and preservation of records and specimens. The profitable results attained were in no small measure due to the 10 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 cooperative attitude of the F. E. R. A. office of the District of Colum- bia, which gave every assistance in the assignment and transfer of personnel. EDUCATIONAL WORK The National Museum during the year continued its customary activities in educational lines. Our exhibition halls display great series of objects so arranged as to demonstrate facts of many kinds, on subjects ranging from the tools and dress of primitive man to complicated modern machinery, examples of the life of strange lands, of the elements that compose the earth, fossil animals and plants of former ages, and many other things. Descriptive labels accompany all these, and there is constant change to keep them properly ar- ranged and up to date. The whole serves as a compendium of refer- ence to the student or as an attractive display to the one of more casual interest, from which all may profit according to their desires. In addition, the Museum is constantly active in the dissemination of knowledge in response to many hundreds of inquiries that come by mail or from visitors. Classes from the city schools are guided through the halls, and groups of students from a distance are given similar service. Although the Museum does not maintain regular series of lectures, members of the staff are called on frequently to address meetings. Students throughout the country interested in definite problems come to work with our collections and libraries, and frequently workers from abroad are engaged in investigations here that sometimes continue for months. From this it may be seen how widely varied is the range of our educational activities and how extensive the field that they cover. VISITORS Visitors to the various Museum buildings showed an increase of 377,931 over last year, the total number, 1,841,306, nearly equal- ing the 1929-80 figure, following a decided decrease during the de- pression years. The average attendance for week days was 4,834 and for Sundays 6,467. The number of visitors to the Smithsonian Building on week days totaled 250,287 and on Sundays 56,953; to the Arts and Industries Building 646,108 on week days and 152,427 on Sundays; to the Natural History Building, 472,789 on week days and 133,256 on Sundays; and to the Aircraft Building, 129,386 on week days, closed on Sundays. Table 1 shows the number of visitors during each month for the year. The 307,739 visitors during April 1935 is the largest number ever recorded for a single month, OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 11 TABLE 1.—Visitors to the Museum buildings during the year ended June 80, 1985 Museum buildings t, F eG Smithson- sie ELSE Esa pau Artsand | Natural ; Cre. Build : F A {t w paaees | Buaieg | Building 1934 JiWire 5 Se ENS ie oo Ee Sas 32, 012 | 77, 801 | 57, 307 | 12, 898 180, 018 ACUGAOLS As EN oe EY A 43, 842 |109, 385 | 70, 208 | 18, 377 241, 812 Depremmoens 25 eo 31, 142 | 76,975 | 57, 857 | 11, 661 17d, O30 Wetoberw se Ak ei) hae re 20, 990 | 55, 399 | 44, 913 9, 104 130, 406 UOMenaera aeente op! bik ae 15, 878 | 36, 877 | 35, 830 5, 791 94, 376 Wecember ek et a 12, 524 | 28,181 | 29, 752 4, 967 75, 424 1935 Depmineniny ses Sen ee Be Sr 9,638 | 22,744 | 24,048 | 4, 533 60, 963 emruaye etn POR ee LEE 11, 324 | 28, 350 | 26, 860 5, 005 71, 539 Ji Se) 0e a Og ge re ae ee eg 16, 924 | 42,176 | 37, 869 6, 369 1038, 338 Penn ee ne ee 49, 437 |140, 288 | 98, 592 | 19, 422 307, 739 IU: ct ee 7 ea ce i OR 25, 953 | 87, 649 | 60,173 | 15, 391 189, 166 NGS as ae Os Ge es 37, 576 | 92, 710 | 62, 736 | 15, 868 208, 890 MRO Gales oth Ee 307, 240 1798, 535 |606, 145 |129, 386 | 1, 841, 306 LIBRARY The year was marked by noteworthy progress in strengthening, reorganizing, and making more readily available the library of the National Museum. The accessions numbered 1,639 volumes, 8,697 parts of volumes, and 985 pamphlets and charts—a total of 11,3821 publications—which increased the size of the library to 88,377 volumes and 112,693 pamphlets. These comprise the main natural-history and technological collections and the 35 sectional lbraries in the offices of the curators and their assistants. Most of the additions came, as usual, by regular exchange, gift, and purchase, although 2,224—631 more than in 1934—were found in the west stacks of the Smithsonian Building, where the sorting and arranging of a great mass of scientific material were continued during the year, or were obtained by exchange in response to special requests. Many impor- tant items were received as gifts from various members and asso- ciates of the scientific staff. The number of new exchanges estab- lished was 107—an increase of 16 over the previous year. Special mention should be made of the generous cooperation of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University in an arrangement for the exchange of duplicate publications, whereby the National Museum received 134 items lacking in its sets. Large sendings also came from the Franklin Institute and from several prominent research institutions abroad. The outstanding purchase of the year was the “Deutsche Siidpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903”, Berlin, 1905-1931, in 12 volumes. 12 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Besides keeping up the current work of the library, the staff super- vised the activities of a group of Federal Emergency Relief Admin- istration workers and undertook a number of special tasks in both the main and the sectional libraries. They also rendered considerable assistance to the libraries of the Bureau of American Ethnology, the National Gallery of Art, and the National Zoological Park. They purchased hundreds of books and periodicals recommended by the curators, and cooperated with the publications divisions of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum in maintaining and extending the exchange service in the interest of the library. They made 8,709 periodical entries, cataloged 2,592 publications, and added 21,896 cards to the catalogs and shelf lists. They filed in the natural- history library 469 Wistar Institute cards and 3,774 Concilium Bib- liographicum cards of the author set, and distributed 8,871 of the sys- tematic set of the latter to the curators for their files. They circu- lated among the scientific staff and their assistants 9,636 publications and sent 4,233 to the sectional libraries for shelving. They borrowed 2.489 volumes from the Library of Congress, especially the Smith- sonian Deposit, and 442 from other libraries. Loans to other libraries numbered 486—nearly four times as many as in 1934. Owing to the lack of funds only 101 volumes were bound. It is unfortunate that the library has again fallen into arrears in its binding. To safe- guard its rich collection of periodical literature, many of whose un- bound items might otherwise become seriously damaged or irreplace- ably lost, funds should be provided at the earliest possible time for bringing the binding up to date and thereafter for carrying it for- ward promptly year by year. The reference and bibliographical service of the library to the scientific staff and their associates and to inquirers from outside, both in person and by correspondence, was extensive and frequently involved protracted study at the Library of Congress or elsewhere of the problems in question. The library is being called upon more and more for this type of service. Among the special projects undertaken, a few may be mentioned. The staff, assisted by several of the F.E.R.A. workers, continued the rearranging of the main technological collection; sorted and reorganized the sectional libraries of engineering and administra- tion; examined the collection of old maps that had accumulated in the Arts and Industries Building, selecting a number for the per- manent files of the Museum and transferring the rest to the Smith- sonian deposit in the Library of Congress; withdrew 6,512 reprints from the shelves in the natural-history library, sorted them, and sent them for filing to the sections concerned, thus releasing some much-needed shelf space; and continued several of the projects left unfinished by the C. W. A. employees a year ago, including the OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 13 mounting and classifying of aeronautical clippings, labeling of books and pamphlets, and copying of catalog cards. The usefulness of the library in the Old Museum, with its charging and reference desk, again was demonstrated in respect especially to the technological and ofiice collections. The attendants entered 3,448 periodicals, prepared and filed 1,683 catalog cards, received 2,252 visitors, and made 2,817 loans. Of the needs of the hbrary three are most urgent: (1) More funds for binding; (2) a larger permanent staff, especially of catalogers and typists, to enable the library to meet the growing demands of the curators, and (8) increased and more suitably arranged working space for the library force and more stack room for the rapidly increasing collections. There was one change in the staff during the year. Miss Margaret Moreland (now Mrs. George C. Rodgers), senior stenographer, was transferred, after 5 years of excellent service, to the New York office of the Civil Service Commission. She was succeeded by Miss Lucile A. Torrey, a graduate in arts of Tulane University and in library science of the Louisiana State University. PUBLICATIONS On account of the greatly reduced allotments for printing for the Museum, the publications output of the editorial office was small. Only 8 publications were issued during the year, including the an- nual report for 1934 and 7 papers from volume 83 of the Proceedings. These are listed at the end of this report. In order to reduce printing costs, beginning with volume 83 of the Proceedings covers for separate numbers were omitted. An- other change made, beginning with volume 83, was the numbering of pages, figures, and plates consecutively throughout each volume, instead of each article separately, as has been the practice for many years. The new method will not only simplify literature citation of the papers but also will make it possible for each volume to have an index. The distribution of volumes and separates to libraries and indi- viduals on the regular mailing lists aggregated 15,277 copies; while in addition 11,315 copies of publications issued during this and previous years were supplied in response to special requests. During the year 255,879 forms, labels, and other items were printed, and 119 volumes were bound. Index of Museum publications.—As the other work of the editorial office permitted during the year, the editor, Paul H. Oehser, and his assistant, Miss Gladys O. Visel, carried on the work of indexing the publications of the National Museum, which has now been in progress 2 years. The work of alphabetizing the index cards was aided since 24002—36——2 14 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 November 15, 1934, by the services of one F. E. R. A. employee. Twenty-two Bulletins and eight volumes of Proceedings were in- dexed during the year, making the indexing now complete through Bulletin 43 and Proceedings volume 16. Approximately 30,000 cards were added to the index during the year, making a total of about 115,000. In addition, 79,000 cards were typed but at the close of the year had not been entered in the master index and duplicate entries combined. The general plan of this index is: (1) To include all the publica- tions of the National Museum in one index; (2) to bring it down to date as rapidly as the other publication programs permit; and (38) eventually to publish it (at least some of it by 1946, the Smithsonian Institution Centenary). ‘The index in its current form is available to the curators and others who may have occasion to use it. PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY During the year the photographic laboratory made 3,348 negatives, 17,232 prints, 725 lantern slides, 292 enlargements, and 2 transpar- encies; developed 41 rolls, 18 film packs, and 98 cut films; and mounted 72 prints. This work represents a slight increase over that done last year, except in field work, which decreased. It includes, in addition to work done for the Smithsonian proper and the Na- tional Museum, photographic needs supplied through a cooperative arrangement to the Bureau of American Ethnology and the National Gallery of Art. BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT Repairs and alterations—Chief among the repairs to the Museum buildings during the year were the repairing of the cornice of the dome of the Natural History Building; installing a new entrance to and remodeling of the women’s room in the foyer; redecorating the entire quarters of the division of mollusks; remodeling the diatom laboratory in the Arts and Industries Building; renovating rooms in the divisions of history and engineering; installing an operating device for opening and closing the ventilating windows in the Aircraft Building; and a great deal of necessary repainting in all the buildings. Heat, light, and power.—The Museum’s plant for producing heat, light, and power was not operated at all. during the year, since the heating mains have now been connected with the Government Central Heating Plant and since all needed electricity is now pur- chased. For heating the Smithsonian group of buildings, 59,401,000 pounds of steam were used. The electric current consumed amounted to 1,244,960 kilowatt-hours. OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR 15 Ice production.—The refrigerating machine, for manufacturing ice for the Museum buildings, was operated 4,040 hours during the year, producing 437.8 tons of ice at a cost of $652.27, or at the rate of $1.49 a ton (5 cents a ton less than for last year). Fire protection.—The fire-alarm systems in the several buildings received periodic testing and inspection during the year, and the necessary replacements and repairs were made to put the fire-pro- tection apparatus in good order. Funds did not permit making additional fireproofing of any importance. As has been said in previous reports, the electrie wiring throughout the east end of the Smithsonian Building remains in a hazardous condition, and there will be constant danger from fire until it is possible to rewire this section of the building. Furniture and fixtures—The furniture added during the year included 17 exhibition cases; 235 pieces of storage, office, and labora- tory furniture; and 2,180 drawers, boxes, and frames of various kinds. Equipment condemned consisted of 11 exhibition cases and 45 pieces of storage, office, and laboratory furniture. An inventory of furniture on hand on June 30, 1935, showed 3,765 exhibition cases; 17,757 pieces of storage, office, and laboratory furniture; and 107,858 drawers, boxes, and frames. MEETINGS AND SPECIAL EXHIBITS The Museum offers the use of the auditorium and lecture room in the Natural History Building to scientific and educational associa- tions for regular and special meetings and whenever possible assists them in carrying out their programs. During the year 76 such meet- ings were held, with a total attendance of about 5,840 persons. Note- worthy were lectures by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, on “ New Light on the Peopling and the Cultural Developments of the Far North”; Dr. William A. White, on “ Organic Structure”; Dr. James R. Angell, on “ Popular and Unpopular Science”; Dr. Walter S. Adams, on “The Sun’s Place among the Stars”; and Knud V. Hansen, on “National Parks of Denmark.” Special exhibits —The foyer of the Natural History Building was utilized during the year almost continuously for a series of 17 special exhibits conducted by various educational, scientific, and Government agencies, as follows: July 6 to 31, 19384: Exhibit of water colors and drawings in black and white made by Clayton Knight during trips by airplane in the West Indies, Central America, and South America. September 7 to 30, 1934: Exhibit of British Government publications. Cctober 5 and 6, 1934: Second annual rose show, sponsored by Potomac Rose Society. 16 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 October 10, 1934, to January 2, 1935; Exhibition of paintings and etchings of birds by Dr. Henry Smith Williams and of birds’ nests collected by him. January 10 to 31, 1935: Exhibition of oil paintings by Prof. Emil Jacques, of the University of Notre Dame. January 10 to 31, 1935: Exhibit of water-color studies of Mexican and Massa- chusetts scenes by Alexander Buel Trowbridge, architect, of Washington, D. C. February 5 to March 16, 1935: Display of Indian sand paintings, reproductions of Navaho sand altars, obtained for the Smithsonian collection through the generosity of Mrs. Charles D. Walcott. February 15 to March 15, 1935: Exhibit of black and white drawings of Boulder Dam, Colo., by William Woollett. o March 16 to 31, 1935: Exhibit of photographs of trees, sponsored by the Ameri- can Forestry Association “to stimulate interest in the beauty of trees in the American landscape.” March 18 to 20, 1935: Exhibition showing various activities of members of the District of Columbia Dental Society, held in conjunction with the Five State Post Graduate Dental Clinic. April 4 to 30, 1935: Hxhibit of oil paintings by Misses Elena and Bertha de Hellebranth, under the patronage of His Excellency John Pélenyi, Minister from Hungary. April 22 and 23, 1935: Exhibit of aerial photographs held in connection with the meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry. May 2 to June 3, 1935: Exhibit of Egyptian pastels by Howard Fremont Strat- ton. Opening of exhibition on May 2 under patronage of His Hxcellency Ibrahim Ratib Bey, Minister from Egypt, Sesostris Sidarouss Pasha, former Egyptian Minister, and Marcus Simaika Pasha, founder and director of the great Coptic Museum at Cairo. May 1 to June 3, 1985: Exhibit of photographs showing progress of construc- tion under the Public Works Administration program. May 27 to June 1, 1935: Exhibition of architectural designs submitted for the proposed new building for the Federal Reserve Board, under the auspices of the Commission of Fine Arts. May 27 to June 30, 1935: Display of collection of natural-history and ethno- logical specimens collected by Dr. Hugh M. Smith in Siam. June 4 to June 20, 1985: Exhibition of oil paintings, water colors, and draw- ings made by artists enrolled in the Civilian Conservation Corps camps. Preview under auspices of director of Emergency Conservation Work and members of his advisory council. CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION AND STAFF No major changes were made in the organization of the National Museum during the year, and the changes in the staff were com- paratively few. Dr. Edward A. Chapin, of the United States Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, was appointed on July 1, 1934, as curator in the division of insects, succeeding the late Dr. J. M. Aldrich. In the division of mollusks, Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison was appointed senior scientific aid on August 2. A realignment of the work in the division of graphic arts resulted in the appoint- ment of Charles Allen Sherwin as scientific aid on May 20, 1935, OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR LZ after a temporary service of 6 months. A vacancy in the division of textiles was filled by the appointment of Miss Mary E. Dilling- ham as junior scientific aid on October 15, 1934. Three Museum employees were transferred from the active to the retired list during the year, as follows: Philip N. Wisner, assistant clerk, on November 30, 1934, through disability; Mrs. Amelia Turner, under photographer, on June 30, 1935, through sec- tion 8 (a) of the Economy Act; and Mrs. Rachel Turner, charwoman, on August 31, 1934, through age. The Museum lost through death 2 of its honorary staff members and 7 of its active force. The honorary members—both long asso- ciated with scientific work of the Museum—were Dr. Albert Mann, custodian of diatoms since January 8, 1913, who died on February 1, 1935, and Dr. David White, honorary associate curator of paleobotany since May 23, 1905, who died February 7, 1935. Those under paid appointment were Peter Hanson, machinist, on March 6; Frank W. Mullen, electrician’s helper, on February 18; Michael Colohan, John J. Gallagher, and Harrison M. Kinnison, guards, on July 11, 1934, December 9, 1934, and June 4, 1935, respectively; Mrs. Marie Ellis, charwoman, on March 29; and Mrs. Lula Bryant, attendant, on April 16. DETAILED REPORTS ON THE COLLECTIONS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY (WALTER HoucH, Head Curator) Explorations for the year played an important part in the exten- sion of scientific knowledge of the habits and customs of man and the acquirement of much valuable cultural material. At the close of the year work was being carried on at Kodiak Island, Alaska. Field-work was also conducted in the Bonneville Dam area in Wash- ington. Much material was contributed by the various explorations of the Bureau of American Ethnology. In the environment of the Capital, especially in Virginia, examination of several surface sites was carried on. ACCESSIONS FOR THE YEAR The division of ethnology received 53 accessions and 579 speci- mens as compared with 918 specimens last year, including small coiled baskets of baleen made by the Point Barrow Eskimos, a carved and inlaid slate tray from the Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, a large potlatch dish of carved wood, and an old Navaho chief’s blanket, all presented by Mrs. Charles D. Wal- cott. A carved slate tray from the Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands, presented by Senator and Mrs. Jesse H. Metcalf, is note- worthy. North American Indian specimens received include a garter of woven buffalo hair; carved wooden mask of the Haida Indians of southeastern Alaska; woven blanket and six sashes collected among the Tarahumare Indians of Mexico; an elkskin with painted pic- tographic scenes depicting the feats of the Shoshone chief, Wa- shakie—all acquired through purchase; a Navaho Indian silver neck- lace, the gift of Charles Shafer; beaded belts, moccasins, and other objects, from the Delaware and Osage Indians, the gift of Miss Florence C. Morse; cradleboards, moccasins, and charm pouches collected during the early eighties from Plains and Pueblo Indians and presented by Lt. Col. James H. Van Horn, United States Army; a decorated rawhide parfleche from the Yakima Indians; and Cali- fornian and southeast Alaskan Indian twined baskets, the gift of Mrs. Alice Geddes; and, finally, a commemorative figure of carved and painted balsa wood from the San Blas Indians of Panama, the gift of Commander P. J. Searles, United States Navy. From the more remote Eskimos of Nunivak Island, Alaska, there was accessioned a gut parka collected by Dr. Simon W. Merritt, 18 DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 19 while from the distant Brazilian Matto Grosso came a collection of weapons of the fierce Parintintin Indians, the gift of Dr. B. Young- blood; and from the head hunters of eastern Ecuador, the Jivaro, a collection of textiles and objects of personal adornment, a transfer from the Bureau of American Ethnology. The continent of Africa, as in former years, is represented. C. C. Roberts added to his West African collections, and Benjamin H. Lepow gave a collection from Italian Somaliland. Liberia, West Africa, is represented in a collection of six pieces of iron money, the gift of the Rev. Thomas R. Hazzard. Oceania is represented in current collections by specimens from the Fiji Islands, from Samoa, and from Australia, the gifts, respectively, of Miss Viola L. Cooper, Dr. Casey A. Wood, and Mrs. Alice Geddes. Malaysia is well represented in collections from the Philippine Islands, consisting of an Igorot fire piston, wooden spoons and wooden stamps, stone, wooden, clay, and grass pipes, the gift of Capt. Henry T. Allen, United States Army; Moro krisses and daggers and decorated woven abaca cloth, the gift of Mrs. Alice Geddes. As in former years, ethnological collections presented by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, fisheries adviser to the Royal Siamese Government, were extensive. The accessions include woven and decorated cloth and other objects of such obscure peoples as the Karen, Ubon, Muso, Lao, and Melau. Included are also small collections from the Annamese and Burmese. Asia, “the mother of civilizations”, was niggardly in dispensing with her treasures. With the exception of the Dr. Hugh M. Smith accessions just mentioned, five small lots of objects from that source were received: A Singhalese mahout’s knife from Ceylon, the gift of Dr. Casey A. Wood; two “hands” of tobacco, used as currency in Szechwan, China, the gift of the Rev. David C. Graham, of Chengtu; an inscribed clay brick taken from a wall of the first, Ming Palace, Peking, China, built between 1400 and 1500 A. D., the gift of Ambrose Swasey; and a collection of Japanese glass net floats that drifted to the coast of Oregon, the gift of Jack Adamson. Brother Juniper, of the Franciscan House of Studies, presented a pair of sandals such as are generally worn by members of the order in the Orient. The sections of musical instruments, ceramics, and art textiles re- ceived 3 accessions each and 24 specimens in all. An excellent concertina of about 1850 was given by Miss Esielle J. Brereton; an outstanding pitcher, 1798, by Mrs. William Campbell Langfitt; beaded bags, by James Green; and a. large point lace shawl, bequest of Miss Gertrude Walden Myer. The division of archeology received 57 accessions totaling 2,412 specimens, compared with 38 accessions covering 8,337 specimens EE ee 20 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 last year. This year 9 accessions (326 specimens) were derived from the Old World. The following are considered the most noteworthy accessions of the year: A plaster cast, presented by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, of the elaborately carved surface of a Maya altar at Quirigua, Guatemala, the original of which was discovered by repre- sentatives of the Carnegie Institution in December 1934, and which is regarded as one of the finest examples of aboriginal sculpture recovered from the Maya area; 3827 specimens collected for the Bureau of American Ethnology by Dr. William D. Strong from the Bay Islands and the mainland of Spanish Honduras, received as a transfer from the bureau; 214 flint objects from a Paleolithic deposit in Mugharet et-Tabun (Cave of the Oven) at the western foot of Mount Carmel, Palestine, collected by the joint 19383 expedi- tion of the American School of Prehistoric Research and the Brit- ish School of Archeology in Palestine, deposited by the Archaeo- logical Society of Washington; 1,188 stone artifacts, fragments of basketry, sandals, and other articles collected for the Museum by Frank M. Setzler from two caves in Val Verde County, Tex.; 3 terra-cotta cones from Ur of the Chaldees, Iraq, bearing inscriptions that date them about 2075 B. C., received as a gift from the Bruce Hughes fund; 52 stone implements from South Africa, presented by Wilfred C. Abbott, of Capetown; a pottery canteen from the island of Cyprus, in the Mediterranean Sea, presented by Dr. Walter Hough; 8 earthenware vessels and a figurine from La Palma Island, Santa Maria River, Darien, Panama, a gift from Commander P. J. Searles, United States Navy; 112 ivory and bone harpoon heads from Seklowaghyaget near Gambell, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, collected and presented by Paul Silook, Eskimo assistant to Henry B. Collins, Jr., during the latter’s investigations on St. Lawrence several years ago; 380 Paleolithic implements illustrating the Clac- tonian industry in the Thames Valley, Kent, England, presented by R. H. Chandler and A. L. Leach. The archeological material col- lected for the Museum by Dr. A. Hrdlicka in 19384 on Kodiak Island, Alaska, had not been cataloged at the year end. The division of physical anthropology received 16 accessions and 743 specimens, contrasted with 20 accessions and 206 specimens in 1933-384. Among the more important of these are four lots of material, each separately accessioned, from the Civil Works Adminis- tration. Of these, 2 lots are from Florida, 1 from California, and 1 from North Carolina. The largest single accession in this division is that from Kodiak Island, collected by the curator, Dr. A. Hrdlicka. With this addition to the collections of previous seasons there 1s now a fine series from Jones Point. An important addition to the collections in view of the age and historical interest is the series of DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Zi 155 specimens from Megiddo, Palestine, received as a permanent deposit from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The skeletons collected in southwestern Texas by Frank M. Setzler, although small in number, are of great importance because of the new type and area represented. INSTALLATION AND PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS The exhibits in the various halls of ethnology received constant attention in regard to insect attacks, dust, and light. Adjust- ments of installation and new installations were made as required. The value of the foyer for transient exhibits was shown by the exhibition of the series of Navaho sand paintings collected by Mrs. Charles D. Walcott and of the numerous Siamese specimens given by Dr. Hugh M. Smith. The African animal head trophies in the Herbert Ward collection were repaired and preserved by the department of biology. The bronze statues in this collection were cleaned of dust and treated with oil. The Zuni and Apache family groups sent to the San Diego Ex- position left two vacant cases, which were reinstalled with large baskets and pottery never before exhibited. In the division of archeology the staff was wholly occupied with the reclassification of State collections and the installation of new exhibits. In consequence of these efforts the archeological collec- tions from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and California have now been entirely reviewed, card records completed where necessary, pseudo-artifacts and useless fragments eliminated, exhibits from these five States revised, and the study series made more accessible to visiting students. The new Georgia exhibit in- cludes, for the first time, material collected by the Bureau of Amer- ican Ethnology many years ago from such important archeological sites as the Hollywood mound and the famous Etowah group. The series of earthenware vessels from the Province of Chiriqui, Pan- ama, was reexamined, measured, and rearranged both for exhibition and study purposes. Reinstalled exhibits occupy 5 floor eases, 2 wall cases, 7 double-slope top cases, and 2 table cases. Most im- portant among minor additions made to several other exhibits is the model of a unique council house recently disclosed during archeo- logical investigations at Macon, Ga. To provide space for the cast of a remarkable Maya altar from Quirigua, Guatemala, a gift from the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, it was found necessary to reduce by half our exhibits from the Province of Chiriqui, Panama, and from the Casas Grandes dis- 22 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 trict, Chihuahua, Mexico; to place in the study series certain other specimens; and to move 4 other cases into reduced space. The division staff supervised methods designed to insure pres- ervation of precious wooden specimens recovered in 1934 from the muck beneath an important archeological site near Belle Glade, Fla.—artifacts comparable to those exhumed on Key Marco 20 years ago by the late Frank Hamilton Cushing. A number of pottery vessels were restored and placed on exhibit. Many years will be required to complete the present program of classifying and rebuilding the archeological exhibits. Every effort is being made to incorporate the results of recent discoveries in these exhibits and to arrange each one so as to bring out its full educa- tional value and scientific usefulness and at the same time to attract and inform the hurrying visitor by adding as much color and variety as possible. As the year came to an end the staff turned its attention toward the extensive collections gathered during the winter of 1933-34 under Civil Works Administration projects in five separate States. Space available for exhibits in physical anthropology was en- larged so as to include three new cases, in which are displayed the final series of Eskimo and Indian face masks prepared by W. H. Egberts. This series consists of 18 Eskimos, 14 Alaskan Indians, and 21 Blackfoot and Sioux. The many masks of other racial groups already prepared or in the course of preparation should eventually be added to this exhibit. Such records of these racial types are unique and very valuable. Owing to requirements for the rooms opening on the basement foyer, it was necessary to transfer the collections stored in room 37 to the fourth-floor rotunda. These collections consisted of the greater part of the Whites (Huntington) and Pueblos. In making this shift the Peruvian collection was also transferred from room 342 to the rotunda and part of the Huntington collection from room 37 was substituted in its place in order to make the latter more accessible for cataloging. Instead of continuing the work of cataloging the Huntington col- lection as begun by the Civil Works Administration workers, the two relief workers supplied by the Federal Emergency Relief Admin- istration were set to work numbering the many new accessions result- ing from C. W. A. field work. At the close of the year all but one of those collections had been finished. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 23 INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH Ethnology—tIn the division of ethnology Henry B. Collins, Jr., continued investigations of archeological collections from early vil- lage sites of the Alaska Eskimo. Problems of his study have to do with chronology and culture sequences of the archeological phases of Eskimo occupation of Alaska and also with geographical correlations. This research project has crystallized in the form of several smaller publications, the major report being still in progress. Herbert W. Krieger continued research in West Indian and South American Indian cultures. Specific projects and problems in the West Indian and contiguous areas, based on archeological collections obtained by the several W. L. Abbott expeditions, on the Walter E. Roth collections and manuscripts, on the W. A. Archer and other collections, have to do with chronology and culture sequence, espe- pecially in stone and pottery, and also with the intricate problems of design. One publication, on the diffusion of Amazonian culture traits within the Antillean area, was issued during the year. Current interest in money prompted Mr. Krieger to study the Museum’s resources in primitive money. A manuscript on this sub- ject, fully illustrated, awaits publication. One of the earliest publications of the head curator, Dr. Walter Hough, published nearly half a century ago, concerns technical meth- ods pertaining to the care and preservation of museum specimens. Notes have been published from time to time by Mr. Krieger in an attempt to bring this subject up to date. These data are now assem- bled in summarized form in manuscript ready for publication. Field work in the vicinity of Bonneville, Oreg., has added to our archeological collections a wealth of data on the Pacific Northwest. This is now being studied by Mr. Krieger in connection with material previously collected by him in Oregon and Washington in 1926 and 1927. Manuscript for a report, together with photographs illustrating the collections, will soon be available for publication. Collections studied by outside investigators include Oceanic art, Christian and other ecclesiastic art, African art, Salish textiles, Navaho costumes, West Indian pottery, Bibles, Bengali palm-leaf manuscripts, Japanese swords and sword fittings, Athapascan (more specifically Kutchin-Han) costumes and other objects of material culture, musical instruments, distribution of certain species of bam- boo in America as based on well-established native uses, Roman armor, early American and European bottles and pipes, Navaho sil- ver-work, Navaho sand altars, Pueblo belt weavings, old weaving techniques of the Menominee, paintings of Indian subjects by Catlin, Sharp, Deming, and others, Moro weavings and Malay batik, Siamese and Javanese marionettes of punched leather, Japanese collections 24 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 of art and ethnology, quilled designs on skins, Paisley and Cashmere shawls, shellfish hooks, Indian medicines, Eskimo decorative design and chronology, chronology of Navaho blanket design, and color schemes in museum group installations. J. T. Nicholson received the loan of West African masks for the purpose of making casts of them. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was assisted in selecting illustra- tions from our files for a publication on the development of the Indians of southeastern Alaska, and also in the study of old Indian weaving techniques for use in teaching. Consultations were also held with members of the Indian Bureau staff regarding fraudulent sales of pseudo-Indian artifacts. The Museum also cooperated with the Indian Bureau in the salvaging of ancient Indian artifacts from Bonneville, Oreg., and vicinity. Worthy of mention is cooperation with the Bureau of American Ethnology in such projects as identi- fying W. H. Jackson negatives and in supplying data for use in con- nection with exhibits for the San Diego Exposition. The Colonial Dames of America received the loan of Indian cos- tumes and other objects for use in pageantry display at a session in the auditorium of the National Museum. The Oblate Fathers were lent a large number of specimens to illustrate the culture of the prim- itive peoples, among whom they maintain missions. Other loans and gifts of illustrative ethnographical material were extended to many individuals and organizations. Hight lots of material were received for examination and report. Archeology.—The curator of archeology, Neil M. Judd, was occu- pied throughout the year with the revision of collections and the installation of new State exhibits. The assistant curator, F. M. Setzler, prepared and cataloged the archeological material he recov- ered in 1933 from two caves along the Pecos River in Val Verde County, Tex.; published a preliminary report on the prehistoric cave dwellers of southwestern Texas in cooperation with Dr. W. D. Strong, of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and prepared a paper en- titled “Archeology and Relief”, describing in a general way the Smithsonian-C. W. A. archeological projects of 1933-34. He also assisted M. W. Stirling, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, by writing for the appendix to the 1934 Smithsonian Annual Report brief summaries of the C. W. A. archeological projects at Peachtree Mound, near Murphy, N. C., and at one of the sites on the west coast of Florida. The reclassification of the California collections re- vealed a number of iron specimens requiring immediate preservation treatment, and to these Mr. Setzler devoted attention, using impro- vised equipment in the division of mineralogy laboratories. During the year 52 lots of archeological material were received for identification and report and subsequently returned to the owners. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 25 On the occasion of his two visits to Georgia, Mr. Setzler made preliminary studies of the archeological material recovered from the Macon sites. At the same time he assisted several friends of the Institution in classifying their private collections and gathered rep- resentative sherd series from the Kolee Mokee, Neisler, Xuala, and Panama City sites. Physical anthropology.—Dr. A. Hrdlicka, curator of physical an- thropology, prosecuted research for preparation of a paper on the problem of the origin of the American Indian. He also prepared for publication a paper on the measurements of members of the National Academy of Sciences. The assistant curator, Dr. T. D. Stewart, studied the vertebral columns of the Pueblo and other American Indian skeletons. He also finished a study of epiphyseal union, and prepared a paper on the subject, and assembled and studied a collection of skeletal remains from the caves of southwestern ‘Texas. DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF SPECIMENS In the division of ethnology several lots of uncataloged duplicate photographs of Museum specimens were distributed. No exchanges were negotiated and no specimens distributed through transfer. One loan accession, consisting of 39 specimens, was withdrawn. Five lots of archeological material (70 specimens) were sent out in exchange, as follows: 44 blades, drills, hammerstones, and other articles to J. G. Braecklein, Kansas City, Mo., in exchange for stone and copper artifacts from Nebraska, Missouri, and Arkansas; 22 arrowheads to Dr. Stuart C. Way, San Francisco, in exchange for similar specimens from the Truckee River district in Placer and Nevada Counties, Calif.; and, in return for previous courtesies, casts of antiquities to B. E. McCown, Ironton, Ohio; Edward F. Neild, Shreveport, La.; and S. G. Morley, Santa Fe, N. Mex. Nine lots (890 specimens) of archeological material were sent as gifts to educational institutions, as follows: 50 potsherds and stone artifacts to the Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colo.; 61 projectile points, hammerstones, blades, and drills to Berea College, Berea, Ky.; 26 Paleolithic specimens to New York University, New York City; 75 stone implements to the University of Tampa, Tampa, Fla.; 7 pottery vessels and stone celts from Panama to the Maryland Academy of Sciences, Baltimore; 148 projectile points and imple- ments to the Wayne County Historical Society, Richmond, Ind.; a cast of the Tuxtla Statuette to the National Museum of Guatemala; 21 stone implements to the Maryland School for the Blind, Overlea, Md.; a lot of Georgia potsherds to the Ceramic Repository, Uni- versity Museum, Ann Arbor, Mich. In addition, 9 photographs of West Indian pottery and 8 photographs of Arretine ware for study purposes were forwarded, respectively, to Miss H. C. Palmatary, 26 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, and Dr. Howard Comfort, Haverford College, Haverford, Pa. Twelve modern pottery vessels from Chiriqui Province, Panama, were transferred from the division of archeology to the division of ethnology. Natural forms, potsherds, fragments of stone artifacts, and uni- dentifiable material not suitable for exchange to the number of 1,876 were condemned and subsequently destroyed. NUMBER OF SPECIMENS UNDER DEPARTMENT During the year the department received 127 accessions covering a total of 3,758 specimens, which were assigned as follows: Eth- nology, 53 accessions (579 specimens); archeology, 57 accessions (2,412 specimens) ; physical anthropology, 16 accessions (748 speci- mens); musical instruments, 3 accessions (8 specimens) ; ceramics, 3 accessions (12 specimens); and art textiles, 3 accessions (9 specimens). On June 380, 1935, the total number of specimens in the department was as follows: Hithnologye ee el ee AP eS sale pode ge 189, 311 Archeology jte. 3 Vee Sa ae ia ae A ae iene 445, 852 Physical sa mChyr Opole yes eM e e eas eLL Dp er ee aes pee oe 34, 451 Musical. instruments. -2232.022 228 vier ee a ie ee ee ge 2, O77 Ceramics: Li 1 ie ees Ae ae a eh ere eee 6, 312 Art textiles. e023) epee ee Pee A ee eee 1, 540 Anthropology, (mot assigned ) 2222520 ee ee ee eee 9 Totals i ee ee eee 679, 552 DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY (LEONHARD STEJNEGER, Head Curator) The activities of the department of biology on the whole have progressed satisfactorily in spite of certain unfavorable conditions due to lack of funds for publication and to congestion in housing. Although much time of the regular staff was taken up in supervision of temporary assistants furnished through the Government relief agencies, through this help there was accomplished much useful work impossible to undertake with our regular staff. Field work was undertaken by several members of the staff. Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, curator of marine invertebrates, took part in an expedition to the Galapagos Islands, by invitation of Capt. G. Allan Hancock, owner of the yacht Velero J/I. Through a grant from the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Doris M. Cochran, assistant curator of reptiles and amphibians, was occupied for several months in study and collecting in eastern Brazil, resulting in important and large additions to the collections of the Museum from a region hitherto poorly represented. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., curator of mam- mals, spent 214 months investigating and collecting in southern Florida including several of the important keys. ACCESSIONS The number of accessions, aggregating 1,306, with a total of 258,692 specimens, indicates a normal growth in the collections under the department. A special feature of this year’s accretions is the large number of genera and species new to the collection. The receipt of much invaluable type material is also noteworthy. Mammals.——In addition to large and important collections of Siamese and Chinese mammals received from Dr. Hugh M. Smith and Dr. D. C. Graham, respectively, the accessions this year are conspicuous for the many rare species hitherto unrepresented in the Museum. Thus, two specimens of the Saiga antelope from the Kalmuk Steppes of South Russia, one donated by Louis Ruhe, Inc., New York, the other a transfer from the National Zoological Park, are the first representatives of this interesting antelope in the Museum, except an old skeleton in the exhibition series. Through the cooperation of Dr. Doris M. Cochran, two important South American genera, Scacopus, a sloth, and Brachyteles, a mon- key, were received in exchange from the Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Among the 23 mammals collected by Dr. Waldo L. 27 Pre * REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Schmitt on the 1935 Hancock Galapagos expedition was a porpoise new to the Museum. As an exchange, 28 specimens of primates, carnivores, ungulates, and rodents from Africa, Asia, and South America, all representing forms not hitherto in the collections, were received from the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Of great importance for comparison with Dr. Hugh Smith’s Siamese collection, was a collection of 16 mammals obtained from Annam, Indo-China. Mrs. Henry W. Greist presented two tympanic bullae of the bowhead whale from Point Barrow, Alaska, of special inter- est through the rarity of this species in collections. Birds.—Approximately 285 species and subspecies new to the col- lection of bird skins were added during the year, as well as a con- siderable number new to the collection of skeletons. The generic desiderata in bird skins were reduced by 15, largely as the result of the curator’s visit to European museums during the summer of 1934. The new genera included a rare pigeon from New Caledonia, Phae- norhina; an equally rare rail from the same island, Tricholimnas; an African hawk, Chelictinia; several Papuan forms—Oreopsittacus, Campochaera, and Oedistoma; a Brazilian nighthawk, Heleothreptus; a thrush from the same country, Zurdampelis; three Indian birds much needed in connection with our Chinese series—Urocichla, Sphenocichla, and Stictospiza; a peculiar form, of uncertain affinities, generally considered near the helmet-shrikes, Zypocolius,; and three desirable African birds—Speirops, Neocichla, and Rhynchostruthus. Of the general collections received, special mention is made of 988 Siamese birds from Dr. Hugh M. Smith and 81 specimens of Chinese birds from Dr. D. C. Graham. From the Princeton Museum of Zoology 6 type specimens of Patagonian birds were acquired by exchange, and Dr. S. T. Danforth deposited the type of his Rallus longirostris manglecola. From the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., 14 skins of New Guinea birds of forms new to the Museum were received in exchange. Reptiles and amphibians——Besides the considerable collections from Siam by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, and from China by Dr. D. C. Graham, a large collection of Brazilian species, especially frogs, was added, partly collected by Dr. Cochran and partly donated by Dr. Adolpho Lutz. The collecting trips of Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and C. R. Aschemeier in Florida, of Dr. C. E. Burt in Mississippi and Louisiana, and of Dr. Waldo Schmitt in South America added much material needed to fill gaps in the American faunal series. Fishes.—Sixty-nine accessions, totaling 12,230 specimens of fishes, were received, this being a remarkable increase over the 1,808 ac- cessioned last year; the interest of the material matches its quantity. The fine series of 1,350 Siamese fishes presented by Dr. Hugh M. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 29 Smith deserves first place, coming as it does from an area poorly represented in our fish collection. The largest accession was a gift of 3,357 fishes comprising the major part of the private collection of the assistant curator, Dr. G. S. Myers, and including much North, South, and Central American material of species not, or poorly, represented in the national collection. From S. Y. Lin, of Canton, China, came a gift of 159 fishes from Kwangsi, Kwantung, and Ha1i- nan, including paratypes of recently described species. Stuart Abra- ham presented several fine series of Virginia fishes, and another in- teresting lot, from western Maryland, was a gift from E. D. Reid and G. M. Boydstun. Gifts of Colombian fishes from Brother Elias, of the Colegio Biff, Barranquilla; Costa Rican fishes from the Museo Nacional, San José; Texas fishes from Prof. C. T. Reed, of the Texas College of Arts and Industries; and a paratype of a new Alaskan liparid from Arthur Chapman and Allan Delacy, of the University of Washington, added valuable material to the collection. By trans- fer from the United States Bureau of Fisheries came 1,135 fishes, mostly welcome bathypelagic specimens. Of especial importance was an excellent series of 1,881 specimens collected for the Museum by Dr. Doris M. Cochran near Rio de Janeiro and in the interior of Minas Geraes, Brazil.. A noteworthy lot of 2,401 fishes from Florida was received from C. R. Aschemeier, partly collected for the Mu- seum and partly a gift, and 116 specimens from the Rio Purts and Rio Jurua were purchased from B. A. Krukoff. Insects.—Accessions of insects for the year totaled 251, a decrease of 12 from the previous year. The total number of specimens also shows a decrease, being 116,717 as against 210,523 last year. Among important accessions may be mentioned the collection of South American Homoptera made by the late Dr. F. W. Goding, which came to us from his estate. It includes about 70 types. Also of im- portance is a collection of Oriental insects, mostly Coleoptera, made by T. R. Gardner during a 7-year stay in the Orient and largely determined by comparison with the collection at Sapporo, Japan. As Japanese entomologists rely largely on the Sapporo collection for identifications, the value to us of the determined portion of this col- lection is evident. An exchange of specimens with the British Mu- seum, through G. J. Arrow, resulted in the addition to our series of many paratypes of West Indian Staphylinidae and Scarabaeidae, almost all the species being new to our collection. From the estate of the late Prof. J. E. Guthrie came the collection of his Collembola, containing much material of value. Dr. David C. Graham continued to send collections of insects from Szechwan, China, with a total for the year of more than 33,000. Dr. Hugh M. Smith added about 4,000 specimens to the Siamese collections previously sent. A collection of 24002—36——-3 30 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 3,000 insects, mostly Homoptera, collected in New England, was pre- sented by P. W. Oman, of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. About 47,000 miscellaneous insects were re- tained by the various specialists of the taxonomic staff out of mate- rial received by them for identification. Many of these are new to the collection and many new to science. Dr. Doris M. Cochran brought back from her trip to Brazil 3,471 miscellaneous insects, which will prove of interest when mounted and made ready for study. Marine invertebrates——The total number of accessions in marine invertebrates is 171, with 18,142 specimens, an increase of 42 acces- sions and 811 specimens. Ten of these accessions include type ma- terial of rare species new to the Museum. The leading accessions are as follows: The Carnegie Institution of Washington presented a large collection of annelids, worms, and mysids taken during the cruise of the S. S. Carnegie, including the types of 15 new species of worms described by Dr. A. L. Treadwell. From Dr. Y. Chen, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, was received a collection of Chinese earth- worms, including paratypes of 18 species recently described by him. Through the cooperation of Dr. M. Minio, director of the Museum of Natural History, Venice, Italy, the National Museum received from Mrs. Angela Nardo Cibele a collection of sponges studied by her father, G. D. Nardo. The Museum of Natural History of the State University of Iowa deposited the extensive and valuable series of invertebrates collected under the auspices of the late Charles C. Nutting during the Bahama expedition, 1893; the Barbados-Antigua expedition, 1918; and the Fiji-New Zealand expedition, 1922. From Dr. G. E. MacGinitie, Corona Del Mar, Calif., the Museum received a large collection of marine invertebrates from the coast of Orange County, Calif., including 7 new species of cumaceans described by Dr. Carl Zimmer. Dr. Norma C. Furtos, Western Reserve Univer- sity, presented the type and paratypes of a new species of ostracod ; Dr. Jean M. Pirlot, Liége, Belgium, cotypes of a new species of amphipod; James E. Lynch, University of Washington, cotypes of a ciliate protozoan; and Steve A. Glassell, Beverly Hills, Calif., para- types of new species of crabs. Dr. Gordon E. Gates, of Rangoon, Burma, presented a collection of earthworms, part of the material upon which his paper on “ New Earthworms from China” is based. The crustaceans collected by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt while a guest on the cruiser Velero III to the Galapagos Islands and the west coast of South America, form an important addition to our collections. From the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., the Museum received a collection of mysids comprising material upon which Dr. W. M. Tattersall’s “ Contributions to a Knowledge of the Mysidaceae of California ” is based. DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 31 Mollusks.—Accessions of mollusks received totaled 125, as against 87 last year, representing 51,038 specimens as compared with 11,265 last year. The most important accessions are as follows: Dr. Adolpho Lutz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, through the cooperation of Dr. Doris M. Cochran, 161 specimens (cotypes) ; Dr. Doris M. Cochran, about 2,000 specimens of land, fresh-water, and marine mollusks from Brazil, collected for the Museum; Dr. Hugh M. Smith, 1,916 speci- mens from Siam; Dr. H. P. K. Agersborg, Washington, D. C., about 30,000 specimens, chiefly from Europe; the Francis Lea Chamber- lain fund, 540 miscellaneous specimens; Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, paratypes of 18 species, 52 specimens; Dr. D. C. Graham, 2,050 specimens from China; Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, 7 topo- types; Dr. C. C. Aguayo, Habana, Cuba, 19 specimens of land shells from Cuba (paratypes and topotypes); Henry Van der Schalle, University of Michigan, 1 paratype from Pea River, Ala.; Dr. Leopoldo A. Faustino, Manila, Philippine Islands, 20 specimens of shells, topotypes of Schistosomophora from the Philippines; Dr. F. Felippone, Montevideo, Uruguay, 76 specimens; Dr. Paul Bartsch, 3,925 specimens from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina; Drs. Bartsch, G. S. Myers, and Harald Rehder, 200 specimens of marine mollusks from Dismal Swamp and the islands lying off the Virginia Capes. Corals—Only two corals were accessioned during the year, but mention must be made of a large collection not yet accessioned re- ceived from Dr. Cyril Crossland, Marine Biological Station, Char- daga, Red Sea District, Egypt. Helminths—Helminth accessions for the year numbered 14, com- prising 53 specimens, 2 of which are genotypes and 8 are types of new species, as follows: From G. L. Brooks, Boston, Mass., 4 speci- mens of helminths (microscopic slides) comprising 1 new genus and 4 new species; from Prof. Eduardo Caballero y C., Instituto de Biologia, Chapultepec, México, D. F., 4 specimens of nematodes (genotypes) ; from Prof. James E. Lynch, Seattle, Wash., 6 slides of new species of Acanthocephala; from James R. Simon, Superior, Wyo., 2 specimens (type and paratype) of nematodes (Bulbodacnites scott) and also the type specimen of Mucrocauda agubernaculi. Echinoderms.—The most important of the 9 accessions of echinoderms for the year was the 549 lots deposited by the State University of Iowa, 340 of which are from the West Indies and in- clude the material collected by the Bahama expedition of 1893 and the Barbados-Antigua expedition of 1918 under the direction of the late Charles C. Nutting. The curator studied and published his report on the latter collection in 1921. 32 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Plants——Herbarium accessions comprised 49,411 specimens, as against 31,875 last year. The more important are as follows: 9,706 specimens transferred from the United States Department of Agri- culture, 5,953 of which are grasses, including a series of 2,680 speci- mens of cultivated varieties of wheat. Mrs. E. J. Collins, Bangkok, donated 1,315 specimens from Siam, and Dr. Hugh M. Smith pre- sented 401 plants from the same country; 729 specimens from the mountains of eastern Peru were presented by G. Klug, Iquitos; Otto Degener, New York, donated 525 Hawaiian plants; F. H. Sargent, Washington, D. C., 506 specimens from Puerto Rico; and Delzie Demaree, 578 specimens from Ohio and Arkansas; 567 speci- mens of lichens and mosses were donated by G. Arséne, Santa Fe, N. Mex.; 1,962 specimens, collected in Hispaniola by KE. L. Ekman, were obtained by purchase, as were 469 ferns from British North Borneo, and 967 plants from Brazil and Peru collected by Mrs. Ynes Mexia. Some of the larger accessions received in exchange are as follows: 2,102 specimens, chiefly Chinese, received from the University of California, including several collections by Dr. Joseph F. Rock; 1,572 specimens, mostly from eastern Asia, received from the New York Botanical Garden; 3,194 specimens from India, Sumatra, Mexico, and Central America, from the University of Michigan; 1,158 specimens, mainly from Mexico from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England; 872 specimens, mostly tropical American, from the Botanische Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany ; 1,429 specimens from western and southern Europe, from the Con- servatoire et Jardin Botanique, Geneva, Switzerland; 591 specimens from Samoa and the Hawaiian Islands, received from the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; 522 specimens of Brazilian Solanaceae from the Instituto Biologico, SAo Paulo, Brazil; 865 specimens from China, from Lingnan University, Canton; 540 specimens, mainly Old World, from the Arnold Arboretum; 1,559 miscellaneous speci- mens from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University; 474 speci- mens from Western United States, from J. W. Thompson, Seattle, Wash.; 605 lower cryptogams from the Farlow Herbarium of Harvard University; 1,181 specimens from Canada, from the Uni- versity of Toronto; 446 specimens from Arizona and northern Mex- ico, from Stanford University; 296 herbarium specimens of woody plants, chiefly from Africa, from the Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford University, England; 303 specimens from Formosa and Micronesia, from Kyushu Imperial University, Fukuoka, Japan; and 502 specimens from Mexico and the Western United States, received from Pomona College, Calif. INSTALLATION AND PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS No essential change was made in the exhibition series during the year, the main effort being to fill minor gaps and to repair and DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 33 improve some of the older mounts. Conspicuous among the latter was the large Pacific walrus, mounted more than 40 years ago and first shown at the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893 as a part of the Smithsonian Institution exhibit, which had become unsightly through the cracking of the skin. The task of restoration was diffi- cult, but thanks to the patience and skill of the taxidermist, J. S. Warmbath, the renewed mount was successfully installed at the close of the year. The specimen as originally mounted by William Palmer consisted of a heavy framework of wood and iron, the re- moval of which was a laborious and difficult task. A light but durable manikin was constructed inside the old skin according to the methods of modern taxidermy. This treatment should perma- nently preserve the specimen in good condition. The specimen of the aardvark in the African section was likewise restored, and several additional species were mounted and placed on exhibition, including a hog-deer, viscacha, caracal, some rodents and bats in the mammal halls, and an Australian monitor lizard in the reptile hall. A mounted specimen of an unusually large mus- kellunge, the gift of Edward K. Love, St. Louis, was placed on ex- hibition. Several additions were made to the District of Columbia faunal exhibit. In the skin collection of the division of mammals, five of the unit cases received during the year were utilized for the storage of large skins received during the past 2 years from Dr. D. C. Graham in China, and for the rearrangement of the skins of the subfamilies Caprinae and Rupicaprinae. The rearranging and spreading of the Viverridae and Mustelidae were completed during the year, and progress was made on intercalating in the general collection the specimens of the Merriam collection hitherto kept separate. Con- siderable time was spent in identifying and rearranging the Old World squirrel skins, skulls, and skeletons. A large number of quarter-unit storage cases, originally intended for the collection of smaller skins in the basement, had to be diverted to the attic be- cause of the urgent need for cases for large skulls and skeletons. With the aid of F. EK. R. A. workers considerable work on the attic storage was accomplished. ‘Thus, the cases containing skulls of Sirenia, ungulates, Proboscidea, and pinnipeds, as well as the entire collection of skeletons, were listed and card-indexed. On the galleries, the cases containing skulls of carnivores, primates, marsu- pials, insectivores, edentates, and monotremes, as well as the entire collection of skeletons on the galleries and ground floor, were listed and partly indexed. Considerable work was done on the alcoholic collection, and the addition of three large metal containers will greatly facilitate the storage of large and medium-sized mammals. 34 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Except for crowding in certain groups the entire collection of mammals is now in good condition. The taxidermists made up 57 skins as study specimens, degreased 64 skins, and skinned 31 fresh specimens. The skeletons of many of these last were roughed out. They also removed 26 sets of leg bones, mostly from skins of large mammals sent from China by Dr. D. C. Graham. The ears of 52 large mammals were softened, turned back, and card-boarded, after having been returned from the tanners, a process that keeps the ears in much better condition. There are now on hand only about 20 skins that need to be tanned on outside contract; but quite a number of small and medium-sized skins will require the services of the taxidermy force. One F. E. R. A. worker was employed in the cleaning of skulls and skeletons, as follows: Large and medium-sized skeletons, 38; large and me- dium-sized skulls, 174; sets of leg bones, 14. Satisfactory progress was made in preparing accumulated uncleaned skulls and skeletons. Contract work resulted in cleaning 330 small and medium-sized skulls and 163 small and medium-sized skeletons. Almost all the birds received were distributed in the study series after being identified and labeled. The remaining material was held up for further study. Of collections previously held up as separate units awaiting identification and study, the bulk of the remainder of the large Siamese collections was worked up and distributed in the study series. A large collection of bird bones from Kodiak Island was identified and incorporated in the study series. The identification and modernized labeling of the study series were continued, and several thousand specimens were so treated. These included the bulk of the Siamese collections worked over by the associate curator, the hawks and eagles studied by the curator, and all the Dendrocolaptidae, Furnarlidae, and Formicariidae reidentified and rearranged by the curator. Several large lots of bones were similarly named and la- beled. Fifteen quarter-unit cases with 200 trays were received and added to the study series. The work of expanding and rearranging the collections involved 41 quarter-unit cases, containing the study series of the hummingbirds, swifts, todies, motmots, jacamars, bar- bets, honey-guides, hoopoes, kakelaars, larks, woodhewers, ovenbirds, ant-thrushes, manakins, white-eyes, flower-peckers, starlings and some of the crows, woodpeckers, herons, and chatterers. Two F. EK. R. A. appointees finished numbering the eggs in the Bent collection, and one of them nearly completed the large task of arrang- ing in cotton-lined boxes the entire Bent collection. The entire skin, skeleton, and egg collection was given two thorough poisonings, and as usual, new lots were poisoned on arrival. Two large storage cabi- nets were built to store the glassware. The work of the preparators DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 3) included skinning, cleaning, and making up 189 birds, mounting 4 birds for the exhibition collection, roughing out 193 skeletons, clean- ing 485 others, and blowing 6 eggs. Owing to the 4-months’ absence of the assistant curator, Dr. Doris M. Cochran, in Brazil, cataloging and labeling in the division of rep- tiles and batrachians fell considerably behind, but the card cataloging of the already registered material was nearly brought up to date. The alcoholic containers were carefully gone over and refilled where needed. Dry preparations were added to the turtle collection as fol- lows: 82 made-up study skins, 118 skulls, and 79 shells. Work begun last year on the sorting and cataloging of the Philip- pine Albatross fishes was continued by E. D. Reid, aid, with the help of a temporary clerk-typist and F. E. R. A. personnel, resulting in completion of work on one family (the Pomacentridae) of that col- lection and the segregation of sets of this group due the Philippine Government and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Bringing the card index of the whole fish collection up to date, a gigantic task, was half completed by the end of the year, and most of the labels on the outsides of the bottles in the study collection which had become illegible were replaced. The alcohol in the type bottles was tested and brought up to 75 percent where necessary, and the re- filling of all bottles, begun last year, was finished. The fishes of the © United States Exploring expedition, which had been kept segregated, and the collection of the Zomds Barrera expedition, were both in- stalled in the general stacks, and several thousand bottles of old, uncataloged material were overhauled, cataloged, and installed. The installation of this material yielded much necessary shelf space in the crowded stacks, for curatorial work on the Philippine fishes and new accessions. Altogether, 21,974 specimens were cataloged during the year, an all-time record in the history of the division. The division of insects, in spite of some slight gain in space due to transfer of the nonprofessional staff of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, is still handicapped by overcrowding. ‘Twice as much space as now occupied would barely suffice for the proper housing of the collections without providing room for future addi- tions. The progress made in installation and preservation may be recorded as follows: H. S. Barber completed rearrangement of a number of genera, mostly in connection with identification studies. Much work was done on the Elateridae, especially larvae, brought together by J. A. Hyslop, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, which will eventually be turned over to the National Museum. In the groups of Coleoptera cared for by L. L. Buchanan, definite progress was made in the transfer of the North American beetles of the family Carabidae from schmitt boxes to museum trays and drawers. He was assisted by preparators on the staff of the 36 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and by F. E. R. A. workers. The developmental work for the Museum collections of Lepidop- tera was continued with intensity. In the North American Macro- lepidoptera in charge of Foster H. Benjamin a considerable amount of material received with the Barnes collection was labeled and so made available for distribution in the collections. Two small groups of noctuid moths were rearranged, and perhaps 3,000 specimens received from various sources and mostly of critical importance to the collections were incorporated. August Busck did further work on rearrangement and expansion of the Microlepidoptera, and Carl Heinrich rearranged all the New World Megalopygidae in line with a recently published revision in Seitz’s “ Macrolepidoptera of the World.” Dr. W. Schaus devoted a large part of his time to the development and expansion of a number of families of exotic Macro- lepidoptera. The collections of Diptera, except Culicidae, were moved early in the year from room 480 to rooms 383 and 390. C. T. Green spent much time in rearranging all the Diptera collec- tion that was not turned over to Dr. Alan Stone, and now has the material that has been transferred to museum drawers in one con- tinuous sequence, following standard systems of classification. At - the time of the transfer of the Diptera, all the nemocerous Diptera, the Tabanidae, and the Pupipara were assigned to Dr. Stone. He made a preliminary rearrangement of all these families to make the material available for reference purposes, but much curatorial work needs to be done on these groups. The moving of various employees of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine permitted a number of readjustments in working space and in the arrangement of the collections of Hyme- noptera. R.A. Cushman undertook minor expansion of the collec- tions as a result of addition of specimens from time to time. The joint-worms of the genus Hermolita were completely rearranged by A. B. Gahan in line with a manuscript revision of the group by Dr. W. J. Phillips, and the manuscript types of 20 new species belong- ing to the genus were incorporated in the collection. Another genus of chalcids, Pertlampus, was rearranged also with resulting incor- poration of about 20 additional new manuscript types. Other gen- era that were rearranged and expanded include Brachymeria (North America), Bruchophagus, Psyllaephagus, Arachnophaga, Zaisch- nopsis, and Lelaps. C. F. W. Muesebeck continued expansion and rearrangement of the Braconidae, chiefly through the addition of newly received material, and materially expanded the Serphoidea, a group previously in crowded and unsatisfactory condition. The cases and working space in the room containing the bulk of the acu- leate Hymenoptera were largely rearranged during the year. The DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 37 specimens belonging to the family Psammocharidae were worked over, and much previously unidentified material was incorporated in the regular series. Specimens of Z’rypowylon occurring in the Americas were rearranged and identified in accordance with a re- cently published paper by O. W. Richards, who examined much material from the National Museum, and as a result Miss Grace Sandhouse was able to add a number of types to the Museum collec- tions. The American bees of certain subgenera of the genus Mega- chile were rearranged in accordance with a paper published by Theodore B. Mitchell. Miss Sandhouse also checked and identified all North American specimens of the genus Chalybion, made prog- ress in the rearrangement and identification of the Oriental and Australian Scoliidae, and identified undetermined North American specimens of Scolia. Specimens of Bombus returned by Dr. T. H. Frison, of Hucerceris returned by Prof. H. A. Scullen, and of Aus- tralian Psammocharidae returned by Dr. P. P. Babiy were incor- porated into the collections. Types of Philippine Mutillidae were labeled and arranged in the collection. Manuscript types of Weo- tiphia and Tiphia, received from Dr. H. W. Allen, were entered and added to the collection. Under the direction of Dr. H. E. Ewing the mites of the suborder Mesostigmata were rearranged and expanded so that they now occupy two standard museum slide cabi- nets. In addition currently received mite material was added to the collections. The foilowing groups of Heteroptera were worked over by H. G. Barber: Neotropical Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae, and Nearctic and Neotropical Notonectidae. Dr. P. W. Mason re- arranged the aphid and aleyrodid slide collections. Work on the South American Cicadellidae was continued by P. W. Oman and the Museum’s specimens of this family are now almost completely ar- ranged. Such European material as is present in the Museum col- lections was trayed and arranged in preliminary fashion. A considerable number of additions to the collections were made from material received for identification. Owing to the increased demands on the taxonomic staff for deter- minations, work on the transferring of material from original con- tainers to the standard museum cases was slow. Most of the C. F. Baker collection under the direct charge of the curator was trans- ferred; about half of that contained in the H. F. Wickham collec- tion is also now incorporated. Mrs. Annie C. Willis in addition to her regular duties has aided the curator greatly in carrying on a card index of the generic names proposed in the Scarabaeidae with notations indicating the species originally included. In the division of marine invertebrates the removal of the hel- minth collections released some much-needed shelf space. Incoming collections for the greater part were sorted for study, and large col- 38 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 lections received from the University of Lowa were rebottled where necessary. Dr. Bassler, who has devoted a great deal of his time to the bryozoan collections, reports that all the Bryozoa resulting from the many stations of the Johnson-Smithsonian Deep-Sea expe- dition have been assorted, classified, cataloged, and placed in the study series. A rich collection from Port Antonio, Jamaica, was similarly treated. The entire collection of recent Bryozoa was rear- ranged in accordance with the classification recently published by Dr. Bassler. In the division of mollusks, owing to the assistance of I. E. R. A. workers, great strides were made in catching up with arrearages in cataloging. The work necessitated certain redistribution and rearrangement of material in the collections. Cataloging of the pamphlet literature in the division also progressed. The entire collection of helminths was overhauled by the staff of the Zoological Division of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. In the division of echinoderms, through the part-time services of two F. E. R. A. assistants, the work of cataloging and systematizing the collection made great progress, and arrears of many years’ stand- ing were overcome. Some relocation and rearrangement of the alcoholic collections in the stacks also were completed. The improvement of the herbarium last year through temporary C. W. A. help was continued since November by the part-time em- ployment of seven F. E. R. A. workers. This work was exceedingly varied and included the typing of original descriptions of species and genera, the clipping of printed original descriptions and illus- trations, the mounting of a large number of these and of photographs on sheets for incorporation in the herbarium, the recording of specimens, and similar tasks. Nearly 50,000 mounted specimens, chiefly from the United States and tropical America, were incorpo- rated in the herbarium. This work involved the rearrangement of a great deal of herbarium material and the preparation of thou- sands of new covers. About 7,000 of the 25,111 mounted specimens that have been stamped and recorded have not yet been distributed into the herbarium, and there are besides about 6,000 mounted speci- mens that await stamping and recording preparatory to incorpo- ration. The number of plants mounted (wholly by adhesive straps) during the year is 23,161, of which 6,000 specimens were mounted by our own force and the remainder under outside contract. There are about 15,000 specimens on hand ready to mount. The G. C. Lloyd mycological collections have recently been moved into new and larger quarters, so that they are more readily available to resident workers as well as to visiting mycologists. A critical DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 39 résumé of Mr. Lloyd’s new fungus species and fungus names, totaling 1,132 new species and 392 new combinations, has been finished and awaits publication by the Lloyd Library of Cincinnati. This manu- script includes for each species considered the original Lloyd cita- tion, reference to additional notes by Lloyd or other mycologists and listing of the type and other specimens to be found in the Lloyd collection, together with all pertinent data. As to the other groups of lower cryptogams, E. C. Leonard con- tinued supervision of the moss and hepatic collections and gave a great deal of time to the algal herbarium. The segregation of type specimens of American phanerogams was continued by E. P. Killip and E. H. Walker, 19,901 types having now been cataloged and segregated in heavy individual covers. During the year 730 speci- mens were added. The importance of bringing together this ma- terial as a separate unit has been amply demonstrated. Not only are the specimens protected by being removed from general handling, but they are immediately available for use when needed. The work of incorporating in the general herbarium sheets bearing cross- reference labels to specimens removed to the type herbarium was nearly completed. RESEARCH BY MEMBERS OF THE STAFF The curator of mammals, Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., notwithstanding a protracted absence due to illness and field work, made progress in identifying the important series of mammals collected in Siam under the direction of Dr. H. M. Smith during the past 12 years. The Smith material is of particular importance to the Museum because it represents the fauna of the region lying immediately to the east of the country worked in during the early years of this century by Dr. W. L. Abbott. The assistant curator, Dr. Remington Kellogg, continued his investigation of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the pinnipeds and his researches on the osteology and soft anatomy of the recent cetaceans and their ancestors. His time was largely occupied by the direct superintending of the relief workers who have been cataloging and arranging the pamphlet collection in the division, which probably contains not less than 12,000 pamphlets. Much fragmentary osteological material for identification continues to be sent to the division by investigators of prehistoric Indian sites. About 1,600 specimens (36 lots) of this kind were reported on during the year. In this work the curator and assistant curator were assisted by H. H. Shamel, who made the preliminary sortings of the frag- ments. A. J. Poole, aid, continued work, in collaboration with Mrs. Viola S. Snyder, of the Biological Survey, of bringing the catalog of type specimens of mammals up to date. This work is now practically finished. 40 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 The curator of birds, Dr. Herbert Friedmann, continued his work on the Falconiformes in the series on “The Birds of North and Middle America” and completed several hundred pages of manu- script. In the course of this he had occasion to revise a number of forms, and these incidental studies resulted in four papers describing new forms. He finished a comprehensive report on the birds of Kodiak Island, as well as a smaller paper on bird bones from there collected by Dr. A. Hrdlicka. He also wrote a summary review of bird societies and published a paper on instincts and emotions of birds. His vitamin D studies were also completed. The associate curator, J. H. Riley, continued his studies of the large collections of Siamese birds sent in by Dr. H. M. Smith, and published three papers on them. Dr. Alexander Wetmore published several papers on fossil birds and on southwestern birds. The curator of reptiles and batrachians, Dr. L. Stejneger, con- tinued work on the Testudinata of North and Middle America. The assistant curator, Dr. Doris M. Cochran, in addition to her collecting activities in Brazil, spent much time in studying native species of frogs, including intensive research into their natural history, breed- ing habits, and related features. The monograph of the amphibians and reptiles of Hispaniola was practically completed when the study of two new collections from the island necessitated many modifications of the text. Dr. G. S. Myers, assistant curator of fishes, continued study of some of the more difficult groups of the Johnson-Smithsonian deep- sea collection. Some time was put in on the Ternetz Orinoco fishes and progress made with studies of Virginia fishes. Besides this, he made studies of the Grammicolepidae and Phallostethidae and on the old Hornaday collection of Bornean fishes. Miscellaneous lots from South America, Asia, and Africa were worked up, resulting in the preparation of several short papers, three of which were published. A preliminary account of the cyprinodonts of Hispaniola was com- pleted. Work on a manual of instructions for collecting and pre- serving fishes was nearly finished. E. D. Reid, aid, worked on old and new collections from the Galapagos Islands and Ecuador and completed one paper. Time available for research to the curator of insects, Dr. E. A. Chapin, was spent on the coleopterous family Scarabaeidae. He completed a revision of the melolonthine genus CAlaenobia, a close relative of the common May beetles, a paper describing new Cuban pleurostict scarabaeids, and a preliminary paper dealing with impor- tant novelties coming from Puerto Rico. Dr. A. G. Béving did some preliminary research work on morphological characters useful DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Al for classification in the beetle larvae of the family Nitidulidae and also worked on keys and illustrations for a generic outline of the lar- vae of the families Anobiidae and Scarabaeidae. L. L. Buchanan completed investigations on the classification of the species of the genus Calendra occurring in the Greater Antilles, of the species of Apion in the same area, of the North American species of Lepzdo- phorus, of Panscopus, and of the subfamily Trachodinae. W. S. Fisher prepared descriptions of a considerable number of new species of beetles from various parts of the world. In the section of Lepidoptera, Foster H. Benjamin investigated the classification of certain groups of the Noctuidae. Also, at the desire of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, he took up further revisional studies in the genus Anastrepha of the family Trypetidae and made marked progress. August Busck continued his studies on the family Tortricidae and considerably enlarged his manuscript revision of the family. Carl Heinrich continued his work looking toward the revision of the Phycitinae. C. T. Greene con- tinued his research in Diptera and made some progress in the study of the immature stages of the Agromyzidae. Dr. Alan Stone made definite progress with his work on a revision of the Nearctic Tabanidae. In the section of Hymenoptera, R. A. Cushman undertook a critical revisional study of the genera Ophion, Exetastes, Enicospilus, and Hremotylus and assembled, in part through the borrowing of speci- mens, much material in these genera. A. B. Gahan continued revi- sional studies on a number of genera of Hymenoptera, including Brachymeria, Arachnophaga, Bruchophagus, Zaischnopsis, Lelaps, and Psyllaephagus. The revision of Aphytzs mentioned last year is still incomplete. C. F. W. Muesebeck continued his revisional study on the braconid genera Orgilus and Coeloides and on the Rhogadinae. Miss Grace Sandhouse undertook taxonomic studies in the bee sub- family Osmiinae and continued work on the classification of the Nearctic bees of the genus Augochlora and on many problems in con- nection with identification work. In the section of orthopteroids and neuropteroids, A. N. Caudell worked on a world bibliography of the Orthoptera and on an index to new genera and species, new synonymy, and important biological matter. He continued work looking toward the preparation of a handbook on the classification of the Orthoptera of the District of Columbia and adjacent areas. Dr. H. E. Ewing spent much time on a revisional study of the North American mites of the subfamily Tarsoneminae. In Hemip- tera, H. G. Barber undertook studies on the classification of the Neotropical Coreidae, Aradidae, and Neididae and on the American Notonectidae. He began a serious study of the complex represented 42 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 by the genus #lissus as it occurs in this country and continued a regional study of the Hemiptera of the West Indies with particular reference to Puerto Rico. Dr. P. W. Mason reports a continuation of his studies on the Macrosiphina. P. W. Oman studied the American species of the leafhopper genus #'’mpoasca and developed a generic synopsis of the American Bythoscopinae and a generic revision of the South American Jassinae. In the division of marine invertebrates Dr. Mary J. Rathbun sub- mitted a manuscript on the “ Oxystomatous and Allied Crabs of America ” to the Museum for publication. She continued her studies on fossil Crustacea as noted in the report of the department of geol- ogy. In addition she found time to make a notable beginning on the identification of the large number of unnamed American Brachy- ura received since her several monographic bulletins on American crabs were issued. To date she has covered most of the American erapsoids and a part of the spider crabs and in doing so has deter- mined over 2,000 specimens. Three papers completed by the cura- tor, Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, were published during the year. A number of routine identifications of macruran and anomuran Crustacea were accomplished, and some time was given to the study of the Johnson-Smithsonian deep-sea expedition Crustacea. Clar- ence R. Shoemaker, assistant curator, devoted the greater part of his time to a report upon the extensive amphipod collections made by Dr. William Beebe in the deeper waters off Bermuda. Three papers by Mr. Shoemaker were published during the year. J. O. Maloney, aid, as usual gave a considerable part of his time to deter- mining the isopods received with plant importations for the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, in all some 154 individual specimens. His studies on isopods collected by Capt. Robert A. Bartlett are about complete, while considerable progress was made on the Hancock isopod material of the last three Pacific cruises. Dr. J. A. Cushman, collaborator in Foraminifera, completed the manuscript of the third part of his bulletin on Tropical Pacific Fo- raminifera and made a beginning on a monograph of the Foraminif- era of the world. Dr. C. B. Wilson has been finishing up the miscel- laneous copepod material that was sent him for determination, in addition to completing five important papers. The curator of mollusks, Dr. Paul Bartsch, continued his studies upon the East African Turritidae and more recently upon the prepa- ration of a manual on the Hawaiian marine shells. In this he was assisted by Dr. H. A. Rehder, assistant curator, whose time other- wise was largely devoted to miscellaneous determination of material sent in by Government and other agencies, as well as private indi- viduals. In addition, Dr. Rehder completed research upon the North DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY 43 American Succineas.. Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, aid, in addition to his preparator’s work, overhauled a portion of the collection of Pupil- hdae and Zonitidae. Austin H. Clark, curator of echinoderms, continued work on parts 4 and 5 of the comatulid volume of his “ Monograph of Existing Crinoids ”, devoting all the time possible to this work in order that the bulletin may be completed in the near future. Work also was continued on the echinoderms collected by the Johnson-Smithsonian deep-sea expedition. The collection of crinoids assembled by the Dutch steamer Willebrord Snellius, a large collection of exceptional interest from the Dutch East Indies, was determined. In the division of plants Dr. F. V. Coville, curator, continued his studies of the flora of the Death Valley region, Calif. Dr. W. R. Maxon, associate curator, devoted some time to the study of Jamaican and other tropical American ferns and described a remarkable new genus, Plewroderris, of suspected hybrid origin. KE. P. Killip, asso- ciate curator, continued his studies of the flora of Colombia, espe- clally the families Cyperaceae and Fabaceae, and of the Andean species of Bomarea, a genus of decided horticultural value. E, C. Leonard, assistant curator, studied several tropical American genera of Acanthaceae in connection with monographic work upon this family. C. V. Morton, aid, continued his studies of the tropical American species of Solanaceae, Gesneriaceae, and Malphigiaceae, particularly the last two families, and is engaged jointly with Mr. Killip in a study of the Mexican and Central American species of Smilax. HK. H. Walker, aid, continued his studies of Chinese Myr- sinaceae and the final preparation of manuscript of the botanical bibliography of China and adjacent parts of eastern Asia, the latter a project upon which he has for several years been engaged jointly with Dr. E. D. Merrill, director of the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. A. S. Hitchcock, custodian of grasses, published during the year his “Manual of the Grasses of the United States”, a copiously illustrated work of more than a thousand pages summarizing his studies of many years upon this important group. DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF SPECIMENS Duplicate specimens distributed to museums, colleges, high schools, and similar institutions aggregated 1,298 specimens; and 15,917 specimens were sent out in exchange, of which 1,550 were zoological. The 14,867 plants distributed went to 92 institutions and correspond- ents, of which 44 were in the United States and 48 in 12 countries abroad. 44 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS UNDER DEPARTMENT The number of specimens as given below is based, as in former years, on the numbers as estimated for the previous fiscal year with the addition of the number of specimens accessioned during the present year after the deduction of specimens sent out during the same period. The figures of the early estimates were only approximate and in some instances the deductions for losses due to deterioration of material may have been underestimated. On the other hand, some earlier estimates of unregistered material may also have been underestimated. Then again, several collections, as the corals, have not been included, nor does the number of plants given below include the lower cryptogams and duplicates, material of which on hand is chiefly from China and South America. In several of the divisions, lots consisting of minute organisms are frequently counted as single specimens though they may contain hundreds or even thousands of individuals, the enumeration of which would serve no useful purpose. Mammals!) toe tirinnt: ghd ate ey Ten Oe ao ean 228, 217 Birds: SSDI gy a a alg TET CBE Na aR DEB ee ea —__ 258, 791 ATC@COWOLICS, 2 iii 2e OE CN SAE VN Ae 9, 672 Skeletor. ir A ae ae Sar aa ee en caeaaaiaase, 14, 176 | ffs i DAM AI NN ek GL Mi ae LUE ak 89, 773 372, 412 Reptiles and amphibians__________-_________ 107, 541 ISHS owen 8s rise ae A UD 8 Anh eae Ae 754, 732 MSOC ES 28 Be AN UT a ee aS Oe le a 4, 461, 914 Marine: Invertebrates icc 0 ek a ie a 933, 075 INE OT EUIS KS 122528 So ea A 8 TA Nrass SP P g a 2, 557, 901 Helminths is 2 20g kee ee AE ae SA) Oe OE Seg eee 144, 413 Hehinoderms::<.2) saa oe aia Yr ee a as Ee ae ae 162, 677 PVep rate ah aS ad i ge 1, 612, 860 0 FER ee lO Sa ed LN AE ge 11, 330, 742 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY (R. S. Basstrr, Head Curator) All divisions of the department of geology made substantial prog- ress during the year, first, in the acquisition of excellent study and exhibition material, by purchase through the several endowment funds at our disposal, by collections by the staff, and by valuable gifts; and, second, in a considerable advancement of the routine work of care and preservation of the collections, particularly through assistance furnished by the F. E. R. A. Notable among the acquisitions are many valuable minerals and gems added to the Roebling, Canfield, and Isaac Lea collections; an unusual number of interesting meteorites representing new falls; the Hurlburt collection of Paleozoic invertebrate fossils from classic localities now exhausted; and collections by members of the staff in every division covering all fields of geology. The death on February 7, 1935, of Dr. David White, associate curator of the section of paleobotany since 1903, caused the loss not only of one of America’s most prominent paleobotanists, but also of a lifelong friend of the Museum, under whose care the fossil plant collections were built up to their present high rank. ACCESSIONS The accessions number 269, with an estimated total of 28,528 specimens, slightly less than for last year. By divisions, these are as follows: Mineralogy and petrology, 136 accessions (1,446 speci- mens) ; geology, systematic and applied, 20 (351 specimens) ; strati- graphic paleontology, 88 (26,425 specimens); vertebrate paleon- tology, 25 (306 specimens). In all divisions the scientific value is of the highest standard. There were 28 accessions to the Canfield collection, resulting in an increase of 174 mineral specimens. Of special interest here are a specimen of crystallized gold and altaite from California; a rich mass of gold in gray quartz from Canada; a hiddenite crystal of 48 carats from North Carolina; a fine group of crystallized stannite, wolframite, and cassiterite from Bolivia; two specimens of prismatic dioptase, a silicate of copper, from French Congo; topaz crystals from Colorado and Southwest Africa; a large mass of botryoidal smithsonite with cerussite from Southwest Africa; a series of fine leadhillite specimens, a rare sulfo-carbonate of lead, from Bisbee, Ariz. Through the interest of Dr. Harvey P. Barret, of Charlotte, N. C., the Canfield collection acquired a rich mass of North Carolina uraninite, showing crystals and weighing over 5 pounds. 24002—36——4 45 46 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 The six accessions, totaling 393 specimens, credited to the Roebling fund comprise two especially important ones, namely, a collection of minerals from pegmatitic pockets in the granite area of Striegau, Germany, and the material resulting from Dr. W. F. Foshag’s field work in Mexico under the auspices of the fund. The Striegau collection is rich in orthoclase, fluorite, quartz, and many other min- erals from this classic region. Most notable in the Mexican material are huge single and twinned crystals of pyrrhotite, large vesuvianite crystals, vanadinite, silver, and rare mercury minerals. Other speci- mens worthy of special notice added to the Roebling collection are a diamond crystal in blue ground from the Dutoitspan mine, South Africa; a diamond from Idaho; two small diamonds from the Caroni River, Venezuela, a part of the original discovery lot; and two groups of unusually fine crystals of apatite from Germany. As in past years, many of the Museum’s friends have been active in its behalf, with the result that a number of valuable and inter- esting minerals were presented or acquired through their individual efforts. Chauncey Thornburg and Tom Stafford, Santa Eulalia, Mexico, presented, respectively, a unique group of large pyrrhotite crystals on the black sulphide of zinc marmatite and a large, sharp, hexagonal crystal of pyrrhotite, both from Santa Eulalia. Romero Robles, Huitzuco, Mexico, added a large and rich mass of the rare mineral livingstonite from Huitzuco, and a number of other rare mercury minerals from Huahuaxtla, Mexico. Dr. Frederico Seyf- fert, Cusihuiriachic, Mexico, donated a fine specimen of native silver from Batopilas, Mexico; and Roy Matheson, Santa Eulalia, a rich sample of silver from Sabinal, Mexico. Graham C. Dugas presented a specimen of interesting wire gold from the Dugas Gold Mines, Georgia; the Idaho-Maryland Consolidated Mines, Grass Valley, Calif., rich specimens of gold in quartz from their mines; and Mrs. Charles D. Walcott, gold in limonitic jasper from Bullfrog, Nev. Horace Benson Hall, Wardner, Idaho, and W. McM. Huff, Kel- loge, Idaho, added four rich masses of the rare lead oxide, platt- nerite, from Idaho; Dr. Harvey P. Barret, Charlotte, N. C., con- tinued his interest in the collections, adding a fine exhibition slab of blue hyalite, a rich mass of uraninite, and several torbernite speci- mens from his State; William P. Crawford again made important donations, comprising a series of hetearolite and plumbiferous hetearolite specimens from Bisbee, Ariz. W. EK. Lockhart also pre- sented additional material including a new and unusual occurrence of dickite. | The following gifts also deserve special mention: George Hare and C. A. Noren, Fresno, Calif., sent a suite of excellent muscovite pseudomorphs after andalusite from California; Charles Hardy added a large mass of the rare calcium antimonate, romeite, from DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 47 China; Bradley Johnson, Penland, N. C., specimens of allanite; and Roby Buchanan, Hawk, N. C., a specimen of the uranium oxide gummite from that State. Species of minerals new to the collections include ahlfeldite, blockite, kolbeckine, and selenolite from Bolivia; aglaurite from Czechoslovakia; igalikite (part of type), metajarlite, and naujaka- site (part of type) from Greenland; johannsenite from Mexico; re- possite from Italy; and sahlinite from Sweden. Dr. Eugene Poite- vin presented a specimen of his new mineral ashtonite. For the Isaac Lea gem collection, through the Chamberlain fund, were secured a pale blue aquamarine from Maine (60 carats); a chrysoberyl (32 carats), a golden brown sapphire (34 carats), and a green zircon (11 carats) from Ceylon; a rhodolite garnet (61% carats), and a demantoid garnet (4 carats). A large cut emerald ereen fluorite (117 carats) was acquired by exchange. The increase in the meteorite collection was especially notable, 25 new falls being added. The most important accession is a complete individual of the Paragould aeroclite weighing about 75 pounds, a gift of Stuart H. Perry, Adrian, Mich. This is one of the finest and most interesting meteoric stones that has come to the Museum in many years. Another unusual aerolite is the Moore County, N. C., eucrite, a rare type of meteorite. Other new falls added by purchase through the Roebling fund are as follows: Bruno, Saskatchewan, 17 grams; Campbellsville, Ky., 240 grams; Central Wyoming, 5,300 grams; Gruver, Tex., 1,030 grams; Karoonda, Australia, 23 grams; Kearney, Nebr., 1,007 grams; Lake Labyrinth, Australia, 995 grams; Tryon, Nebr., 2,200 grams; Ulysses, Kans., 334 grams; Weldna, Colo., 1,072 grams. Complete individuals obtained from other falls are Harrisonville, Mo., 1,145 grams; Santa Fe, N. Mex., 290 grams; Tulia, Tex., 3,850 grams. An interesting addition to the collections especially for exhibition purposes is a photograph of the meteoritic clouds of the Pasamonte fall, photographed and presented by A. R. Allen, Trinidad, Colo. The total number of distinct meteoric falls now represented in the collection is 592. To the Henry 8. Washington collection were added, from his estate, about 500 additional rock specimens, upon which much of Dr. Washington’s later work was based. Dr. E. Mark Houghton and J. H. Dawson, Milford, Mich., donated a large specimen of colorful Jasper conglomerate from the State, added to the exhibit of sedi- mentary types. Frank E. Saunders, Leesburg, Va., presented an unusual form of weathering in diabase from Leesburg, and B. Frank Emery, Detroit, Mich., added an unusual limestone slab showing ice crystal markings so regular that they resemble hieroglyphics. 48 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Accessions of ores have been of increased importance. Congress- man Joe H. Eagle presented a specimen of cap-rock showing the contact of anhydrite and rock salt in a salt mine at Hockley, Tex. Kramat Pulai, Ltd., added a collection of rich tungsten ores and associated rocks from their mines in Federated Malay States. The Nevada-Massachusetts Mining Co. donated two large specimens of high-grade tungsten ores from their properties in Nevada. Carlos Leyva, Oaxaca, Mexico, presented a slab from a newly discovered titanium deposit in Oaxaca. Aubrey Horn, Nigeria, added a series of African Gold Coast manganese ores. Percy Train, Rochester, Nev., presented a slab of rich silver ore from Nevada, and Hugo Miller, Nogales, Ariz., presented two rich molybdenum ores from Sonora, Mexico. Most of these are of exhibition character. As a transfer from the United States Geological Survey was re- ceived a collection of described material illustrating the petrology of the Louisiana and Texas cap-rocks. The curator, Dr. W. F. Foshag, as a part of his field work last summer in Mexico, collected suites to illustrate the ore occurrence in the various districts visited. These include silver and gold de- posits in Cerro Los Muertos, Cusihuirachic, Maguarichic, Nami- quipa, Pachuca, Real Del Monte, Sabinal, and Tasco, and mercury ores in Huitzuco and Huahuaxtla. The outstanding gift of the year in invertebrate paleontology is the Hurlburt collection of lower Paleozoic invertebrate fossils, especially rich in rare New York Ordovician trilobites, crinoids, cystids, and mollusks. This collection was presented by Edward N. Hurlburt, Rochester, N. Y., as a memorial to his father who as- sembled it in the early days of American paleontology when the classic localities of New York and Canada were at their best. The elder Mr. Hurlburt was a distant relative of Dr. Charles D. Walcott and encouraged his start in paleontological field work many years ago. | Gifts of type specimens of fossil invertebrates include metatypes of two new genera of Eocene Foraminifera from Mrs. Helen Plum- mer, Austin, Tex.; similar types of graptolites from the Richmond limestone of Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, from Ian Cox, Cam- bridge University, England; casts of Michigan Devonian brachio- pod types, University of Michigan; paratypes of a brachiopod from the Ottosee formation, eastern Tennessee, from Prof. Charles Schu- chert; Silurian Ostracoda from Pennsylvania from Dr. Frank M. Swartz; a Silurian cephalopod from Prof. A. C. Swinnerton, Anti- och College, Ohio; casts of European Paleozoic Edrioasteroidea from the British Museum (Natural History); casts of Bohemian trilobites from the Narodni Museum, Prague; casts of types from Canada and Chosen, described by T. Kobayashi, Imperial University, Tokyo. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 49 Dr. Mary J. Rathbun’s activities again added several gifts to our collection of fossil crabs. Nine gifts furnished fossils from countries beyond North America, collections of especial importance to us for comparative studies. Among them were 1,600 Cretaceous and Tertiary invertebrate fos- sils from France, Tunis, and India presented by Paul Bede, Sfax, Tunis, through the efforts of Dr. Julia A. Gardner; an interesting collection of Jurassic fossils from Chile, by Mark C. Bandy, Red- field, Iowa; corals and other Tertiary fossils from South Australia, by Leo Stach, Melbourne; invertebrates and fishes from England, by Miss M. L. Johnson, Kew; and Mesozoic and Cenozoic corals, by the British Museum. Pleistocene shells from Alabama presented by Miss Lucille Mapes, Cambridge, Ohio; Devonian invertebrates from Pennsylvania, by Dr. Roland W. Brown, U. S. Geological Survey; Carboniferous brachiopods from the Mississippi Valley, from L. M. Cline, University of Iowa; and Ordovician brachiopods from Gaspé, Quebec, by Dr. Cecil Kindle were important gifts from North American strata. Five of the gifts were of purchases by the Frank Springer fund. More material has been added to this collection in the past two years than for more than a decade. Rare complete crinoids from the Coal Measures of Oklahoma, and Devonian crinoids and blastoids from New York and Ontario, were thus received. Dr. G. A. Cooper’s efforts again brought important study material to the brachiopod collections through exchanges, especially of Ordo- vician types from Quebec exchanged with the Geological Survey of Canada; Cretaceous forms from Tunis from the Jardin Zoologique, Sfax; Tully limestone of New York, from Dr. Bradford Willard, Harrisburg, Pa.; Pliocene of England, from the Sedgwick Museum; Triassic of New Zealand, from the Geological Survey of New Zea- land; and Ordovician of Estonia, from Dr. A. Opik, Tartu. The New Zealand Triassic material is of especial interest because the contained generic types also occur in the Triassic of California. Prof. L. R. Laudon presented a good series of the Mississippian erinoids described by him from Gilmore, Iowa, and Dr. M. A. Stainbrook, Texas Technological College, cystids from the same State, while the University of Montana added the types of two Mississippian crinoid species from Montana on the ground that such rare specimens should be preserved in the national collections. Transfers from the United States Geological Survey embraced a wide range of fossils from collections of Miocene and Pliocene Foraminifera from the Kettleman Hills oil wells of California to gigantic Ordovician cephalopods from the Rocky Mountains, the latter forming the basis of a monograph by Dr. A. F. Foerste. 50 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 Dr. Cooper collected for the Museum about 30,000 Devonian and other Paleozoic fossils during his field work in Michigan, Ontario, and New York. In company with R. D. Mesler he later in the year collected about 10,000 fossils in Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Drs. Ulrich, Cooper, and others secured about 5,000 specimens in the vicinity of Phillipsburg, Canada. The curator made a collection in southwestern Virginia and an- other small one at Swatara Gap, Pa., the latter including a good starfish. | The materials resulting from the field expedition to Idaho under Dr. C. L. Gazin are of first importance in vertebrate paleontology, especially benefiting the mammalian collections. As in previous work in this formation, fossil remains of the extinct horse Plesippus shoshonensis formed the bulk of the collection, which nearly equaled the combined previous collections. There are 65 skulls and a num- ber of partially articulated skeletons, besides a vast number of bones of all parts of the skeleton. Other specimens deserving special mention were three peccary skeletons of the genus Platygonus, por- tions of two skulls and other bones of a new genus of antelope, a mastodon skull, a number of skulls and other skeletal parts of the beaver and otter, an assortment of bird bones, and many represen- tative parts of the microfauna. Through exchange with the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, an excellent skeleton of the sauropod dinosaur Camarasaurus was se- cured. It represents an animal 35 or more feet in length, lacking only a section of the tail, and is the second most perfect skeleton so far known. In its articulated state 1t should, when prepared, form a most striking addition to the exhibition series where pre- viously the genus was inadequately represented. Five model restorations illustrating the evolution and develop- ment of the horse in North America were presented by Mrs. J. W. Gidley. This gift has a special significance since these were modeled by the late Dr. J. W. Gidley, for many years connected with the division. The type specimen of Palacophis virginianus, a large fossil snake from the Eocene deposits of Virginia, was presented by Dr. W. G. Lynn; two fossil cetacean skulls from the Miocene of California were likewise added to the collections by T. V. Little and C. A. Pratt: and a very fine skull and lower jaws of the giant piglike animal Arcthiaeotheriwm, were the gift of Edward S. Tyler. INSTALLATION AND PRESERVATION OF THE COLLECTIONS Relabeling in a more comprehensive manner the entire systematic series of minerals was the year’s outstanding piece of exhibition DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 51 work in the division of mineralogy and petrology. Approximately 3,000 new labels were prepared, with such data noted especially as the chemical composition of the mineral species, striking or distin- guishing features, and the associated minerals. In the hall of physi- cal geology, the exhibit of concretions and similar forms was revised and relabeled where necessary. The study collection of meteorites was expanded and rearranged preparatory to a reinstallation of the entire meteorite exhibit. Prog- ress was made on cleaning and revising the study series of minerals and in condensing and reallocating certain of the study and duplicate collections. Studies by the head curatnr incidental to the preparation of a descriptive paper on fossil sponges gave opportunity for a rearrange- ment and expansion of this part of the biologic series, bringing the classification and labeling up to date. Similarly, the Paleozoic algae were assembled and classified so that this part of the study series, comprising many diverse forms hitherto widely scattered is now available for comparative studies. A special effort was made to reduce the large quantity of unstudied post-Paleozoic as well as recent Bryozoa by classifying, separating out the duplicates, and adding the study material to the biologic series. Several thousand shdes of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Bryozoa were mounted during this process, and in the case of the recent forms the rather large collec- tions from the Johnson-Smithsonian deep-sea explorations, as well as some smaller collections from the Mediterranean and elsewhere, were Classified. The conodont collection of unstudied material, comprising some 60 standard drawers, was prepared and reduced to smaller bulk pre- liminary to future study. The echinoderms and bryozoans of the Hurlburt collection were assembled, classified, and placed in the biologic series. Work was commenced on a large collection of Silu- rian fossils from Siberia, mainly corals, and more than 100 thin sections of the latter were prepared and studied. Following this, the exhibits in invertebrate paleontology and paleobotany were given their annual cleaning and relabeling where necessary. A dozen or more paleobotanical specimens prepared for exhibition during the year were added to that series. The crowded condition of both of these exhibits prohibits expansion, and efforts are directed to replacing the poorer material with better specimens and bringing labels up to date. With the completion of the cataloging of the study series of crinoids of the Springer collection, as noted in last year’s report, Miss Margaret Moodey undertook the same work on the exhibition series, completing this task, rewriting labels, and removing type specimens to the study series. The study series of cystids, blastoids, and echinoids were then checked with the literature and cataloged. 52 REPORT OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1935 With the assistance of a photographer assigned to the department by the F. E. R. A., the preparation of lantern slides for use in the exhibition series and for lecture work was continued, so that enough are now on hand to change the stereomotorgraph series at least eight times and to illustrate most of the branches of geology by this method. The photographer also made copies of rare publications in order to complete the libraries of several groups of fossil animals. Work on the collections as a whole was greatly facilitated by other help furnished by the F. E. R. A. and also by two assistants on a research project secured through a grant to Dr. E. O. Ulrich, associate in paleontology, by the Geological Society of America. The assistant curator, Dr. G. A. Cooper, devoted himself chiefly to the preparation of collections made by him in former years and in the period covered by this report. Large collections from Gaspé and Arkansas were prepared and are ready for labeling and dis- tribution. Considerable time was spent in the preparation and study of Michigan Devonian collections. Dr. C. E. Resser incorporated many specimens in the biologic collections and made progress on the Cambrian trilobite series. Dr. Lloyd Henbest practically completed the arrangement of the for- aminiferal collection. Dr. Paul Bartsch reports a continuation of the arrangement and classifying of the Cenozoic collections under his care by members of the staff of the United States Geological Survey engaged on their study. Dr. Mary J. Rathbun continued her excellent researches on fossil crustaceans. She has assisted by identifying all current sendings of fossil crabs. Acknowledgment is made of the assistance rendered by the mem- bers of the Geological Survey located in the department, for they have been of great help in the care of our very extensive Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic series of invertebrate fossils and especially of the paleobotanical collections. Mounted skeletons of Helaletes manus, a tapirlike animal, and of the Oligocene rhinoceros 7rigonias osborni were added to the exhibition series in vertebrate paleontology. ‘The first is unique in being the only skeleton yet known of this animal complete enough to mount.